ML19322A758
| ML19322A758 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oconee  |
| Issue date: | 12/01/1966 |
| From: | DUKE POWER CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7911210782 | |
| Download: ML19322A758 (91) | |
Text
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i APPENDIX 2B REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - SEISMOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY 3
PROPOSED OCONEE NUCLEAR POWER STATION i
NEAR SENECA, SOUTH CAROLINA j l
FOR
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DUKE POWER COMPANY J
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U TABLE OF CONTENTS l Page I
I. I NTRO DU CTI ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-l General ......................................... I-l Purpose ......................................... I-l Methods used .................................... I-l Pr oj e c t S t a f f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2 i
II. SEISMOLOGY .......................................... II-l Introduction .................................... II-l Scope ........................................... II-l
- Summary and Conclusions ......................... II-l Tectonics ....................................... II-2 Faulting ..................................... II-3 Site Geology .................................... II-4 Seismic History ................................. II-4 Effects of Earthquake Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II-6 Aseismic Design Criteria ........................ II-7 Appendix II-A~- Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II-10 Appendix II-B - Laboratory Tests ................ II-12 Appendix II-C - Significant Earthquakes in the Southeastern United States. II- 14 h Appendix II-D - Glossary ........................
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A-m Appendix II-E - Intensity and Magnitude Scales ..
II-19 II-20 Appendix II-F - List of References . . . . . . . . . . .. II-23 III. MET E OROLOG Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I II - l Introduction .................................... III-1 Scope ........................................... III-l Climatic Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III-l General Site Climatology ........................ III-2 Surface Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III-2 Surf ace Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III- 2 Severe Weather .................................. III-2 S tr ong Wind s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III- 2 Tropical Cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III-5 Tornadoes ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. III-5 i
Thunderstorms ................................ III-7 Diffusion Climatology ........................... III-7 Surface Winds ................................ III-7 Upper Winds .................................. III-7 Precipitation Winds ............................. III-14 Stability Wind Categories ....................... III-17 Estimates of Stability from other Sources ....... III-18 Mountain-Plain Relationships ................. III-18 Persistence of Wind .......................... III-21 Estimates of Site Terrain Effects ............ III-23 O
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,i tanle of Contents Continued i
1 4 Meteorological Parameters for On-Site j Diffusion Calculations .................... III-26 ,
The Two-Hour Model ....................... III-26
, Long Term Releases ....................... III-27 l The 24-Hour Model ........................ III-27
! The One to Thirty Day Model .............. III-30
! Recommendations ............................. III-31
) Conclusions ................................. III-31 1 Appendix III- A
{ Baillie Wind Roses - Specific Events ...... III-34 1
- j Appendix III-B j List of References ........................ III-35 a
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LIST OF TABLES i
SEISMOLOGY l Table 1 ...... Velocity Measurements l Table 2 ...... Test Results METECROLOGY Table 1 ...... Surface Temperature Tuble 2 ...... Surface Precipitation i Table 3 . . . . . . Frequency of Tropical Cyclones in Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina plus 4
Coastal Waters Table 4 ...... Mean Monthly Thunderstorm Days and Thunder-storms for Nuclear Plant Site ,
I Table 5 ...... Annual Surface Wind Rose for Greenville, j South Carolina Table 6 . . . . . . Percent Frequency of Wind Speeds at Various Hours through the Day Table 7 . . . . . . Duraticn and Frequency (in hours ) of Calm and Near-Calm Winds Average of Three
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Table 8 ...... Percentage Distribution of Athens, Georgia, Annual Winds at ~ 0630 Eastern Standard Time I 800-1300 Feet Above Ground Table 9 ...... Percentage Distribution of Athens, Georgia, Annual Winds at 0630 Eastern Standard Time 2300 to 2800 Feet Above Ground Table 10 ..... Average Wind Direction Change with Height, Athens, Georgia by Lapse Rates in the l Lowest 50 Meters l
Table 11 ..... Precipitation-Wind Statistics - Greenville, South Carolina, 1959-1963 Table 12 . . . . . Pasquill Stability Categories for Greenville, South Carolina Table 13 . . . . . Pasquill Stability Categories and Supplemental Data for Greenville, South Carolina 2B-iv
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Table 14 ..... Average Temperature Difference (OF) at Minimun Temperature Time (Paris Mountain l
Fire Tower - Clemson) versus Pasquill
! Stability Class (from Greenville, South I Carolina Hourly Observation)
Table 15 .... 67.50 Sector Wind Direction Persistence Dura-i tion (in hours) (Greenville, South Carolina WBAS)
I l Table 16 . . . . 112.5 Sector Wind Direction Persistence Duration (in hours) (Greenville, South l Carolina WBAS) l l
Table 17 ..... Composite Poorest Diffusion Ccnditions Observed for Each Hour of Day 1
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C LIST OF PLATES (v\l Plate I-l ............. Map of Area Plate II-l ............. Regional Tectonics Plate II-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ear thquake Epicenters Plate II-3 ............. Ground Motion Spectrum Plate II-4 ............. Response Spectrum Plate II-Al ............. Location Map - Seismic Field Work Plate II-A2 ....... ..... Diagrammatic Cross Sections through Seismic Lines Plate III-l ............. Weather Station Location Chart Plate III-2 .............
Cumulative Pro! ability of Wind Direction Persistence Duration Plate III-3 ............. Approximate Terrain at Nuclear Site <
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\ ~'/ Plate I:I-4 ............. General Building Arrangements Plate I:I- Al . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annual Surf ace Wind Ros e Plate IIJ- A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper Air Wind Rose - 800-1300 Plate III-A3 .......... . . Upper Air Wind Rose - 2300-28C0 Plate III-A4 .......... .. Precipitation Surface Wind Rose Plate III-A5 .......... .. Inversion Wind Directicn
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REPCRT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - SEISMOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY PROPOSED OCONEE NUCLEAA POWER STATION NEAR SENECA, SOUTH CAROLINA FOR DUKE POWER COMPANY INTRODUCTION GENERAL .
This report presents the results of our investigations for the proposed Oconee Nuclear Power Station located near Seneca, South Carolina.
The proposed site is situated between Little River and Keowee River, approximately eight miles northeast of Seneca. The location of O the site is shown with respect to topography and nearby communities on Plate I-1, Map of Area.
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to provide a portion of the
, environmental analysis information for the Safety Analysis Report (SAR)
I which will be presented to the Atomic Energy Commission. The SAR will consider four major aspects of the environment surrounding this plant.
.These are:
- 1) the effect of the geologic setting;
- 2) the erfect of seismic activity;
- 3) the effect of hydrological conditions; and
- 4) the effect of meteorological conditions.
1 Some portions of the environmental analysis are being per-formed by others. This report is concerned only with aseismic design criteria as developed from geologic and seismologic studies, and with the establishment of weather parameters which will become a part of pctential overall on- and off-site calculations.
, METHODS USED 1
In the accomplishment of che site evalnations, we reviewed
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relevant information, conducted field investigaU.ons, and performed
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appropriate laboratory tests. The results of this work provided the basis for our seismologic and meteorologic conclusions. These studies were performed under the supervision of Dames & Moore technical personnel.
PROJECT STAFF The following staff members provided principal contributions to the information and conclusions presented herein:
Francis E. Courtney Consulting Meteorologist Joseph A. Fischer Partner responsible for Seismology Malcolm D. Horton Partner responsible for Meteorology Richard L. Lea Project Manager Monzell Louke Geophysicist Benjamin S. Persons Responsible Partner Forrest D. Peters Project Geophysicist Polidoro Velasco Civil Engineer The following plate is attached and completes this section of the report:
Plate I-l ........... Map of Area O
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SEISMOLOGY INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to develop aseismic design parameters from a study of the regional tectonics and seismic history j and the response of the foundation materials to earthqpake motion. The terminology used in this portion of the report is defined in Appendices II-D and II-E.
SCOPE The scope of our investigations included:
- 1) a review of the available geological and seismological literature pertaining to the region;
- 2) a geological reconnaissance of the site, performed primarily for the purpose of evaluating the possibility of active faulting in the area;
- 3) geophysical explorations and laboratory
'T tests to provide parameters for evaluat-C_/
s ing the response of foundation materials to earthquake ground motion;
- 4) an evaluation of the seismic history to aid in the selection of the design earthquake that the power plant might experience; and
- 5) the development and recommendation of aseismic design parameters for the proposed structures.
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS No active or recent faulting has been recognized in the immediate area of the proposed plant site. The closest known faulting is the Brevard fault zone, 11 miles northwest of the site. Minor seismic activity has been recorded in the vicinity of the Brevard fault zone and may be associated with it. Thus, we would expect no slipping or tearing of the ground at the plant site.
The foundations of the proposed major structures will L6 l l located in crystalline metamorph.4 0 rock. This rock would have j excellent strength properties ana relatively small amplification of <
i ground motion resulting from an earthquake. l l
Conservatively, we have estimated that the maximum vertical and horizont.1 ground acceler~ation that might be experienced at the l plant site during its economic life is on the order of five percent of gravity. This maximum ground motion is predicated on an earthquake Os of a Richter Magnitude less than five located in the Brevard zone.
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It is our opinion that these ground accelerations conserva-ti ely renresent the maximum acceleration expected at the site. Thus, from a seismologic point of view, the planned nuclear power station can be satisfactorily constructed at the investigated site.
TECTONICS This section of the report will discuss only those portions of tectonics and geology most pertinent to the engineering seismologic evaluation of the site. A discussion of regional and local geology including lithology and geologic structure is found in the report
" Engineering Geology of Oconee Nuclear Station" dated October 26, 1966, and prepared by William V. Conn.
The geology of the region is highly complex and in many respects is incompletely known. The region (defined as North Carolina and South Carolina, and parts of Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Virginia) is comprised of three large northeast-southwest trending tectonic zones: The coastal plain, the crystalline-metamorphic zone and the overthrust zone. These zones are shown on Plate II-1, Regional Tectonics.
The site is located nearly in the center of the crystalline-metamorphic zone, which consists of six generally recognized metamor-phic belts. From southeast to northwest these are: The Carolina slate belt, Charlotte belt, Kings Mountain belt, Inner Piedmont belt, Brevard belt and Blue Ridge belt. The site location is within the Inner Pied-mont belt. The rocks in the belts consist of me;amorphosed sediments and volcanics that have been folded, faulted and intruded with igneous rocks. These belts are delineated by differing degrees of metamorphism.
Generally, the degree of metamorphism becomes progressively less from the northwest to the southeast.
The oldest metamorphic rocks are located in the Blue Ridge e belt. The more easterly belts of younger rocks have undergone progres-sively less metamorphism.
To the north and west are found a series of fault systems.
Since these faults are both numerous and extensive, they can be grouped together and referred to as the overthrust zone, as shown on Plate II-1.
These faults no doubt resulted from the formation of the Appalachians.
The great system of thrust faults in the overthrust zone and most of the known faulting within the crystalline-metamorphic zone apparently occurred during the last period of metamorphism (260 r.illion years ago).
Subsequently, during the Triassic Period (180 to 225 million years ago), sediments were deposited over parts of the exposed meta-morphic belts. These deposits and the older metamorphics were intruded by a system of northwest-trending diabase dikes and were faulted by northeast-trending normal faults in late Triassic time (200 million
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-/ years ago). Some of the older f aults within the crystalline-metamorphic zone may have been active at this time.
I From late Triassic time until the present, the coastal plain has accumulated a sedimentary cover over its crystalline-metamorphic
, bedrock. These sediments overlap the bedrock and thicken toward the
! southeast, effectively masking any ancient faulting in the basement.
It is considered possible that igneous activity has occurred in the region after the Triassic because volcanic bentonitic clays of Eocene (approximately 50 million years ago) and possible Miocene age (12 million years ago) have been mapped in the sediments of the coastal plain in South Carolina. The source of this volcanic activity is l presently unknown.
l Faulting: The names, distances and directions from the pro-posed site, and the probable age of the known faulting in the region are as follows:
! Distance-Direction Probable Age Name From Site Millions of Years Brevard Fault 11 Miles NW 260 Dahlonega Fault 40 Miles W 260 Whitestone Fault 47 Miles NW 260 Towaliga Fault 90 Miles S 260 Cartersville Fault 104 Miles W 260 s Gold Hill Fault 115 Miles E 260 Goat Rock Fault 140 Miles SW 260 Triassic, Deep River Basin, N.C. and S.C. 140 Miles E 200 Triassic, Danville
, Basin, N.C. 145 Miles NE 200 Crisp and Dooly Counties, Ga. 190 Miles SW 12 to 70 Probable Triassic Basin, Charleston, S. C. 200 Miles SE 200 The locations of these faults with respect to the site are shown on Plate II-1.
The first seven faults are all associated with the last i metamorphic period. The Brevard, Whitestone, Dahlonega and Carters-ville faults apparently form an interrelated syster.. This system separates the eastern metamorphic belts from the Blue Ridge metamor-phic belt and the overthrust zone on the west.
! The To Jaliga, Goat Rock and Gold Hill Faults and the Kings Mountain belt apparently form another interrelated alignment within the eastern metamorphic belts. The Kings Mountain belt is not considered 4
a fault. Its association and alignment in relation:'to the three known faults mentioned and the location of earthauake epicenters within the area bounded by these features, lead to the conclusion that these features form an interrelated alignment. ~
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There is no surface indication that any of these three faults have been active since the Triassic Period (200 million years ).
Two fault locations in the region have been thoroughly inves-tigated by borings. These are the Cartersville fault near the Allatoona Dam and the Ocoee-Conasauga fault in Georgia. These faults were found to be completely healed and not +.o have moved in many millions of years.
The Triassic basins of the Carolinas and further north may be due to the release of the compressional forces which formed the Appalachians. These basins are down-faulted grabens which are filled with Triassic sediments. Two earthquakes in the vicinity of McBee, South Carolina, may be related to an extension of a Triassic basin which has been inferred in the Chesterfield-Durham area.
Some faulting within the tertiary sediments in Dooly, Crisp and Clay Counties, Georgia, has been mapped. The true areal extent of this faulting is unknown. This faulting apparently ranges from Cre-taceous to possibly Miocene in age (70 to 12 million years).
The earthquake activity near Charleston, South Carolina, may indicate an active fault in that region. However, no evidence of surface faulting has been found.
SITE GEOLOGY The bedrock at the site consists of a banded biotite-hornblende gneiss and granite gneiss. The surface of the gneiss has weathered unevenly. The depth to sound, but weathered, rock ranges from about five to about 37 feet below present ground surface in the site area.
There are no apparent faults in or near the plant site. How-ever, small concealed faults are possible in the area. It is considered unlikely that any such small faults could be considered to be active.
Any such small faults are likely to be associated with the last igneous activity in the area, which occurred during either late Permian or late Triassic time (260 cr 200 million years ago).
SEISMIC HISTCRY A considerable number of eartt. quakes have been felt in the region. However, most of these shocks resulted in little or no damage.
A plot of the more significant shocks, those having a recorded intensity of Modified Mercalli V or larger, is shown on Plate II-2, Earthquake Epicenters.
Accurate locations fer earthquake epicenters have only been available since the installation of modern seismographs in the region.
Previous to these installations, epicentral locations, based upon known damage and reports of pecple who felt the earthquake, could be in con-siderable error. Even with instrumental locations, epicenters could be in error by 20 miles or so. It is estimated that major shocks in the 11-4 )h8
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- unrecorded or were unreliably located.
Several large earthqpakes outside the area shown on Plate II-2 j
have been felt in the region. North of the region, the closest major shocks had epicenters in the St. Lawrence Rift valley or on the folded and faulted coast of Massachusetts. The :atastrophic earthqpakes of 1811 and 1812 near New Madrid, Missouri, approximately 480 miles from the site, are the closest known large earthqpakes to the west. These shocks were probably related to the Ozar< Dome. With the exception of
' the earthqvakes at Charleston, South Carolina, no major shocks have occurred south or east of the site within the continental United States.
These distant large earthquakes are unrelated to any of the known faulting within the crystalline-metamorphic or overthrust zones in which the site is located.
The largest earthqqakes close to the site occurred near
] Charleston in August, 1886, some 200 miles frcm the site. Two shocks, t occurring closely in time, had an intensity estimated to be about j Modified Mercalli IX at the epicenter and were perceptible over an area of greater than two million sqpare miles. However, damage was confined to a relatively small area. Aftershocks of the main earth-qpake had intensities ranging up to Modified Mercalli VII. These shocks
, may be associated with a downfaulted Triassic basin under the coastal plain.
t The large number of small to moderate sized earthqpakes close to the site are of greater significance than the aforementioned large but qpite distant shocks.
, The region surrounding the site can be divided into three major areas on the basis of the regicnal tectonics and the seismic l history. These major seismic areas are:
- 1) the overthrust zcne and Blue Ridge metamorphic belt;
- 2) the crystalline-metamorphic zone, exclusive l of the Blue Ridge belt; and ;
- 3) the coastal plain.
These zones are similar to the zones already discussed under l l Tectonics, but have slightly different boundaries. The greatest number of recorded shocks have occurred within the overthrust zone and
, the Blue Ridge metamorphic belt northwest of the Brevard, Whitestone,
- Dahlonega and Cartersville fault system. The epicenters in this area are generally widely scattered.
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} There have been a small number of earthquakes within the
! crystalline-metamorphic zone, exclusive of the Blue Ridge metamorphic belt. These earthqqakes, extending from central Georgia to North j Carolina, may be associated with the Towaliga, Goat Rock, Gold Hill, ,
Kings Mountain alignment.
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The coastal plain has experienced few earthquakes outside of the Charleston area. Four shocks, at Wilmington, North Carolina and Savannah, Georgia, have occurred but are unrelated to any known faulting, although the Wilmington shocks were adjacent to the Cape Fear Arch.
The only earthquake which does not closely fit this system of seismic areas is the 1924 shock in Pickens County, South Carolina (MM V Intensity). However, it is likely that this earthquake is associ-ated with the overthrust-Bitme Ridge seismic area.
A list of the shocks in the region has been prepared and is presented in Appendix II-C.
EFFECTS OF EARTHOUAKE MOTIONS Two different methods of evaluating earthquakes are in general use. These are the Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity (damage) Scale and the Richter Magnitude Scale. The magnitude of, and the intensities re-sulting from, an earthquake are only indirectly related. The Richter Magnitude is an approximate measure of the total amount of energy re-leased by an earthquake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity, however, is an estimate of the amount of damage caused at a particular site by an earthquake . The intensity of an earthquake at a particular site is only a general indicator of the amount of ground motion since it is a damage criteria and, therefore, dependent on structiral considerations as well as ground motion amplitude. The actual amp l.itude of ground motion at a particular site is dependent upon the following factors:
- 1) the total amount of energy released by an earthquake;
- 2) the distance of the site from the focus of the earthquake; and
- 3) the thickness and dynamic properties of the materials above the basement rock complex.
The Richter and Modified Mercalli scales are further explained in Appendix II E.
It is understood that the proposed foundation level for the major units of the plant is between Elevations 765 and 770. The planned depths will place all foundations within the sound gneissic bedrock.
In general, it may be said that structures founded upon firm soils and rock have performed well in major earthquakes.
Certain general conclusions can be drawn from the inforniation available from a number of earthquakes.
- 1) the amplification of ground motion which can occur in soft soils would not be expected in a hard rock site, such as the Oconee Nuclear '
Power Plant site; and '
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2) damaging occurrences such as liqpefaction or fatigue-type failure observed in soils would not be expected in a rock formation.
Geophysical studies were made at the site to further evaluate the site response characteristics. These investigations are described in Appendix II- A. Seismic refraction surveys and uphole velocity measurements indicate that the sound bedrock has a compressional wave velocity of between 10,000 and 14,000 feet per second.
Although the information can only be considered in a quali-tative manner, it is of interest to note that unusually large amounts of explosives were reqpired to produce the reqpired amplitude of wave motion for the seismic surveys. Up to 70 pounds of explosives were used in a single shot. The subsurface materials at the site appear to be extremely absorbent. Similar work would normally reqpire only approximately five pounds of explosives to produce the same or more energy. Recordings of microtremors also showed an extremely low ampli-tude of natural ground motion at the site.
ASEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA The assignment of probable future earthqpake activity can only be based upon the previous record and the known geology of the area.
(x-') Although the seismic history of the region is fairly short, a reasonable picture of the seismicity of the area becomes apparent from a study of the epicenter locations and the regional tectonics.
There are three significant zones of seismic activity in the general vicinity of the site; the Brevard and related faults zone, the overthrust zone and the Towaliga, Goat Rock, Gold Hill, Kings Mountain alignment.
An evaluation of the earthqqake activity and the regional geology can result in the selection of a series of maximum-sized shocks which are likely to occur in these various areas. Conservatively, we can assume that the previous maximum-sized shock on a particular fault zone can occur during the economic life of the proposed power sea-tion at perhaps the nearest approach of the particular fault system to the proposed site. This assumption will result in an investigation of the following shocks:
Estimated (MM) Intensity Magnitude Zone Location at Eoicenter (Richter)
Brevard Fault isne 11 Miles NW VI Less than 4h to 5 Overthrust Zone 75 Miles NW VIII Less than 7s ) Sh to 6 g
Towaliga, Goat Rock, Gold Hill, Kings Less than Mountain Alignment 30 Miles SE VII-VIII Sh to 6 II-7 191
It is considered likely that these shocks could occur no closer than the indicated distances from the site during the life of the planned facilities. Since the magnitudes of these shocks are fairly small, the distance from the epicenter becomes extremely important. Grcund accelerations would diminish rapidly with the dis-tance from the epicenter. Although larger earthquakes occur within other fault zones, the highest ground accelerations at the site would be experienced from an earthquake along the Brevard fault zone. The assumption of a shock of less than Richter Magnitude five occurring along the Brevard fault zone at its closest location to the site (11 miles ), would give ground motions on the order of five percent of gra-vity at the site. Vertical ground accelerations, as contrasted to the hori:cntal accelerations, would be only slightly less than five per-cent of gravity in the competent rock at the site. Five percent of gravity should be used for both vertical and horizontal ground accel-erations in the decign of the station.
Our estimate of the ground motion and respense spectrum for the design shock as mentioned above is presented on Plates II-3 and II-4, Recommended Ground Motion Spectrum and Recommended Response Spectra.
The Recommended Ground Motion Spectrum on Plate II-3 shows the expected maximum ground acceleration, velocity and displacement versus frequency at the site for the design earthquake. This plot is the expected ground motions of a particle within the rock at founda-tien level, and does not indicate the motions to be expected within a structure. For any but a rigid or highly damped structure, amplifi-cation of the imposed ground motion will take place. Thus, another plot, representing the effect of the earthquake ground motion on the building, is needed. This plot is called the Recommended Response Spectra.
The upper curve on the Recommended Response Spectra, Plate II-4, shows the expected maximum acceleration, velocity and displace-ment versus frequency that would be experienced by a simple inverted pendulum which has no damping if the pendulum was excited by the ground motions specified in the Recommended Ground Motion Spectrum. The other curves en Plate II-4 are plotted to show the effects of damping.
In conclusion, it is believed that the foundation material, a competent rock, would have excellent strength properties during an earthcuake and relatively low amplifications of ground motion over that in the basement rock complex.
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The following Plates and Appendices are attached and complete this portion of the report:
Plate II-l ............. Regional Tectonics Plate II-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earthquake Epicenters Plate II-3 ............. Estimated Ground Motion Spectrum Plate II-4 ............. Estimated Response Spectrum Appendix II- A . . . . . . . . . . Field Studies Appendix II-B . . . . . . . . . . Laboratory Tests Appendix II-C . . . . . . . . . . Significant Earthquakes in the Southeast United States Appendix II-D . . . . . . . . . . Glossary Appendix II-E . . . . . . . . . . Intensity and Magnitude Scales Appendix II-F . . . . . . . . . . List of References l Respectfully submitted, DAMES f, MOORE oseph A. Fischer g
. 5i
.e M egistered Engineer N
O" JAF/BSP/FDP/af State of South Carolina No. 2379 r
O II-9}
,j APPENDIX II-A FIELD STUDIES Geolocic Investigations A geologic reconnaissance of the site and surrounding area was made. This reconnaissance consisted of examining nearby rock outcrops and rock cores from some of the borings drilled by Law Engineering Testing Company.
Seismic Investigations An uphole velocity survey was performed on Boring NA-9. A Dynametric Interval Timer, Model ll7- A, capable of measuring times of 0.0001 seconds, was used. Explosives in the boring of up to one-half pound of dynamite were used to create the shock wave. The calculated velocities from this survey are somewhat anomalous because of the weathered and fractured character of the rock. Two seismic refraction lines were shot across the site. A Mandrel Industries Interval Timer, ER-75,12-trace refraction seismo-
/ graph was used to record the lines. Explosives were used to provide the shock waves.
The location of the uphole boring and the seismic lines are shown on Plate II-A1, Location Map, Seismic Field Work. Two cross sections through the site along the seismic re-fraction lines are presented on Plate II-A2. The interpretations on these cross sections are based upon t'u uphole velocity survey, the seismic refraction lines and velocity measurements on core samples. This interpretation of the velocities is considered generally reliable. These velocites are general averages and small areas within the site may not fit the cross section because the character and the depth and degree of weathering of the rock at the site varies greatly in short distances. The water table elevation may also vary somewhat from that shown on the cross sections. The pattern of microtremor motion was recorded at the site. The instrument used is capable of a maximum gain of 150,000. However, this site is extremely quiet and no appreciable amplitudes were recorded. (For example, a truck passing along the road less than 75 feet from the geophone produced double amplitudes of only 2.5 x 10 -6 inches of ground motion.) Because of the extremely low anplitudes of both the micro-tremor and the refraction energies:, it was decided to perform an I attenuation curve of the ground mction produced by explosives. Both
/ the microtremor equipment and a Sprengnether Blast Recorder were used \ -)' to measure the ground motion at 50, 100, 200 and 400 feet from 40-pound charges. This attenuation curve was compared with attenuation II-10 l
curves from sites with known characteristics to gain a better idea of the probable ground motion characteristics of the site. The results of this data indicated a marked attenuation of ground motion with distance. The. data acquired from the field investigation is retained in our files and is available upon request.
-o00-The following Plates are attached and complete this Appendix:
Plate II-Al . . . . . Location Map, Seismic Field Work Plate II-A2 . . . . . Diagrammatic Cross Sections Through Seismic Lines O 1 l l l 1 l O II-ll j}}
j APPENDIX II-B LABORATORY TESTS Various laboratory tests were run on cores from Borings NA-4 and NA-10. Compressional wave velocity and specific gravity measure-ments were performed on four cores. The results of t$ese measurements are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS DEPTH of ROCK VELOCITY SPECIFIC BORING CORE DESCRIPTION (ft/sec) GRAVITY NA-9 8.5' Weathered Granite Gneiss 5,270 2.44 NA-4 31.0' Granite Gneiss 11,900 2.85 NA-4 66.0' Biotite Hornblende Gneiss 10,000 2.65 C'g) NA-9 90.0' Granite Gneiss 10,100 2.68 The following measurements were run on eight cores from the two borings: Young's modulus , Poisson's ratio and ultimate crushing strength. The results of these measurements are shown in Table 2. O fhh II- 12 ,,
~ O O '
i i , l TABLE 2 AVERAGE AVERAGE ULTIMATE ! DEPTH YOUNG'S POISSON'S CRUSHING i of MODU LUS RATIO STRENGTH BORING CORE DESCRIPTION OF ROCK (E) (psi) ((3) (psi) 1.5x10 6 NA-4 14.0' Weathered Granite Gneiss ( 0. 50 )* 5,000 ( 0. 28 ) NA-9 20.5' Weathered Granite Gneiss 1.8 x10 6 0.15 6,610 NA-9 41.0' Slightly Weathered 2.4x10 6 0.20 7,540 Granite Gneiss H [; NA-4 47.5' Granite Gneiss 4.8x10 6 0.18 15,520 NA-9 55.0' Biotite Hornblende Gneiss 4.1x10 6 0.11 *** , , NA-9 59.5' Granite Gneiss 5.1x10 6 0.20** 16,480 i NA-9 71.5' Biotite Hornblende Gneiss ( 3.2x106 )* 0.21 8,270 (11.4x10 ) NA-9 98.0' Granite Gneiss 5.9x106 0.20 12,320 i NOTES:
- Values are too far apart to average.
** Single value, other strain gauge set did not work, m *** End failure on weak area of core, value approximately 11,000
~4)
! 'sJ
-. . _ _ - _ _ _ . . _~
O O O APPEllDIX II-C SIGIIIFICAtJT EARTHOUAKES IN THE SOUTHEAST UtJITED STATES (Intensity V or Greater) INTEf1SITY (Modified EPICEllTRAL LOCATION PERCEPTIBLE AREA
- YEAR DATE Mercalli) IIX:ALITY fl . LAT . W.LONG. (Square Miles )
1843 January 4 VIII Western Tennessee 35.2 90.0 400,000 1857 December 19 tiot Listed Charleston, S.C. 32.8 79.8 Not Idsted 1872 June 17 V Milledgeville, Ga. 33.1 83.3 Not Listed 1874 February 10 V McDowell County,N.C. 35.7 82.1 Local g April 17 7 g: 1875 November 1 VI Northern Georgia 33.8 82.5 25,000 1875 December 22 VII Arvonia, Virginia 37.6 78.5 50,000 1877 flovember 16 V Western N.C. and 35.5 84.0 5,000 Eastern Tennessee 1879 December 12 V Charlotte, N.C. 35.2 80.8 Not Listed 1884 January 18 V Wilmington, N.C. 34.3 78.0 Local 1885 August 6 IV-V North Carolina 36.2 81.6 Local 1886 February 4 V Alabama 32.8 88.0 1,600 1886 August 31 I X-X Charleston, S.C. 32.9 80.0 2,000,000 1886 October 22 VI Charleston, S.C. 32.9 80.0 30,000 October 22 VII Charleston, S.C. 32.9 80.0 30,000 W U CX) November 5 VI 32.9 30,000 E2 1886 Charleston, S.C. 80.0
IllTEllSITY (Modified EPICEllTRAL LOCATION PERCEPTIBLE AREA YEAR DATE Mercalli) LOCALlTY ll . LAT . W. IDf1G . (Square Miles ) 1889 July 19 VI Memphis, Tenn. 35.2 90.0 Local 1897 April 30 IV - V Tennessee and 111. flot Listed flot Listed flot Listed 1897 December 18 V Ashland, Virginia 37.7 77.5 7,500 1900 October 31 V Jacksonville, Pla. 30.4 81.7 Local 1902 October 18 V Southeastern Tenn. 35.0 85.3 1,500 and florthwestern Ga. 1903 January 23 VI Georgia and S.C. 32.1 81.1 10,000 s 1904 March 4 V Eastern Tenn. 35.7 83.5 5,000 7 C 1905 January 27-8 VII Alabama 34 86 250,000 1907 April 19 V South Carolina 32.9 80.0 10,000 1911 April 20 V florth Carolina- 35.2 82.7 600 South Carolina Border 1912 June 12 VII Summerville, S.C. 32.9 80.0 35,000 1912 June 20 V Savannah, Georgia 32 81 Not Listed 1913 January 1 VII-VIII linion County, S.C. 34,7 81.7 43,000
'913 March 28 VII Eastern Tennessee 36.2 83.7 2,700 1 '13 April 17 V Eastern Tennessee 35.3 84.2 3,500 1914 s'anuary 23 V Eastern Tennessee 35.6 84.5 Local 191' March 5- t3 Georgia 33.5 83.5 50,000 4
O O O
.- - - . -- _ . - - . . _ -_ - . _ - . - _ - - . - _ . _ - - . . . _ _ . _ -.----. - .-- ~_.
O O 1 INTENSITY '! (Modified EPICENTRAL LOCATION PERCEPTIBLE AREA i YEAR DATE Mercalli) LOCALITY N . LAT . W.LONG. (Square Miles ) 1914 September 22 V South Carolina 33.0 80.3 30,000 1915 October 29 V North Carolina 35.8 82.7 1,200 1916 February 21 VI Western N. C. 35.5 82.5 200,000 i 1916 August 26 V Western N. C. 36 81 3,800 1916 October 18 VII Alabama 33.5 86.2 100,000 j 1917 June 29 V Alabama 32.7 87.5 Local
- 1918 June 21 V Tennessee 36.1 84.1 3,000 h 1918 October 15 V Western Tennessee 35.2 89.2 20,000 i 5 1920 December 24 V Eastern Tennessee 36 85 Local q 1924 October 20 V Pickens County, S.C. 35.0 82.6 56,000 1926 July 8 VI Southern Mitchell 35.9 82.1 Local County, N.C.
1927 June 16 V Alabama 34.7 86.0 2,500 1928 November 2 VI Western N.C. 36.0 82.6 40,000 f
- 1931 May 5 V - VI Northern Alabama 33.7 86.6 6,500
, 1933 December 19 IV - V Summerville, S.C. 33.0 80.2 Local }' rs) 1935 January 1 V North Carolina- 35.1 83.6 7,000 c) Georgia Border i CZ) 4 4
INTENSITY (Modified EPICENT RAL LOC ATION PERCEPTIBLE AREA YEAR DATE Mercalli) LOCALITY N.LAT. W.LONG. (Square Miles ) 1939 May 4 V Anniston, Ala. 33.7 05.8 Not List ed 1941 November 16 V - VI Covington, Tenn. 35.5 89.7 local 1945 June 13 V Cleveland, Tenn. 35 84.5 Hot Listed 1945 July 26 VI Murray Lake, S.C. 34.3 81.4 25,000 1952 November 19 V Charleston, S.C. 32.8 80.0 Not Li sted 1952 July 16 VI Dyersburg, Tenn. 36.2 89.6 Not Listed [ 1954 January 22 V Athens and Etowah, 35.3 84.4 Not Listed 4 Tennessee u 1954 April 26 V Memphis, Tenn. 35.2 90.1 Not Listed 1955 January 25 VI Tenn-Arkansas- 35.6 90.3 30,000 Missouri Border 1955 March 29 VI Finley, Tenn. 36.0 89.5 Not Listed 1955 September 5 V Finley, Tenn. 36.0 89.5 Not Listed 1955 September 28 V Virginia-N.C. Not Listed Not Listed 1,700 Border 1955 December 13 V Dyer County, Tenn. 36 89.5 Not Listed 1956 September 7 VI Eastern Tennessee 35.5 84.0 8,300 1956 January 28 VI Tennessee-Arkansas 35.6 89.5 Not Listed Border 1957 April 23 VI Northern Alabama 34.5 86.7 11,500 ps) O l __. 9 9 9
fs /m ('J) \s IllTENSITY Modified EPICEllTRAL LOCATIOff PERCEPTIBl.E AREA YEAR DATE Mercalli ) LOCALITY N.LAT. ,W. IfAIG. (Square Miles ) 1957 May 13 VI Western fl. C. 35.7 82 8,100 1957 June 23 V Eastern Central 36.5 84.5 Not Listed Tennessee 1957 July 2 VI Western N.C. 35.5 83.5 Not Listed 1957 November 24 VI florth Carolina- 35 83.5 4,100 Tennessee Border 1958 March 5 V Wilmington, N.C. 34.2 77.7 Not Listed April 8 V Obion County, ' an. 36.2 89.1 400 h l?58 5 1958 October 20 V Anderson, S.C. 34.5 82.7 Local 1959 August 3 VI South Carolina 33 79.5 25,000 1959 August 12 VI Alabama-Tennessee 35 87 2,800 Border 1959 October 26 VI Northeastern S.C. 34.5 80.2 4,800 1959 December 21 V Finley, Tenn. 36 89.5 400 1960 January 28 V Dyer County, Tenn. 36 89.5 Local 1960 March 12 V !! ear Coast, S.C. 33 79. 3,500 1960 April 15 V Eastern Tenn. 35.7 84 1,300 N Lake County, Tenn. 36.3 89.5 Local CD 1960 April 21 V N Local V Charleston, S.C. 33 80 1960 July 23 s.
i APPENDIX II-D GLOSSARY i TERM DEFINITION Focus Point within the earth at which the earth-quake starts. Epicenter The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake Intensity A term to describe earthquakes by the degree of shaking at a specified place. This is not based upon measurement, but is a rating assigned by an experienced observer using a descriptive scale. The descriptive scale is called the Modified Mercalli Scale, and , is described in Appendix II-E. 1 Magnitude The rating of an earthquake based on a measure of the energy released. The i rating scale is called the Richter Scale, and is described in Appendix II-E.
- Ground Motien Spectrum A plot of the maximum amplitudes of the simple harmonic components of ground motion against the period cf the ground motion.
The spectrum may be prepared from records or may be calculated. Response Spectrum A plot of the maximum amplitudes of simple oscillators (of varying natural periods ) i for a recorded or calculated ground motion. 1 l Ground Acceleration The acceleration observed at the ground surface due to an earthquake or other energy source. '
] Microtremor Short-period, 1cw-amplitude ground motions I which normally reflect the dynamic characteristic of the ground.
Attenuation Curve A plot of the decreasing amplitude of ground motion with respect to increasing i distance from an energy source. Velocity of Wave Velocity at which energy moves through Propagation soil or rock in the form of wave motion. II-19 203
__ - - . - ~ - _ - .___ APPENDIX II-E INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE SCALES , MODIFIED MERCALLI Ih"rENSITY SCALE OF 1931 (Abridged) The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is a measure of the perceptibility of and the damage caused by an earthquake. It has no relationsbip to the amount of energy released by an earthqpake. I. N;t felt except by a very few under aspecially favorable circumstances . (I Rossi-Forel Scale. ) II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing. (I to II Rossi-Forel Scale.) III. Felt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings, but many people do not recognize it as an earth-apake. Standing motorcars may rock slightly. Vibration like passing of truck. Duration estimated. (III Rossi-Forel Scale. ) IV. Durir.g the day felt indoors by many, curdoors by few. At night some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make (~^ creaking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
; Standing motorcars rocked noticeably. (IV to V Rossi-Forel Scale.)
V. Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some dishes, windows, etc., broken; a few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned. Disturbances of trees, poles, and other tall objects sometimes noticed. Pendulum clocks may stop. (V to VI Rossi-Forel Scale. ) VI. Felt by all; mac.v frightened and run outdoors. Scme heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys. Damage slight. (VI to VII Rossi-Forel Scale. ) VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by persens driving motorcars. (VIII Rossi-Forel Scale.) VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse; great 1 in poorly built structures. Panel walls thrown out of frame ! structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, acnu-ments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected in small amounts. Changes in well water. Persons driving motorcars disturbed. O
~
II-20
- -_,,a - - - - - - - - , , , _ - - . , . , - - - - - - , - . ..,, n. -
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i i i l IX. Damage ccnsiderable in specially designed structures; well-l designed frame structures thrcwn cut of plumb; great in 1 substantial buildings, with partial ecllapse. Buildings shifted off fcundations. Grcund cracked conspicucusly.Under-ground pipes brcken. (IX, Rossi-Forel Scale.) X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most mascnry and j frame structures destroyed with foundaticns; ground badly 1 cracked. Rails bent. Landslides considerable frcm river banks and steep sicpes. Shifted sand and mud. Water splashed (slcpped) over banks. (X Rossi-Forel Scale.) XI . Few, if any, (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. 3rcad fissures in ground. Underground pipelines
- cmpletely cut of service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. Rails bent greatly.
XII. Damage tctal. Waves seen cn ground surface. Lines of sight and level distcrted. Obiects thrcwn upward into the air. i O 1 l 205
'~
II-21 t I _ _ . _ . - - _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _
%J THE RICHTER SCALE Dr. C. F. Richter develcped a magnitude -cale which is based on the maximum recorded amplitude of a standard seismograph located at a distance of 100 kilometers from the source of a shallow earth-quake. The magnitude is defined by the relationship M = log A - log Ag . In this equation, A is the recorded trace amplitude for a given earth-quake at a given distance written by the standard instrument, and A o is the trace amplitude for a particular eartnquake selected as a standard. The zero of the scale is arbitrarily fixed to fit the small-est recorded earthquakes . The largest known earthquake magnitudes are on the order of 8-3/4; however, this magnitude is the result of obser-vaticns and not an arbitrary scaling. The upper limit to magnitude is not kncwn. It is estimated that it may be about 9. An approximate relationship between Magnitude M and the Energy E liberated has been given by Richter in the form icg E = C + SM. The constants C and B have been revised a number of times. Fcr large magni-tude shocks, C = 7.5 and B = 2.0 can be used. The Richter Scale is therefore a measure of the comparative amounts of energy released by different earthquakes . (v s s 4 II-22 206
APPENDIX II-F /~'N LIST OF REFERENCES General Geolcav
- 1. Overstreet and Bell 1965, The Crvstalline Rocks of Scuth Carolina, United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1183 and Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations, Map I-413.
- 2. Crickmay, G. W. 1952, Geology of The Crystalline Rocks of Georgia, Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin No. 58,
- 3. King, P. B.1951, The Tectenics of Middle North America, Princeton University Press,
- d. Geologic Mac of Ncrrh Carolina with explanatory text 1958, State of North Carolina, Department of Conservation and Development.
- 5. Geolocic Mao of Gecreia 1939, Georgia Divisicn of Mines, Mining and Geology.
- 6. Geolocic Mac of Ea'st Tennessee with explanatory test 1953, Tennessee Division or Geolcgy Bulletin 58.
7 Tectenic Mac of The United States 1962 by the United States Geological Survey and The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. (
- 8. Reed and Bryant 1964, " Evidence for strike slip faulting along the Brevard ecne in North Carolina," Geological Socierv of America Bulletin, Volume 75, No. 12.
- 9. Reed, J. C. Jr. and others,1961, The Brevard Fault in North and South Carolina, United States Geological Survey Prof essional Paper 424-C.
- 10. White, W. A.1950, " Blue Ridge front - a fault scarp," Geolccical Societv of America Bulletin, Volume 61, No. 12.
Areal Geology
- 1. Conn, William V., Engineerina Geology of the Keowee-Toxaway Project for Duke Power Company, Decemoer 16, 1965
- 2. Conn, William V, Engineering Geology of Oconee Nuclear Station for Duke Power Company, October 26, 1966.
- 3. Law Engineering Testing Company Reports on Preliminary Foundation Studies for Oconee Nuclear Station, October 26, 1966.
O v r II-23 207
- 4. Brown, C. Q. and Cazeau, C. J.1963, " Guide to the geology of Pickens and Ocenee Counties," Geolocic Notes South Carolina .
Divisicn of Geolocy, Volume 7, No. 5.
- 5. Cazeau, C. J., Geology and Mineral Resources of Ocenee County, Scuth Carolina, to be published as Bulletin 34, South Carolina Division or Geology
- 6. Geolcaic Mao of Six Mile Quadrangle to be published by Scuth Caroline Divisicn or Geology, MS Map Series.
- 7. Geolocic Mac of Clemson Quadranole by Brown, C. Q. and Cazeau, C.J.
Scuth Carolina Division of Geology, MS-9.
- 8. Cazeau, C. J.1963, " Geology and Structure of the Pendleton -
LaFrance area, northwestern Scuth Carolina," Scuth Carolina Divisien of Geolcov Geolcaic Notes, Volume 7, No. 3 and 4 Seismolocy .
- 1. Earthcuake Historv of the United States - Part I 1965, United States Department of Ccmmerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D. C.
- 2. United States Earthcuakes - (Serial Publications, 1928 through 1963 ) United States Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washingren, D. C .
- 3. Freliminarv Determination of Eoicenters - (Card Series 1964 thrcugh 1966) United States Department of Commerce, Coast and Gecderic Survey, Washingten, D. C.
4 Richter, Charles F. 1958, Elementarv Seismoloov, W. H. Freeman and Ccmpany, San Francisco. 5 Dutton, C. E.1889, "The Charlesten Earthquake of August 31, 1886," Ninth Annual Reoort of the United States Geolcaical Survev, Washington, D. C.
- 6. MacCarthy, Gerald R. 1957, "An Annotated List of North Carolina Earthquakes," Jcurnal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Societv, Volume 73, No. 1, pages 84-100.
7 MacCarthy, Gerald R.1963, "Three Forgotten Earthquakes ," Bulletin of the Seismolcaical Scciety of America, Volume 53, No. 3, pages 68 7-692.
- 8. MacCarthy, Gerald R. 1961, " North Carolina Earthquakes, 1958 and 1959 with Additions and Corrections to Previcus Lists ," Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Societv, Volume 77, No. 1, pages 62-64 9
208 II-24
l j m
- 9. MacCarthy, Gerald R.1956, "A Marked Alignment of Earthqqake
) Epicenters in Western North Carolina and Its Tectonic Implica-tiens," Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Scciety, Volume 72, No. 2, page s 2 74-2 76.
- 10. MacCarthy, Gerald R. and Washkam, Jchn D. 1964, " The Virginia-North Carolina Blue , Ridge Earthquake of OctcLcr 28, 1963,"
Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Socierv, Volume 80, pages 82-84
- 11. MacCarthy, Gerald R. and Sinka, Evelyn Z. 1958, " North Carolina Earthqqakes: 1957," Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Volume 74, No. 2, pages 117-121.
- 12. Berkey, C.
Earthqpake P., of September 5, 1944,"A Geological and its Bearing Study en of thethePro-Massena - Cornwall posed St. Lawrence River Project." l
- 13. Fischer, J. A., " Earthquake Engineering," Dames S Mccre Encineer-ing Bulletin No. 23.
i J 1 II-25 mv,
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METECROLOGY INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to document the meteorological history of the general site area and provide information concerning all weather parameters pertinent to the design and operation of a nuclear plant site. Where possible, meteorological events and their frequen-cies are discussed as they would be expected to occur at the site. Major modification of the central portion of this site (lake, dams, etc.) will create significant climatology changes. This study attempts to assess what the changes will be and how they will affect nuclear plant operations. Realistic values for meteorological parameters are provided for entry into diffusion equations; and justification in turn is given for those values which represent any significant departure from standard practice. SCOPE
- The scope of our studies included
- 1) description of the general weather conditions which might affect nuclear plant design and/or operations;
- 2) documentation of the diffusion climatology for the site area;
- 3) assessment of the probable drainage wind conditicns at the site from a study of the terrain;
- 4) estimation of the diffusion and dilutior parameters appropriate for use under varying conditions at ,
this site; and l
- 5) preparation of recommendations and conclusions as to site adequacy from a meteorological standpcint. !
l i CLIMATIC DATA SOURCES Plate III-l illustrates the location of all stations subse-quently referred to in this section of the report. Stations to the north and west were deemed unrepresentative since they would tend to be dominated by full-scale mountain-valley effects. The nuclear site will be only a few miles, relatively speaking, from the first 2000-foot' contour elevation to the west and north as shown on Plate III-1. Higher mountains are only a few miles further in these directions. III-1 .
}}Q , - - m -, - ~ + -
O Clemson, South Carolina was the closest long-term record station where data could be readily found. The nearest 24-hour observing station was Greenville WBAS, Sou*.h Carolina, later to become Greenville-Spartanburg WBAS as the two cities merged their facilitics in 1962. Athens WBAS, Georgia was the closest upper air station of record. Columbia and Parr, South Carolina, Charlotte and Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and Augusta and Dawsonville, Georgia are all stations which are mentioned in the subsequent data and study material. Paris Mountain Fire Tower, North Carolina is specifically mentioned in the inversion frequency study. GENERAL SITE CLIMATOLOGY Surface Temperatures: The nearest station of long-term record was that of Clemson, South Carolina where some 68 years of record were available. The means and extremes shown in Table 1 for minimum tem-peratures wers alt on the cooler side than records available from the Greenville WBAS, South Carolina weather station and are regarded as more representative of the nuclear site area. The references for these records are listed as la through lf. Surface Precipitation: Clemson, South Carolina records were also used to gain estimates of rainfall statistics. Some 71 years of O record were available as shown in Table 2. Again references la through lf were used as source material. Considerable fluctuation in precipi-tation from month to month and from year to year is experienced from the normals shown in Table 2. From a brief examination of reference 2, it can be postulated that the normal annual precipitation for the site area will be actually about ten percent higher than at Clemson. The creation of a major lake area in the vicinity of the nuclear plant will serve to increase the precipitation approximately an additional five to ten percent, making the annual precipitation values roughly 60 to 61 inches. It is interesting to note that the maximum rainfall occurrences in short periods of time have all been associated with proximal tropi-cal storms or their aftermath. However, severe thunderstorms can produce similar amounts of rainf all in the same periods of time. SEVERE WEATHER Strong Winds: Reference 2 indicates that winds can be expected to reach a highest speed in excess of 50 miles per hour in any month of the year as an estimate of maximum winds to be encountered. Fourteen years of record for Greenville, South Carolina Municipal Air-port indicate that 50 miles per hour has been exceeded at least once for every month of the year except September where it was 47 Two months of the year showed values of 70 and 79 miles per hour, the former in January 1948, and the latter in October 1946. Clemson, South Carolina records (reference Ib) indicate that the highest one-minute wind speed was 73 miles per hour in June of 1948. O V , III-2
i t i i ! i TABLE 1 t j l ! SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OF) i l CLEMSON, S. C. (68 YEARS OF RECCRD)* 1 1 , ABSOLUTE MEAN MEAN ABSOLUTE i MONTH MIN. MIN. MEAN MAX. MAX. l Jan -5 +33 43,6 54 80 . Feb -7 34 45.5 57 82 l Mar +10 40 52.2 64 89 l l j Apr 24 48 60.5 73 93 - + May 33 57 68.9 81 100 I { Jun 42 65 76.2 88 105 . l l ! Jul 49 68 78 .6 89 1C4 l 1 j Aug 52 67 77.8 88 104 Sep 38 62 73.1 84 104 Oct 23 50 62.2 75 98 i Nov 10 39 51.4 64 86 j Dec +2 33 44.0 55 81 ANNUAL 22.6 49.7 61.2 72.7 93.8 i i l
- Refs la-f.
i k i 1 TABLE 1 l III-3 .. 212 1
i l 1 }
- l l
TABLE 2 l i SURFACE PRECIPITATION (INCHES) i CLEMSON. S. C. (71 YEARS OF RECORD) ** i l NORMALS i MONTH AMOUNT i Jan 4.88 Highest Annual 73.70 (1936) Feb 5 .28 Lcwest Annual 37.07 (1941) j Mar 5.23 Heaviest Snowfall 14.1 inches (Dec 1930) ! Apr 4.16 l May 3.83 Heaviest Rainf all - Shor t Periods of Time 4 1 Jun 4.32 in 1 hour 3.18 inches 7/17/40 . 1 l Jul 5.09 in 2 hours 4.38 inches 7/17/40 ) - i l Aug 4.91 in 3 hours 4.48 inches 7/17/40 i Sep 3.64 in 6 hours 4.48 inches 7/17/40 1 j Oct 3.25 in 12 hours 5.42 inches 8/12-13/40 , i :: / 3,04 in 24 hours 9.92 inches 9/29/36 1 Dec 5.27
- All Records Were Associated with Tropical Storms I ANNUAL 52.90 i
i ' ) l , I
** Refs la-f.
1 l 4
. TABLE 2 l
III-4 213
- 4. .- ._.____ .-_ ___, - _ _ . _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ , , - . _ _ _ _ , . . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ , _ . , , _ _ _ _ _ _ - .
/ Trooical Cvelones: In general, the threat of tropical storms in the f all months of the year (and sometimes in other months ) is present almost every year. Table 3 indicates the frequency of occur-rences of conditions which produce some effect on the weather at the nuclear plant site. In the 95 years of record shown, 164 storms of tropical origin affected the area in some manner. There were only 11 years in the 95 in which no storms affecting the area occurred. There were six years where more than twice the average number of storms occurred.
Despite the fact that so many storms have influenced the area, no hurricane conditions which would include damaging winds of major proportions have every been reported, so far as is known. Norm-ally, by the time a tropical cyclone has passed onto the continent to the nuclear site area, winds have always been reduced below hurricane strength. However, major problems have been encountered with rainfall amounts generally four to five inches within a 24-hour period and
- occasionally up to nine to te.1 inches. Stations within a 50-mile radius of the nuclear site hive reported up to double the latter amount but normally over more than a single 24-hour period. (Refer-ences 3, 4, 5 and 6.)
Tornadoes: Tornado events are rather rare and cover extremely small areas. In order to provide for more than a superficial estimate,
- it was decided to ascertain the frequency of tornadoes for Oconee County in South Carolina as well as those which occurred in the periph-eral counties in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Accord-ingly, records were examined for the following counties:
In Georgia: Rabun, Habersham, Stephens, Franklin and Hart In Scath Carolina: Oconee, Pickens and Anderson j In North Carolina: Macon, Jackson, Transylvania and , Henderson ! l (References 7, 8, 9,10, and 12 were consulted. ) The records revealed that five tornadoes had occurred in Oconee County and 17 in the peripheral counties in the 50-year period from 1916 through 1965. These storms, however, were only those which had tracks long enough to plot. In order to gain a more realistic figure, the overall statistics showed that each of these figures should be multiplied by 2.5 yielding 55 tornadoes in the 12-county area in the 50-ye r period. This is considered a reasonable estimate of those
, tornadoes which reached the ground. Funnel clouds not reaching the I
ground have also been observed but are not included in the above sta-tistics. Tornadoes reach their maximum frequency during the spring months of the year and normally are more likely in April and May at the site. The values above would indicate only 13 tornadoes in Oconee County in the 50-year period and the relative incidence.of tornadoes proximal to the site area would be small.
\m i
III-5 214 l l
. - - - . . . - --._ - . ~ - . . - - . . _ - - _ - - - . - - _ - . .
l i ; i I l TABLE 3 i FRECUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES 4 IN GECRGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA AND i NORTH CAROLINA PLUS COASTAL WATERS i i 1 i NO. YEARS l AVERAGE WITH NO NO. YEARS WITH ., PER TROPICAL DOUBLE THE i PERIOD (YEARS) TOTAL YEAR STORMS AVERAGE NO. i l 1871-1875 8 1.6 0 0 i j 1875-1885 18 1.8 1 1
; 1886-1895 19 1.9 2 1 l j
1896-1905 21 2.1 1 0 ! 1906-1915 16 1.6 0 0 t 1916-1925 12 1.2 3 2 1926-1935 16 1.6 1 0 i 1936-1945 12 1.2 1 1 l > 1946-1955 25 2.5 2 0 l 1956-1965 17 1.7 0 1 TOTAL ( 95 YEARS) 164 11 6 (References 3, 4 and 5) TABLE 3 l III-6
- 215
,--,,,-..~.~,.,.~---n- ,--->em-
l l I l O' Thunderstorms: Table 4 indicates the mean number of thunder-I storm days which are encountered in the plant site vicinity. A thunderstorm day is defined as a day in which thunder is heard at any time in the 24-hour period. Past experience indicates that increasing l the thunderstorm day statistic by 10 to 15 percent will provide a
- reasonable estimate of the frequency of actual thunderstorms in the area.
DIFFUSION CLIMATOLOGY Surface Winds: Table 5 illustrates the overall wind direction and speed statistics for a five-year period at Greenville, South Carolina. In general, the NE sector and the WSW sector (22.5 degree sectors) dominate the flow over the site area. The NNE, NE, and ENE sectors account for 30.7 percent of all winds while the SW, WSW, and W sectors account for 25.2 percent. These sectors combined then account for 55.9 percent of all winds at the Greenville, South Carolina airport station. This dominance is important as it continues to appear in all wind statistics in varying degrees as the study progresses. Apparently, the main reason for this dominance is the nearby Appalachian Mountain range which causes surface winds to channel toward these directions whenever the opportunity affords itself. 4 Winds of three knots or less occurred 17.4 percent of the time
' at Greenville. Winds greater than ten knots appear to favor the pre-vailing directions. (One knot = 0.515 meters per second. )
Table 6 illustrates the diurnal variation of wind speeds at various hours of the day. Lighter winds dominate the nighttime hours while the strongest winds tended to occur in the afternoon. The sta-tistics illustrate the typical diurnal pattern of wind speeds. Table 7 shows the frequency of calms and near-calm (winds equal to or less than one knot) conditions at three locations. Calm conditions occurred on the average some 332 hours per year or about 4.0 percent of the time. Of these calms, 93.4 percent lasted less than six hours. Wind speeds equal to or less than one knot occurred 4.21 percent of the time and of these conditions 93.5 percent lasted less than six hours. (The prolonged calm condition shown on Table 7 in the 36 - 41 hour -winter block was investigated. The observation was made at Charlotte, North Carolina immediately after the anemometer had been moved from a building top level to the ground. Thus one can ignore this as a statistic applicable to the discussion. ) Ucoer Winds: Tables 8 and 9 illustrate the percentage dis-tribution of annual winds at Athens, Georgia as observed at 0630 Eastern Standard Time. These statistics were derived from an analysis of the Adiabatic Chart records of the Athens, Georgia Rawinsonde data. The period of record was December 1,1959 through November 30, 1961. l The data have been analyzed and documented in reference 16. III-7
. .-....--__---._._..__-.-._.w -. ..- . -. _ . . _ . . . - - - - - . . . . - - . - _ _ _- .
I l P j ! t I L l l 1 j TABLE 4 * { 1 l MEAN MONTHLY THUNDERSTORM DAYS AND , l l 4 THUNDERSTCRMS FOR NUCLEAR PLANT SITE , j ! l THUNDERSTORM ! MONTH DAYS THUNDERSTORMS
+ t j Jan 1 1.1 !
i ! i Feb 1.5 1.6 : I i ) Mar 3.5 3.8 Apr 4 4.6 May 7 8.0 i Jun 11 12.6 l Jul 13 15.0 i Aug 10 11.5 ' l Sept 5 5.8 l 1 i Oct 1.5 1.6 l Nov 1.5 1.6 i l Dec 1 1.1 I ! ANNUAL 60 68.3 i I
- Reference 13 i
h . TABLE 4 III-8
- .~-
l 1
4 TABLE 5 # ! ANNUAL SURFACE WIND ROSE FOR I GREENVILLE SOUTH CAROLINA (3 '59 - 12/63)* 1
- Wind Wind Speeds in Kncts Total Mean 1-3 7-10 11-16 17-21 22-27 Direction 4-6 Freq. Soeed 1
N 1. 2 ** 2 . 4 2.2 1.1 0.1 .0 7.0 7.1 1 i NNE 0.8 2.7 2.7 1.0 0.1 .0 1.3 7.2 i i NE 1.2 5.2 6.0 2.1 0.2 .0 14.7 7.5 . ENE 0.8 3.6 3.2 1.0 0.1 .0 8.7 7.0 i l E 1.3 2.5 1.5 0.2 .0 .0 5.5 5.5 1 ESE 0.8 1.3 0.5 . 0 .0 .0 2.6 4.8 l j SE 0.9 1.4 0.4 . 0 .0 .0 2.7 4.6 SSE 0.5 1.0 0.4 . 0 .0 .0 1.9 5.1 S 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.1 .0 .0 4.1 5.4 SSW 0.5 1.9 1.5 0.4 0 .0 4.3 6.6 SW l.0 3.6 3.5 1.3 0.1 .0 9.5 7.2
.1SW 0.7 2.9 3.7 1.8 0.3 0.1 9.5 8.2 W 0.8 2.4 2.0 0.6 0.2 0 6.2 7.2 4
j WNW 0.6 2.2 1.2 0.4 0.1 .0 4.5 6.6 i NW l.1 2.4 0.7 0.2 0 .0 4.4 5.3 NNW 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.1 .0 3.5 6.7 l CALM 3.6 i 13.8 39.0 31.4 10.8 1.3 0.1 100.0 6.6
- Reference 14
^
i Percent Frequency
# These data are plotted on a schematic rose en Plate III- Al lcrated *'-
in Appendix A. , III-9 2llkBLE5
,,z- _--. , . _ - _ . . . _ _ , -,1. , , _ . , .,,,3-. ,..+,..--,-.m,
i l l 1 , 1 TABLE 6 ! l l PERCENT FREQ3ENCY OF WIND SPEEDS AT VARICUS HOURS
- THROUGH THE DAY - GREENVILLE. S. C. (1/59 - 12/63)*
l 4 Wind Speeds in Knots ; Hour 0 1-3 4-6 7-10 11-16 17-21 22-33 34+ l i ! 01 4.3 20.1 42.8** 25.2 7.0 .6 0 0 ) ! 04 4.7 21.0 42.9** 23.8 7.3 4 0 0 ! 07 4.1 19.0 39.6** 29.4 6.9 .9 .2 0 i 10 1.5 8.2 34.6 39.0** 15.7 1.4 .1 0 13 0.7 4.9 32.0 41.l** 18.4 2.6 4 0 16 0.6 6.1 31.6 41.2** 16.8 3.2 .6 0 19 2.9 14.0 46.5** 26.1 9.0 1.3 .1 .1 22 7.5 16.2 43.l** 25.3 6.6 1.1 .1 0 i Average 3.3 13.7 39.1** 31.4 11.0 1.4 .1 .1-Reference 14
** Indicates the Speed Class of the 50% Level i
TABLE 6 III-10 {jg i
O TABLE 7 DURATION AND FREQUENCY OF CALM AND NEAR-CALM WINDS f AVERAGE OF THREE LOCATIONS
- j (1/59 - 12/63)
A. Calm Conditions: Calm at all Locations Incidents / Seas on/S tation Duration (Hours) Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual 01-05 74.2 70.4 94.7 92.5 331.8 06-11 3.9 3.4 5.9 6.9 20.1 12-17 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.3 2.7 18-23 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 24-29 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30-35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36-41 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 TOTAL 355.1 O B. Average Wind Speed 1 Knot or Less 01-05 76.2 74.5 98.9 95.6 345.2 1 06-11 4.0 3.5 6. 7.1 20.7 12-17 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.3 2.7 18-23 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 i 24-35 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36-41 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1 TOTAL 369.1 i Frequency of incidents / season / station were determined by dividing 15 into total number of occurrences for each season-duration group (5 years of record times 3 stations = 15). .
- Reference 15 - The three locations were Charlotte WBAS , Winston-Salem WBAS ,
North Carolina; and Greenville WBAS and Greenville-Spartanburg WBAS, South Carolina.
)
v TABLE 7 III-11 (Revised 4-18-67) 22.0 i
! TABLE 8 l PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ATHEUS, GEORGIA l ; ANNUAL WINDS AT 0630 EASTERN STANDARD TIME I (800-1300 FEET ABOVE GROUND) I 1 i Wind ) Direction 1-5
- 6-10 11-14 1 15 Tct31s i
l N 1.84 1.55 0.14 0 3.53 i NNE 0.99 0.14 0.28 0 1.41 ' I ! ! NE 2.11 1.55 0.42 0 4.09 ! 1 l l ENE 2.82 5.08 3.24 1.97 13.12 1 j E 2.26 3.95 1.13 0 7.33 l ESE 2.12 2.12 0.71 0.14 5.08 1 l i
- SE 1.41 0.99 0.85 0.14 3.39 i
j SSE 1.27 1.27 0.28 0.14 2.96 I l 5 1.83 0.42 0.28 0.14 2.68 I SSW 2.32 2.12 0.71 0.28 5.22 j SW 1.41 3.95 1.13 0.42 6.31
, WSW l.55 2.96 1.13 0.28 5.92 W 2.96 4.09 2.54 0.71 10.30 WNW 2.40 4.94 4.37 1.13 12.83 NW 1.83 5.22 3.10 0.14 10.30 NNW 2.12 1.83 0.20 0 4.23 i
Calm 0.71 31.03 12.17 20.6 5.50 100.01
- Wind Speeds in Meters /Sec l # A wind rose portraying the above statistics is shown on Plate III-A2 4
located in Appendix A. TABLE 8 III-12 221
} i TABLE 9 j PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ATHENS, GECRGIA ANNUAL WINDS AT 0630 EASTERN STANDARD TIME ) (2300-2800 FEET ABOVE GROUND) # j i i Wind Direction 1-5
- 6-10 11-14 1 15 Totals N 1.46 1.32 0.44 0.44 3.66 NNE 1.61 0.88 0.15 0 2.64 NE 1.75 0.88 0.29 0.15 3.07 ENE 2.19 2.78 1.02 0.88 6.87 I
i E 1.90 4.24 0.44 0.29 6.87 i ESE 2.34 2.78 0.29 0.44 5.85 i i SE 1.32 1.02 0.29 0.29 2.92 SSE 1.61 1. l 0.29 0.88 4.39 S 1.32 1.;0 0.44 0.88 4.54 SSW l.61 1.32 0.88 0.88 4.69 SW 2.92 3.22 1.02 1.61 8.77 1 1 WSW l.70 4.09 1.02 1.02 7.83 i W 2.78 4.53 2.34 2.49 12.14 q WNW 3.95 4.53 2.92 2.19 13.59 )
- NW l.46 2.34 1.75 1.90 7.45 NNW 1,32 2.49 0.73 0.29 4.83 l
- Calm 0.44
, 31.24 39.93 14.31 14.63 100.+
1
- Wind Speeds in Meters /Sec
.4 A wind rose portraying the above statistics is shown en Plate III-A3 located in Appendix A.
l TABLE 9 III-13 ,,,.
=. . - - - - _ _ _ . _ - -. - . - . . _ _ . - - - -
J O The winds observed over Athens, Georgia are probably more representative than those from any other Rawinsonde station near the site. Note that the height above ground in each table is variable. This is because the winds are normally transmitted at standard pressure levels in the atmosphere rather than at fixed heights. Table 8 indicates that the wind sectors which dominate the flow at around 1000 feet above terrain are the NE, ENE, and E sectors (24.54 percent) and the W, WNW and NW sectors (33.43 percent). These sectors combined account for about 58 percent of all winds. Compared to the surface winds, there has been a shift of daninance from the northeast sector to the northwest - more westerly flow. Calms occurred only 12 times. Table 9 portrays wind conditions 2300-2800 feet above the ground. At this level, wind sector dominance has shifted to westerly flow. In fact, the -WSV, W, and WNW sectors account for 33.6 percent of all winds, whereas the SW, WSW, W, WFW, and NW sectors account for
, 49.8 percent of all winds. Calms occurred less than eight times in the total period of record.
l The combination of the surface and upper winds indicates that in the layer between the ground and about 3000 feet, there is likely to be considerable wind shear. As a matter of interest, change in wind direction with height was examined in a previous study (reference
- 16) as a function of the lapse rate in the lower 50 meters of the atmosphere. The results for the two-year period of record are shown in Table 10. Note that the directional shear for stable conditions is from 50 to 100 percent greater than for unstable conditions. This would favor slightly greater diffusive properties at the site than would be calculated with a single wind direction prevailing through-4 out the diffusion period during a stable condition, particularly if any significant depth of atmosphere is taken into account.
PRECIPITATION WINDS Statistics related to wind directions and speeds while pre-I cipitation is falling are shown in Table 11. The most frequent wind i sectors are NNE, NE, and ENE which accourt for 52 percent of all pre-cipitation winds. The table is set up in terms of precipitation intensities. Precipitation rates determine these intensities and are normally classed as light, moderate and heavy. Approximately 90 per-cent of all precipitation at Greenville, South Carolina during this five-year period was light, seven percent was moderate and about three percent was heavy. Comparison with all of the surface wind data in Table 5 shows that with winds from the southwest through west to north (the mountain exposure side), precipitation occurs about five percent of
- the time, while all other directions experience twice this percentage.
O . III-14 -
_ y i } l 1 TABLE 10 i l AVERAGE WIND DIRECTION CHANGE WITH HEIGHT, i ,
- ATHENS. GEORGIA. BY LAPSE RATES IN THE LOWEST 50 METERS
l l I TWO YEARS OF RECORD
- 1 Height Above
- Ground (meters) Stable Unstable l
- 50 4.6 0 3 l 100 9.6 0 60 l l i
! 150 14.2 U 8.4 l l'
200 18.60 110 i 250 25 0 13.6c l 0 ! 300 28 17.5 0 ( 350 33 19.2 0 l
- 400 37 21.10 II I
i l
- Reference 15 l
i 1 I l I
\ l i
I i j TABLE 10 III-15 I
-- _ . _____ _ . ___ _ - __ _ _ . - . . ., . _ . , _ _ _ , . _ . . ~_, _ . __, __, . _._--,.m.,__.
TABLE 11 PRECIPITATION - WIND STATISTICS - GREENVILLE. S. C. 1959-1963 (By Precipitation Intensities *) WIND LIGHT MODERATE HEAVY TOTAL DIRECTION % SPEED % SPEED % SPEED % SPEED N 0.351 6.58 0.030 6.69 0.023 12.10 0.404 6.90 NNE 0.659 7.62 0.052 9.26 0.018 8.50 0.729 7.76 NE 2.526 9.19 0.219 10.97 0.082 10.00 2.827 9.35 ENE 1.381 8.24 0.128 9.52 0.034 7.53 1.543 8.33 E 0.486 6.16 0.057 6.28 0.018 10.25 0.561 6.30 ESE 0.221 5.45 0.014 5.83 0.009 7.25 0.244 5.54 SE 0.203 4.98 0.023 5.70 0.018 7.25 0.244 5.22 SSE 0.171 5.95 0.016 7.29 0.014 6.83 0.201 6.12 S 0.399 6.93 0.023 8.00 0.009 8.75 0.431 7.03 j SSW 0.395 8.05 0.034 10.20 0.014 9.33 0.443 8.26 SW 0.591 7.39 0.046 8.40 0.009 6.50 0.646 7.45 SWS 0.507 7.36 0.016 7.43 0.005 17.50 0.528 7.46 W 0.278 7.29 0.014 7.83 0.014 13.00 0.306 7.58 WNW 0.157 6.35 0.001 8.40 0.016 9.71 0.184 6.76 NW 0.171 5.97 0.007 7.33 0.009 13.50 0.187 6.38 NNW 0.153 7.08 0.014 8.83 0.018 14.75 0.185 7.96 CALM 0.132 - 0.005 - 0 - 0.137 - TOIALS 8 .78 1 0.709 0.310 9.800
- Reference 17.
Note: Percentages are expressed in terms of the percentage of total hours in the five-year period. Wind speeds are in knots. (
# A wind rose portraying these statistics is shown on Plate III-A4
'ocated in Appendix A.
TABLE 11 III-16 225
. = - . - _ . __ .---- -
i lI By dividing the wind directional freggency for heavy precip- ) itation intensity by the total precipitation wind directional frequency for each direction, directions which are more likely to produce heavy precipitation can be determined. Those directions which produced ! frequencies greater than the average were north through west and scuth- ! east plus south-southeast. These are directions which dominate the i showery weather regimes at the site, particularly the thundershowers, j Precipitation occurs only 9.8 psrcent of all hours of the 4 year. STABILITY WIND CATEGORIES In 1961, Pasquill (reference 18) suggested that a relation-l ship might be established which would be useful for estimating the i frequency of various wind-temperature lapse rate conditions for a given area. The inputs were: Time of Day Cloud Cover Surface Wind Speed The wind speed tnat was used was that observed at ten meters above the ground. Essentially his classification system identified O six categories of stability regimes. These have come to be known as Pasquill categories. These are: Pascuill Categories Stabilitv Class A Extremely Unstable B Unstable C Slightly Unstable 1 D Neutral
! E Stable F Extremely Stable ,
Although Pasqyill suggested the initial classification scheme, it remained merely a scheme until Turner (reference 19) quantified it into a reasonably rigorous method. The technique is amenable for use with standard United States Weather Bureau hourly weather observations which are readily available at the National Weather Records Center at Asheville, North Carolina, for certain specific United States Weather Bureau weather stations - namely those which observe the weather 24 hours per day throughout the year. 1 The closest station to the site which maintains such records is Greenville, South Carolina. Data was procured for the Greenville WBAS, South Carolina location (references 20 and 21) and the classi-fication of the hourly weather records into Pasquill categories was accomplished for the two-year period of records selected for analysis. O III-17
. . = = _. . __
1 1 The Pasqpill categories selected follow: 1 Pascuill Categorv Stability A-B Unstable C Slightly Unstable D Neutral E Stable I F Extremely Stable The period of record was December 1, 1959 through November 30, 1961. The results of these classifications are shown in Tables 12 and 13. ] Table 12 shows the percentage frequency of occurrence of I the Pasquill categories and their associated mean wind speeds by } direction. All values in the percentage columns are in terms of per-l cent of total observations. Column 1 deals with the Pasquill C 1 category, Column 2 with the Pasquill D category, Column 3 with the Pascuill E and F categories, while Column 4 deals with the Pasquill F category alone. All winds are in knots. Total percentages by . categories are also shown. Table 13 completes the Pasquill classification effort. Column 5 deals with Pasquill A-B, unstable categories or " Lapse" conditions. 4 O Column 6 deals with a category which normally would fall under Pasquill A-B but does not if a stack is used to vent at the site. cates the percentage frequency of fumigation from a stack release. Column 6 indi-Fumigation is typical of the early portion of the day between sunrise and roughly ten A. M. Column 7 shows the results of combining all wind data. Note i particularly the dominance of northeasterly and west-southwesterly flow l in the sample data. Column 8 shows the results of a much larger sample of data taken for the entire five-year period, 1959-1963, (reference 14). The frequency of wind directions for the limited sample shown in Column 7 was correlated with the much larger sample shown in Column 8. The correlation coefficient determined was +0.987, showing that the limited sample did indeed possess a very high agreement with the much larger sample. ESTIMATES OF STABILITY FROM OTHER SOURCES Mountain-Plain Relationshios: Work ccmpleted over a period of years has produced a useful relationship which was applied to the nuclear site area in this case. It was found (' reference 22) that with terrain differences of greater than about 200 feet, the minimum or early morning temperature observed on hilltops was fairly represen-tative of the free air temperature at the same altitude above proximal valley locations. Thus, it was possible to oLcain estimates of the frequency of temperature inversions by comparing hilltop minimum temper-5O atures with valley floor minimum temperatures. Subseqpent tower III-18 ..
.~. __
1 TABLE 12 PASQUILL STABILITY CATEGORIES for
- GREENVILLE. SOUTH CAROLINA COWMN 1 COWMN 2 COWMN 3 # COM MN 4 P
C U C P U PE+F U E+F Pp up l DIR CTION D D _ N 1,66 10.326 2.42 10.189 2.10 4.371 1.52 3.567 NNE 1.42 9.083 2.25 8.662 1.80 4.821 1.13 3.851 NE 4.01 9.308 4.13 8.570 4.07 4.971 2.34 3.870 i < ENE 2.90 8.251 1.91 7.48 7 2.34 4.522 1.73 3.843 E 1.19 6.800 0.47 4.714 1.46 3.674 1.34 3.468 i ESE 0.42 6.680 0.34 4.450 0.74 3.045 0.74 3.045 SE 0.34 5.850 0.25 4.200 1.30 3.494 1.25 3.392 SSE 0.49 6.621 0.20 5.500 0.61 3.361 0.58 3.206 ' S 1.19 7.486 0.59 5.257 1.47 3.966 1.32 3.705 SSW 1.37 9.247 0.51 7.733 1.10 4.538 0.75 3.614 SW 3.18 9.883 1.15 7.824 2.37 4.614 1.73 3.941 WSW 4.25 11.570 2.17 10.164 1.93 5.491 0.85 4.180 W 2.12 10.720 1.34 9.089 1.85 4.486 1.39 3.829 WNW 0.90 11.566 0.81 8.562 2.27 4.455 1.76 3.913 NW 0.68 9.425 0.47 6.214 2.74 4.130 2.18 3.574 NNW 0.51 9.700 0.36 8.810 1.10 4.277 0.85 3.640 CALM 0.20 0 0.37 0 2.76 0 2.76 0 i TOTAL l PERCENT 26.83 9.47 19.74 8.26 32.01 4.06 24.22 3.72 Notes: , O 1. 2. 3. u in Knots Above P in % of Total Observations 5904 Observations Equally Distributed Throughout the year for a two-year period. (#) 4 A wind direction rose for Pasquill E+F conditions is shown en Plate III-A5 located in Appendix A.
- III-19 khE12 l _ -
. - - - . __ - - . - _ - . __ -- . _ _ - . _ - . _ - - - _ _ _ = _
l J TABLE 13 , i : j PASCUILL STABILITY. C ATEGORIES i AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA FOR GPIENVILLE. S. C. 2 COLUMN 5 COUJMN 6 COLUMN 7 COLUMN 8 i WIND _ _ _ _ PL uL P y11 P u l DIPECTION Pfum ufum u g it S vrs 5 vrs i N 0.36 5.286 0.35 5.000 6.90 7.93 7.00 7.1 l NNE 0.81 4.375 0.19 4.353 6.41 7.09 7.30 7.2 { NE 1.34 4.861 0.68 5.47.7 14.23 7.25 14.70 7.5 l ENE 1.80 3.849 0.38 4.912 9.30 6.19 8.70 7.0 l E 1.32 4.449 0.23 4.550 4.67 4.84 5.50 5.5 l ESE 0.86 4.098 0.07 4.000 2.40 4.32 2.60 4.8 SE 0.93 4.473 0.05 2.500 2.82 4.40 2.70 4.6 1 () SSE S 0.76 4.178 1.20 4.535 0.05 3.500 0.10 3.444 2.08 4.49 4.69 5.26 2.00 4.10 5.1 5.4
- SSW l.25 4.486 0.17 4.533 4.37 6.53 4.30 6.6 I
l SW 2.27 4.619 0.32 4.670 9.24 6.86 9.50 7.2 WSW l.10 4.585 0.39 5.400 9.80 9.10 9.50 8.2 1 4 W 0.83 5.020 0.54 4.896 6.79 7.37 6.20 7.2 2 WNW 0.73 5.3C2 0.38 5.176 5.17 6.44 4.50 6.6 NW 0.56 4.394 0.46 4.122 5.02 4.98 4.40 5.3 NNW 0.44 4.385 0.13 4.417 2.55 6.01 3.50 6.7 i CALM 0.10 0 0.27 0 3.75 0 3.50 - TOTAL PERCENT 16.66 4.479 4.76 4.527 100.00 6.44 100.00 6.57
- 1. 5 in knots above.
- 2. P in % of total observaticns.
, 3 Baseden 5904 observations equally distributed throughout the two-year period.
1 i TABLE 13 l III-20
}}g i
l l
f'
\
measurements in the same valley location indicated that this postulation did, indeed, possess considerable merit in assessing the strength and freqpency of the low-level temperature inversions. Examination of climatic records (reference 23) for South Carolina indicated that some estimate of temperature inversion freqpency might be possible through a comparison of daily minimum temperatures from Paris Mountain Fire Tower, located seven miles north of Greenville, South Carolina, at an altitude of 2047 feet and Clemson, South Carolina, at an altitude of 850 feet. Limited data permitted the analysis of some 602 days repre-senting the four seasons of the year for the two-year period of December 1, 1959 through November 30, 1961. It was possible to examine j the daily minimum temperature difference (Paris Mountain Fire Tower minus Clemson) for these days and canpare these differences with
- Pasqpill Stability classes as observed from hourly weather observations
~
J at Greenville, South Carolina, on the same days at hours near dawn.
- Table 14 shows the results. The table essentially shows that in
] general, the Pasquill classes do match the proper average temperature differences, a Combined Pasquill E and F conditions logged for the entire two-year period from Greenville, South Carolina, for the dawn hour revealed the following frequency of inversions by season.
, s. Freqpency of Pasqpill E q and F Conditions (Inversions )
Winter Soring Summer Fall Two Years of Dawn-Hour Records at Greenville, South Carolina 43.96% 56.52% 65.58% 60.56% 602 Days of Paris Mountain-Clemson Records 49.14% 54.30% 67.41% 53.10% As a result of the above, it appears that the estimates shown by the Pasquill Stability classes are reasonable estimates for inversion data at and near the proposed nuclear site. Persistence of Wind: Plate III-2 represents cumulative
; probability of wind directional persistence at Greenville, South Carolina, for winds observed annually. Curve A represents the duration of persistence for a single sector wind direction, i.e.,
from the northeast, or from the southwest. Note that about 70 per-cent of all wind directions persisted for only one hour. About 94 percent persisted for three hours or less, etc. O III-21
}}Q
J L .i
- TABLE 14 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (cF) AT MINIMUM TEMPERATURE TIME *
(PARIS MCUNTAIN FIRE TOWER - CLEMSON) VERSUS PAS 0lILL STABILITY CLASS
- (FROM GREENVILLE, SulTH CAROLINA HCURLY OBSERVATIONS)
Pasquill Season Stability Class Winter Sorina Summer Fall Annual C -5.43 -5.75 -6.60 -4.63 -4.93 D -1.28 -2.05 -2.28 0.00 -1,37 l E +3.96 +2.25 -1.59 +2.31 +1.75 F +5.18 +4.87 +1.11 +4.19 +3.72 i 602 Days of Record l l I 1 l l l l TABLE 14 III-22
}
4 Curve B indicates the persistence of a sin le wind direction plusandminusoneadditionaldirectiononeithersikeoftheprime direction, i.e., northeast plur north-northeast and east-northeast (67.5 degrees ). Curve B shows that 93 percent of all winds persisted five hours or less under these conditions. Curve C indicates the per-sistence of a single wind direction plus and minus two additional i directions on either side of the prime direction (112.5 degrees). About 90 percent of all wind directions persisted for ten hours or less. 1
- The above wind persistence statistics were derived for all
! wind directions, including calms. Directional persistence statistics l were also calculated. However, the statist.cs for a single wind sector ssentially show similar results to Curve A. Table 15 reveals j persistence values by direction. Two values are shown for each of ~
the two seasons, the average value 7, and the root-mean-square value RMSP. The merit of the RMSP values is that these are reasonable i approximations of the 65 to 70 percent frequency of occurrence level. In other words, 65 to 70 percent of all persistence values were less than the RMSP figures. The remaining two columns in each case are those specific events when the wind condition persisted 24 hours cr more. (1-41 means one case of 41 hours duration.) Table 15 deals with wind directions for a single 67.5 degree sector (or single sector plus and minus one sector). Table 16 deals ( with single wind directions for a single 112.5 degree sector (or single sector plus and minus two sectors). Table 15 reveals that the most persistent winds come from the prevailing directions as might be expected. Table 16 shows a more confused pattern in general, but again shows prevailing wind dominance. Estimates of Site Terrain Effects: Within a 0.5 statute mile radius, rererence 24 provided detailed contours of the nuclear plant site for the immediate peripheral area. Terrain profiles were plotted for the 16 principal points of the compass within the 0.5 mile radius. Maximum and minimum elevations were recorded for each of the eight principal lines drawn to gain an estimate of potential i drainage wind flow. The results are shown below: I Maximum Height Minimum Height
- Orientation Upstream Downstream Difference a From N to S 870 f.et 740 feet 130 feet 4
From NNW to SSE 880 710 170
- From NW to SE 827 690 137 From WNW to ESE 872 680 192 d
From W to E 910 670 240
; From WSW to ENE 817 -
700 117 From SW to NE 917 750 167 () From SSW to NNE 862 760 102 III-23 ., , i l
l i TABLE 15 67.50 SECTCR WIND DIRECTICN ! PERSISTENCE DURATION (IN HOURS) (GREENVILLE. S. C. WBAS ) WIND SUMMER SUMMER WINTER WINTER SUMMER WINTER DIRECTION E RMSP E RMSP 7 124 Hrs. P 224 Hrs. j N 1.49 1.82 3.23 4.67 0 o i NNE 2. 75 3.51 3.47 4.65 0 0 NE 4.02 6.70 5.65 11.13 1-29 l-48 ENE 2.96 3.80 7.73 15.0 0 1-52,1-71 E 2.75 3.75 2.74 3.45 0 0 4 ESE 2.53 3.55 1.43 1.66 0 0 SE 1.35 1.57 1.38 1.84 0 0 g SSE 2.04 2.59 3.00 3.64 0 0 S 1.86 2.79 1.72 2.13 0 0 SSW 2.02 2.70 2.41 3.01 0 0 SW 3.32 4.84 3.27 4.67 0 0 SWS 4.34 9.67 5.29 7.95 0 0 W 2.70 3.45 2.29 3.04 0 0 WNW 2.90 4.18 2.63 3.13 0 0 NW 2.26 3.01 1.60 1.86 0 0 l I NNW l.67 2.10 2.33 2.99 0 0 j CALM 1.58 1.77 1.87 2.28 0 0 O TABLE 15 III-24
. 233
1 C# TABLE 16 0 112.5 SECTCR WIND DIRECTION PERSISTENCE DURATION (IN HOURS) (GREENVILLE S. C. WBAS) WIND SUMMER SUMMER WINTER WINTER SUMMER WINTER DIkECTION F RMSP P RMSP P224 Hrs P224 Hrs . N 2.51 3.09 6.24 10.28 0 1- 28,1-31 NNE 4.49 6.88 4.67 6.57 0 0 ; i NE 11.89 20.46 15.56 28.05 1-41,1-57, 1-26,1-51, ! l-64,1-44, 1-66,1-101 l l-45 l l ENE 5.03 7.53 10.00 15.70 0 1-26,1-32, l 1-36,1-41 E 5.36 5.79 5.40 7.92 1-56 1-24 ESE 4.15 5.73 4.10 6.42 0 1-24 x SE 2.19 3.86 4.00 6.50 0 0 l SSE 2.24 2.79 3.42 3.84 0 0 l l S 2.76 3.26 3.92 6.28 0 1-29 { SSW 3.83 5.32 2.58 3.17 0 0 i SW 6.71 11.70 5.62 7.79 l-29,1-40, 1-26 l l-25,1-37, 1-24 WSW 9.74 16.40 6.68 10.00 1-58,1-24 1-31 1-60,1-25 l W 5.68 8.70 4.30 5.48 1-25 0 WNW 3.78 5.13 5.28 7.94 0 1-35 NW 3.71 4.74 2.83 3.66 0 0 NNW 2.47 3.13 5.20 8.10 0 0 O TABLE 16 III-25 , 234
O All of the eight lines passed through the central site area, i.e., from one-half mile north through the site center to one-half mile south. In general, the results show that the drainage of wind would be toward the east within the site exclusion radius. Within the 3.0 mile radius - references 25 and 26 permitted estimates of the overall drainage possibilities out to a three-mile radius. Plate III-3 shows the results of a gross assessment of the terrain. The terrain at elevations equal to or less than 800 feet is shaded to more readily portray the potential drainage wind area. It is important to note that this approximate plot assumes that all proposed lakes are full in the final configuration as proposed for this area. Note that, although drainage to the east and east-south-east is shown for the central site area, the terrain will modify the drainage flow direction to that following the Keowee River. METECROLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR ON-SITE DIFFUSION CALCULATIONS The Two-Hour Model:(1) Reference 27 indicates that the appropriate equation to use for calculating the two-hour site boundary relative concentration is: X l Q O(T7 y7z+C A) D (The cA term has more recently been permitted as a result of the work of F. A. Gifford and W. M. Culkowski at Oak Ridge National Laboratory concerning building wakes . ) In this equation 7y and Cz are the standard deviations of the cloud concentration in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. These values are normally determined from on-site observations. In lieu thereof, it is permissible to use graphical values as shown in reference 28. The 7y 7z values are those which are appropriate for the one mile (1610 meters) exclusion radius of the site. Normal assumptions to be used with this equation are:
- a. Moderate temperature inversion - Pasquill F conditions prevail,
- b. Unidirectional wind for two consecutive hours.
- c. Average wind speed (II) is one meter per second.
- d. Building shape f actor (c) is between 0.5 and 2.0.
- e. Building cross-section ( A) is in square meters.
h
%/
Each of the entry values to the equation is discussed below. (1) See Supplement No. 2, answer to Question 2.5.1. III-26 (Revised 4-18-67) . 235
Pasquill F conditions occur frequently at the site. Their overall freqpency has been documented at 24 percent in an earlier section of this report. It is estimated that this frequency will diminish to about 12 percent when all lakes in the vicinity of the nuclear plant are full. The freqpency of Pasquill F conditions is 1 expected to diminish, while Pasquill E conditions will increase from a current eight percent to about 14 percent of all observations. Thus, there is about a 50-50 chance, once the site is completed, that an inversion condition will be either Pasquill F or E. The assumption of the unidirectional wind for two hours was examined. Neglecting calms, in a sample of 547 hours of Pasquill F i conditions, only 68 cases were found where winds persisted from the
! same direction for two hours. Thus, it appears that this assumption is conservative.
The average winc speed (u) observed under Pasquill F conditions (neglecting calms) was found to be 1.9 meters per second - for the Greenville area. It is recommended that this wind speed by used for on-site wind speed estimates. The building shape factor (c) was assumed to be equal to 1.0 fs The cross-sectional areas of the buildings are shown on () Plate III-4 The minimum total building c.*oss-section is 5180 square meters, while the front view area is 6792 sqpare meters. The minimum building complex cross-section will be oriented in such a manner as to take advantage of increased flow due to site air drainage patterns, although no credit is taken for this in the analysis. The values for entry into the equation are: U = 1.9 mps Oi = 60 m e = 1.0 6z = 20 m A = 5180 m2 , and 5- = 5 . 9 x 10- 5 Q LONG TERM RELEASES The 24-Hour Model:0) An investigation was conducted to determine the most pessimistic theoretical 24-hour period at the site. Thirty months of Greenville, South Carolina, data were scanned and those days where the average wind speeds for the entire day were approximately two meters per second or less were studied in detail. Thirty-seven cases were documented. Each hour of each day ( 's) was classified according to the Pasqpill method and a . composite was (1) See Supplement No. 2, answer to Question 2.5.1.
}}f n ~ r 1 III-27 (Revised 4-18-67) I I
i
O
\s / derived which shows the poorest diffusion condition observed for each hour of the day during the 37 cases examined. The composite conditions are shown in Table 17 Examination of Table 17 indicates that the poorest composite diffusion day would be to start at 1700 hours and maintain a Pasquill F condition for 16 consecutive hours, then one hour of Pasqpill E, and finally seven hours of Pasqpill D. This could be referred to as the most pessimistic theoretical 24-hour day for diffusion. (Meteoro-logically, this type of day would be difficult to achieve since cloud cover would be required to arrive immediately after dawn. Normally, if low cloud cover forms, it indicates that moisture sufficient to raise the probability of fog to very high values must have existed.
In which case, fog would have been expected earlier, and some relaxa-tion of the F and E criteria for the early morning hours would be realized . ) This condition (as shown 'in Table 17) was not observed. It merely serves to document what might be termed a poorest possible diffusion day. This day is recommended for use in diffusion calculations. A further examination of the 37 poorest diffusion days was conducted to ascertain whether a high frequency of winds from a single direction was representative of the low wind speed cases. The following summary shows the results for the light wind speed days, (~') s_- (less than or equal to 2.0 meters per second for the entire day). Percentage of Winds From a Single Probability
.?.50 Sector of Single Day Occurrence Durine a 24-Hour Period (Based on 30 Months of Data) 33.33% .00218 29.17% .00436 25.00% .0109 20.83% .0229 16.67% .0360 12.50% .0393 8.33% .0404 1
It is recommended that a value of 20.83% be used as typical of the most freqpent single sector percentage.* As a result of review of the data, it was determined that a light wind condition provided a frequency of about 20% of winds from a single directicn and that as the speed of the wind rose to higher values, the freqpency from a single direction increased. An Addendum is planned to provide long-term values of the percentage of winds from a single sector during light wind conditions in the O vicinity of the site. III-28 __, 23[
l l l TABLE 17(1) i CCMPCSITE POOREST DIFFISIC?I CC?!DITIO!!S ( CBSERVED FCR EACH HOUR OF DAY (Based en 30 months of Da';a) H:ur of Dav Pascuill Class 00 F 01 F 02 F i 03 F 04 F 05 F 06 F 07 F 08 F 09 E 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 F 18 F 19 F 20 F 21 F 22 F 23 F (1) See Supplement No. 2, answer to Question 2.5.1. i l TABLE 17 l III-29 (Revised 4-18-67) 238
4 It was noted that often the fluctuation of the wind during a light wind day would be extremely erratic, such that even though the wind blew from a single direction for several hours of the 24, these were not necessarily consecutive hours. Four days in December, 1959, were examined which experienced 4 high average wind speeds . The following summary shows the frequency i of a single. wind direction for strong wind days based on this extremely
- limited sample.
Average Speed Maximum Wind F Date (m/sec) Direction Percentage
. 12/7/59 6.85 54.17 12/24/59 7.00 67.00 12/27/59 6.49 41.70 12/28/59 6.39 67.00 As a result of the review of mean wind speeds fcr a day versus percentage freqpency of wind from a single wind direction, the following estimates were derived for various Pasquill conditions:
Mean Wind Speed % of Wind From a Pasouill Classes (mps) Single Direction A 2 16%
\
B 3 25% C 5 58% D 4 50% E 3 35% F 2 21%
?dditional work to be provided in a future addendum should prove these values to be reasonable estimates of percentage of wind from a singla direction.
The One to 30 Dav Model or Longer Term Releases: 0)Upon com-pletion of the analysis of a few well-separated months of data, it was learned that conditions expressed in Tables 5, 12 and 13 were representative of wind and stability classes for the nuclear site area. Table 12 justifies the selection of the freqpencies and wind speeds for various Pasqpill classes as follows: 25% Pasqpill F G = 2.0 mps 10% Pasqpill E d = 3.0 mps 20% Pasqpill D d = 4.0 mps In order to introduce further conservatism in the long-term model, it was decided to class all other conditions as Pasqpill C
, and thus the remaining group became:
fi Q 457. Pasquill C Ii = 5.0 mps j (1) See Supplement No. 2, answer to Question 2.5.2. III-30 (Revised 4-18-67) }}} i
{G') Further, examination of Table 5 data bears out that the maximum frequency of a single wind direction for a long-term condition is about 15 percent. Table 13 also shows this to be true. (This can be determined by adding the percentage frequencies for all Pasquill classes as shown in Column 7.) RECOMMENDATICNS An on-site meteorological program has been recommended and is already initiated. Basically, this program is divided into three phases: Phase I - Pre-Construction Phase II - During Construction Phase III - Post-Construction or Operational Phase During Phase I, micrometeorological readings will be docu-mented for low-level winds on a temporary tower on the site. Assess-ment of the low-level stability will also be accomplished. During Phase II, multi-wind recording levels will be installed on a permanent basis and vertical wind and temperature pro-files will become available. O k, s During Phase III, all weather equipment readouts will be available to reactor operators. As a aesult of the on-site meteorological program, it is expected that cc7firmation of the values used in the various equations throughout the fc mer presentation will be realized. Results of on-site measuremer.ts will be available for review by the Atomic Energy Commission. CONCLUSIONS $1) In general, the meteorological features of the site are favorable for a nuclear station. Several modifications to the local climatology will occur as site development progresses. The initial clearing and leveling of land at the specific site location will produce an increase in drainage potential of light winds within the site boundary. The construction of the buildings will somewhat negate this increased drainage potential, but on the whole, there should be a net increase in drainage winds to the east and south. The addition of the large bodies of water will serve two purposes. First, it will lessen ground frictional effects and thus
' will tend to increase the wind speeds; most noticeable will be under
/ light wir.d conditions . Second, the numerous bodies of water will serve V) (1) See Supplement No. 2, answer to Question 2.5. III-31 (Revised 4-18-67) 20
O to increase the humidity by about ten percent in the area, will tend i to decrease the frequency of Pasquill F and to increase the frequency of Pasqpill E conditions. Documentation of on-site meteorological parameters will dem-onstrate the validity of the recommended diffusion model values tabu-lated below: The Two-Hour Model: (1) j u = 1.9 (unidirectional wind) c = 1.0 l A = 5180 m2 (minimum building cross-section) 0y = 60 (at site boundary)
= 20 (at site boundary)
O'z l f The 24-Hour Model: (1) i 16 hours - Pasquill F; Q = 2.0 mps; 20% from single wind direction 1 hour - Pasquill E; Q = 3.0 mps; all from single wind direction 7 hours - Pasquill D; Q = 4.0 mps; 50% from single wind direction 4 The Lona-Term Model: (1) {}
%.J I
25% - Pasquill F; G = 2.0 mps 10% - Pasquill E; G = 3.0 mps 20% - Pasqpill D; G = 4.0 mps 45% - Pasqpill C; G = 5.0 mps Maximum single wind directional freqpency for 30 days up to one year equals 15%.
-o0o-J The following Plates and Appendices are attached and complete this portion of the report:
Plate III-l ............ Weather Station Location Chart Plate III- 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . Cumulative Probability of Wind Direction Persistence Duration Plate III-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . Approximate Terrain at I!uclear Site I, i -l
- (1) See Supplement Nc. 2, answer to Question 2.5.
III-32 (Revised 4-18-67)
J , Plate III-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Building Arrangements Appendix III- A . . . . . . . . . . . Baillie Wind Roses - Specific Events Appendix III-B ........... List of References 3 Respectfully submitted, DAMES & MOORE i Francis E. Courtney,' (7
~
g Malcolm D. Horton -
)
men] .' d St eof South Carolina FEC,Jr./MDH/BSP/af " gistration No. 2379 O i i i j e l t i I l O 242 III-33
- - - - - - .,----.,r,_., _ , , - , , . . , , _ _ , -
, , , . _ _ _ _ , _ _ _ , . , , . , _ _ , - - - . - ,,,,..,_,.,._,m,,,,._ - . _ , _ , , _ , , _ , , , , , _ _ , , , , , . _ _ , . _ ,
4 1 \ APPENDIX III-A i i BAILLIE WIND ROSES - SPECIFIC EVENTS l l Specific wind distributions and frequencies were believed to be worthy of special treatment. Appendix A shows five wind roses in detail to afford comparison with population statistics presented
- in the preliminary Safety Analysis Report.
These wind roses supplement, but are not as complete as the basic reference tables found in the meteorology section, i i l Wind Rose ??xt Table Plate No. No. Wind Rose Title III-Al 5 Surface Wind Rose III-A2 8 Upper Air Wind Rose (800 - 1300 feet) III-A3 9 Upper Air Wind Rose
- (2300 - 2800 feet)
III-A4 11 Precipitation Winds III-A5 12 Pasquill E and F Wind Directions-Inversion Winds t i 4 t M
\
III-34 243 l J
- , , . . , - . _ . - . - - - _ - - - , , , , . . , , , . , . . , - . . , , ,n_n,.--, -m -,,-,-w_,._ , - . , ,.,,,,.,,,,-_,-,__,,,_...-,_--.,,,.,,,-.n,
7g APPENDIX III-B LIST OF REFEFENCES
- 1. Department of A7roncmy and Scils, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson Agricultural College.
- a. Series 17, " Daily Temperature and Rainfall Record for Clemson, South Carolina, 1929 -1958."
- b. Agronomy and Soils Research Series 38, December 1963, Temper-ature, Rainfall, Evaporation and Wind Record f or Clemsen, South Carolida, 1959-1962."
- c. Series 17, September 1959, " Daily Temperature and Rainfall Record for Clemson, 1929-1958."
- d. Series 44, January 1964, "Clemson College Local Climatological Data, 1963."
- e. Agricultural Weather Research Series No. 4, January 1965, "Clemson University Local Climatological Data, 1964."
- f. Agricultural Weather Research Series No. 7, January 1966, "Clemson University and Scuth Carolina Agricultural Experi-
-s ment Stations, Climatological Data, 1965."
t ) ( N' 2. Climatography of the United States, No. 60-38, " Climate of Scuth Carolina," N. Kronberg and J C. Purvis, December 1959."
- 3. United States Department of Ccmmerce, Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 55, " Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean,"
G. W. Cry, 1965. (Tracks and Frequencies of Hurricanes and Tropical Storns, 1871-1963.) 4 United States Department of Ccmmerce, Weather Bureau's Climatologi-cal Data, National Summary, Volume 15, No. 13, 1964, " North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 19E4," G. W. Cry, Climatology, United States Weather Sureau, Washington, D. C.
- 5. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-logical Data, National Summary, Volume 16, No. 13, 1965, " North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1965," G. W. Cry and R. M. DeAugelis, Environmental Data Service, ESSA, Washington, D. C.
- 6. " South Carolina Hurricanes," J. C. Purvis, MIC, United States Weather Bureau, Columbia, South Carolina, published by the South Carolina Civil Defense Agency, 1964."
7 United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Technical Paper No. 20, " Tornado Occurrences in the United States," L. V. Wolford, Office of Climatology, Washington, D. C. Revisei, 1960. N ;' 244 III-35 l 1
)
i 1
- 8. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-logical Data, National Summary, Volume 12, No. 13, 1961. " General Summary of Tornadoes ,1961," L. V. Wolford, Climatology, United l States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C
- 9. United States Department of Ccmmerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-l logical Data, National Summary, Volume 13, No. 13, 1962, " General Summary of Tornadoes, 1962," L. V. Wolford, Climatology, United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.
- 10. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-logical Data, National Summary, Volume 14, No. 13, 1963, " General Summary of Tornadoes ,1963," L. W. Dye, Climatology, United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.
- 11. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-logical Data, National Summary, Volume 15, No. 13, 1964, " General Summary of Tornadoes,1964," L. W. Dye and E. K. Grabill, Climatology, United States Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C.
- 12. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau's Climato-logical Data, National Summary, Volume io, No. 13 3 1965, " General Summary of Tornadoes, 1965, "N. B. Guttman, Environmental Data Service, ESSA, Washington, D. C.
- 13. United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, Technical
\
Paper No. 19, "Mean Number of Thunderstorm Days in the Uni *ed States," Climatic Services Division, Asheville, North Carolina, i September, 1952. 14 Job No. 6361, " Percentage Frequency of Wind and Temperature Data," ; for Greenville, South Carolina, WBAS 1/59 - 9/62; Greenville - Spartanburg, South Carolina WBAS 10/62 - 12/63, National Weather l Records Center, Weather Bureau, United States Department of Commerce, Asheville, North Carolina, June 2, 1965.
- 15. Job No. 6361, " Duration and Frequency (In hours ) of Calm and Near- !
Calm Winds - Average of Three Locations," Charlotte WBAS and i Winston Salem, WBAS, North Carolina; and Greenville WBAS, South Carolina, 1/59 - 12/63; NWRC, USWB, Asheville, North Carolina, May 20, 1965. l' , 16. Unpublished Study, " Analyses of Wind-Lapse Rate Combinations at l Athens, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina for period : December 1, 1959 through November 30, 1961," F. E. Courtney, Jr. < Lockheed - Georgia Company, 1964 i i l 17 Job No. 7329, " Precipitation Wind Rose for Greenville, South l Carolina, January 1959 through December 1963," August 31, 1966, United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, National Weather Records Center, Asheville, North Carolina, August 31, 1966. i
- O 4
i
- III-36 .
245 _. __ _ .- . - - _ _ _ - _ - . - ._. _ . _ _ , _ , - . .,. ~-
\ . 18. "The Estimation of the Dispersion of Windborne Material," F. Pasquill, Metecrology Macazine 90, pp. 33-49, February 1961.
- 19. "A Diffusion Model for an Urban Area," D. B. Turner, Appendix 3, Unpublished, United States Weather Bureau Research Station, Labor atory of Engineering and Physical Sciences, DHEW, Public Heal' h Service, Division of Air Pollution, R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
- 20. " Loc al Climatological Data," United States Department of Commerce, Weat ner Bureau, for Greenville, South Carolina, Municipal Airport, Decamber 1, 1959 through November 30, 1961. (Continuing Publica-tion.)
- 21. " Local Climatological Data - Supplement," United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, for Greenville, South Carolina, Municipal Airport, December 1, 1959 through November 30, 1961.
(Continuing Publication. )
- 22. "Mesometeorological Parameters Affecting Low-Level Temperature Inversions at the Georgia Nuclear Laboratory," F. E. Courtney and R. G. Allen, Lockheed-Georgia Company, paper presented at American Meteorological Society Meeting, January,1959, New York City, New York.
() (_,/
- 23. " Climatological Data - South Carolina," December 1959 through November 1961, Monthly Publication, United States Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, as published at Asheville, North Carolina.
24 " Nuclear-Hydro Plants - Site Plan," Drawing No. K-25, Duke Pcwer Company Keowee Development, Aerial Surveys, Inc., Cleveland, Chio.
- 25. "Old Pickens Quadrangle, South Carolina," 7.5 minute series
( topographic ), U .S .G .S . , Washington , D . C . , 1961.
- 26. "Six Mile Quadrangle, South Carolina," 7.5 minute series .
(topographic ), U .S .G.S . , Washington, D. C . , 1961. 27 TID-14844, " Calculation of Distance Factors for Power and Test Reactor Sites," J. J. DiNunno et al, Division of Licensing and Regulation, AEC, Washington, D. C., March 23, 1962. 28. ORO-599, " Deposition and Washout Computations Based on the General-ined Gaussian Plume Model, W. M. Culkowski, Weather Bureau Research Station, September 30, 1963 O V III-37 246
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(,) APPENDIX 2B Velocity, in/sec. PIATE II-4 aevisea 3-25-67 RECOMMENDED RESPONSE SPECTRA 247}}