ML20054K631
| ML20054K631 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | North Anna  |
| Issue date: | 04/30/1982 |
| From: | VIRGINIA POWER (VIRGINIA ELECTRIC & POWER CO.) |
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| ML20054K620 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8207020397 | |
| Download: ML20054K631 (117) | |
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{{#Wiki_filter:ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE LOWER NORTH ANNA RIVER NORTH ANNA POWER STATION ANNUAL REPORT January 1 - December 31, 1981 N Prepared by: Environmental Services Department Virginia Electric and Power Company . P. O. Box 26666 Richmond, Virginia 23261 A Pril,1932 kbh kbo! O!bbo308 R PDR
l i i s l $ Environmental Study of The Lower North Anna River North Anna Power Station 1 i i ? Annual Report
. January 1,1981 - December 31, 1981 t
i j Prepared by: Environmental Services Department Virginia Electric and Power Company P. O. Box 26666 Richmond, Virginia 23261 April 1982 I l e I i I. 1 1 i
i t TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . I Page i introduction ................................................... 1
- Physical and Chemical........................................... 7 l
Ben th i c Ma c roi n ve r t eb ra te s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 5pecial Studies: Podostemun ceratophyllum !- ( r i ve r we e d ) T ra n s p l a n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 I- Ichthyoplankton ................................................ 63 e i 1 - Fishes ......................................................... 76 . I i
- Summary and Conclusions ........................................ 110 t
r e l. l t I
I i Introduction . f j 1 } I i 1 I l 5
s INTRODUCTION The North Anna River originates in the upper Piedmont Physiographic Province of Virginia in Albermarle and Orange Counties and is part of the York River Drainage Basin (Figure 1-1). The South Anna River joins the North Anna River near Doswell, Virginia to form the Pamunkey River. The Pamunkey River ultimately joins the Mattaponi at West Point, Virginia to form the York River, which eventually flows eastward into the Chesapeake Bay, in 1972, the Virginia Electric and Power Company impounded the North Anna River in Louisa, Spotsylvania and Orange Counties and formed Lake Anna to provide once-through cooling water for the planned nuclear facility. The ecology of lakes and rivers is generally different and is reflected in the inherent physical, chemical and biological constituents of each. Thermal stratification and oxygen depletion rarely occur naturally in streams. The plankton populations are typically low in a river environment, whereas the benthic invertebrate populations may be relatively high. The source of energy input to maintain the biological community in a river and lake is generally different; allochthonus input for rivers and photosynthesis j in lakes. When rivers are impounded, the downstream effects are varied and may include changes in water quality (temperature, nutrient load, siltation, i etc.), habitat and the biota. Baxter (1977) discussed the many environmental effects of dams and impoundments. The water quality of the river is deternined primarily by inflows from the impoundment, and precipitation and run-off from the surrounding watershed, impoundment discharges may either be from the epillmnion or hypolimnion with corresponding changes in water quality downstream (Spence and Hynes 1971; Edwards 1978).
The Lake Anna dam is an earth-fill structure about 1524 m in length, with a central concrete gravity spillway about 70 m in length. The spillway contains three radial crest gates (12 m wide by 11 m high) used for flood control when flow from Lake Anna exceeds 1,000 cfs. During flows of 40 cfs to 1,000 cfs, water passage is controlled by two skimmer gates, one on each end of the series of radial gates. Each skimmer gate (2.6 m by 2.6 m) is capable of releasing up to 500 cis from the surface of Lake Anna to the North Anna River. Prior to impoundment, the North Anna River was affected by acid and metal drainage from Contrary Creek, a major tributary where extensive mining operations occurred from 1882-1920. A complete review of the history and studies conducted in the area are given by Reed and Simmons (1976). The primary elements mined were iron and sulfur in the form of iron pyrite (FeS 2). The ores were mined, milled and washed at the mine sites and subsequently the tallings were deposited along the creek bank. When the old spoil banks were leached with water, acid and metal drainage were introduced into Contrary Creek. This drainage caused a 65% reduction in fish diversity and a 40% to 60% reduction in the macrobenthic standing crop in the North Anna River below the entrance of Contrary Creek (Simmons 1970; Simmons and Reed 1973). The impoundment of the river has ameliorated the effects of Contrary Creek with a significant improvement in water quality l (Reed 1979, 1980, 1981). The objectives of this study were to determine the ef fects of the Lake Anna impoundment and the operation of the North Anna Power Station on the downstream physical, chemical and biological properties. Study parameters included water quality, ichthyoplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates and adult and juvenile fishes. Eight sampling stations (Northeast Creek; North Anna River at Rt. 601 Louisa, Rt. 658, Rt. 601 Hanover, U. S. Rt. 1; Pamunkey River at U. S. Rt. 301; Little River at Rt. 685; and South Anna
River stations were considered as baseline control sites. Station descriptions are the same as those given by Reed (1981). I
LITERATURE CITED Baxter, R. M. 1977 Envi ronmental e f fects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecological Systems. 8: 255-283 Edwards, R. J. 1978. The effect of hypolimnion reservoir releases on fish distribution and species diversity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 107(1): 71-77 Reed, J. R. and Associates, Inc. 1979 Annual Report: An ecological investigation of the Lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, USA.
. 1980. Annual Report: An ecological investigation of the Lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, USA.
. 1981. Annual Report: An ecological investigation of the Lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, USA.
. and G. M. Simmons. 1976. Final Report: Pre-operational envi ronmental study of Lake Anna, Virginia.
Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, USA. Simmons, G. M. 1970. A pre-impoundment ecological study of the benthic fauna and water quality in the North Anna River. Project A-031-VA. Office of Water Resources Research. U. S. D. I., Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. and J. R. Reed . 1973 Mussels as indicators of biological recovery. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation. 45: 2480-2492. Spence, J. A. and H.B.N. Hynes. 1971. Differences in fish populations upstream-and downstram of a mainstream impoundment. Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 28(1): 45-46. 1
Orange Co. f
/ '
f
! Spotsylvania Co. f YORK RIVER
/
/ Carotine Co.
DRAINAGE BASIN
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Lake Anna [ , i 10 Kilometers Northeast Creek / Rt. 658 / Louisa Co. f North Anna River f- ~ % Rt. 601
.e-Rt. 601
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/ gRt. 667 King William e,*p,%
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[ South Anna River Rt. 301 A
#c3 U.S. 360 llanover Co.
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FIGURE 1-1. STUDY AREA ON TIIE LOWER NORTli ANNA Q { HI VER . [ New Kent Co. York River
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-7 Physical and Chemical
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INTRODUCTION The North Anna River receives heated effluent from the Reservoir / , , Waste Heat Treatment Facility (W.H.T.F.) system designed for cooling the two nuclear power units, and must meet surface water standards set forth by the Virginia State Water Control Board (SWCB). These are as follows: Class ill, free flowing streams (Coastal zone and Piedmont zone), dissolved oxygen minimum 4.0 mg/1, daily average 5.0 mg/1; pH 6.0-8,5; maximum temperature 32 C. Ther-mal ef fects downstream are of special concern to the SWCB since artificially induced changes can influence indigenous aquatic ecosystems. Reproduction, probably the most temperature-sensitive life process (Coutant 1972), could be impaired by unnatural short-term temperaturs fluctuations. A gradual change of a few degrees may not be as detrimental as a sudden change, nor would the effect of thermal additions in the winter, fall or spring months be as crucial as during the summer maximum when thermal tolerance limits are approached. The objectives of the North Anna River physical and chemical studies were to define existing conditions and determine impacts of the power station and dam, if any, on river water quality. l METHODS AND MATERIALS l l Three stations on the North Anna River were monitored hourly for temperature with Endeco Type 109 Recording Thermographs (Environmental Devices Corporation, Marion, Massachusetts) . One station is located above the impound-ment, NARIV651 (see Figure 1-1), another immediately below the dam, NARIV601, and the last approximately 10 kilometers downstream on the North Anna River, NARIV603 Water quality samples were collected in conjunction with benthos and fish collections, which took place in alternating months. Four stations on the
. .~ . . - - - = _ _ _ _ . _ . ___.
9 North Anna River (Route 601, Louisa County; Route 658, Route 601, and Route 1 all in Hanover County) and two control stations (Little River, Route 658 and South Anna River, Route 667, both in Hanover County) were sampled for water i quali ty determinations each month. The Pamunkey River at Route 301, below the i i confluences of the North Anna River with the Little and South Anna Rivers, was sampled semi-annually (July and November). Special samples from Northeast Creek were also taken in July and November. In each case where water samples were . taken, determinations were ma'de for temperature (Whitney Model TC-5C or TC-5 1 Field Thermometer, Montedoro-Whitney Corporation - San Luis Obirpo. California), ] dissolved oxygen (Yellow Springs Instrument Company Model 54), pH (Corning pH Meter Model 7), alkalinity (potentiometric titration), and turbidity (Portable Field Turbidimeter, Fisher Model DRT-150). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Endeco Temperature data measured by the Endeco instruments in the North Anna River (Table 2-1) Indicated that station NARIV651, located above the impoundment (Figure 1-1) consistently had the lowest temperatures throughout 1981 and had the lowest daily mean of 0.6 C which occurred in January. Station NARIV601, located
, just..below the Lake Anna dam, was the warmest river Endeco station wi th the hig$est daily mean temperature of 29.4 C which occurred in July. Data were missing for NARIV603 in-June and July, but for a relative comparison in August station NARIV601 located just below the dam averaged 7.0 C warmer than the upper-4 most station NARIV651 and 2.8 C warmer than the lowermost station NARIV603 Water Quality
^ l Water duality samples -were collected and analyzed monthly in 1931 from i_ the North Anna, Little and South Anna Rivers (Tables 2-2 through 2-13). Since r s g 3 t 41 T
'g . ,
t - y
+* ,
the temperature data recorded by the Endeco instruments were more comprehensive, temperatures will not be discussed in detail with respect to monthly sampling. The range of dissolved oxygen concentrations (or levels) on the North Anna River in 1981 based on monthly collections was 7.0 mg/l at Rt. 1 In August to 13.8 mg/l at Rt. 658 in January. A lower dissolved oxygen concentration (5 9 mg/1) was measured at the Rt. 301 Pamunkey River station in July, and a higher concentration (14.1 mg/I) was measured at the Rt. 667 South Anna River si te in January. These values are within standards established by the State Water Control Board (1980). The lowest dissolved oxygen saturation (80.4%) was observed in the North Anna River at Rt. 601, Hanover in October, and the highest (103.0%) was at Rt. 601 Louisa in April. A lower dissolved oxygen saturation (57.6%) was observed in October at the Little River site. The South Anna River saturation was high in September (102.2%) and other atypical readings were noted as well (Table 2-10). The pH of the North Anna River in 1981 ranged from 6.5 at Rt. 601 Hanover to 7 3 at Rt. 601 Louisa, both recorded in January. At Rt. 1 In November, a pH of 7.3 was also recorded. The pH of the South Anna River was 8.0 in September, at which time a pH of 7.8 was noted in the Little River. These elevated readings cannot be fully explained, but there must be more variability in the contributing watershed above these two sites than on the North Anna River. Alkalinities on the North Anna River ranged from 8.8 mg/l CACO 3 at Rt. 601 Louisa in Novemoer to 26.7 mg/l CACO 3 at Rt. 1 in July. Little and South Anna River alkallnities were typically higher than the North Anna River (15.0 - 45 7 mg/l CACO 3 ), especially in June. Turbidity values were low in September and October (lowest reading was 1.1 N.T.V. at Rt. 1 on the North Anna River for both months) and were highest in July (Rt. 1 North Anna River was 25.0 N.T.U. , South Anna River was 68.0 N.T.U'.) .
SUMMARY
- 1) Endeco thermal measurements established that temperature maximums in the North Anna River occurred at the station downstream from the Reservoir closest to the dam. The station located upstream from the impoundment was always cooler than the stations downstream.
- 2) Dissolved oxygen concentrations were never known to violate Virginia standards for free flowing streams in Coastal and Piedmont zones, although several relatively low values were observed during the late summer months. It appears that the lowest dissolved oxygen measurements occurred at those stations farthest downstream on the Pamunkey River and on the Little River which is tributary to the Pamunkey River.
- 3) High pH readings were recorded on the Little and South Anna Rivers in September, but generally there were only snell variations in pH on the North Anna River.
- 4) Alkalinity and turbidity values were highest in July at all the stations sampled. Typically the tributaries (Little and South Anna Rivers) had higher alkalinities and turbidities than the North Anna River.
i 4 LITERATURE CITED ' American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and i Water Pollution Control Federation. 1975 Standard methods for the ; examination of water and wastewater. 14th Edition. APHA, New York. . , USA. Coutant, C. C. 1972. Biological aspects of thermal pollution, ll. Scientific
- basis for water temperature standards at power plants. CRC Critical Rev. In Environmental Control 3: 1. Pages 224-225 1n. Quality criteria )
for Water. USEPA, 1976, Washington, D.C. USA. t ! Virginia State Water Control Board. 1980. Water quality standards. ' , Publication No. RB-1-80. VSWCB, Richmond, Virginia. USA. I r i i 'l i. 4 i e
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n TIFE flARIV658 f t/RIV601 IIAPIV605 HIGH 1.2 e 2.0 4 lit. All 0.9 e 1.6 LO;8 0.6 e 1.2
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TVPE ilA91V651 t3ARIk601 IIARIV603 HIGH 3.9 7.3 5.6 .; itctJ8 3.3 6.4 4.7 LC'A 2.6 5.7 5.8
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TYPE IIARIV651 NARIV601 plARIV603
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T/.BtE 2-2. H4TER QUALITT DATA FOR sat 1PLES FR0tt THE HORTH APO4A RIVER IHARI. HORTHEAST CREEK. LITTLE RIVER (LRI. 50U'IH AtatA RIVER (SARI Ate Parts 1 KEY RIVER (PRI FOR JatsuART.1981. STATIOH DATE T1ttE TEttPERATURE DISSOLVED PERCENT PH ALKALINITY TURBIDITY CELSIUS OXTGEt4 SATURATION ttG/L CACO 3 HTU t1G/L HAR RT 601 i LOUISA) 810112 845 2.6 13.1 96.2 7.3 ft M HAR RT 658 810112 1200 1.3 13.3 94.3 7.2 ft it ilAR RT 601 tilANOVERI 810130 1330 2.3 12.6 91.7 6.5 14.0 2.5 14AR. RT 1 810130 1330 2.2 13.8 100.2 6.6 14.0 2.4 LR RT 685 810130 1100 0.5 13.5 93.6 6.6 18.0 7.0 513. Rf 667 810130 1200 0.1 14.1 96.7 6.7 23.0 5.2 L vi e Tant E 2-3 WATER QUALITT DATA FOR sat 1PLES FROH THE HORTH At#4A RIVER (HARI. HORTHEAST CREEK LITTLE RIVER t LRI. 50Uill AttlA RIVER (SARI AtB pat 1 Uter.ET RIVER (PRI f 0R F ECRUART.1981. STATI0H DATE TIttE TEttf'ERATURE DISSOLVED PIRCEllT PH ALKALIMITY TURDIDITY CELSIUS OXVGEli SATUPATION t1G/L CACO 3 18IU TIG/L HAR RT 601 t tOUISA) 810226 1315 9.0 11.6 100.0 6.8 12.0 3.7 _ llAR. RT 658 810226 1230 7.4 11.4 94.6 6.9 13.0 4.8 tlAR. RT 601 IllAtaOVERI 810226 1130 7.4 11.4 94.6 6.8 12.0 5.0 14AR RT 1 810226 930 5.9 11.8 9/* . 3 6.6 12.0 5.3 1R RT 685 810226 1115 6.4 11.2 N. 7 6.7 15.0 9.2 SAP. RT 667 810226 1015 6.8 11.8 96.5 6.8 19.0 20.0
9 Tant E 2-4. NATER QUALITY DATA TOR SAMPtES FRort THE HORTil At#iA RIVER IHARI, NORTHEAST CREEK. LITTLE RIVER E LRI. SOUIH AltiA RIVER ISAR D Al.") pat 1UllFE T RIVER It'R t FOR t1ARCll,1981. S T A T1Dil DATE Tit 1E TEMPEPATURE DISSOLVED PERCEtiT PH ALFALINITY TURDIDITY CELSIUS OXYGEN SATURA110H NG/L CACO 3 NTU llG/L HAR. RT 601 (LDU15Al 810310 900 8.0 11.2 94.3 7.1 14.0 3.1
- HAR. RT 658 810110 1000 6.6 11.4 92.7 6.9 12.0 3.4 flAR, RT 601 (hat 40VER) 810310 1114 6.3 11.9 96.1 7.0 13.0 3.4 tuR , R T 1 010310 1240 6.2 12.0 96.6 7.2 16.0 2.5 LR, RT 685 810311 915 4.5 11.7 90.3 7.1 18.0 5.2 SAR. RT 667 810111 1011 4.8 12.3 95.6 7.2 25.0 6.9 1
m a T*.ntE 2-5. NATrp QUALITY DATA FOR SAMPLFS FPort THE HORTH Ate 4A RIVER ll4AR), NORTiiEAST CREEK. LITTLE RIVER ILRI. Scullt AtalA P1VER (SAR D At") pat 1UIREY RIVt R E PRI FOR APRIL 1901. ST AT10tl DATE TIME sil1PEPATURE DISSOL.VED PERCit4T PH ALPALINITY TURBIDITY CELSIUS 0;nGEta SAltCATION t1G/L CAC01 181 0 80/L HAR. PT 601 ( LOUIS %I 810406 1358 13.6 10.8 103.3 6.9 13.0 3.6 llAR. RT 658 010406 1323 13.7 10.2 97.8 7.0 13.0 3.7
'IAR. FT 601 titAt:0V[RI 810406 1215 15.4 5.9 98.4 7.0 16.0 3.9 it '.R . C T 1 810406 943 14.5 10.0 97.5 6.8 15.0 4.4 IR, rt 6CS 010$06 1143 15.1 0.7 05.9 7.2 25.0 24.0 012, RT 661 81C406 1034 14.9 9.4 92.4 7.2 25.0 8.4
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Trrt t 2-6. l'ATER CUALITY DATA FOR SattrLES TRott THE HORTH AttlA RIVER (HARI. HORTHEAST CREEK. LITTLC RIVER E LRI. 5:/Jeil #1l'tA 5:1VER (SAR D AtlD FAPWLROCET RIVER tilt s FOR ttAY 1981. ST A T10f t DATE TINE TENPERATL9E DISSOLVED PE RCE f fi PH ALKALIH11Y TURBIDITY CELSIU3 DXYGEli 541Lft ATION F1G/L CACO 3 P4TU PIG /L l'.'.r. RT 601 I t(TJISA ) 810512 1209 20.2 8.0 87.5 6.7 12.0 3.2 N'.P. R T 650 810512 1937 18.2 8.6 90.5 6.6 15.0 5.2 I IfAR PT 6c1 iiiral0vrR. ei05to 1201 28.3 8.1 85.. 7.1 14.5 .0 llA3. RT 1 610518 902 38.2 8.4 E8.3 7.0 13.3 4.5 Li!. RT 605 e10518 1024 16.8 8.1 P.2. 8 7.7 32.0 19.0 3/2. RT 667 810512 840 17.3 8.8 90.9 7.2 28.0 6.2 1 N e T.tLIE 2-7. Ha.TIR QUtLITY DATA FOR sat 1PLES TRotl THE P40 RIH Atel4 RIVfR (HAPI HORTHEAST CREEK, LITTLE RIVER (LR). MJI;l f.letA P1Vtn E san i AfD PAffUf 8'.EY RIVER li'R D FOR Jt#tE.1981. S T/t T10:1 DATE Tit 1E Tft!PERAltr?E DISSOLVED PIPCEHT PH ALKALIMITY TURBIDITY CELSItts OX tG[t4 SAILDA110N ItG/L CACO 3 IIIU ttG/L t%'2. RT 6C1 (LOUISAl 810605 1200 24.8 7.5 89.3 6.7 13.8 3.4 I!.'9. R I 6!.8 C10605 1115 23.1 7.1 02.0 6.8 12.1 2.8 l'A't. PT 6C1 EllAi!0 VERI 81Cf 05 1010 23.9 7.3 85.5 6.7 14.9 3.4 IU3. PT 1 010607 830 22.7 7.6 87.1 6.7 15.2 2.2 LP. ET 6d5 CIC6t5 910 21.3 6.5 72.6 7.1 45.7 19.0 TA7. UT 667 81%05 940 22.2 7.1 60.6 7.0 38.1 5.2
Trat E Z-0. l*4TEP f.*JiLITT DATA FOR Sit 1PLES FF0t1 lHE tt0RTil AIt4A RIVER (HAR D fl0RTilEAST CREEK LITTLE RIVER ILRI. 50U::1 Lit!A RIVT1 (SA:ll AIO l'J1LT3:ET RIVEld t!'R) TOR JULT.1981. STATIOtt DATE TIttE TEt1PEPATLEE DISSOLVED PLRCENT PH ALKALIMITY TURBIDITY, - CELSitt3 OXYGt ti SATUPAIIGH FIG /L CACO 3 lalu tlG/L tlA?. RT 60r(t@fISA) 010707 921 26.9 7.1 87.9 6.6 9.5 24.0 IU: lit. EAST EPE[K C10715 l'e 30 2 's . 0 7.1 83.3 6.9 21.4 11.0 l'#Jr. PT (58 C10707 1038 24.9 7.4 83.3 6.6 9.5 24.0 1347. HT 601 ti;A:47/;R) C10707 1240 25.7 7.5 90.8 6.0 13.0 36.0 flA1. RT 1 010708 933 25.6 7.7 93.1 6.8 26.7 *5.0
'.H. PT 535 010713 1253 26.2 7.0 05.5 7.1 39.5 17.0 0?.7. RT 667 8?0713 11 % 27.0 7.0 86.8 6.9 15.1 68.0 s m
IR. ET 301 813713- 952 26.4 5.9 72.3 7.0 23.7 25.0 8 TABLE 2-9 IfAlf R Pflal17Y DATA F07 sat 1Ptf 5 FRott Tile NORTH Al#4A PIVLP (HARI 140RTHEAST CREEK. LITTLE RIVER E LR).
*fJitt /J':tA (CV~R (SAR) Al*J PAfiL*t:XEY HIVER (F'P ) 70R #UGUST.1931.
SI A T1tul DATE tit 1E TEt1PfRATURE DISSOLVfD PEPCFt4T I'H ALKALINITY YtFBIDITY CELSIU3 OX tGtti SATURAllLH t1G/L CAE03 IIIU ilS/L t!AR. RT 601 iL9UIS U P10312 1330 27.3 7.1 88.5 6.8 12.3 3.0 l'JR. N T ( 53 B20012 1235 26.4 7.0 85.8 6.7 11.1 4.8 I:?:1. RT 6C1 tillilCVLf?) 010312 1145 25.0 7.1 84.9 6.8 12.4 2.0 it*,", RT 1 010012 903 25.1 6.0 81.4 6.9 13.2 2.1 . L9. RT 605 010312 1100 23.9 7.1 83.2 7.3 37.7 13.0
*AR. R T (67
. 010*12 3130 24.7 7.1 ote .4 7.2 20.3 13.0 9 .
TAntE 2-10. WATEf5 Cl'ALITT DATA l04 SAP 1T*LES FR0t1 THE tl0RTH AtalA RIVER fit /RI. HORTHEAST CREEK. LITTLE RI'JER ( LRI. ItFJill /J:!IA RIVf R ILt.RI 4840 pat 3frEY PIVER ITP) F09 SEPIEt: DER.1981. S TATICtl DATE Title T[HPERATURE DISSOLVED PEPCElli Pil ALKALINITY TIA?BIDITT CL L 2IttS OXtGEli SAltRil1014 IE/L CA003 titu (G/L tlAR. IIT 601 (LOUISA) 810922 825 25.9 7.7 90.2 7.0 10.6 2.3 N/ 7. PI 658 810922 9'e2 22.8 7.7 68.4 7.1 11.4 2.5
!!.*R. .ti 601 ltAlJVG ) 810523 1023 19.0 8.5 90.0 7.2 11.9 1.6 IMD. RT 1 810523 900 18.5 8.3 87.8 7.1 12.4 1.1 L". F I E %5 J13902 1103 17.8 7.5 73.3 7.0 36.7 2.9 St9. CT E67 8109:2 1200 19.9 9.4 102.2 8.0 30.2 7.5 L
w s 17fitE 2-11. WATFf' Qi'ALITY DATA FOR SAf1PLES FRON THE #80R1H AlalA RIVER ENARI. HORTHEAST CREEK. LITTLE RIVER E LRI. crJJill Litt:A RI'.tt? E SAP) Ata) P/flUHKEY l'1VLR t l'RI FOR OCIOU[R.1981. 51 ATI0tl DATE Tli1E TEllPf fiATLRE DISSOLVLD Ptf7Citti PH ALKALINIIY TUROYDIlf CELSt03 OXfMil SAIL *? AT IOl4 ttG/L CACO 3 litu IG/L ll4R. 27 601 (LCUI'IA! 011022 1255 18.0 9.2 96.4 7.0 9.9 4.4 lirt, f7T 6:6 611022 1205 17.0 9.1 93.4 7.0 9.7 2.8 I!?.:8.' RI 601 tilAt.9VER I 811f22 1132 12.8 8.6 00.9 tt 11 2.1 .
;p.!. P T 1 C11022 925 11.0 9.8 . CS.5 7.0 11.4 1.1 LP. I?! 6(5 C11C22 1100 10.2 6.5 57.6 7.3 37.3 5.0
_ CAf!. af 667 811022 1005 11.0 8.8 79.5 7.4 33.4 1.3
itCLE 2-12. PATE9 NJALITY D AT A FOR gar *P' E3 FPCM THE tirWTH AtesA RIVER (HAple if0RTHEAST CREEK, LITTLE RIVER (LP), 5%f til N#tt PI'Cif ( S/2) 1.' T) Pf!'LJ'KE Y FIVED (P5?) FCU tirT/Et*LER 1981. t STATION DATE TINC TEtTERATU9E DIO50tVED PERCFtif MI ALKALINITY TUPDIDITY CELSIUG OX f Gt 'l S A T L'P P.TIDH NG/L CACO 3 NTU ttG/L t?47. RT 601 (LDUISA) 811116 1215 14.8 9.7 95.2 7.0 8.8 4.0 t*C2TH AST CREEK 811118 1010 7.8 10.2 85.4 7.2 16.0 5.5 NSR, RT 650 011 17 1110 13.5 8.8 84.0 7.1 9.0 5.6 ~ H?.R. RT 601 (H/JiOVERI P11117 10C3 11.5 8.8 c0.4 7.1 10.4 6.2 H ".2, N T 1 611116. 923 7.8 11.5 96.3 7.3 11.0 1.4 LP, RT 603 811116 1240 8.3 9.5 80.6 7.5 23.8 4.5 S?Jt, r.T 667 C111?6 1150 8.9 11.0 94.6 7.8 30.8 3.6 d3 o 8 r2, RT 331 811116 1030 8.9 / 11.6 91.8 7.6 24.2 3.0
+ ;
TffitE 2-13. '.'Af rp W1ALITY DATA FOR SAMPLES TRO*t THE Il0RTH ANNA RIVER IHAR), NORTHEAST CREEK, LITTLE RIVER (LR), 5;'JIH /J:ttA R.VER ( SM ) J.t.") pat:LPEEY RIVER trR) FOR DELEt1 DER 1961.
!TATI0tt CATC TIME TEttPEPATlfRE DI550LVEO PERCENT Pff ALK4LINITY TUPSIDITY CELSIUS OXYGEli SATUPAt10H NG/L CAC01 HTd i:G/L IIA 7, RT 601 (LOU 13Al 811207 1345 12.0 10.6 97.9 6.7 9.0 4.6 til'J !!T 6"3 811207 1315 10.1 10.8 95.5 6.9 10.0 3.8 i *9, f:T 601 (llA'!OV P) 011:07 1230 6.0 11.6 9 's . 8 6.0 9.9 3.1 f;'.R . R T 1 011207 1095 4.9 12.2 95.1 7.0 10.0 3.8 L7, ET 633 811207 1200 4.0 11.3 CA.0 7.0 18.4 5.3 St. t . 171 6's 7 811007 1110 4.8 12.4 96.4 7.2 27.5 7.2
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U * ; l f f S - 0- i a i i i i i i i i i JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC MONTH. LEGEND: SITE 651 ------- 6 01 ----- 6 0 3 1 l FIGURE 2-1. NORTH ANNA RIVER WATER TEMPERATURES RECORDED BY ENDECO INSTRUMENTS i DURING 1981. STRAIGHT OR MISSING LINE SEGMENTS INDICATE MISSING DATA, i i
). i ) Benthic Macroinvertebrates f i
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INTRODUCTION Aquatic macroinvertebrates are considered by many to be excellent indicators of environmental stress due to their lack of mobility, sensitivity - to various environmental perturbations and extended life cycles (Hynes 1965; Cairns and Dickson 1971; Lehmkuhl 1979). For these reasons, monitoring the benthic community is considered to be an integral part of any ecological evaluation. An impoundment can have varied effects on downstream blota. A dam is a physical disruption of a river, and as such interferes with the normal energy processing of allocthonous material deposited from the watershed (Vannote et al. 1980). However, the newly formed reservoir can act as a new source of energy input due to its lacustrine productivity. Both downstream thermal influences and the type of seston discharged from the reservoir are regulat6d by the type of release at the dam (Hilsenhoff 1971; Wallace and Merritt 1980). Reservoirs with a hypolimnetic release tend to produce a thermal constancy downstream and discharge seston composed primarily of detritus and microflora (Spence and Hynes 1971; Baxter 1977). Epilimnetic releases result in lags in the normal temperature regimes downstream and discharge greater amounts of large seston, particularly zooplankton (Parker 1980; Kondratieff and Voshell 1981). Some surface release reservoirs are associated with electricity generating stations and may be subjected to additional thermal influences. The purpose of the benthic macroinvertebrate sampling program downstream of the Lake Anna dam during 1981 was to provide data to assess the impact of the dam and the operation of the North Anna Power Station cn the benthic community in the North Anna River. .
a NETHODS AND MATERIALS Two types of sampling devices were utilized in macroinvertebrate collections downstream of the f.ake Anna dam: an Ellis-Rutter Portable invertebrate Box Sampler and a Hester-Dendy Multiple Plate Artificial Substrate. The Ellis-Rutter sampler is operated by placing the-box frame firmly on the river bottom and agitating the enclosed substrate (0.1 m ). Water current carries any dislodged organisms into the attached tailbag (500 u mesh). Some of'the more tenaciously adhered organisms, such as the case building Hydropsychidae, had to be removed individually from substrate pieces. The contents of the tailbag were carefully rinsed into quart Jars for transport back to the laboratory, where organisms were removed and placed in 70% ethanol for preservation. Hester-Dendy substrates, with a surface area of 0.09 m each, were placed at each station four to six weeks prior to collection. The samplers were const ucted from nine tempered hardboard plates, separated by brass spacers, and screwed into a lead weight with a six inch eyebolt. Samples were collected by slipping a muslin bag with a drawstring over the substrate and attached weight, quickly drawing the bag closed and removing it from the river bottom. Bags were placed in a metal washtub and kept moist while being transported back to the laboratory where samplers were disassembled; all organisms present were preserved in 70% ethanol. Two replicate Hester-Dendy samplers were collected binonthly in conjunction with three replicate Ellis-Rutter bottom samples at stations in the t; orth Anna River, South Anna River and Little River (Figure 1-1). Macroinvertebrates collected in both types of sample's were Identified to the lowest possible taxon. An ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test were performed on macroinvertebrate densities to determine if significant differences existed between stations. Species composi tion di fferences were compared at all s tations using the Coefficient of Community which is calculated as foi!ows:
~
Coef f. of Comm. = 2S + (A+B) A B where: S(A+B) = No. of species in common at both Stations A and B S = No. of species collected at Station A A S = No. of species collected at Station B
, B Stations were also examined at the trophic level. All organisms collected were clos.;s fied by a system modified from Merritt and Cunmins (1978). The latter lists five trophic categories: shredder, collector-gatherer, scraper, collector-filterer and predator. For this study, the first three categories were combined since many of the macroinvertebrates collected occupied more than one of these trophic levels.
RESULTS During 1981, 128 different taxa were collected in the South Anna River, Little River and North Anna River donwstream of the Lake Anna dam (Table 3-1). A greater number of taxa were collected in the Ellis-Rutter samples (156) than I in the Hester-Dendy samples (114). Members of two classes, Arachnoidae and l Crustacea, were never collected in Hester-Dendy samples. The most abundant l organisms collected in Ellis-Rutter samples in the Little River was the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp., followed by the winter stonefly, Strophopteryx sp., and the gastropod, Amnicola sp. (Table 3-2). The South Anna River collections showed Hydropsyche sp. to be the most prominent organism, followed by Amnicola sp. and Cheumatopsyche sp. Members of the Trichoptera dominated all the Ellis-Rutter samples in the North Anna River, but were particularly numerous at 601-Louisa. Hydropsyche sp. was the most abundant organism at 601-Louisa but was reduced with increasing distance from the Lake Anna dam. The same pattern held true for Macronema zebratum and Cheumatopsyche sp. The latter was the most abundant organism at 658-Hanover and Rt. 1, and was second in abundance
to Chimarra obscura at 601-Hanover. Hester-Dendy collections were dominated by Cheumatoosyche sp. at the South Anna River and Hydropsyche sp. at 601-Louisa (Table 3-3). The chironomid, Dicrotendipes neomodestus, was most often collected on Hester-Dendy substrates in the Litter River; however, Stenonema (pulchellum) sp. dominated 658-Hanover and Rt. I collections. The Chi ronomidae wer( well represented in nest collections of both sampler types by the Orthociadlinae, particularly Cricotopus spp. and Eukiefferiella spp., and a large number of Cardiocladius sp. was collected at 601-Louisa. Members of the subfamily Chironominae included Rheotanytarsus sp. and Polypedilum convictum. Among the mayflies, Ephemeroptera, Stenonema (pulchellum) sp. was collected in relatively high numbers in both sampler types. The stoneflies, Plecoptera, were well rapresented by the Taenlopterygidae (Taenlopteryx sp. and Strophopteryx sp.) at all stations except 601-Louisa. Among the spring and summer stonefiles, Periodidae and Perlidae, Acroneurla sp., Helopicus sp. and Perlesta sp. were collected at all stations, but in reduced numbers. Phasganophora capitata was collected only at South Anna River and Rt. I stations. Isoperla sp. was collected at Rt. 1, South Anna River and Little River stations. Representing Class Pelycypoda, Corbicula fluminia was collected at all sampling stations; other pelycypods collected were Sphaerium sp. and E11Intio complanata, both of which were collected only in the North Anna River. Both Hester-Dendy and Ellis-Rutter showed 601-Louisa to be the most abundant stations, but with a low number of taxa. If the Ellis-Rutter samples are examined on a bimonthly basis, 601-Louisa is consistertly highest in total abundance, and exhibits the lowest number of taxa only during the December collection (Table 3-4). It should be noted that the South Anna River bimonthly Hester-Dendy samples frequently exhibited low or non-existent values due to vandalism of substrates at this station, thereby making comparisons impossible. All sampling stations exhibited fluctuating levels of abundance and taxa numbers throughout the year (Figures 3-1 through 3-4). The most prominent
change occurred at 601-Louisa in June and August samples. The Trichoptera under-1 went a large reduction in the Ellis-Rutter samples during these two months (Fig. 3-1); however, the Hester-Dendy samples exhibit a large increase in this group (Figure 3-2). The Plecoptera underwent a reduction in numbers in both Ellis-Rutter (Fig. 3-3) and Hester-Dendy samples (Fig. 3-4) after February due to winter stonefly (Taenlopterygidae) emergence. Their numbers increased again in December samples. Plecoptera were collected Infrequently throughout
. the year at 601-Louisa. Numbers of Chironomidae in Ellis-Rutter samples were reduced at most stations from June through October. The 658-Hanover samples showed relatively high numbers except during August and October.
Hester-Dendy samples yielded the greatest number of Chironomidae from April to August. Collections of Ephemeroptera fluctuated over the year in both sampler types with no clearly delineated trend. Ellis-Rutter samples collected in the South Anna River consistently yielded relatively large numbers in the group "0THER" due primarily to large numbers of gastropods (Figure 3-3). A large number of the blackfly, Simulium sp., was collected in the February Hester-Dendy samples at 601-Louisa, causing the group "0THER" to be relatively large (Table 3-4) . When species composition was compared between each station, the lowest community coefficient was between 601-Louisa and South Anna River for both Ellis-Rutter (Table 3-5) and Hester-Dendy samples (Table 3-6). Stations 601-Hanover and 658-Hanover had the highest community coefficient among Ellis-Rutter samples (0.68456) while Hester-Dendy samples exhibited the highest coefficient between 658-Hanover and Rt. 1 (0.67241). Species composition i in the South Anna River and Little River was relatively similar for Ellis-Rutter samples (0.67857), but yielded a low coefficient for Hester-Dendy samples (0.45783). The four lowest coefficients for Ellis-Rutter sample comparisons
! Involved 601-Louisa. When species composition was compared between sample types at each station for each monthly sample (Table 3-7), fluctuating values were produced, with many months exhibiting a low community coefficient.
. When Duncan's multiple range test was performed on station macrobenthic densities found during each month in Ellis-Rutter samples, 601-Louisa was significantly higher (.05 level) than all other stations during every month except June (Table 3-8). During June, 601-Louisa was not significantly different from the South Anna River Station. Rt. 1, Little River and 658-Hanover stations were not significantly different for any collection. Mean density was highest during every month at 601-Louisa.
Duncan's multiple range test was also performed on Ellis-Rutter bimonthly densities at each station (Table 3-9). Little River, South Anna and Rt. 1-showed no significantly different densities throughout the year. Duncan's test, applied to bimonthly mean densities for Hester-Dendy samples, showed no significant differences at any of the sampling stations during February and April (Table 3-10). Little River, 658-Hanover and Rt. I exhibited no statistically significant differences in the remaining months. When examined at each station (Table 3-11), South Anna River and Little River stations showed no statistically significant difference in any month's sample. Varying results were found at other stations with no observable trends. Macroinvertebrates collected in Ellis-Rutter samples were categorized into trophic levels (Figure 3-5). Organisms collected at 601-Louisa were found to be primarily collector-filterers (CF). Predators (PRED) increased in abundance at 601-Louisa in February and April, primarily due to Cardiociadius sp. and Eukiefferiella spp. Shredders, scrapers and collector gatherers (SSCG) formed a sizeable percentage of the organisms collected at all other stations throughout most of the year; an exception was the Little River Station in August and October. Hester-Dendy samples were also examined at the trophic level (Figure 3-6). Collector-filterers dominated.601-Louisa samples all but one l month (April) . Shredders, scrapers and collector gatherers dominated most samples with the exception of 658-Hanover in June and October, 601-Hanover
in August and the South Anna River in June. A sudden rise in predators occurred at most stations from April to August. DISCUS $10N Several changes in sampling procedure were initiated in the 1987 macrobenthic sampling program in the lower North Anna River downstream of Lake Anna dam. The use of D-frame dip nets was abandoned in favor of 0.1 m Ellis-Rutter bottom samplers and Hester-Dendy multiple plate artificial substrate. Ellis-Rutter samples provided a quantitative monitoring of the natural substrate populations. Hester-Dendy samples provided supplemental information, pa.ticularly among organisms susceptible to drif t; unfortunately, the Little River and South Anna River collections proved somewhat unreliable due to vandalism of the samplers. Also, sampling frequency was increased from quarterly to bimonthly. In addition, stations in both the South Anna River and Little River were added for comparative purposes. These j changes, coupled with more extensive taxonomic identification, help explain why 128 taxa were collected in 1982 while only 48 taxa were reported in 1980 (Reed 1981) and 38 taxa were collected in 1979 (Reed 1980). l The filter feeding Trichoptera dominated Ellis-Rutter samples in all three rivers. Hydropsyche sp., Cheumatopsyche sp. and Macronema zebratum coexisted in large numbers at 601-Louisa. Their numbers decreased in the North Anna River with increasing distance from the Lake Anna dam. Wallace (1975) showed these same three genera to successfully partition different size seston being discharged into a river from an upstream impoundment. Food partitioning occurred due to the specific mesh size of capture nets of each genus. Although Hydropsyche sp. was prevalent in both the South Anna River and Little River, it did not occur in the large numbers found in the North Anna River, particularly at 601-Louisa. Large numbers of filter feeders are usually prevalent below reservoirs with epillmnetic releases (Wallace and
a Merritt 1980). The effects of the lacustrine input from Lake Anna, which supports the large filter feeding populations in the North Anna River, dissipates quickly with distance from the dam (Voshell and Parker 1980). Parker (1980) found the seston to consist primarily of a larger size range, which might explain why H. zebratum is the least abundant of the Hydropsychidae, since its capture net has an extremely fine mesh size (Wiggins 1977). The large numbers of Hydropsychidae at 601-Louisa in turn supported a relatively abundant chironomid,Cardiocladius sp., which feeds on Hydropsychid pupae (Parker and Voshell 1979). Significant numbers of Cardiocladius sp. were found in February and April collections, when the largest number of Hydropsychidae pupae were collected. The chironomid, Rheotanytarsus sp., was also abundant at most stations. This species is well adapted to a rheoblontic existence since it spins a capture net between the arm-like extensions of its case (Simpson and Bode 1980). The Plecoptera were well represented, as in previous years (Reed 1979, Reed 1980, Reed 1981), by the winter stoneflies Taenlopteryx sp. and Strophooteryx sp. However, four species of Plecoptera were collected in the North Anna River that have not been reported since impoundment. They are Phasganophora capitata, Paragnetina sp., Isoperla sp. and Helopicus subvarians. Surdick and Gaufin (1978) describe most species of these genera as preferring neutral to alkaline habitats. The collection of these species lends credence to the theory that Lake Anna is ameliorating the effects of acid mine drainage from Contrary Creek, located above Lake Anna dam (see Special Studies: Podostemum ceratophyllum transplant). Most Perlidae take 2 to 3 years to develop (Hynes 1976) which may help explain the length of time f rom impoundment to their collection. Furthermore, Elliptio complanata, a mussel which was previously found only in the Pamunkey River and was considered to be an indicator of the recovery zone of acid mine runoff
(Simmons and Reed 1973) for the North Anna River, was collected as far upstream in the North Anna River as the 601-Louisa sampling station. Emergence of the Hydropsychidae accounts for reduction in total abundance during the warmer months in Ellis-Rutter samples. The increase in Hydropsychidae in Hester-Dendy samples during these months is due to the colonization on available artificial substrates by newly hatched larvae. , Many species of Hydropsychidae are present I-n the North Anna, South Anna and Little Rivers (Flint et al. 1979). Different species have different emergence periods and some are bi-and trivoltine (Parker 1980), which explains the fluctuating Hydropsychidae abundance in both samplers. The station at 601-Louisa proved to be the most unique of the sampling stations with regards to both species composition and abundance. Similarities existed in both species composition and abundance among Little River, Rt. I and 658-Hanover stations. The North Anna River appears to support diverse and stable macro-benthic populations. The Lake Anna dam appears to have improved water quality oownstream since impoundment allowing for colonization by additional macro-benthic fauna. Any elevated temperature resulting from the impoundment and/ or the operation of the North Anna Power Station has apparently not resulted in any adverse effects downstream.
SUMMARY
- 1. The North Anna River is dominated by a filter-feeding benthic community, composed primarily of Trichoptera.
- 2. The Route 601-Louisa station is dominated by an unusually large number of Hydropsychidae due to seston discharge from the epilimnion drain of Lake Anna dam. The effects of this seston release dissipates quickly with dis tance from the dam.
3 The macrobenthic fauna of the North Anna River continued to increase in diversity during 1981; the increase was attributed to the amelioration of ef fects of acid mine runoff by Lake Anna. e
i SPEC I AL ST8.'D I CS : P000 STEM'JM CEP,ATOPliYLLUM (RIVER WCED) TRA"SPLAliT Podostemum ceratophyllem, river weed, is an abundant macrophyte in the South Anna and Little Rivers, it is a submerged rheophile which attaches itself to the substrate with disc-like processes. Although having many I varieties, P.ceratophyllum is the only species of the family Pedostomaceae found d in the United States (Fassett 1957). This macrophyte was not found In'the Iforth Anna River prior to its impoundment. The reason for its absence was attributed to a source of acid mine drainage in Contrary Creek, which is located above Lake Anna Dam (Kondratieff and Voshell 1981). Lake Anna is believed to act as a sink for metals and sediment, thus ameliorating the effects of acid mine runof f and improving the water quali ty downstream (Simmons and Voshell 1079) . Therefore, i t seemed if P. ceratophyllum was Introduced to the North Anna River, subsequent colonization might occur. The purpose of a P.ceratophyllum transplant would be for habitat enrichment. Edmunds et al. (1979) reported P; ceratcohyllum to be a preferred habitat for some species of baetid mayflies. The macrophyte is also a possible food source for some caddis-flies (Mackay and Wiggins 1979) and increases habitat surface area for the rheotactic Trichoptera (Wallace 1075) . On May 6, 1081, samples of P,. ceratophyllum were collected from the South Anna River and transplanted to three locations on the Morth Anna River. The locations coincided with stations included in the fiorth Anna River downstream sampling program and are as follows: Route A01 (Louisa County), Route f-C (l'arover County) and Route 601 (Hanover County). Samples collected were attached to substrate material which was judged large enough to remain in swift current. The macrophyte was placed in tubs and covered with water for transport to the
!' orth Anna River. At the time of transplant there was no observable new growth; j the plant apparently was in a dormant stage.
At each station, two quadrats of P., ceratophyllum approximately 0.5 m each were placed in the river bed. Sites selected in the florth Anna River were comparable to the South Anna River collection station with respect to depth and current velocity. Observations on the condition of the quadrats were made monthly. The two stations nearest the dam (Route 601 Louisa County and Route 6cP, Hanover County) showed the greatest amount of growth, up to 10 cm during some months. These two stations also showed the longest growing season, with plants having new growth up until December. Leaves of P., ceratophyllum observed in the - South Anna River reached lengths of 6 cm and plants were in a dormant state by November. The quadrat at Route 601 (Hanover County) never became firmly established. A prominent Aufwuchs community seemed to be present throughout most of the year at this station and may have been responsible for retarding photosynthesis and growth. P. ceratochvilum at Route 601 (Louisa County) has spread extensively beyond the borders of the initial quadrats. Patches of the macrophyte were observed up to LO m downstream of the initial transplant, Observations on the condition of P. ceratoohyllum will continue through 1982. Initial observations during 1001 Indicate that the macrophyte will be successsful in the !! orth Anna River.
LITERATURE CITED Baxter, R. M. 1977 Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecological Systems. 8:255-283. Cairns, J., Jr. and K. L. Dickson. 1971. A simple method for the biological assessment of the effects of waste discharges on aquatic bottom-dwelling organisms. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation. 43(5): 755-772. Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S. L. Jenson and L. Berner. 1979 The mayflies of North and Central America. University of Minnesota Fress, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Fassett, N. C. 1957 A manual of aquatic plants. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Flint, O. S. , Jr. , and J. R. Voshel l, Jr. and C. R. Parker. - 1979 The Hydroosyche scalaris group in Virginia, with the description of two new species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 92(4): 837-862. Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1971. Changes in downstream insect and amphipod fauna caused by an impoundment with a hypolimnion drain. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 64: 743-746. Hynes, H. B. N. '~55 The significance of macroinvertebrates in the, study of mild river pollution. Pages 235-240 in Biological problems in water pollution. United States Public Health Service Publication. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Hynes, H. B. N. 1976. Biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 21: 135-153 Kondratief f, B. C. and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1981. Influence of a reservoir with surface release in the life history of the mayfly Heterocloeon curiosum (McDunnogh) (Ephemereptera: Baetidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology (in press) . Lahmkuhl, D. M. 1979 Environmental disturbances and life histories: principles and examples. Journal of the Fisheries Reserve Board of Canada. 36: 329-334. Mackay, R. J., and G. B. W;ggins. 1979 Ecological diversity in Trichoptera. Annual Review of Entomology. 24: 185-208. Merritt, R. W. and K. W. Cummins, editors. 1978. An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall-Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, USA. Parker, C. R. 1980. Production of filter feeding Trichoptera in an impounded and free-flowing river. Doctoral dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
Parker, C. R. and J. R. Voshell, Jr. 1979 Cardiocladius (Diptera: Chironomidae) larvae ectoparasitic on pupae of Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) . Environmental Entomology. 8: 808-809 Reed, J. R., Jr., and Associates, Inc. 1979 Annual Report: Environmental study of the lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
. 1980. Annual Report: Environmental-study of the lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
. 1981. Annual Report: Environmental study of the lower North Anna River. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Vi rginia, USA.
Simmons , G. M. , J r. and J. R. Reed , Jr. 1973 Mussels as indicators of biological recovery zone. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Fede ra t ion. 45(12): 2480-2492. Si mmons , G. M. , J r. and J . R. Voshel l , J r. 1978. Pre- and Post-impoundment benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the North Anna River. Pages 45-61 in J. Cairns, Jr. , E. F. Benfield, and J. R. Webster, editors. Current prespectives on river-reservoir ecosystems. North American Benthological Society. Simpson, K. W. and R. W. Bode. 1980. Common larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera) from New York state streams and rivers, with particular reference to the fauna of artificial substrates. New York State Museum. Bulletion No. 439 Albany, New York, USA. Spence, J. A. and H. B. N. Hynes. 1971. Olfferences in benthos upstream and downstream of an impoundment. Journal of the Fisheries Reserve Board of Ca.:ada. 28:35-43 Surdick, R. F. and A. R. Gaufin. 1978. Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of Plecoptera. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Technical Information Service, EPA-600/ 4-78-062. Springfield, Virginia, USA. Vannote, R. L., G. W. Minshall, K. W. Cummins, J. R. Sedell, and C. E. Cushing. 1980. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 37: 130-137 Voshell, J. R. , Jr. and C. R. Parker. 1980. Quantity and quality of seston in an impounded and free-flowing river. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the North American Benthological Society, Savannah, Georgia, USA. Wallace, J. B. 1975 Food partitioning in net-spinning Trichoptera larvae: Hydropsyche venularis, Cheumatopsyche etiona and Macronema zebratum. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 64:463-472. Wallace, J. B. and R. W. Merritt. 1980. Filter-feeding ecology of aquatic Insects. Annual Review of Entomology. 25: 103-132. l Wiggins, G. B. 1977 Larvae of the North American caddisfly genera (Trichoptera) . University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
( }-;,- - r, s ~
~
a 7 c %, l
-g -
4 i .,-
- g- , N -
-37e a
q V( - . .' Is [ [, ' '( , !> TABLE 9-1:~ 8'T'Ar0NOMIC LISTING OF MACROBENTrilC ORGANISMS COLLECTED BY , s ' 'ELLl!
' L
'ipTTER AND HESTER-DENDY SAMPLERS IN THE SOUTH ANNA RIVER, LITTLE
? RIVEh AND NORTil ANNA RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF LAKE ANNA DAM DURING 1981.
il~ Ellis-Rutter He. ster-dendy PhyluIn Platyhelminthes .
+
, Class Turbellaria.
Phylum Nematomorpha
~ , Class Gordioidea c- , Family Gord!!dae
. Gordius sp. +
PhyIum Anne 11da Class Hirudinea + Q Class Oligochaeta + ( a Order Plesiopora Family Lumbricidae + + Family'Lumbriculidae +
' Family Naldidae +
Phylum Arthropoda Class Arachnoldea E Order Hydracarina g Family Lebertiidae +
. s Lebertia sp. +
Class' Crustacea s Order Amphipoda s Family' Cam 1aridae Crangonyx sp. + Order Decapoda Family Astacidae Cambarus sp. + Family Palaemonidae Palaemonetes sp. + Order ,lsopoca Family Asellidae. Asellus sp.- ,
+
Class insecta Order Coleootera
- r. Family Dytiscidae Agabus sp. +
j' - Family Elmidae , s
'Ancyrenyx sp. ,, ',
+
~
Dubiraphia sp. \ + Macronychus sp. + + s
% ; Microcylloesus sp. + +
l * * - 5 Optioservus sp'. 4+ + Stenelmis sp.' . + +
-
- i'amily Gyrinidac N c, Dineutus sp.'s i + +
Family Hydrophill'Jae s Berosus-so) ~ ' + +
\ '- Fami ly Psophenia'ae
Ectopria nervosa y
+
s -s +-
'k- [
b\~ .. i f
\
A\ s
. 'sA ,*
.\
* *' - s 5 .'
TABLE 3-1 (Continued) Ellis-Rutter Hester-Dendy Phylum Arthropoda (Continued) Class insecta (Continued) Order Collembola Family Isotomidae + lsotoma sp. + Order Diptera Family Athericidae Atherix sp. + Atherix variegata + + Family Empididae Hemerodrom!a sp. + Family Tabanidae Tabanus sp. + Family Muscidae (Anthomyiidae) Limnophora acquifrons + Family Blephariceridae Blepharicera sp. + Famil f Ceratopogonidae Palpomyla sp. + + Family Chironomidae Subfamily Chironominae Tribe Chironomini Cryptochironomus sp. + Dicrotendipes neomodestus + + Glyptotendipes sp. + Goeldichironomus sp. + Harnischia sp. + Microtendipes sp. + + Phaenoosectra sp. + Phaencosectra flavipes + + Polypedilum convictum + + P. fallax +
+ +
{Stenochironomus iIiinoense sp. + Stictochironomus sp. + Tribelos sp. + Tribelos Jucundus + Xenochironomus sp. + + Tribe Tanytarsini Microosectra sp. + Rheotanytarsus sp. + + Tanytarsus sp. + + Subfamily Diamesinae Potthastia longimannus + + Subfamily Orthocladiinae Orthocladiinae pupae + + Brillia sp. + Brillia flavif rons + Cardiocladius sp. + + Cricotopus sp. + Cricotopus/Orthocladius sp. + + Cricotoous bicinctus + + C. intersectus +
+ +
{ tremulus + Eukiefferiella sp. t
TABLE 3-1 (Continued) . Ellis-Rutter Hester-Dendy Phylum Arthropoda (Continued) Class Insecta (Continued) Order Diptera (Continued) Family Chironomidae (Continued) Subfamily Orthocladlinae (Continued) Eukiefferiella bavarica + + E. claripennis + + E. discoloripes + + E. potthasti + Heterotrissocladius_sp. + Hydrobaena sp. + Metriocnemus sp. +- Nanocladius sp. + + Orthocladius sp. + + Parakiefferiella sp. + Psectrocladius sp. + + Rheocricotopus sp. + + Synorthocladius sp. + Thienemanniella prob. xena + + Subfami1y Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia sp. + Ablabesmvia mallochi + A_. Daralanta + + A. tarella + + 5I'lotanypus sp. + Pentaneura sp. + + Procladius sp. + Family Simuliidae Simullum sp. + + Simulium venustrum + S. vittatum + + Fami1yTipulidae Antocha saxicola + Tipula sp. + + Order Ephemeroptera Family Baetidae Baetis sp. + + Centroptilum sp. + Cloeon sp. + Heterocloeon sp. + + Pseudocloeon sp. + + Famiiy Baetiscidae Baetisca sp. + Family Caenidae Brachycerus sp. + Caenis sp. + + Fami1y Ephemerel1idae Ephemerella (Attenella) sp. + E. (Dannella) sp. + E. (Drunella) sp. + + E. (Ephemerella) sp. + E (Eurylachella) sp. + _E (Serratella) sp. + +
s TABLE 3-1 (Continutd) Ellis-Rutter Hester-Dendy Phylum Arthropoda (Continued) Class insecta (Continued) Order Epherieroptera (Continued) Family Heptagenlidae Heptagenia sp. + + Stenacron sp. + Stenonema (pulchellum) sp. + + FaulIy Siphlonuridae Isonychia sp. + + Family Tricorythidae Tricorythodes sp. + Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae Paraponyx sp. + Order Megaloptera Family Corydalidae Corydalus sp. + Corydalus cornutus + + Nigronia sp. + + Order lieuroptera Family Sisyridae Climacia sp. + Order Odonata Suborder Anisoptera Family Aeschnidae Basiaeschna Janata + Boyeria vinosa + Family Corduliidae Neurocordulia sp. + Family Gomphidae + Dnomogomphus sp. + Dnomogomohus spinosus + Gomphus sp. + f l Hagenius brevistylus + + Ophiogomphus sp. + Progomohus sp. + Progomphus obscurus + Family Libellulidae + + unknown sp. Family Macromildae Macromia sp. + Macromia illinoiensis + l Suborder Zygoptora Family Coenagrionidae Argia sp. + Enallagma sp. + +
-4I-TABLE 3-1 (Continued)
Ellis-Rutter Hester-Dendy Phylum Arthropoda (Continued) Class insecta (Continued) Order Plecoptera Family Nemouridae Amphinemura sp. + + Amphinemura delosa + Prostoia sp. .+ + Prostoia similis + + Family Perlidae Acroneu la sp. + + Paragnetina sp. *+ + Perlesta sp. + + Perlesta placida + Phasganophora capitata + + FamiIy PerIodidae Helopicus subvarians + + lsoperla sp. + + Family Pteronarcyidee Pteronarcys sp. + Family Taeniopterygidae Strophopteryx sp. + + Strophopteryx fasciata + Taeniopteryx sp. + + Taeniopteryx parvula + + Order Trichoptera Family Brachycentridae Brachycentrus sp. + + Bnachycentrus numerous + + Micrasema sp. + Family Glossosomatidae Glossosoma sp. + Agapetus sp. + Family Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. + + Hydropsyche sp. + + Macnonema zebratum + + Hydropsychidae pupae + + FamiIy Hydroptiiidae Hydroptila sp. + + 0xyethira sp. + Protoptila sp. + Hydroptilidae pupae + Family Lepidostomatidae Lepidostoma sp. + + Family Leptoceridae Nectopsyche candida + + Oecetis sp. + + Triaenodes injusta +
e TABLE 3-1 (Continued) Ellis-Rutter Hester-Dendy Phylum Arthropoda (Continued) Class Insecta (Continued) Order Trichoptera (Continued) Family Philopotamidae Chimarra aterrima + +-
+ +
E obscura C. socia + + Wormaldiis sp. + + Family Phryganeidt-Ptilostomis sp. + Family Polycentropodidae Cyrnellus sp. + Neureclipsis sp. + + Neurec. psis crepuscularis + + Nyctiophylax sp. + + Polycentropus sp. + + Phylum Mollusc.a Class Gastropoda Order Prosobranchia Family Blythiniidae Amnicola sp. + + Family Pleuroceridae + + Goniobasis sp. + + Pleurocera sp. + + Order Pulmonata Family Lynnacidae + + Physa sp. + + Family Planorbidae Helisoma sp. + + Class Pelycypoda Order Heterodonta Family Corbicullidae Corbicula fluminea + + Famliy Sphaeridae Sohaerium sp. + Order Palaeoheterodonta Family Unionidae Elliptio complanata +
~
TAP,tE 3-2. t14CPODEHTHIC ORGANISits COLLECTED BY STATIDH IN ELLIS-RUTTER sat 1PLES IN THE SOUTH At#44 CIVE3, LITTLE RIVE 2 Ate t0 Rill AtIta RIVE 2 00LalSTEAtt of LAFE At#44 DAtt Dialic 1981. SPECIES 14AR601L HAR65EH I4AR60at Gil SAR667 LR185 HIRUD!!!EA 1 . . . . . OLICOCHAETA . 2 9 1 6 9 LtA BRICID AE . . I 1 . . LtRICRICULIDAE . . .4 . 2 . titIDIDAE . . 3 3 19 . LECERTIIDAF . . . . . 3 LEDERTI A SP. 1 1 6 . 19 . CPAllSoll(X SP. . . 1 5 . 6 CAtt3fPUS SP. . . . . . 1 PAL Att:OttETES SP. . . . . . 1 ASELLUS SP. . . . . . 3 AGACUS SP. . 1 . . . . Ot0!PAPHIA SP. . . . 4 2 10 ftACRotiVCHUS SP. . . . . 3 . IIICROCVLLDErtJS SP. 5 10 76 26 16 2 OPTIOSERVUS SP. . . 2 . . . STET!Etti!S SP. . 2 31 36 52 4 DIt1EUIUS SP. . . . . 4 1 DEROSUS SP. . 3 7 8 2 13 (CTOPRIA HERVOSA . . . . 1 . , 150T0f tA SP. . 1 . . . . . ATilERIX VARIEGATA 7 16 11 1 . . HEt1ERCOR0f1IA SP. TADAtAJS SP. 2 I 10 h W LItROFHORA AEQUITROHS . . . 2 . . BLEPHARICERA SP. . . 14 . 7 3 PALP 0tlYIA SP. . . 2 . . 4 CPIP10 CHIR 000HUS SP. . 2 . . . . DICPOTEt!DIPES HEOt00ESTUS 7 53 13 3 . 8 HAPit!Stil! A SP. 1 . . . . . NICPolttJDIPES SP. . 86 . . 2 . PHAEt0PSECTRA SP. 3 . . . . . PHAEf0PSECTPA FLAVIPES 1 . . . . . POLYPED1LtR1 C0tiVICitR1 21 75 6 20 7 . POLYPIDILLAl IL lit 0ENSE 9 . . . . . STET 0CHIPollotOS SP. . 1 . . . 2 TPIDELOS JUCUt005 . . . . . 1 , XE10CHIRot30tUS SP. . . . . 4 . WilEDI AtIYTARSUS SP. 120 288 132 50 35 12 TAttYT ARSUS SP.tCALOPSECTRA) . 6 . 1 . 2 .
~
PolillASTI A L0tlGIttAt10S 5 . 1 23 1 1 ORIHOCLADIIHAE PUPAE 12 4 2 1 2 1 CAP 010CLA01US SP. 226 . . I 1 1 CRICOTOftlS SP. . . . 10 . . CRICOT0rtiS/ORTHOCLADIUS SP. 24 9 66 9 7 11 CRICOTOPUS DICIllCTUS GR. I 1 1 1 . . CPICOIOrVS It41EPSICTUS GR. 1 . . . . . CPICOTOPUS 1PEtULUS CR. 77 11 56 21 16 17 ElkIEffERIELLA DAVARICA GR. 1 . . 2 . 6 5 EUKIEffERIELLA CLAPIPEtDalS GR. 17 2 5 2 1 17 Ets:!EffERIELLA DISCOLO91 PES GR. 162 94 34 21 18 6 EtF.IEf f ERIE LLA T'OllllASTI GR. . . 7 . . . HETEPOTRISSOCLADIUS SP. . . 2 . 1 . I
TADLE 3-2. t1ACPODEllTHIC ORGANIST 15 CILLECTED Bf STATIDH IH ILLIS-RuTTER sat 1PLES TH TifE SOUTH AHH4 RIVC, LITTLE RIVER Arm flORill Afill4 RIVER Dolcl3TEsti DP LAl'E AtalA DAli DURIllG 1981. SPECIES HAR60ll flAR658tl HAR60lH Ri1 SAP 6f,7 LR685 lit 0 ROB 8EllA SP. . . . . I 2
#1E IRIEttif flus SP. 5 . . . . . ,
flat:0CLADIUS SP. 3 . 1 1 . . ORitt0CLADIUS SP. 7 . 2 . . 3 PSECIPOCLADItJS SP. . 3 4 9 1 $ PitECCRIC0f0 PUS SP. . . . 5 1 2 STil0R18t0CL70IUS SP. 2 . 1 . . . TIIIEl:EllAt:*lIELLA PROS. XEH4 1 . . . . . ADLACESilf! A PARAJ Atli A . . 1 . . 1 ABLACE.Silf! A T ARELLA 1 2 1 . . 3 PEllTAtlEURA SP. . 1 3 . 1 . I7DCLADIUS SP. . 13 . . . . SIIRJLIlAl SP. 148 23 3 20 37 6 Sil1ULIUt1 VITTATUt1 . 2 4 1 . 17 AtlIOCifA SAXICOLA 5 3 2 4 9 4 TIPULA SP. . 1 . . I 1 UAETIS 58- 17 6 3 3 3 6 CEHIROPTILUt1 SP, . 1 . 4 . . CLUE 0ta SP. . . . 22 . . ItETEROCLDE0H SP. 5 1 7 . . 4 PSEUDOCLDE0tl SP. 12 . . 1 4 . BAETISCA SP. . . . 7 . . , D'7ACalyCEPUS SP. . . 4 . . . c 7 3 15 # CAEllIS SP. . 1 . EPilEllEPELL A ( ATTEllELLA) SP. . . . . . 17 EPilEl1FRELLA EDAttlELLAI SP. . . . . 2 . EPiltt1ERELLA EDRUtlELL Al SP. . . . . 5 8 EF11EllERELLA (EPilEt1ERELLA) SP. 1 . . . 82 9 EnlEl1ERELLA (SERRATELLA) SP. 7 1 2 . 44 6 ilEPTAGEllI A SP. . . . 6 . . SIEl:Ct!Ti1A (PULCHELLUtil SP. 67 138 144 77 53 20 Isott'ttttI A SP. 1 1 49 8 5 6 TRICORrill0 DES SP. 20 3 2 . 3 . PARAP0tiVX SP. . 1 2 . . . CORVDALUS CORHUTUS 91 23 25 16 20 4 IIICR0tlI A SP. . 2 3 1 1 1 C LIll',CI A SP. . . 2 . . . BASI AESCllllA JAtlATA . 1 . . . . GOlin!IDAE . . 1 . . . DPot10CottnittS SP. 1 3 . 14 1 1 DP0f tuGuttnluS spill 0 SUS . 4 . . 2 . ~ G0tinlUS SP. . . 1 . . . IIAGEllIUS BREVISTTLUS . . . I 1 2 OrtlIOCOttniUS SP. . . . . 1 . PR0retintOS SP. . 1 . . . . P87000:1n:U3 OSSCURUS . 1 . . . . LIflELLULIDAE . . . . 1 . f tACF0tlI A SP. . 1 3 . . . ARGIA SP. 1 . 8 . 8 . ~ FilALL AGt1A SP. . . . . I 1 st1Nilt:[ItuRA SP. . . 1 . . . Arl;'llit EllitR A DE LOSA . 1 . . 2 . I'POSIGI A SP. 1 48 37 7 12 25
TADIE 3-2. MACPoeENTHIC ORGANI$ttS COLLECTED BY STATION IN ELLIS-PUTTER SAMPLES IN THE SOUTH Al24A CIVER. LITTLE CIVE2 Ate t:0 Rill t.talA P!VED 00LalSTE Af10F LAFE tIIIA DAN DUR191G 1981. SPECIES HAR601L llARkS8H HAR601H RT1 SAR647 L St5 PROSTOIA SINILIS . . . . 4 . ACRollEt'9I A SP. . . 5 2 7 . PtPsGtCilflA SP. . . . . 7 . PERLESI A SP. 4 10 36 15 21 21 PERLESTA PLACIDA . . . . . 17 Pil ASGAl:0PalORA CAPITATA . . . . 12 . HELOPICUS SUDVARIAllS . . . I 1 1 ISOPERLA SP. . . . . 1 9 PIEROrl/RCVS SP. . 1 . . 2 1 SIROPit0PTERYX SP. 5 82 27 38 67 201
- STPortiOPTERYX FASCIATA . . . . . 1 T AEllIOPTERrX SP. . 24 90 26 9 26 TAEllIOPIERVX PARVULA . 2 38 4 1 14 ERAClivCEllfRUS SP. 1 . 12 . 10 21 ERACilVCElliRUS BRAEROSUS 2 3 60 30 2 6 HICRASEttA SP. 1 . . . . .
GLOSS 000!!A SP. . . . 2 1 2 . AGAPEIUS SP. . . . . . 1 CllEUt1ATOPSTCHE SP. 1668 315 203 191 121 59 HYPCOPSYCllE SP. 3882 256 130 34 625 513 ilACR013Et1A ZEDRATUN 1218 95 106 6 3 5$ lifDPOPSYCH10AE PUPAE 869 39 3 10 . 1 IIVDROPi1LA SP. 7 16 7 4 3 2 j-OX1EllllRA SP. . 5 1 . . . En PPOTOPIILA SP. . . . 2 7 3 LEPIDOSTDitA SP. . . . . 1 . taECTOPSYCitE CAtiDIDA . 5 . 15 . . OECETIS SP. 4 7 10 . 10 3 TRIAEl:0 DES IllJUSTA . . . . 1 . ClllitiPNA ATERRIl1A . . . . . 1 CllilitPRA ODSCURA 42 63 209 82 4 38 Cl4It1ADRA SOCIA . . 5 1 . . l!ORIIALOI A SP. . . . . . 4 CIRilELLUS SP. 1 . . . . . PIEURECLIPSIS SP. . . 2 . 2 . 14ELHECLIPSIS CDEPUSCULARIS 19 5 1 . 2 . titCTIOrlif L AX SP. . 1 . . . . POLYCEllTPOPUS SP. . 1 1 . . . A"IllCOLA SP. . . 2 . 547 134 PLEUPDCfRIDAE . 3 . 5 45 4 ~~ GotIIODASIS SP. . . . . 35 1 PLEU70CERA SP. . . . . 2 . L Vilit tE IO AE . . . . 2 1 PilYSA SP, . . 4 3 8 , 1 IIE LIS0stA SP. 3 1 25 2 7 7 CDPOICULA FLUNIt4EA 163 61 115 165 46 G SIif AERIUff SP. . 2 1 . . . ELLIPTIO COttPLAllATA 1 . . . . . ~~ CDPDIttS SP. 1 . . . . . TtrBELLARIA 4 . 7 . 7 5 IEllAL 0 TAXA 60 70 79 66 85 83 10l AL CAICH 8993 1957 1911 1101 2154 1404
TABLE 3-3. H4CR00EllTHIC DRGANISNS COLLECTED BY STATION IN HESTER-DENDY SANPLER IN THE SPUTH At#4A RIVER. LITTLC RIVER At:0 Il0RTH At34A RIVER DOWilSTREAN OF LAEE ArtiA DAN DURIttG 1981. SPECIES HAR601L HAR65eH HAR601H RT1 SAR667 LR685 HIRUDIllEA . . . . . 1 LtR[RICIDAE . . . . . 2 AllCVRotivX SP. . . . 3 . . IIACR0tirCitus SP. . 1 . 7 . . N!CPOCfLLDEPUS SP. . 4 13 11 3 6 OPIIOSERVUS SP. . . . 4 . . STEllELitIS SP. . 5 . 1 . 1 DIllEUTUS SP. . 1 . 1 3 . BEROSUS SP. . . 1 . . . ISOI0t1ID AE . . . . . 1 AillERIX SP. 1 . . . . . ATHERIX VARIEGATA 4 . 2 1 . . PALPO*lf!A SP. . . . . . 2 DICROTEl:DIFES HEON00ESTtf5 3 17 2 12 . 93 GLYPTOTEHDIPES SP. . . 1 . . . GOELDICHIRO!!OffuS SP. . . . . . 2 HtCFOTEi!DIPES SP. . 1 . . 1 . PilAtl30PSECTRA FLAVIPES 2 . . . . . POLTPEDILUM C0tlVIClull 12 12 . 8 . . POLYPEDILUt! FALLAX . . . 1 . 7 POLYTEDItutt ILLII:0ENSE 3 . . 2 . . STIC10CHIF0tt0tIUS SP. . 2 . . . . TRIDELOS SP. . . . . . 17 er XEl:0CilIROllot1US SP. 1 . . . s O itICPOPSECTIA SP. . . . . . 1 RilEOTAllf TARSUS SP. 38 45 65 50 20 21 TAf4YTARSUS SP.lCALOPSECTRAI 2 3 . . . 2 PoiTHASTI A LDilGillArtOS . . . 1 . . OPillOCLADIlllAE PUPAE . I 1 6 . . CRILLIA SP. . 1 . . . BRILLIA FLAVIFR0 tis . . 1 . . 2 CARDIOCLA010S SP. 8 . 3 . . . CRICOTOPUS/ORTHOCLADIUS SP. 20 20 8 47 8 10 CRICol0 PUS DICiliCTUS CR. . . 2 . . . CRIC010 PUS TREliULUS GR. 61 18 3 19 27 2 EUKIEFFERIELLA SP. . 5 2 2 . . EUKIEFFERIELLA DAVARICA CR. . . 2 . . . EUhlEFF ERIELL A CL ARIPEI:llIS GR. . . 5 . . . EUti!EFFERIELLA DISCOLORIPES GR. 57 11 3 26 1 2 f tai!OCL ADIUS SP. . . . 1 . .
~~
OpillOCLADIUS SP. . . 2 6 . . PARAKIEFFERIELLA SP. 1 . . . . . PSECTROCLADIUS SP. 2 2 . 2 . 3 RilEOCRIC010003 SP. . 8 1 26 . 2 TilIEl:EllAt!:llELLA PROS. XEH4 8 11 7 8 8 . ADLADESilf!A SP. . . . 1 . . ADLACESt1TIA flaLLDCHI . . . . . 1 ACL ACEStifl A PARAJAllTA . 2 . 1 . 4
~~
ACLADESt1tIA TARELLA . . . . . 3 HIL0iAtttPUS SP. . . 1 2 . . PFilTAtIEUPA SP. 1 3 1 1 . .
. SillutitAl SP. 8 11 43 6- . .
SIrfULIUtl VITTATUN 156 16 29 15 5 11
m .__ _ _ _. __ _ __ _ . TActE 3-3. MICR00EllTHIC OGANISt15 COLLECTED CY STATI0tl IN HESTER-DEPE)V sat 1PLE2 IN THE SOUTH AtBIA RIVEL L11TLE RIVER AfD fl0RTH Ala4A CIVER DCtat3TREAtt OF LAKE AtalA DAtt DURIllG 1981. SPECIES HA% 01L HAR658H HAR101H RT1 SARM7 LRKS SINULIUt1 VEHUSTRutt 1 1 . 5 . . TIPULA SP. 1 . . . . . BAETIS SP. 6 . . . . . HETEROCLDE0tl SP. 5 . 1 . 1 . PSEUDOCLDE0tl SP. I 1 2 . . 1 , CAEllIS SP. 3 4 . 2 . 10 g EntitlEREL LA (DRUllELLA) SP. 14 11 ] . . . . EPilEllERELLA (EURVLonfELL Al SP. . . . 1 . 8 4 ErilEt1ERELLA (SERRATELLA) SP. . . . . 2 . HEPTAGEll!A SP. . . . 1 . . SIEllACR0tt SP. 1 . . . . 1 STEH0tlEt1A E PULCHELLLR1) SP. 50 213 75 118 40 37 IS0tlYCllIA SP. . 10 5 16 . 24 CORVDALUS SP. . . . 2 . . CORYDALUS CORHUTUS 10 3 2 18 . . HIGRO'lIA SP. . 1 . . . . BOf[RIA Vil!OSA . . . . . I flEUROCOPDULIA SP. . . 1 . . . If AGEt4IUS BREVISTYLUS . . 1 . . . LIBELLULIDAE . 2 . . . . i1ACR0t1IA ILLIN0!ENSIS 1 . . . . . EllALLAGitA SP. . 1 . . . 2 Af1PiliffElluRA SP. . . . 1 . . [ PROSTOIA SP. 1 21 7 25 . 2 N s FPOSTOIA Sit 1!LIS . . 2 . 4 . ACR0t!EURIA SP. 1 2 1 7 4 7 PAPAGilETIt!A SP. . . . 3 . . PEPLESTA SP. . I 19 13 7 23 l'Ilf SGAl10Pil0RA CAPITATA . . . 1 . . HELOPICUS SLISVARI Alls . 2 2 1 . . ISOFERLA SP. . . . 26 1 . SIROPHOPTERYX SP. . 16 26 29 1 20 TAEllIOPTERVX SP. 2 20 69 41 6 62 TAfti!OPTERYX PARVULA . . 36 1 . 19 DRAClitCEllVRUS SP. 2 . . 40 1 12 ERAClivCElllRUS hut 1EROSUS . . . 4 . . CilEUt1ATOPSYCHE SP. 102 36 6 16 29 10 HVDROPSYCalE SP. 784 60 29 23 24 8 HACRotlEllA 2ECRAlutt 32 11 . . . 1 HVOROPSVCHIDAE PUPAE 5 . . . . . HIDROPTILA SP. 2 2 2 1 . 7 H10ROPTILIDAE PUPAE 5 . . . . LEPIDOS10ftA SP. . . . . 8 . IIECTOPS1CilE CAtElIDA . . . 1 . 1 OECETIS SP. 2 15 2 2 1 1 CfilflARRA ATEPRINA . 6 . . . . CHitlAPRA OCSCURA 5 46 3 6 . 1 - CitIllAPRA SOCI A . 1 . 1 . . V)RitALDIA SP, . . . . . 2
~
PTILOS10ft!S SP. . 1 . . . . IIEtFECL1rSIS SP. . . . 1 . . IlEL'RECLIPSIS CREPUSCULARIS 21 13 . 1 . . 181CTIorHVLAX SP. . . . 2 . . i
e TABLE 3-1. MACROBENTHTO ORGANIST 1S C"LLECTED BY STATIDH IN HESTE3-DEtmi SANPLET IN THE SOUlst Attl4 GIVE2e LITTLE RIVER AtID HORTH AttIA RIVER D064tSTREAN OF LAVE AtalA DAtt DURIllG 1981. SPECIES HAR601L HAR658H HAR601H RT1 SAR667 LR685 POLYCENTROPUS SP. . 3 . . . . At111 COLA SP. . . 1 . 15 18 PLEUPOCERIDAE . I 1 1 1 . G0llI0 BASIS SP. . . . . 2 3 PLEUROCERA SP. . . . . . 2 LYttilAEID AE . . . . 1 . PitYSA SP. . 1 . . . 5 , HELISOllA SP. . . . 5 . 3 CCPBICULA FLUNINEA . 1 . 3 . I t11SSit:G SUBSTRATE . . . . . . I TOTAL 8 TAXA 41 53 45 63 28 53 , TOTAL CAICH 1430 704 491 689 236 499 t co a J 4 l l 1 9 W
.e
TA'LE 3-4. TOTAL t1UfflE2 OF P1ACIOBEtiTHIC TAXA Ate T TAL Abut 3ANCE CTLLECTED EY STATION, EY sat 1PLE2 TYPE Ate CY #10HTil, 114 THE SOUTH AtalA Cf1VER LITILE RIVER AfD tDRTH Ai!aA RIVER DOtRISTRE AN OF THE LAKE AtalA DAtt DURING 1931.
-------------------------------------------------------- GEAR ELLIS-RUTTER -- - - - - =--------- --- ---------------------
- 310HTH lear 60!LT HAR601LA HAR658HT HAR658HA HAR601H T HAR601HA RTIT RTIA SAR667T SAR667A LR685T LR685A 2 27 2114 21 272 27 310 25 301 26 282 20 287 4 28 2551 32 371 30 534 25 253 32 415 31 130 6 21 48S 23 218 31 143 17 91 33 382 33 158 8 24 506 15 81 27 232 29 204 30 267 22 172 le 23 1428 17 194 26 238 16 127 32 553 26 400 12 22 1906 31 821 41 454 22 125 34 255 28 337
= - - - - =- -- - -----. - - - - =
GEAR *HESTER-DEteY --- ----- -------------------- H0HTH HAP 601LT HAR601LA HAR658HT HAR658HA HAR601HT NAR60!HA RTIT RTIA SAR667T SAR667A LR685T LR685A 2 8 174 12 81 9 39 11 74 1 1 6 39 4 9 95 17 175 16 96 26 163 17 140 15 38 6 21 380 19 126 20 67 25 107 15 80 21 133 8 22 442 17 63 11 60 22 143 0 , 17 122 10 14 269 24 199 10 60 24 139 0 . "O 83 12 15 70 15 60 15 169 9 63 8 15 4 79 S-w
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t I TABLE 3-5. COEf FICIENT OF C0rit9AIITY C0ttPARI50HS BETWEEN ALL STATIONS FOR ELLIS-RuiTER S4t1PLES COLLECTED IN THE SOU'.;l At#4A RIVER, LITTLC RIVER, Ate HORTH A101A RIVER DORISTRE Att OF THE LAKE At084 DAtt DURING 1981. STATION _60ll 65818 60111 PT1 SAR LR 601-L 1.00000 0.56923 0.61871 0.55556 0.52414 0.53147 65S-H 0.56923 1.00000 0.68456 0.63215 0.58065 0.58824 601-H 0.61871 0.68456 1.00000 0.64828 0.62195 0.60494 US 1 0.55556 0.63235 0.64828 1.00000 0.60927 0.65772 S.A.R. 0.52414 0.58065 0.62195 0.60927 1.00000 0.67857 L.R. 0.53147 0.58824 0.60494 0.65772 0.67857 1.00000 i l s V1 O e M e
TA8t E 3-6. C0f f FICIENT OF C0f01tA41TT C0t1PARISONS EETl4EEN ALL STATIDHS FOR HESTER-[ENOT SAttPLES CILLECTED IN THE SOUTH APG4A RIVER, LITTLE DIVE 2, Ate HORTH Ai!!A CIVER 00641STREA!1 OF THE LAF.E AttlA DAN OUR1HG 1901. STATION _601L 658H _601H Ri1 SAR 1R 601-L 1.00000 0.57447 0.52874 0.51923 0.40000 0.46316 658-H 0.57447 1.00000 0.5e586 0.67241 0.43902 0.56075 601-H 0.52874 0.58586 1.00000 0.58716 0.53333 0.50000 US 1 0.51923 0.67241 0.58716 1.00000 0.41304 0.52991 S.A.R. 0.40000 0.43902 0.53333 0.41304 1.00000 0.45763 L.R. 0.46316 0.56075 0.50000 0.52991 0.45783 1.00000 em.e f lj .
) l T ABLE 3-7. COEFFICIENT OF C0tttAl!TY C0f1PARISONS BETidEEll ELLIS-PUTTER ADO HESTER-DEtmV SAMPLES. BY 110 NTH Ale SY STATION COLLECTED Ill IHE SOU1H AtalA RIVER. LITTLE RIVER AIM tlDRTH AtttA RIVER DOLRISIREAft OF lilE LAKE AINt DAtt DURING 1981. fiollill STATION 2 _4 _6 _8 _10 _12 l HAR60ll 0.34 0.43 0.57 0.52 0.59 0.49 i flAR65?H 0.55 0.41 0.46 0.31 0.34 0.43 i il4R601H 0.33 0.39 0.47 0.37 0.33 0.39 ! Ri1 0.33 0.55 0.38 0.51 0.40 0.45 SAR667 0.07 0.45 0.58 . . 0.38 l LR685 0.3S 0.39 0.56 0.41 0.52 0.13 1 r j
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TABLE 3-8. DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE RANGE TEST, DATE BY STATION, FOR MACR 0 BENTHIC MEAN DENSITIES IN ELLIS-RUTTER SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH ANtlA RIVER, LITTLE RIVER A!!D NORTH ANNA RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF LAKE ~ ANNA DA;4 DURINr, 1981. VALUES CONNECTED BY THE SAME LINE It!DICATES . NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE. (.05 LEVEL) FEBRUARY STATION 658-H S.A.R. L.R. Rt.1 601-H 601-L E 90.7 94.0 95.7 100 3 103.3 704.7 APRIL STATION L.R. Rt.1 658-H S.A.R. 601-H 601-L Ii 43.3 84.3 123.7 138.3 178.0 850.3 JUNE < STATION Rt. I 601-H L.R. 658-H S.A.R. 601-L II 30.3 47.7 52.7 72.7 127.3 162.7 AUGUST STATION 658-H L.R. Rt. 1 601-H S.A.R. 601-L x 27.0 57.3' 68.0 77.3 89.0 168.7 OCTOBER STATION Rt. I 658-H 601-H L.R. S.A.R. 601-L E 42.3 64.7 79.3 133.3 184.3 476.0 DECEMBER STATION Rt. 1 S.A.R. L.R. 601-H 658-H 601-L ii 41.7 85.0 112.3 151.3 273.6 635.3
T TABLE 3-9. DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE RANGE TEST, STATION BY DATE,'FOR MACR 0 BENTHIC MEAN DENSITIES IN ELLIS-RUTTER SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH ANNA RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF LAKE ANNA DAM DURING 1981. VALUES CONNECTED BY THE SAME LINE INDICATES NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE. (.05 LEVEL). 601-L MONTH Jun. Aug. Oct. Dec. Feb. Apr. 3i 162.7 168.7 476.0 635.3 704.7 850.3 658-H MONTH Aug. Oct. Jun. Feb. Apr. Dec. li 27.0 64.7 72.7 90.7 123.7 273.7 601-H MONTH Jun. Aug. Oct. Feb. Dec. Apr. , 3I 47.7 77.3 79 3 103.3 151.3 178.0 Rt. 1 MONTH Jun. Dec. Oct. Aug. Apr. Feb. 3I 30.3 41.7 42 3 68.0 84.3 100.3 South Anna R. MONTH Dec. Aug. Feb. Jun. Apr. Oct. ii 85.0 89.0 94.0 127.3 138.3 184.3 Little R. MONTH Apr. Jun. Aug. Feb. Dec. Oct. 3I 43 3 52.7 57 3 95.7 112.3 133.3
s Table 3-10. DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE RANGE TEST, DATE BY STATION, FOR MACR 0 BENTHIC MEAN DENSITIES IN HESTER-DENDY SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH ANNA RIVER, LITTLE RIVER AND NORTH ANNA RIVF3 DOWNSTREAM 0F LAKE ANNA DAM DURING 1981. VALUES CONNECTED BY THE SAME LINE INDICATE NO SIGNIFICANCE DIFFERENCE (.05 LEVEL). FEBRUARY STATION S.A.R.* 601-H L.R. Rt. 1 658-H 601-L Ii 1.0 19.5 19.5 37.0 40.5 87,go . APRIL STATION L.R.* 601-L 601-H S.A.R. Rt.1 658-H ii 38.0 47.5 48.0 70.0 81.5 87.5 JUNE STATION 601-H Rt.1 658-H L.R. S.A.R.* 601-L 3i 33.5 53.5 63.0 66.5 80.0 190.0 i AUGUST STATION 658-H 601-H* L.R. Rt.1 601-L 3i 31.5 60.0 61.0 71.5 221.0 OCTOBER STATION 601-H L.R. Rt.1 658-H 601-L ' II 30.0 44.0 69.5 99.5 134.5 DECEMBER STATION S.A.R. 658-H Rt.1 601-L L.R. 601-H ii 7.5 30.0 31.5 35.0 39.5 84.5
- Indicates only one sampler retrieved I
TABLE 3-11. DUNCAN'S MULTIPLE RANGE TEST, STATION BY DATE, FOR MACR 0 BENTHIC MEAN DENSITIES IN HESTER-DENDY SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE SOUTH ANNA RIVER, LITTLE RIVER AND NORTH ANNA RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF LAKE ANNA DURING 1981. VALUES CONNECTED BY THE SAME LINE INDICATE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE (.05 LEVEL). 601-L MONTH Dec. Apr. Feb. Oct. Jun. Aug. 3i 35.0 47.5 87.0 134.5 190.0 221.0 658-H MONTH Dec. Aug. Feb. Jun. Arp. Oct. 3i 30.0 31.5 40.5 63 0 87.5 99.5 i 601-H MONTH Feb. Oct. Jun. Apr. Aug.* Dec. 3i 19.5 30.0 33 5 48.0 60.0 84.5 Rt. 1 MONTH Dec. Feb. Jun. Oct. Aug. Apr. 3i 31.5 37 0 53 5 69.5 71.5 81.5 l l South Anna R. MONTH Feb.* Dec. Apr. Jun.* 3i 1.0 7.5 70.0 80.0 Little River MONTH Feb. Apr.* Dec. Oct. Aug. Jun. 3i 19.5 38.0 39.5 44.0 61.0 66.5
- Indicates only one sampler retrieved O
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Introduction The eggs and/or larvae of many riverine fishes enter a river as plankton (Ichthyoplankton) and drif t with the current through various developmental . stages, in some species the larvae enter and leave the river currents at will until an acceptable habitat is found. Ichthyoplankton studies have contributed to our knowledge of the early life history of many fishes and also an understanding of the population dynamics within a given system, in addition, these studies are of ten the basis for fishery management and predictions (Kramer and Smith 1972, Van Winkle ed. 1977, Krause and Van Den Avyle 1979 Ulanowicz and Polgar 1980). The llorth Anna River, was severely impacted by acid mine drainage for nearly 100 years (Reed and Simmons 1a72). The creation of Lake Anna through impoundment in 1972 has significantly improved water quality in the region and a repopulation of fishes in the lower river has progressed since , impoundment (Reed 1981). Recruitment was undoubtedly the initial mechanism of repopulation, but recent population increases may be due, in part, to local spawning by the newly established fish stocks. Past studies in the lower North Anna River have not included Ichthyoplankton. The purpose of this study was to determine which fishes utilize the lower florth Anna River as a spawning an'd/or nursery ground and to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of the Ichthyoplankters collected, t'ethods and fiaterials { lehthyoplankton samples were collected in the lower tiorth Anna River i ! at four stations (Figure 1-1) f rom March through September 1o81. Additional samples were also collected in the South Anna and Little Rivers (Figure 1 1) during 1 this period. Samples were collected biweekly, except on several occasions when scheduling conflicts necessitated a I week delay.
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! i The florth Anna River stations were sampled for 20 minutes using a V 3 .g fixed ichthyoplankton net (FIN). The net'has a 0,38 m square aperture and is a
t r 1.6 m long'with 30K e iesh. TQ net Yrame was attach [A tQ two. reinforcing
, -i , /, \k rods that werd' drifs.n int 6 the river bede ,rge, sample depth was recorded and
' %96 . s' a digi tal, flo,wmeter (General<~C eanics Mode t',2030 'c - MK ll) 4.as attached to the
.s , g .
eenter of.t.he neh to detINmirDthe / volume of water filYered. -
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_ The shoreline t.pd weed beds of all stations were sampled by pushing ' 7 . 5 .. .l s a-dip ichthyoplan M net ($lH).through the water 7' foi 10 minutes. This net was fabricated by. rigging a long handled dip net 'w(th a plankton net (0.28 x 0.38 m apertdre; l .10 ,m long; 5'15 E mesh) . All- llections were recorded as y , g , ca t ch-pe r-un i t-e f fo r t . - - t 4 t Water temperature was recorded at the time of each FlH and OlN J sample. ' All samples werk fixe'd in the field by adding a small volume of 25%
. q .
s
., buffered formalin whic.h dilutes to a fixative concentration of approximately 5%
in the sample. The sam es were returned to the laboratory for sorting and preservation in 3% buffered formalin. All fish eggs and larvae were identified to the lowest possible taxonc ~
/
Results '
~~
Fish eggs were collected in. low numbers in the North Anna River during early TApril through mid-July (Tabis 4-1). They were found drifting as single or clumped eggs and were of ten attached to leaf or twig fragments. None were collected at the Li ttle R!ver and South Anna River stations.
. At least'five different types' of eggs. were found. Egg diameters
'; ranged f rom 0.5 to 2.y mra. Most eggs were detritus covered.and had the characteristics of demersal eggs. None'were ident!fied, although some compared favorably with published descriptions for several fishes known to inhabit the North Anna RIier.
/
4
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6/ A total of 482 fish larvae was collected in the North Anna River during April through July. In addition,118 larvae were collected in the South Anna River during late April through September and 10 larvae were taken in the Little River during mid-July and September (Table 4-2, Table 4-3). The dip ichthyoplankton net (DIN) was used to collect the semi-planktonic larval / young riverine fishes that inhabit the sheltered waters near the shoreline, obstructions and weedbeds. The highest number and greatest diversity of semi-planktonic larvae were found in the North Anna River at Station 601 Hanover (six species) and at the South Anna River station (six species). The fixed Ichthyoplankton net (FIN) was most effective in collecting the truly planktonic species of larvae (gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum; white perch, Morone americana; yellow perch, Perca flavescens; and Leoomis spp.). These larvae were most numerous at the 601 Louisa station which suggested a Lake Anna origin. In addition, many prolarvae of three riverine fishes (shield darter, Percina peltata; satinfin shiner, Notropis analostanus; white sucker, Catostomus commersoni) were collected further downstream at the Route 1 Hanover s ta t ion. Eleven species of fish larvae were identified from the North Anna, while six species were taken in the South Anna River and three were found in the Little River. Satinfin shiner and rosefin shiner (N,. ardens) larvae were foun all three river systems. White sucker and redbreast sunfish (Leoomis auritus) larvae were taken from the North Anna and South Anna Rivers, but none were collected in the Little River. Mosquitof f sh (Gambusta affinis) larvae were not found in the North Anna River but were taken f rom the other two river systems. Eastern mudminnow (Umbra pygmaea) larvae were only found in the
South Anna River. The remaining seven species of larvae (gizzard shad; white perch; yellow perch; Lepomis sp.; shield darter; northern hog sucker, Hypentellum nigricans; river chub, Nocomis_ micropogon) were only collected in the North Anna River. Redbreast sunfish and satinfin shiner were the most abundant larvae taken with the DIN in the North Anna River, while gizzard shad, white perch, satinfin shiner, shield darter and unidentified sunfish (Lepomis spp.) larvae were numerous in the FIN samples. Rosefin shiner larvae dominated the South Anna River samples. Ve.ry few larvae were collected at the Little River station. The seasonal composition of larvae varied among the three rivers. During April through May, larval populations in the North Anna River were dominated by shield darter, white sucker, white perch, satinfin shiner and gizzard shad larvae. In June and July, the larvae of the satinfin shiner, red-breast sunfish and Lecomis spp. were numerous. Larvae were not collected during August and September in the . North Anna River. In the South Anna River, satinfin shiner larvae were collected from May through September and rosefin shiner larvae were abundant during June through September. Larvae were not collected in the Little River during March through June and in August although few satinfin shiner and rosefin shiner larvae were taken during July anu September. Discussion There are many factors that determine which species successfully spawn in a riverine environment (Gerlach and Kahnte 1981). Historically, the poor water quality of the North Anna River was a primary limiting factor. With impoundment and the subsequent water quality improvement, numerous fishes have migrate'd into the formally depleted waters, often in response to repro-l ductive cycles. However, the larval popalations observed may not totally
represent the adult populations of the river (Hey and Mauney 1981). In many rivers, upstream spawning migrations have concentrated fishes belcw dams and resulted in competition and/or predation with a negative influence on repro-ductive success. As a result, higher success rates were of ten encountered further downstream where adult populations were lower (Hey and Mauney 1981). In addition, many larval fishes have higher drif t rates during r.octurnal hours and are rarely collected during daylight hours (Geen et al.1966, Clif ford 1972, Clautman and Edwards 1977 Gale and Mohr 1978). Also those species that drif t during the daylight hours of ten exhibit varying degrees of net avoidance (Coda et al. 1980). To help reduce the effects of variable drif t rates and the lack of drif t exhibited by the larvae and Juveniles of many riverine fishes, DIN samples were collected along the shorelines and in the weedbeds of all stations. This resulted in the capture of additional species not collected with the more tradi tional FIN. Gerlach and Kahnle (1981), using a push net collected from vegetated areas, the larvae of 70% of the species that commonly reproduced with-in the river sampled. They found few larvae in the unvegetated areas. Unfor-tunately, poor quantification is inherent wi th DIN samples. Thirty-three species of adult fishes were collected in the North Anna River during 1981 with 15 of these fishes found to be relatively abundant (see Fish Section). The larvae of five of the common species were collected along with the larvae of six less common species. A few species, including the very abundant knerican eel (Anguilla rostrata), spend a portion of their life cycle in the riverine environment and spawn elsewhere. Mos t of the remaining common fishes whose larvae were not collected can potentially spawn in the North Anna River since the river habitat is suf ficiently diverse to accommodate the spawning requirements that are known for these fishes (Lippson and Moran 1974, Pflieger
* - - - - - - , =, -
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1975, Hardy 1978 and Jones et al.1973). The larvae of three cyprinids (satinfin shiner, rosefin shiner and river chub) were collected during this study. The larvae of the remaining five dominant adult cyprinids found in the North Anna River (bluehead chub, Nocomls leptocephalus; comely shiner, Notropis amoenus; swallowtail shiner, pl. procne; rosyface shiner,11. rubellus; fallfish, Semotills corporalis) were not collected. Apparently, these fishes spawned in areas that were not sampled or the la'rvae hatched and drif ted on dates not sanpled. In addition, most cyprinid larvae are capable of entering and leaving the current at will. The two rosefin shiner larvae collected in the North Anna River were identified by comparing them with a complete series of rosefin shiner larvae obtained from the South Anna River. There is a possibility that these two larvae are in fact rosyface shiner larvae. In the North Anna River, the adults of both species are present, but the rosyface shiner is the dominant species. Raney (1947) considers the rosyface shiner to be a northern ecological replace-ment of the rosefin shiner and the eggs and newly hatched larvae are similar (Loos et al.1979). Three species of darters are commonly collected in the North Anna River but only the larvae of the shield darter were taken. Larvae of the remaining two adult species found in the North Anna River (tessellated darter, Etheostoma olmstedi; glassy darter, E,. vitreum) were not found. All three species are crevice spawners and remain lodged in between pebbles and rocks for most of their life history. The margined madtom (Noturus insignis) is commonly collected as an adult, yet no larvae were collected. Like the darters, their eggs are released in crevices and guarded by the adults. The prolarvae are advanced in develop-ment when hatched, and develop directly into Juveniles omitting the larval stage. n
The black crapple (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) is of ten abundant in the North Anna Ri~er inmediately below the la ke . Their larvae have on occasion been collected in a riverine environment, but this fish prefers quiet clear , waters with dense aquatic vegetation, typical of many lakes and ponds. The black crapple populations observed in the river were probably displaced from the lake. Such recruitment of fish to tallwaters via reservoir loss has been commonly observed for many species of fishes in other regions (Louder 1958 Elser 1960, Nelson 1969). In conclusion, fish eggs and 11 species of larvae were taken in the ) North Anna River during April through July 1981. The failure to collect the i
! larvae of some of the dominant fishes is due in part to sampling inadequacies 1
and to the lack of spawning by several migrating fishes. But, the collection of fish eggs and larvae within the formerly impacted North Anna River strongly suggests that environmental conditions have improved and that self-sustaining populations of fishes presently inhabit the river. Summa ry
- 1. Fish eggs and 11 species of larvae were taken in the North Anna River during April through July 1981.
4
- 2. Most of the larval species collected were spawned locally within i the river, although the larvae of a few species (e.g., black crapple and 4
gizzard shad) may be of Lake Anna origin. 3 Captures of fish eggs and larvae within the river strongly suggests that environmental conditions have improved substantially to permit the establishment of self-sustaining populatiors within the formerly impacted river.
LITERATURE CITED Cada , G. F. , J . M. Loar and K. D. Kumar. 1980. Diel patterns of ichthyoplankton length-density relationships in upper Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee. Pages 79-90 in L. A. Fulman, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Larval Fish Conference, February 27-28, 1980, Oxford, Mississippi. United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/0BS-80/43 Cloutman, D.G., and T. J. Edwards. 1977 Evaluation of potential entrainment at Cherokee Nuclear Station, South Carolina. Pages 72-93 in L. L. Olmstead, editor. Proceedings of the First Symposium of Freshwater Larval Fish, Southeastern Electric Exchange, Atlanta, Georgia. Clifford, H. F. 1972. Downstream movements of white sucker, Catostomus Commersoni, fry in a brown water stream of Alberta. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29(7): 1091-1093 Elser, H. J. 1960. Escape of fish over spillways 1958-60. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Southeastern Association Game Fish Commissioners 14: 174-185 Gale, W. F. , and H. W. Mohr, Jr.1978. Larval fish drift in a large river with a comparison of sampling methods. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(1): 46-55 Geen, G., T. Northcote, G. Hartman, and C. Lindsey. 1966. Life histories of two species of catostomid fishes in Sixteen Mlle Lake, British Columbia, with particular reference to inlet spawning. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 23(11): 1761-1788. Gerlach, J. M. and A. W. Kahnle. 1981. Larval fish draft in a warmwater stream. Pages 154-162 in L. A. Krumholz, editor. The Warmwater Streams Symposium: A National Symposium on Fisheries Aspects of Warmwater Streams, Knoxville, Tennessee, March 9-11, 1980. Southern Division, American Fisheries Society, Lawrence, Kansas. Hardy , J. D., J r. 1978. Development of the Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Volume 3 Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies of the University of Maryland Contribution No. 785 United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/0BS-78/12. Jones, P. W., F. D. Martin and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1978. Development of the Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Volume 1. Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies of the University of Maryland Contribution No. 783 United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/0BS-78/12. Kramer, R. H. and L. L. Smi th, Jr. 1962. Formation of year classes in largemouth bass. Transactions of the American Fishery Society 91: 29-41. Krause, R. A. and M. J. VanDenAvyle. 1979 Temporal and s patial variations in abundance and species composition of larval fishet in Center Hill Reservoir, Tennessee. Pages 167-184 in R. D. Hoyle, editor. Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Larval Fish, Bowling Green, Kentucky, February 20-21, 1979 Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Lauder, D. 1958. Escape on 'sh over spillways. Progressive Fish-Culturist 20:38-41. Lippson, A. J. and R. L. Moran 1974. Manual for the identification of early developmental states of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Maryland Power Plant Siting Program M.P. No.13 Martin-Marietta Corp., Baltimore, Maryland. Loos, J. J. , L. A. Fulman, H. R. Foster and E. K. Jankowski . 1979 Notes on early life histories of cyprinoid fishes of the upper Potomac River Pages 93-139 in R. Wallus and C. W. Voigtlander, editors. Proceedings of a Workshop on Fres water Larval Fishes, Knoxville, Tennessee, February 21-22, 1978. Tennessec Valley Authority, Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development, Norris, Tennessee. Nelson, W. R. 1969 Biological characteristics of the sauger population in Lewis and Clark Lake. United States Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper No. 21, Washington, D.C. Ney, J. J. and M. Mauney. 1981. Impact of a small impoundment on benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities of a headwater stream in the Virginia Piedmont. Pages 102-112 in L. A. Krumholz, editor. The Warmwater Streams Symposium, A National Symposium on Fisheries Aspects of Warmwater Streams, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, March 9-11, 1980. Southern Division, American Fisheries Society, Lawrence, Kansas. Pflieger, L. W. 1975 The Fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Missouri. Raney, E. C. 1947 Nocomis nests used by other breeding cyprinid fishes in Virginia. Zoological 32(3): 125-132. Reed, J. R. and Associates, Inc. 1981. Annual Report: An ecological Investigation of the Lower North Anna River. Prepared for the Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Reed , J. R. , J r. and G. M. Simmons , Jr. 1972. An ecological investigation of the Lower North Anna and Upper Pamunkey River System. Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Ulanowicz, R. E. and T. T. Polgar. 1980. Influences of anadromous spawning behavior and optimal environmental conditions upon striped bass (Morone saxatilis) year-class success. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37: 143-154. Van Winkle, W. 1977 Proceedings of the Conference Assessing the Effects of Power Plant induced Mortality o n Fish Populations, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, May 3-6, 1977 Pergamon Press, Elmsford, New York.
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TA8LE 4-1. DENSITY (HO./1000 CUBIC PIETERS) OF 194 IDENTIFIED EGGS COLLECTED WITH A FIXED ICHTHYOPLADETON HET IF1H) IN THE LONER 1:0RTH Ate 4A RIVER. VIRGINIA. DURING 1931. DATE HAR601H HAR601L HAR658H RT1 810401 11.5741 130.577 10.941 115.132 810414 . . 277.778 581.162 810522 . . . 22.124 810603 . 11.862 . . 8107(4- . . . 78.493 _ I Oe 810810 . . . 27.248 a e* R O i i 9 i N
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f) SU* 4 c*; u i G . 9 i 1 y .- 0 i *y . m
- n TABLE 4-2. Ilut1BE3 IHO./10111HUTES EFFORT) OF FISH LARVAE COLLECTED WITH A DIP ICHTHYOPLMOCTON HET (DINI IN THE NORTH ATHA RIVCI IIIA38 SOUTH At44A RIVER (SA31e At3 LITTLE RIVER (L2D, VIRGIt4IA DURItG 1981.
DATE SPECIES HAR601L HAR658H HAP 601H RT1 SAR667 LR685 810'e14 CATOST0t0S Cott1ERS0tli . 1.0 . 1.0 . . 810430 CATOST0t0S Cott1EP50t4I . . . . 1.0 .
^
810522 NOC0t115 P1ICROPOGoti . . 1.0 . . . 140TROPIS At4ALOSTAtOS . . . . 4.0 . 810603 CATOST0t0S Cott1ERS0041 . . 1.0 . . . HYPEHIE LIL*1 IIIGRICAt4S . . 7.0 . . .
^
LEP0t115 AURITUS 89.0 . . . . . 130TROPIS AIIALOSTAtOS 1.0 . 10.0 . . . 810616 LEP0t1IS AustITUS . 11.0 . . . . O NOTROPIS AHALOSTAtMS . . 1.0 3.0 . . ICTROPIS ARDEllS . . . . 61.0 . PERCINA PELTATA . 1.0 . . . . LK1EMA PYGt1AEA . . . . 1.ts . O
- 810630 CAf1BUSIA AFFINIS . . . . 1.0 .
LEPotIIS AURITUS 1.0 . . . . . Il01ROPIS AllALOSTAHUS . . . . 1.0 . O O HOTROPIS AROttis . . 2.0 . 21.0 . y ' 810714 LEPOHIS AURITUS . 1.0 69.0 . . . HOTROPIS AttALOSTAtMS . 15.0 62.0 . . 2.0 D . 810728 l!OTROPIS ANALOSTAHUS . . 4.0 . . . NOTROPIS ARDEtis . . . . . 3.0
*)
810810 LEP0t1IS AURITUS . . . . 3.0 '. r, fl01POPIS ADDEttS . . . . 14.0 . 810903 HOTROPIS ARDENS . . . . 1.0 . 810922 CAtt00SIA AFFINIS . . . , , 4.0 HOIROPIS AtlALOSTAHUS . . . . 4.0 1.0 HOIROPIS ARDElis . . . . 7.0 .
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TABLE 4-3. DEllSITY (140./1000 CUBIC NETERSI 0F FISH LARVAE COLLECTED WITH A FIXED ICHTHTOPLAIETON HET (FINI IH Tite LOWER t0RTH Al8IA RIVER, VIRGIt41A. OLPIllG 1981. DATE SPECIES HAR601L HAR65814 HAP 601H RT1 810401 PERCA FLAVESCENS 21.7628 . . . PERC1tlA PELTATA . . . 230.263 810414 CATOSTONUS Cott1ERSoll! . 9.57854 . 20.0401 1801POPIS ANALOSTAtlUS . . . 20.0401
^
PERCA FLAVESCEt4S 7.76398 . . . 810430 CATOST0t1US C0ffitERSOHI . . . 14.4092 00ROS0!!A CEPEDIA1AJtt 683.761 . . .
^ NOROttE At1ERICAllA 53.419 . . .
810522 DOROS0t1A CEPEDIAHutt 637.860 . . . t1CR0tlE AttERICAf t4 113.169 . . . j
^ 1401ROPIS AllALOSTAIAJS . . 22.1239 810603 LEP0t1IS SP. 11.8624 . 23.9234 . .
HOR 0tlE ANERICANA 11.6624 . . .
~
A HOTROPIS AtlALOSTAHUS . . 23.9234 . 810616 HOTROPIS At4ALOSTAHUS . . . 117.647 , N 9 810630 LEP0HIS SP. 12.8370 . . . U1 HOTROPIS AtlALOSTAtAIS 12.8370 . . . 810714 LEP0t11S SP. 98.1194 125.392 11.2613 . f *: 810728 LEPol11S SP. 9.63391 . . . Il0TROPIS ANALOSTAHUS . . . 63.2911
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~76-Fishes
INTRODUCTION Fish population studies have been conducted on the lower North Anna and adjacent rivers since 1973 As of January 1, 1981 Virginia Electric and Power Company has conducted all studies "in house" by Environmental Services personnel. Prior to that date the majority of this work was handled on a contractual basis by consulting firms. The major objective of this study was to determine the effects of the Lake Anna impoundment and operation of the North Anna Power Station on the downstream fish fauna of the lower North Anna River. Due to the nature of impounded water, changes in water chemistry downstream can be affected, influencing resident fish communities. I f water is released from the hypolimnion, downstream temperatures may be reduced due to thermal stratification in the reservoir (Edwards 1978). If water is released from the epillmnion, as it is from Lake Anna, the reverse could occur. Just the physical presence of a dam and reservoir with an epillmnetic release can raise the temperature, as occurred in the lower North Anna River (Kondratieff and Voschell, 1981). The operation of Units 1 and 2 with the accompanying thermal discharge added to this increase. This increased downstream temperature could result in the loss of certain cold water species f rom that section of the river (Young and Vaughan 1980) . The impoundment of the North Anna River appears to have completely ameliorated the effects of acid mine drainage in downstream areas by acting as a sink for sediments and metals (Simmons and Voschell 1978). There also appears to have been a decrease in nutrient availability below the dan, reflected by decreases in nitrates, phosphates and dissolved elements due to metabolism of these substances within the Reservoir, or settling out of those bound to sediments. This could lower the primary productivity below the dam, reducing the productivity of the community as a whole (Edwards 1981).
Any changes in fish community structure should be apparent in diversity comparisons between North Anna River stations and similar stations on adjacent rivers. Since diversity is high in healthy communities but decreases with stress (Stauf fer et al .1974). Electroshocking was the collection method used for this survey, i The validity of electroshocking the same general area repeatedly during a year has been demonstrated for reservoir shoreline areas (King et al . 1981) and should also be valid for stream situations because of immigration from above and below shocked areas. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fish were collected bimonthly by electroshocking four stations on the North Anna River (Route 601, Louisa County; Route 658, Hanover County; 1 Route 601, Hanover County; and U. S. Route 1, Hanover County), and one each on the South Anna River (Route 667, Hanover County) and Little River (Route 685, Hanover County) (Figure 1-1). Collections were made semi-annually at one station on Northeast Creek and one on Pamunkey River (U. S. Route 301, Hanover County). Fishes were collected by utilizing two types of electroshocking l equipment, an electric ceine power by a 240 v AC generator and a Smith-Root type Vil backpack electrof f sher. Dip nets and two block nets, 4.5 m and 9 1 m x 1.2 m x 6.4mm were also utilized. Stations were sampled with approximately equal effort so comparable data could be obtained. All accessable habitats in a 60-80 m length of stream were sampled using the electric seine, block net and dip nets. Pool areas within the sampling area were sampled using the backpack shocker and dip nets. Collected fish were preserved, returned to the laboratory, enumerated, weighed and measured; gamefish in good condition were weighed, measured and released In the field. Temperatures ( C), dissolved oxygen (ppm), alkalinity (mg/l l l l l l l . . -
as CACO y
), pH, and turbidity (NTU) were measured for each station.
Little River and South Anna River were considered as baseline rivers and were utilized for comparison to observe effects of the Lake Anna dam and North Anna Power Station operation on dowmstream fish populations in the lower North Anna River. Seasonal comparisons among stations were also studied , as was the possibility of the use of Northeast Creek as a cool water refuge during periods of extreme temperatures. Fish diversity was determined for each station by the Shannon-Weiner method and examined statistically between stations by analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. l 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The fish fauna of the York River drainage, of which the North Anna River, South Anna River and Little River form a part, is relatively small and contains no known endangered or endemic species (Reed 1981). Thirty-six collections were made at four stations on the lower North Anna River (Figure 1-1)plus two collections at a station on Northeast Creek and two collections at a station on the upper Pamunkey River. An attempt was made to sample all available habitats at each station during the 1981 study in order to collect a representative sample of all fishes inhabiting that section of the river. A total of 2,856 fishes, representing 36 species and 12 families was collected (Tables 5-1 through 5-9). Eleven collections were made on Little River and South Anna River (Figure 1-1). One South Anna River collection was canceled due to Ice cover in January. A total of 394 fishes, representing 24 species and eight families was collected from South Anna River and 814 fishes, representing 25 species and seven families from Little River (Tables 5-1 through 5-9). Surface temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and alkalinity were recorded for each station during the sampling period except January when turbidity and alkalinity were not recorded for two stations (Table 5-10). The highest temperature for the North Anna River was recorded in July at the 601 Louisa station (26.9 C), however, the South Anna station was slightly higher that month (27.0 C). The lowest temperatures were recorded in January, 1. 3 C for Route 658 Hanover and 0.1 C for the South Anna River (Table 5-10). Temperatures generally decreased downstream on the North Anna River, this trend was also noted during pre-operational downstream studies (Reed and Simmons 1972) .
__. 4 9 Lower temperatures were found in Northeast Creek than in adjacent river stations. North Anna River station temperatures were comparable to the South Anna River and Little River stations and maximums were well below the upper incipient lethal limits for the species present (Talmage and Opresko 1981), and below the permitted maximum of 32 C (Virginia State Water Control r Board 1980). Dissolved oxygen levels from North Anna River ranged from 13.8 ppm in January at the Route 1 station to 5.9 ppm in July at the Pamunkey River station (Table 5-10). These values are similar to the control river ' xtremes e (14.1 and 7.0 ppm) and well within accepted levels (Virg' inia State Water Control Board 1980). On North Anna River pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.3 which was comparable to the South Anna River and Little River system of 6.6 to 8.0 (Table 5-10). These values are, again, within acceptable levels (6.0-8,5) set by the State (Virginia State Water Control Board 1980). Turbidity values fluctuated (Table 5-10) due primarily to the amount of runoff at the time of sampling but were generally higher at the control, South Anna River and Little River stations than the North Anna River stations due, probably, to the ameliorating Influence of Lake Anna acting as a settling basin. Alkalinity values also varied and were general;y highest at the South Anna and Little River station and lowest nearer the dam, again due to the influence of the lake (Table 5-10). The two most abundant species found during the lower North Anna River survey were cyprinids (minnows): swallowtail shiner, Notropis procne, and satinfin shiner, N. analostanous. These were followed in abundance by the redbreast sunfish, Lepomis auritus (Table 5-9). The most abundant species from 6
the South Anna and Little River system was the bluehead chub, Nocomis leptocephalus 4 followed by the fallfish, Semotilus corporalis. Fewer species were collected during the 1981 study than during the 1980 study at three of the four North Anna River stations sampled. Generally, however, more species were collected than during preceeding years (Table 5-11). These 1980-81 differences may be due to the fact that fewer samples were taken per station during 1981 (six compared with eight during 1980) . ' However, in most cases the species collected during 1980 and not during 1981 were represented by only a few Individuals (15) and two to five new species were collected at each of the four stations sampled during 1981, also usually represented by few Individuals (15) (Table 5-12). Therefore, all of these sparsely represented species collected during 1980 and 1981 are probably present in the vicinity of these stations but are uncommon. In any case there appeakf to have been a general increase in number of species at each station since , 1973 (Table 5-11). Representatives of the lamprey family, Petromyzontidae, were collected j from the North Anna and South Anna Rivers. A single species, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) was collected from three of the six North Anna system stations (Table 5-9), while the American brook lambrey, Lampetra appendix,
- and least brook lamprey, L. aepyptera, were collected only from the South Anna River (Table 5-9).
American eel, Anguilla rostrata, family Anguillidae, were collected from all stations during 1981 and, as has been the case in previous years, were most numerous nearer the dam (Table 5-9), (Reed 1981).
j The herring family, Clupeidae, was represented by a single specimen of a single species, gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, collected from the 601 Louisa station (Table 5-9) . This species prefers deep pools and is fast moving, not generally susceptable to backpack or accessable to electric seine shocking. Other members of the herring family, some of which are anadromous, have reportedly been sighted as far up river as the Route 738 Hanover County bridge during spring spawning runs. Chain pickerel, Esox niger, family Esocidae, were collected at three of the five North Anna River-Pamunkey River stations (not at 601 Louisa or Upper Pamunkey), both South Anna River and Little River and from Northeast Creek (Table 5-9). The carp and minnow family Cyprinidae, was represented by 13 species from the North Anna river system and an additional three species found only in the Little and/or South Anna Rivers. Overall the four dominant species were, in decreasing number of fishes collected, swallowtail shiner, satinfin shiner, bluehead chub and falifish (Table 5-9). This order of abundance was the same as found during the 1980 study and these four species have dominated the total numbers of cyprinids collected since 1973 (Reed and Simmons 1975, Reed 1981). One hybrid chub, Nocomis spp. was collected during the 1981 survey and it was determined to be a cross between the bluehead chub and the river chub, pl., micropogon as confirmed by Dr. Robert Jenkins of Roanoke College. These two species, normally occupying different habitats (Potter et al, j 1980) were both collected from the four primary North Anna River stations, the South Anna River and Little River stations during 1981. The sucker family, Catostomidae, was represetned by four species (Table 5-9), and, as in the 1980 study (Reed 1981), they were collected in low numbers and only from the lower river stations. No sucker were collected from the two stations nearest the dam (601 Louisa and 658 Hanover).
Shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, were collected only from the South Anna River and Little River stations (one individual each) during 1981 (Table 5-9). The bullhead catfish family, letaluridae, was represented by a single species during 1981, the margined madtom, Noturus insignis, which was collected from all stati.ons except the upper Pamunkey River station and was most abundant at the South Anna River an'd 601 Hanover stations (Table 5-9). During the 1980 study three other catfish species, common to Lake Anna, were also collected downstream (Reed 1981). Pirate perch, Aphredoderus sayanus, were collected f rom the lower North Anna River during 1981 (Route 1 station and upper Pamunkey River station - one individual each). This species was not collected during the 1980 study. Pirate perch are normally active nocturnally and found in tidal or brackish waters (Jones et al.1978). Another species not collected during the 1980 study is from the livebearer family, Poecillidae. Mosquitoffsh, Gambusia affinis, were collected only at the upper Pamunkey River station (Table 5-9) but this is, essentially, an ubiqui tous species (Jones et al .1978) . White perch, Morone americana, the only representative of the temperate bass family, Perchchthyldae, were collected exclusively from the 601 Louisa station (Table 5-9) as they were during the 1980 study (Reed 1981) . The sunfish family, Centrarchidae, was represented by seven species during the 1981 collections (Table 5-9). The most abundant sunfish was the redbreast sunfish, as was found during previous study years (Reed 1981). This species was common at all stations and most numerous at the 601 Hanover station. Bluegill, k macrochirus, were also common and ubiquitous, however
i pumpkinseed, L. gibbosus, found to be common during the 1980 study was represented by only two individuals from the combined North Anna River, South Anna River and Little River stations,during 1981. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoldes, were collected from two of the four primary North Anna River Stations and also from the upper Pamunkey River, Northeast Creek and South Anna River stations (Table 5-9), similar to distributions reported from past surveys (Reed 1981). This species appears to be doing well in the lower North Anna river. Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu, we,re collected only from the 601 Hanover station and the South Anna station during 1981 ) (Table 5-9), and were represented by two individuals from each station. The 601 Hanover station collection is farther upriver than the species was collected during 1980 and, given the small size of the specimens collected (young-of-the-year) Indicates successful spawning in the North Anna River by this pollution intolerant species. Black crapple, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, were collected only from the two stations nearest the dam on the North Anna River during 1981 (Table 5-9). The 601 Louisa station, containing extensive pool areas, exhibited the higher density. The only sunfish species collected during the 1981 survey which was not found during the 1980 study was the redear sunfish, Lepomis microlophus, represented by a single Individual from the 601 Louisa station. This Individual was probably a derivative of the expanding redear population in Lake Anna. The perch family, Percidae, was represented by five species collected during 1981. The most numerous percidae collected was the shield darter, Percina peltata, followed by the tesselated darter, Etheostoma olmstedi (Table 5-9). These results were the same as found during 1980 (Reed 1981). No stripeback darter, Percina notogramma, and only one
86-yellow perch, Perca flavescens, were collected from the North Anna River in 1981. This is a reduction in numbers of yellow perch collected compared to the 1980 study and may be related to the general decline of this species in Lake Anna. Under-representation of some species in 1981, compared to the 1980 data, could well be due to the fact that two more collections were made at all stations during 1980 than during 1981. In addition, more North Anna River stations were sampled during 1980. More fishes (767) were collected from North Anna River stations in November than any other sample month, closely followed by September with 667 fishes (Tables 5-5 and 5-6). The fewest fishes (204) were collected during January (Table 5-1) followed by March with 217 (Table 5-2). For the South Anna River and Little River systems the most fish were collected during September (345) and the fewest during July (150), with no sample collected from the South Anna River during January due to Ice cover (Tables 5-1, 5-4 and 5-5). One would expect more fishes to be collected during the late fall /early winter months after spawning and growth to a size retained by blocking nets, since predation and possible winter die off would then steadily reduce population numbers. The fish faunas of the South Anna River and Little River are very sim!Iar to those of the lower North Anna River-upper Pamunkey River system. Some differences have already been mentioned, however there were two cyprinid species collected in relatively large numbers from the Little River not found in either the North Anna River or South Anna River. (rosyside dace, Clinostomus funduloides and the cutlips minnow, Exoglossum maxillingua) (Table 5-9). Also, fish diversity indices were higher for the Little River and South Anna River than for the lower North Anna River-upper Pamunkey River system (Tables 5-9) . Also, fish diversity indices were higher for the Little River and South Anna River than for the lower North Anna River-
-87 upper Pamunkey River system (Tables 5-9).
This higher density plus the abundance of certain darter and minnow species would appear to indicate that the fish fauna of the. lower North Anna River has not yet attained a state comparable to that of the South Anna River and Little River systems. However, an analysis of variance procedure of mean diversities with Duncan's multiple range test (0.05 level) indicated the following: (means underscored by the same line are not significantly different) 601 Louisa Route 1 658 601 Hanover Little South Anna 2.21 2.41 2.59 3.02 3.15 3.28 According to this analysis the 601 Louisa and Route I stations are the only two stations which have diversities significantly different from the Little River and South Anna River stations, and 601 Louisa is also significantly different from the 601 Hanover station. The Route I station had a low diversity due, primarily, to the large numbers of minnows collected there. The 601 Louisa station had a low diversity, possibly due to the fact that the fish fauna found here is not a true riverine assemblage. Lentic species from Lake Anna are periodically and inadvertently washed down to this station (i.e. white perch) and try to establish themselves while competing with true lotic species already present. Due to these introductions and interspecific competition fish diversity at this station may never be as high as that of stations farther down the North Anna River or control stations. Fish diversity was plotted against temperature for all four major North Anna River stations, South Anna River and Little River (Figure 5-1 through 5-6). Olversity appears to be relatively constant and independent of temperature at all stations except 601 Louisa, where diversity appears to be somewhat inversely related to temperature. This may be due to the influence of lentic
33 I species mentioned previously, however, and not to temperature. Pre-impoundment studies which reported the North Anna river fish populations much reduced below the confluence with Contrary Creek indicate how much the lower North Anna River has imporved in numbers and diversity since impoundment (Reed and Simmons 1972). The use of Northeast Creek as a refuge arr.d 6JrIng periods of relatively high surface water temperature in the North Anna River below the dam appears to be a viable hypothesis. Temperature differences between the Northeast Creek station and the first river station, 601 Louisa, were 3 C and 7 C during the two sampling periods in 1981. Fish diversity for Northeast Creek was higher than the adjacent river station and comparable to the control stations (Table 5-9). The Northeast Creek station has been added as a bimonthly sampling station for the 1982 sampling period, which should further delineate this possibility. The results of this 1981 downstream study indicate that, generally, the lower North Anna River has attained a diversity similar to that of the control rivers. The upper station, however, has not yet attained this goal, and may not be expected due to lake fish introduction. No effects of power plant operation on the fish fauna of the North Anna River were noted during 1981. l l
SUMMARY
(1) Physical and chemical data collected at North Anna River stations during I 1981 studies were well within state standards and accepted metabolic extremes of resident fishes. (2) The dominant species from the North Anna. River were the swallowtail shiner (Notropis procne) and satinfir. shiner (N., analostanous),and f redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus). (3) Largemouth bass (Microoterus salmoldes), appear to be thriving in the North Anna River and were most abundant nearest the dam. (4) Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieul) were collected from a station closer to the dam during 1981 than during 1980. This species appears to be increasing in the North Anna River, indicating increasingly better water quality. (5) More fishes were collected during late fall, from the North Anna River, than any other sampling period. (6) Northeast Creek could possibly serve as a refuge for species in the North Anna River during periods of relatively high water temperatures. (7) Fish diversity appears to be relatively constant and independent of temperature at all North Anna River stations except the station nearest the dam where fluctuations are evident. (8) There has been an increase in numbers and diversity of fishes at stations on the North Anna River below the dam. This area was previously affected by acid mine drainage from Contrary Creek. (9) The fish fauna of the Little River and South Anna River closely resembled the fish fauna in the lower North Anna River.
~'30 -
l (10) Fish diversity of the lower North Anna River is generally not I signif *cantly di f ferent from that in the Little River and the l South Anna River. (11) No effects of power plant operation on the fish fauna of the North l Anna River were noted during 1981. i l
LITERATURE CITED Edwards , R. J.1978. The effect of hypolinmion reservoir releases on fish distribution and species diversity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 107(1):71-77. Jones , P. W. , F. D. Ma rtin and J. D. Hardy , J r. 1978. Development of fishes ' of the Mid-Atlantic bight. Center for environmental and estuarine studies of the University of Maryland #783 U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. King, T. A., J. C. Williams, W. D. Davies, and W. L. Shelton. 1981. Fixed versus random sampling of fishes in a large reservoir. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 110:563-568. Rondrat ief f , B. C. and J. R. Voshel l , J r. 1981. Influence of a reservoir with surface-release on the life history of the mayfly Hetercleon curiosum (McDunnough) . Canadian Journal of Zoology (manuscript). Potter, W., J. Loos and J. Potter. 1980. A comparison of larval stages of three Hocomis species. Paper presented at the fourth annual larval fish workshop. University of Mississippi. Oxford Mississippi. , i Reed, J. R. J r. and Associates, Inc. 1981. Annual Report: Environmental study of the lower North Anna River. Prepared for the Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
. and G. M. Simmons , J r. 1972. An ecological investigation of the lower North Anna and Upper Pamunkey River System. Prepared for the Virginia Electric and Power Company. Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
Simmons , G. M. J r. , and J. R. Voshel l , J r. 1978. Pre- and post-Impoundment bethic macroinvertebrate communities of the North Anna River pp 45-61 In. J. Cai rns , Jr. , E. F. Benfield, and J. R. Webs ter, eds. Current Perspectives on River-Reservoir Ecosys tems. North American Benthological Society. Stauf fer, J. R. , Jr. . K. L. Dickson, and J. Cai rns , Jr. 1974. A fleid evaluation of the effects of heated discharges on fish distribution. Water Resources Bulletin. 10:5 (860-876). Talmage, S. S. and D. M. Opresko. 1981. Literature review: Responses of fish to thermal discharges. Electric Power Research Institute EA-1840. Project 877, ORNL/EIS-193 Palo Alto, California. Virginia State Water Control Board. 1980. Water quality Standards. Publication number RB-1-30. Commonweal th of Vi rgi nia, Ri chmond, Vi rginia. Young, R. D. and O. E. Maughan. 1980. Downstream changes in fish species composi tion af ter construction of a headwater reservoi r. Virginia Journal of Science 31(3):39-41.
c: T.4LE 5- 1. Ilut:CER #1'O WEIGl(T l'ER SPECIES DF Fitti COLLECTED BY ELECTROF1SilING AT EACll DO*.eGTREAtt STATI0tl (EXCEPT !!CRlHEAST CREEK Ato PA!.tAKE(I DtK!!!iG 1961. JAIRJARY RT60ll RT658 RT601tl HT 1 SOUTH AlatA LIT 1LE TOTAL R14tR flFUILLP. ROSTRATA 1(11 2 (11 3 4 (17 3 3(31 9 (136 1 19 (168 l LLTt'3 1CtfJS TUlCULOIDLS 2 (10 1 2 (10 I E;".00310:'A . OLt*01rDI 2(31 2(33 12 (19 3 1(21 17 (27 ) ElliE03T0llA VITREtIt 3 (3 I Z 1(13 4 (4 I liff'00?:AlltUS RECIU3 1 (3 ) h 1 (3 I litFEllTLLIU:3 ll'GCICAllS % 1 (181 1 1 (181 1 LETL ;!"; AURITld 1 (1 3 1 (2 3 1 (1 1 3 (3 i LLLC;;IS lt*CNCI'IRUS 1 (1 ) tas 1 g1 3 1:ICFC/TE'tus ff t!!OICES 1 (15 1 71 ) 1 (15 1 , I;;"':*3 #11ERICl!!' i;C00l113 LEPICCETilALU3 2 (210 I y 2 (210 ) 6 (44 1 2 (6 I to 6 (66 3 14 (116 3 110 :C:1I5 ti!CRLFC30tl O 2 (13 1 2 (13 ) IF)TF.0FIS A!IAtOSTIJ.11S 1(33 5 (13 1 9 (12 3 e, 15 (28 9 1GTRUT'I3 FCCCI:2 5(61 1 (O I 6(41 1 (0 1 13 (11 1 IMIRCPIS PUE:LLU3 1 (1 1 1(11 1:01U2:IC It'SICf 31S f'ERCit;A a'CLTAT A 6(63 6 (53 3 4 (11 3 8 (22 3 2 (24 3 4(33 18 (94 i 12 (26 I d N I't.TRC:'(Z0i! ill.RI:.'JS 1(. I 1(. I ID'1GXIS titC"0:1ACUL ATUS 103 (3920 i *103 (3920 I j i,"1011LU3 CC2PC:/.LIS 2 (11 3 1(33 6(73 9 (21 ) i tilt:CU! CF SPEC 153 3 10 9 10 11 20 l'Jt!GER 0.; FtJ;1 LIES 3 6 5 5 5 8 TOTAL Cf.TEtt 106 22 27 49 35 239 TUTAL ::E!EllI 4132 56 '136 !)6 443 4853 M 4 m4 se 4
$ TAtlE 513. IV.Wp IJ:3 5.*EICitT FER SPECIE 3 0F FI531 COLLECTED BY ELECTROFISHIllG AT CAtti DCLNSTREAt1 STAVIDH (EXCEPT 140RTitEAST CREEK Asdl PfafJt*EY) 00111:S 1901.
t1 ARCH
'RI601L RT653 RT601tl PT 1 SOUltt AtaAA LI rile TOTAL RIVER ^
~
, s t
A*1GlitLLA POSIRATA 14 (249 I 8 (59 3 13 (169 3 12 (162 3 2 (138 3 49 1777 ) CATJ'JIC'US CCt210: SC!ll 3 (16 3 3 116 3 4 C111N310:03 FLtLUt.CluCS 13 417 1 13 (17 1 Ert; tit c:t c3LC:tsuS 1(21 1(51 2(78 y f L GliO3WA OL::5IIIII 5 (11 1 6 til I 5 (6 3 9 (9 3 5 (10 3 30 (47 I ETit:0ST0ttA v1TI1TU t 10 (15 1 2(11 12 416 i LXOCL%St'!! 1:*X! LLIt:CUA 6463 6 (6 3 1:U*!!TCLitJM tt1CnICff s3 5 (25 1 4 (188 1 9 (213 ) S LAli.*d!2A AC.'YPTEPA 1(51 11 (60 1 12 164 i Lir* 1'!:: Att:ITUS 4 (12 3 4(33 1(11 6 (33 3 15 149 ) t *J c':Ii ltt CCO3 TIPIS 2.I26 3 2 826 i LEr0;:13 I;IC!sCL*JTlh 1 1 (83 3 1 (C8 ) Iltf 70 PIE 303 03LO(11ECI . 1 (14 3 1 814 3' atRO:!E .'NqtCit:A 2 (100 1 2 (100 1 11007:13 FAP10Lis1:f LL'S 1 12 I II (123 3 6 (63 3 4 (29 3 23 (180 3 45 (355 ) tDCC:IS lt!Um. X II. LLPI3. 1 (100 1 1 (100 3 d ICOs*159 ti!CRCPOCO:s 1 (112 3 1 (25 1 3 (159 3 5 (295 I w IF,TE!!IGO'.*J3 CRTCOLEtJCAS 1 (17 9 1 117 3 8 IUTtiorIS A'It.LCSTAt."la 1 (1 1 6 (20 1 8(73 2(11 17 429 3 IDIDOP.S (20C;!E 2 (1.3 6443 42 (24 3 1 (2 1 51 (31 1 _ l'0190rIS PUCELLU3 6145 6 ta i 14 (13 3 ' I 13tle,t:G IllSIGitIS 1 (15 1 2(51 7 (31 1 3 88 ) 9 (21 1 1 (11 1 23 (91 I .
;TFC*. Ft.AVECCL't!'t 1 (51 3 11511 PL :CatA 1:010G*iat.fla 2 (4 1 2 (4 3 0: 'C1::A FELT /.fA , 3 ( 2 ', ) 81401 1 (6 3 2(51 21 (61 3 3141 38 (143 3 M;G/IC 1;Jf 'ic:liCUt s.TUS , 20 (14'i9 1 20 (1499 )
MilJTILU3 CORIQ'2A113 1(21 13 (25 3 35 (51 3 49 (78 3 tritBER CF SPECICS 10 8 10 10 16 13 27
!"J:!'.?LN CF FA!!ILIES 6 5 5 5 7 5 8
~
TOTAL CAICl4 46 31 56 C4 10S 99 424 TOTAL 8:EICIIT 2 64 130 394 135 614 731 4268 l 94 "O i I
tan! E 5- 3. IPUDER AfD WEICl4E PER SPICIES OF F15tl COLLECTED BY ELECTROFISHIllG AT EACH D0uttSTREAtt STATIC 48 (EXCEPT ll0RTHEAST CREEK AfD PM!UW.tfl DURI.:13 1931. ItAT f!!601L RT658 Rf601H RT 1 SOUTH AtR4A LITTLE TOTAL RIVER At:Ot'ILtJ. FCSIPATA 17 ( . I 5 (11 1 7 (50 1 6(. I 1(. I 4(. I 40 (70 1 C'ti!!(20!4 CSLCtCUS 1 (45 3 1 (45 I E!OX t; IGE;I 1 (78 3 1(. I 1(. I 3 (78 I E(:i'0010:1A Ott:STEDI 5 (10 1 5(83 4(53 14 (23 I EfilIG3TO:la VII1EL".1 1(11 9 (12 3 4(31 1 (0 l 15 (16 I E70~,t03;Ull IttXILLit!CUA 16 (53 3 16 (53 ) llYri.t::!!LIO 1 tarG21CA!!3 1 (, i 1(. I t L?O:itS !.U21TUS 10 (388 3 17 (121 1 34 (443 3 8 (99 1 10 (29 ) 9 (34 i ES (1115 i LLPO 'I". I:,*.CT'OC';1RUS 2 (69 3 6(33 8 492 I t*1LI:CP!EnU3 00f M1IEUI 1 (42 3 1 (42 3 217C"CF rirl:S E AU1010E3 1 (. a 1(71 2(78 1;070 !E A!!".Rict.flA 1 (39 3 1 (89 i
!!OCO lIS LLPTOCElllALUS 2 (25 1 7 (60 1 17 (348 3 2 (17 3 26 (133 1 54 (582 1 1:000:41S it;C':0PCGO t 11 (460 3 14 (43 1 25 (507 1 i10TICO?!S A!10:t:U3 1(73 1(71 1:3120PIS /.!!*.L33TAf?JS 3 (19 3 4 (20 1 to (72 l 101 (210 1 1(31 5 (14 1 134 (339 3 4 IF1TROPIS CortRJ1US 44 (102 3 44 (102 I s-I'GIPGPIS I;?O"l:E 6 (16 3 14 (26 3 12 (20 9 62 (77 8 8 (12 1 16 (12 3 118 (l'>3 1 ' !!1TD3T13 RU3C1.LtM 1(33 3 (6 9 4(81 1 GTU"U3 I!!3I0!!IS S (21 1 7 (39 3 4 (16 3 35 (53 1 4(23 55 (132 I l'L!! Cit!A I:3503'If t;itl 2 (10 1 2 (10 i FE'ICJi:A 12L1 ATI 4 (23 1 2 (10 1 1 (2 1 3 (10 1 5 (13 3 3 (8 1 18 (66 )
l'if oXII:'JS C"E ' S 1 (1 1 1 (1 i FC1!a413 trCnCt/ jut P.it!3 2 (120 1 2 (120 1 C:ll0TI!US CORPG'8ALIS 2 (17 1 1 (152 3 5 (32 3 24 (34 3 32 (235 ) trit:BI;t (:F SrfCIES 10 9 13 11 11 16 25 ff':OE't 07 FMlILIES 5 6 6 6 5 7 8 U Tt.L C3.icit AS 56 115 206 82 173 680 101/.L l'EIG:ir 770 356 1519 593 227 440 3501 L_ s
TA3tt 5- 4. tu1BER #2 NEIC:IT FEH SPECIES OF FISit COLLLCTED BY ELECT 00 FISH 11.Ti AT EAcil 00u4STREAt1 STAT 10tl (EMCEPT 130RTHEAST CREEK AIO PA!L*3'.E71 DtNII G 1931. JULY ft T601L RT658 RT601H RT 1 SOUTH AMIA LITTLE TOTAL RIVER Al4GUILI.A POSTRATA 3 (20 1 9 (278 3 4 (123 3 1 (1 ) 5 (201 1 22 (622 I CL11:10lt :US it;tCULCIDES 5 (11 3 5 (11 3 100X tlICER 1(45 1 (4 i LTa:EOGTC:% Otr$!LDI 2 (2 1 2 (2 ) L.:tE00TCin V1mtrl 3(51 3 (5 I EXOCLOS0'J;( tt?.XILLiliGUA 3 (11 5 3 (11 1 H)f%:!AI:;US PEGIU3 2 (25 3 2 (25 3 L E pct 113 At'21TlO 12 (122 3 13 (409 1 15 (268 3 6 (25 I 9 (55 3 11 (103 3 66 (982 i LEPE13 CICCOSUS 1 (30 1 1 (30 ) 1L:C!!!3 IV.0! 0C:1I303 1(11 3 (31 1 4 (92 3 1(11 5 (12 3 14 (186 I I.ICRO?iEP.US COLO::IEUI 1(. I 1(. I illCTMETUS Sill *.311:ES 1 (1.I 3(53 4 (6 I I:CCO'110 LEFTCCErilALU3 3 (13 1 3 (110 1 3 (39 1 12 (82 3 20 (128 3 41 (3S0 I liCC"Iti5 IIICI'CTOGot: 6 (114 5 6 (114 ) l'JTEIGOC.E'S CRiSt LEt;C AS 1(11 1 (1 1 1:01ROPIS t:10 IU3 2(43 2 E4 1
!!OT;G?IS #118.tr0 tat:US 16 (83 1 21 (56 3 26 (105 3 2(31 4(83 69 (256 I d
m 1.%1RO: 13 ATDC!3 4(73 4 (7 I '
}~3iROPI3 C01::UTUS 6(83 2 49 I 8(17 3 t'C.R0115 I !CCl"* 4(63 3(31 17 (28 3 3(23 6 (6 3 33 (44 3 14T!!CPIS PLELt03 1(53 6 (15 1 4 (6 3 1(31 12 (23 I li'.itOU3 11:3I;:'13 2(33 5 (35 3 6 (90 I 7 (19 3 3 (25 1 23 (172 3 fi' CittA !!OTCONt2n 6 (18 3 6 (18 )
PLRLIt A PELTA 1 A 7 (11 3 1 (6 1 1 (4 3 5(33 3(71 1(38 10 (34 i FC:313 WCro;;t.CtJtJTilS 5 (300 1 5 (308 3 5;!:0TILUS Cuarm AL13 2 (40 1 11 (180 1 5423 13 (40 1 31 (263 1 1 RATE:t CF PECIEC 10 9 11 9 13 16 26
!"JCER CF fl 11LILS 5 4 5 5 5 5 6 total CATCl4 !.1 38 69 76 64 C6 383 iaiAL I!!IC1!T 267 1269 748 438 213 597 3532
TA9t E F.- 5. InhTER At3D 13EIGitT PER SFCCIES OF FISil COLLECTED BT ELECTROFISHIIIG AT E Atil D(AtlSTREAtt STAT 10ll (EXCEPT HORTitEAST CREEK AfD r?JREET ) DU'!!'t3 1901. SEPTEIIDER RT601L RT65S R160111 RT 1 500111 AtelA LITTLE TOTAL RIVER At!5UILI A F05tPATA 20 (220 3 1(. I 4 (64 5 11541 12 (78 1 1(33 39 (420 1 APllPTOUDERUS SAYAtlUS 1 (2 3 1123 CA;0OTOi!US C0l31IRt;0*:1 2 (28 3 5 (111 1 7 (139 I CLIllaSTCt!U3 l utN:ULO11'LS 33 (75 1 33 175 ) LOX 30:1A CEP(DI/J:Utl 1 (250 1 1 (250 i L30X I:1CCR 1 44 3 3 (133 3 1 (21 1 2 (80 3 7 (238 i LillE03iO!lA OLttSTEDI 3 (4 3 3 11 1 10 (12 3 10 t o I 4 (6 3 30 (31 l Ei!!LO510!LA VIT!?Ltal 5 (10 3 5 (10 1 E;MC?.02!!U:8 ftAXILLIt:5UA 18 (26 3 18 106 I It)PL!(1 s LIUt1 IIIC'41Cattre 1 (420 1 1 (12 1 1 (20 1 4 (134 1 7 1566 i LE PO TIS ALDITU's 33 (848 3 13 (152 3 47 (513 3 12 (60 3 17 (164 3 30 (159 9 152 (1897 i L El'C!115 Gil".;GUJS 1 (13 3 1 (13 ) trPC:ll'i t!.'CI'OCit?RUS 5 (311 1 3 (20 1 8 (331 ) t:1CPOPitiaOS CAL; 010ES 2 (149 8 3 (498 1 5 (647 I IXCO31.XtA t19C':0LEPIDCit#1 1 (52 1 1 (!2 ) 1Oro lt:1 LEl IOCEr lAt!JJ IW.0*n? IllCPO.~00C; 1 (11 1 2 (67 3 6 (144 1 1 (13 3 20 34 (352 l (379 1 2 (4 3 1 (17 3 3 (35 3 1 (20 1 59 (316 9 32 (265 1 91 (861 9 73 (761 I d m 8
.IllRCPIS At: Oil.1C 2 (2 3 45 (44 8 4(33 3 Il 3 4(33 58 (52 3 I!?1R0! IS AtlAl.03TAltus 30 (44 3 48 (55 1 71 (194 3 22 (4S 9 171 (342 )
ItJ1DOPIS C0:1 tilC3 19 (104 3 19 (104 3 t;Oll:Ol'IS F2CCl!E 39 (29 3 58 (46 3 21 (33 3 4(51 122 (114 I l'O.n'rI3 M'CLLJS 2 (4 3 15 (13 1 1 (1 1 2 (1 3 20 (19 i
%L'::03 Ill3IGliIS 10 (46 3 9 (57 3 3 (24 3 12 (30 1 4 (55 3 33 (212 I It.P.titt'. 8:3* CO'!?!i:'.A 1 (1 1 7 (17 8 8 (17 i FrPC'.;tt PLi. TAT A 1 (4 1 13 (24 1 2(31 10 (27 8 1(21 3 to 3 30 (67 3 5%;3'(TS 1:ITG!!?.CULA103 6 (467 ) 6 (467 I SE;;0TIlU3 CC'?.*GP L15 5 4053 3 2 (22 3 22 (143 3 5 (40 1 4 (362 l 23 (134 5 61 (1260 3 lun:R Dr OrrCTES 10 13 14 19 14 18 27
!?ECEll 0F I AlilLIES 5 6 7 6 6 7 9 10itt I:A1Cil 76 123 313 155 74 271 1012 TCTAL LMIC:IT 2085 407 2224 575 1225 1656 9052 7
TADt 2 5- 6. IGCER ME) HEICHT PLO STECIES OF FI3fl COLLECTED BY EL2CTROF15HIllG AT EActi DotatSTREAr1 STATIO!I (EXCEPT ICRTHE AST CREEK Ata F/J:U*CIEY) DURIt:319J1. POVEICER s R T601L RT658 RT601H RT 1 SOUTli AttlA LITTLE TOTAL RIVER A?tSUILLA ROSTPATA 9 (418 3 0 (164 5 11 (367 3 5 (67 3 1 (66 ) 4 (94 1 38 (1196 ) Cf TOSTC:US CC'C:E'tS0tt! 1 (10 1 2 ( 38 3 3 (43 ) CLII9SICJ:US FU:D'JLOIDES 7 (7 ) 7(78 ESO:: ttGER 1 (24 1 1 (30 1 2 (54 5 E1:lLOST0ttA CLitSTfDI 1 (2 3 9 (12 3 5 (5 ) 9 (13 3 6(83 30 (41 3 l~ Ill 0;iCt1A V11RLU!! 4(63 4 (6 3 EXC04.03turt FM1( LIICUA 5 (30 1 5 (30 3 liYP;l:TELIL'It !!tG"!CAliS 3 (371 3 1 (460 1 4 (2 31 ) Li't". EIRA AFTE '31X 1(61 1 (6 i LLiE115 t.U'lIlUS 8 (190 1 7 (120 3 5 (45 1 3 (12 3 1(11 24 (369 I LEPG;'IS l'JCFOC! LIT!US 12 (105 1 1(31 13 (108 ) I'ICROPTERUS D010tilEUI 1 (26 3 1 (26 ) fi1CR0! TEPUS St L;;0IerS S (It6 3 5 (126 3
!!000ft13 Lt.PTCOEPilALUS 2 (101 1 1 (49 1 26 (290 1 3 (91 1 1 (25 1 20 (219 3 53 (775 l !!0:0:;13 ti1CRo?O;C!l 4 (171 1 14 (53 1 1 (5 ) 7 (203 1 6 (120 3 32 (553 )
Il0;TJIICO*:US CMSOLEU;a.S 2 (25 1 II0iROPIS A!!cEi!U3 1 (1 1 1 (1 3 7 (4 ) 4(23 1(21 2 (25 3 14 (11 1 4 N
!!3f DGPIS till, LOST /#33 1 (2 3 28 (41 3 9 (6 3 131 (138 3 169 (188 ) 8 4:9120PIS APDEl!S 4 (5 l 16 (12 3 20 (17 I l'0TPCPiS CCEt*JIU's 1 (31 1 3 (52 3 54 (436 3 58 (519 )
ITTP001S T*0C' 2 83 (83 ) 3(33 305 (316 1 2 (2 l 393 (403 I t.GIPGPIS l'U"ELLits 2(31 2 (3 ) tDI(*i'3 Irt* IcitIS 2 (29 3 (73 13 (108 1 1 (13 1 9 (35 1 5 (29 3 32 (221 I P. RCII:\ 1:OlO D Af2tA 2(41 2 (4 i PLPCIt'A PILTr.TA 6 (17 ) R (7 3 4 (12 3 6 (18 3 5(13 1 23 (66 i T E TP.'llr70:1 tWIITJS 1(45 1 (4 ) LEI:JTILUS LCRICULIS 2 (07 ) 6 (18 3 2 (10 1 4 (21 3 31 (162 3 45 (297 I t't%C:3 CF S?!Cirs 10 10 15 15 15 14 27 iTt:3? "! 0F Fit!ILIES 4 6 7 6 8 5 8 ~ 10TAL CAfCl! 47 138 105 477 66 150 983 70T/ L I:21Clit 1275 510 1343 696 943 1163 5536 7 1
TASLC 5-7.13UtstR FID 14CIQti PLR SPECIES OF FISH COLLECTED BY ELECTROFISHIllG AT pat 1UHKEY STATI0t4 AtB NORTHEAST CREEK DURItr. 1*M1. . ! JULY pat 1UtEE Y I40Ritt EAST CREEK 4 A!!3UILt4 PGSTRATA 6 (71 ) AP;!REDCDEPO3 CAYAtil'S 1(13 , i Eftlit(20tl CSLO!;Ctts 1 (10 ) f 53X !!ICER 6I. 3 ETHf03TCf!A Dir:STEDI 1 82 1 6 (8 ) Gt.tCUSI A AFFI!:13 1 41 I IlYi.CS: Tit!US RECIUS 1 110 ) Lt!'N1!S ttJRITUS 6 (50 ) 6 (37 i LEPO!!13 CICSCSU3 1 (12 ) tric:1151:1.En0CHIRUS 1 110 ) fllL7';rtIFL 3 SJll:01 DES 1(11 18. l
!!JCOI;1S LEPICCETHAL'A 6 (33 )
e IMlRCPIS Atl4tOSTAt:US
!!til.0!IS IILT.:f0!!IUG 8 (29 3 1 (7 i 6 (14 5 *$
8' IDI20:'IS f rutt!E 15 (19 I tiO10 PUS It:S!GilIS 9 (45 ) PCRC11tA l'ELTATA 9 (21 ) tr:10TitOS CORT 03AL13 1 (12 ) IM:CER OF SPECIES 8 14 IFIOC!? 0F iti!! LIES 4 8 T':! AL C/JC!t 00 74 10I.it itETC!!T 149 206 H I
_ __ __m . - - - - - . - _ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------ i TADLC F-8. hu13ER Atc WEIGHT PE2 SPECIES OF FISH COLLECTED BY ELECTROFISHING AT pat 1UHKEY STATI0tl AfD HORTHEAST CREEK CU'!IttG 1931. HOVEt1 DER pat 1UNKEY 130RTH EAST CREEK AtlGUILLA ROSTRATA 1(31 2 1276 ) E;3X tlIGEf! 3 (31 ) ETifE03T0!1A OttiSTFDI .4151 1 (1 ) ET!!E0310t1A VITREt."1 2 11 1 GAICU3IA AFFINIS 1 to I . LAtt.'ETRA !.PrEl")IX 1 (6 i LEIS;IS AleITtt3 2 (86 3 12 (339 3 LEPCitIS GIB",05U3 3 (24 i LEP0f1IS i:AER3CllIPUS 1 (30 1 5 (54 1 tu50; TIS L5PTOCErilALUS 10 (193 1 tDTEt1IG0trJ3 CRY"JLEUCAS 13 (52 1 NOTFOPIS Att0EtPJS 1 (0 1
!!3TROPIS At!ALOST/.tPJ3 39 (4 1 78 (122 )
t:0TROFIS titt);t"tIU3 1 ( f. I IDTCOPIS PCCCt'i 29 (9 3 15 (16 ) y
!.*.TU*tUS IH3IGHIS 6 (55 1 e PERCI!!A PELTATA 1(23 PETPOt1Y20'8 t1ARINUS 2 (10 i Mi10TILUS CORrC't4LIS 14 (347 )
l %p. l taEttER OF SPECIE 3 12 13 llU'OER OF FAMILIES 6 .6 _ TOIAL CATCil t4 165 TOTtL MICHT 162 1S12 4 se
TABLE 5-9. HUMBE2e WEIGHT, HUMBE2 0F SPECIES. HUMBE2 0F FAMILIES AND DIVERSITY OF ALL FISHES COLLECTED Bf ELECTROFISHING AT ALL DOWNSTREAN STATIDH DURING 1987. RT. 601 RT 658 RT. 601 RT. 1 NORTH EAST PANUNKEY TOTAL SOUTH LITTLE TOTAL LOUISA HANOVER CREEK RIVER DOWHSTREAN AHMA RIVER ANGUILLA POSTRATA 64 33 43 16 8 1 165 26 25 216 ArHRE000ERUS SAY ANUS . . . I 1 . 2 . . 2 CATOSTONUS CONNERSONI . . . 3 . . 3 . 10 13 CLIHOSTONUS FUMDULOIDES . . . . . . . . 60 60 DOROSONA CEPEDIAHUN 1 . . . . . 1 . . 1 ERIttfl0H OBLONGUS . . 1 . 1 2 1 1 4 ES0X NIGER . 3 3 2 9 . 17 2 3 22 ETHEOSTOMA OLMSTEDI . 11 20 37 7 5 80 33 22 135 ETHEOSTOMA VITRElti . . 1 34 . 2 37 6 2 45 EXOGLOSSUN NAXILLINGUA . . . . . . . . 48 48 GRttSUSIA AFFINIS . . . . . 2 2 . . 2 HVDOGHATHUS REGIUS . . . 1 . 1 2 . 2 4 HYPENTELIUN HICRICAHS . . 4 1 . . 5 7 10 22 LAMPETRA AEPVPTERA . . . 1 . . I 11 . 12 LAt1PETRA APPEHOIX . . . . . 1 1 1 . 2 LEP0HIS AURITUS 63 55 106 31 18 8 281 43 50 374 LE/0NIS GTBBOSUS . 1 . 1 4 . 6 . . 6 LEP0HIS NACROCHIRUS 22 4 4 11 5 2 48 5 . 53 LEPONIS HICROLOPHUS 1 . . . . . 1 . . I s, NICROPTERUS DOL 0tlIEUI . . 2 . . . 2 2 . 4 c3 NICROPTERUS SALHOIDES 8 3 . I 1 13 6 . 19 C3 NORONE AMERICAHA 5 . . . . . 5 . . 5 NOX0STOMA NACROLEPIDOTUN . . . . . . . 1 1 HOC 0tIIS LEPT 0CEPHALUS 8 18 83 13 18 . 140 22 154 316 NOC0t11S NICRO. X H. LEPTO . . . . . . . . I 1 NOCONIS HICROPOG0tl 7 1 68 2 . . 78 11 54 143 It0TENIGONUS CRYSOLEUCAS 4 . . . 13 . 17 . . 17 NOTROPIS ANOENUS . 3 47 11 . 1 62 7 7 76 HOTPOPIS ANALOSTAHUS 20 64 109 346 84 47 670 5 31 706 HOTPOPIS APOENS . . . 4 . . 4 20 . 24 HOTPOPIS COPNUTUS . . 1 . . 1 9 119 129 HOTFOPIS HUOSOHIUS . . . . . 2 2 . . 2 HOTROPIS PROCHE 10 143 83 453 30 29 748 16 25 789 HOTROPIS PUBELLUS 1 2 23 7 . '. 33 19 1 53 NOTUQUS INSICHIS 5 25 47 21 15 . 113 72 19 204 PERCA FLAVESCEHS 1 . . . . . 1 . . 1 PERCIHA HOTOGRAMMA . . . . . . . 3 17 20 PERCIHA PELTATA 15 30 7 32 10 . 94 36 19 . 149 PETRONYZOH HARIHUS . 1 1 . . 2 4 . . 4 PHOSINUS ORE AS . . . . . . . . I 1 Pol 10XIS HIGRONACULATUS 131 5 . . . . 136 . . 136 SEttOTILUS CORPORALIS 7 6 32 19 15 . 79 31 132 242 HUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS 373 408 685 1047 239 104 2856 394 814 4064 TOTAL WEIGHT 11593 2808 6365 2520 1798 271 25354 3226 5030 33611 NUNDER OF FANILIES 7 7 8 9 8 6 12 8 7 12 HUMBER OF SPECIES 18 18 20 22 16 14 36 24 25 42 H_ PRINE 2.9751 2.9859 3.4762 2.3986 3.1954 2.3970 3.4160 3.9466 3.6560 3.9110 CRI4RH93 0.7115 _0.7061 0 00049 0.5379 0.7939 - 0.6296 0.6607 0.8608 0.7873 0. 7. s i _ . -
( e
-101- ' TABLE 5-10. Pl!YSICAL PARAMETERS RECORDED AT DOWNSTREAM STATIONS DURING EACI! SA!1PLING PERIOD DURING 1981. TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C),
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (PPM), PH, TURBIDITY (NTU), AND ALKALINITY (MG/L CACO 3). MONTH SITE TEMP 02 PH TURB ALN JANUARY NAR 601 2.6 13.1 7.3 . . HAR 658 1.3 13.3 7.2 . . HAN 601 2.3 12.6 6.5 2.5 14.0 RT1 NAR 2.2 13.8 6.6 2.4 14.0 S ANNA 0.1 14.1 6.7 5.2 23.0 LITTLE R 0.5 13.5 6.6 7.0 18.0 MARCH NAR 601 8.0 11.2 7.1 3.1 14.0 NAR 658 6.6 11.4 6.9 3.4 12.0 HAN 601 6.3 11.9 7.0 3.4 13.0 RT1 NAR 6.2 12.0 7.2 2.5 16.0 S ANNA 4.8 12.3 7.2 6.9 25.0 LITTLE R 4.5 11.7 7.1 5.2 18.0 MAY MAR 601 20.2 8.0 6.7 3.2 12.0 NAR 658 18.2 8.6 6.6 5.2 15.0 HAN 601 18.3 8.1 7.1 4.0 14.5 RT1 NAR 18.2 8.4 7.0 4.5 13.3 S ANNA 17.3 8.8 7.2 6.2 28.0 LITTLE R 16.8 8.1 7.7 19.0 32.0 JULY NAR 601 26.9 7.1 6.6 24.0 9.5 NAR 658 24.9 7.4 6.6 24.0 9.5 HAN 601 25.7 7.5 6.8 16.0 13.0 I RT1 NAR 25.6 7.7 6.8 25.0 26.7 i S ANNA 27.0 7.0 6.9 68.0 15.1 LITTLE R 26.2 7.0 7.1 17.0 39.5 NE CRK L 24.0 7.1 6.9 11.0 21.4 RT302 PA 26.4 5.9 7.0 25.0 23.7 l SEPTET!BER HAR 601 23.9 7.7 7.0 2.3 10.6 NAR 658 22.8 7.7 7.1 2.5 11.4 HAN 601 19.0 8.5 7.2 1.6 11.9 RT1 NAR 18.5 8.3 7.1 1.1 12.4 S ANNA 19.9 9.4 8.0 7.5 30.2 LITTLE R 17.8 7.5 7.8 2.9 36.7 NOVEMBER MAR 601 14.8 9.7 7.0 4.0 8.8 NAR 658 13.5 8.8 7.1 5.6 9.0 HAN 601 11.5 8.8 7.1 6.2 10.4 I RT1 NAR 7.8 11.5 7.3 1.4 11.0 S ANNA 8.9 11.0 7.8 3.6 30.8 LITTLE R 8.3 9.5 7.5 4.5 23.8 NE CRK L 7.8 10.2 7.2 5.5 16.0 RT302 PA 8.9 11.6 7.6 3.0 24.2
4 TABLE 5-81 NUMBER OF FAMILIES, SPECIES AND TOTAL tauMBERS OF FISHES COLLECTED AT SELECTED STATIONS ON THE LOWER NORTH ANNA RIVER, 1973-1981 Number Route 601 Route 658 Route 601 U. 5. Route 1 of Louisa County Hanover County Hanover County Hanover County 4 Year Collections Family Species Total Family Species Total Family species Total Family Species Total 1973 I 5 8 115 5 10 53 1974 1 3 8 50 5 8 115 3 7 10 1975 3 5 13 224 7 16 245 i 1976 2 4 14 416 6 14 360 5 13 318 8 22 161 1977 4 8 17 489 7 15 299 6 13 36 0 8 22 520 , 1978 4 7 18 443 7 19 232 6 18 322 23 7 273 -- 1979 4 5 14 446 7 20 224 7 16 319 7 17 146 f3 ! 1980 8 8 21 626 7 21 317 7 19 551 8 24 788 e 1981 6 7 18 373 7 18 408 8 20 685 9 22 1047 N umbe r Northeast Creek u. S. Route 301 of Spotsylvania County Hanover County year Collections Family Species Total Family 5 perles Total 1980 2 10 22 532 i 1981 2 8 16 239 6 14 104
. w TABLE 5-12 COMPARISON OF FISH COLLECTIONS FROM FOUR NORTH ANNA RIVER STATIONS BETWEEN 1980 AND 1981*, BY SPECIES AND MUMBER Station Collected 1980 Only Collected 1988 Only 601 Louisa Esom niger (1) Notropis rubellus (1)
Notropis annenus (l) Motemigonus crysoleucas (%) N. cornutus (1) Leposis microlophus (1) Ictalurus natalls (3) Noturus insignis 3 )
- 1. nebulosus (2)
Epomis gibbosus (19) Percina notogramma (1) , 658 Hanover Ictalurus natalls (1) Notropis amoenus (3) ]
- l. nebulosus (l) 14 . rubellus (2)
~-
e Erca flavescens (2) Etheostoma vitreum (2) Percina notogransna (6) 601 Hanover Percina notogramma (1) Esom niger (4) Lepomis gibbosus (5) Catostomus commersoni (1) Moxostoma macrolepitodum (1) Hypentellum nigricans (7) Micropterus salmoldes (1) Notropis cornutus (1) Micropterus dolomieul (2) Route I Petromyron marinus (3) Aphredo.lerus g anus (1) Hanover Monostoma macrolepitodum (1) Catostomus conmersoni (2) Micropterus dolomieul (l) Mocomls micropogon (2) M. salmoides (1) Notropis rubellus (7) Erca flavescens (4) N. ardens (%) Percina nologr.wnma (7) Ictalurus natalis (1)
*Eight collections per station during 1980, six collections per station during 1981 1
1 i . - l
m 3.75- - 30 o 3.5& ' ~ ~ E ' 3.25- , _ _ , c
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y G , 2 5- ( s 0 GF i i i i i i i , . .. .
'~ 'O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8- 9 'iG 11 12 tiot4TH LEGEND: TYPE * *
- H-PRIt1E ------- TEMPER ATURE FIGURE 5-t. SPECIES DIVERSITY ( H'-) At4D SURFACE WATER TEttPERATURES AT RT. 601 (LOUISA) ELECTROFISHING STAT 1011 FOR EACH COLLECTION PERIOD DURING I981.
3.7Fr - 30 0 3.50- E 3.2T ,____ c H h'. N; e ,, .- i 3. ds- .- % s P 2.60-1.7* ',-, f
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R i ,' E -- I i.56
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/ s E 64.75- ' , i G . 5 0- u G.2T ' " . s G . 0F i i i i i i . .. . . i
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii 12' N0t4TH LEGEND: TYPE * *= H-PRIME. ---- TEMPERATURE FIGURE 5-2. SPECIES DIVERSITY ( H'-) - Af4D SURFACE WATER TEt1PERATURES AT RT. 658 (HAl10VER) ELECTROFISHIl4G' STAT 1011 FOR EACH COLLECTIGN PERIOD DURING 1981,
j i i l 3.79 - 30 0 3.5&o w. E - 1 2 *g . ' ':-< ,' G 3 j. H 35- ' ' ,, '_ ',, g 2.].Ecr
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- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to t1 12
" t10t4TH
.LEGEHD; TYPE $ $ $ H-PRINE ------- TEMPER ATURE i
i s FIGURE 5-3. SPECIES DIVERSITY ( H' ) At4D SURFACE WATER TEt1PERATURES AT RT. 601 ( H Al10VER ) ELECTROFISHIt4G STATI0t1 FOR EACH.COLLECTI0ll PERIOD DURING 1981 i E s
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- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ti 12 t10 NTH LEGEHD: TYPE " " " H-PRIME ------- TEMPER ATURE FIGURE.5-4 SPECIES DIVERSITY ( H' ) AND SURFACE WATER TEt1PERATURES AT ROUTE I ~(HANOVER) ELECTROFISHING-STATION FOR EACH COLLECTIOff PERIOD DURING 1981 O
4 i i 3.75- ~ 30 g
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] 1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 10 -i t 12 (10t4TH LEGEND: TYPE * "
- H-PRIME ------- TEMPE R AT URE-1 l
FIGURE 5-5. SPECIES DIVERSITY (H') ATID SURFACE WATER TEt1PERATURES AT LITTLE RIVER ELECTROFISHING STATION FOR EACH COLLECTION PERIOD DURING 1981,
T i i i i o . 7 Fr '~ 30 N f ', c. R H ,
' 20 E
g h , hC- ,N ' I . 2.G&
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- H-PRIME ------- TEMPERATURE t.
! FIGURE 5-6, SPECIES DIVERSITY - ( H ' ) AND SURFACE NATER TEMPERATURES AT ! SOUTH ANNA RIVEP ELECTROFISHING STATION FOR EACH COLLECTION PERIOD DURING 1981. i i i h
\
-110-Summary and Conclusions
[ i i l l l
I
-111-
SUMMARY
Physical and Chemical
- 1) Endeco thermal measurements established that temperature maximums in the North Anna River occurred at the station downstream from the Reservoir closest to the dam. The station located upstream from the impoundment was always cooler than the stations downstream.
- 2) Dissolved oxygen concentrations were never known to violate Virginia standards for free flowing streams in Coastal and Piedmont zones, although several relatively low values were observed during the late summer months. It appears that the lowest dissolved oxygen measurements occurred at those stations farthest downstream on the Pamunkey River and on the Little River which is tributary to the Pamunkey River.
- 3) High pH readings were recorded on the Little and South Anna Rivers in September, but generally there were only small variations in pH on the North Anna River.
- 4) Alkalinity and turbidity values were highest in July at all the stations sampled. Typically the tributaries (Little and South Anna Rivers) had higher alkalinities and turbidities than the North Anna River.
Benthic Macroinvertebrates 5)' The North Anna River is dominated by a filter-feeding benthic community, composed primarily of Trichoptera.
- 6) The Route 601-Louisa station is dominated by an unusually large number of Hydropsychidae due to seston discharge from the epilimnion drain of Lake Anna dam. The effects of this seston release dissipates quickly with distance from the dam.
\
-112-
- 7) The macrobenthic fauna of the North Anna River continued to increase in diversity during 1981; the increase was attributed to the amelioration of effects of acid mine runoff by Lake Anna.
Ichthyopiankton
- 8) Fish eggs and 11 species of larvae were taken in the North Anna River during April through July 1981.
- 9) Most of the larval species collected were spawned locally within the river, although the larvae of a few species (e.g., black crappie and gizzard shad) may be of Lake Anna origin.
- 10) Captures of fish eggs and larvae within the river strongly suggests that environmental conditions have improved substantially to permit the establishment of self-sustaining populations within the formerly impacted river.
Fishes
- 11) Physical and chemical data collected at North Anna River stations durin 1981 studies were well within state standards and accepted metabolic extremes of resident fishes.
- 12) The dominant species from the North Anna River were the swallowtail l shiner (Notropis procne) and satinfl., shiner (!4. analostanous), and redbreast sunfish (Lepomis auritus).
f 13) Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), appear to be thriving i in the North Anna River and were most abundant nearest the dam.
- 14) Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) were collected from a l station closer to the dam during 1981 than during 1980. This species l appears to be increasing in the North Anna River, indicating increasingly better water quality.
l
I
-113-
- 15) More fishes were collected during late fall, from the North Anna River, than any other sampling period.
- 16) Northeast Creek could possibly serve as a refuge for species in the North Anna River during periods of relatively high water temperatures.
- 17) Fish diversity appears to be relatively constant and independent of temperature at all North Anna River stations except the station nearest the dam where fluctuations are evident.
- 18) There has been an increase in numbers and diversity of fishes at stations on the North Anna River below the dam. This area was previously affected by acid mine drainage from Contrary Creek.
- 19) The fish fauna of the Little River and South Anna River closely resembled the fish fauna in the lower North Anna River.
- 20) Fish diversity of the-lower North Anna River is generally not significantly different from that in the Little River and the South Anna River.
- 21) No effects of power plant operation on the fish fauna of the North Anna River were noted during 1981.
During 1981, no adverse environmental impact-on the lower North Anna River was noted as a result of the operation of North Anna Power , Station, Units 1 and 2, and/or the Lake Anna dam. Instead, in reality j water quality has improved since impoundment of the river, with a subsequent Increase in macroinvertebrate and fish diversity. Ichthyoplankton studies l were initiated this year and have indicated that envi ronmental condi tions have improved sufficiently downstream to permi t the establishment of i self-sustaining populations within the formerly impacted river. L}}