ML19003A301

To Integrated Final Safety Analysis Report, Chapter 2, Section 2.2, Nearby Industrial, Transportation, and Military Facilities

ML19003A301
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	12/21/2018
From:	Florida Power & Light Co
To:	Office of New Reactors
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2.2-1 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 2.2 Nearby Industrial, Transportation, and Military Facilities The purpose of this section is to establish whether the effects of potential accidents onsite or in the vicinity of the site from present and projected industrial, transportation, and military installations and operations should be used as design basis events for plant design parameters related to the selected accidents. Facilities and activities within the vicinity, 5 miles, of Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 were considered to meet the guidance in RG 1.206. Facilities and activities at greater distances are included as appropriate to their significance.

2.2.1 Locations and Routes Potential hazard facilities and routes within the vicinity (5 miles) of Units 6 & 7, and airports within 10 miles of Units 6 & 7 are identified along with significant facilities at a greater distance in accordance with RG 1.206, RG 1.91, RG 4.7, and relevant sections of 10 CFR Parts 50 and 100.

An investigation of the potential external hazard facilities and operations within 5 miles of Units 6 & 7 concluded there is one significant industrial facility associated with a military installation identified for further analysis. An evaluation of major transportation routes within the vicinity of Units 6 & 7 identified one natural gas transmission pipeline system and one navigable waterway for assessment (References 206, 207, and 208).

Potential hazard analysis of internal events includes chemical storage associated with Units 1 through 5 and site-specific onsite chemical storage facilities associated with Units 6 & 7 along with an onsite transportation route.

A site vicinity map (Figure 2.2-201) details the following identified facilities and road and waterway transportation routes:

Significant Industrial and Military Facilities Within 5 Miles

Turkey Point Units 1 through 5

Homestead Air Reserve Base Transportation Routes Within 5 Miles

Onsite transportation route

Miami to Key West, Florida Intracoastal Waterway

Florida Gas Transmission Company, Turkey Point Lateral Pipeline and Homestead Lateral Pipeline An evaluation of nearby facilities and transportation routes within 10 miles of Units 6 & 7 revealed that there are no additional facilities significant enough to be identified as potential hazard facilities.

(References 207, 224, and 225)

Potential hazard analyses of airports within 10 miles of Units 6 & 7 are identified along with airway and military operation areas. There are two airports within 10 miles of the plant and one airway identified whose centerline is located approximately 5.98 miles from the plant identified for further analysis. (References 209, 210, 223, and 240)

Figure 2.2-202 illustrates the following identified airports and airway routes within 10 miles of Units 6

& 7, including:

2.2-2 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Airport and Airway Routes Within 10 Miles

Turkey Point Heliport

Homestead Air Reserve Base

Ocean Reef Club Airport

Airway V-3 There are no identified hazard facilities, routes, or activities greater than 10 miles that are significant enough to be identified (References 207, 223, 224, 225, and 240).

Items illustrated in Figures 2.2-201 and 2.2-202 are described in Subsection 2.2.2.

2.2.2 Descriptions Descriptions of the industrial, transportation, and military facilities located in the vicinity of Units 6 & 7 and identified in Subsection 2.2.1 are provided in the subsequent subsections in accordance with RG 1.206.

2.2.2.1 Description of Facilities In accordance with RG 1.206, two facilities, along with the site-specific onsite chemical storage facilities associated with Units 6 & 7, were identified for review:

Turkey Point Units 1 through 5

Homestead Air Reserve Base Table 2.2-201 provides a concise description of each facility, including its primary function and major products, as well as the number of people employed.

2.2.2.2 Description of Products and Materials A more detailed description of each of these facilities, including a description of the products and materials regularly manufactured, stored, used, or transported, is provided in the following subsections. In accordance with RG 1.206, chemicals stored or situated at distances greater than 5 miles from the plant do not need to be considered unless they have been determined to have a significant impact on the proposed facilities.

The South Florida Regional Planning Council, Emergency Management Division, was contacted to obtain information regarding offsite chemical storage. The EPAs Envirofacts/Enviromapper database was also queried to ascertain if other facilities of significance existed in addition to the facilities identified after evaluating the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, Tier II reports obtained from South Florida Regional Planning Council. Other than the Turkey Point Units 1 through 5 site, there was only one identified external facility, Homestead Air Reserve Base, within 5 miles of the Turkey Point site with hazardous material storage in quantities identified as meeting SARA Title III Tier II reporting requirements. A review of SARA reports encompassing an area extending out from Units 6 & 7 with a minimum radius of 7.24 miles out to a maximum radius of 28.45 miles inclusive of the following zip codes: 33035, 33033, 33032, 33039, and 33037 revealed that there are no other facilities or storage locations identified that could have a significant impact on Units 6 & 7. The evaluation for those facilities located greater than 5 miles from Units 6 & 7 was based on identifying whether any of these facilities contained highly toxic, highly volatile chemicals

2.2-3 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR not bounded by the onsite storage of these chemicals with risk management program calculated endpoint distances of at least 25 miles (References 224, 225, and 226). Therefore, further analysis beyond these two facilities and the site-specific onsite chemical storage facilities associated with Units 6 & 7 is not required.

2.2.2.2.1 Turkey Point Plant Units 1 through 5 are located on the approximate 9400-acre Turkey Point plant property. Units 1 and 2 are gas/oil-fired steam electric generating units; Units 3 and 4 are nuclear powered steam electric generating units; and Unit 5 is a natural gas combined cycle plant. The two 400 MW (nominal) gas/oil-fired steam electric generation units have been in service since 1967 (Unit 1) and 1968 (Unit 2). These units currently burn residual fuel oil and/or natural gas with a maximum equivalent sulfur content of 1 percent. The two 700 MW (nominal) nuclear units are pressurized water reactor units that have been in service since 1972 (Unit 3) and 1973 (Unit 4). Unit 5 is a nominal 1150 MW combined-cycle unit that began operation in 2007 (Reference 244). The chemicals associated with Units 1 through 5 identified for possible analysis and their storage locations are presented in Table 2.2-202. The disposition of hazards associated with these chemicals is summarized in Tables 2.2-207 and 2.2-208 and the subsequent analysis of the chemicals identified for further analysis is addressed in Subsection 2.2.3.

Units 6 & 7 are located southwest of Units 1 through 5 as delineated on the site area maps (Figures 2.1-203 and 2.1-205). The center point of the Unit 6 reactor building is approximately 215 feet west and 3625 feet south of the center point of the Unit 4 containment. The Units 6 & 7 onsite chemicals identified for possible analysis and their storage location are presented in Table 2.2-202, including the AP1000 standard chemicals described in Table 6.4-1. The disposition of hazards associated with these chemicals is summarized in Tables 2.2-207 and 2.2-208. The subsequent hazards associated with the AP1000 standard chemicals are addressed in Table 2.2-1 and Table 6.4-201. Table 2.2-1 provides specific information concerning onsite explosion and flammable vapor cloud safe distances associated with the AP1000 standard chemicals. Table 6.4-201 provides specific information concerning the toxicity analysis associated with the standard AP1000 chemicals for Units 6 & 7. A site-specific analysis is included for those chemicals stored at Units 6 & 7 which were not included in the standard AP1000 chemical analyses (Table 2.2-1 and Table 6.4-201). The subsequent analysis of the site-specific chemicals identified for further analysis is addressed in Subsection 2.2.3.

2.2.2.2.2 Homestead Air Reserve Base The Homestead Air Reserve Base is located approximately 4.76 miles north-northwest of Units 6 & 7 (Figure 2.2-201). Construction of a fully operating military base (Homestead Army Air Field) began at the current Homestead Air Reserve Base site in September of 1942 to serve as a maintenance and fueling stopover for aircraft headed overseas during World War II.

The 482nd Fighter Wing, the host unit of Homestead Air Reserve Base, supports contingency and training operations of U.S. Southern Command and a number of tenant units including Headquarters Special Operations Command South, U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Safety and Security Team, and an air and maritime unit of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. The Homestead Air Reserve Base is a fully combat-ready unit capable of providing F-16C multipurpose fighter aircraft, along with mission ready pilots and support personnel, for short-notice worldwide deployment. In addition, the Homestead Air Reserve Base is home to the most active North American Aerospace Defense Command alert site in the continental United States, operated by a detachment of F-15 fighter interceptors from the 125th Fighter Wing Florida Air National Guard.

The Homestead Air Reserve Base has 2365 total personnel including 267 active-duty personnel, 1245 Air Force Reserve Command and National Guard personnel, 779 civilians, and 74 civilian

2.2-4 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR contractors (References 202 and 203). The chemicals stored at the Homestead Air Reserve Base identified for possible analysis are presented in Table 2.2-203. The disposition of hazards associated with these chemicals is summarized in Table 2.2-209 and the subsequent analysis of these chemicals is addressed in Section 2.2.3.

2.2.2.3 Description of Pipelines There are two natural gas transmission pipelines operated by Florida Gas Transmission Company within 5 miles of the plant as depicted in Figure 2.2-201. The Florida Gas Transmission Company owns and operates a high-pressure natural gas pipeline system that serves FPL and other customers in south Florida. Two of the pipelines, the Turkey Point Lateral and the Homestead Lateral, are located within 5 miles of Units 6 & 7. A more detailed description of the pipelines are presented in the following subsection, including the pipe size, age, operating pressure, depth of burial, location and type of isolation valves, and type of gas or liquid presently carried. Information pertaining to the various pipelines is also presented in Table 2.2-204.

2.2.2.3.1 Florida Gas Transmission Company/Turkey Point Lateral Pipeline The Florida Gas Transmission Company Turkey Point Lateral is a 24-inch diameter pipeline that was installed in 1968. The pipeline operates at a maximum pressure of 722 pound-force per square inch gauge (psig) and provides gas service to Turkey Points gas-fired power plants. The pipeline is buried to an approximate depth of 42 inches below grade. The nearest isolation valve is located approximately 11.8 miles from the south end of the 24-inch Turkey Point Lateral. The isolation valve is manually operated. At the closest approach to Units 6 & 7, the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline, depicted on Figure 2.2-201, passes within approximately 4535 feet of the Unit 6 auxiliary building.

The Turkey Point Lateral transports natural gas and there are not any future plans to transport any other products.

2.2.2.3.2 Florida Gas Transmission Company/Homestead Lateral Pipeline The Florida Gas Transmission Company Homestead Lateral is a 6.625-inch diameter pipeline that tees off of the 24-inch Turkey Point Lateral approximately 3 miles north of the Turkey Point site and extends in a westward direction to provide gas service to the City of Homestead. The Homestead Lateral was installed in 1985, and also operates at a maximum pressure of 722 psig. This pipeline is buried to an approximate depth of 42 inches below grade. There is a manually operated isolation valve located just downstream of the 24 inch by 6 inch tee at the take-off of the Homestead Lateral.

The Homestead Lateral transports natural gas and there are not any future plans to transport any other products. Because of the proximity and diameter of the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline in comparison to the Homestead lateral pipeline, the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline presents a greater hazard, and as such, the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline analysis is bounding and no further analysis of the Homestead Lateral pipeline is warranted.

2.2.2.4 Description of Waterways Units 6 & 7 are located on the western shore of south Biscayne Bay. Biscayne Bay is a shallow coastal lagoon located on the lower southeast coast of Florida (Reference 258). The bay is approximately 38 miles long, approximately 11 miles wide on average, and has an area of approximately 428 square miles (References 259 and 260). On the southern portion of the Biscayne Bay where Units 6 & 7 are located, the bay is approximately 8 miles wide and 9 miles long and extensive sandbars exist. South Biscayne Bay is separated from Card Sound to the south by a sandbar area encompassing the Arsenicker Keys and Cutter Bank. The nearshore shallow areas of the western side of south Biscayne Bay are generally less than 5 feet deep (Reference 205).

2.2-5 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR The Biscayne Bay contains the Miami to Key West, Florida Intracoastal Waterway. The only commodity transported on the Miami to Key West, Florida Intracoastal Waterway is residual fuel oil.

In 2005, there were 611,000 short tons of residual fuel oil transported, and the entirety of this commodity was delivered to the Turkey Point plant (Table 2.2-205, Reference 206).

The Turkey Point turning basin is approximately 300 feet wide, 1200 feet long and approximately 20 feet deep (Reference 205). The Turkey Point fuel unloading dock is located on the north side of the turning basin. The concrete constructed fuel oil dock at the Turkey Point plant can handle one barge at a time. Residual fuel oil is delivered exclusively by barges that typically are approximately 228 feet long, 54 feet wide, and have a draft of 6.5 feet when loaded. This size barge will transport approximately 18,000 barrels of oil. Residual fuel oil is unloaded from the barges to the two fuel oil storage tanks located north of the unloading dock. In a typical week, five to seven deliveries of oil may be made and each delivery requires about 5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br /> to unload. Because the storage of residual fuel oil at the Turkey Point site, two 268,000 barrel tanks, exceeds the quantity transported by a barge, the storage tanks present a greater hazard, and as such, the analysis of residual fuel oil located in the storage tanks is bounding and no further analysis of the residual fuel oil transported by the barge is warranted.

2.2.2.5 Description of Highways Miami-Dade County is traversed by several highways. Interstate 95, U.S. Highway 1 and the Florida Turnpike (State Road 821) are the major transportation routes for north-south traffic flow in the county. The major route for east-west movement is U.S. Route 41 which crosses the middle of the county (Reference 207). Main access to the Turkey Point site is Palm Drive (SW 344th Street), which runs in an east-west direction along the northern boundary of the Turkey Point site. Palm Drive provides a connection with U.S. Highway 1 and the Florida Turnpike. There are no major highways within 5 miles of Units 6 & 7 (Figure 2.2-201, References 201 and 207).

To ascertain which hazardous materials may be transported on the roadways within 5 miles of Units 6

& 7, the industries that may store hazardous materialsand, hence, have either the materials transported to the site or transported from the sitewere identified through SARA Title III, Tier II reports as described in Subsection 2.2.2.2. The only identified chemicals whose transportation route may approach closer than 5 miles to Units 6 & 7 are those chemicals transported onto the Turkey Point plant property. Of these chemicals, gasoline was the only identified roadway transportation event that is not bounded by an event involving the onsite storage vessel for each identified chemical. Each of the identified onsite chemicals that had the potential to explode, or form a flammable or toxic vapor cloud, is analyzed to determine safe distances.

2.2.2.6 Description of Railroads There are no railroads in the vicinity (5 miles) of Units 6 & 7 (Figure 2.2-201, Reference 207).

2.2.2.7 Description of Airports In accordance with RG 1.206 and RG 1.70, Homestead Air Reserve Base is the only identified airport located within the vicinity (5 miles) of Units 6 & 7 other than the Turkey Point Heliport located onsite.

Further, RG 4.7 recommends that major airports within 10 miles be identified. The Ocean Reef Club Airport is a small private airport located approximately 7.4 miles from Units 6 & 7 (Figure 2.2-202, References 223 and 240).

A more detailed description of each of these airports is presented in the subsequent sections, including distance and direction from the site, number and type of aircraft based at the airport, largest type of aircraft likely to land at the airport facility, runway orientation and length, runway composition, hours attended, and yearly operations where available. Information pertaining to airports located

2.2-6 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR within 10 miles of the site is presented in tabular form in Table 2.2-206. A screening evaluation of the closest major airport in the region, Miami International Airport, is also included in this table to ascertain whether this airport is or may be of significance in the future.

2.2.2.7.1 Airports 2.2.2.7.1.1 Turkey Point Heliport The Turkey Point site operates its own corporate heliport. The Turkey Point heliport is located in the southeast corner of the Units 3 & 4 parking lot approximately 3100 feet north of Units 6 & 7. The heliport is an approximate 22-foot by 22-foot concrete pad. The maximum gross weight of the helicopter operated at the site, an Agusta A109E Power Helicopter, is 6600 pounds. There were approximately 79 takeoffs and landing operations in 2007. As described in Subsection 2.2.2.7.2, it is not expected that an aircraft of this weight and size would have an impact on safety-related structures (References 227 and 228). Further, the number of operations at the heliport, especially in comparison with other aviation facilities is infrequent. Due to the weight of the aircraft (thus low penetration hazard) using the heliport and infrequent operations, no further analysis of the heliport is warranted.

2.2.2.7.1.2 Homestead Air Reserve Base Homestead Air Reserve Base is located approximately 4.76 miles north-northwest from the proposed Units 6 & 7. The U.S. Air Force owns the airport, and the airport is for private use, with permission required before landing. The airport has a concrete/grooved runway, Runway 05/23, which is 11,200 feet long and 300 feet wide. The runway headings are 50 degrees (Runway 05) and 230 degrees (Runway 23). The traffic pattern for Runway 05 is right and the traffic pattern for Runway 23 is left (Reference 209).

The Homestead Air Reserve Base has approximately 36,429 annual operations and this projection is not expected to change over the period of the license duration (Reference 208). Consistent with RG 1.206, the Homestead Air Reserve Base located approximately 4.76 miles from the site, was considered because the plant-to-airport distance is less than 5 miles.

Homestead Air Reserve Base indicated that the military aircraft onsite consisted of F-16Cs with a wingspan of 32 feet 10 inches and F-15As with a wingspan of 42 feet 9 inches. The reported number of military operations was 24,902 per year. The Homestead Air Reserve Base also indicated that there were 7430 operations per year from U.S. Customs Border Patrol aircraft along with 4097 transient aircraft operations per year (Reference 208).

2.2.2.7.1.3 Ocean Reef Club Airport Ocean Reef Club Airport is a privately owned airport located 7.41 miles south southeast from Units 6

& 7. The airport is an amenity associated with the Ocean Reef Club. All aircraft must be registered and permission is required before landing. There is no scheduled airline service associated with the airport and the airport is unattended (Reference 242).

The airport has an asphalt runway that is 4500 feet long and 70 feet wide. The runway headings are 40 degrees (Runway 04) and 220 degrees (Runway 22). The landing pattern is to the left. There are approximately 25 aircraft based on the site, 15 single-engine planes and 10 multi-engine planes. The plant-to-airport distance criteria in accordance with NUREG-0800 is 500D2, where D is the distance in statute miles from the site, for airports located within 5 to 10 statute miles from the site, giving the airport a significance factor of 27,454 operations per year. The airport is an unattended private facility with just 25 aircraft based on the field with no control tower (References 209 and 210). To reach a significance factor of 27,454 operations, each aircraft would need to average approximately 1,098

2.2-7 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR operations per year. Therefore, it is reasonably assumed that the airport operations at this facility meet the plant-to-airport distance/annual operations criteria and no further evaluation is warranted.

2.2.2.7.2 Aircraft and Airway Hazards There is one airport, Homestead Air Reserve Base, located approximately 4.76 miles from Units 6 &

7. The Homestead Air Reserve Base has approximately 36,429 annual operations and this projection is not expected to change over the period of the license duration (Reference 208). As required by RG 1.206, an aircraft hazard analysis should be provided for all airports with a plant-to-airport distance less than 5 statute miles from the site.

The Units 6 & 7 site meets acceptance criteria 1.B. of Section 3.5.1.6 of NUREG-0800there are no military training routes or military operations areas within 5 miles of the site. The centerline of the closest military training route, IR-53, is approximately 11.5 nautical miles, 13.2 statute miles, from Units 6 & 7, while the closest military operations area, Lake Placid military operations area, is approximately 115 nautical miles or 132.3 statute miles from Units 6 & 7 (Reference 223).

The Units 6 & 7 site is located closer than 2 statute miles to the nearest edge of a federal airway. The site is approximately 5.98 statute miles from the centerline of airway V3/G439 as depicted in Figure 2.2-202. The width of a federal airway is typically 8 nautical miles, 4 nautical miles (4.6 statute miles) on each side of the centerline, placing the airway approximately 1.4 statute miles to the nearest edge (Reference 211). The edge of the closest high altitude airway is located further than 2 statute miles from Units 6 & 7 (Reference 240). Because of the proximity of airway V3/G439 to Units 6 & 7, criteria 1.C. set in Section 3.5.1.6 of NUREG-0800 that the plant is at least 2 statute miles beyond the nearest edge of a federal airway is not met.

Therefore, a calculation to determine the probability of an aircraft accident that could possibly result in radiological consequences to the site was performed following NUREG-0800 and DOE-STD-3014-96 to determine whether the accident probability rate is less than an order of magnitude of 1E-07. The probability of an aircraft crashing into the plant and its impact frequency evaluation are estimated using a four-factor formula that considers: (1) the number of operations; (2) the probability that an aircraft will crash; (3) given a crash, the probability that the aircraft crashes into a 1-square-mile area where the facility is located; and (4) the size of the facility. In order to estimate aircraft crash frequencies, this method applies the four-factor formula to two different flight phases, near-airport activities or airport operations that considers takeoffs and landings, and non-airport activities or in-flight phase operations (Reference 212). This assessment of impact frequency assumes that all impacts will lead to facility damage and a possible release of radioactive material.

Mathematically, the four-factor formula is:

F

=

Nijk

• Pijk

• fijk (x,y)

• Aij (Equation 1)

Where, F

=

estimated annual aircraft crash impact frequency for the facility of interest (no./year)

Nijk

=

estimated annual number of site-specific aircraft operations for each applicable summation parameter (no./year)

Pijk

=

aircraft crash rate (per takeoff or landing for near-airport phases and per flight for the in-flight (non-airport) phase of operation for each applicable summation parameter) fijk(x,y)

=

aircraft crash location conditional probability (per square mile) given a crash evaluated at the facility location for each applicable summation parameter

2.2-8 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Effective Area The effective area was calculated using the method provided in the DOE Standard, DOE-STD-3014-96 (Reference 212). For the AP1000 design, the safety-related structures are contained on the nuclear island which consists of the containment or shield building and the auxiliary building. To calculate a conservative estimate of the effective target area, a bounding building was used in accordance with the DOE standard with the following assumptions:

The total footprint area of the safety-related structures was obtained to estimate the equivalent width/length (W, L) of a bounding building, and thus the building diagonal length, R.

For the AP1000 design, when determining the length, L of the bounding building, the actual length of the auxiliary building, 254 feet, was used.

The total volume of the bounding building is obtained in order to estimate the equivalent height of the rectangular bounding building.

In this calculation, the 78-foot wingspan was conservatively chosen to represent military aircraft wingspan. Homestead Air Reserve Base indicated that the military aircraft on site consisted of F-16Cs with a wingspan of 32 feet 10 inches and F-15As with a wingspan of 42 feet 9 inches (Reference 208).

Based on those assumptions, the effective areas for general aviation, air carrier, air taxi and commuter, large military (takeoff), large military (landing), small military (takeoff), and small military (landing) type of aircraft are 0.01730, 0.04309, 0.03859, 0.03775, 0.03660, 0.02166, and 0.02824 square miles, respectively.

Airport Operations Impact Frequency Using the four-factor formula, the total impact frequency from airport operations, which includes near airport activities and considers takeoffs and landings, into the plant was determined to be 2.56E-07 per year. Even though most of the airport operations are attributed to small military aircraft operations, the calculated impact frequency was dominated by general aviation operations. The lower impact frequency attributed to Homestead Air Reserve Base is largely due to the orientation of the runway at Homestead Air Reserve Base. Crash location probability values are primarily distributed about the x-axis, the extended runway centerlinefor military aircraft, this distribution is also dependent on the pattern side of the runway. When the x-axis is placed along the center of the runway, the Units 6 & 7 site lies nearly on the y-axis, accounting for the low crash location probabilities for airport operations. In determining the airport operation frequency, the following assumptions were formulated:

Aij

=

the site-specific effective area for the facility of interest that includes skid and fly-in effective areas (square miles) for each applicable summation parameter, aircraft category or subcategory, and flight phase for military aviation i

=

(index for flight phases): i=1, 2, and 3 (takeoff, in-flight, and landing) j

=

(index for aircraft category or subcategory): j=1, 2,, 11 k

=

(index for flight source): k=1, 2,, k

=

k j i ijk

=

site-specific summation over flight phase, i; aircraft category or subcategory, j; and flight source, k

2.2-9 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR

Based on data received from Homestead Air Reserve Base, it was assumed that for each aircraft category, 75 percent of the operations occurred on Runway 05 and 25 percent of the operations occurred on Runway 23, resulting in:

18,678 small military operations for Runway 05 6,226 small military operations for Runway 23 5,574 large military operations for Runway 05 1,858 large military operations for Runway 23 3,074 general aviation operations for Runway 05 1,026 general aviation operations for Runway 23 Non-Airport Operations Impact Frequency For non-airport operations, or the in-flight phase, methods provided in DOE Standard DOE-STD-3014-96 were used and the total impact frequency from non-airport operations into the plant was determined to be 3.61E-06 per year (Reference 212).

The determined impact frequency using this methodology is heavily weighted towards general aviation aircraft due to the large probability, N

• P

• f(x,y), of general aviation crashes throughout the continental United States. The analysis of non-airport operations impact frequency was based on the four-factor formula, as used for airport operations for the class of aircraft j:

Fj = Nj

• Pj

• fj (x,y)

• Aj Where, the product NP represents the expected number of in-flight crashes per year; f(x,y) is the probability, given a crash, that the crash occurs in a 1-square-mile area surrounding the facility of interest, and A is the effective area of the facility (Reference 212). For this calculation, the values of N

• P

• f(x,y) selected are the continental U.S. averages.

Total Impact Frequency This assessment led to a total impact frequency of 3.86E-06 per year when considering both the airport and non-airport operations, which is greater than an order of magnitude of 1E-07 per year.

Therefore, an evaluation against a second criterion (core damage frequency, CDF, less than 1E-08 per year) was performed. This evaluation is presented in Subsection 19.58.2.3.1 and concludes that no further evaluation of aircraft impact is required, given that the core damage frequency associated with aircraft impacts is less than 1E-08 per year.

2.2.2.8 Projections of Industrial Growth The Units 6 & 7 site is located in unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Florida. Miami-Dade County has adopted a Comprehensive Development Master Plan to meet the requirements of the Local Government Comprehensive Planning and Land Development Regulation Act, Chapter 163, Part II, Florida Statutes, and Chapter 9J-5, Florida Administrative Code.

The Comprehensive Development Master Plan Map illustrates the locations of major institutional uses, communication facilities, and utilities of metropolitan significance. The 2025 expansion area boundary delineated on the Land Use Plan Map does not depict any future industrial area expansion within 5 miles of Units 6 & 7 (Reference 213).

2.2-10 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Thus, a review of Miami-Dade Countys Comprehensive Development Master Plan does not indicate any future projections of new major industrial, military, or transportation facilities located within the vicinity of the Units 6 & 7 site (Reference 213).

2.2.3 Evaluation of Potential Accidents The plant has inherent capability to withstand certain types of external accidents due to the specified design conditions associated with earthquakes, wind loading, and radiation shielding. Acceptability for external accidents associated with Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 is covered in this subsection.

The determination of the probability of occurrence of potential accidents which could have severe consequences is based on analyses of available statistical data on the occurrence of the accident together with analyses of the effects of the accident on the plants safety-related structures and components. If an accident is identified for which the probability of severe consequences is unacceptable, specific changes to the AP1000 are identified. The criteria for not requiring changes to the AP1000 design is that the total annual frequency of occurrence is less than 10-6 per year for an external accident leading to severe consequences. The following accident categories are considered in determining the frequency of occurrence, as appropriate:

Explosions - Accidents involving detonations of high explosives, munitions, chemicals, or liquid and gaseous fuels will be considered for facilities and activities in the vicinity of the plant where such materials are processed, stored, used, or transported in quantity.

The AP1000 includes onsite storage facilities for compressed and liquid hydrogen. Accidents involving accidental detonations of hydrogen from these storage facilities are evaluated as part of the AP1000 certified design. It is not required to provide analyses of accidents involving these storage facilities provided that the locations and size of the storage facilities are consistent with the safe distances defined by the AP1000 certified design. The bulk gas storage area for the plant gas system (PGS) is located sufficiently far from the nuclear island that an explosion would not result in damage to safety-related structures, systems, and components.

Evaluation of potential explosions due to exposure of chemical storage tanks to exterior fires has determined that all of these postulated accidents are safe distances away from safety-related items.

The AP1000 certified design does not include liquid oxygen or propane storage facilities.

Flammable Vapor Clouds (Delayed Ignition) - Accidental releases of flammable liquids or vapors that result in the formation of unconfined vapor clouds in the vicinity of the plant.

A flammable vapor cloud (delayed ignition) due to the accidental release of hydrogen from the PGS bulk gas storage area is evaluated as part of the AP1000 certified design. A detonation of such a hydrogen vapor cloud would not result in damage to safety-related structures, systems, and components. No other chemical has the possibility of developing unconfined flammable vapor clouds.

Toxic Chemicals - Accidents involving the release of toxic chemicals from nearby mobile and stationary sources.

Fires - Accidents leading to high heat fluxes or smoke, and to nonflammable gas or chemical-bearing clouds from the release of materials as the consequence of fires in the vicinity of the plant.

Airplane Crashes - Accidents involving aircraft crashes leading to missile impact or fire in the vicinity of the plant.

2.2-11 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR The safe distance for material in onsite storage facilities for explosions, flammable vapor clouds, and fires is tabulated in Table 2.2-1.

An evaluation of the information provided in Subsections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, for potential accidents that should be considered as design basis events, and the potential effects of those identified accidents on the nuclear plant in terms of design parameters (e.g., overpressure, missile energies) and physical phenomena (e.g., concentration of flammable or toxic clouds outside building structures),

was performed in accordance with the criteria in 10 CFR Parts 20, 52.79, 50.34, 100.20, and 100.21, using the guidance contained in RG 1.78, 1.91, 4.7, and 1.206.

2.2.3.1 Determination of Design-Basis Events RG 1.206 states that design basis events, internal and external to the nuclear plant, are defined as those accidents that have a probability of occurrence on the order of magnitude of 1E-07 per year or greater with potential consequences serious enough to exceed the guidelines in 10 CFR Part 100 affecting the safety of the plant. The following accident categories are considered in selecting design basis events: explosions, flammable vapor clouds (delayed ignition), toxic chemicals, fires, collisions with the intake structure, and liquid spills. On the basis of the identification of industrial, transportation, and military facilities presented in Subsections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, the postulated accidents within these categories are analyzed at the following locations:

Onsite chemical storage (Units 1 through 5)

Site-specific onsite chemical storage (Units 6 & 7)

Nearby chemical and fuel storage facilities (Homestead Air Reserve Base)

Nearby transportation routes (Florida Gas Transmission Company (Turkey Point Lateral-natural gas transmission pipeline), and an onsite transportation route) 2.2.3.1.1 Explosions Accidents involving detonations of explosives, munitions, chemicals, liquid fuels, and gaseous fuels are considered for facilities and activities either onsite or within the vicinity of the plant, where such materials are processed, stored, used, or transported in quantity. NUREG-1805 defines explosion as a sudden and violent release of high-pressure gases into the environment. The strength of the wave is measured in terms of overpressures (maximum pressure in the wave in excess of normal atmospheric pressure). Explosions come in the form of detonations or deflagrations. A detonation is the propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is greater than the speed of sound in the un-reacted medium. A deflagration is the propagation of a combustion zone at a velocity that is less than the speed of sound in the un-reacted medium (Reference 214).

The effects of explosions are a concern in analyzing structural response to blast pressures. The effects of blast pressure from explosions from nearby railways, highways, navigable waterways, or facilities to safety-related plant structures are evaluated to determine if the explosion would have an adverse effect on plant operation or would prevent safe shutdown of the plant.

2.2.3.1.1.1 Explosions /Trinitrotoluene Mass Equivalency The onsite chemicals (Units 1 through 5 [Table 2.2-207] and site-specific chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7 [Table 2.2-208]), offsite chemical storage (Homestead Air Reserve Base [Table 2.2-209]),

hazardous materials transported in pipelines (Turkey Point Lateral [Table 2.2-210]), and hazardous materials potentially transported on roadways (Table 2.2-210) were evaluated to ascertain which hazardous materials had a defined flammability range, upper (UFLs) and lower (LFLs) flammability

2.2-12 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR limits, with a potential to explode upon detonation. Whether an explosion is possible depends in large measure on the physical state of a chemical. In the case of liquids, flammable and combustible liquids often appear to ignite as liquids. However, it is actually the vapors above the liquid source that ignite. For flammable liquids at atmospheric pressure, an explosion will occur only if the non-oxidized, energized fluid is in the gas or vapor form at correct concentrations in air. The concentrations of formed vapors or gases have an upper and lower bound known as the UFL and the LFL. Below the LFL, the percentage volume of fuel is too low to sustain propagation. Above the UFL, the percentage volume of oxygen is too low to sustain propagation (Reference 215).

The postulated accidents, involving those hazardous materials determined to have the potential to explode, involve the rupture of a vessel whereby the entire contents of the vessel are released and an immediate deflagration/detonation ensues. That is, upon immediate release, the contents of the vessel are assumed to be capable of supporting an explosion upon detonation (e.g., flammable liquids are present in the gas/vapor phase between the UFL and LFL). The trinitrotoluene (TNT) mass equivalency methodology employed for determining the safe distances, the minimum separation distance required for an explosive force to not exceed 1 psi peak incident pressure, involve a compilation of principles and criterion from RG 1.91, NUREG-1805, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code, and pertinent research papers.

The allowable and actual safe distances for hazardous materials transported or stored were determined in accordance with RG 1.91, Revision 1. RG 1.91 cites 1 psi (6.9 kilopascal) as a conservative value of positive incident over pressure below which no significant damage would be expected. RG 1.91 defines this safe distance by the Hopkinson Scaling Law Relationship:

Where R is the distance in feet from an exploding charge of W pounds of equivalent TNT and k is the scaled ground distance constant at a given overpressure (for 1 psi, the value of the constant k is 45 ft/lb).

The methodology for calculating, W, and hence the safe distance, R, is dependent on the phasesolid, atmospheric liquid, or pressurized or liquefied gasof the chemical during storage and/or transportation.

Solids For a solid substance not intended for use as an explosive but subject to accidental detonation, RG 1.91 states that it is conservative to use a TNT mass equivalent (W) in Equation 2 equal to the cargo mass.

Atmospheric Liquids RG 1.91 states that it is limited to solid explosives and hydrocarbons liquefied under pressure, and the guidance provided in determining W, the mass of the substance that will produce the same blast effect as a unit mass of TNT, is specific to solids. Therefore, the guidance for determining the TNT mass equivalent, W, in RG 1.91, where the entire mass of the solid substance is potentially immediately available for detonation, is not applicable to atmospheric liquids, where only that portion in the vapor phase between the UFL and LFL is available to sustain an explosion.

The methodology employed conservatively considers the maximum gas or vapor volume within the storage vessel as explosive. Thus, for atmospheric liquid storage, this maximum gas or vapor would involve the container to be completely empty of liquid and filled only with air and fuel vapor at UFL R kW (Equation 2)

2.2-13 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR conditions in accordance with NUREG-1805. Therefore, for atmospheric liquids, the TNT mass equivalent, W, was determined following guidance in NUREG-1805, where Where Mvapor is the flammable vapor mass (lbs), Hc is the heat of combustion of the substance (Btu/lb), 2000 is the heat of combustion of TNT (Btu/lb), and Yf is the explosion yield factor. The yield factor is an estimation of the explosion efficiency, or a measure of the portion of the flammable material participating in the explosion. Conservatively, an explosion yield factor of 100 percent was applied to account for a confined explosion (NUREG-1805). In reality, only a small portion of the vapor within the flammability limits would be available for combustion and potential explosion, and a 100 percent yield factor is not achievable (Reference 216).

Pressurized or Liquefied Gases For liquefied and pressurized gases, the entire mass is conservatively considered as a flammable gas/vapor because a sudden tank rupture could entail the rapid release and mixing of a majority of the contents and a confined explosion could possibly ensue. For example, in the case of liquefied gases, the liquefied gas would violently expand and mix with air while changing states from the liquid phase to a vapor/aerosol phase. Therefore, in the case of pressurized or liquefied gases, the entire mass is conservatively considered as available for detonation, and the equivalent mass of TNT, W, is calculated in accordance with NUREG-1805 (Equation 3) where the Mvapor is the flammable mass (pounds) and the entire mass of the pressurized or liquefied gas is considered flammable. Again, an explosion yield factor of 100 percent was conservatively assumed to account for a confined explosion (NUREG-1805).

2.2.3.1.1.2 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions A boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) is an additional concern with closed storage tanks that contain substances that are gases at ambient conditions but are stored in a vessel under pressure in its saturated liquid/vapor form. The NFPA defines a BLEVE as the failure of a major container into two or more pieces, occurring at a moment when the contained liquid is at a temperature above its boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure. If the chemical is above its boiling point when the container fails, some or all of the liquid will flash-boil, that is, instantaneously become a gas. This phase change forms blast waves with energy equivalent to the change in internal energy of the liquid/vapor. This phenomenon is called a BLEVE. If the chemical is flammable, a burning gas cloud called a fireball may occur if a significant amount of the chemical flash-boils.

Because thermal radiation impacts a greater area than the overpressure, it is the more significant threat, and therefore, thermal heat flux values are presented for substances capable of producing a BLEVE (NUREG-1805).

The onsite chemicals (Units 1 through 5 [Table 2.2-207] and site-specific chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7 [Table 2.2-208]), offsite chemical storage (Homestead Air Reserve Base,

[Table 2.2-209]), hazardous materials transported in pipelines (Turkey Point Lateral [Table 2.2-210]),

and hazardous materials potentially transported on roadways (Table 2.2-210) were evaluated to ascertain which hazardous materials had a defined flammability range, upper and lower flammability limits, with a potential to produce a BLEVE. That is, those chemicals stored in their saturated liquid form but are gases at ambient conditions. The Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model was used to model the worst-case accidental BLEVE for each chemical identified as capable of producing a BLEVE, calculated as the thermal heat flux at the nearest safety-related structure. To model the worst-case BLEVE in ALOHA, the meteorological conditions presented in Table 2.2-212 were used as inputs and the determined worst-case meteorological case for each substance was used as site atmospheric input for the BLEVE analysis.

W = (Mvapor

• Hc

• Yf) / 2000 (Equation 3)

2.2-14 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Other inputs/assumptions for the BLEVE analysis using the ALOHA model include:

Open Country was selected for the ground roughness. The degree of atmospheric turbulence influences how quickly a pollutant cloud moving downwind will mix with the air around it and be diluted. In the case of a BLEVE, the movement of a vapor cloud is not a consideration.

The Threat at Point function was selected with no crosswind in the ALOHA modeling runs.

This effectively models the chemical release as a direct-line source from the spill site to the point of concern, the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7.

The Level of Concern selected was 5.0 kilowatts per square meter (kW/m2). At 5.0 kW/m2, second-degree burns are expected to occur within 60 seconds (Reference 217). Further, the EPA has selected 5.0 kW/m2 for 40 seconds as its level of concern for heat from fires in EPAs Risk Management Program Guidance for Offsite Consequence Analysis (Reference 220).

Regarding damage to structures, as a point of reference, the ignition threshold for wood is 40 kW/m2 (NUREG-1805).

In each of the explosion scenario analyses in the subsequent subsections, the described TNT mass equivalency methodology or BLEVE methodology was employed to determine the safe distances.

The effects of these explosion events from both internal and external sources are summarized in Table 2.2-213, and are described in the following subsections relative to the release source.

2.2.3.1.1.3 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 1 through 5 Units 6 & 7 are located close to the existing Units 1 through 5 chemical storage locations. The hazardous materials stored on site that were identified for further analysis with regard to explosion potential were acetylene, ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, hydrogen, and propane. A conservative analysis using the TNT equivalency methods described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.1 was used to determine safe distances for the identified hazardous materials. The results indicate that the safe distances are less than the minimum separation distance from the nearest safety-related structure, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, to each storage location. The safe distance for acetylene is 1416 feet; for ammonium hydroxide, 296 feet; for hydrazine, 170 feet; for hydrogen, 269 feet; and for propane, 1299 feet (Table 2.2-213). Acetylene is stored approximately 4300 feet; ammonium hydroxide approximately 5079 feet; hydrazine approximately 2727 feet; hydrogen approximately 3966 feet; and propane 4168 feet; from the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7the Unit 6 auxiliary building. Therefore, an explosion from any of the onsite hazardous materials evaluated will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

Additionally, propane was identified for further analysis with regard to its potential for forming a BLEVE. The propane tank located at Turkey Point site is determined to bound propane storage at the Homestead Air Reserve Base due to the large distance separating propane storage at the Homestead Air Reserve Base and Units 6 & 7. A conservative analysis using the ALOHA model described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.2 is used to determine the safe distancethe distance to the thermal heat flux of 5 kW/m2 from the formation of a fireball. Inputs to the ALOHA model also included the dimensions of the propane tank with a diameter of 3.08 feet and a length of 9.92 feet.

The safe distance for propane is 603 feet. Propane is stored 4168 feet from the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7the Unit 6 auxiliary building. The thermal radiation heat flux at the nearest safety-related structure is 0.0878 kW/m2 and the calculated burn duration is 5 seconds. Therefore, the thermal radiation heat flux resulting from a BLEVE from the storage of propane will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2-15 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 2.2.3.1.1.4 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 6 & 7 The site-specific chemical associated with Units 6 & 7 that is identified for further analysis with regard to explosion potential is methanol. A conservative analysis using the TNT equivalency methods described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.1 was used to determine the safe distance. The result indicates that the safe distance for methanol is 344 feet, which is less than the minimum separation distance from the nearest safety-related structurethe Unit 7 auxiliary building (Table 2.2-213). Methanol is stored at the FPL reclaimed water treatment facility approximately 5387 feet from the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7the Unit 7 auxiliary building.

Additionally, each standard AP1000 chemical stored at Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 is stored at a distance greater than the minimum safe distance for explosion indicated in Table 2.2-1. Therefore, an explosion from any of the onsite hazardous materials evaluated will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.1.5 Nearby Facilities/Homestead Air Reserve Base The Homestead Air Reserve Base, located approximately 4.76 miles (25,133 feet) from the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, is the identified facility of concern within the vicinity of the Turkey Point site as determined in Subsection 2.2.2.2.2. The hazardous materials stored at the Homestead Air Reserve Base identified for further analysis were: gasoline, hydrazine, jet fuel, and propane. A conservative analysis using the TNT equivalency methods described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.1 is used to determine safe distances for the identified hazardous materials. The results indicate that the safe distances are less than the minimum separation distances from the Unit 6 auxiliary building to the storage locations for any of the identified chemicals (Table 2.2-213). Propane resulted in the largest safe distance, 5,513 feet, which is less than the distance of 4.76 miles (25,133 feet) to the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7. Therefore, damaging overpressures from an explosion resulting from a complete failure of the total stored quantity for each chemical evaluated at Homestead Air Reserve Base would not adversely affect the operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.1.6 Transportation Routes/Roadways The safety-related structure located closest to identified transportation routes/roadways, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, is located approximately 2054 feet (at its closest point of approach) from the onsite transportation delivery route for gasoline. As detailed in Subsections 2.2.3.1.1.4 and 2.2.3.1.1.5, deliveries of chemicals to the site were screened and determined to be bounded by the evaluation performed for the onsite storage quantities. The maximum quantity of gasoline assumed to be transported is 50,000 pounds (9,000 gallons) in accordance with RG 1.91. An evaluation was conducted using the TNT equivalency methodologies described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.1. The results indicate that the safe distance for this quantity of gasoline is 266 feet, which is less than the minimum separation distance from the Unit 6 auxiliary building identified above and in Table 2.2-213.

Therefore, an explosion from potentially transported hazardous materials on site will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.1.7 Transportation Routes/Pipelines As described in Subsection 2.2.2.3, the Florida Gas Transmission Company owns and operates a high-pressure natural gas transmission pipeline system that serves FPL and other customers in south Florida. Two of the pipelines in this system are located within 5 miles of Units 6 & 7. The closest pipeline, the Turkey Point Lateral, represents the bounding condition. The nearest safety-related structure, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, is 4535 feet away from the analyzed release point, the closest approach of the nearest natural gas transmission pipeline.

2.2-16 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Experiments conducted in Germany (Reference 218) and by the Institution of Gas Engineers (Reference 219) have indicated that detonations of mixtures of methane (greater than 85 percent) with air do not present a credible outdoor explosion event (Reference 216). Further, there have been no reported vapor cloud explosions involving natural gas with high methane contentthere have been numerous reports of vapor clouds igniting resulting in flash fires without overpressures (Reference 216). In evaluating similar research, Y. D. Jo and Ahn report that when leaked natural gas is not trapped and immediate ignition occurs, only a jet fire will develop. Thus, the dominant hazards from natural gas pipelines are from the heat effect of thermal radiation from a sustained jet fire and from explosions where the natural gas vapor cloud becomes confined either outside or by migration inside a building (Reference 245). Even though the immediate ignition of natural gas resulting in overpressure events resulting from a ruptured gas pipeline is considered an unlikely event, an evaluation was conservatively conducted to evaluate a potential explosion from the natural gas transmission pipeline.

The worst case scenario considered the immediate deflagration/detonation of the released natural gas. That is, upon immediate release, the contents of the pipeline are assumed to be capable of supporting an explosion upon detonation (i.e., the gas is present in concentrations between the UFL and LFL). In this scenario, it was assumed that the pipe had burst open, leaving the full cross-sectional area of the pipe completely exposed to the air. It was also assumed that the ignition source existed at the break point. The safe distance to 1 psi overpressure is calculated by determining the mass of natural gas released, whereby the TNT mass equivalency methodology can then be employed as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.1.

In order to determine the mass of natural gas release, the maximum release rate was determined.

The release rate from a hole in a pipeline will vary over time; however for safety assessments, it is useful to calculate the maximum release rate of gas from the pipeline. A standard procedure for representing the maximum discharge is to represent the discharge through the pipe as an orifice. The orifice method always produces a larger value than the adiabatic or isothermal pipe methods, ensuring a conservative safety design.

Once it was verified that choke flow conditions would occur for a postulated break in the Florida Gas Transmission pipeline modeled, the maximum gas discharge rate from the break in the pipeline was calculated using the following equation which represents the release from the pipeline as an orifice.

Upon a complete pipeline rupture, the release rate of the gas (lb/s) will initially be very large, but within seconds the release rate will drop to a fraction of the initial release rate. Therefore, to estimate the amount of gas discharged for an instantaneous release, the maximum discharge rate was conservatively assumed to occur for a period of 5 seconds. This duration maintains the intent of the instantaneous detonation as applied in the TNT analysisany longer and atmospheric dispersion effects will predominate resulting in a traveling vapor cloudwhile maximizing the amount of gas released for the TNT analysis. This is also a conservative assumption given that the discharge rate (Equation 4)

+

+

=

1 1

0 1

2 RT MW g

CAP Q

c max where C = discharge coefficient (equals 1 for maximum case)

A = area of the hole, ft2 gc = gravitational constant, ft*lbm/lbf*s2 MW = molecular weight, lb/lbmol R = ideal gas constant, ft*lbf/lbmol*°R T = initial pipeline temperature, °R

2.2-17 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR will begin to decrease significantly immediately after the break occurs. The amount of gas released was then determined by:

Using the flammable mass calculated by the above methodologies, the equivalent mass of TNT can be calculated using Equations 2 and 3.

The results indicate that the safe distance, the distance to 1 psi, is less than the minimum separation distance from the Unit 6 auxiliary building to the pipeline break (Table 2.2-213). The safe distance of 3097 feet is less than the minimum separation distance to the pipeline, 4535 feet. Therefore, the overpressure at the nearest safety related structure, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, resulting from an explosion due to immediate deflagration of natural gas vapor resulting from a pipeline rupture is not significant. The results indicate that overpressures from an explosion from a rupture in the Florida Gas Transmission Company Turkey Point Lateral natural gas transmission pipeline will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.2 Flammable Vapor Clouds (Delayed Ignition)

Flammable materials in the liquid or gaseous state can form an unconfined vapor cloud that can drift towards the plant before an ignition event. When a flammable chemical is released into the atmosphere and forms a vapor cloud, it disperses as it travels downwind. The portion of the cloud with a chemical concentration within the flammable range (i.e., between the LFL and UFL) may burn if the cloud encounters an ignition source. If the cloud burns fast enough to create a detonation, an explosive force is generated. The speed at which the flame front moves through the cloud determines whether it is considered a deflagration or a detonation. Two possible events are evaluatedthermal radiation effects from either a flash fire resulting from the ignition of a flammable vapor cloud or a jet fire resulting from the rapid release of gas from a pipeline, and pressure effects resulting from a vapor cloud explosion.

2.2.3.1.2.1 Flammable Vapor CloudThermal Radiation The onsite chemicals, Units 1 through 5 (Table 2.2-207) and site-specific chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7 (Table 2.2-208); offsite chemical storage, Homestead Air Reserve Base, (Table 2.2-209);

hazardous materials transported in pipelines, Turkey Point Lateral (Table 2.2-210); and hazardous materials potentially transported on roadways (Table 2.2-210), were evaluated to ascertain which hazardous materials had the potential to form flammable vapor clouds. In each scenario, those chemicals with an identified flammability range, the ALOHA Version 5.4.1, air dispersion model was used to determine the distances that the vapor cloud could exist in the flammability range, thus presenting the possibility of ignition and potential thermal radiation effects (Reference 217). The safe distance for flammable vapor clouds was measured as the distance to the outer edge of the LFL section of the cloud.

Conservative assumptions were used in the ALOHA analyses regarding both meteorological inputs and identified scenarios (Tables 2.2-211 and 2.2-212). Each postulated event was evaluated under a spectrum of meteorological conditions to determine the worst-case meteorological condition. The spectrum of meteorological parameters chosen for the meteorological sensitivity analysis was selected based on the defined Pasquill meteorological stability classes (Table 2.2-212). The meteorological sensitivity analysis includes the most stable meteorological class, F, allowable with the ALOHA model. More stable meteorological classes and lower wind speeds will prevent a formed chemical vapor cloud from dispersing before reaching safety-related structures or the control room.

Mass (lb) = Qmax (lb/s) x time (s)

(Equation 5)

2.2-18 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Other assumptions for the ALOHA model include:

Open Country was selected for the ground roughness with the exception of those chemicals stored north of Units 1 through 4 (ammonium hydroxide) where Urban or Forest was selected. The degree of atmospheric turbulence influences how quickly a pollutant cloud moving downwind will mix with the air around it and will be diluted. Friction between the ground and air passing over it is one cause of atmospheric turbulence. The rougher the ground surface, the greater the ground roughness and the greater the turbulence that develops. A chemical cloud generally travels farther across open country than over an urban area or forest. The selection of Open Country is conservative because the Turkey Point site meets the criteria for Urban or Forestan area with many friction-generating roughness elements, such as trees or small buildings (e.g., industrial areas). The site layout and location of the chemicals stored north of Units 1 through 4 and those stored at the PGS in relation to Units 6 & 7 would entail a vapor cloud travel through or around plant structures, thus Urban or Forest was selected for the determined worst-case meteorological conditions.

The Threat at Point function was selected with no crosswind in the ALOHA modeling runs.

This effectively models the chemical release as a direct-line source from the spill site to the point of concern, the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7. These results represent the worst-case hazard levels that could develop at that distance directly downwind of the source rather than accounting for the prevailing meteorological conditions.

For each of the identified chemicals in the liquid state, it was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of the vessel leaked, forming a 1-centimeter-thick puddle. This provided a significant surface area from which to maximize evaporation and the formation of a vapor cloud.

For each of the identified chemicals in the gaseous state, it was conservatively assumed that the quantity released from the vessel/pipeline is released over a 10-minute period into the atmosphere as a continuous direct source (40 CPR 68.25).

Guidance concerning flammable vapor clouds indicates that it is appropriate to consider the distance to the LFL as the safe distance for flammable vapor clouds. Generally, for flash fires the controlling factor for the amount of damage that a receptor will suffer is whether the receptor is physically within the burning cloud. This is because most flash fires do not burn very hot and the thermal radiation generated outside of the burning cloud will generally not cause significant damage due to the short duration (References 229 and 243). However, conservatively, the thermal radiation heat flux was calculated for each formed vapor cloud capable of ignition resulting in a flash fire.

For this calculation, all of the mass of the vapor cloud is considered flammable and at the upper explosive limit. This is a conservative assumption because the upper explosive limit represents the highest percentage of fuel by volume in air (molar fraction) that can propagate a flame (Reference 215). The resulting incident heat flux on the nearest safety-related structure is calculated using the following equation presented in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (Reference 221):

(Equation 6)

Where, q

=

incident heat flux, kW/m²

=

normalized dimensionless heat transfer rate 2

6

/

5 2

/

1 4

r V

h g

f q

f f

f

=

q

2.2-19 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR The following assumptions are used when calculating the radiant heat flux from a resulting flash fire:

The temperature is assumed to be 40F, the mean extreme annual dry bulb temperature for nearby Homestead Air Reserve Base (Reference 222). This results in a conservative assumption as a lower ambient air temperature corresponds to a denser fuel upon release and thus a larger fuel mass.

The initial vapor cloud before ignition is assumed to be spherical and located at the lower explosive limit distance away from the point of releasethe closest point that the vapor cloud can reach the nearest safety-related structure and still burn.

The transmissivity of air is conservatively assumed to be one. This is conservative because the water vapor and carbon dioxide will absorb thermal radiation and depreciate the incident heat flux on the nearest safety-related structure. Making the assumption that the transmissivity of air is one results in neglecting those losses.

The fraction of combustion energy radiated to the environment is assumed to be 20 percent (Reference 221).

The normalized dimensionless heat transfer rate, is assumed to be 0.0005, the point at which, non-dimensionless time, becomes asymptotic (Reference 221).

The nearest safety-related structure is conservatively assumed to be a blackbodyit absorbs all incident radiation.

It is assumed that once the maximum fireball diameter and height are reached, they are maintained for the duration of the fireball.

2.2.3.1.2.2 Flammable Vapor CloudExplosions Those identified chemicals with the potential to detonate are then evaluated to determine the possible effects of a flammable vapor cloud explosion. ALOHA was used to model the worst-case

=

fraction of combustion energy radiated to the environment

=

atmospheric transmissivity

=

acceleration due to gravity, m/s²

=

vapor density, kg/m³

=

heat of combustion, kJ/kg

=

initial vapor volume of fuel, m³ r

=

the distance between the fireball center and the nearest safety-related structure, mcalculated as:

(Equation 7)

Where,

=

horizontal separation of fireball center and nearest safety-related structure, m Z

=

height of fireball center above ground, m h

=

nearest safety-related structure height above ground, m f

g f

fh f

V

(

)

[

]

2

/

1 2

2 h

Z x

r

+

=

2.2-20 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR accidental vapor cloud explosion for the identified chemicals, including the safe distances and overpressure effects at the nearest safety-related structure. To model the worst-case vapor cloud explosion in ALOHA, detonation was chosen as the ignition source. The evaluation was conducted using the identical assumptions presented in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1 for the ALOHA model. The safe distance was measured as the distance from the spill site to the location where the pressure wave is at 1 psi overpressure.

The effects of flammable vapor clouds and vapor cloud explosions from internal and external sources are summarized in Table 2.2-214 and are described in following subsections relative to the release source.

2.2.3.1.2.3 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 1 through 5 The hazardous materials stored on site that were identified for further analysis with regard to forming a flammable vapor cloud capable of delayed ignition following an accidental release of the hazardous material are acetylene, ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, hydrogen, and propane. As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the ALOHA dispersion model was used to determine the distance a vapor cloud could travel to reach the LFL boundary once a vapor cloud has formed from an accidental release of the identified chemical. It was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of the ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, and liquid propane vessels leaked forming a one-centimeter-thick puddle; while, for acetylene and hydrogen, it was assumed that the entire contents of the tank are released over a 10-minute period as a continuous direct source. The results indicate that any plausible vapor cloud that could form and mix sufficiently under stable atmospheric conditions would be below the LFL boundary before reaching the nearest safety-related structurethe Unit 6 auxiliary building. The distance to the LFL boundary for acetylene is 1308 feet; for ammonium hydroxide, 354 feet; for hydrazine, 42 feet; for hydrogen, 1179 feet; and for propane, the distance to the LFL boundary is 738 feet. Acetylene is stored approximately 4300 feet; ammonium hydroxide, approximately 5079 feet; hydrazine, approximately 2727 feet; hydrogen, approximately 3966 feet; and propane approximately 4168 feet from the Unit 6 auxiliary building (Table 2.2-214).

Further, as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the associated heat flux for each flammable vapor cloud was determined from the point at which the vapor cloud reaches the LFL to the nearest safety-related structure. The maximum incident heat flux for acetylene is 0.207 kW/m2; for ammonium hydroxide, 0.850 kW/m2; for hydrazine, 0.271 kW/m2; for hydrogen, 0.054 kW/m2 and for propane the maximum incident heat flux is 0.092 kW/m2. These results are less than 5 kW/m2 level of concern defined by the EPA.

A vapor cloud explosion analysis was also completed following the methodology as detailed in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.2 in order to obtain safe distances. The results concluded that the safe distance, the minimum distance required for an explosion to have less than a 1 psi peak incident pressure, are less than the shortest distance to the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, and the storage location of these chemicals. The safe distance for the acetylene cylinders is 1764 feet; for ammonium hydroxide, 963 feet; for one hydrogen tube trailer, 1347 feet; and for liquid propane, 1416 feet. For hydrazine, no explosion occurs because the vapor pressure for hydrazine is sufficiently low that not enough vapor is released from the spill for a vapor cloud explosion to occur. Each of these chemicals is stored at a greater distance from the nearest safety-related structure than the calculated safe distance.

Therefore, a flammable vapor cloud with the possibility of ignition or explosion formed from the onsite chemical storage for Units 1 through 5 analyzed will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7 (Table 2.2-214).

2.2-21 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 2.2.3.1.2.4 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 6 & 7 The site-specific chemical stored on site that is identified for further analysis with regard to forming a flammable vapor cloud capable of delayed ignition following an accidental release of the hazardous material is methanol. As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the ALOHA dispersion model was used to determine the distance a vapor cloud could travel to reach the LFL boundary once a vapor cloud has formed from an accidental release of the identified chemical.

The result indicates that any plausible vapor cloud that could form and mix sufficiently under stable atmospheric conditions would be below the LFL before reaching the nearest safety-related structurethe Unit 7 auxiliary building. The distance to the LFL boundary for methanol is 333 feet. Methanol is stored at the FPL reclaimed water treatment facility approximately 5387 feet from the nearest safety-related structure (Table 2.2-214).

Further, as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the associated heat flux for the flammable vapor cloud was determined from the point at which the vapor cloud reaches the LFL to the nearest safety-related structure. The maximum incident heat flux for methanol is 0.669 kW/m2. This result is less than 5 kW/m2 level of concern defined by the EPA.

A vapor cloud explosion analysis was also completed as detailed in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.2 to obtain the safe distance. The result concluded that the safe distance, the minimum distance required for an explosion to have less than a 1 psi peak incident pressure, is less than the shortest distance to the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7, the Unit 7 auxiliary building, and the storage location of methanol. The safe distance for the methanol is 804 feet from the point of ignition. This chemical is stored at a greater distance from the nearest safety-related structure than the calculated safe distance. Additionally, each standard AP1000 chemical stored at Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 is stored at a distance greater than the minimum safe distance for vapor cloud explosion indicated in Table 2.2-1.

Therefore, a flammable vapor cloud with the possibility of ignition or explosion formed from the storage of the onsite chemical storage for Units 6 & 7 analyzed will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7 (Table 2.2-214).

2.2.3.1.2.5 Nearby Facilities/Homestead Air Reserve Base The Homestead Air Reserve Base, located approximately 4.76 miles, 25,133 feet, from the nearest safety-related structure, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, operates within the vicinity of the Turkey Point site. The hazardous materials stored at Homestead Air Reserve Base that were identified for further analysis with regard to the potential for delayed ignition of a flammable vapor cloud formed following the accidental release of a hazardous material are gasoline and propane. For gasoline, it was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of the vessel leaked and formed a 1-centimeter-thick puddle. Because solutions such as gasoline cannot be modeled in the current version of ALOHA, as recommended by the EPA, gasoline was modeled for flammable vapor cloud and vapor cloud explosion analysis by selecting n-Heptane as a surrogate for gasoline in ALOHA's chemical library.

This selection is appropriate as the evaporation curves over a range of temperatures for n-Heptane and gasoline are shown to be similar, and at temperatures below 80°C, the evaporation of n-Heptane occurred at a faster rate (Reference 246). In the case of propane, the entire contents of the tank are assumed to be released over a 10-minute period as a continuous direct source. The results using the methodology described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1 concluded that any plausible vapor cloud that could form and mix sufficiently under stable atmospheric conditions is below the LFL boundary before reaching the Units 6 & 7 site (Table 2.2-214). The greatest distance to the LFL boundary, 2190 feet, was for propane, while the distance to the LFL boundary for gasoline was 678 feet.

Further, as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the associated heat flux for each flammable vapor cloud was determined from the point at which the vapor cloud reaches the LFL to the nearest safety-related structure. The maximum incident heat flux for gasoline is 0.053 kW/m2; and for

2.2-22 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR propane the maximum incident heat flux is 0.078 kW/m2. These results are less than 5 kW/m2 level of concern defined by the EPA (Table 2.2-214).

Because each of the identified chemicals has the potential to explode, a vapor cloud explosion analysis was also performed as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.2. The results of the vapor cloud explosion analysis concluded that the safe distance, the minimum distance required for an explosion to have less than a 1 psi peak incident pressure, is less than the minimum separation distance between the Unit 6 auxiliary building and the release point at Homestead Air Reserve Base. The largest determined safe distance was for propane, 4866 feet, while the determined safe distance for gasoline was 1623 feet. (Table 2.2-214)

Therefore, a flammable vapor cloud with the possibility of ignition or explosion from the storage of chemicals at offsite facilities will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.2.6 Transportation Routes/Roadways The nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7, the Unit 6 auxiliary building, is located approximately 2054 feet at its closest point of approach from the onsite transportation delivery route for gasoline. The methodology presented in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1 was used for determining the distance from the accidental release site where the vapor cloud is within the flammability limits. It was conservatively estimated that the vessel carried and released 50,000 pounds, 9000 gallons, of gasoline. The results for the 9000-gallon gasoline tanker concluded that any plausible vapor cloud that can form and mix sufficiently under stable atmospheric conditions will have a concentration less than the LFL before reaching the nearest safety-related structure. The distance to the LFL boundary for gasoline is 402 feet.

Further, as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the associated heat flux for the formed flammable vapor cloud was determined from the point at which the vapor cloud reaches the LFL to the nearest safety-related structure. The maximum incident heat flux for the 9000-gallon gasoline tanker is 3.187 kW/m2. These results are less than 5 kW/m2 level of concern defined by the EPA.

Gasoline was also evaluated using the methodology presented in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.2 to determine the effects of a possible vapor cloud explosion. The safe distance, the minimum separation distance required for an explosion to have less than a 1 psi peak incident pressure impact from the drifted gasoline vapor cloud, is less than the shortest distance to the onsite gasoline delivery route. The safe distance for this quantity of gasoline was determined to be 1014 feet (Table 2.2-214).

Therefore, a flammable vapor cloud ignition or explosion from a 9000-gallon gasoline tanker transported on site will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.2.7 Transportation Routes/Pipelines The Florida Gas Transmission Company owns and operates a high-pressure natural gas transmission pipeline system that serves FPL within the vicinity of Units 6 & 7. At its closest distance, the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline passes within approximately 4535 feet of the nearest safety-related structure for Units 6 & 7the Unit 6 auxiliary building. To conservatively evaluate the consequences from a potential flammable vapor cloud or vapor cloud explosion from a natural gas transmission pipeline, a worst-case scenario was considered involving the release of natural gas directly into the atmosphere resulting in a vapor cloud. Two scenarios were considered for the postulated natural gas pipeline rupture. The first scenario considered a formed vapor cloud that traveled toward Units 6 & 7.

As the vapor cloud travels towards Units 6 & 7, it is plausible that the cloud concentration could become flammable along its path. As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.1, the ALOHA dispersion model was used to determine the distance a vapor cloud could travel to reach the LFL boundary once a vapor cloud has formed from an accidental release of natural gas (as methane) from the pipeline.

2.2-23 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR The pipeline release source module was selected in the ALOHA program to model the natural gas release. The pipeline characteristics presented in Table 2.2-204 and the gas pipeline temperature for the Turkey Point Lateral, 78°F, are used as inputs to the ALOHA model. It was conservatively assumed that the pipeline was connected to an infinite tank source and that the roughness of the pipeline was smooth to model the break. The results concluded that under this scenario, the plausible vapor cloud that could form will be below the LFL boundary before reaching the nearest safety related structure for Units 6 & 7the Unit 6 auxiliary building.

Because of the possibility that the natural gas vapor cloud may become confined either outside or by migration inside a building, a vapor cloud explosion analysis was performed as described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2.2 and the ALOHA pipeline inputs from the preceding paragraph. The results of the vapor cloud explosion analysis concluded that the safe distance, the minimum distance required for an explosion to have less than 1 psi peak incident pressure, of 3033 feet, is less than the separation distance, 4535 feet, between the Unit 6 auxiliary building and the pipeline break.

As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.1.7, when leaked natural gas is not trapped and immediate ignition occurs, a jet fire will develop. A jet fire occurs when a flammable chemical is rapidly released from an opening in a vessel or pipeline and an immediate ignition occurs. The jet fire stabilizes to a point that is close to the source of the release and continues to burn until the fuel source is stopped.

Thus, the jet fire scenario should be considered for determining safety distances in the vicinity of natural gas pipelines. This is because in addition to producing thermal radiation, the jet fire causes considerable convective heating in the region beyond the flame tip. Additionally, the high velocity of the escaping gas into the jet causes more efficient combustion to occur than in pool fires. Therefore a much higher heat transfer rate could occur for a jet fire than in a pool fire flame.

The safe distance for a jet fire is measured as the distance from the fire to the point where the thermal heat flux reaches 5.0 kW/m2. For the natural gas pipeline, ALOHA was used to model the worst-case accidental release from a pipeline resulting in a jet fire, including the safe distances and thermal heat flux effects on the nearest safety related structure.

The thermal effect of a jet fire strongly depends on atmospheric conditions and the impact radius for thermal radiation is primarily affected by wind speed, and increases with decreasing wind speed.

Thermal radiation is also affected by atmospheric transmittivity. Atmospheric transmittivity is the measure of how much thermal radiation from a fire is absorbed and scattered by water vapor and other components in the atmosphere. To model the jet fire scenario in ALOHA, the worst case meteorological conditions determined from the vapor cloud flammability and explosion analyses for the pipeline was used as site atmospheric input for the jet fire analysis. Because humidity is used to determine the atmospheric transmittivity in the ALOHA model, the humidity levels were varied to determine the atmospheric worst case in ALOHA for the jet fire scenario. The results of the jet fire analysis concluded that the safe distance, the distance to 5 kW/m2, of 1035 feet, is less than the separation distance, 4535 feet, between the Unit 6 auxiliary building and the pipeline break. The maximum thermal radiation effects at the nearest safety related structure for modeled jet fire scenario is 0.261 kW/m2.

Therefore, a jet fire or flammable vapor cloud ignition or explosion from a rupture in the Turkey Point Lateral natural gas transmission pipeline will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7 (Table 2.2-214).

2.2.3.1.3 Toxic Chemicals Accidents involving the release of toxic or asphyxiating chemicals from onsite storage facilities and nearby mobile and stationary sources were considered. Toxic chemicals known to be present on site or in the vicinity of the Turkey Point site, or to be frequently transported in the vicinity, were evaluated.

2.2-24 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR The onsite chemicals, Units 1 through 5 (Table 2.2-207) and site-specific chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7 (Table 2.2-208); offsite chemical storage, Homestead Air Reserve Base, (Table 2.2-209);

hazardous materials transported in pipelines, Turkey Point Lateral (Table 2.2-210); and hazardous materials potentially transported on roadways (Table 2.2-210) were evaluated to ascertain which hazardous materials should be analyzed with respect to their potential to form a toxic or asphyxiating vapor cloud following an accidental release.

The ALOHA air dispersion model was used to predict the concentrations of toxic or asphyxiating chemical clouds as they disperse downwind for all facilities and sources except for the Turkey Point Lateral natural gas pipeline. In the case of a toxic vapor cloud, the maximum distance a cloud can travel before it disperses enough to fall below the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) or other determined toxicity limit concentration in the vapor cloud was determined using ALOHA.

Asphyxiating chemicals were evaluated to determine if their release resulted in the displacement of a significant fraction of the control room airdefined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) definition of an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.)

The IDLH is defined by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a situation that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects, or prevent escape from such an environment. The IDLHs are determined by NIOSH so that workers are able to escape such environments without suffering permanent health damage. Where an IDLH was unavailable for a toxic chemical, the time-weighted average or threshold limit value, promulgated by OSHA or adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists, was used as the toxicity concentration level.

The ALOHA model was also used to predict the concentration of the chemical in the control room for those chemicals where the distance to the IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit exceeded the distance to the control room intake following a chemical release to ensure that, under worst-case scenarios, control room operators will have sufficient time to take appropriate action.

ALOHA is a diffusion model that permits temporal as well as spatial variations in release terms and concentrations in the control room. The concentrations in the control room are limited to a 60-minute period because, as indicated in RG 1.78, the probability of a plume remaining within a given sector for a long period of time is quite small.

The toxicity/asphyxiation analyses conducted using the ALOHA model was run under a spectrum of standard meteorological conditions (selected stability class, wind speed, time of day, and cloud cover) based on the defined Pasquill meteorological stability classes (Tables 2.2-211 and 2.2-212).

The meteorological sensitivity analysis includes the most stable meteorological class, F, allowable with the ALOHA model. The more stable the meteorological class and the lower the wind speed, the less turbulence is generated, and therefore less mixing and dilution of the formed pollutant cloud should occur.

Other atmospheric inputs/assumptions for the ALOHA model include:

Open Country was selected for the ground roughness with the exception of those chemicals stored north of Units 1 through 4 (ammonium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite) and the sodium hypochlorite stored at the Cooling Towers, where Urban or Forest was selected.

The degree of atmospheric turbulence influences how quickly a pollutant cloud moving downwind will mix with the air around it and will be diluted. Friction between the ground and air passing over it is one cause of atmospheric turbulence. The rougher the ground surface, the greater the ground roughness and the greater the turbulence that develops. A chemical cloud generally travels farther across open country than over an urban area or forest. The selection of Open Country is conservative because the Turkey Point site meets the criteria for Urban or Forestan area with many friction-generating roughness elements, such as

2.2-25 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR trees or small buildings (e.g., industrial areas). The site layout and location of the chemicals stored north of Units 1 through 4 and those stored at the PGS and the Cooling Tower Area in relation to Units 6 & 7 would entail a vapor cloud travel through or around plant structures, thus Urban or Forest was selected for the determined worst-case meteorological conditions.

The Threat at Point function was selected with no crosswind for the ALOHA modeling runs for those chemicals where the distance to the IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit exceeded the distance to the control room intake. This selection effectively models the chemical release as a direct-line source from the spill site to the point of concern, the control room intake. This is conservative because all of the chemicals, with the exception of the site-specific onsite chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7, are stored to the north of Units 6 & 7, and the predominant annual wind direction is from the east with an annual frequency of approximately 17 percentand when deriving the toxicity level in the control room, RG 1.78 provides an allowance for taking into account the prevailing meteorological conditions at the site.

For each of the identified chemicals, it was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of the vessel leaked, forming a 1-centimeter-thick puddle.

For those identified hazardous materials in the gaseous state, it was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of the vessel or pipeline are released over a 10-minute period into the atmosphere as a continuous direct source (40 CFR 68.25).

In order to model sodium hypochlorite, first the partial vapor pressure was determined as (Reference 220):

Once the partial vapor pressure was determined, the evaporation rate for sodium hypochlorite solution was calculated as (Reference 220):

Because sodium hypochlorite has to be modeled as a direct source, a virtual point method was applied to account for the point source release.

The effects of toxic chemical releases from standard AP1000 chemicals are summarized in Table 6.4-201. The effects of toxic chemical releases from Units 6 & 7 site-specific chemicals, onsite chemicals (Units 1 through 5), and external sources are summarized in Table 2.2-215 and are described in the following subsections relative to the release sources.

VPm = Xr * (Vapor pressure of a pure substance)

Where, QR

=

Evaporation rate (pounds per minute (lbs/min))

U

=

Wind speed (meters per second (m/s))

MW

=

Molecular weight A

=

Surface area of pool formed by entire quantity of mixture (square feet (ft2))

VP

=

Vapor pressure (mmHg)

T

=

Temperature of released substance (Kelvin (K))

T VP A

MW U

QR

=

3

/

2 78

.0 0035

.0

2.2-26 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 2.2.3.1.3.1 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 1 through 5 The hazardous materials stored onsite that were identified for further analysis with regard to the potential of the formation of toxic vapor clouds formed following an accidental release are acetylene (asphyxiant), ammonium hydroxide, argon (asphyxiant), carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrazine, hydrogen (asphyxiant), muriatic acid, nitrogen gas (asphyxiant), liquid nitrogen (asphyxiant), oxygen (may create an oxygen enriched environment), propane, and sodium hypochlorite. As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.3, the identified hazardous materials were analyzed using the ALOHA dispersion model to determine whether the formed vapor cloud would reach the control room intake. The concentration of the toxic chemical in the control room is calculated for those chemicals where the distance to the IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit exceeded the distance to the control room intake. The distances to the IDLH, asphyxiating, or oxygen-enriched limits are calculated following a 10-minute release from the largest vessel for acetylene, argon, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. For each chemical in the liquid phase (ammonium hydroxide, hydrazine, muriatic acid, liquid nitrogen, propane, and sodium hypochlorite), the worst-case release scenario in each of the analyses included the total loss of the largest vessel, resulting in an unconfined 1-centimeter-thick puddle. In the case of each of the asphyxiants or toxic gases, distance to the IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit is calculated for acetylene (531 feet), ammonium hydroxide (4,368 feet), argon (144 feet), carbon dioxide (963 feet),

chlorine (3,471 feet), hydrazine (2,178 feet), hydrogen (612 feet), muriatic acid (1,983 feet), nitrogen gas (813 feet), liquid nitrogen (1,206 feet), oxygen (147 feet), propane (1,878 feet), and sodium hypochlorite (1,752 feet). All distances to IDLH, asphyxiation, or oxygen-enriched limits are less than the distance to the control room intake with the exception of chlorine. The control room concentration was calculated for chlorine and found to be 2.18 ppm, which is below the IDLH limit of 10 ppm (Table 2.2-215). Consistent with RG 1.78, asphyxiating chemicals should be considered if their release results in a displacement of a significant fraction of control room airin accordance with the definition of oxygen-deficient atmosphere provided by the OSHA. (Reference 230) Therefore, the formation of a toxic vapor cloud following an accidental release of the analyzed hazardous materials stored on site will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.3.2 Onsite Chemical Storage/Units 6 & 7 The site-specific chemicals stored on site that were identified for further analysis with regard to the potential of the formation of toxic vapor clouds formed following an accidental release are methanol and sodium hypochlorite (storage at FPL reclaimed water treatment facility and cooling tower). As described in Subsection 2.2.3.1.3, the identified hazardous materials were analyzed using the ALOHA dispersion model to determine whether the formed vapor cloud would reach the control room intake. The concentration of the toxic chemical in the control room is calculated for those chemicals where the distance to the IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit exceeded the distance to the control room intake. The worst-case release scenario included the total loss of the largest vessel, resulting in an unconfined 1-centimeter-thick puddle. The chemical analyses indicate that the control room would remain habitable for the determined worst-case release scenario based on the distance to IDLH limit for all chemicals with the exception of sodium hypochlorite located at the reclaimed water treatment facility and cooling towers. Control room concentrations were calculated for sodium hypochlorite at the reclaimed water treatment facility (3.62 ppm) and the cooling towers (6.90 ppm) - both concentrations are below the 10 ppm IDLH limit for chlorine. (Table 2.2-215).

Additionally, Table 6.4-201 provides specific information concerning the toxicity analysis associated with the standard AP1000 chemicals for Units 6 & 7. Each standard AP1000 chemical stored at Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 is stored at distances greater than the evaluated minimum distance to the main control room intake indicated in Table 6.4-201. Therefore, the formation of a toxic vapor cloud following an accidental release of the analyzed hazardous materials stored on site would not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2-27 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 2.2.3.1.3.3 Nearby Facilities/Homestead Air Reserve Base The Homestead Air Reserve Base is approximately 4.76 miles, 25,133 feet, from the Turkey Point site. The hazardous materials stored at Homestead Air Reserve Base that are identified for further analysis with regard to the potential for forming a toxic vapor cloud following an accidental release and traveling to the control room are Halon 1301, oxygen (potential for creating an oxygen enriched environment), gasoline, and propane. For Halon 1301 and gasoline, the worst-case release scenario included the total loss of the largest vessel, resulting in an unconfined 1-centimeter-thick puddle.

Because solutions such as gasoline cannot be modeled in the current version of ALOHA as recommended by the EPA, gasoline was modeled for toxicity analysis by selecting n-Heptane as a surrogate for gasoline in ALOHA's chemical library. This selection is appropriate as the evaporation curves over a range of temperatures for n-Heptane and gasoline are shown to be similar, and at temperatures below 80°C, the evaporation of n-Heptane occurred at a faster rate (Reference 246).

The distances to the oxygen-enriched limit and IDLH limit are determined for oxygen and propane, respectively, following a 10-minute release of the total quantity onsite. In the case of oxygen, the distance to the oxygen-enriched limit under the determined worst-case meteorological condition, 309 feet, is less than the distance to the control room and would not displace enough air for the control room to become an oxygen enriched environment. The chemical analysis indicates that the distance the Halon 1301, gasoline, or propane vapor cloud could travel before falling below the selected toxicity limit was less than the distance to the control room for each meteorological condition analyzed (Table 2.2-215). Therefore, the formation of a toxic vapor cloud following an accidental release of the analyzed hazardous materials stored at an offsite facility will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.3.4 Transportation Routes/Roadways The nearest control room for Units 6 & 7 is approximately 2084 feet at its closest point of approach, from the onsite transportation delivery route for gasoline. As detailed in Subsection 2.2.2.5, delivery of chemicals other than gasoline to the Units 1 through 5 site are screened and determined to be bounded by the evaluation performed for the Units 1 through 5 onsite storage quantities. The methodology presented in Subsection 2.2.3.1.3 was used for determining the distance from the release site to the point where the toxic vapor cloud reaches the IDLH boundary. For gasoline, the time-weighted average (TWA) toxicity limit was conservatively used because no IDLH is available for this hazardous material. The TWA is the average value of exposure over the course of an 8-hour work shift. Gasoline was modeled for toxic analysis by selecting n-Heptane in ALOHAs chemical library. In this scenario, it was conservatively estimated that the transport vehicle lost the entire contents50,000 pounds, or 9000 gallons. The results concluded that the distance to the TWA toxicity limit for any vapor cloud that forms following an accidental release of gasoline at the closest approach from the onsite transportation delivery route is less than the distance to the control room intake (Table 2.2-215). Therefore, the formation of a toxic vapor cloud following an accidental release of gasoline transported onsite will not adversely affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.3.5 Transportation Routes/Pipelines The Florida Gas Transmission Company owns and operates a high pressure natural gas transmission pipeline system that serves FPL. At its closest distance, the Turkey Point Lateral pipeline passes within approximately 4535 feet of the nearest control room for Units 6 & 7, the Unit 6 control room. Natural gas or its main constituent, methane, is not considered toxic and there is no IDLH or other toxicity limit identified. However, natural gas is considered an asphyxiant. Therefore, an analysis is necessary for the natural gas transmission pipeline to determine whether an oxygen-deficient environment exists in the control room from the displacement of air. Utilizing the methodology and inputs described in Subsections 2.2.3.1.3 and 2.2.3.1.2.7, natural gas (as methane) was analyzed using the ALOHA dispersion model to determine whether the formed vapor cloud would reach the control room intake in concentrations such that methane would displace

2.2-28 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR enough oxygen to create an oxygen-deficient environment. The distance to the asphyxiating limit, under the determined worst-case meteorological conditions, was determined to be 426 feet, less than the distance to the control room intake. Therefore, a break in the natural gas pipeline will not displace enough oxygen for the control room to become an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.

2.2.3.1.4 Fires Accidents were considered in the vicinity of the Turkey Point site that could lead to high heat fluxes or smoke, and nonflammable gas or chemical-bearing clouds from the release of materials as a consequence of fires. Fires in adjacent industrial plants and storage facilitieschemical, oil and gas pipelines; brush and forest fires; and fires from transportation accidentsare evaluated as events that could lead to high heat fluxes or to the formation of such clouds.

The nearest industrial site is the Homestead Air Reserve Base, located approximately 4.76 miles from Units 6 & 7. Each of the chemicals stored at Units 1 through 5, the site-specific chemicals associated with Units 6 & 7, and the Homestead Air Reserve Base along with the nearest natural gas transmission pipeline, the Turkey Point Lateral, are evaluated in Subsection 2.2.3.1.2 for potential effects, including heat fluxes where appropriate, of accidental releases leading to a delayed ignition and/or explosion of any formed vapor cloud. For each of the stored or transported hazardous materials evaluated, the results concluded that any formed vapor cloud will dissipate below the LFL before reaching the control room. Further, an evaluation of the heat flux from the formed vapor cloud capable of ignition concluded that the resulting heat flux from a flash fire or jet fire (Florida Gas Transmission pipeline) will be below the 5 kW/m2 threshold (Table 2.2-214). Therefore, it is not expected that there will be any hazardous effects to Units 6 & 7 from fires or heat fluxes associated with the operations at these facilities, transportation routes, or pipelines.

Further, the potential for an onsite fire from the residual fuel oil storage facilities located at the Turkey Point site was evaluated to estimate the resulting heat flux. Subsection 2.2.3.1.2 does not include an evaluation of the heat flux from the formation of a vapor cloud because the low vapor pressure of residual fuel oil makes this a non-credible event. The incident heat flux was calculated using the solid flame model presented in NUREG-1805. The solid flame model is based on the assumption that the fire is a solid vertical cylinder that emits thermal radiation laterally. The incident heat flux calculated from the solid flame model requires that the average emissive power at the flame surface (kW/m2) and the configuration factor along with the flame height be calculated. The methodology used to calculate the average emissive power, flame height, configuration factor and resultant incident heat flux is as follows:

Emissive Power The emissive power (E) is the total surface radiation of the fire per unit area per unit time (NUREG-1805).

Where, D is the effective diameter of the pool fire for a noncircular pool and is calculated from the surface area of the pool (Af) and is given by the following equation:

E(kW/m2)= 58 (10-0.00823D)

(Equation 8)

D= (4Af/)1/2 (Equation 9)

2.2-29 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Flame Height For open pool burning with no fire growth, the following correlation can be used to determine the flame height of the fire (NUREG-1805).

Where, D is the effective diameter of the fire (m) and Q is the heat release of the fire determined by the following relationship:

Where, mn is the mass loss rate per unit area per unit time (kg/m2-s); Hc, eff is the heat of combustion (kJ/kg); Af is the surface area of the pool (m2); and k is an empirical constant (m-1).

Configuration Factor The configuration factor (F1-2) is a geometric quantity that accounts for the fraction of the radiation leaving one surface that strikes another surface directly. The configuration factor is a sum of the horizontal and vertical vectors and is a value between 0 and 1. The factor approaches 1 as the distance between the point of interest and the flame is decreased (NUREG-1805).

Incident Heat Flux The incident heat flux, Qinc, to the target is given by (NUREG-1805):

The following inputs and assumptions were used in determining the incident heat flux:

It was conservatively assumed that the entire contents of one of the residual fuel oil storage tanks, 268,000 barrels, completely ruptures spilling the entire contents into the bermed area.

The terrain between the fire and the closest plant structure is assumed to be flat with no obstructions.

It is assumed that it is an open pool fire and the entire surface of the fuel oil in the bermed area is involved. The pool is assumed to be circular with an area equivalent to the bermed area.

The fire is assumed to be a perfect black body with an emissivity of 1.

The transmissivity of air is assumed to be 1this assumes that no thermal radiation is absorbed by air.

The Unit 6 service building, located 3668 feet from the postulated fuel oil fire, was conservatively used as the separation distance between the fire and nearest buildingalthough the service building is not a safety-related structure, it was conservatively chosen as the structure of concern for Units 6 & 7.

Hf(m)= 0.235 Q0.4 - 1.02 D (Equation 10)

Q = mn Hc,eff Af (1-e-kD)

(Equation 11)

F1-2 = (F2 1-2,H + F2 1-2,V)1/2 (Equation 12)

Qinc (kW/m2) = EF1-2 (Equation 13)

2.2-30 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Using the method described above the incident heat flux for a postulated pool fire involving the entire contents of the storage vessel would result in an incident heat flux of 0.0625 kW/m2 at the Unit 6 service buildingbelow the selected 5.0 kW/m2 level of concern for heat from fires. Further, a dispersion analysis study concluded that airborne pollutant concentration levels resulting from the postulated fire will be below established ambient air quality standards before reaching Units 6 & 7.

Brush and forest fires were also considered consistent with RG 1.206. Units 6 & 7 are built on fill material to an elevation of approximately 25-26 feet NAVD 88. The plant area consists of approximately 218 acres providing a cleared area consisting of limited vegetative fuel for a fire of at least 600 feet wide surrounding the Units 6 & 7 site safety-related structures. This provides a substantial defensible zone in the unlikely event of a fire originating as a result of onsite or offsite activities. Additionally, Units 6 & 7 is located south of Units 1 through 5 and are within the cooling canals. These canals, which are approximately 100-150 feet wide, encircle the Units 6 & 7 plant area. The canals are deep, primary return, water canals leading to Units 1 through 4 cooling water intakes. Therefore, the zone surrounding Units 6 & 7 is of sufficient size, especially when considering the canals surrounding the plant area, to afford protection in the event of a fire. The Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry recommends a defensible space of 30 feet (minimum) to 100 to 200 feet be maintained around structures for protection against wildfires. In addition, California has adopted regulations requiring a fire break of at least 30 feet and a fuel break to 100 feet (References 231 and 232). The safety zone around Units 6 & 7 greatly exceeds these recommended distances, and therefore, it is not expected that there will be any hazardous effects to Units 6 & 7 from fires or heat fluxes associated with wild fires, fires in adjacent industrial plants, or from onsite storage facilities.

2.2.3.1.5 Collisions with Intake Structure Because Units 6 & 7 are located near a navigable waterway, an evaluation was performed that considered the probability and potential effects of impacts on the plant cooling water intake structure and enclosed pumps. The Units 6 & 7 makeup water system consists of either reclaimed water provided from the Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department or saltwater makeup water from the radial collector wells to the circulating water cooling system. The radial collector wells consist of a central reinforced concrete caisson, extending below the Biscayne Bay seabed. The wells are designed to induce infiltration from the nearby surface water source (Biscayne Bay), combining the desirable features of extremely high well yields with induced seabed filtration of suspended particulates. Thus, there is no intake structure associated with either the reclaimed water pipeline or radial collector well system that would be damaged as a result of navigable waterway activities that would affect the safe shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.6 Liquid Spills The accidental release of oil or liquids that may be corrosive, cryogenic, or coagulant was considered to determine if the potential exists for such liquids to be drawn into the plants makeup water intake structure and circulating water system or otherwise affect the plants safe operation. In the event that these liquids would spill into the Biscayne Bay, they would not only be diluted by the large quantity of Biscayne Bay water, but the only material shipped by barge, residual fuel oil, has a specific gravity less than water and would float on top of the water. Therefore, any spill in the Biscayne Bay will not affect the water supplied by the radial collector wells and will not affect the safe operation or shutdown of Units 6 & 7.

2.2.3.1.6.1 Radiological Hazards The hazard due to the release of radioactive material from Units 3 & 4 as a result of normal operations or an unanticipated event will not threaten safety of the new units. Smoke detectors, radiation detectors, and associated control equipment are installed at various plant locations as

2.2-31 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR necessary to provide the appropriate operation of the systems. Radiation monitoring of the main control room environment is provided by the radiation monitoring system. The habitability systems for Units 6 & 7 are capable of maintaining the main control room environment suitable for prolonged occupancy throughout the duration of the postulated accidents that require protection from external fire, smoke, and airborne radioactivity. Automatic actuation of the individual systems that perform a habitability systems function is provided. In addition, safety-related structures, systems, and components for Units 6 & 7 have been designed to withstand the effects of radiological events and the consequential releases which will bound the contamination from a release from either of these potential sources.

The effect on the control rooms of Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 of a postulated design basis accident (DBA) in Turkey Point Unit 3 or 4 was evaluated based on a LOCA in Unit 3 or 4, at uprated conditions, using the releases produced from the alternative source term (AST) methodology. The dose at the Units 6 & 7 control rooms were determined considering the time-dependent source terms, the atmospheric dispersion factors (X/Q values), the assumed occupancy rates, and the operator breathing rates. A composite set of limiting X/Q values from the containment leakage point (Unit 4 Equipment Hatch) and the emergency core cooling system leakage point (Auxiliary Building Vent V-10) to the Unit 6 and 7 control rooms was developed based on the ARCON96 computer program X/Q analysis using the 2005-2009 meteorological dataset. For this analysis, the receptor was assumed to be outside the control rooms at the locations of the air intakes and the occupancy factor for the control room was conservatively assumed to be 1.0 (100 percent). The receptor was assumed to be breathing at 3.5E-04 m3/sec for the duration of the accident. The resultant dose from this analysis is less than the GDC 19 limit.

2.2.3.2 Effects of Design Basis Events As concluded in the previous subsections, no events were identified that had a probability of occurrence on the order of magnitude of 1E-07 or greater; and potential consequences serious enough to affect the safety of the plant to the extent that the guidelines in 10 CFR Part 100 could be exceeded. Thus, there are no accidents associated with nearby industrial, transportation, or military facilities that are considered design basis events.

2.2.4 Combined License Information for Identification of Site-Specific Potential Hazards Site-specific information related to the identification of potential hazards within the site vicinity is addressed in Subsections 2.2 through 2.2.3.

2.2.5 References 201.

Florida Power & Light Company, Site Certification Application, Turkey Point Uprate Project, January 2008.

202.

U.S. Air Force, Homestead Air Reserve Base. Available at www.homestead.afrc.af.mil/,

accessed July 18, 2008.

203.

Air Force Reserve Command Headquarters, Air Installation Compatible Use Zone (AICUZ) Study for the Homestead Air Reserve Base, Florida, October 2007.

204.

Not Used.

205.

Florida Power & Light Company, Turkey Point Plant Operations Manual for Fuel Oil Unloading, July 2005.

2.2-32 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 206.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute of Water Resources, Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 1Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast, 2005.

207.

Rand McNally, Miami-Dade County Street Guide, 2008.

208.

Homestead Air Reserve Base, Response to Freedom of Information Act Request, FOIA#2008-002, May 2008.

209.

Airnav.com. Available at http://www.airnav.com/, accessed February 15, 2008.

210.

GCR & Associates, Inc., Airport IQ5010. Available at http://www.gcr1.com/ 5010web/,

accessed February 15, 2008.

211.

The National Airspace System. Available at http://www.faa.gov/library/

manuals/aviation/instrument_flying_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-15-2.pdf, accessed November 16, 2006.

212.

U.S. Department of Energy, Accident Analysis for Aircraft Crash into Hazardous Facilities, DOE Standard, DOE-STD-3014-96, October 1996, Reaffirmation May 2006.

213.

Miami-Dade.gov, Adopted 2015-2025, Land Use Plan Map. Available at http://www.miamidade.gov/planzone/CDMP_landuse_map.asp, accessed October 23, 2008.

214.

National Fire Protection Agency, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations, NFPA 68, 2002.

215.

National Fire Protection Agency, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, NFPA 921, 2008.

216.

Factory Mutual Insurance Company, FM Global, Guidelines for Evaluating the Effects of Vapor Cloud Explosions Using a TNT Equivalency Method, May 2005.

217.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres, Ver. 5.4.1, February 2006.

218.

Geiger, W., Generation and Propagation of Pressure Waves Due to Unconfined Chemical Explosions and Their Impact on Nuclear Power Plant Structures, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 27, 1974.

219.

Harris, R., and M. Wickens, Understanding Vapor Cloud Explosions An Experimental Study, The Institution of Gas Engineers, Special Projects Division, Communication 1408, 55th Autumn Meeting, Kensington Town Hall, November 1989.

220.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Management Program Guidance for Offsite Consequence Analysis, EPA 550-B-99-009, April 1999.

221.

DiNenno, P., The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2d ed., Society of Fire Protection Engineers, June 1995.

222.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Design Conditions for Homestead AFB, Florida, WMO# 722025, ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals, 2005.

2.2-33 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 223.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration National Aeronautical Charting Office, United States Government Flight Information Publication IFR Enroute Low AltitudeU.S., Panel L-19, August 2007.

224.

South Florida Regional Planning Council, Emergency Management, Kunish, D.,

Response to Freedom of Information Act Request, SARA Title III, Tier II Reports, reporting year 2006, March 2008.

225.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Enviromapper database. Available at http://134.67.99.109/wme/myWindow.asp?xl=80.5011043333333&yt=25.4872705&xr=-8 0.4531043333333&yb=25.4512705, accessed September 29, 2008 and November 6, 2008.

226.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chemical Emergency Preparedness and Prevention Office, Belke, J., Chemical Accident Risks in U.S. Industry-A Preliminary Analysis of Accident Risk Data from U.S. Hazardous Chemical Facilities, September 25, 2000.

227.

Sugano, T. et al., Local Damage to Reinforced Concrete Structures Caused by Impact of Aircraft Engine Missiles, Nuclear Engineering and Design 140, pp. 387-423, 1993.

228.

Mizuno, J. et al., Investigation on Impact Resistance of Steel Plate Reinforced Concrete Barriers against Aircraft Impact: Part 3 Analyses of Full-Scale Aircraft Impact, 18th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology, August 2005.

229.

Uijt de Haag P.A.M., and Ale, B.J.M., 1999 Guideline for Quantitative Risk Assessment, Purple Book, CPR 18E, December 2005.

230.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Occupational and Health Standards, Hazardous Materials, Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Definitions, Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910.120(a)(3), April 3, 2006.

231.

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Forestry, Firewise Landscaping. Available at http://www.fl-dof.com/wildfire /firewise _landscaping.html, accessed November 19, 2008.

232.

Defensible Space, 2005, California Code of Regulations Title 14 CCR, Division 1.5, Chap. 7 Fire Protection, Subchapter 3, Article 3. Fire Hazard Reduction Around Buildings and Structures Defensible Space. § 1299. Available at http://www.fire.ca.gov/

CDFBOFDB/pdfs/DefensibleSpaceRegulationsfinal12992_17_06.pdf, accessed March 22, 2007.

233.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH, Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, September 2005.

234.

U.S. Coast Guard, Chemical Hazards Response Information System, Commandant Instruction 16465.12C, 1999.

235.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Office of Response and Restoration, Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operation.

236.

Matheson Tri-Gas, Liquid Nitrogen Material Safety Data Sheet, January 2007.

2.2-34 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 237.

Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., Sodium Molybdate Material Safety Data Sheet, August 2005.

238.

International Programme on Chemical Safety, Argon Data Sheet, May 2003.

239.

Seinfeld, J., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,

1986.

240.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration National Aeronautical Charting Office, United States Government Flight Information Publication IFR Enroute High AltitudeU.S., Panel H-8, May 2007.

241.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Terminal Area Forecast: National Forecast 2006 (1)Airport Operations, Miami International. Available at http://tafpub.itworks-software.com/OperationsListPrint.asp?TABLE_NAME=airport Operations&DisplayAll=undefined, accessed February 15, 2008.

242.

Ocean Reef Club Airport. Available at http://www.oceanreef.com/

index.cfm?fuseaction=aboutus.airport&, accessed December 16, 2008.

243.

Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering, Risk Assessment -Recommended Practices for Municipalities and Industry, ISBN No. 0-920804-92-6, 2004.

244.

Florida Power & Light Company, Ten-Year Power Plant Site Plan 2009-2018, Miami, Florida. Available at http://www.fpl.com/about/ten_year/pdf/plan.pdf_plan.shtml, accessed May 21, 2009.

245.

Jo, Y., and B. Ahn, Analysis of Hazard Areas Associated with HighPressure Natural Gas Pipelines.

246.

Fardad, D. and N. Ladommatos, Evaporation of Hydrocarbon Compounds, including Gasoline and Diesel Fuel, on Heated Metal Surfaces, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom, Proc Instn Mech Engrs, Vol. 213, Part D, 1999.

247.

The Chlorine Institute, Inc., Sodium Hypochlorite Manual Pamphlet 96, 2d ed., May 2000.

248.

Accepta Ltd., Accepta 2047 MSDS: Water Treatment Flocculant: High Molecular Weight Anionic Liquid Polymer, January 6, 2004.

249.

Accepta Ltd., Accepta 2065 MSDS: Carbohydrazide Based Oxygen Scavenger Boiler Water Treatment, January 6, 2004.

250.

Accepta Ltd., Accepta 2090 MSDS: Flocculant: High Molecular Weight Liquid Cationic Polymer, January 6, 2004.

251.

Nalco Company, pHREEdom 5200M Scale/Deposit Inhibitor Product Bulletin, March 30, 2006.

252.

Nalco Company, 3D TRASAR 3DT102 Material Safety Data Sheet, June 27, 2005.

253.

Nalco Company, 3D TRASAR 3DT195 Material Safety Data Sheet, March 21, 2007.

254.

Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc., Sodium Molybdate Material Safety Data Sheet, May 19, 2008.

2.2-35 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR 255.

Nalco Company, 3D TRASAR 3DT155 Material Safety Data Sheet.

256.

Chemical Safety Associates, Inc., RoClean P111 NSF MSDS, January 2006.

257.

Chemical Safety Associates, Inc., RoClean P303 NSF MSDS, October 2007.

258.

Langevin, C., Simulation of Ground-Water Discharge to Biscayne Bay, Southeastern Florida, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4251, 2001.

259.

Wingard, G. et al., Ecosystem History of Southern and Central Biscayne Bay: Summary Report on Sediment Core Analyses Year Two, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2004-1312, October 2004.

260.

Swarzenski, P. et al., Novel Geophysical and Geochemical Techniques used to Study Submarine Groundwater Discharge in Biscayne Bay, Florida, U.S. Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2004-3117, September 2004.

2.2-36 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-1 AP1000 OnSite Explosion Safe Distances Material Explosion Minimum Safe Distance(1) (feet)

Flammable Vapor Cloud Safe Distance(1)

(feet)

AP1000 Distance to SSC (feet)

Liquid Hydrogen, H2 577 175 635 Pressurized Gaseous Hydrogen, H2 6

Not Applicable 10 Hydrazine, N2H4 45 Not Applicable 176 Morpholine, O(CH2CH2)2NH 66 Not Applicable 176 3-Methoxy propylamine (MOPA),

C4H11NO 87 Not Applicable 176 No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil 280 Not Applicable 318 Waste Oil 102 Not Applicable 201 Note:

1.

Safe distance is to nearest point of nuclear island SSC.

2.2-37 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Source: References 201, 202, and 203 Table 2.2-201 Description of Facilities Products and Materials Site Concise Description Primary Function Number of Persons Employed Major Products or Materials Units 1 through 5 Units 1 & 2 are gas/oil-fired steam electric generating units; Units 3 &

4 are nuclear powered steam electric generating units; and Unit 5 is a natural gas combined-cycle plant.

Power Production 977 Electrical Power Homestead Air Reserve Base Homestead Air Reserve Base is a fully combat-ready unit capable of providing F-16C multipurpose fighter aircraft, along with mission ready pilots and support personnel, for short-notice worldwide deployment.

Military Installation 2365 N/A Military Installation

2.2-38 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-202 (Sheet 1 of 4)

Onsite Chemical Storage Units 1 through 7 Material Toxicity Limit IDLH(a)

Maximum Quantity in Largest Container Primary Storage Location Units 1 through 5 Acetylene Gas Asphyxiant 150 pound cylinders (3,000 pounds total)

Welding Gas House Ammonium Hydroxide 300 ppm (2) 20,000 gallon above ground storage tanks East Side Unit 5 for SCR Argon Gas Asphyxiant 150 pound cylinders (3,000 pounds total)

Welding Gas House Boric Acid None Established Fiber drums (66,660 pounds total)

Units 3 & 4 Central Receiving Warehouse/

Boric Acid Room Carbon Dioxide 40,000 ppm 150 pound cylinders (9,000 pounds total)

Compressed Gas House Chlorine 10 ppm 150 pound cylinder Nuclear Sewage Treatment Area Citric Acid None Established 500 pounds Water Treatment Area (Units 1 & 2)

Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) 5 mg/m3(b) 35,000 pounds Fossils Storage Building Hydrazine 50 ppm 1,100 gallons (2,215 gallons total)

Stores Drum Storage Area (Units 3 & 4)

Hydrogen Gas Asphyxiant 58,000 standard cubic feet (2 Hydrogen Tube Trailers - 36 tubes total)

Stored in two Hydrogen Tube Trailers (Units 3 & 4)

Hydrogen Peroxide 75 ppm 5 gallon Primary Chemical Addition Area Lead (in battery) 100 mg/m3 (as lead) 174,000 pounds Units 1 through 5 Battery Rooms/Land Utilization Fleet Service Shop Lithium Hydroxide None Established 5 gallons Primary Chemical Addition Area Lube Oil None Established 14,800 gallon storage tank (122,548 gallons total)

Units 3 & 4 Lube Oil Storage Tank/Lube Oil Reservoirs Magnesium Oxide 750 mg/m3 20,000 pounds Fossils Storage Building Mineral Oil 2,500 mg/m3 (2) 16,180 gallons (48,997 gallons total)

Unit 1 Main Transformer/Unit 2 Main Transformer Muriatic Acid (Hydrochloric Acid) 50 ppm 110 gallons Units 1 & 2 Water Treatment Area Nitrogen Gas Asphyxiant 100,000 cubic feet Gas House/Trailer Nitrogen-Liquid Asphyxiant 3,500 gal Units 3 & 4 N2 Dewar Tanks Number 2 Fuel Oil/Diesel Fuel None Established 4,300,000 gallon above ground storage tank (4,510,632 total)

Unit 5 Southeast Corner

2.2-39 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Number 6 Fuel Oil (Residual Fuel Oil)

None Established (2) 268,000 barrel (11,256,000 gallon) above ground storage tanks Fossil Fuel Tank Farm-NE corner of site Organometallic Magnesium Complex None Established 134,000 pounds Units 1 & 2 East Side Chem Feed Area Oxygen Gas May displace air and cause an oxygen enriched environment 150 pound cylinders (3,000 pounds total)

Welding Gas House Propane 2,100 ppm 500 Gallons Units 1 & 2-NE of Metering Tanks Silicone None Established 568 gallons (1,136 gallons total)

Unit 1 Power Potential Transformer/Unit 2 Power Potential Transformer Sodium Bicarbonate None Established 50 pound bags (10,000 pounds total)

Unit 1 Boiler Dry Storage Warehouse Sodium Hydroxide 10 mg/m3 Fiber drums (1,900 pounds total)

Units 1 & 2 Water Treatment Plant/Units 3 & 4 Central Receiving Warehouse Sodium Hypochlorite 10 ppm as chlorine 6,000 gallon tank Unit 5 South of Cooling Tower Sodium Molybdate 5 mg/m3 (as Mo) 80 gallons Unit 3 Condensate Polisher Bldg Sodium Nitrite None Established 80 gallons Unit 3 Condensate Polisher Bldg Sodium Tetraborate 1 mg/m3(b) 22,000 pounds Units 3 & 4 Dry Stores Sulfuric Acid 15 mg/m3 6,000 gallons (12,500 gallons total)

Units 3 & 4 Water Treatment Plant/ Unit 5 South of Cooling Tower Sulfuric Acid (Station Batteries) 15 mg/m3 2,913 pounds Units 1 & 2 Station Battery Rooms Trisodium Phosphate-Liquid None Established 300 gallons Unit 5-North of Steam Turbine Unleaded Gasoline 300 ppm(b) 2,000 gallon split tank (7,000 gallons total)

Vehicle Refueling Area/Land Utilization Vehicular Fuel Tank Units 6 & 7 Anionic polymer None Established 900 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Ferric Chloride (47%

Solution) 1 mg/m3(c) 90,250 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Lime (Ca(OH)2) 5 mg/m3(c) 23,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Table 2.2-202 (Sheet 2 of 4)

Onsite Chemical Storage Units 1 through 7 Material Toxicity Limit IDLH(a)

Maximum Quantity in Largest Container Primary Storage Location

2.2-40 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Sulfuric Acid (93% Solution) 15 mg/m3 33,600 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility/

Cooling Tower/

Turbine Building(e)

Methanol 6,000 ppm 25,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Sodium Hypochlorite (40%

Solution) 10 ppm (as chlorine) 20,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility/

Cooling Tower/

Turbine Building(e)

Alum (49% Solution)

None Established 30,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Sodium Bisulfite (40%

Solution) 5 mg/m3(c) 15,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Sodium Hydroxide None Established 15,000 gallons FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Polymer (25% Solution)

None Established 275 gallon tote FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)-Saltwater (Sodium salt of phosphonomethylate diamine)

None Established 10,000 gallons Cooling Towers Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)-Saltwater (Calcium phosphate, zinc, iron, manganese)

None Established 12,200 gallons Cooling Towers Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)-Transition from Saltwater to Reclaimed (Silica based scale inhibitor)

None Established 400 gallon tote Cooling Towers Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)-Reclaimed (High Stress Polymer with PSO)

None Established 12,000 gallons Cooling Towers Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)

(17.9% phosphoric acid) 1,000 mg/m3 800 gallons Turbine Building Proprietary Dispersant(d)

(Calcium phosphate, zinc, iron, manganese)

None Established 800 gallons Turbine Building Proprietary Scale Inhibitor(d)

(30% phosphoric acid) 1,000 mg/m3 800 gallons Turbine Building Sodium Bisulfite (25%

solution) 5 mg/m3(c) 80 gallons Turbine Building Table 2.2-202 (Sheet 3 of 4)

Onsite Chemical Storage Units 1 through 7 Material Toxicity Limit IDLH(a)

Maximum Quantity in Largest Container Primary Storage Location

2.2-41 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Proprietary Reverse Osmosis Cleaning Chemical(d) (EDTA Salt, Percarbonate Salt, Phosphonic Acid, Tetrasodium Salt)

None Established Fiber Drums Turbine Building Proprietary Reverse Osmosis Cleaning Chemical(d)

(Hydroxyalkanoic acid, Inorganic phosphate, EDTA Salt)

None Established Fiber Drums Turbine Building Hydrazine (35% solution)(e) 50 ppm 800 gallons Turbine Building Carbohydrazide None Established 800 gallons Turbine Building Morpholine(e) 1,400 ppm 800 gallons Turbine Building No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil(e)

None Established 60,000 gallons Diesel Generator Day Tanks/Diesel Generator Building/Annex Building Liquid Nitrogen(e)

Asphyxiant 1,500 gallons Plant Gas Storage Area Liquid Hydrogen(e)

Asphyxiant 1,500 gallons Plant Gas Storage Area Liquid Carbon Dioxide(e) 40,000 ppm 6 tons Plant Gas Storage Area Sodium Molybdate(e) 5 mg/m3 (as Mo-TLV) 45 gallons Turbine Building Ethylene Glycol None Established 45 gallons Turbine Building (a)

Immediately dangerous to life and health.

(b)

Threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV-TWA).

(c)

Time-weighted average (TWA)

(d)

Main constituents of proprietary treatment chemicals are listed.

(e)

Standard AP1000 chemical.

Source: References 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, and 257 Table 2.2-202 (Sheet 4 of 4)

Onsite Chemical Storage Units 1 through 7 Material Toxicity Limit IDLH(a)

Maximum Quantity in Largest Container Primary Storage Location

2.2-42 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-203 Offsite Chemical Storage Homestead Air Reserve Base Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Maximum Quantity in Largest Container(a)

(pounds)

(a)

Actual amount of compound in these cases is the maximum of the reported range on the SARA Title III, Tier II report. This range envelopes an order of magnitude and represents the greatest amount present at the facility during the reporting period.

Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) 40,000 ppm 5,440 Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether None Established 30,625 Diesel Fuel Oil (High Sulfur)

None Established 158,752 Gasoline 300 ppm(b)

(b)

Threshold limit value/time-weighted average (TLV-TWA).

Source: References 224, 233, 234, and 235 137,104 Hydrazine 50 ppm 1,437 Jet Fuel 200 mg/m3(b) 23,251,606 Nitrogen (gas)

Asphyxiant 21,648 Oxygen May displace air and cause an oxygen enriched environment 36,561 Propane 2,100 ppm 185,865

2.2-43 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Source: References 206 and 234 Table 2.2-204 Units 6 & 7 Pipeline Information Summary Operator Product Pipeline Diameter Pipeline Age Operating Pressure Depth of Burial Distance Between Isolation Valves Florida Gas Transmission Company-Turkey Point Lateral Natural Gas Transmission 24 inches 1968 722 psig 3.5 feet 11.8 miles Florida Gas Transmission Company-Homestead Lateral Natural Gas Transmission 6.625 inches 1985 722 psig 3.5 feet NA(a)

(a)

Due to the proximity and diameter of the Turkey Point lateral pipeline in comparison to the Homestead lateral pipeline, the Turkey Point lateral pipeline presents a greater hazard, and as such, the Turkey Point lateral pipeline analysis is bounding and no further analysis of the Homestead lateral pipeline is warranted.

Table 2.2-205 Hazardous Chemical Waterway Freight, Intracoastal Waterway, Miami to Key West, Florida Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Total Quantity (short tons)

Residual Fuel Oil None established 611,000

2.2-44 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-206 Aircraft Operations Significant Factors Airport Number of Operations Distance from Site Significance Factor(a)

(a) 500d2 movements per year for sites within 5 to 10 miles and 1000d2 movements per year for sites outside 10 miles.

Turkey Point Heliport 79 0.6 miles N/A(b)

Homestead Air Reserve Base 36,429 4.76 miles N/A(b)

(b)

Consistent with RG 1.206, airports with a plant-to-airport distance less than 5 miles from the site is considered regardless of the projected annual operations.

Ocean Reef Club Airport(c)

(c)

Because the projected number of operations is less than the calculated significance factor, an evaluation for this airport was not conducted.

Source: References 208, 209, 210, and 241 Sporadic 7.41 miles 27,454 Miami International Airport(c) 386,681 (2005 operations) 545,558 (2025 projected) 25.5 miles 651,832

2.2-45 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-207 (Sheet 1 of 3)

Units 1-5 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition Acetylene Gas Asphyxiant 2.5-100 percent Vapor may explode 51.370 psi at -76F Toxicity Analysisconsider as asphyxiant Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Ammonium Hydroxide 300 ppm (as ammonia) 15-28%

None listed 854,548 Pa at 293.15K Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Argon Gas Asphyxiant Not flammable None listed 1,044.630 Pa

@117.32K Toxicity Analysisconsider as asphyxiant Boric Acid None Established Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required Carbon Dioxide 40,000 ppm Not flammable None listed 907.299 psi @ 75F Toxicity Analysis and consider as asphyxiant Chlorine 10 ppm Not flammable None listed 74.040 psi @ 50F Toxicity Analysis Citric Acid None Established 0.28 kg/m3 (dust)-

2.29 kg/m3 (dust)

None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required-low vapor pressure(a)

Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) 5 mg/m3(b)

Not flammable Noncombustible Solid in solution Solidin a solution No further analysis required(c)

Hydrazine 50 ppm 4.7-100 percent Vapor may explode 14.4 mm Hg @ 77F Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Hydrogen Gas Asphyxiant 4.0-75 percent Vapor may explode 1.231 psi @ -434F Toxicity Analysisconsider as asphyxiant Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Hydrogen Peroxide 75 ppm Not flammable None listed 0.200 psi @ 90F Toxicityscreened from further analysis using criteria in RG 1.78low volume Lead (In battery) 100 mg/m3 (as lead)

Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required Lithium Hydroxide None Established Not flammable None listed N/A-Solid in solution No further analysis required

2.2-46 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Lube Oil None Established Combustible-No flammable limits listed None listed 0.100 psi @ 100F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Magnesium Oxide 750 mg/m3 Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Mineral Oil 2,500 mg/m3 Combustible-No flammable limits listed None listed

<0.5mm Hg @ 68F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Muriatic Acid (Hydrochloric Acid) 50 ppm Not flammable None listed 5.975 psi@ 90F Toxicity Analysis Nitrogen Gas Asphyxiant Not flammable None listed 1.931 psi @ -344F Toxicity Analysisconsider as asphyxiant Nitrogen-Liquid Asphyxiant Negligible None listed 1.931 psi @ -344F Toxicity Analysisconsider as asphyxiant Number 2 Fuel Oil/Diesel Fuel None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None listed 0.100 psi @ 100F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Number 6 Fuel Oil (Residual Fuel Oil)

None Established 1-5 percent None listed 0.100 psi @ 100F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Organometallic Magnesium Complex None Established Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required Oxygen May displace air and cause an oxygen-enriched environment Not flammable None listed 363, 385 Pa at 104.47K Toxicity Analysisconsider for oxygen-enriched environment Propane 2,100 ppm 2.1-9.5 percent Vapor may explode 837,489 Pa at 293.15K Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis/BLEVE Silicone None Established Not flammable None listed Not available No further analysis required Sodium Bicarbonate None Established Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required Sodium Hydroxide No established IDLH for solution Not flammable Noncombustible Solid in solution Solidin solution No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(d)

Table 2.2-207 (Sheet 2 of 3)

Units 1-5 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition

2.2-47 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Sodium Hypochlorite 10 ppm as chlorine Not flammable None listed 31.1 mmHg @ 89.6F (12.5% weight percent)

Toxicity Analysis(e)

Sodium Molybdate 5 mg/m3 (as Mo)(b)

Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required(f)

Sodium Nitrite None Established Not flammable None listed 1.818 psi @ 100F No further analysis required Sodium Tetraborate 1 mg/m3(b)

Not flammable None listed N/A-solid No further analysis required(a)

Sulfuric Acid 15 mg/m3 Not flammable None listed 0.001 mmHg @ 68F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Sulfuric Acid (Station Batteries) 15 mg/m3 Not flammable None listed 0.001 mmHg @ 68F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure(a)

Trisodium Phosphate-Liquid None Established Not flammable None listed Not available No further analysis required Unleaded Gasoline(g) 300 ppm(b) 1.4-7.4 percent Vapor may explode 4,703.3 Pa @

293.15K No further analysis required(g)

(a)

Solids and chemicals with vapor pressures this low are not very volatile. That is, under normal conditions, chemicals cannot enter the atmosphere fast enough to reach concentrations hazardous to people and, therefore, are not considered to be an air dispersion hazard.

(b)

Threshold limit value/ time-weighted average (TLV-TWA).

(c)

Lime (calcium hydroxide) is listed as a noncombustible solid and with a very lowapproximate vapor pressure of 0 mmHg. The toxicity data provided by NIOSH provides the following basis for the standard established by OSHA for general industry: "8 hour9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, total dust" and "5 mg/m3, respirable fraction." Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(d)

Sodium hydroxide in its pure form is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH provides the following description of the substance"colorless to white, odorless solid (flakes, beads, granular form)" and provides the following basis for establishing the 10 mg/m3 IDLH limit for the solid form"the revised IDLH for sodium hydroxide is 10-mg/m3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data for workers [Ott et al. 1977]" where the reference for Ott et. al gives the following description "Mortality among employees chronically exposed to caustic dust".

Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form is not applicable to the solution. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(e)

Sodium hypochlorite does not have a determined IDLH value listed in NIOSH; however, MSDS have listed a toxicity limit for sodium hypochlorite as 10 ppmas chlorine. Speculation exists on the exact chlorine species that are present in the vapor. The vapor pressures of sodium hypochlorite solutions are less than the vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. However, because of the potential for sodium hypochlorite to decompose and release chlorine gas upon heating, sodium hypochlorite was conservatively evaluated for toxicity.

(f)

Sodium molybdate is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. There is no IDLH or other toxicity limits for sodium molybdate.

There are, however, IDLH, PEL and TLVs for Molybdenum. These exposure limits are based upon dusts, inhalable and respirable fractions. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(g)

Onsite Gasoline is bounded by Onsite Transport of Gasoline.

Source: References 217, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, and 238 Table 2.2-207 (Sheet 3 of 3)

Units 1-5 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition

2.2-48 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-208 (Sheet 1 of 4)

Units 6 & 7 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition FPL Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility Anionic polymer None Established Not Flammable None Listed Solution No further analysis requiredskin/eye irritant only.

Ferric Chloride (47% Solution) 1 mg/m3 (a)

Not Flammable Noncombustible solid Solidin a solution No further analysis requiredTWA established for solid saltsnot applicable to solution.(b)

Lime (Ca(OH)2) 5 mg/m3 (a)

Not Flammable Noncombustible solid in solution Solidin a solution No further analysis required.(c)

Sulfuric Acid (93% Solution) 15 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed 0.001 mmHg @ 68°F No further analysis required.(d)

Methanol (Denitrification) 6,000 ppm 6-36 percent Vapor may explode 96 mmHg @ 68°F Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Sodium Hypochlorite (40% Solution)

Disinfection 10 ppm as Cl2 Not Flammable None Listed 31.1 mmHg @ 89.6°F (12.5% Weight Percent)

Toxicity Analysis(e)

Alum (49% Solution)

(Phosphorus Removal)

None established Not Flammable None Listed Solidin a solution No further analysis required.

Sodium Bisulfite (40% Solution)

(Dechlorination) 5 mg/m3 (a)

Not Flammable None Listed Solidin a solution No further analysis required. TWA established for solidnot applicable to solution.(f)

Sodium Hydroxide (50% Solution) 10 mg/m3 Not Flammable Noncombustible solid in solution Solidin a solution No further analysis required. TWA established for solidnot applicable to solution.(g)

Polymer (25% Solution)

None established Not Flammable None Listed Solution No further analysis requiredskin/eye irritant only.

Circulating Water System Sodium Hypochlorite (12 Trade Percent) 10 ppm as Chlorine Not Flammable None Listed 31.1 mmHg @ 89.6°F (12.5% Weight Percent)

Toxicity Analysis(e)

Sulfuric Acid (93% Solution)Saltwater 15 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed 0.001 mmHg No further analysis required.(d)

Proprietary Scale InhibitorSaltwater (Sodium salt of phosphonomethylate diamine)

Does not contain any substance that has an exposure limit Not Flammable None Listed Inhalation not a likely route of exposure No further analysis required.

Proprietary Scale InhibitorSaltwater (Calcium phosphate, zinc, iron, manganese)

None Established Not Flammable None Listed Inhalation not a likely route of exposure No further analysis required.

2.2-49 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Circulating Water System (cont.)

Proprietary Scale Inhibitor Transition from Saltwater to Reclaimed (Silica based scale inhibitor)

None Established Not expected to burn unless all water is boiled awayremaining organics may be ignitable None Listed Solution No further analysis required.

Proprietary Scale Inhibitor Reclaimed (High Stress Polymer with PSO)

Does not contain any substance that has an exposure limit Not Flammable None Listed 16 mmHg @ 100°F No further analysis required.

Service Water System Sulfuric Acid (93% Solution)

(pH Addition) 15 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed 0.001 mmHg Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Proprietary Scale Inhibitor (17.9%

Phosphoric Acid) 1,000 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed water/phosphoric acid=0.03 mmHg No further analysis required.(h)

Proprietary Dispersant (Calcium phosphate, zinc, iron, manganese)

None Established Not Flammable None Listed Inhalation not a likely route of exposure No further analysis required.

Sodium Hypochlorite (12 Trade Percent) 10 ppm as Cl2 Not Flammable None Listed 31.1 mmHg @ 89.6°F (12.5% Weight Percent)

Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Demineralized Water System Proprietary Scale Inhibitor (30% Phosphoric Acid) 1,000 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed water/phosphoric acid=0.03 mmHg No further analysis required.(h)

Sodium Bisulfite (25% Solution) 5 mg/m3 (a)

Not Flammable None Listed Solidin a solution No further analysis required. TWA established for solidnot applicable to solution.(f)

Sulfuric Acid (93% Solution) 15 mg/m3 Not Flammable None Listed 0.001 mmHg Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Cleaning Chemicals Proprietary Reverse Osmosis Cleaning Chemical (EDTA Salt, Percarbonate Salt, Phosphonic Acid, Tetrasodium Salt)

None established Not Flammable None Listed Solidin a solution No further analysis required.

Proprietary Reverse Osmosis Cleaning Chemical (Hydroxyalkanoic acid, Inorganic phosphate, EDTA Salt)

None established Not Flammable None Listed Solidin a solution No further analysis required.

Table 2.2-208 (Sheet 2 of 4)

Units 6 & 7 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition

2.2-50 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Steam Generator Blowdown System Hydrazine-oxygen scavenger (35% solution) 50 ppm 4.7-100 percent Vapor may explode 14 mmHg @ 77°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Carbohydrazideoxygen scavenger (Shut Down)

None established Not flammable-unless water is boiled away and chemical is heated None Listed 12 mmHg @ 20°C No further analysis required.

Morpholine 1,400 ppm(i) 1.4-11.2 percent Vapor may explode 6 mmHg @ 68°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Standby Diesel Fuel Oil System No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil-Diesel Generator Day Tank None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None Listed 0.100 psi @ 100°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil-Ancillary Diesel Generator None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None Listed 0.100 psi @ 100°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil-Diesel Fire Pump Day Tank None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None Listed 0.100 psi @ 100°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Fire Protection System No. 2 Diesel Fuel Oil None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None Listed 0.100 psi @ 100°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Plant Gas System Nitrogen-Liquid Asphyxiant Negligible None Listed 1.931 psi @ -344°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Nitrogen Gas Asphyxiant Not Flammable None Listed 1.931 psi @ -344F° Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Hydrogen-Liquid Asphyxiant 4.0-75 percent Vapor may explode 1.231 psi @ -434°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Carbon Dioxide-Liquid 40,000 ppm Not Flammable None Listed 907.299 psi @ 75°F Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Table 2.2-208 (Sheet 3 of 4)

Units 6 & 7 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition

2.2-51 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR (a)

Time Weighted Average (TWA)

(b)

Ferric chloride in its pure form is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH provides the following basis for establishing the 1 mg/m3 TWA limitThe ACGIHconsiders the salts to be irritants to the respiratory tract when inhaled as dusts and mists. Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form.

Note, there is no IDLH established for this chemical. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(c)

Lime (calcium hydroxide) is listed as a noncombustible solid and with a very low-approximate vapor pressure of 0 mmHg. The toxicity data provided by NIOSH provides the following basis for the standard established by OSHA for general industry: 8 hour9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> time-weighted average 15 mg/m3, total dust and 5 mg/m3, respirable fraction. Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(d)

Sulfuric acid has a very low vapor pressure and therefore an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(e)

Sodium hypochlorite does not have a determined IDLH value listed in NIOSH; however, MSDS have listed a toxicity limit for sodium hypochlorite as 10 ppmas chlorine. Speculation exists on the exact chlorine species that are present in the vapor. The vapor pressures of sodium hypochlorite solutions are less than the vapor pressure of water at the same temperature. However, because of the potential for sodium hypochlorite to decompose and release chlorine gas upon heating, sodium hypochlorite was conservatively evaluated for toxicity.

(f)

Sodium bisulfite in its pure form is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH provides the following basis for establishing the 5 mg/m3 TWA limitthe 5-mg/m3 limit was proposed because it represents a limit below that established for physical irritant particulates, and this limit reflects the irritant properties of sodium bisulfite.

And, in the judgement of the ACGIH inhalation of or contact with the dust would result in high local concentrations [of sodium bisulfite] in contact with high local concentrations of sensitive tissue. Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form is not applicable to the solution. Note, there is no IDLH established for this chemical. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(g)

Sodium hydroxide in its pure form is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH provides the following description of the substancecolorless to white, odorless solid (flakes, beads, granular form) and provides the following basis for establishing the 10 mg/m3 IDLH limit for the solid formthe revised IDLH for sodium hydroxide is 10-mg/m3 based on acute inhalation toxicity data for workers [Ott et al. 1977] where the reference for Ott et. al gives the following description Mortality among employees chronically exposed to caustic dust. Thus, this toxicity limit was established for the exposure to the solid form is not applicable to the solution. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(h)

Phosphoric acid in its pure form is a noncombustible solid and therefore has a very low vapor pressure. The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH provides the following basis for the original IDLH of 10,000 mg/m3according to the Manufacturing Chemists Association, phosphoric acid does not cause any systemic effect and the chance of pulmonary edema from mist or spray inhalation is very remote. And, the basis for the revised IDLH for phosphoric acid, 1,000 mg/m3, is based on acute oral toxicity data in animals. Therefore, an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a toxic vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

(i)

The IDLH documentation provided by NIOSH states that based on health considerations and acute inhalation toxicity data in humans and animals, a value of 2000 ppm would have been appropriate for morpholine. However, the revised IDLH for morpholine is 1400 ppm based strictly on safety considerations (i.e., being 10% of the lower explosive limit of 1.4%).

(j)

Not used.

(k)

Not used.

(l)

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

(m)

Not used.

(n)

Ethylene glycol has a low vapor pressure and therefore an air dispersion hazard resulting from the formation of a flammable vapor cloud is not a likely route of exposure.

Source: References 217, 233, 234, 235, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, and 257 Central Chilled Water System Sodium Molybdate (Corrosion Inhibitor) 5 mg/m3 (as Mo)(l)

Not Flammable None Listed Solid in a solution Table 6.4-201 (AP1000 Standard Chemical)

Ethylene Glycol None Established 3.2-15.3 percent Vapor may explode 0.003 psi @ 90°F No further analysis requiredlow vapor pressure.(n)

Table 2.2-208 (Sheet 4 of 4)

Units 6 & 7 Onsite Chemical Storage Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition

2.2-52 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-209 Offsite Chemicals, Disposition Homestead Air Reserve Base Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301) 40,000 ppm Not flammable None listed 1,436,150 Pa at 293.15K Toxicity Analysis Diesel Fuel Oil (High Sulfur)

None Established 1.3-6.0 percent None listed 0.100 @ 100F No further analysis required-low vapor pressure(a)

(a)

Solids and chemicals with vapor pressures this low are not very volatile. That is, under normal conditions, chemicals cannot enter the atmosphere fast enough to reach concentrations hazardous to people and, therefore, are not considered to be an air dispersion hazard.

Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether None Established Not flammable None listed 0.159 @ 220F No further analysis required Gasoline 300 ppm(b)

(b)

Threshold limit value/ time-weighted average (TLV-TWA).

1.4-7.4 percent Vapor may explode 4,703.3 Pa @

293.15K Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Hydrazine(c) 50 ppm 4.7-100 percent Vapor may explode 14.4 mm Hg @ 77F No further analysis required(c)

(c)

Homestead Air Reserve Base storage of hydrazine and nitrogen is bounded by Turkey Point onsite storage of hydrazine and nitrogen.

Source: References 217, 233, 234, and 235 Jet Fuel 200 mg/m3(b) 0.6-4.9 percent Vapor may explode 0.1 psi @ 100F Explosion Analysisno flammability/toxicity analysis required low vapor pressure(a)

Nitrogen Gas(c)

Asphyxiant Not flammable None listed 1.93 psi @ -344F No further analysis required(c)

Oxygen May displace air and cause an oxygen enriched environment Not flammable None listed 363,385 Pa at 104.47K Toxicity Analysis-consider for oxygen enriched environment Propane 2,100 ppm 2.1-9.5 percent Vapor may explode 837,489 Pa at 293.15K Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis

2.2-53 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-210 Transportation Navigable Waterway, Turkey Point Lateral Pipeline, and Onsite Transportation Route Disposition Material Toxicity Limit (IDLH)

Flammability Explosion Hazard Vapor Pressure Disposition Navigable Waterway Residual Fuel Oil None established 1-5 percent None listed 0.100 psi @ 100°F No further analysis requiredhazard analysis bounded by residual fuel storage at Units 1-5 (a) (c)

(a)

Solids and chemicals with vapor pressures this low are not very volatile. That is, under normal conditions, chemicals cannot enter the atmosphere fast enough to reach concentrations hazardous to people and, therefore, are not considered to be an air dispersion hazard.

Turkey Point Lateral Pipeline Natural Gas (methane)

Asphyxiant 5-15 percent Vapor may explode 258,574.0 mm Hg @

100°F Toxicity Analysis-consider as asphyxiant Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis Onsite Transportation Route Unleaded Gasoline 300 ppm(b)

(b)

Threshold limit value/ time-weighted average (TLV-TWA).

(c)

As described in Subsection 2.2.2.4, because of the storage of residual fuel oil at the Turkey Point site, (2) 268,000 barrel tanks exceeds the quantity transported by a barge, the analysis of residual fuel oil located in the storage tanks is bounding and, therefore, no further analysis is required.

Source: References 217, 233, 234, and 235 1.4-7.4 percent Vapor may explode 4,703.3 Pa @ 293.15°K Toxicity Analysis Flammability Analysis Explosion Analysis

2.2-54 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Source: References 217 and 240 Table 2.2-211 Atmospheric Input Data for the ALOHA Model Menu Parameter Input Basis Site Atmospheric Data Site Data Number of Air Exchanges 1.0 air exchanges per hour Outdoor air exchange rate for control room.

Site Data Date and Time June 21, 2007/

June 20, 2008 See Table 2.2-212 for Times June 21, 2007/June 20, 2008 at 12 noon was chosen because temperatures are highest in the summer during midday. Higher temperatures lead to a higher evaporation rate and thus a larger vapor cloud. The position of the sun for the date and time is used in determining the solar radiation, thus the summer solstice date will provide the most conservative assumption for solar radiation.

June 21, 2007/June 20, 2008 at 5 am was chosen for those Pasquill classes defined as nighttime.

Setup/Atmospheric Wind Measurement Height 10 meters ALOHA calculates a wind profile based on where the meteorological data is taken.

ALOHA assumes that the meteorological station is at 10 meters. The National Weather Service usually reports wind speeds from a height of 10 meters. Wind rose data for this project was also taken at a height of 10 meters. Additionally, the surface wind speeds for determining the Pasquill Stability Class are defined at 10m.

Setup/Atmospheric Air Temperature 90.4ºF Air temperature influences ALOHAs estimate of the evaporation rate from a puddle surface (the higher the air temperature, the more the puddle is warmed by the air above it, the higher the liquids vapor pressure is, and the faster the substance evaporates).

Setup/Atmospheric Inversion Height None An inversion is an atmospheric condition that serves to trap the gas below the inversion height thereby not allowing it to disperse normally. Inversion height has no effect on the heavy gas model. And, most inversions are at heights much greater than ground level.

Setup/Atmospheric Humidity 50%

ALOHA uses the relative humidity values to estimate the atmospheric transmissivity value; estimate the rate of evaporation from a puddle; and make heavy gas dispersion computations. Atmospheric transmissivity is a measure of how much thermal radiation from a fire is absorbed and scattered by the water vapor and other atmospheric components.

2.2-55 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Source: References 217 and 239 Table 2.2-212 ALOHA Meteorological Sensitivity Analysis Inputs Stability Class Surface Wind Speed (m/s)

Cloud Cover Date/Time A

1.5 0%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon B

1.5 50%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon B

2 0%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon C

3 70%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon E

2 50%

June 21, 2007/5 am or June 20, 2008/5 am F

1 0%

June 21, 2007/5 am or June 20, 2008/5 am F

2 0%

June 21, 2007/5 am or June 20, 2008/5 am F

3 (only modeled for vapor clouds taking greater than 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> to reach the control room) 0%

June 21, 2007/5 am or June 20, 2008/5 am C

3 50%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon D

3 50%

June 21, 2007/5 am or June 20, 2008/5 am C

5.5 0%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon D

5.5 50%

June 21, 2007/12 noon or June 20, 2008/12 noon

2.2-56 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-213 Design Basis Events Explosions Source Chemical Evaluated Quantity Heat of Combustion Distance to Nearest Safety-Related Structure Safe Distance for Explosion to have less than 1 psi of Peak Incident Pressure Thermal Radiation Heat Flux Resulting from a BLEVE Road: Onsite Transport Gasoline 50,000 pounds 18,720 Btu/lb 2,054 feet 266 feet N/A Pipeline: Turkey Point Lateral Natural Gas 30,302 pounds(a)

(a)

Quantity of natural gas released over 5 seconds after a postulated pipeline rupture.

21,517 Btu/lb 4,535 feet 3,097 feet N/A Onsite (Includes Units 1 through 5)

Acetylene 3,000 pounds 20,747 Btu/lb 4,300 feet 1,416 feet N/A Ammonium Hydroxide 40,000 gallons 7,992 Btu/lb 5,079 feet 296 feet N/A Hydrazine 1,100 gallons 8,345 Btu/lb 2,727 feet 170 feet N/A Hydrogen 1,615 standard cubic feet(b)

(b)

The simultaneous detonation of all the tubes contained in a 58,000 scf trailer stored at Units 1-5 is not a plausible scenario; therefore, an explosion involving the largest single tube, 1615 scf, was evaluated.

50,080 Btu/lb 3,966 feet 269 feet N/A Propane 500 gallons 19,782 Btu/lb 4,168 feet 1,299 feet 0.0878 kW/m2 Site-specific Onsite (Includes Units 6 & 7) Methanol 25,000 gallons 8,419 Btu/lb 5,387 feet 344 feet N/A Offsite (Homestead Air Reserve Base)

Gasoline 137,104 pounds 18,720 Btu/lb 25,133 feet 372 feet N/A Jet Fuel 23,251,606 pounds 18,540 Btu/lb 2,232 feet N/A Propane 185,865 pounds 19,782 Btu/lb 5,513 feet N/A

2.2-57 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-214 Design-Basis Events, Flammable Vapor Clouds (Delayed Ignition) and Vapor Cloud Explosions Source Chemical Evaluated &

Quantity Distance to Nearest Safety-Related Structure Distance to LFL Safe Distance for Vapor Cloud Explosions Thermal Radiation Heat Flux at Nearest Safety-Related Structure Road: Onsite Transport Gasoline (50,000 pounds) 2,054 feet 402 feet(e) 1,014 feet(e) 3.187 kW/m2 Pipeline: Turkey Point Lateral Natural Gas 4,535 feet 750 feet(a) 3,033 feet(a) 0.261 kW/m2(b)

Onsite (Includes Units 1 through 5)

Acetylene (3,000 pounds) 4,300 feet 1,308 feet(e) 1,764 feet(e) 0.207kW/m2 Ammonium Hydroxide (40,000 gal) 5,079 feet 354 feet(c)(a)(g)

(a)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at two meters per second (b)

Thermal radiation heat flux resulting from a jet fire at the pipeline break.

(c)

Urban or Forest ground roughness selected (d)

No detonation is listed when ALOHA reports that there is no detonation of the formed vapor cloud-that is no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time.

(e)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at one meters per second (f)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at one meters per second at 78°F (g) 40,000 gallons of ammonium hydroxide were released within an area of 44,415 ft2. This is conservative because the analyzed puddle expands greater than the dike area surrounding the ammonium hydroxide tanks. The analyzed puddle expands to nearby drains.

963 feet (c)(a)(g) 0.850 kW/m2 Hydrazine (1,100 gal) 2,727 feet 42 feet(a)

No Detonation(d) 0.271 kW/m2 Hydrogen (58,000 scf) 3,966 feet 1,179 feet(e) 1,347 feet(e) 0.054 kW/m2 Propane (500 gal) 4,168 feet 738 feet(f) 1,416 feet(a) 0.092 kW/m2 Site-specific Onsite (Includes Units 6 & 7)

Methanol (25,000 gal) 5.387 feet 333 feet(e) 804 feet(e) 0.669 kW/m2 Offsite (Homestead Air Force Base)

Gasoline (137,104 lb) 25,133 feet 678 feet(e) 1,623 feet(e) 0.053 kW/m2 Propane (185,865 lb) 2,190 feet(a) 4,866 feet(e) 0.078 kW/m2

2.2-58 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Table 2.2-215 (Sheet 1 of 2)

Design-Basis Events, Toxic Vapor Clouds Source Chemical Quantity IDLH(a)

Distance to Nearest Control Room (feet)

Distance to IDLH (feet)(l)

Maximum Control Room Concentration (ppm)(k)

Road: Onsite Transport Gasoline 50,000 pounds 300 ppm(b) 2,084 1,962(d)

Pipeline: Turkey Point Lateral Natural Gas 2,036,620 pounds Asphyxiant 4,535 426(d)

Onsite (Includes Units 1 through 5)

Acetylene 3,000 pounds Asphyxiant 4,331 531(g)(l)

Ammonium Hydroxide(c) 40,000 gallons 300 ppm 5,110 4,368(d)

Argon 3,000 pounds Asphyxiant 4,001 144(g)(j)

Carbon Dioxide 9,000 pounds 40,000 ppm 4,001 963(g)

Chlorine 150 pounds 10 ppm 2,994 3,471(g) 2.18 Hydrazine 1,100 gallons 50 ppm 2,758 2,178(d)

Hydrogen 58,000 scf Asphyxiant 4,001 612(g)(j)

Muriatic Acid 110 gallons 50 ppm 4,429 1,983(g)

Nitrogen Gas 100,000 scf Asphyxiant 3,596 813(g)(j)

Nitrogen Liquid 3,500 gallons Asphyxiant 3,596 1,206(d)(j)

Oxygen 3,000 pounds May displace air and cause an oxygen enriched environment 4,329 147(g)(j)

Propane 500 gallons 2100 ppm 4,198 1,878(g)

Sodium Hypochlorite 6,000 gallons 10 ppm as Chlorine 5,232 1,752 (c)(d)

2.2-59 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR (a)

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)

(b)

Threshold Limit Value/ Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)

(c)

Calculation was modeled selecting the Urban or Forest for Ground Roughness (d)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at two meters per second (e)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at three meters per second (f)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was D stability class at 5.5 meters per second (g)

Worst-case scenario meteorological condition was F stability class at one meters per second (h)

Not used.

(i) 40,000 gallons of ammonium hydroxide were released within an area of 2,590 ft2 (the area of the storage dike) for worst-case meteorological conditions.

(j)

Distance to the asphyxiating limit. Note that, for oxygen, the asphyxiating limit is bounding for the oxygen-enriched limits.

(k)

The control room concentration is calculated only for chemicals whose distance to their IDLH limit, asphyxiating limit, or oxygen-enriched limit is greater than the distance to the control room intake.

(l)

The distance to IDLH provided for each chemical corresponds to the worst-case control room concentrations.

Site-specific Onsite (Includes Units 6

& 7)

Methanol 25,000 gallons 6,000 ppm 5,470 1,131(d)

Sodium Hypochlorite (Reclaimed Water Treatment Facility) 20,000 gallons 10 ppm as Chlorine 5,470 6,864 3.62(d)

Sodium Hypochlorite (Cooling Tower) 12,000 gallons 10 ppm as Chlorine 807 2,622 6.90(d)

Offsite (Homestead Air Reserve Base)

Halon 1301 5,440 pounds 40,000 ppm 25,133 99(e)

Gasoline 137,104 pounds 300 ppm(b) 2,199(f)

Oxygen 36,561 pounds May displace air and cause an oxygen enriched environment 309(e)(j)

Propane 185,865 pounds 2,100 ppm 6,864(e)

Table 2.2-215 (Sheet 2 of 2)

Design-Basis Events, Toxic Vapor Clouds Source Chemical Quantity IDLH(a)

Distance to Nearest Control Room (feet)

Distance to IDLH (feet)(l)

Maximum Control Room Concentration (ppm)(k)

2.2-60 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Figure 2.2-201 Site Vicinity Map

2.2-61 Revision 0 Turkey Point Units 6 & 7 - IFSAR Figure 2.2-202 Airport and Airway Map