CNL-17-017, Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 37, Transmission System Update - Environmental Aspects

Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 37, Transmission System Update - Environmental Aspects

ML17034A562
Person / Time
Site:	Browns Ferry
Issue date:	02/03/2017
From:	James Shea Tennessee Valley Authority
To:	Document Control Desk, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
CNL-17-017
Download: ML17034A562 (559)

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U.S . Nuclear Regulatory Commission CNL-17-017 Page 3 February 3, 2017 of this letter provides Revision 2 of the BFN EPU Supplemental Environmental Report. The BFN EPU Supplemental Environmental Report is revised to reflect the transmission system upgrades included in Revision 3 of the interconnection SIS. supersedes and replaces Revision 1 of the BFN EPU Supplemental Environmental Report, provided in Enclosure 6 of the Reference 2 letter. The Reference 4 letter provided the NRC's draft Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact related to the proposed BFN EPU. Enclosure 3 of this letter provides markups of the draft Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact to reflect the changes associated with the Transmission System update included in this supplement. TVA has reviewed the information supporting the environmental consideration provided to the NRC in the Reference 1 letter. The supplemental information in this submittal does not affect the bases for concluding that an environmental impact statement does not need to be prepared in connection with the proposed license amendment. Additionally, in accordance with 10 CFR 50.91 (b)(1 }, TVA is sending a copy of this letter to the Alabama State Department of Public Health. There are no new regulatory commitments associated with this submittal. If there are any questions or if additional information is needed, please contact Mr. Edward D. Schrull at (423) 751-3850. I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on the 3rd day of February 2017. Vice President, Nuclear Licensing Enclosures cc: See Page 4

 
 

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8.0 ResultsandConclusionSummary.....................................................................................E1Att210 9.0 Procedures,BestManagementPractices,andEnvironmentalQualityProtection Specifications...E1Att210    E1Att22 

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Phase I Cultural Resources Surveys of Tennessee Valley Authoritys Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi

PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEYS OF TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITYS CORNITH AND HOLLY SPRINGS SUBSTATION EXPANSIONS IN ALCORN AND MARSHALL COUNTIES, MISSISSIPPI by Ted Karpynec, Heidi Rosenwinkel, Meghan Weaver, Katherine Wright, and Elin Crook Prepared for: Tennessee Valley Authority 400 W. Summit Hill Drive Knoxville, TN 37902 Prepared by: Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 2211 Seminole Drive, Suite 302 Huntsville, Alabama 35805 Hunter B. Johnson Principal Investigator May 2016

ABSTRACT Under contract with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research (TVAR) conducted Phase I cultural resources surveys to document and assess cultural resources with the area of potential effects (APE) associated with the Corinth and Holly Springs substation expansions projects in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi. The APE for the archaeological survey consisted of the footprints of the Corinth (2.42 ha [5.98 acres]) and Holly Springs (1.21 ha [2.98 acres]) substation expansions. The architectural APE consisted of a 0.8 km (0.5 mi) radius surrounding the substation footprints. Areas within the architectural survey radii that were determined not to be in view of the substations due to terrain, vegetation, and/or modern built environments were not considered as part of the architectural APE. TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Corinth substation expansion resulted in the revisitation of 14 previously documented architectural resources (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263). Of the 14 previously documented architectural resources, 13 (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263) are extant and located within the architectural APE. TVAR recommends these architectural resources not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations and/or damage. TVARs survey noted previously recorded property 003-COR-1251 is located outside the viewshed of the proposed project area. In addition, TVARs VXUYH\RIWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQLGHQWL¿HGVL[UHVRXUFHV ,6,6 ZLWKLQWKH survey radius, none of which are recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of DUFKLWHFWXUDODQGKLVWRULFVLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVQRDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed Corinth substation expansion project. TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Holly Springs substation expansion revisited two NRHP-listed historic districts, the Depot-Compress Historic District and the East Holly Springs Historic District, within the survey radius. Based on the results of TVARs architectural survey, the two historic districts are located outside the viewshed to the project area and will not be affected by the proposed undertaking. In addition, TVARs survey UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI  UHVRXUFHV ,6,6  ZLWKLQ WKH VXUYH\ UDGLXV QRQH RI ZKLFK are recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of architectural and historic VLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVQRDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIDERYHJURXQGUHVRXUFHV in connection with the Holly Springs substation expansion project. 79$5¶V DUFKDHRORJLFDO VXUYH\ UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI RQH VLWH $/  ZLWKLQ WKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQEXWLWODFNVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRVLJQL¿FDQWO\ FRQWULEXWH WR UHVHDUFK FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SUHKLVWRU\ RI WKH UHJLRQ &RQVHTXHQWO\ 79$5 UHFRPPHQGV WKDW WKH VLWH LV QRW HOLJLEOH IRU OLVWLQJ RQ WKH 15+3 1R UHVRXUFHV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG GXULQJ 79$5¶V survey of the APE associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. No further archaeological investigations are recommended in connection with either of the proposed projects.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 2. Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 3. Cultural Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Paleoindian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Archaic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Woodland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Mississippian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Historic Native American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Alcorn County History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Marshall County History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Chapter 4. Architectural Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Architectural Survey Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Architectural Background Literature and Records Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Architectural Survey Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TVA Corinth Substation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Previously Recorded Architectural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 003-COR-1251 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 003-COR-1252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 003-COR-1253 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 003-COR-1254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 003-COR-1255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 003-COR-1256 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 003-COR-1257 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 003-COR-1258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 003-COR-1259 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 003-COR-1260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 003-COR-1261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 003-COR-1262 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Newly Recorded Architectural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 IS-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 IS-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 IS-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 IS-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 IS-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 IS-6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 IS-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 IS-8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 TVA Holly Springs Substation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Newly Recorded Architectural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 IS-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 IS-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 IS-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 IS-13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 IS-14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 IS-15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 IS-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

iv - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research IS-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 IS-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 IS-19/ Mississippi Central Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Chapter 5. Archaeological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Archaeological Background Literature and Records Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Methods of Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Results of the Corinth Substation Expansion Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 22AL726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Results of the Holly Springs Substation Expansion Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Chapter 6. Materials Recovered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Sherdlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Lithic Debitage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Brick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Chapter 7. Summary and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Appendix A: Architectural Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Appendix B: Land Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Appendix C: Curation Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Appendix D: Shovel Test Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Appendix E: Site Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Project location map of Corinth substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 1.2. Project location map of Holly Springs substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 2.1. Corinth substation expansion project location within the Blackland Prairie Level IV ecoregion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 2.2. Holly Springs substation expansion project location within the Loess Plains Level IV ecoregion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 )LJXUH)DOORZDJULFXOWXUDOHOGZLWKLQWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQ expansion (view to the west). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 2.4. Wooded area within the APE associated with the Corinth substation expansion (view to the west). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 2.5. Existing Corinth substation (view to the west). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 2.6. Gravel road traversing the Corinth substation expansion project area (view to the north). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 )LJXUH0DQLFXUHGJUDVVHOGFRPSULVLQJWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH+ROO\6SULQJV substation expansion (view to the east). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 2.8. Existing Holly Springs substation (view to the northwest). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 2.9. Residential development across from the Holly Springs substation (view to the southwest). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 3.1. 1822 map of Mississippi showing native-held lands and early counties. . . . . . . 18 Figure 3.2. 1835 map of lands ceded by the Chickasaws to the United States. . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 3.3. 1862 map of Confederate and Union entrenchments in the vicinty of Corinth, from May to June. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Figure 3.4. 1876 map of the Battle of Iuka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 3.5. 1897 Rand McNally map of Alcorn County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 4.1. Excerpts of the USGS Corinth and Kendrick, MS quadrangles with viewshed analysis results, roads driven by TVAR historians, and locations of line-of-sight photos in the Corinth survey radius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - v Figure 4.2. Excerpt of the USGS Holly Springs, MS quadrangle with viewshed analysis results, roads driven by TVAR historians, and locations of line-of-sight photos in the Holly Springs survey radius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Figure 4.3. Map 1 of 2 showing the proposed project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Figure 4.4. Map 2 of 2 showing the proposed project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Figure 4.5. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is north. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 4.6. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is east. . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 4.7. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is south. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 4.8. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is west. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 4.9. LOS-1; view is south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 4.10. LOS-2; view is southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 4.11. LOS-3; view is southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 4.12. LOS-4; view is northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 4.13. Property 003-COR-1249; view is southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 4.14. Property 003-COR-1249; view is southwest looking toward the project area. . 41 Figure 4.15. Property 003-COR-1250; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 4.16. Property 003-COR-1250; view is southwest looking toward the project area. . 42 Figure 4.17. Property 003-COR-1263; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Figure 4.18. Property 003-COR-1263; view is south looking toward the project area. . . . . 43 Figure 4.19. Current aerial imagery of the project area illustrating line-of-sight obstructions to architectural resources 003-COR-1249, 003-COR-1250, and 003-COR-1263. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 4.20. Property 003-COR-1251; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 4.21. Property 003-COR-1251; view is southwest featuring the carport. . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 4.22. Property 003-COR-1251; view is west featuring the east elevation. . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 4.23. Property 003-COR-1251; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 4.24. Property 003-COR-1251; view is northeast featuring the modern addition and chimney attached to the south (rear) elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 4.25. Property 003-COR-1251; modern gazebo; view is southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Figure 4.26. Property 003-COR-1251; modern utility building; view is southeast. . . . . . . . 49 Figure 4.27. Property 003-COR-1251; ca. 1930 storage shed; view is southwest. . . . . . . . . 50 Figure 4.28. Property 003-COR-1252; view is south featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Figure 4.29. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the east elevation. . . . . 52 Figure 4.30. Property 003-COR-1252; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Figure 4.31. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the tornado shelter. . . . 53 Figure 4.32. Property 003-COR-1252; view is east featuring the modern storage shed. . . . 54 Figure 4.33. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the concrete block storage shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Figure 4.34. Property 003-COR-1253; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Figure 4.35. Property 003-COR-1253; view is southeast featuring the west elevation. . . . . 56 Figure 4.36. Property 003-COR-1253; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 4.37. Property 003-COR-1253; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Figure 4.38. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

vi - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.39. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 4.40. Property 003-COR-1254; view is southwest featuring the east and north (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Figure 4.41. Property 003-COR-1254; view is south featuring the north (rear) elevation. . . 60 Figure 4.42. Property 003-COR-1254; view is north featuring the prefabricated metal storage shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 4.43. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northeast featuring the ca. 1930 utility building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 4.44. Property 003-COR-1255; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 4.45. Property 003-COR-1255; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 4.46. Property 003-COR-1255; view is south featuring the north (rear) elevations. . 63 Figure 4.47. Property 003-COR-1256; view is north featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 4.48. Property 003-COR-1256; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 4.49. Property 003-COR-1256; view is east featuring the west elevation. . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 4.50. Property 003-COR-1256; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 4.51. Property 003-COR-1257; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure 4.52. Property 003-COR-1257; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Figure 4.53. Property 003-COR-1257; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 4.54. Property 003-COR-1258; view is south featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 4.55. Property 003-COR-1258; view is southwest featuring the east elevation. . . . . 72 Figure 4.56. Property 003-COR-1258; view is northeast featuring the west and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 4.57. Property 003-COR-1258; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Figure 4.58. Property 003-COR-1258; view is southwest featuring the modern garage. . . . 73 Figure 4.59. Property 003-COR-1258; view is south featuring the ca. 1950 garage. . . . . . . 74 Figure 4.60. Property 003-COR-1259; view is east featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Figure 4.61. Property 003-COR-1259; view is southeast featuring the façade and north elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Figure 4.62. Property 003-COR-1259; view is northwest featuring the south and east (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Figure 4.63. Property 003-COR-1260; view is south featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Figure 4.64. Property 003-COR-1260; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Figure 4.65. Property 003-COR-1260; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Figure 4.66. Property 003-COR-1260; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Figure 4.67. Property 003-COR-1261; view is northeast featuring the west (former primary façade) and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Figure 4.68. Property 003-COR-1261; view is northwest featuring the east and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Figure 4.69. Property 003-COR-1261; view is southwest featuring the north and west (former primary façade) elevations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - vii Figure 4.70. Property 003-COR-1261; view is southwest featuring the north elevation. . . . 83 Figure 4.71. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southeast featuring the façade and the west elevation garage wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 4.72. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 4.73. Property 003-COR-1262; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 4.74. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southwest featuring the modern storage shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 4.75. Property IS-1; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation garage wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 4.76. Property IS-1; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation. . . 88 Figure 4.77. Property IS-2; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Figure 4.78. Property IS-2; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation. . . 90 Figure 4.79. Property IS-3; view is west featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Figure 4.80. Property IS-3; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation. . . 92 Figure 4.81. Property IS-4; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Figure 4.82. Property IS-4; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation. . . 94 Figure 4.83. Property IS-5; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Figure 4.84. Property IS-5; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation. . . 96 Figure 4.85. Property IS-6; view is east featuring the façade and modern carport. . . . . . . 98 Figure 4.86. Property IS-6; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) elevation. . . . . . . . 98 Figure 4.87. Property IS-7; view is south featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Figure 4.88. Property IS-7; view is northwest featuring the south (rear) elevation and carport wing attached to the east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Figure 4.89. Property IS-8; view is north featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 4.90. Property IS-8; view is southwest featuring the modern addition attached to the north (rear) elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Figure 4.91. Property IS-8; view is southeast featuring the west elevation of the main block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 4.92. Property IS-8; view is north featuring the ca. 1970 storage shed. . . . . . . . . 103 Figure 4.93. Excerpt of the USGS Holly Springs, MS topographic quadrangle showing the proposed project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Figure 4.94. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is north. . . . . . . 106 Figure 4.95. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is east. . . . . . . . 106 Figure 4.96. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is south. . . . . . . 107 Figure 4.97. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is west. . . . . . . . 107 Figure 4.98. LOS-5; view is northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Figure 4.99. LOS-6; view is east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Figure 4.100. LOS-7; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Figure 4.101. LOS-8; view is northwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Figure 4.102. LOS-9; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Figure 4.103. LOS-10; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Figure 4.104. LOS-11; Depot-Compress Historic District; view is south from the intersection of S. Compress Street and E. Van Dorn Avenue looking toward the project area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

viii - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.105. LOS-12; Depot-Compress Historic District; view is south from the intersection of S. Bethlehem Street and E. Van Dorn Avenue looking toward the project area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Figure 4.106. LOS-13; Depot-Compress Historic District; view is south from E. Van Dorn Avenue looking toward the project area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Figure 4.107. Holly Springs substation project area; view is north looking toward the Depot-Compress Historic District.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Figure 4.108. LOS-14; East Holly Springs Historic District; view is southeast looking toward the project area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Figure 4.109. Holly Springs substation project area; view is northwest looking toward the East Holly Springs Historic District. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Figure 4.110. Current aerial imagery of the project area illustrating line-of-sight obstructions to the NRHP-listed Depot-Compress and East Holly Springs historic districts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Figure 4.111. Property IS-9; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . 116 Figure 4.112. Property IS-9; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Figure 4.113. Property IS-10; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Figure 4.114. Property IS-10; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Figure 4.115. Property IS-11; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Figure 4.116. Property IS-11; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Figure 4.117. Property IS-12; view is southwest featuring the façade and north elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Figure 4.118. Property IS-12; view is northeast featuring the south and west (rear) elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Figure 4.119. Property IS-12; view is west featuring the ca. 1950 storage shed. . . . . . . . 123 Figure 4.120. Property IS-12; view is north featuring the ca. 1970 carport/garage building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Figure 4.121. Property IS-13; view is northeast featuring the west elevation and the south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 4.122. Property IS-13; view is southwest featuring the east (former primary façade) and north elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 4.123. Property IS-14; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 4.124. Property IS-14; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 4.125. Property IS-15; view is east featuring the façade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure 4.126. Property IS-15; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Figure 4.127. Property IS-15; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Figure 4.128. Property IS-15; view is east featuring the storage shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Figure 4.129. Property IS-16; view is southeast featuring the northern portion of the plaza façade.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Figure 4.130. Property IS-16; view is north featuring the southern portion of the plaza façade.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 Figure 4.131. Property IS-16; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - ix Figure 4.132. Property IS-16; view is southwest featuring the east (rear) and elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Figure 4.133. Property IS-17; view is north featuring the main façade of the original plant building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 )LJXUH3URSHUW\,6YLHZLVQRUWKZHVWIHDWXULQJWKHRIFHZLQJDWWDFKHGWR the east elevation of the original manufacturing building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Figure 4.135. Property IS-17; view is northeast featuring the west elevation warehouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 4.136. Property IS-17; modern concrete block warehouse addition attached to the west elevation; view is east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Figure 4.137. Property IS-17; modern warehouse building; view is west. . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Figure 4.138. Property IS-17; original water tower; view is northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Figure 4.139. Property IS-17; modern pole shed; view is north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Figure 4.140. Property IS-17; modern concrete block garage building; view is southeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Figure 4.141. Property IS-17; view is northeast featuring the modern storage building and utility shed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Figure 4.142. Property IS-17; view is southeast featuring the manufacturing building. . . . 140 Figure 4.143. Property IS-18; view is northeast and features the façade and south elevation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Figure 4.144. Property IS-18; view is northwest and features the east and south elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Figure 4.145. Property IS-19; view is west and features the at-grade crossing at Neely Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Figure 4.146. Property IS-19; view is east and features the at-grade crossing at Neely Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Figure 4.147. Property IS-19; view is northeast from Neely Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Figure 4.148. Property IS-19; view is southwest from Neely Avenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Figure 5.1. Background study area associated with the Corinth substation expansion. . . 148 Figure 5.2. Background study area associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Figure 5.3. Shovel test locations within the APE associated with the Corinth substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Figure 5.4. Briars and tall grass at 22AL726. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Figure 5.5. Map of 22AL726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 )LJXUH:HVWSUROHRI6KRYHO7HVWDW$/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure 5.7. Shovel test locations within the APE associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Figure 5.8. Manicured grass comprising the Holly Springs substation expansion project area (view of the northwest). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 )LJXUH6RXWKZHVWSUROHRI6KRYHO7HVWZLWKLQWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH+ROO\ Springs substation expansion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Listing of the Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within a Half-Mile Radius of the APE (ASSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 5.1. Archaeological Sites Within the Background Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Table 5.2. Previous Cultural Resources Surveys Within the Background Study Area. . . . . 151

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Under contract with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research (TVAR) conducted a Phase I cultural resources survey to document and assess cultural resources located within the area of potential effects (APE) associated with the Corinth and Holly Springs substation expansion projects in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi. The project area falls within Township 2 South, Range 7 East, Section 13 and Township 4 South, Range 2 West, Section 5. The APE for the archaeological survey consisted of the footprints of the Corinth (2.42 ha [5.98 acres]) and Holly Springs (1.21 ha [2.98 acres]) substation expansion areas. The architectural APE consisted of a 0.8 km (0.5 mi) radius surrounding the substation footprints. Areas within the architectural survey radii that were determined not to be in view of the substations due to terrain, vegetation, and/or modern built environments were not considered as part of the architectural APE (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The purpose of the investigation was to assist TVA in its Section 106 compliance and to provide an inventory of cultural resources within the project area, descriptions of the current conditions at each UHVRXUFHLGHQWL¿HGDQG1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHURI+LVWRULF3ODFHV 15+3 HOLJLELOLW\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRU each resource. The survey was consistent with the Secretary of the Interiors Standards and Guidelines IRU,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ 1DWLRQDO3DUNV6HUYLFH>136@ DQGPHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH). TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Corinth substation expansion was conducted on April 7, 2016 and resulted in the revisitation of 14 previously documented architectural resources (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263). Of the 14 previously documented architectural resources, 13 (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263) are extant and located within the architectural APE. TVAR recommends these architectural resources not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations and/or damage. TVARs survey noted previously recorded property 003-COR-1251 is located outside the viewshed of the proposed project DUHD ,Q DGGLWLRQ 79$5¶V VXUYH\ RI WKH $3( DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH &RULQWK VXEVWDWLRQ LGHQWL¿HG VL[ resources (IS-1-IS-6) within the survey radius, none of which are recommended as eligible for OLVWLQJRQWKH15+3GXHWRWKHLUODFNRIDUFKLWHFWXUDODQGKLVWRULFVLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5 recommends no additional investigation of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed Corinth substation expansion project. TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Holly Springs substation expansion, which was conducted on April 11, 2016, revisited two NRHP-listed historic districts, the Depot-Compress Historic District and the East Holly Springs Historic District, within the survey radius. Based on the results of TVARs architectural survey, the two historic districts are located outside the viewshed to the project area and will not be affected by the proposed undertaking. ,Q DGGLWLRQ 79$5¶V VXUYH\ UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI  UHVRXUFHV ,6,6  ZLWKLQ WKH survey radius, none of which are recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of DUFKLWHFWXUDODQGKLVWRULFVLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVQRDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ

2 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research of above-ground resources in connection with the Holly Springs substation expansion project. TVARs archaeological survey was conducted on April 7, 2016 under the supervision of Monica Warner with the assistance of Nicholas Simpson, Matt Sullivan, and Brady Swilley and resulted in WKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIRQHVLWHZLWKLQWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQEXW LWODFNVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRVLJQL¿FDQWO\FRQWULEXWHWRUHVHDUFKFRQFHUQLQJWKHSUHKLVWRU\RIWKHUHJLRQ &RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVWKDWWKHVLWHLVQRWHOLJLEOHIRUOLVWLQJRQWKH15+31RUHVRXUFHV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG GXULQJ 79$5¶V VXUYH\ RI WKH $3( DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH +ROO\ 6SULQJV VXEVWDWLRQ expansion. No further archaeological investigations are recommended in connection with the proposed projects.

Survey for TVA's Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 3 300 600 900 Alcorn County, ~ N Meters _,,,~. LJ Archaeological APE A 1000 Feet 2000 3000 LJ Architectural Survey Radius TVAR Scale 1 :20,000 Located in T2S , R7E Based on USGS 1982 Corinth and 1950 (Photorevised 1991) Kendrick , /115 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangles Figure I.I. Project location map of Corinth substation expansion.

                     ,rchaeo/ogica/ Research 300              600          900 Alcorn County, N                              Meters                           Mississippi c:J Archaeological APE A

0 1000 2000 3000 Feet c:J Architectural Survey Radius TVAR Scale 1 :20,000 Located in T4S , R2W Based on USGS 1965 (Photorevised 1975) Holly Springs and 1982 Waterford , MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangles Figure 1.2. Project location map of Holly Springs substation expansion.

CHAPTER 2. ENVIRONMENT The Corinth substation expansion project area is located in central Alcorn County, within the Upper Hatchie watershed. A canalized portion of Elam Creek associated with nearby sewage disposal and industrial waste facilities is 250 m to the west of the APE. 7KHSURMHFWDUHDIDOOVZLWKLQ 6RXWKHDVWHUQ3ODLQV/HYHO,,,HFRUHJLRQ7KH6RXWKHDVWHUQ3ODLQVLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LUUHJXODUSODLQV SUHGRPLQDQWO\FRYHUHGE\ORQJOHDISLQHIRUHVWV &KDSPDQHWDO :LWKLQWKH6RXWKHDVWHUQ 3ODLQVWKHSURMHFWDUHDLVHQFRPSDVVHGE\WKH%ODFNODQG3UDLULH/HYHO,9HFRUHJLRQ )LJXUH  The Blackland Prairie is comprised of undulating irregular plains that are dissected by low gradient streams. Vegetation native to the ecoregion includes blackbelt oak-cedar forests of chinkapin, blackjack, and post oaks; eastern redcedar; sweetgum; and hackberry. Additionally, patches of EOXHVWHP SUDLULHV RI OLWWOH EOXHVWHP \HOORZ ,QGLDQJUDVV SUDLULH URVLQZHHG DQG SUDLULH FRQHRZHU DUH IRXQG WKURXJKRXW 7KH ODQG LV FXUUHQWO\ XVHG IRU SDVWXUH SRQGUDLVHG FDW¿VK SURGXFWLRQ DQG cropland associated with the cultivation of hay, soybeans, corn, and cotton (Chapman et al. 2004). The soil series mapped within the APE include Paden (PaB) and Providence (PdB3 and PdC3). Paden soils are well drained and formed in silty material and underlying alluvium. Paden silt loam (PaB) is found on stream terraces slopes between 2 and 5 percent. Providence soils are well drained and formed in a mantle of silty materials and underlying sandy and loamy sediments. Providence silt loam, severely eroded (PdB3) is found on terrace slopes between 2 and 5 percent, and Providence silt loam, severely eroded (PdC3) is found on terrace slopes ranging between 5 and 8 percent (NRCS 2016; SSURGO 2016). The underlying geology of the project area primarily consists of Cretaceous materials from the Demopolis chalk and Coffee sand units, and knappable chert gravel is produced by the nearby Tuscaloosa unit. (Futato 1999:47; OHear et al. 1985:7-8; Pettry 1983:3.1; USGS2014a). In addition, Fort Payne chert from the Fort Payne formation, which outcrops in neighboring northwestern Alabama, was accessible to prehistoric populations for tool manufacture (Johnson and Meeks 1994:67; OHear et al. 1985:7; Randall 2000:60). Tuscaloosa gravel is readily available for collection in exposed gravel bars throughout the region (Bense 1983a:23; Ensor 1981:7-8; OHear et al. 1985:8). The chert is derived from Devonian DQG 0LVVLVVLSSLDQ JHRORJLF XQLWV DQG DIWHU HURGLQJ IURP LWV SDUHQW IRUPDWLRQV ZDV XYLDOO\ transported and redeposited to form the Tuscaloosa formation (Bense 1983b:IIIF.1; Ensor 1981:8). The material ranges in color between yellow, white, and tan, and research has demonstrated that the gravel takes on a pinkish or red hue with heat treatment(Bense 1983a:23; Ensor 1981:8; Futato 1999:47). Fort Payne chert is formed in nodules or beds within the Fort Payne limestone, and some UHVHDUFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWRFFXUUHGLQJUDYHOEDUVLQDQWLTXLW\ %HQVHDE,,,)-RKQVRQ and Meeks 1994:67; Randall 2000:58, 60). Fort Payne chert is generally gray to white with bluish mottling, and the texture distinctively granular, but the material varies widely from region to region (Ensor 1981:10; Futato 1999:47; Johnson and Meeks 1994:67).

_ ,rchaeo/ogica/ Research 0 c:J Archaeological APE N Miles LJ 65a Blackland Prairie 65e Northern Hilly Gulf Coastal Plain A 0

                                                                          '===1 1

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  -     65i Fall Line Hills TVAR                             Scale 1 :100,000 Geospatial Data Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Level IV Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States Figure 2.1. Corinth substation expansion project location within the Blackland Prairie Level IV ecoregion.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 7 The Holly Springs substation expansion project area is located in central Marshall County, within the Coldwater watershed. Although no major natural water sources are located in proximity to the project area, numerous unnamed, spring-fed streams have been impounded throughout WKH UHJLRQ 7KH SURMHFW DUHD LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH /RHVV 3ODLQV /HYHO ,9 HFRUHJLRQ SDUW RI WKH ODUJHU 0LVVLVVLSSL 9DOOH\ /RHVV 3ODLQV /HYHO ,,, HFRUHJLRQ )LJXUH   7KH 0LVVLVVLSSL 9DOOH\ /RHVV 3ODLQVH[WHQGIURPWKH2KLR5LYHULQZHVWHUQ.HQWXFN\WR/RXLVLDQDDQGDUHFRPSULVHGRILUUHJXODU plains, hills, and river bluffs along the Mississippi River. The landscape is formed by thick layers of loess, and vegetation native to the ecoregion consists of primarily of hickory and oak-hickory-pine forests (Chapman et al. 2004). 7KH /RHVV 3ODLQV /HYHO ,9 HFRUHJLRQ LV FRPSULVHG RI JHQWO\ UROOLQJ WR LUUHJXODU SODLQV ZLWK WKLQQLQJOD\HUVRIORHVV(URVLRQDODFWLYLW\WKURXJKRXWWKHUHJLRQKDVUHVXOWHGLQZLGHDWRRGSODLQV DQG LQFUHDVHG VLOW\ DQG VDQG\ VXEVWUDWHV LQ VWUHDP ERWWRPV 9HJHWDWLRQ QDWLYH WR WKH /RHVV 3ODLQV includes oak-hickory and oak-hickory-pine forests of white, post, southern red, blackjack oaks, PRFNHUQXWDQGSLJQXWKLFNRU\VKRUWOHDIDQGOREOROO\SLQHEHHFKDQGEODFNJXPVRXWKHUQRRGSODLQ forests of bald cypress and water tupelo; and bottomland hardwood forests of overcup, swamp FKHVWQXWDQGZDWHURDNZDWHUKLFNRU\UHGPDSOHDQGJUHHQDVK7KHODQGZLWKLQWKH/RHVV3ODLQVLV used primarily for agriculture and tree farming. Croplands are used to cultivate soybeans, cotton and corn (Chapman et al. 2004). The soils mapped within the APE associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion LQFOXGH/H[LQJWRQVLOWORDPVHYHUHO\HURGHG /H& DQG0HPSKLVVLOWORDPHURGHG 0H% /H[LQJWRQ VRLOVDUHZHOOGUDLQHGDQGIRUPHGLQPDQWOHVRIORHVV/H[LQJWRQVLOWORDPVHYHUHO\HURGHG /H& LV found on hillslopes ranging between 5 and 8 percent. Memphis soils are well drained and formed in loess deposits over 122 cm thick. Memphis silt loam, eroded (MeB2) is found on summit slopes ranging between 2 and 5 percent (NRCS 2016; SSURGO 2016). The underlying geology of the Holly Springs substation project area is comprised of materials from the Kosciusko and Tallahatta formations and Neshoba sand, all of the Claiborne group. The .RVFLXVNR IRUPDWLRQ FRQVLVWV RI LUUHJXODUO\ EHGGHG VDQG FOD\ DQG TXDUW]LWH DQG WKH 7DOODKDWWD formation includes clay, claystone, and lenses of sand with some sandstone (USGS 2014b). The Kosciusko formation outcrops in an irregular belt through Mississippis central and eastern counties, DQGWKHTXDUW]LWHFRQWDLQHGLQWKHIRUPDWLRQ¶VGLVWLQFWLYHOHGJHVDQGERXOGHUVLVVSRUDGLFDOO\IRXQGLQ SUHKLVWRULFDVVHPEODJHVIURPFRXQWLHVDORQJWKHVWDWH¶VQRUWKHUQERUGHU.RVFLXVNRTXDUW]LWHLVXVXDOO\ JUD\RUEURZQLQFRORUDQGLVTXLWHEULWWOHPDNLQJLWDQH[FHOOHQWPDWHULDOIRUWRROPDQXIDFWXUH+HDW WUHDWPHQWLPSURYHVWKHTXDUW]LWH¶VNQDSSDELOLW\DOWKRXJKLWGRHVQRWJHQHUDOO\FKDQJHLWVFRORU,Q Mississippi, the material predominately appears in assemblages associated with the Early Archaic DQG WUDQVLWLRQDO :RRGODQG0LVVLVVLSSLDQ SHULRGV /HKPDQ  0F*DKH\   6LOLFHRXV stone materials from the Tallahatta formation, which comprises the bulk of the area surrounding WKH$3(LQFOXGHFKDOFHGRQ\DQGRUWKRTXDUW]LWH 86*6E 7DOODKDWWDRUWKRTXDUW]LWHDOVRFDOOHG buhrstone, occurs near the base of the formation. It varies in appearance, depending on the degree to which the material is weathered, beginning as a translucent bluish or greenish gray and weathering to DPRUHRSDTXHWDQRUEURZQ $GDPVHWDO/OR\G 

8 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research C ol d wat e r Benton Marshall R Co Co. ld w at Co. e rR 74b Holly Springs ( 65e 0 1 2 3 N Miles Archaeological APE 0 1 2 3 65e Northern Hilly Gulf Coastal Plain Kilometers 74b Loess Plains Scale 1:100,000 Geospatial Data Source: US Environmental Protection Agency Level IV Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States )LJXUH+ROO\6SULQJVVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQSURMHFWORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKH/RHVV3ODLQV/HYHO,9 ecoregion.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 9 At the time of TVARs survey, much of the project area associated with the expansion of WKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQIHOOZLWKLQIDOORZDJULFXOWXUDO¿HOGVDQGVRPHZRRGHGSDWFKHVRIVHFRQGDU\ growth were found near the APEs northeastern corner (Figures 2.3 and 2.4). The existing substation was located to the north of the APE, and a maintained gravel road was also observed across the project area (Figures 2.5 and 2.6). The project area associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion SULPDULO\IHOOZLWKLQDPDQLFXUHGJUDVV¿HOG )LJXUH 7KHH[LVWLQJVXEVWDWLRQZDVORFDWHGWRWKH APEs west, and residential development was observed to the south of the project area across Neely Road (Figures 2.8 and 2.9). )LJXUH)DOORZDJULFXOWXUDO¿HOGZLWKLQWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQ expansion (view to the west).

10 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 2.4. Wooded area within the APE associated with the Corinth substation expansion (view to the west). Figure 2.5. Existing Corinth substation (view to the west).

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 11 Figure 2.6. Gravel road traversing the Corinth substation expansion project area (view to the north). )LJXUH0DQLFXUHGJUDVV¿HOGFRPSULVLQJWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH+ROO\6SULQJVVXEVWDWLRQ expansion (view to the east).

12 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 2.8. Existing Holly Springs substation (view to the northwest). Figure 2.9. Residential development across from the Holly Springs substation (view to the southwest).

CHAPTER 3. CULTURAL CONTEXT Context for this study is provided in part by the following overview.1 These summary sketches DUHVLPSOL¿HGDQGQRWPHDQWWRUHSODFHPRUHWKRURXJKUHVHDUFK$GGLWLRQDOGHWDLOVDUHSURYLGHGLQ the following Architecture and Archaeology chapters. PALEOINDIAN Although there is some debate regarding the possible presence of earlier occupations (see Goodyear 2005), archaeologists generally agree that by ca. 11,500 B.C. southeastern North America was inhabited by nomadic hunter-gatherers that manufactured distinctive lanceolate-shaped hafted bifaces. The earliest of these Paleoindian populations hunted Pleistocene megafauna species such as mammoth and giant bison.

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Paleoindian times. He attributed the shifting settlement pattern to increased populations and changes in mobility ranges and subsistence activities linked to broad environmental changes accompanied by extinctions of several Pleistocene faunal species hunted by earlier Paleoindian groups. Meeks and Anderson (2012) further advanced these arguments with hafted biface data indicative of a population LQFUHDVHGXULQJ/DWH3DOHRLQGLDQWLPHV Chronologically diagnostic hafted biface types provide a basis for a tripartite Paleoindian VHTXHQFHGDWLQJEHWZHHQDQGFDO%& $QGHUVRQHWDO6KHUZRRGHWDO (DUO\ 3DOHRLQGLDQ FDFDO%& FRQWH[WVDUHUHFRJQL]HGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIXWHGDQGXQXWHG &ORYLVKDIWHGELIDFHV)OXWHGDQGXQXWHGODQFHRODWHELIDFHVZLWKEURDGEODGHVDQGFRQVWULFWHGKDIWV VXFK DV %HDYHU /DNH &XPEHUODQG DQG 4XDG DUH FRQVLGHUHG 0LGGOH 3DOHRLQGLDQ  FDO%& GLDJQRVWLFV/DWH3DOHRLQGLDQ FDO%& DVVHPEODJHVDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\WKH presence of lanceolate forms with side-notched hafts such as Dalton and Hardaway Side Notched. &ORYLVDQG&XPEHUODQGXWHGSRLQWVSULPDULO\NQDSSHGIURP)RUW3D\QHFKHUWKDYHEHHQUHFRYHUHG in northeast Mississippi. The Hester site, located in Monroe County, is a multicomponent site with /DWH3DOHRLQGLDQ4XDGDQG'DOWRQFRPSRQHQWVXQGHUO\LQJDGLVWLQFW(DUO\$UFKDLFGHSRVLW /LWWOHHW al. 2016:367). ARCHAIC Archaic manifestations in the Southeast are represented by preceramic and early ceramic assemblages dating from approximately 9500 to 800 cal B.C. Based on temporally diagnostic hafted ELIDFHV VWUDWLJUDSKLF FRQWH[WV DQG UDGLRFDUERQ GDWHV IDLUO\ ZHOOGRFXPHQWHG $UFKDLF VHTXHQFHV have been developed throughout the region: Early Archaic (9200-6900 cal B.C.), Middle Archaic

 FDO%& DQG/DWH$UFKDLF FDO%& 2 1

Portions of the summaries are extracted verbatim, or nearly so, from previous TVAR reports without further citation HJ/LWWOHHWDO/LWWOHHWDO  2 These generalized date ranges vary somewhat from one locality to another.

14 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research The settlement system of Early Archaic groups appears to represent a continuum of that HPSOR\HG LQ HDUOLHU /DWH 3DOHRLQGLDQ WLPHV ZLWK RFFXSDWLRQV RI FDYHV URFNVKHOWHUV DQG RSHQDLU sites. Walthall (1980) suggested that population size continued to increase during this period. Early Archaic is chronologically ordered by diagnostic hafted biface types (Anderson et al. 1994; Sherwood HW DO   7KH VHTXHQFH EHJLQV ZLWK VLGHQRWFKHG W\SHV VXFK DV %LJ 6DQG\ %ROHQ DQG 7D\ORU 7KH(GJH¿HOGVFUDSHULVDQRWKHUOLNHO\FRQVWLWXHQWRIWKHHDUOLHVW(DUO\$UFKDLFDVVHPEODJHV7KHVH assemblages date from about 9200 to 8500 cal B.C. Corner-notched types, such as Kirk Corner Notched and Palmer Corner Notched, were manufactured from approximately 8500 to 7800 cal B.C., ZKLOHELIXUFDWHGW\SHVLQFOXGLQJ/HFUR\0DF&RUNOHDQG6W$OEDQVZHUHPDGHIURPDERXWWR 6600 cal B.C. The Middle Archaic period coincides closely with the Hypsithermal climate interval during the Middle Holocene. As McNutt (2008:54-56) indicated, Hypsithermal climate conditions varied VLJQL¿FDQWO\ DFURVV WKH ODQGVFDSHV RI WKH 6RXWKHDVW DQG 6DVVDPDQ   DUJXHG WKDW WKHUH were marked sociocultural differences, as well. Along the South Atlantic Slopes settlements were concentrated in upland environments, while west of the Appalachians riverine settings were important to Middle Archaic populations (Dye 1996; Sassaman 2001). Sites marked by large accumulations of IUHVKZDWHUPROOXVNVKHOOVEHJLQWRDSSHDULQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGLQWKH7HQQHVVHH9DOOH\ /HZLV DQG/HZLV:DOWKDOO 0LGGOH$UFKDLFSRSXODWLRQVDOVRRFFXSLHGFDYHVDQGURFNVKHOWHUV in the Tennessee Valley (e.g., Cambron and Waters 1961; DeJarnette et al. 1962; Hollingsworth 1991; ,QJPDQVRQDQG*ULI¿Q/LWWOHHWDO6KHUZRRGHWDO %HQVH  SRLQWHGRXW that human burials are sparsely represented in the archaeological record prior to the Middle Archaic. However, there is ample evidence of Middle Archaic burials (DeJarnette et al. 1962:80; Dowd 1989; /HZLVDQG/HZLV:DOWKDOO 7KHUHLVDOVRHYLGHQFHRILQWHUSHUVRQDOFRQLFWGXULQJ the Middle Archaic (Walthall 1980:64). Near the end of the period, extensive exchange networks developed in the region (Jefferies 1996; Johnson and Brookes 1989), and construction possibly began on some of the earliest mounds in the Southeast (Russo 1996; Saunders 1994). A Middle Archaic hafted biface chronology has been established for a broad region across the Southeast. The earliest Middle Archaic manifestations are marked by the presence of Kirk Stemmed, .LUN6HUUDWHGDQG6WDQOH\6WHPPHGELIDFHVEHWZHHQDQGFDO%&/DWHULQWKHVHTXHQFH from approximately 6300 to 5400 cal B.C., Eva and Morrow Mountain hafted bifaces were constituents of Middle Archaic lithic toolkits. Middle Archaic assemblages dating to 5400-4300 cal B.C. are marked by the presence of Sykes/White Springs and Guilford hafted bifaces. Benton bifaces are diagnostic of terminal Middle Archaic (4500-3700 cal B.C.) occupations in the Tennessee-Tombigbee region of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee (McNutt 2008; Meeks 1999). Middle Archaic sites in northeast 0LVVLVVLSSLDUHUHSUHVHQWHGPRVWO\IURPPLGGHQPRXQGVVLWHVVXFKDV0RRUH¶V&UHHN $/ DQG Mann (22TS565) (Penman 1975; Meeks 1999). 7KH/DWH$UFKDLFLVPDUNHGE\VHYHUDOWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQWV3HUKDSVIRUHPRVWRIWKHVH was the domestication of several plant species in eastern North America around 5000-3800 B.P. (Smith 2011; Smith and Yarnell 2009). These domesticates are sometimes referred to collectively DV WKH ³HDVWHUQ DJULFXOWXUDO FRPSOH[' ZKLFK FRQVLVWHG RI VTXDVK VXQRZHU PDUVKHOGHU DQG chenopod. Other plants such as erect knotweed, little barley, and maygrass do not appear to have been domesticated but were in all probability deliberately planted.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 15

        ,Q DGGLWLRQ ¿EHUWHPSHUHG SRWWHU\ DQG VWHDWLWH YHVVHOV ¿UVW DSSHDUHG LQ WKH &RDVWDO 3ODLQ

RIWKH6RXWKHDVWGXULQJWKH/DWH$UFKDLF 6DVVDPDQ:DOWKDOODQG-HQNLQV -HQNLQVDQG .UDXVH  VXJJHVWHGWKDWVRDSVWRQHYHVVHOVDUHKRUL]RQPDUNHUVIRUWHUPLQDO/DWH$UFKDLF assemblages. Truncers (2004:507) study of steatite vessel chronology concluded that steatite vessels were produced for almost 2000 years before they peaked clearly and strongly around 1500 cal B.C., a peak that accounts for the general success of the horizon-marker use. Sassaman (2006:151) disputed 7UXQFHU¶VFKURQRORJ\DQGDOWHUQDWLYHO\DUJXHGWKDWWKHUHLVLQVXI¿FLHQWHYLGHQFHIRUSUHVXPLQJWKDW steatite vessels predate 3700 radiocarbon years B.P.

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also were constructed (Kidder 2002; Gibson 2000, 2007, 2010; Ortmann 2010). The Poverty Point site has yielded large inventories of artifacts made of exotic stones such as soapstone, greenstone, JDOHQDFRSSHUKHPDWLWHPDJQHWLWHFU\VWDOTXDUW]QRYDFXOLWHXRULWHREVLGLDQ)RUW3D\QHFKHUW Dover chert, and Pickwick chert (Gibson 2000:172-173). These nonlocal materials constitute good evidence for panregional exchange. The site has been widely recognized as a material manifestation of a conspicuous development in sociopolitical complexity, although the composition and inner workings RIWKH/DWH$UFKDLFVRFLHW\LVDVXEMHFWRIVXSSRVLWLRQDQGGHEDWH HJ*LEVRQ6DVVDPDQ 

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and Middle Archaic periods were replaced by more localized temporal trajectories of mostly stemmed bifaces. For instance, Savannah River Stemmed was widely distributed along the South Atlantic 6ORSHVZKLOHHDUO\LQWKHVHTXHQFH/HGEHWWHUDQG3LFNZLFNZHUHGLVEXUVHGLQDQDUHDH[WHQGLQJIURP the southwestern slopes of the Appalachians into the Coastal Plain of Tennessee, Mississippi, and $ODEDPD1HDUWKHHQGRIWKH/DWH$UFKDLFLQWKHZHVWHUO\UHJLRQDPXOWLWXGHRIRWKHUVWHPPHGW\SHV ZHUH PDQXIDFWXUHG LQFOXGLQJ &RWDFR &UHHN )OLQW &UHHN /LWWOH %HDU &UHHN 0F,QWLUH 0RWOH\ DQG Wade. 'LDJQRVWLFVLQFOXGLQJ3LFNZLFN/HGEHWWHU*DU\(ORUDDQG/LWWOH%HDU&UHHNSRLQWVZHUHXVHG WRLGHQWLI\WKH/DWH$UFKDLFFRPSRQHQWDWWKH.HOORJJ9LOODJH6LWH &/ LQQRUWKHDVW0LVVLVVLSSL (Atkinson et al. 1980). WOODLAND The Woodland stage is perhaps best known for the Adena and Hopewell earthworks and mortuary practices in the Ohio Valley and widespread exchange networks in which exotic artifacts and raw materials were distributed across much of eastern North America during the Early and Middle periods of the stage. There is evidence that cultivation of some of the plants domesticated in eastern North America became an important subsistence pursuit in the Ohio Valley (Wymer 1996) and other areas of the East (Yarnell 1993). While less numerous and spectacular than those of the Ohio Valley, Middle Woodland platform mounds and linear earthen embankments (Keith 2010; Knight 0DLQIRUW SLOHGVWRQHVWUXFWXUHV LHPRXQGVHI¿JLHVDQGOLQHDU³ZDOOOLNH'VWUXFWXUHV  (Faulkner 1996; Holstein et al. 1995; Jefferies and Fish 1978; Keith 2010), and burial mounds (Cole 1981; Jefferies 1976; Jenkins and Krause 1986; Walthall 1980; Waring 1945; Wimberly and Tourtelot 1941) are fairly widespread across various landscapes in the Southeast. Woodland mound burials sometimes were accompanied by nonlocal materials such as marine shell, copper, galena, DQG PLFD WR QDPH EXW D IHZ 'XULQJ WKH /DWH :RRGODQG WKHUH ZDV DQ REYLRXV UHGXFWLRQ LQ ERWK earthworks and distributions of exotic materials in some areas of the Southeast, though this pattern

16 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research does not hold throughout the region (Anderson and Mainfort 2002:15-19). A major technological change is signaled by the introduction of bow-and-arrow technology into the region during the /DWH:RRGODQG %OLW]  7KH0LGGOH:RRGODQG6WDJHLQQRUWKHDVW0LVVLVVLSSLLVJHQHUDOO\GH¿QHGE\WKH0LOOHU,DQG ,,VHTXHQFHVIURPDUFKDHRORJLFDOZRUNSULPDULO\FRQGXFWHGLQWKH7RPELJEHH5LYHUGUDLQDJHIRUWKH 7HQQ7RP :DWHUZD\ -HQNLQV   0LOOHU VHTXHQFHV DUH GH¿QHG E\ FHUDPLF GLDJQRVWLFV VDQG WHPSHUHGIRUPVUHSUHVHQWLQJWKHHDUOLHU0LOOHU,SKDVHDQGJURJWHPSHUHGGH¿QLQJWKHODWHUGLYLVLRQ III (Johnson 1988). Miller I is characterized by the presence of sand tempered fabric marked (Saltillo Fabric Marked), cordmarked (Furrs Cordmarked), and plain (Baldwin Plain) ceramics. Furrs Cord marked pottery generally increases and Saltillo Fabric Marked pottery decreases to almost absence in the Miller II phase. Sedentary settlement patterns become more dominant in the Middle Woodland, which is evident by large round-to-oval postmold patterns excavated at the Bynum site (Bohannon 1972). The Bynum site also yielded non-local materials, including copper spools, some of which were ¿OOHGZLWKJDOHQDUROOHGVKHHWFRSSHUREMHFWVJDOHQDJUHHQVWRQHFHOWVDQG%XV\FRQVKHOOIUDJPHQWV 7KH/DWH:RRGODQG6WDJHFRUUHVSRQGVWR0LOOHU,,,LQQRUWKHDVW0LVVLVVLSSL*URJWHPSHUHG ceramics dominate with Baytown Plain and Mulberry Creek Cordmarked varieties, and Fabric Marked,

KHHOHU&KHFN6WDPSHGDQG$OOLJDWRU,QFLVHGRFFXUULQJLQVPDOOHUTXDQWLWLHV/LWKLFWHFKQRORJLHV

are primarily represented by locally available chert sources that were commonly heat treated. Small triangular projectile or arrow points, such as Madison and Hamilton, have been recovered from Miller III contexts. These triangular diagnostics have been attributed to large fauna subsistence, such as deer (Jackson and Scott 2002). All three Miller phases were represented by that sites that were H[FDYDWHGE\79$5DORQJ&KLFNDVDZKD\&UHHNEHWZHHQDQG /LWWOHHWDO  MISSISSIPPIAN Many, if not most, current researchers concur that populations associated with Mississippian stage manifestations throughout southeastern North America were set aside from earlier ones by WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG VRFLDO LQHTXDOLW\ 6PLWK   0DL]H DJULFXOWXUH DSSHDUV WR have been an important subsistence component for most Mississippian societies (Scarry 1993). Pole-framed public and domestic structures were often rectangular (sometimes circular) and sometimes employed wattle-and-daub wall construction. A central plaza surrounded by mounds and public and GRPHVWLF VWUXFWXUHV FKDUDFWHUL]HG VRPH RI WKH ODUJHU 0LVVLVVLSSLDQ FRPPXQLWLHV /HZLV DQG 6WRXW  6RPH0LVVLVVLSSLDQVLWHVDOVRZHUHIRUWL¿HGZLWKSDOLVDGHZDOOVDQGEDVWLRQVDQGVRPHWLPHV GHIHQVLYHGLWFKHVRUPRDWVDVZHOO HJ.QLJKWDQG6WHSRQDLWLV/DUVRQ6FKURHGO  5HJLRQDOVHWWOHPHQWVWXGLHVW\SLFDOO\UHHFWDVLWHKLHUDUFK\FRQVLVWLQJRIPRXQGFHQWHUVDQGRXWO\LQJ QRQPRXQGVLWHV HJ$QGHUVRQ%OLW]DQG/RUHQ]+DOO\6WHSRQDLWLV 6SHFLDOO\ crafted artifacts often made of extralocal materials furnish evidence of widespread interregional exchange (Brown 2004). The existence of far-reaching Mississippian alliances in the interior Southeast ZDVGRFXPHQWHGDWWKHWLPHRILQLWLDO(XURSHDQFRQWDFW7KH/\RQ¶VEOXIIVLWHORFDWHGLQQRUWKHDVW 0LVVLVVLSSL LV FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKH 0LVVLVVLSSLDQ VWDJH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV LGHQWL¿HG DW 0RXQGYLOOH LQ western Alabama. Moundville ceramics, such as Mississippi Plain, Bell Plain, Moundville Incised, &DUWDJH,QFLVHGDQG0RXQGYLOOH(QJUDYHGKDYHEHHQIRXQGDW/\RQ¶V%OXII $WNLQVRQ 

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 17 HISTORIC NATIVE AMERICAN Although earlier there were sporadic European contacts with Native Americans along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts and failed colonial attempts by both the Spanish and French, the Spanish expedition of Hernando de Soto (1539-1543) represents the earliest recorded European contact with QDWLYHSRSXODWLRQVLQWKHLQWHULRURIVRXWKHDVWHUQ1RUWK$PHULFD,QWKHVWKH7ULVWDQGH/XQD and Juan Pardo expeditions revisited some of the areas in the interior traversed by the earlier Soto entrada. By almost all archaeological accounts, widespread and extensive depopulation followed in the wake of the sixteenth-century Spanish incursions into the Southeast, and there was a concomitant disintegration of Mississippian polities accompanied by migrations and coalescence of native groups WKURXJKRXW PXFK RI WKH UHJLRQ +RIIPDQ  -HWHU  .QLJKW  /LWWOH  0RUVH DQG Morse 1983:313-315; Regnier 2014; Smith 1987, 2006). Hudson and Tesser (1994) pointed out that these years have been largely neglected by historians and referred to them as the forgotten centuries. 5REELH(WKULGJH  KDVVXEVHTXHQWO\LOOXPLQDWHGVRPHRIWKHVHVKDGRZ\WLPHVZLWKKHUFRQFHSWLRQ of the Mississippian shatter zone, i.e., a region of widespread social and political transformations of native groups, presumably related to internecine warfare and slave trade with Europeans. In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the British, French, and Spaniards competed for control over broad regions of the Southeast. Increasing participation in nascent European capitalist markets through deerskin and peltry trade contributed to extensive transformations of native groups during the colonial era (Braund 1993; Waselkov 1988; White 1983), and by the mid-1800s, the United States government had exiled most of the remaining Southeastern groups to Oklahoma. ALCORN COUNTY HISTORY

        /RFDWHG LQ QRUWKHDVWHUQ 0LVVLVVLSSL $OFRUQ &RXQW\ LV ERUGHUHG E\ WKH VWDWH RI 7HQQHVVHH

to the north, Tishomingo County to the east, Prentiss County to the south, and Tippah County to WKH ZHVW 1DPHG IRU *RYHUQRU -DPHV / $OFRUQ $OFRUQ &RXQW\ ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG RQ $SULO   DQGIRUPHGIURPSRUWLRQVRI7LSSDKDQG7LVKRPLQJR&RXQWLHV7KHFRXQW\HQFRPSDVVHVVTXDUH miles. Corinth was established as the county seat in 1853 and remains so today (MSGenWeb 2015). From 1798 to 1812, the population of the Mississippi Territory grew at a steady, yet moderate pace, however in the years following the War of 1812, as historian Robert V. Haynes explains, [the] Territory experienced a population explosion or fever as the phenomenon was then called. The period from 1800 to 1819 became known as the The Great Migration, when thousands of pioneers crossed the mountains and settled the Old Southwest and Northwest (Haynes 2010:133). Despite laws that prohibited the settlement of Chickasaw and Choctaw lands, the westward progression of (XUR$PHULFDQPLJUDWLRQOHGWRWKHWDNLQJRIODQGE\VTXDWWHUVDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIEXVLQHVVHV along the Natchez Trace (Figures 3.1-3.2) (Haynes 2010:203). The Mississippi Territory was established by Congress on April 7, 1798, and on December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the twentieth state admitted to the Union (Hoseman 2012:743). At that time, immigrants to Mississippi could only legally settle in three areas: on a strip of land in the southern part of the state, east of the Tombigbee along the Alabama line, or in the Natchez District (Clark and

18 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 3.1. 1822 map of Mississippi showing native-held lands and early counties.

Figure 3.2. 1835 map of lands ceded by the Chickasaws to the United States. Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 19

20 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Guice 1989:165). Approximately 75,500 people lived in Mississippi by 1820, and 44 percent of the SRSXODWLRQ ZDV HQVODYHG :HVWOH\   ,Q QRUWKHDVWHUQ 0LVVLVVLSSL DQ LQX[ RI WUDGHUV DQG settlers increased the white population in the area to between 4,000 and 5,000 people. Tensions escalated between the Chickasaws and the settlers, primarily due to land disputes caused by the setters use of Chickasaw land for cultivation and livestock pasturing. The federal government cited these tensions during treaty negotiations with the Chickasaw, and declared immediate removal to be in their best interest (Franks 2009). One of Andrew Jacksons campaign promises from the presidential election of 1828 was the removal of the Southeastern tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. True to his word, following his election, President Jackson appointed two commissioners to expedite the process and provided them with the simple instructions that they fail not to make a treaty for the remaining Choctaw lands in Mississippi (Elliott and Barnes 1996:13; Halbert 1902:375). The majority of the areas early settlers arrived from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. (DUO\ VHWWOHPHQWV LQ WKH FRXQW\ LQFOXGHG &RULQWK 'DQYLOOH *OHQGDOH .RVVXWK DQG 5LHQ]L /RZU\ and McCardle 1891:439). By 1840, the population of Tippah and Tishomingo Counties included 16,125 residents (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:42-43). The Hatchie and Tuscumbia rivers and their tributaries allowed for the early movement of goods to market. Corinth, located at the intersection of the Memphis & Charleston and Mobile & Ohio railroads, was founded in 1853 and grew into a major commercial hub due to ready rail access to Memphis (Rowland 1907:61; 565-566).

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timbered, gently rolling topography with river and creek bottom lands that provided an excellent environment for agriculture and the raising of livestock (Rowland 1907:61). The typical antebellum Tishomingo or Tippah County farmer raised cattle, horses, sheep, and swine, as well as corn, oats, SRWDWRHVWREDFFRDQGFRWWRQ 'H%RZ 0DUNHWSURGXFWVVXFKDVZRROD[EXWWHUDQG cheese supplemented a farmers income. The countys location within the soil-rich region of north 0LVVLVVLSSLOHQWLWVHOIWRODUJHSODQWDWLRQVFRPPRQO\IRXQGLQWKH/RZHU6RXWK$VDUHVXOWIDUPVZHUH generally large-sized operations. In 1850, the counties contained 162,220 improved acres of farmland (DeBow 1853:456). By 1860, improved acreage had surged to 248,805 acres (Kennedy 1864:84). The surge of tobacco and cotton as major cash crops drove the establishment of larger plantations throughout the region, often depending on enslaved Africans and African-descended peoples to provide labor for the countys farmers. Although a number of white families in the county did not own slaves, slavery was seen as part of the accepted social order and as the necessary means for producing wealth and marking social achievement. Slaves comprised approximately 19 percent (or 6,889 individuals) of Tippah and Tishomingo Counties total population of 36,231 in 1850. By 1860, slaves constituted 24.1 percent of the counties total population. During the same period, the number of free colored individuals in the area was low; only seven persons were counted in 1850 and 22 in 1860 (United States Census Bureau 1872:41-43). The onset of the Civil War brought great upheaval and loss to the region and county residents. On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second Southern state to secede from the Union, and Tippah and Tishomingo Counties raised 15 Confederate regiments for the Mississippi Infantry, Mississippi Cavalry, and Mississippi Partisans (FamilySearch.org 2016a; 2016b). Major battles in Tishomingo

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 21 County took place in Corinth (April 29-June 10, 1862 and October 3, 1862) and Iuka (September 19, 1862) (Figures 3.3-3.4). Corinths pivotal location at the rail junction made it an important supply center for the Confederacy. The Siege of Corinth began following the Union victory at Shiloh. Under the command of Major General Henry Halleck, Union forces began their advance on the city and by May 25, 1862, were close enough to begin their bombardment. The Confederate troops, led by General Pierre

• 7%HDXUHJDUGHG&RULQWKIRU7XSHOR 5RZODQG 7KH8QLRQIRUFHVRFFXSLHG&RULQWK

through July of that year, until a large contingency marched toward Chattanooga. Troops remaining behind in Corinth were commanded by General William S. Rosecrans (Rowland 1907:153-154). In an attempt to prevent Rosecrans from encroaching into Middle Tennessee, the Confederate Army of the West, led by General Sterling Price, marched into Iuka on September 14, 1862. The battle resulted in the deaths of 86 Confederate and 790 Union men (Rowland 1907:949-950). Remaining soldiers with the Army of the West retreated and rejoined General Earl Van Dorn for an assault on Corinth. The second battle in Corinth took place on October 3, 1862, when General Van Dorn led the Army of West Tennessee in an attack on General Rosecrans Union troops. After three separate assaults, the Union drove back the Confederates, and in the process, captured 2,268 rebel prisoners. The battle ultimately resulted in 505 casualties, 2,150 wounded, and 2,183 missing for the Confederacy and 355 casualties, 1,841 wounded, and 324 missing for the Union (Rowland 1907:567-570). As with most of the rural South, northeastern Mississippi had grown as an agricultural region, suffered during the Civil War and Reconstruction, and reclaimed its agrarian economy after the war. A sharecropping economy arose in the postbellum period, lasting from about 1870 to the 1930s. The end of the war also brought about the reorganization of northern Mississippi counties, resulting in the formation of Alcorn County in April 1870. At that time, the countys population included 10,431 individuals, 26.5 percent of whom were described as free colored (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:42). &RULQWK ZDV TXLFNO\ HVWDEOLVKHG DV WKH FRXQW\ VHDW DQG ZDV RULJLQDOO\ QDPHG &URVV &LW\ /DUJH plantations in the region dwindled, and the amount of improved acreage in Alcorn County included only 41,300 acres in 1870 (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:184). Farmers primarily raised swine, sheep, and cattle, and cultivated corn, wheat, and potatoes. Butter, milk, wool, and cane molasses were staple farm-to-market products for the Alcorn County farmer (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:184-187). In the late nineteenth century, Alcorn Countys economy expanded to include large-scale commercial and industrial enterprises, which were primarily centered around Corinth (Figure 3.5). As one of the most important manufacturing centers in Mississippi, Corinth housed clothing, iron, DQGOXPEHUPLOOVDVZHOODVDQXPEHURIFRWWRQJLQV7KHFLW\EHFDPHDFHQWHUIRU¿QDQFHZLWKWKH opening of the Tishomingo Savings Institution, the Bank of Corinth, and the Citizens Savings Bank (Rowland 1907:566). The early twentieth century saw the construction of an improved road network and the development of municipal infrastructure, particularly in Corinth. By the early 1900s, the city ZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKDVHZDJHV\VWHPHOHFWULFOLJKWLQJDQGDZDWHUZRUNVV\VWHP 5RZODQG  While Alcorn County has remained largely agricultural throughout its history, the twentieth and HDUO\WZHQW\¿UVWFHQWXULHVVDZDQLQFUHDVHLQODUJHVFDOHPDQXIDFWXUHUV$OFRUQ&RXQW\¶VZRUNIRUFHLV ODUJHO\HPSOR\HGZLWKLQWKHPDQXIDFWXUHRISDSHUDQG¿EHUSURGXFWVLQGXVWULDOHTXLSPHQWDQGYLQ\O products, as well as construction, health-care services, and machining. Major corporations including

22 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 3.3. 1862 map of Confederate and Union entrenchments in the vicinty of Corinth, from May to June.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 23 Figure 3.4. 1876 map of the Battle of Iuka.

24 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 3.5. 1897 Rand McNally map of Alcorn County. Caterpillar, Inc., Avectus Healthcare Solutions, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, and Corinthian, Inc. FXUUHQWO\ PDLQWDLQ RI¿FH PDQXIDFWXULQJ RU GLVWULEXWLRQ FHQWHUV LQ $OFRUQ &RXQW\ 7KH 0DJQROLD Regional Health Center and Northeast Mississippi Community College are also major employers (The Alliance 2016). As of 2012, 505 farms remained in Alcorn County, encompassing 93,578 acres. The average farm size is 185 acres. Alcorn County farms primarily derive their income from soybeans, hay, corn, and cattle (United States Census Bureau 2012a). The countys population in 2010 consisted of 37,057 persons (U.S. Census Bureau 2016a). MARSHALL COUNTY HISTORY

        /RFDWHGLQQRUWKHUQ0LVVLVVLSSL0DUVKDOO&RXQW\ LVERUGHUHG E\WKH VWDWH RI7HQQHVVHH WR

WKHQRUWK%HQWRQ&RXQW\WRWKHHDVW/DID\HWWHWRWKHVRXWKDQG'HVRWRDQG7DWH&RXQWLHVWRWKH ZHVW0DUVKDOO&RXQW\FRPSULVHVVTXDUHPLOHVZLWKDWRWDOSRSXODWLRQRI 8QLWHG6WDWHV Census Bureau 2015). Named for Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall, Marshall County was established on February 9, 1836 from the Chickasaw cession of 1832 (see Figures 3.1-3.2). At the time RILWVIRUPDWLRQ0DUVKDOO&RXQW\HQFRPSDVVHGVTXDUHPLOHVLQFOXGLQJSRUWLRQVRISUHVHQWGD\ Benton and Tate Counties (Rowland 1907:172). Holly Springs was established as the county seat in 1837 and remains so today.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 25 From 1798 to 1812, the population of the Mississippi Territory grew at a steady, yet moderate pace, however in the years following the War of 1812, as historian Robert V. Haynes explains, [the] Territory experienced a population explosion or fever as the phenomenon was then called. The period from 1800 to 1819 became known as the The Great Migration, when thousands of pioneers crossed the mountains and settled the Old Southwest and Northwest (Haynes 2010:133). Despite laws that prohibited the settlement of Chickasaw and Choctaw lands, the westward progression of (XUR$PHULFDQPLJUDWLRQOHGWRWKHWDNLQJRIODQGE\VTXDWWHUVDQGWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIEXVLQHVVHV along the Natchez Trace (Haynes 2010:203). The Mississippi Territory was established by Congress on April 7, 1798, and on December 10, 1817, Mississippi became the twentieth state admitted to the Union (Hoseman 2012:743). At that time, immigrants to Mississippi could only legally settle in three areas: on a strip of land in the southern part of the state, east of the Tombigbee along the Alabama line, or in the Natchez District (Clark and Guice 1989:165). Approximately 75,500 people lived in Mississippi by 1820, and 44 percent of the SRSXODWLRQ ZDV HQVODYHG :HVWOH\   ,Q QRUWKHDVWHUQ 0LVVLVVLSSL DQ LQX[ RI WUDGHUV DQG settlers increased the white population in the area to between 4,000 and 5,000 people. Tensions escalated between the Chickasaws and the settlers, primarily due to land disputes caused by the setters use of Chickasaw land for cultivation and livestock pasturing. The federal government cited these tensions during treaty negotiations with the Chickasaw, and declared immediate removal to be in their best interest (Franks 2009). One of Andrew Jacksons campaign promises from the presidential election of 1828 was the removal of the southeastern tribes to lands west of the Mississippi River. True to his word, following his election, President Jackson appointed two commissioners to expedite the process and provided them with the simple instructions that they fail not to make a treaty for the remaining Choctaw lands in Mississippi (Elliott and Barnes 1996:13; Halbert 1902:375). The majority of Marshall Countys early settlers arrived from the Carolinas, Georgia, and Alabama. By 1840, the countys population included 17,500 residents and four early settlements: Holly Springs, Hudsonville, Tallaloosa, and Waterford (Rowland 1907:173). Holly Springs, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Kansas City, Memphis, and Birmingham rail lines, grew into the countys major commercial hub due to ready rail access and proximity to markets in Memphis. The community was home to a dairy, several factories, and numerous pottery works. In addition, local residents engaged in market gardening (Rowland 1907:173). An early center for education in WKHUHJLRQ+ROO\6SULQJVZDVWKHKRPHRIWKH+ROO\6SULQJV)HPDOH,QVWLWXWH+ROO\6SULQJV/LWHUDU\ Institution (later the University of Holly Springs), Mississippi Synodical College, North Mississippi ([SHULPHQW6WDWLRQDQG5XVW8QLYHUVLW\7KHWRZQ¶VUHSXWDWLRQIRUKLJKTXDOLW\HGXFDWLRQDWWUDFWHG wealthy families from around the region (Rowland 1907:874). The typical antebellum Marshall County farmer raised corn, cotton, rice, tobacco, sheep, cattle, horses, and hogs (DeBow 1853:456-458). In 1850, Marshall County was the highest producer of cotton and butter, and was the third-highest producer of tobacco in the state. The countys location within the soil-rich region of north Mississippi lent itself to large plantations commonly found in the /RZHU6RXWK$VDUHVXOWIDUPVZHUHJHQHUDOO\ODUJHVL]HGRSHUDWLRQV,QWKHFRXQW\FRQWDLQHG LPSURYHGDFUHVRIIDUPODQGUDQNLQJLW¿UVWLQWKHVWDWH

26 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research The surge of tobacco and cotton as major cash crops drove the establishment of larger plantations throughout the region, often depending on enslaved Africans and African-descended peoples to provide labor for the countys farmers. Although a number of white families in the county did not own slaves, slavery was seen as part of the accepted social order and as the necessary means for producing wealth and marking social achievement. Enslaved individuals comprised approximately 51.9 percent of Marshall Countys population in 1850. By 1860, slaves constituted 60.5 percent of the countys total population (United States Census Bureau 1872:41-42). During the same period, the number of free colored individuals in the county was extremely low; only a single person was counted in 1850 and eight individuals in 1860. The onset of the Civil War brought great upheaval and loss to the region and county residents. On January 9, 1861, Mississippi became the second Southern state to secede from the Union, and Marshall County raised 11 companies for the Confederate army and cavalry (FamilySearch.org 2015). Holly Springs became occupied by General Ulysses S. Grant and his army during their 1861-1862 campaign towards Vicksburg, when Union forces established an important supply and munitions depot in the community. During this time, Grant and his wife resided at Walter Place (also known as Airliewood), in Holly Springs (Semmes and Nolen 2013:2). As described by historians Ryan Semmes and David Nolen, Because of the supplies for Grants advancing forces stored at Holly Springs, the town became a perfect target for Confederate troops intent on stopping -or at least slowing down - the Union campaign against Vicksburg (2013:3). A December 1862 raid on the city by Confederate General Earl Van Dorn, resulted in the seizure of Union supplies and the burning of much of Holly 6SULQJV6XEVHTXHQW EDWWOHV WRRN SODFH LQWKH FLW\ RQ0D\ DQG$XJXVW RI  5RZODQG 1907; Semmes and Nolen 2013). Following the Civil War, large plantations dwindled, and the amount of improved acreage in Marshall County fell by 12 percent by 1870 (Kennedy 1864; U.S. Census Bureau 1872). Animal husbandry in the region continued to focus on cattle, hogs, and sheep. Tobacco production in Marshall County increased by 366 percent, and the county was the fourth-highest producer of tobacco in the state in 1870. At the same time, cotton production fell by 62.8 percent (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:184-186). As with most of the rural South, Marshall County had grown as an agricultural region, suffered during the Civil War and Reconstruction, and later reclaimed its agrarian economy, particularly through cotton, corn, oats, sweet potatoes and wheat (U.S. Census Bureau 1872:184-186). A sharecropping economy arose during the postbellum period, lasting from about 1870 to the 1930s. The early twentieth century saw the construction of an improved road network and the development of municipal infrastructure, particularly in Holly Springs. By the turn of the century, WKHFLW\ZDVHTXLSSHGZLWKDVHZDJHV\VWHPHOHFWULFOLJKWLQJDQGDZDWHUZRUNVV\VWHP 5RZODQG  7KHHDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\DOVRVDZDGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQRIHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVLQ0DUVKDOO County including two potteries, a large cotton-seed oil mill, a cotton compress, two gins and grist mills, and ice factory and bottling works, a steam laundry, extensive marble works, a brick plant, four hotels and three livery barns (Rowland 1907:876). Three banking institutions managed the countys ¿QDQFHVWKH%DQNRI+ROO\6SULQJVWKH0HUFKDQWVDQG)DUPHUV%DQNDQGWKH3HRSOHV%DQN As of 2012, 573 farms remained in Marshall County focusing on soybean, hay, corn, and cattle production. The average farm size is 355 acres (United States Census Bureau 2012b). While Marshall

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 27 &RXQW\UHPDLQHGODUJHO\DJULFXOWXUDOWKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\WKHWZHQWLHWKDQGHDUO\WZHQW\¿UVWFHQWXULHV saw an increase in large-scale manufacturers such as Ashley Furniture Industries, Thomas and Betts Corporation, and Volvo Group (NMIDA 2015). The countys population in 2010 consisted of 37,144 persons (U.S. Census Bureau 2016b).

CHAPTER 4. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY In April and May 2016, TVAR conducted a survey of the architectural APEs of the proposed Corinth and Holly Springs substation expansion projects. As part of the architectural survey, TVAR revisited 17 previously recorded architectural resources and documented 19 newly recorded architectural resources within the architectural APEs. Based on the results of its architectural survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that the proposed undertaking will have no effect on historic architectural resources. TVAR recommends no additional investigation of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed project. The following chapter provides a background literature and records review RILQIRUPDWLRQUHOHYDQWWRWKHSURMHFWDUHDDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKH¿HOGPHWKRGVHPSOR\HGGXULQJWKH VXUYH\GHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOUHVRXUFHVLGHQWL¿HGDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKHLU NRHP eligibility. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY METHODS The architectural survey was completed using the guidelines contained in National Register Bulletin 24, *XLGHOLQHVIRU/RFDO6XUYH\V$%DVLVIRU3UHVHUYDWLRQ3ODQQLQJ (Derry et al. 1985) and WKHUHTXLUHPHQWVSURYLGHGE\0'$+¶V6XUYH\,QFOXVLRQ*XLGHOLQHVDQG6XUYH\6WDQGDUGV (MDAH 2008 and 2011). The purpose of the architectural survey was to identify properties within the project $3(VWKDWDUHOLVWHGRUHOLJLEOHIRUOLVWLQJLQWKH15+3)HGHUDOUHJXODWLRQVGH¿QHDQ$3(DV³WKH geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist (CFR 2013a). The architectural APEs for this study consisted of each subject parcel, in addition to any areas visually connected to them via viewsheds to and from the project areas, located within a 0.8 km (0.5 mi) survey radius. Areas within the survey radius that were not within view of the subject parcel due to obstructed lines-of-sight (e.g., terrain, vegetation, and/or modern built environments) were not considered part of the architectural APE. TVARs architectural survey consisted of driving all accessible roads within the architectural APEs in order to identify architectural resources that appear to be 50 years old or older and visually connected to the project area. All architectural resources that met the age criterion and that fell within YLVXDO OLQH RI VLJKW WR WKH SURMHFW DUHD ZHUH SORWWHG RQ WKH DSSOLFDEOH 86*6 TXDGUDQJOH PDS DQG photographed with a digital camera. The construction dates of the buildings discussed in this study were derived from reviewing United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographical maps of the survey radius found online at the USGS Historical Topographical Map Explorer, and through stylistic evidence displayed by each documented architectural resource. Survey information maintained WKURXJKRXWWKHFRXUVHRIWKHLQYHQWRU\LQFOXGHG¿HOGQRWHVVNHWFKPDSVDQGSKRWRJUDSKV)RUWKH SXUSRVHVRIWKLVUHSRUW79$5KDVLGHQWL¿HGQHZO\UHFRUGHGSURSHUWLHVZLWKWKHSUH¿[³,6'WRGHQRWH an Inventoried Structure. For properties that had not been previously documented, a Mississippi Historic Resources Inventory form was completed (Appendix A). 7RDLGLQWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDO¿HOGDVVHVVPHQW79$5SHUIRUPHGDYLHZVKHGDQDO\VLVRIWKHNP (0.5 mi) survey radius surrounding the proposed project areas using the Viewshed tool in the Spatial

30 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Analyst extension in ArcGIS 10.3. The assessment used the USGS National Elevation Dataset 10 m 1(' GLJLWDOHOHYDWLRQPRGHO '(0 ODQGXVHFODVVL¿FDWLRQGDWDIURPWKH86'$&URSODQG'DWD/D\HU

&'/ DQGDQHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHDYHUDJHIRUHVWFDQRS\KHLJKWIRUWKHDUHDIURPWKH1$6$)RUHVW&DQRS\

+HLJKWGDWDVHW79$5SURFHVVHGWKH&'/ODQGXVHFODVVL¿FDWLRQGDWDWRUHDVVLJQDOOIRUHVWHGFODVVHVWRWKH average forest canopy height of 19 m (62 ft) and all other land use classes to a height of zero. This dataset was then added to the DEM to produce a digital surface model (DSM), accounting for both elevation and forest canopy height. Finally, points along the proposed substation boundary served as the observer points and were assigned a height of 30.5 m (100 ft) to account for the height of the substation. Using these inputs, the Viewshed tool analyzed each cell of the elevation model to assess its visibility from the observer points (Figure 4.1-4.2).

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 31 LOS-2 LOS-1 # 0 0 LOS-3 0 LOS-4 0 Proposed Project Area Road Driven by TVAR Historians 0 160 320 480 N Road Driven by TVAR Historians Meters Architectural Survey Radius (Line-of-Sight Obstruction) 0 500 1000 1500 Outside Viewshed (Based on GIS Model) Inaccessible Road Feet Scale 1:12,000 0 LOS photo Based on USGS 1982 Corinth and 1950 (Photorev.1991) Kendrick, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangles )LJXUH([FHUSWVRIWKH86*6&RULQWKDQG.HQGULFN06TXDGUDQJOHVZLWKYLHZVKHGDQDO\VLVUHVXOWV roads driven by TVAR historians, and locations of line-of-sight photos in the Corinth survey radius.

32 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research East Holly Springs Historic District Depot-Compress Historic District LOS-14 LOS-11 LOS-13 0 # 0 # 0 # 0 LOS-12 LOS-10 0 LOS-7 LOS-9 # 0 0 LOS-6 0 LOS-5 0 LOS-8 0 N 0 100 200 300 Proposed Project Area Road Driven by TVAR Historians Meters Architectural Survey Radius Road Driven by TVAR Historians 0 300 600 900 (Line-of-Sight Obstruction) Outside Viewshed Feet (Based on GIS Model) # 0 LOS photo Scale 1:12,000 Based on USGS 1965 (Photorevised 1975) Holly Springs, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangle )LJXUH([FHUSWRIWKH86*6+ROO\6SULQJV06TXDGUDQJOHZLWKYLHZVKHGDQDO\VLVUHVXOWVURDGV driven by TVAR historians, and locations of line-of-sight photos in the Holly Springs survey radius.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 33 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA 6XI¿FLHQWGDWDZHUHFRPSLOHGWRPDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVUHJDUGLQJHOLJLELOLW\IRUOLVWLQJRQ the NRHP for each architectural resource addressed during this study. According to 36 CFR §60.4, FXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHVHOLJLEOHIRUOLVWLQJRQWKH15+3DUHGH¿QHGDVEXLOGLQJVVWUXFWXUHVREMHFWVVLWHV and districts that have integrity, and that meet one or more of the criteria outlined below (CFR 2013b; NRHP 2002).

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contribution to the broad patterns of national, state, or local history.

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• Criterion C (Design/Construction). Embodiment of distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction; or representation of the work of a master; or possession RIKLJKDUWLVWLFYDOXHVRUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDVLJQL¿FDQWDQGGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHHQWLW\ZKRVH

components may lack individual distinction.

• Criterion D (Information Potential). Properties that yield, or are likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criterion D is most often (but not exclusively) associated with archaeological resources. To be considered eligible under Criterion D, VLWHVPXVWEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVSHFL¿FRUJHQHUDOSDWWHUQVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHUHJLRQ

7KHUHIRUH VLWHV EHFRPH VLJQL¿FDQW ZKHQ WKH\ DUH VHHQ ZLWKLQ WKH ODUJHU IUDPHZRUN RI local or regional development.

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religious properties, moved buildings, reconstructions, commemorative properties, and properties less than 50 years old. However, per the regulations set forth in 36 CFR §60.4 and addressed in National Register Bulletin 15, +RZWR$SSO\WKH1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHU&ULWHULDIRU(YDOXDWLRQ, resources that fall under these categories may be eligible for the NRHP if they meet Criteria Considerations A-F (NRHP   ³,QWHJULW\' LV SHUKDSV WKH SDUDPRXQW TXDOL¿FDWLRQ RI 15+3 HOLJLELOLW\ DQG FDQ EH UHODWHG WR location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and/or association (NRHP 2002). ARCHITECTURAL BACKGROUND LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH 3ULRUWRLQLWLDWLQJ¿HOGZRUN79$5UHYLHZHGWKH0'$+¶VRQOLQH+LVWRULF5HVRXUFHV,QYHQWRU\ Database (HRID) for an inventory of Alcorn and Marshall County architectural resources that have been previously recorded and those resources that are listed on or that have been determined eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Based on the information provided in the HRID, 15 previously recorded architectural resources (003-COR-1249, 003-COR-1250, 003-COR-1251, 003-COR-1252, 003-COR-1253, 003-COR-1254, 003-COR-1255, 003-COR-1256, 003-COR-1257, 003-COR-1258, 003-COR-

34 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 1259, 003-COR-1260, 003-COR-1261, 003-COR-1262, and 003-COR-1263) are located within the architectural survey radius of the proposed TVA Corinth substation expansion project area. According WR+5,'UHFRUGVQRQHRIWKHVHSURSHUWLHVKDYHEHHQRI¿FLDOO\HYDOXDWHGIRULQFOXVLRQRQWKH15+3E\ either the MDAH or a federal agency. For the proposed TVA Holly Springs substation project, HRID records indicate that portions of two previously documented architectural resources, the NRHP-listed Depot-Compress Historic District and the NRHP-listed East Holly Springs Historic District, are located within the architectural survey radius. ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY RESULTS The architectural survey of the APEs was conducted by TVAR personnel on April 7 and May 4 and 6, 2016 under the direction of Sr. Preservation Planner Ted Karpynec and Preservation Planner Meghan Weaver. As this report addresses the planned expansion of two separate substations, the results of the architectural survey are presented accordingly. TVA CORINTH SUBSTATION TVARs architectural survey of the proposed expansion of the TVA Corinth substation revisited 15 previously documented architectural resources (003-COR-1249, 003-COR-1250, 003-COR-1251, 003-COR-1252, 003-COR-1253, 003-COR-1254, 003-COR-1255, 003-COR-1256, 003-COR-1257, 003-COR-1258, 003-COR-1259, 003-COR-1260, 003-COR-1261, 003-COR-1262, and 003-COR-1263) that are located within the architectural survey radius. Based on the results of its survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that previously recorded properties 003-COR-1251, 003-COR-1252, 003-COR-1253, 003-COR-1254, 003-COR-1255, 003-COR-1256, 003-COR-1257, 003-COR-1258, 003-COR-1259, 003-COR-1260, 003-COR-1261, and 003-COR-1262 are not eligible for the NRHP due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations and/or damage resulting from neglect. TVARs survey found that previously recorded architectural resources 003-COR-1249, 003-COR-1250, and 003-COR-1263 are located outside the viewshed to the project area (see Figure 4.1; Figures 4.3-4.19).

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undocumented architectural resources, IS-1-IS-8, which fall within the architectural APE of the proposed project area. Based on the results of its survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that properties IS-1-IS-8 are not eligible for the NRHP due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations. Based on the results of the architectural survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that no historic properties will be affected by the proposed expansion of the TVA Corinth substation. TVAR recommends no additional investigation of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed project.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 35 003-COR-1263 003-COR-1255 003-COR-1260 003-COR-1262 003-COR-1254 003-COR-1253 003-COR-1258 IS-8 003-COR-1252 003-COR-1251 003-COR-1250 003-COR-1249 003-COR-1256 003-COR-1257 0 100 200 300 Proposed Project Area N Meters Architectural Survey Radius 0 300 600 900 NRHP Ineligible Architectural Resource Feet Previously Recorded Architectural Resource; Scale 1:15,000 Based on USGS 1982 Corinth, MS 7.5-Minute Outside Viewshed Topographic Quadrangle Figure 4.3. Map 1 of 2 showing the proposed project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources.

36 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1259 IS-1 003-COR-1261 IS-2 IS-3 IS-4 IS-5 IS-6 IS-7 0 100 200 300 Proposed Project Area N Meters 0 300 600 900 Architectural Survey Radius Feet NRHP Ineligible Architectural Resource Scale 1:15,000 Based on USGS 1982 Corinth, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangle Figure 4.4. Map 2 of 2 showing the proposed project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 37 Figure 4.5. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is north. Figure 4.6. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is east.

38 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.7. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is south. Figure 4.8. TVA Corinth substation expansion project area; view is west.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 39 )LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWK )LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWKZHVW

)LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWKZHVW )LJXUH/26YLHZLVQRUWKHDVW

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 41 Figure 4.13. Property 003-COR-1249; view is southwest. Figure 4.14. Property 003-COR-1249; view is southwest looking toward the project area.

42 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.15. Property 003-COR-1250; view is southeast. Figure 4.16. Property 003-COR-1250; view is southwest looking toward the project area.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 43 Figure 4.17. Property 003-COR-1263; view is southeast. Figure 4.18. Property 003-COR-1263; view is south looking toward the project area.

44 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1249 003-COR-1250 003-COR-1263 N 0 70 140 210 Proposed Project Area Meters Previously Recorded Architectural Resource; 0 225 450 675 Outside Viewshed Line-of-Sight Obstruction; Modern Development Feet Scale 1:6,000 Based on Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, Line-of-Sight Obstruction; Vegetation AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community Figure 4.19. Current aerial imagery of the project area illustrating line-of-sight obstructions to architectural resources 003-COR-1249, 003-COR-1250, and 003-COR-1263.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 45 Previously Recorded Architectural Resources 003-COR-1251

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property 003-COR-1251 is an irregularly-shaped, one-story bungalow style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1930 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.20-4.27). The frame building features a hipped roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick IRXQGDWLRQ$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHJDEOHHQGVRIWKHKRXVHHDFKIHDWXUHDVTXDUHVKDSHGDWWLFYHQWWKDWLV ERDUGHG RYHU ZLWK ZRRG DQG LV FHQWUDOO\ SRVLWLRQHG ZLWKLQ D JDEOH ¿HOG FODG ZLWK VWXFFR DQG KDOI WLPEHUHGGHWDLOLQJ)DFLQJQRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHU side by a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. Access to the façade door is achieved via a full-width porch that extends to the east beyond the main block to form a double-bay porte cochere. The porch features a concrete slab deck and a series of brick columns that support a side-gabled roof which is connected to the house. Modern alterations to the porch include the application RIYLQ\OVLGLQJDORQJWKHIULH]HDQGVRI¿WVDQGWKHHQFORVXUHRIWKHSRUFKRSHQLQJVZLWKZRRGODWWLFH work and metal screens. The east elevation of the house is marked by a projecting gabled bay that contains an exterior end brick chimney which has been terminated below the roof line. Flanking the chimney are two window openings containing one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. Positioned south of the projecting gabled bay are two pairs of windows containing one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. Additional fenestration consists of a single window opening containing a four-light wood casement sash located near the southeast corner of the main block. Attached to the east elevation near the southeast corner is a modern, single-bay addition capped with a gabled roof, which projects from the main block. The addition contains a door and two one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows on its south elevation. A similar window is located on the north elevation of the projecting bay. Additionally, the projecting bay is highlighted by a modern exterior brick chimney which is positioned in the ell created by the projecting gabled bay and a rear addition. The west elevation of the house features a centrally placed projecting gabled bay that is pierced by a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. In addition, single one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows are located on the north and south elevations of the projecting bay. Flanking the central bay to the north is a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. This sash type is repeated on a single window and a paired window positioned south of the projecting bay. Attached to the south (rear) elevation is a modern one-story, gabled-roof addition. The addition features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with vinyl siding, and a continuous brick foundation. The addition includes a door on the south elevation and a pair of six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash windows on the west elevation. Associated outbuildings include:

• A modern gazebo. The frame structure rests on a concrete slab foundation and is composed of a series of wood posts that support a pyramidal roof covered with asphalt shingles (see Figure 4.25);

46 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research

• A modern utility shed. The frame structure features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with wood panel siding, and a concrete slab foundation. Facing north, the shed includes two pairs of metal panel doors and two windows containing four-over-four, double-hung vinyl sashes (see Figure 4.26);
• A ca. 1930 storage shed. Resting a concrete slab foundation, the wood frame structure features a front-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles and an exterior clad with a brick veneer. A door is positioned on the north elevation (see Figure 4.27).

NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1251 is a typical example of a ca. 1930 bungalow style house that fails to H[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDW have diminished its architectural integrity include the application of vinyl siding on the porch, the enclosure of the façade porch with metal screening and wood lattice, the replacement of the original window sashes, the truncation of the east elevation chimney, and the construction of the one-story addition to the rear elevation. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1251 is not eligible for the NRHP. Figure 4.20. Property 003-COR-1251; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 47 Figure 4.21. Property 003-COR-1251; view is southwest featuring the carport. Figure 4.22. Property 003-COR-1251; view is west featuring the east elevation.

48 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.23. Property 003-COR-1251; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. Figure 4.24. Property 003-COR-1251; view is northeast featuring the modern addition and chimney attached to the south (rear) elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 49 Figure 4.25. Property 003-COR-1251; modern gazebo; view is southwest. Figure 4.26. Property 003-COR-1251; modern utility building; view is southeast.

50 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.27. Property 003-COR-1251; ca. 1930 storage shed; view is southwest.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 51 003-COR-1252

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKHDVWRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW/LGGRQ/DNH5RDG

property 003-COR-1252 is a one-and-one-half-story bungalow style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1930 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.28-4.33). The frame building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with weatherboard siding, and a continuous brick IRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJQRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\ a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. Access to the façade door is achieved via a partial-width porch that extends beyond the main block to the east, forming a porte cochere. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation and a pair of tapered wood columns that support a projecting gabled entry roof. Connected to the west slope of the entry roof is a side-gabled roof that forms the porte cochere. This section of the porch roof is highlighted by exposed rafter ends and is supported by three tapered wood columns, two of which rest on brick plinth blocks. Both the east and west elevations of the house are pierced by a single window and a paired ZLQGRZRQWKH¿UVWVWRU\WKDWFRQWDLQRQHRYHURQHGRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKHV6LWXDWHGLQWKHKDOI story is a rectangular-shaped window containing a single-pane vinyl sash. The south (rear) elevation includes a shed-roof addition that appears to have been constructed ca. 2000. The addition is clad with modern wood drop siding and rests on a concrete block foundation. Connected to the addition is a wood deck that provides access to a centrally placed door. Flanking the door to the east is a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. In addition, a window containing a pair of two-light, sliding vinyl sash windows are positioned west of the door. Associated outbuildings and structures include:

• An underground tornado shelter that appears to date to the mid-twentieth century.

            /RFDWHGQRUWKZHVWRIWKHKRXVHWKHVKHOWHULVFDVWLQFRQFUHWHDQGLQFOXGHVDYHQWSLSH

and bulkhead entrance covered with sheets of corrugated metal (see Figure 4.31);

• A modern prefabricated storage shed. The frame structure is capped with a front-gabled roof covered with metal sheeting and features an exterior clad with wood panel siding. A pair of swinging wood doors are located on the west elevation (see Figure 4.32);
• A concrete block storage shed that appears to date to ca. 1960. The structure is capped with a pyramidal roof covered with asphalt shingles and includes a door on the east elevation (see Figure 4.33).

NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1252 is a typical example of a ca. 1930 bungalow style house that fails to H[KLELW XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ DOWHUDWLRQV WR WKH KRXVH that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes and the construction of the one-story shed-roof addition and wood deck to the rear elevation. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1252 is not eligible for the NRHP.

52 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.28. Property 003-COR-1252; view is south featuring the façade. Figure 4.29. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the east elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 53 Figure 4.30. Property 003-COR-1252; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. Figure 4.31. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the tornado shelter.

54 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.32. Property 003-COR-1252; view is east featuring the modern storage shed. Figure 4.33. Property 003-COR-1252; view is southwest featuring the concrete block storage shed.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 55 003-COR-1253

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKHDVWRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW/LGGRQ/DNH5RDG

property 003-COR-1253 is a ca. 1930, one-story Craftsman/bungalow style house with an original gabled roof rear extension (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.34-4.37). The frame building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick IRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJQRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\ a pair of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. Access to the façade door is achieved via a central-bay porch. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation and two tapered ZRRGSRVWVDWRSEULFNSOLQWKEORFNVWKDWVXSSRUWDSURMHFWLQJJDEOHGURRI7KHJDEOH¿HOGRIWKHSRUFK roof is clad with stucco and is pierced by a wood louvered vent. The east elevation of the house is marked by an exterior end brick chimney that has been truncated at the roof line. Flanking the chimney to the north is a single window containing one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. This sash type is repeated in a paired window positioned south of the FKLPQH\/RFDWHGDWWKHDWWLFOHYHODUHWZRZRRGORXYHUHGYHQWVWKDWDQNWKHFKLPQH\/RFDWHGVRXWK RQWKHJDEOHGURRIH[WHQVLRQLVDGRRUDQGDEDQGRI¿YHZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJRQHRYHURQHGRXEOH hung vinyl sashes. The west elevation of the house is marked by an exterior end brick chimney that has also been truncated at the roof line. Flanking the chimney to the north is a one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash ZLQGRZ/RFDWHGWRWKHVRXWKRQWKHJDEOHGURRIH[WHQVLRQDUHWZRSDLUVRIZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJRQH over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. This sash arrangement is repeated on the south (rear) elevation of the gabled-roof extension, which also includes a centrally placed wood louvered vent within the JDEOH¿HOGDQGDQLQWHULRUEULFNFKLPQH\ NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1253 is a typical example of a ca. 1930 Craftsman/bungalow style house WKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKH house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes and the truncation of the exterior end chimneys located on the east and west elevations. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1253 is not eligible for the NRHP.

56 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.34. Property 003-COR-1253; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.35. Property 003-COR-1253; view is southeast featuring the west elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 57 Figure 4.36. Property 003-COR-1253; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations. Figure 4.37. Property 003-COR-1253; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations.

58 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1254

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKHDVWRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW/LGGRQ/DNH5RDG

property 003-COR-1254 is a one-story Craftsman/bungalow style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1930 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.38-4.43). The frame building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with vinyl siding, and a continuous brick foundation. )DFLQJVRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DSDLURIRQH over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. Access to the façade door is achieved via a partial-width porch. The porch features a concrete slab deck set on a brick foundation and a series of non-original, VTXDUHFROXPQVXVHGWRVXSSRUWDSURMHFWLQJJDEOHGURRI$VZLWKWKHPDLQEORFNWKHJDEOH¿HOGRIWKH URRILVFODGZLWKYLQ\OVLGLQJ/RFDWHGZHVWRIWKHSRUFKLVDVLGHJDEOHGZLQJWKDWLVSLHUFHGE\DSDLU of one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash windows. The east elevation of the main block includes two one-over-one, double-hung metal sash windows. Positioned to the north and attached to the main block is a hipped-roof extension that continues to the north (rear) elevation of the house. The extension includes a door on its south HOHYDWLRQ$QDGGLWLRQDOGRRURQWKHHDVWHOHYDWLRQLVDQNHGE\DRQHRYHURQHGRXEOHKXQJZRRG sash window. Attached to the east elevation of the house is a modern, single-bay carport featuring a DWURRIVXSSRUWHGE\DVHULHVRIZRRGSRVWV7KHZHVWHOHYDWLRQRIWKHKRXVHLQFOXGHVWZRZLQGRZ openings on the side-gabled wing that contain one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. The north (rear) elevation of the house is marked by two windows containing one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes, and a pair of two-over-two, double-hung wood sash windows. Positioned on the hipped-roof extension is a band of four windows containing four-over-four, double-hung wood sashes. Associated outbuildings include:

• A modern prefabricated metal storage shed. The south elevation includes a central door that LVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DSDLURIVOLGLQJPHWDOVDVKZLQGRZV VHH)LJXUH 
• A ca. 1930 utility building. The frame building features a front-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with weatherboard siding, and a continuous foundation composed of brick and concrete blocks. Overall, the building includes a door on the east and south elevations, four windows containing one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes, and a six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window on the south elevation (see Figure 4.43).

NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1254 is a typical example of a ca. 1930 Craftsman/bungalow style house WKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKH house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of some of the original window sashes, the application of vinyl siding, the replacement of the original porch columns, and the construction of the modern carport along the east elevation. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1254 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 59 Figure 4.38. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.39. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation.

60 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.40. Property 003-COR-1254; view is southwest featuring the east and north (rear) elevations. Figure 4.41. Property 003-COR-1254; view is south featuring the north (rear) elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 61 Figure 4.42. Property 003-COR-1254; view is north featuring the prefabricated metal storage shed. Figure 4.43. Property 003-COR-1254; view is northeast featuring the ca. 1930 utility building.

62 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1255

        /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWKHDVW RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  /LGGRQ /DNH 5RDG

property 003-COR-1255 is a one-story side-gabled house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1930 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.44-4.46). The frame building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a combination of vinyl and weatherboard siding, and a covered pier foundation. Facing VRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\O sash window. Access to the façade door is achieved via a modern stoop featuring a wood deck. The east elevation of the house is pierced by two windows containing vertical three-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. This sash type is repeated on an additional window located to the north on a rear shed-roof extension. The west elevation of the house is marked by two window openings containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes. Attached to the north (rear) elevation is a shed-roof extension that is clad with plywood sheets. The extension includes a pair of window openings that are boarded over with wood. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1255 is a typical example of a ca. 1930 side-gabled house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of some of the original window sashes, the application of vinyl siding, the replacement of the original façade porch, and the construction of the rear extension. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1255 is not eligible for the NRHP. Figure 4.44. Property 003-COR-1255; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 63 Figure 4.45. Property 003-COR-1255; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation. Figure 4.46. Property 003-COR-1255; view is south featuring the north (rear) elevations.

64 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1256

        /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWKHDVW RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  +LJKZD\  (DVW

property 003-COR-1256 is a one-story Minimal Traditional style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1945 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.47-4.50). The former residence has been converted to business use and currently serves as a beauty salon. The frame building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with asbestos shingle siding, and a continuous brick IRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJVRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVL[RYHU six, double-hung wood sash window. Access to the façade door is achieved via a partial-width porch that is integral with the main roof. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation. $VLQJOHZRRGSRVWDWRSDEULFNSOLQWKEORFNVXSSRUWVWKHSRUFKURRI/RFDWHGHDVWRIWKHSRUFKLVD projecting gabled bay that is pierced by a six-over-six, double-hung wood sash window. The east elevation of the house is pierced by three single windows and a paired window that contain six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. Highlighting the west elevation of the main block is a projecting gabled bay that is pierced by a pair of six-over-six, double-hung wood sash windows and a PRGHUQGRRUWKDWSURYLGHVDFFHVVWRDPRGHUQVLGHJDEOHGDGGLWLRQ/RFDWHGQRUWKRIWKHSURMHFWLQJ gabled bay is an additional door and a pair of six-over-six, double-hung, wood sash windows. Attached to the west elevation is a modern side-gabled addition enclosed with a four-light glass wall. The addition provides interior access to an attached garage. The garage appears to date to ca. 1930 and features a pair of swinging wood doors on the south elevation. The north (rear) elevation of the house is pierced by a single window and a paired window that each contain six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1256 is a typical example of a ca. 1945 Minimal Traditional style house WKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWR the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the installation of a modern door and side-gabled addition on the west elevation. In addition, the historic function of the house has changed from residential to commercial use, which likely resulted in alterations to the interior of the building to accommodate its present use as a beauty salon. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1256 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 65 Figure 4.47. Property 003-COR-1256; view is north featuring the façade. Figure 4.48. Property 003-COR-1256; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation.

66 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.49. Property 003-COR-1256; view is east featuring the west elevation. Figure 4.50. Property 003-COR-1256; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 67 003-COR-1257

         /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWKHDVW RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  +LJKZD\  (DVW

property 003-COR-1257 is a one-story Minimal Traditional style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1945 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.54-4.53). The former residence has been converted WREXVLQHVVXVHDQGFXUUHQWO\VHUYHVDVDQRI¿FHIRUDQDFFRXQWLQJ¿UP7KHIUDPHEXLOGLQJIHDWXUHV a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with modern wood panel siding, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing south, the façade reveals a centrally placed door that is DQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DSDLURIVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZV$FFHVVWRWKHIDoDGH door is achieved via a central bay porch. The porch features a concrete slab on a brick foundation and includes two decorative metal posts that are used to support a projecting gabled roof. Additional fenestration along the façade includes a pair of six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash windows that are positioned on a side-gabled wing attached to the west elevation. The east elevation of the house is pierced by two windows containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes. This sash type is repeated on a single window located on the west elevation of the main block and on the side-gabled wing. Additional fenestration found on the west elevation of the side-gabled wing consists of a pair of four-over-four, double-hung vinyl sash windows. The north (rear) elevation of the house includes a modern door that is partly shielded by a projecting gabled FDQRS\/RFDWHGHDVWRIWKHGRRUDUHWZRSDLUVRIZLQGRZVDQGDVLQJOHZLQGRZWKDWFRQWDLQRQHRYHU one, double-hung vinyl sashes. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1257 is a typical example of a ca. 1945 Minimal Traditional style house WKDW IDLOV WR H[KLELW XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ DOWHUDWLRQV to the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes, the application of modern wood panel siding, the replacement of the original porch columns, and the construction of a handicap access ramp attached to the north elevation. In addition, the historic function of the house has changed from residential to commercial use, which likely resulted in alterations to the interior the building to accommodate its present use as an accounting RI¿FH%DVHGXSRQWKHODFNRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOPHULWDVZHOODVWKHLQDELOLW\WRDVVRFLDWHWKHKRXVHDQGRU its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1257 is not eligible for the NRHP.

68 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.51. Property 003-COR-1257; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.52. Property 003-COR-1257; view is northeast featuring the façade and west elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 69 Figure 4.53. Property 003-COR-1257; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations.

70 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1258

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW+LJKZD\(DVWSURSHUW\

003-COR-1258 is a vacant, two-story International style commercial building that appears to have EHHQFRQVWUXFWHGFD VHH)LJXUH)LJXUHV $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVXUYH\IRUP¿OHGZLWK WKH0'$+WKHEXLOGLQJODVWIXQFWLRQHGDVDIXQHUDOKRPH7KHEXLOGLQJIHDWXUHVDQRYHUKDQJLQJDW roof, an exterior clad with a combination of brick and stone veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing north, the asymmetrical façade is marked by a centrally placed exterior stone chimney, which LQFOXGHVDSDLURIWZROLJKWPHWDOFDVHPHQWVDVKZLQGRZVRQWKH¿UVWVWRU\)ODQNLQJWKHFKLPQH\WR WKHHDVWLVDJODVVGRRUDVLQJOHSDQH¿[HGVDVKZLQGRZDQGDSDLURIZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJKRUL]RQWDO two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. Situated west of the chimney are two bands of three windows that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. This sash type is repeated on the second story in a paired and a single window located east of the chimney. Positioned west of the chimney on the second story are two bands of three windows that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. Unlike the other elevations of the building, this section of the second story is clad with wood panel siding. The façade is further marked by a one-story, stone veneer extension which includes a door DQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DKRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJPHWDOVDVKZLQGRZ,QDGGLWLRQ WKHH[WHQVLRQLQFOXGHVDSDLURIKRUL]RQWDOIRXUOLJKW¿[HGZRRGVDVKZLQGRZVSRVLWLRQHGHDVWRIWKH door. This sash type is repeated on a one-story, brick veneer-clad extension that is attached to the east elevation of the building. Each door located along the main entrance is shielded by a modern metal canopy that is supported by a series of metal posts. The west elevation of the building is marked by two pairs of doors that are covered by a PHWDODZQLQJVXSSRUWHGE\GHFRUDWLYHPHWDOSRVWV/RFDWHGDORQJWKHVHFRQGVWRU\DUH¿YHZLQGRZV that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. The east elevation of the building includes a door, a single and a paired window containing one-over-one, double-hung metal sashes, and a horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sash window. Situated on the second story of WKHPDLQEORFNDUH¿YHZLQGRZRSHQLQJVFRQWDLQLQJKRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJPHWDO sashes. The south (rear) elevation of the building includes two pairs of glass doors that are shielded by a metal canopy that is supported by metal posts. In addition, the rear elevation includes a single wood door, and a window opening containing two-light metal casement sashes positioned on a one-story brick addition. Associated outbuildings include:

• A modern garage. The prefabricated metal building includes a low-pitch side-gabled metal roof and an exterior clad with metal siding. Facing east, the garage includes four vehicle bays that contain overhead metal doors. A metal pedestrian door is positioned on the north elevation (see Figure 4.58);
• A ca. 1950 garage. The building includes a low-pitch side-gabled metal roof, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a concrete block foundation. Facing east, the garage includes multiple vehicle bays that contain sliding metal doors. Window fenestration on the garage includes a series of horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes (see Figure 4.59).

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 71 NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1258 is a typical example of a ca. 1950 International style commercial EXLOGLQJ WKDW IDLOV WR H[KLELW XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ alterations to the building that have diminished its architectural integrity include the construction of metal canopies along the façade, east and north elevations. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1258 is not eligible for the NRHP. Figure 4.54. Property 003-COR-1258; view is south featuring the façade.

72 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.55. Property 003-COR-1258; view is southwest featuring the east elevation. Figure 4.56. Property 003-COR-1258; view is northeast featuring the west and south elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 73 Figure 4.57. Property 003-COR-1258; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. Figure 4.58. Property 003-COR-1258; view is southwest featuring the modern garage.

74 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.59. Property 003-COR-1258; view is south featuring the ca. 1950 garage.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 75 003-COR-1259

        /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property 003-COR-1259 is a one-story side-gabled house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1910 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.60-4.62). The building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with wood drop siding, and a continuous concrete block foundation. Facing west, the IDoDGHUHYHDOVDQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DIRXURYHUIRXUGRXEOHKXQJ wood sash window. According to the property owner, the façade originally included an additional door which was later removed and the opening concealed by wood siding. Access to the façade door is through a full-width porch that is integral with the main roof. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block foundation, modern wood balustrades, and a series of modern wood posts that are used to support the porch roof. The north elevation of the house includes two windows containing one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. Situated along the south elevation is a one-over-one and a four-over-four, double-hung wood sash window. The east (rear) elevation of the house includes DUHFHVVHGFHQWHUED\WKDWLQFOXGHVDGRRU/RFDWHGHDVWRIWKHFHQWUDOED\LVDVL[OLJKWZRRGVDVK window. Situated north of the central bay is a shed-roof extension that contains a door and a six-over-six, double-hung wood sash window. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1259 is a typical example of a ca. 1910 side-gabled house that fails to H[KLELW XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ DOWHUDWLRQV WR WKH KRXVH that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original porch columns, the addition of a modern balustrade on the porch, and the enclosure of the second façade door. In addition, the current owner has initiated plans to extensively remodel the exterior and interior of the house. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/ or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1259 is not eligible for the NRHP.

76 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.60. Property 003-COR-1259; view is east featuring the façade. Figure 4.61. Property 003-COR-1259; view is southeast featuring the façade and north elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 77 Figure 4.62. Property 003-COR-1259; view is northwest featuring the south and east (rear) elevations.

78 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1260

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDRQWKHVRXWKVLGHRI+LQWRQ6WUHHW

property 003-COR-1260 is a one-and-one-half-story Minimal Traditional style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1940 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.63-4.66). At the time of TVARs survey, the house was in the process of being demolished by the current owner. The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior partly clad with the remains of a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing north, the façade reveals a partial-width porch situated ZLWKLQDSURMHFWLQJJDEOHGED\WKDWKDVEHHQHQFORVHGZLWKMDORXVLHZLQGRZVDQGVLQJOHSDQH¿[HG sash windows. A modern storm door located on the projecting bay provides access to the porch. /RFDWHGRQWKHSRUFK¶VVRXWKDQGZHVWLQWHULRUZDOOVUHVSHFWLYHO\DUHDSDLURIRQHRYHURQHGRXEOH KXQJZRRGVDVKZLQGRZVDQGDGRRU$ORXYHUHGZRRGDWWLFYHQWLVVLWXDWHGZLWKLQWKHJDEOH¿HOGRI the projecting bay. Positioned west of the projecting bay are two window openings on the main block that contain one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. 7KH HDVW HOHYDWLRQ RI WKH KRXVH LV SLHUFHG E\ IRXU ZLQGRZV RQ WKH ¿UVW VWRU\ DQG D VLQJOH window in the half story that each contain one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. This sash type is repeated along the west elevation in two paired and two single windows. A window opening in the half story contains no sashes. The south (rear) elevation features a projecting gabled bay that is marked by a band of three windows containing two-light wood casement sashes. Additionally, a door LVSRVLWLRQHGRQWKHHDVWHOHYDWLRQRIWKHSURMHFWLQJED\/RFDWHGWRWKHHDVWRQWKHPDLQEORFNLVD one-over-one, double-hung wood sash window. This sash type is repeated in a window situated in the KDOIVWRU\$WWDFKHGWRWKHVRXWKHOHYDWLRQRIWKHKRXVHLVDPRGHUQFDUSRUWZKLFKLVFRPSRVHGRIDDW metal roof supported by a series of metal posts. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1260 is a typical example of a ca. 1940 Minimal Traditional style house WKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS,QDGGLWLRQWKHLQWHJULW\ of the property is poor due to current efforts to demolish the building. At the time of TVARs survey, much of the original brick veneer had been pulled off the building and stacked on pallets for resale. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1260 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 79 Figure 4.63. Property 003-COR-1260; view is south featuring the façade. Figure 4.64. Property 003-COR-1260; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation.

80 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.65. Property 003-COR-1260; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation. Figure 4.66. Property 003-COR-1260; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 81 003-COR-1261

         /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW+LQWRQ6WUHHWSURSHUW\

003-COR-1261 is a one-story side-gabled house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.67-4.70). Based on physical evidence, it is the opinion of TVAR that the building was originally constructed as a front-gabled house with the main entrance located on the west HOHYDWLRQ VHH)LJXUH 7KHKRXVHDSSHDUVWRKDYHEHHQPRGL¿HGLQWKHPLGWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\ with the re-orientation of the main entrance to the south elevation. The building features a gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with weatherboard siding, and a brick pier foundation. )DFLQJVRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHHDVWE\DWKUHHSDUWSLFWXUH ZLQGRZFRQWDLQLQJKRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJZRRGVDVKHV/RFDWHGHDVWRIWKLVZLQGRZ arrangement is a pair of one-over-one, double-hung metal sash windows. Positioned west of the door is a one-over-one, double-hung wood sash window. The east elevation of the house includes a shed-URRIH[WHQVLRQWKDWFRQWDLQVDGRRUDQGDVHULHVRI¿YHZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJ wood sashes. This sash type is repeated on a single window located on the main block. The west elevation of the house, which appears to have served as the original façade, features a projecting gabled bay. The gabled bay is pierced by three windows that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sashes. Attached to the west elevation is a projecting gabled roof that shielded a porch which is no longer extant. The roof is supported by three wood posts atop brick plinth blocks. The north (rear) elevation is marked by a paired and a single window that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sashes. An additional window opening on the elevation has been concealed with a wood board. NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1261 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 side-gabled house that fails to H[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS,WLV79$5¶VRSLQLRQWKDWWKHEXLOGLQJ appeared to have been originally constructed as a front-gabled house with the main entrance located on the west elevation. During the mid-twentieth century, the location of the main entrance was moved to the south elevation within a shed-roof addition that was attached to the main block. Additional alterations that have diminished the architectural integrity of the resource include the removal of the west elevation porch deck. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-1261 is not eligible for the NRHP.

82 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.67. Property 003-COR-1261; view is northeast featuring the west (former primary façade) and south elevations. Figure 4.68. Property 003-COR-1261; view is northwest featuring the east and south elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 83 Figure 4.69. Property 003-COR-1261; view is southwest featuring the north and west (former primary façade) elevations. Figure 4.70. Property 003-COR-1261; view is southwest featuring the north elevation.

84 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 003-COR-1262

        /RFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOHVQRUWKRIWKHSURMHFWDUHDDW+LJKZD\(DVWSURSHUW\

003-COR-1262 is a one-and-one-half-story Minimal Traditional style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1950 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.71-4.74). The former residence has been converted to EXVLQHVVXVHDQGFXUUHQWO\VHUYHVDVGHQWDORI¿FHV7KHEXLOGLQJIHDWXUHVDVLGHJDEOHGURRIFRYHUHG with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing QRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHHDVWE\DQRYDOVKDSHGZLQGRZ containing a single-light wood sash. Access to the façade door is achieved via a concrete handicap access ramp that is bordered with metal railings. The door is partly shielded by a modern, projecting JDEOHG HQWU\ URRI ZKLFK LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WZR FROXPQV FRPSRVHG RI V\QWKHWLF PDWHULDOV /RFDWHG ZHVWRIWKHGRRURQDVOLJKWO\SURMHFWLQJED\LVDEDQGRIWKUHHZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJ¿YHOLJKWPHWDO casement sashes. Additional fenestration positioned to the west includes a pair of three-light metal casement sashes. The east elevation of the house is accented with a curvilinear bay that contains a band of four KRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJPHWDOVDVKZLQGRZV$QDGGLWLRQDOZLQGRZ¿OOHGZLWKJODVV blocks is positioned to the south. Attached to the west elevation is a former garage wing that has been FRQYHUWHGIRURI¿FHXVH7KHJDUDJHLQFOXGHVDPRGHUQGRRUDQGVOLGLQJJODVVSDWLRGRRUVWRWKHZHVW that are positioned within the original vehicle bay. Additionally, a six-over-six, double-hung metal sash window is located on the west elevation of the garage wing. Fenestration on the main block includes a pair of three-light metal casement sashes. The south (rear) elevation features a modern central bay addition that projects slightly from the main block. Topped with a shed roof, the addition is clad with vinyl siding and includes a door DQG WZR ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJV FRQWDLQLQJ VL[RYHUVL[ GRXEOHKXQJ YLQ\O VDVKHV /RFDWHG HDVW RI WKH central bay is a six-over-six, double-hung metal sash window, a pair of three-light metal casement VDVKZLQGRZVDQGDZLQGRZRSHQLQJ¿OOHGZLWKJODVVEORFNV3RVLWLRQHGZHVWRIWKHFHQWUDOED\LVD pair of six-over-six, double-hung metal sash windows.

        /RFDWHG VRXWK RI WKH EXLOGLQJ LV D PRGHUQ VWRUDJH VKHG 7KH SUHIDEULFDWHG ZRRGIUDPH

structure features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with wood panel siding, and a concrete block pier foundation. The north elevation includes a door and a one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sash window (see Figure 4.74). NRHP Assessment Property 003-COR-1262 is a typical example of a ca. 1950 Minimal Traditional style house WKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWR the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the renovations to the rear addition, the replacement of some of the original window sashes, and the reconstruction of the façade entry SRUFK /DVWO\ WKH KLVWRULF IXQFWLRQ RI WKH KRXVH KDV FKDQJHG IURP UHVLGHQWLDO WR FRPPHUFLDO XVH which likely resulted in alterations to the interior the building to accommodate its present use as a GHQWDORI¿FH%DVHGXSRQWKHODFNRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOPHULWDVZHOODVWKHLQDELOLW\WRDVVRFLDWHWKHKRXVH and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that 003-COR-12562 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 85 Figure 4.71. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southeast featuring the façade and the west elevation garage wing. Figure 4.72. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation.

86 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.73. Property 003-COR-1262; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations. Figure 4.74. Property 003-COR-1262; view is southwest featuring the modern storage shed.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 87 Newly Recorded Architectural Resources IS-1

       /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property IS-1 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.75-4.76). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing east, the façade reveals a centrally SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHQRUWKE\DEDQGRIWKUHHZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJWZRRYHURQHGRXEOH KXQJPHWDOVDVKHV/RFDWHGVRXWKRIWKHGRRULVDSLFWXUHZLQGRZZLWKQLQHOLJKWVVHWZLWKLQDPHWDO sash and a single window opening containing horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. Attached to the north elevation of the building is a single-bay carport that is capped with a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles. The carport roof is supported by three decorative metal posts. 7KHLQWHULRUZHVWZDOORIWKHFDUSRUWKDVEHHQSDUWLDOO\HQFORVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKHVTXDUHIRRWDJHRIWKH interior living space. The altered section of the carport is clad with vinyl siding and includes a door and two windows containing four-over-four, double-hung vinyl sashes. Situated along the north interior wall of the carport is a pair of two-over-one, double-hung metal sash windows. The south elevation of the house is pierced by two window openings that contain horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes. The west (rear) elevation of the house was not accessible at the time of TVARs survey. NRHP Assessment 3URSHUW\,6LVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDFD5DQFKVW\OHKRXVHWKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXH features of its architectural style or workmanship. Modern alterations to the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the alterations made to the carport. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-1 is not eligible for the NRHP.

88 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.75. Property IS-1; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation garage wing. Figure 4.76. Property IS-1; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 89 IS-2

       /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property IS-2 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.77-4.78). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing east, the façade reveals a recessed central bay that includes a door and a band of three windows containing horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sashes. Access to the façade door is through the center bay porch that is integral with the main roof. Flanking either side of the central bay are projecting bays that are each pierced with a window opening containing horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sashes. Attached to the north elevation of the building is a single-bay carport that is capped with a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles. The carport roof is supported by a metal post at the northeast corner of the building. The interior north wall of the carport includes a door and a pair of horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sashes. This sash type is repeated on two windows that pierce the south elevation. The west (rear) elevation of the house was not accessible at the time of TVARs survey. NRHP Assessment 3URSHUW\,6LVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDFD5DQFKVW\OHKRXVHWKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXH features of its architectural style or workmanship. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-2 is not eligible for the NRHP.

90 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.77. Property IS-2; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. Figure 4.78. Property IS-2; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 91 IS-3

        /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property IS-3 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.79-4.80). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing east, the façade reveals an off-FHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHQRUWKE\DSDLURIKRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJZRRG sash windows. This sash type is repeated on a picture window and a paired window located south of the door. Access to the façade door is achieved via a single-bay concrete stoop. The stoop features a concrete slab deck that is partly shielded by a fabric awning. Attached to the north elevation of the EXLOGLQJLVDVLQJOHED\FDUSRUWWKDWLVFDSSHGZLWKDDWURRI7KHFDUSRUWURRILVSDUWO\VXSSRUWHGE\ a decorative metal post at the northeast corner of the building. The interior of the carport has been altered to include a screened-in porch that provides access to a door located on the north elevation of the building. Situated east of the door is a pair of horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sash windows. This sash type is repeated on three windows located along the south elevation. The west (rear) elevation of the house was not accessible at the time of TVARs survey. NRHP Assessment 3URSHUW\,6LVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDFD5DQFKVW\OHKRXVHWKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXH features of its architectural style or workmanship. Modern alterations to the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the construction of the screened-in porch within the carport. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/ or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-3 is not eligible for the NRHP.

92 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.79. Property IS-3; view is west featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. Figure 4.80. Property IS-3; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 93 IS-4

       /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property IS-4 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.81-4.82). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing east, the façade reveals DQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHVRXWKE\DSDLUHGZLQGRZDQGWZRVLQJOHZLQGRZVWKDW each contain six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes. Access to the façade door is achieved via a single bay concrete stoop. The stoop features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation. Attached to the north elevation of the building is a single-bay carport that is integral with the main roof. The carport roof is partly supported by two decorative metal posts. The north interior wall of the FDUSRUWLQFOXGHVDGRRUDQGDVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZ/RFDWHGDORQJWKHVRXWK elevation is a horizontal two-over-two, double-hung wood sash window and a six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window. The west (rear) elevation of the house was not accessible at the time of TVARs survey, however, an extension to the house containing a one-over-one, double-hung vinyl window was noted from the street. NRHP Assessment Property IS-4 is a typical example of a ca. 1955 Ranch style house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-4 is not eligible for the NRHP.

94 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.81. Property IS-4; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. Figure 4.82. Property IS-4; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 95 IS-5

        /RFDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOHV QRUWK RI WKH SURMHFW DUHD DW  6RXWK -RKQV 6WUHHW

property IS-5 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.83-4.84). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing east, the façade reveals a centrally SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHQRUWKE\DSDLURIRQHRYHURQHGRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZV This sash type is repeated in two single windows positioned south of the main entrance. Access to the façade door is achieved via a partial-width porch. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation and a series of decorative metal posts that are used to support a shed roof, which is integral with the main roof of the house. Attached to the north elevation of the building is a single-bay carport that is integral with the main roof. The carport roof is partly supported by three decorative metal posts. The north interior wall of the carport includes a door that provides access to the house. In addition, another door is positioned on the west interior wall, which provides access to a storage FORVHW /RFDWHG DORQJ WKH VRXWK HOHYDWLRQ DUH WZR ZLQGRZV FRQWDLQLQJ RQHRYHURQH GRXEOHKXQJ vinyl sashes. The west (rear) elevation of the house was not accessible at the time of TVARs survey. NRHP Assessment 3URSHUW\,6LVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDFD5DQFKVW\OHKRXVHWKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXH features of its architectural style or workmanship. Modern alterations to the house that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-5 is not eligible for the NRHP.

96 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.83. Property IS-5; view is southwest featuring the façade and the north elevation carport wing. Figure 4.84. Property IS-5; view is northwest featuring the façade and south elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 97 IS-6

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property IS-6 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.85-4.86). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with standing seam metal, an interior brick chimney, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing west, the façade reveals a centrally placed projecting gabled bay that includes a door which LVDQNHGWRWKHQRUWKE\DSDLURIVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZV7KLVVDVKW\SHLV repeated in a pair of windows positioned north of the projecting bay. Access to the façade door is achieved via a concrete stoop. Additional fenestration along the façade includes a picture window FRQWDLQLQJDFHQWUDO¿[HGYLQ\OVDVKZLWKOLJKWVDQNHGE\IRXURYHUIRXUGRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVK windows. Attached to the north elevation of the building is a carport wing that has been enclosed and converted into a single-bay garage. The exterior of this section of the house is clad with vinyl siding and includes an overhead metal door, which provides access to the garage. The north elevation of the house includes a door and a six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window that is accessible through a modern side porch. The porch is partially enclosed with metal screens and includes a storm door on the west elevation. Situated along the south elevation (former carport wing) is a six-over-six, double-KXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZ+LJKOLJKWLQJWKHHDVW UHDU HOHYDWLRQRIWKHKRXVHDUH¿YHZLQGRZRSHQLQJV containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes.

        /RFDWHGLQIURQWRIWKHKRXVHLVDPRGHUQFDUSRUW7KHSUHIDEULFDWHGPHWDOVWUXFWXUHIHDWXUHV

a front-gabled roof that is supported by a series of metal posts (see Figure 4.86). NRHP Assessment Property IS-6 is a typical example of a ca. 1955 Ranch style house that fails to exhibit XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ DOWHUDWLRQV WR WKH KRXVH WKDW have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original window sashes, the construction of the north elevation porch, and the enclosure of the carport wing. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-6 is not eligible for the NRHP.

98 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.85. Property IS-6; view is east featuring the façade and modern carport. Figure 4.86. Property IS-6; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 99 IS-7

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IS-7 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1960 (see Figure 4.4; Figures 4.87-4.88). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an interior brick chimney, an exterior clad with a brick veneer, and a continuous brick foundation. Facing north, the IDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOED\PDUNHGZLWKDGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHHDVWE\DOLJKWZRRGVDVK picture window. The central bay also includes a covered porch featuring a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation and four rounded wood columns that are used to support a projecting gabled roof. 7KHJDEOH¿HOGRIWKHSRUFKURRILVFODGZLWKYLQ\OVLGLQJ$GGLWLRQDOIHQHVWUDWLRQDORQJWKHIDoDGH includes a window east of the central bay and two windows west of the central bay that contain six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. Attached to the east elevation of the building is a single-bay carport wing. The carport roof is supported by a wall on the north elevation that is pierced by two six-over-six, double-hung wood sash windows. Additional support is provided by two rounded wood columns that support the south slope of the roof. The west interior wall of the carport includes a door, which provides access to the main block. The west elevation of the house is pierced by two windows containing six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. This sash type is repeated on four windows located along the south (rear) elevation of the house, which also includes a modern sliding patio door. NRHP Assessment Property IS-7 is a typical example of a ca. 1960 Ranch style house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH GLPLQLVKHGLWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOLQWHJULW\LQFOXGHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIYLQ\OVLGLQJDORQJWKHJDEOH¿HOGVRI the porch roof and main block. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-7 is not eligible for the NRHP.

100 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.87. Property IS-7; view is south featuring the façade. Figure 4.88. Property IS-7; view is northwest featuring the south (rear) elevation and carport wing attached to the east elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 101 IS-8

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property IS-8 is a Ranch style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1965 (see Figure 4.3; Figures 4.89-4.92). The building features a side-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with a combination of vinyl siding and brick veneer, and a continuous concrete block foundation. )DFLQJVRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHHDVWE\DWKUHHSDUWSLFWXUH ZLQGRZFRQWDLQLQJDFHQWUDOVLQJOHSDQH¿[HGZRRGVDVKWKDWLVDQNHGE\IRXURYHUIRXUGRXEOH KXQJZRRGVDVKHV/RFDWHGZHVWRIWKHGRRUDUHWZRZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJ wood sashes. Attached to the east elevation of the building is a single-bay carport. The carport is integral with the main roof and is partially supported by two metal posts. The interior east wall of the carport includes a door that provides access to the house. An additional door is positioned on the interior north wall that provides access to a storage closet. The west elevation of the house is pierced by two windows containing six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. The north (rear) elevation of the house is dominated by a modern one-story addition featuring a gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with vinyl siding, and a concrete block foundation. The addition includes an H[WHULRUHQGFKLPQH\WKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVLQJOHSDQH¿[HGZRRGVDVK6LWXDWHGRQWKH west elevation of the addition are two one-over-one, double-hung wood sash windows. A sliding patio GRRULVSRVLWLRQHGRQWKHQRUWK UHDU HOHYDWLRQRIWKHDGGLWLRQ/RFDWHGRQWKHPDLQEORFNDUHWKUHH windows containing six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. North of the house is a ca. 1970 utility shed. The frame structure features a front-gabled roof covered with standing seam metal, an exterior clad with board-and-batten wood siding, and a covered SLHUIRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJVRXWKWKHVKHGLQFOXGHVDSDLURIVZLQJLQJZRRGGRRUVWKDWDUHDQNHGRQHLWKHU side by a horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sash window (see Figure 4.92). NRHP Assessment Property IS-8 is a typical example of a ca. 1965 Ranch style house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the application of vinyl siding and the construction of the rear elevation addition. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-8 is not eligible for the NRHP.

102 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.89. Property IS-8; view is north featuring the façade. Figure 4.90. Property IS-8; view is southwest featuring the modern addition attached to the north (rear) elevation.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 103 Figure 4.91. Property IS-8; view is southeast featuring the west elevation of the main block. Figure 4.92. Property IS-8; view is north featuring the ca. 1970 storage shed.

104 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research TVA HOLLY SPRINGS SUBSTATION TVARs architectural survey of the proposed expansion of the TVA Holly Springs substation revisited two previously documented architectural resources, the NRHP-listed East Holly Springs and Depot-Compress historic districts. Portions of each historic district are located within the architectural survey radius, but lie outside the APE. Based on the results of TVARs architectural survey, each of the historic districts are located outside the viewshed to the project area (see Figure 4.2; Figures 4.93-4.110). At their nearest points, the East Holly Springs Historic District and the Depot-Compress Historic District are located 0.48 and 0.36 miles away from the project area, respectively. 79$5¶VLQ¿HOGDVVHVVPHQWREVHUYHGWKDWGLUHFWYLVXDOOLQHVRIVLJKWWRWKHSURMHFWDUHDIURPHDFKRI the NRHP-listed historic districts are completely obscured by a combination of rolling terrain and mature tree growth (see Figures 4.104-4.110). In the opinion of TVAR, the proposed undertaking ZLOOQRWFRPSURPLVHWKHLQWHJULW\RUGLPLQLVKWKHKLVWRULFDODQGDUFKLWHFWXUDOVLJQL¿FDQFHIRUZKLFK either the East Holly Springs Historic District or the Depot-Compress Historic District were listed on the NRHP. For these reasons, TVAR recommends that the proposed project will have no effect on the NRHP-listed East Holly Springs or Depot-Compress historic district.

        $GGLWLRQDOO\ 79$5¶V DUFKLWHFWXUDO VXUYH\ UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI  SUHYLRXVO\

undocumented architectural resources, IS-9-IS-19, which fall within the architectural APE of the proposed project area. Based on the results of its survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that properties IS-9-IS-19 are not eligible for the NRHP due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations. Based on the results of the architectural survey, it is the opinion of TVAR that no historic properties will be affected by the proposed expansion of the TVA Holly Springs substation. TVAR recommends no additional investigation of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed project.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 105 East Holly Springs Historic District Depot-Compress Historic District IS-19 IS-16 IS-18 IS-14 IS-17 IS-12 IS-13 IS-11 IS-15 IS-10 IS-9 N 0 100 200 300 Meters Archaeological APE NRHP Listed Historic District 0 300 600 900 Architectural Survey Radius Feet NRHP Ineligible Architectural Resource Scale 1:12,000 Based on USGS 1965 (Photorevised 1975) Holly Springs, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangle )LJXUH([FHUSWRIWKH86*6+ROO\6SULQJV06WRSRJUDSKLFTXDGUDQJOHVKRZLQJWKHSURSRVHG project area, survey radius, and location of previously and newly recorded architectural resources.

106 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.94. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is north. Figure 4.95. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is east.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 107 Figure 4.96. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is south. Figure 4.97. TVA Holly Springs substation expansion project area; view is west.

108 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research )LJXUH/26YLHZLVQRUWKHDVW )LJXUH/26YLHZLVHDVW

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 109 )LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWKHDVW )LJXUH/26YLHZLVQRUWKZHVW

110 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research )LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWKHDVW )LJXUH/26YLHZLVVRXWKHDVW

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 111 )LJXUH/26'HSRW&RPSUHVV+LVWRULF'LVWULFWYLHZLVVRXWKIURPWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRI6 Compress Street and E. Van Dorn Avenue looking toward the project area. )LJXUH/26'HSRW&RPSUHVV+LVWRULF'LVWULFWYLHZLVVRXWKIURPWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRI6 Bethlehem Street and E. Van Dorn Avenue looking toward the project area.

112 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research )LJXUH/26'HSRW&RPSUHVV+LVWRULF'LVWULFWYLHZLVVRXWKIURP(9DQ'RUQ$YHQXH looking toward the project area. Figure 4.107. Holly Springs substation project area; view is north looking toward the Depot-Compress Historic District.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 113 )LJXUH/26(DVW+ROO\6SULQJV+LVWRULF'LVWULFWYLHZLVVRXWKHDVWORRNLQJWRZDUGWKH project area. Figure 4.109. Holly Springs substation project area; view is northwest looking toward the East Holly Springs Historic District.

East Holly Springs Historic District Depot-Compress Historic District 114 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 0 100 200 300 N Proposed Project Area Line-of-Sight Obstruction; Modern Development Meters Architectural Survey Radius 0 300 600 900 Line-of-Sight Obstruction; Vegetation NRHP Listed Historic District; Feet Outside Viewshed Scale 1:6,000 Based on Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community aerial imagery Figure 4.110. Current aerial imagery of the project area illustrating line-of-sight obstructions to the NRHP-listed Depot-Compress and East Holly Springs historic districts.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 115 Newly Recorded Architectural Resources IS-9

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IS-9 is a one-story pyramidal-roof house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.111-4.112). The building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with asbestos shingle siding, and a covered pier foundation. Facing north, the façade reveals a central GRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJZRRGVDVKZLQGRZ$FFHVVWRWKH façade door is achieved via a full-width porch. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block pier foundation and four non-original wood posts that are used to support a hipped roof. The east elevation of the house is pierced by a six-over-six, double-hung wood sash window and a horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sash window. Positioned on a rear shed extension is a six-light wood casement sash window. The west elevation of the house is marked by two windows that contain six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes and a single six-light wood casement sash window set in a rear shed extension. Highlighting the south (rear) elevation is a recessed central bay that includes a door and a six-over-six, double-hung wood sash window. Access to the door is through a center bay porch WKDWLVIRUPHGE\DQNLQJVKHGH[WHQVLRQV7KHSRUFKLQFOXGHVDZRRGGHFNDQGWZRPRGHUQZRRG posts that help support the roof. In addition, a six-light wood casement sash window is located on the LQWHULRUHDVWZDOORIWKHSRUFK(DFKH[WHQVLRQLVFODGZLWKPRGHUQ¿EHUERDUGVLGLQJ NRHP Assessment Property IS-9 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 pyramidal-roof house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH GLPLQLVKHGLWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOLQWHJULW\LQFOXGHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI¿EHUERDUGVLGLQJDQGWKHUHSODFHPHQWRI the columns associated with the façade and rear elevation porches. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-9 is not eligible for the NRHP.

116 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.111. Property IS-9; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.112. Property IS-9; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 117 IS-10

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IS-10 is a one-story hipped-roof house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.113-4.114). The concrete block building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an interior brick chimney, an exposed concrete block exterior, and a continuous concrete block IRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJQRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVL[RYHU six, double-hung vinyl sash window. Access to the façade door is achieved via a full-width porch. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block foundation and four non-original wood posts that are XVHGWRVXSSRUWDDWURRI7KHHDVWHOHYDWLRQRIWKHKRXVHLVSLHUFHGE\WZRVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJ vinyl sash windows. This sash type is repeated on three windows located along the west elevation. Attached to the rear elevation is a full-width shed-roof extension. Composed of concrete blocks, the H[WHQVLRQLQFOXGHVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHHDVWE\DVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJ vinyl sash window. NRHP Assessment Property IS-10 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 hipped-roof house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original porch columns and window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-10 is not eligible for the NRHP.

118 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.113. Property IS-10; view is southeast featuring the façade and west elevation. Figure 4.114. Property IS-10; view is northwest featuring the east and south (rear) elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 119 IS-11

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IS-11 is a one-story hipped-roof house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.115-4.116). The frame building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, two interior brick chimneys, an exterior clad with weatherboard siding, and a continuous concrete block IRXQGDWLRQ)DFLQJQRUWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DIRXU over-four, double-hung wood sash window. Access to the façade door is achieved via a full-width porch. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block foundation and four non-original wood posts that are used to support a hipped roof. Both the east and west elevations of the house are pierced E\DVLQJOHDQGDSDLUHGZLQGRZWKDWHDFKFRQWDLQIRXURYHUIRXUGRXEOHKXQJZRRGVDVKHV/RFDWHG to the south, on the east and west elevations of a rear shed extension, is a six-over-six, double-hung wood sash window. Attached to the south (rear) elevation of the house is a full-width shed-roof extension that includes a centrally placed door. Flanking the door to the east is a paired window and to the west is a band of three windows that each contain six-over-six, double-hung wood sashes. NRHP Assessment Property IS-11 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 hipped-roof house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original porch columns. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-11 is not eligible for the NRHP.

120 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.115. Property IS-11; view is southwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.116. Property IS-11; view is northeast featuring the south (rear) and west elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 121 IS-12

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property IS-12 is a one-story hipped-roof house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.117-4.120). The frame building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an interior brick chimney, an exterior clad with weatherboard siding, and a brick pier foundation LQ¿OOHGZLWKFRQFUHWHEORFNV)DFLQJHDVWWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHU side by a pair of one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. Access to the façade door is achieved via a full-width porch that is integral with the main roof. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a concrete block foundation and four non-original decorative metal posts, which are used to support the roof. The north elevation of the house is marked by a non-original exterior chimney and by three window openings containing one-over-one, double-hung wood sashes. This sash type is repeated on two windows located along the south elevation. Additional fenestration consists of a horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sash window. Attached to the west (rear) elevation is a ca. 1955 gabled-roof addition. The addition is clad with wood drop siding and features a concrete block foundation. Fenestration on the rear addition includes two paired windows and a single window that each contain KRUL]RQWDOWZRRYHUWZRGRXEOHKXQJPHWDOVDVKHV/DVWO\WKHUHDUDGGLWLRQLQFOXGHVDGRRUORFDWHG within a recessed corner porch. Associated outbuildings include:

• A ca. 1950 storage shed. The frame structure features a shed roof covered with standing seam metal and an exterior clad with vertical wood boards. A door is positioned on the north elevation (see Figure 4.119);
• A ca. 1970 carport/garage. The frame building features a front-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles and an exterior clad with vertical wood boards. Facing east, the building includes a single-bay that contains an overhead metal door. Additionally, the south elevation includes an exterior brick chimney and a window opening containing horizontal two-over-two, double-hung metal sashes (see Figure 4.120).

NRHP Assessment Property IS-12 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 hipped-roof house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the construction of the north elevation chimney and the replacement of the original porch columns. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-12 is not eligible for the NRHP.

122 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.117. Property IS-12; view is southwest featuring the façade and north elevation. Figure 4.118. Property IS-12; view is northeast featuring the south and west (rear) elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 123 Figure 4.119. Property IS-12; view is west featuring the ca. 1950 storage shed. Figure 4.120. Property IS-12; view is north featuring the ca. 1970 carport/garage building.

124 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research IS-13

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Street, property IS-13 is a one-story side-gabled house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.121-4.122). Based on physical evidence, it is the opinion of TVAR that the building was originally constructed as a front-gabled house with the main entrance located on the east elevation, fronting South Chesterman Street. Within the past ten years, the house appears to KDYHEHHQPRGL¿HGZLWKWKHUHRULHQWDWLRQRIWKHPDLQHQWUDQFHWRWKHVRXWKHOHYDWLRQ7KHEXLOGLQJ features a gabled roof covered with standing seam metal, an interior brick chimney, an exterior clad ZLWK ZHDWKHUERDUG VLGLQJ DQG D EULFN SLHU IRXQGDWLRQ LQ¿OOHG ZLWK FRQFUHWH EORFNV )DFLQJ VRXWK WKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDQRIIFHQWHUHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHZHVWE\DIRXURYHUIRXUGRXEOHKXQJ vinyl sash window. The east elevation of the house, which appears to have served as the original façade, features a modern projecting gabled bay. The gabled bay is clad with drop wood siding and is pierced by a single window containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes. The west elevation of the house includes a shed-roof extension marked by a modern two-light, sliding vinyl sash window and a door. Positioned south of the extension is a six-over-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window. Two windows containing four-over-four, double-hung vinyl sashes are located on the north elevation. NRHP Assessment 3URSHUW\,6LVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIDFDVLGHJDEOHGKRXVHWKDWIDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXH features of its architectural style or workmanship. It is TVARs opinion that the building appeared to have been originally constructed as a front-gabled house with the main entrance located on the east elevation. Recently, the location of the main entrance was moved to the south elevation. Additional alterations that have diminished the architectural integrity of the resource include the construction of the projecting gabled addition on the east elevation and the replacement of the original window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/ or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-13 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 125 Figure 4.121. Property IS-13; view is northeast featuring the west elevation and the south elevations. Figure 4.122. Property IS-13; view is southwest featuring the east (former primary façade) and north elevations.

126 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research IS-14

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14 is a one-story hipped-roof house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1920 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.123-4.124). The frame building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an interior brick chimney, an exterior clad with asbestos shingle siding, and a covered pier foundation. Facing VRXWKWKHIDoDGHUHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGRQHLWKHUVLGHE\DVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJ vinyl sash window. Access to the façade door is achieved via a full-width porch. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block foundation and four non-original wood posts that are used to support a hipped roof. The east elevation of the house is marked by an exterior end brick chimney, two windows containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes and a paired window containing the same sash type. Situated along the west elevation are three window openings containing six-over-six, double-KXQJYLQ\OVDVKHV7KHQRUWK UHDU HOHYDWLRQLQFOXGHVDFHQWUDOO\SODFHGGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKH west by a six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window. A partial-width hipped-roof porch provides access to the rear elevation door. The porch features a wood deck on a concrete block foundation and four non-original wood posts that support a hipped roof. Positioned east of the porch is a shed-roof extension pierced with a six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash window. NRHP Assessment Property IS-14 is a typical example of a ca. 1920 hipped-roof house that fails to exhibit XQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHKRXVHWKDWKDYH diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original façade and rear elevation porch columns and the replacement of the original window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-14 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 127 Figure 4.123. Property IS-14; view is northwest featuring the façade and east elevation. Figure 4.124. Property IS-14; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations.

128 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research IS-15

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is a one-story Minimal Traditional style house that appears to have been constructed ca. 1940 (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.125-4.128). The frame building features a roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with asbestos shingle siding, and a covered pier foundation. Facing west, the façade UHYHDOVDFHQWUDOGRRUWKDWLVDQNHGWRWKHQRUWKE\DPRGHUQZLQGRZRSHQLQJFRQWDLQLQJDOLJKW ¿[HGYLQ\OVDVK/RFDWHGVRXWKRIWKHGRRULVDSDLURIVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVKZLQGRZV Access to the façade door is through a central bay porch. The porch features a concrete slab deck on a brick foundation and two non-original wood posts atop brick plinth blocks that support a projecting gabled roof. The north elevation of the house is pierced with two windows containing six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes and an additional window containing four-over-four, double-hung vinyl sashes. The south elevation of the house is marked by a pair of six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sashes and a single window containing one-over-one, double-hung vinyl sashes. Attached to the east (rear) elevation is a gabled-roof extension that is clad with asbestos shingle siding and rests on a covered pier foundation. The extension includes two six-over-six, double-hung vinyl sash windows on the east HOHYDWLRQDQGDGRRUSRVLWLRQHGRQWKHVRXWKHOHYDWLRQ/DVWO\DVL[RYHUVL[GRXEOHKXQJYLQ\OVDVK window is located on the main block.

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The frame structure features a side-gabled roof covered with corrugated metal sheets and an exterior clad with vertical wood boards. A door is positioned on the west elevation (see Figure 4.128). NRHP Assessment Property IS-15 is a typical example of a ca. 1940 Minimal Traditional style house that fails to H[KLELW XQLTXH IHDWXUHV RI LWV DUFKLWHFWXUDO VW\OH RU ZRUNPDQVKLS 0RGHUQ DOWHUDWLRQV WR WKH KRXVH that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the original porch columns and the replacement of the original window sashes. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the house and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-15 is not eligible for the NRHP.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 129 Figure 4.125. Property IS-15; view is east featuring the façade. Figure 4.126. Property IS-15; view is southeast featuring the north (rear) and west elevations.

130 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.127. Property IS-15; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) and south elevations. Figure 4.128. Property IS-15; view is east featuring the storage shed.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 131 IS-16

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178, property IS-16 is a vacant one-story commercial plaza that appears to have been constructed ca.  VHH)LJXUH)LJXUHV 7KHFRQFUHWHEORFNEXLOGLQJIHDWXUHVDDWURRIDQH[WHULRU clad with a brick veneer, and a concrete block foundation. Facing west, the façade is divided into ten VWRUHIURQWHQWUDQFHVWKDWFRQWDLQJODVVGRRUVDQNHGE\VLQJOHDQGPXOWLSDQHSODWHJODVVZLQGRZV The façade is largely accented by a non-original wood awning that appears to have been added to the building in the 1980s. The awning features Classical detailing including a decorative entablature with dentil molding, which is supported by a series of Tuscan-style wood columns. TVARs assessment of the east (rear) elevation noted at least two steel doors that provided access to the northern section of the building. However, a full assessment of the rear elevation could not be conducted due to heavy vegetation that obscures much of the building (see Figure 4.131). NRHP Assessment Property IS-16 is a typical example of a mid-twentieth century commercial plaza that fails to H[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHEXLOGLQJ that have diminished its architectural integrity include the replacement of the windows and the construction of the ca. 1980 awning along the length of the façade. In addition, the integrity of the building is poor due to neglect. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the building and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-16 is not eligible for the NRHP.

132 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.129. Property IS-16; view is southeast featuring the northern portion of the plaza façade. Figure 4.130. Property IS-16; view is north featuring the southern portion of the plaza façade.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 133 Figure 4.131. Property IS-16; view is northwest featuring the east (rear) and south elevations. Figure 4.132. Property IS-16; view is southwest featuring the east (rear) and elevation.

134 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research IS-17

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property IS-17 is a vacant manufacturing plant once operated by Thompson Industries (see Figure )LJXUHV 7KHFRPSOH[LVDQFKRUHGE\DVTXDUHVKDSHGVWHHOIUDPHEXLOGLQJWKDW IHDWXUHVDDWURRIDQH[WHULRUFODGZLWKDEULFNYHQHHUDQGDFRQFUHWHVODEIRXQGDWLRQ%DVHGRQ physical evidence, the original manufacturing building has been altered over time through the FRQVWUXFWLRQRIDQRI¿FHZLQJRQWKHHDVWHOHYDWLRQDQGDVHULHVRIVWRUDJHED\VRQWKHZHVWDQGQRUWK elevations. These sections stand out from the original building core through their contrasting exterior ¿QLVKHVVXFKDVPHWDOPDQVDUGURRIVDQGXQ¿QLVKHGFRQFUHWHEORFNZDOOV The primary façade of the manufacturing plant faces south and includes a centrally placed door opening containing a pair of swinging metal doors. Situated east of the door are a single-pane, ¿[HGVDVKZLQGRZDQGDEDQGRI¿YHPRGHUQZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJDORZHUPHWDODZQLQJVDVKWRSSHG E\DVLQJOHSDQH¿[HGVDVK)ODQNLQJWKHGRRUWRWKHZHVWDUHWZRSDLUVRIZLQGRZVWKDWFRQWDLQVL[ light metal awning sashes. This portion of the façade is shielded by a metal canopy that is supported E\DVHULHVRIPHWDOSRVWV$WWDFKHGWRWKHHDVWHOHYDWLRQRIWKHEXLOGLQJLVDRQHVWRU\RI¿FHZLQJWKDW DSSHDUV WR KDYH EHHQ DGGHG WR WKH EXLOGLQJ LQ WKH PLGV 7KH RI¿FH ZLQJ LV FODG ZLWK D EULFN veneer and features a mansard roof covered with metal siding. A glass door located within a recessed entry porch appears to have served as the main entrance for visitors to the plant. Fenestration on the RI¿FHZLQJFRQVLVWVRIWZRSDLUVRIZLQGRZVDQGWZREDQGVRIWKUHHZLQGRZVFRQWDLQLQJVLQJOHSDQH ¿[HGPHWDOVDVKHV The west elevation of the manufacturing plant is dominated by a one-story warehouse that is clad with a brick veneer and includes an original loading bay containing an overhead metal door. $QDGGLWLRQDOED\HQWUDQFHORFDWHGWRWKHZHVWKDVEHHQLQ¿OOHGZLWKEULFNDQGDOWHUHGWRLQFOXGHD pedestrian door. Connected to the south elevation of the warehouse section is a modern addition clad with metal siding and featuring a truck loading bay containing an overhead metal door. Attached to WKHZHVWHOHYDWLRQRIWKHZDUHKRXVHLVDQRSHQYHKLFOHVWRUDJHED\WKDWLVFRPSULVHGRIDDWPHWDO roof supported by a series of steel columns. The north (rear) elevation of the plant is characterized by an assortment of vehicle bays for loading and off loading materials and goods. Associated buildings and structures include:

• A modern warehouse. The steel-frame structure is located west of the main plant and features a low-pitch metal gabled roof and an exterior clad with metal siding. Facing east, the building includes three vehicle bays marked with overhead metal doors. In addition, two centrally placed metal pedestrian doors are also located along the east elevation (see Figure 4.137);

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north of the main plant, the steel-frame structure is supported by four legs reinforced with X-bracing (see Figure 4.138);

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 135

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JDUDJHIHDWXUHVWKHUHPDLQVRIDDWPHWDOURRIDQH[SRVHGFRQFUHWHEORFNH[WHULRUDQGD concrete slab foundation. Two open vehicle bays are positioned along the north elevation (see Figure 4.140);

        *    $PRGHUQVWRUDJHEXLOGLQJ/RFDWHGQRUWKRIWKHPDLQSODQWWKHPHWDOIUDPHVWUXFWXUH

features a low-pitch metal gabled roof and an exterior clad with metal siding. Facing south, the building contains a centrally placed door opening with a pair of swinging metal doors (see Figure 4.141);

        *    $PRGHUQXWLOLW\VKHG/RFDWHGQRUWKRIWKHPDLQSODQWWKHZRRGIUDPHEXLOGLQJIHDWXUHV

a front-gabled roof covered with asphalt shingles, an exterior clad with vinyl siding, and a concrete slab foundation. A door opening is located on the south elevation (see Figure 4.141);

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building features a low-pitch metal gabled roof, an exterior clad with metal siding, and a raised concrete foundation. The building is pierced by a series of window openings that contain nine-light metal awning sashes (see Figure 4.142). NRHP Assessment Property IS-17 is a typical example of a mid-twentieth century manufacturing plant that IDLOVWRH[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKH EXLOGLQJWKDWKDYHGLPLQLVKHGLWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOLQWHJULW\LQFOXGHWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHRI¿FHZLQJDQG warehouse additions to the east and west elevations. In addition, the integrity and historic setting of the complex has been compromised due to neglect and the construction of modern auxiliary buildings throughout the plant grounds. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the building and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that IS-17 is not eligible for the NRHP.

136 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.133. Property IS-17; view is north featuring the main façade of the original plant building. )LJXUH3URSHUW\,6YLHZLVQRUWKZHVWIHDWXULQJWKHRI¿FHZLQJDWWDFKHGWRWKHHDVW elevation of the original manufacturing building.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 137 Figure 4.135. Property IS-17; view is northeast featuring the west elevation warehouse. Figure 4.136. Property IS-17; modern concrete block warehouse addition attached to the west elevation; view is east.

138 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.137. Property IS-17; modern warehouse building; view is west. Figure 4.138. Property IS-17; original water tower; view is northeast.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 139 Figure 4.139. Property IS-17; modern pole shed; view is north. Figure 4.140. Property IS-17; modern concrete block garage building; view is southeast.

140 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.141. Property IS-17; view is northeast featuring the modern storage building and utility shed. Figure 4.142. Property IS-17; view is southeast featuring the manufacturing building.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 141 IS-18

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property IS-18 is a one-story hipped-roof commercial building that appears to have been constructed ca. 1955 and is currently vacant (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.143-4.144). The building is composed of brick laid in a common bond, and features a roof covered with asphalt shingles and a continuous brick foundation. Facing west, the façade reveals an exterior clad with a brick veneer and an off-center glass DQGPHWDOGRRUWKDWLVVKLHOGHGE\DDWPHWDOFDQRS\7KHGRRULVDQNHGRQHDFKVLGHE\DZLQGRZ RSHQLQJFRQWDLQLQJDWZROLJKWORZHUDZQLQJPHWDOVDVKWRSSHGE\DIRXUOLJKW¿[HGPHWDOVDVK$Q additional window opening north of this arrangement has been bricked in. The south elevation is marked by two overhead bay doors, three bricked-in window openings, and a window containing DWZROLJKWORZHUDZQLQJPHWDOVDVKWRSSHGE\DIRXUOLJKW¿[HGVDVK$FRQFUHWHEORFNDGGLWLRQLV attached to the east (rear) elevation and features a shed roof covered with metal sheeting and two open bays on its south elevation. The north elevation was inaccessible at the time of TVARs survey due to heavy vegetation. NRHP Assessment Property IS-18 is a typical example of a ca. 1955 hipped-roof commercial building that fails to H[KLELWXQLTXHIHDWXUHVRILWVDUFKLWHFWXUDOVW\OHRUZRUNPDQVKLS0RGHUQDOWHUDWLRQVWRWKHEXLOGLQJ that have diminished its architectural integrity include the enclosure of original window openings and the construction of the east elevation addition. Based upon the lack of architectural merit, as well as the inability to associate the building and/or its original owner(s) with an important historical event or series of events, it is the opinion of TVAR that property IS-18 is not eligible for the NRHP.

142 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.143. Property IS-18; view is northeast and features the façade and south elevation. Figure 4.144. Property IS-18; view is northwest and features the east and south elevations.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 143 IS-19/ Mississippi Central Railroad

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mile-long segment of the Mississippi Central Railroad (also once known as the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad), that crosses within the APE (see Figure 4.93; Figures 4.145-4.148). Actively operated by Pioneer Railcorp, the railroad segment features a raised embankment covered with ballast that supports a modern track composed of wood cross ties and steel rails. The segment located within the project APE is situated within a tree-lined corridor and extends through a combination of light industrial and residential development. A number of at-grade crossings are located along the segment. Due to the heavy vegetation that lines the rail corridor, the crossing at Neely Avenue is the only portion of the segment that has a direct visual line-of-sight to the project area. At Holly Springs, construction on the rail line began in 1852 and was completed in 1856, connecting the city with New Orleans (Guren 1980). During the Civil War the railroad was extensively used by both the Confederate and Union troops for the movement of supplies and men. Damaged during various raids on Holly Springs, the railroad was rebuilt during the Reconstruction SHULRG,WZDVSXUFKDVHGE\WKH&KLFDJR6W/RXLVDQG1HZ2UOHDQV5DLOURDGLQDQGWKHQE\ the Illinois Central Railroad in 1882 (Guren 1980). Overall, the entire Mississippi Central Railroad stretches 51 miles from Oxford, Mississippi to Grand Junction, Tennessee. An additional line runs from Corinth, Mississippi to Red Bay, Alabama. Today used primarily for freight, the main products shipped along the Mississippi Central Railroad are animal feed ingredients, fertilizer, and wood (Pioneer Railcorp 2015). NRHP Assessment Property IS-19/Mississippi Central Railroad is a segment of a mid-nineteenth century railroad that has been continuously altered through routine maintenance over a 150-year period. As an actively managed rail line, the railroad bed has received regular repairs which has resulted in the replacement of the original tracks, cross-ties, and ballast. As such, no materials associated with the original construction of the railroad remain, diminishing its architectural integrity. Moreover, modern industrial and residential development in the area has comprised the railroads historic setting. For these, reasons it is the opinion of TVAR that property IS-19/Mississippi Central Railroad is not eligible for the NRHP.

144 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 4.145. Property IS-19; view is west and features the at-grade crossing at Neely Avenue. Figure 4.146. Property IS-19; view is east and features the at-grade crossing at Neely Avenue.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 145 Figure 4.147. Property IS-19; view is northeast from Neely Avenue. Figure 4.148. Property IS-19; view is southwest from Neely Avenue.

CHAPTER 5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY Under contract with TVA, TVAR conducted a Phase I cultural resources survey to document and assess cultural resources located within the APE associated with the Corinth and Holly Springs substation expansion projects in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi. The APE for the archaeological survey consisted of the footprints of the Corinth (2.42 ha [5.98 acres]) and Holly Springs (1.21 ha [2.98 acres]) substation expansion areas. The purpose of the investigation was to assist TVA in its Section 106 compliance and to provide an inventory of cultural resources within the SURMHFWDUHDGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQVDWHDFKUHVRXUFHLGHQWL¿HGDQG15+3HOLJLELOLW\ recommendations for each resource. The survey was consistent with the Secretary of the Interiors 6WDQGDUGVDQG*XLGHOLQHVIRU,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ 136 DQGPHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH 0'$+79$5¶VDUFKDHRORJLFDOVXUYH\UHVXOWHGLQWKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQRIRQHVLWH $/ ZLWKLQWKH $3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQ1RUHVRXUFHVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKLQWKH$3( associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. The following provides a review of background LQIRUPDWLRQUHOHYDQWWRWKHSURMHFWDUHDGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHUHVRXUFHLGHQWL¿HGDQGDUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ regarding its NRHP eligibility. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH In March of 2016, TVAR consulted the MDAH Historic Resources Inventory Database (HRID) to conduct a background literature and records search to identify documented archaeological sites and SUHYLRXVDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVZLWKLQWKHSURMHFWDUHD7KHEDFNJURXQGVWXG\DUHDZDVGH¿QHG as a 0.8 km radius surrounding each of the project areas comprising the archaeological APE (Figures 5.1 and 5.2). To supplement the information obtained from the MDAH HRID, TVAR also reviewed numerous cartographic and ethnohistoric databases including the NRHP, University of Alabama +LVWRULF0DSV$UFKLYH'DYH5XPVH\0DS&ROOHFWLRQ '50& /LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV0DS$UFKLYHDQG U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer data portal. Cartographic research associated with the &RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQXWLOL]HGWKH&RULQWKPLQXWHWRSRJUDSKLFTXDGUDQJOHDVRLO survey map of Alcorn County, an 1862 map entitled Topographic sketch of Corinth, Mississippi and its environs: showing the enemy entrenchments, and the approach of the U.S. forces (Michler and Weyss 1862), an 1862 map entitled Map of the Country Between Monterey, Tenn. & Corinth, Miss. 0DW]   DQ  PDS HQWLWOHG ³(QYLURQV GH &RULQWK' 9RU]HW (G 'XPDV /H &RPWH GH 3DULV 1875), and an 1895 map entitled Plan of the Battle of Corinth, (Rosencrans 1895). Maps referenced during research for the Holly Springs substation expansion included the USGS 1953 15-minute and  +ROO\ 6SULQJV PLQXWH WRSRJUDSKLF TXDGUDQJOHV $ %XUHDX RI /DQG 0DQDJHPHQW *HQHUDO /DQG2I¿FH5HFRUGV %/0*/2 VHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGIRUDOOODQGSDUFHOVHQFRPSDVVHGE\WKH$3( and the original land patents are included in Appendix B.

148 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Alvey and Baca 2009 22AL591 Thorne Lauro 1993 1990 22AL599 22AL690 Thorne Johnson 1980 1995 Tucker-Laird et al. 2009 22AL567 0 200 400 600 Archaeological APE Meters Architectural Survey Radius N 0 600 1200 1800 Archaeological Survey Feet Archaeological Site (NRHP Undetermined) Scale 1:12,000 Located in T2S, R7E Based on USGS 1982 Corinth and 1950 (Photorevised 1991) Archaeological Site (NRHP Not Eligible) Kendrick, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangles Figure 5.1. Background study area associated with the Corinth substation expansion.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 149 Depot-Compress Historic District East Holly Springs Historic District 0 200 400 600 Meters Archaeological APE N 0 600 1200 1800 Architectural Survey Radius Feet NRHP Listed Historic District Scale 1:12,000 Located in T4S, R2W Based on USGS 1965 (Photorevised 1975) Holly Springs and 1982 Waterford, MS 7.5-Minute Topographic Quadrangles Figure 5.2. Background study area associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion.

150 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research The NRHP lists 20 properties in Alcorn County and another 20 in Marshall County. None of the Alcorn County properties fall within the background study area or APE associated with the Corinth substation expansion project, but two of the Marshall County NRHP-listed properties, the Depot-Compress Historic District and the East Holly Springs Historic District, fall within the background area associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion project. The properties are discussed in greater detail in the previous chapter of this report. No Traditional Cultural Properties or historic FHPHWHULHVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGLQHLWKHUEDFNJURXQGVWXG\DUHD 79$5¶V UHVHDUFK XVLQJ WKH 0'$+ +5,' LGHQWL¿HG IRXU DUFKDHRORJLFDO VLWHV ZLWKLQ WKH background study area associated with the Corinth substation expansion, but none were recorded within the APE (Table 5.1). No archaeological sites fell within the background study area or APE DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH +ROO\ 6SULQJV VXEVWDWLRQ H[SDQVLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH 0'$+ +5,' LGHQWL¿HG six previously conducted cultural resources survey in within the background study area associated with the Corinth substation expansion, two of which overlapped with the current APE (Table 5.2). No previously conducted cultural resources surveys fell within the background study area or APE associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. Table 5.1. Archaeological Sites Within the Background Study Area. Site Number Temporal Affiliation NRHP Status Reference (DUO\/DWH$UFKDLF

             $/                                    Undetermined Atkinson 1987 0LGGOH/DWH:RRGODQG
                                   /DWH$UFKDLF
             $/                                    Undetermined             MDAH Mississippian
             $/          Unknown Aboriginal           Ineligible            MDAH
             $/          Unknown Aboriginal        Undetermined             MDAH

Table 5.2. Previous Cultural Resources Surveys Within the Background Study Area. Overlap with Level of Survey Area Survey Archaeological Project Description Current APE Reference Investigation (ha) Dimensions Resources (Acres) Sewer treatment plant and wasterwater Survey Unknown Unknown N/A Unknown Thorne 1980 collection 2,500 ft by 20 ft &RULQWK6HZDJH/DJRRQ Survey 0.4 N/A None /DXUR tract TVA ROW from Ripley 28 mi with 100 ft Survey 137.59 1.35 None Thorne 1993 to Corinth ROW Improvements to South Survey 30.35 75 acres N/A None Johnson 1995 Corinth Industrial Park

DWHU/LQH5RXWHLQ 8,380 m long, 30 m Alvey and Baca Survey 25.14 N/A $/

Corinth wide corridor 2009 Corinth-Biggersville 9.2 mi long, 30 m 7XFNHU/DLUGHW Survey 44.42 2.44 None 7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQH wide corridor al. 2009 Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 151

152 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research METHODS OF INVESTIGATION The Phase I survey included pedestrian reconnaissance of the APE with a combination of shovel WHVWLQJ DQG VXUIDFH LQVSHFWLRQ DV WKH EDVLV IRU WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ DQG GHOLQHDWLRQ RI DUFKDHRORJLFDO resources. Systematic shovel testing (herein referred to as planned shovel test locations) was FRQGXFWHGDWPLQWHUYDOVZLWKLQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDO$3(6KRYHOWHVWVZHUH[FPVTXDUHXQLWV and excavated to a depth of 70 centimeters below surface (cmbs), or until the water table or sterile subsoil was encountered. Test soils were passed through 1/4-inch hardware mesh to recover cultural materials. Artifacts recovered in the screen were bagged and labeled by provenience, including a shovel test number and a temporary site number. Systematic shovel testing was complemented with YLVXDOLQVSHFWLRQRIH[SRVHGJURXQGVXUIDFHVURRWEDOOVDQGURGHQWEXUURZVZKHQSRVVLEOH/DVWO\ TVAR conducted judgmental shovel tests within the archaeological APE to investigate any area that fell outside the planned 30 m shovel test interval but was considered a high probability location for archaeological resources.

KHQDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHVRXUFHVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGGXULQJWKHVXUYH\79$5LPSOHPHQWHGDFORVH

interval (10 m) shovel testing program to delineate both the horizontal and vertical boundaries of the resources within the archaeological APE. Shovel testing at 10 m intervals was conducted in an opportunistic manner depending on the landform and orientation of the APE. Close interval shovel WHVWLQJFRQWLQXHGZLWKLQWKH$3(XQWLOWZRVHTXHQWLDOQHJDWLYHWHVWVZHUHFRPSOHWHG$OOH[FDYDWHG deposits were passed through 1/4-inch mesh screen. Artifacts recovered in the screen were bagged and labeled by provenience, including a shovel test number and a temporary site number. All locations (planned, judgmental, and resource delineation) investigated during the survey ZHUHUHFRUGHGXVLQJD¿HOGFRPSXWHU 7RSFRQ*56 ZLWKDJOREDOSRVLWLRQLQJV\VWHP *36 UHFHLYHU with sub-meter precision and specialized data-capturing software tailored to archaeological surveying. 7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUHSURYLGHGIRUUHDOWLPHGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQGYLVXDOL]DWLRQ ZKLOHIXUQLVKLQJLPSRUWDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKH¿HOGFUHZVLQFOXGLQJWKHORFDWLRQVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDO sites, environmental features, and survey boundaries. Using software developed by TVAR, detailed information, such as soil descriptions, artifact locations, landscape features, and photographic information, was recorded at the time of observation and linked via geographic coordinates. All pertinent project records and materials will be curated at the Erskine Ramsay Archaeological Repository at Moundville Archaeological Park (Appendix C). RESULTS OF THE CORINTH SUBSTATION EXPANSION SURVEY 2QHVLWH $/ ZDVLGHQWL¿HGGXULQJWKHVXUYH\RIWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWK VXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQ1ROLQHDUUHVRXUFHVZHUHLGHQWL¿HG$WRWDORISODQQHGVKRYHOWHVWORFDWLRQV were visited during the survey, one of which was positive for cultural material. In addition, one judgmental shovel test was conducted in the southwestern portion of the APE, but it did not produce DQ\ DUWLIDFWV )LQDOO\ QLQH VKRYHO WHVWV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG GXULQJ WKH GHOLQHDWLRQ RI $/ ZKLFK is discussed in greater detail below. The locations of all shovel tests are depicted in Figure 5.3, a VKRYHO WHVW URVWHU LV LQFOXGHG LQ $SSHQGL[ ' DQG WKH FRPSOHWHG 0'$+ VLWH IRUP IRU $/ LV provided in Appendix E.

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154 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research 22AL726 6LWH$/LVDP2, low-density prehistoric pottery scatter with a historic isolate. It is located on the summit and shoulder of a northeast-southwest trending ridge and 130 m northwest of DQXQQDPHGWULEXWDU\RI%ULGJH&UHHN$WWKHWLPHRI79$5¶VVXUYH\WKHVLWHZDVVLWXDWHGLQD¿HOGRI tall grass and briars less than 10 m southeast of the existing substation (Figure 5.4).

        %/0*/2UHFRUGVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHSDUFHOHQFRPSDVVLQJ$/ZDVRULJLQDOO\UHJLVWHUHG

WR0XO/D/H7XEE\D&KLFNDVDZ,QGLDQWKURXJKWKH7UHDW\RI3RQWRWRF VHH$SSHQGL[% 7KH 86*6PLQXWHDQGPLQXWH&RULQWKWRSRJUDSKLFTXDGUDQJOHPDSVGHSLFWDVWUXFWXUH 100 m to the southwest of the site, but no structure was observed at that location during the current survey; thus, the structure must have been demolished sometime after 1982. A total of 12 shovel tests were conducted during TVARs investigation of the site, including three that produced artifacts (n=5) from a maximum depth of 25 cmbs (Figure 5.5). A general UHSUHVHQWDWLYHSUR¿OHZDVZLWQHVVHGLQ6KRYHO7HVWDQGFRQVLVWHGRIDEURZQ <5 VLOW\FOD\ loam (0 to 20 cmbs) underlain by a strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay (20 to 29 cmbs) (Figure 5.6). Artifacts recovered are listed below.  6KRYHO7HVW FPEV    J FRDUVHVDQGWHPSHUHGVKHUGOHW  6KRYHO7HVW FPEV    J FRDUVHVDQGWHPSHUHGVKHUGOHW  6KRYHO7HVW FPEV    J LQFKGHELWDJHFKHUW XQGLIIHUHQWLDWHG    J EULFNIUDJPHQW

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Bridge Creek. The artifact assemblage recovered during TVARs investigation of the site was primarily comprised of coarse sand-tempered ceramics, which could indicate a Woodland occupation at the site. Additionally, a historic brick fragment was found, but it can not be precisely dated to the time during which a structure was extant near the site. Due to the sparse nature of the artifact distribution, location of artifacts within the plowzone, and the inability to associate the assemblage with a more VSHFL¿FSUHKLVWRULFWLPHSHULRGRUKLVWRULFVWUXFWXUHLWLVWKHRSLQLRQRI79$5WKDW$/ODFNVWKH SRWHQWLDO WR VLJQL¿FDQWO\ FRQWULEXWH WR UHVHDUFK FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SUHKLVWRU\ RU KLVWRU\ RI WKH UHJLRQ As such, TVAR recommends that the site is not eligible for listing on the NRHP and that no further DUFKDHRORJLFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQVRI$/DUHQHFHVVDU\LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHSURSRVHGSURMHFW

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156 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research )LJXUH:HVWSUR¿OHRI6KRYHO7HVWDW$/ RESULTS OF THE HOLLY SPRINGS SUBSTATION EXPANSION SURVEY 1R DUFKDHRORJLFDO RU OLQHDU UHVRXUFHV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG GXULQJ 79$5¶V VXUYH\ RI WKH $3( associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion project. A total of 15 planned shovel test locations were visited during the survey, none of which were positive for archaeological cultural PDWHULDO )LJXUHVHH$SSHQGL[' 7KHSURMHFWDUHDIHOOZLWKLQDPDQLFXUHGJUDVV¿HOG )LJXUH  DQGVKRYHOWHVWLQJSURGXFHGDJHQHUDOSUR¿OH ZLWQHVVHGLQ6KRYHO7HVW FRQVLVWLQJRIDGDUN grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam (0 to 10 cmbs) underlain by a mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silty clay loam (10 to 34 cmbs). The bottommost stratum observed was a mottled yellowish brown (1oYR 5/6) silty clay (34 to 41 cmbs) (Figure 5.9).

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 157 T4S, R2W, S5 6(DVW

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158 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Figure 5.8. Manicured grass comprising the Holly Springs substation expansion project area (view of the northwest). )LJXUH6RXWKZHVWSUR¿OHRI6KRYHO7HVWZLWKLQWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH+ROO\6SULQJV substation expansion.

CHAPTER 6. MATERIALS RECOVERED Field notes, maps, artifacts, photos, and pertinent records generated during this Phase I survey were transported to the TVAR laboratory in Huntsville, Alabama. At the laboratory facilities, artifacts and other associated materials recovered during the survey were thoroughly washed and DOORZHGWRDLUGU\3URYHQLHQFHLQIRUPDWLRQZDVYHUL¿HGIRUDFFXUDF\DWWKLVVWDJHDQGDOOPDWHULDOV ZHUH DFFRXQWHG IRU E\ D SK\VLFDO LQYHQWRU\ $OO LWHPV ZHUH DVVLJQHG XQLTXH FDWDORJ QXPEHUV DQG placed in 4 mil polypropylene resealable bags. Prior to entering the material data into a relational GDWDEDVHD¿QDOFKHFNRISURYHQLHQFHDQGPDWHULDOGDWDZDVSHUIRUPHG7KHGDWDZHUHWKHQHQWHUHG LQWRWKHGDWDEDVHDQGERWKTXHU\GULYHQDQGSK\VLFDOGDWDFKHFNVZHUHXVHGWRYHULI\WKHDFFXUDF\ of the entries. All materials and documents generated during this Phase I study will be curated at the Erskine Ramsay Archaeological Repository located at Moundville Archaeological Park. This facility meets U. S. Department of Interior 36 CFR § 79 guidelines. Materials collected during the current survey are summarized below. SHERDLET Sherdlet represents a <1/2-inch size-grade category of ceramics. Specimens this size typically DUHUHJDUGHGDVWRRVPDOOIRUDFFXUDWHO\GLVFHUQLQJVXUIDFHWUHDWPHQWDQGRUWHPSHU&RQVHTXHQWO\ sherdlets are not placed into any chronological type. However, whenever possible, temper and/or surface treatment is recorded for specimens recovered from proveniences containing only sherdlets RUIRUXQLTXHVSHFLPHQVZLWKLQDSURYHQLHQFH7KUHHFRDUVHVDQGWHPSHUHGVKHUGOHWVZHUHUHFRYHUHG IURP$/6DQGWHPSHUHGSRWWHU\LVW\SLFDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK*XOI)RUPDWLRQDODQG:RRGODQG assemblages in northern Mississippi (Jenkins 1981:15-29; Rafferty 1990). LITHIC DEBITAGE

        'HELWDJH LV WKH E\SURGXFW RI OLWKLF UHGXFWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV LH LQWNQDSSLQJ 6SHFLPHQV ZHUH

FODVVL¿HGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK$KOHU¶V  DJJUHJDWHDQDO\VLVPHWKRGVLQZKLFKUHFRUGHGDWWULEXWHV include raw material type, size grade, and presence of cortex. All debitage was size graded through nested 1-inch, 1/2-inch, and 1/4-inch screens. One piece of 1/4-inch debitage knapped from XQGLIIHUHQWLDWHGFKHUWZDVUHFRYHUHGIURP$/ BRICK Bricks are produced from tempered clay which is formed in a mold or cut into a rectangular EORFNDQG¿UHGLQDNLOQ7KHPDQXIDFWXULQJRIEULFNLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVEHJDQVRRQDIWHU(XURSHDQ colonists arrived. Machine-made bricks began replacing hand-made bricks throughout the nineteenth century and became the primary method of brick production in the late nineteenth century (Holly  6LWH$/\LHOGHGRQHEULFNIUDJPHQW

CHAPTER 7.

SUMMARY

AND RECOMMENDATIONS Under contract with TVA, TVAR conducted a Phase I cultural resources survey to document and assess cultural resources located within the APE associated with the Corinth and Holly Springs substation expansion projects in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi. The APE for the archaeological survey consisted of the footprints of the Corinth (2.42 ha [5.98 acres]) and Holly Springs (1.21 ha [2.98 acres]) substation expansion areas. The architectural APE consisted of a 0.8 km (0.5 mi) radius surrounding the substation footprints. Areas within the architectural survey radii that were determined not to be in view of the substations due to terrain, vegetation, and/or modern built environments were not considered as part of the architectural APE. The purpose of the investigation was to assist TVA in its Section 106 compliance and to provide an inventory of cultural resources within the project area, descriptions of the current conditions at HDFKUHVRXUFHLGHQWL¿HGDQG15+3HOLJLELOLW\UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUHDFKUHVRXUFH7KHVXUYH\ZDV consistent with the Secretary of the Interiors 6WDQGDUGVDQG*XLGHOLQHVIRU,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ (NPS 1983) DQGPHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH0'$+ TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Corinth substation expansion resulted in the revisitation of 14 previously documented architectural resources (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263). Of the 14 previously documented architectural resources, 13 (003-COR-1249, 1251, 1252, 1253, 1254, 1255, 1256, 1257, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1261, 1262, and 1263) are extant and located within the architectural APE. TVAR recommends these architectural resources not eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations and/or damage. TVARs survey noted previously recorded property 003-COR-1251 is located outside the viewshed of the proposed project area. In addition, TVARs VXUYH\RIWKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQLGHQWL¿HGVL[UHVRXUFHV ,6,6 ZLWKLQWKH survey radius, none of which are recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of DUFKLWHFWXUDODQGKLVWRULFVLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVQRDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ of above-ground resources in connection with the proposed Corinth substation expansion project. TVARs architectural assessment of the survey radius surrounding the proposed Holly Springs substation expansion revisited two NRHP-listed historic districts, the Depot-Compress Historic District and the East Holly Springs Historic District, within the survey radius. Based on the results of TVARs architectural survey, the two historic districts are located outside the viewshed to the project area and will not be affected by the proposed undertaking. In addition, TVARs survey UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI  UHVRXUFHV ,6,6  ZLWKLQ WKH VXUYH\ UDGLXV QRQH RI ZKLFK are recommended as eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of architectural and historic VLJQL¿FDQFH&RQVHTXHQWO\79$5UHFRPPHQGVQRDGGLWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIDERYHJURXQGUHVRXUFHV in connection with the Holly Springs substation expansion project. 79$5¶V DUFKDHRORJLFDO VXUYH\ UHVXOWHG LQ WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI RQH VLWH $/  ZLWKLQ WKH$3(DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH&RULQWKVXEVWDWLRQH[SDQVLRQEXWLWODFNVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRVLJQL¿FDQWO\ FRQWULEXWH WR UHVHDUFK FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SUHKLVWRU\ RI WKH UHJLRQ &RQVHTXHQWO\ 79$5 UHFRPPHQGV WKDW WKH VLWH LV QRW HOLJLEOH IRU OLVWLQJ RQ WKH 15+3 1R UHVRXUFHV ZHUH LGHQWL¿HG GXULQJ 79$5¶V survey of the APE associated with the Holly Springs substation expansion. No further archaeological investigations are recommended in connection with either of the proposed projects.

REFERENCES CITED $GDPV*HRUJH,&KDUOHV%XWWV/OR\G:6WHSKHQVRQDQG:\WKH&RRNH 1926 *HRORJ\RI$ODEDPD. Alabama Geological Survey, Special Report 14. Ahler, Stanley 1989 Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Rather Than the Trees. In $OWHUQDWLYH

       $SSURDFKHV WR /LWKLF $QDO\VLV, edited by Donald O. Henry and George H. Odell, pp. 85-118. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association No. 1. American Anthropological Association, Washington.

The Alliance (City of Corinth and Alcorn County, Mississippi) 2016 Economic Development. Electronic document, http://economicdevelopment.corinthalliance. com/, accessed May 9, 2016. Alvey, Jeffrey S., and Keith A. Baca 2009 $3KDVH,&XOWXUDO5HVRXUFHV6XUYH\RID3URSRVHG:DWHU/LQH5RXWHLQWKH&LW\RI&RULQWK

       $OFRUQ &RXQW\ 0LVVLVVLSSL. Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University.

Submitted to Cook Coggin Engineers, Inc., Corinth, MS. Anderson, David G. 1994 7KH 6DYDQQDK 5LYHU &KLHIGRPV 3ROLWLFDO &KDQJH LQ WKH /DWH 3UHKLVWRULF 6RXWKHDVW. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.  QGHUVRQ'DYLG*-HUDOG/HGEHWWHU/LVD2¶6WHHQ'DQLHO7(OOLRWW'HQQLV%ODQWRQ*OHQ7+DQVRQ and Frankie Snow  3DOHRLQGLDQDQG(DUO\$UFKDLFLQWKH/RZHU6RXWKHDVW$9LHZIURP*HRUJLD,Q2FPXOJHH

       $UFKDHRORJ\, 1936-1986, edited by David J. Hally, pp. 55-70. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.

Anderson, David G., and Robert C. Mainfort, Jr. 2002 An Introduction to Woodland Archaeology in the Southeast. In 7KH :RRGODQG 6RXWKHDVW edited by David G. Anderson and Robert C. Mainfort, pp. 1-19. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. $QGHUVRQ'DYLG*/LVD'2¶6WHHQDQG.HQQHWK(6DVVDPDQ 1996 Environmental and Chronological Considerations. In 7KH 3DOHRLQGLDQ DQG (DUO\ $UFKDLF 6RXWKHDVW, edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp. 5-15. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Atkinson, James R. 1986 Post-Woodland and Period Archaeological Phases in the Upper Tombigbee River Valley

       %HWZHHQ7LEEHH/LQH&UHHNVDQG7XSHOR0LVVLVVLSSL0DQXVFULSWLQSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHDXWKRU

2I¿FHRIWKH1DWFKH]7UDFH3DUNZD\7XSHOR Atkinson, James R., John C. Phillips, and Richard Walling 1980 The Kellogg Village Site Investigations Clay County, Mississippi. Report for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District by Department of Anthropology Mississippi State University.

164 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Bense, Judith A. 1983a $UFKDHRORJLFDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV DW 6LWH ,7 ,WDZDPED &RXQW\ 0LVVLVVLSSL 2I¿FH RI Archaeological Research Report of Investigations No. 19. The University of Alabama. 1983b Tuscaloosa Formation. In $UFKDHRORJLFDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQVLQWKH8SSHU7RPELJEHH9DOOH\ 0LVVLVVLSSL3KDVH,, Vol. 4, edited by Judith A. Bense, pp.IIIF.1. The University of West Florida. 1994 $UFKDHRORJ\ RI WKH 6RXWKHDVWHUQ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 3DOHRLQGLDQ WR :RUOG :DU ,. Academic Press, San Diego. Blitz, John H. 1988 Adoption of the Bow in Prehistoric North America. 1RUWK $PHULFDQ $UFKDHRORJLVW 9(2):123-145. %OLW]-RKQ+DQG.DUO*/RUHQ] 2006 7KH&KDWWDKRRFKHH&KLHIGRPV. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Bohannon, Charles F. 1972 Excavations at the Pharr Mounds, Prentiss and Itawamba Counties, Mississippi and Excavations at the Bear Creek Site Tishomingo County, Mississippi. U.S. Department of the

        ,QWHULRU1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH2I¿FHRI$UFKHRORJ\DQG+LVWRULF3UHVHUYDWLRQ:DVKLQJWRQ

D.C. Braund, Kathryn E. Holland 1993 'HHUVNLQV 'XIIHOV7KH&UHHN,QGLDQ7UDGHZLWK$QJO$PHULFD. University of 1HEUDVND3UHVV/LQFROQ Brown, James A. 2004 Exchange and Interaction Until 1500. In Southeast, edited by Raymond D. Fogelson, pp. 677-685. +DQGERRNRI1RUWK$PHULFDQ,QGLDQV, Vol. 15, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Cambron, James W., and Spencer Waters 1961 Flint Creek Rock Shelter (Part II). -RXUQDORI$ODEDPD$UFKDHRORJ\ 7(1):1-49. &KDSPDQ6KDQQHQ6*OHQQ(*ULI¿WK-DPHV02PHUQLN-HIIUH\$&RPVWRFN0LFKDHO&%HLVHU and Delany Johnson 2004 Ecoregions of Mississippi. United States Geological Survey. Electronic document, ftp://ftp. epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/ms/ms_front.pdf, accessed April 2016. Clark, Thomas D., and John D. Guice 1989 )URQWLHUV LQ &RQLFW 7KH 2OG 6RXWKZHVW . University of New Mexico Press,

        $OEXTXHUTXH

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 2013a 3URWHFWLRQ RI +LVWRULF 3URSHUWLHV. Title 36, Part 800, Sections 1-16. Electronic Document, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title36-vol3/pdf/CFR-2011-title36-vol3-part800. pdf, accessed May 16, 2016. 2013b 1DWLRQDO5HJLVWHURI+LVWRULF3ODFHV&ULWHULDIRU(YDOXDWLRQ. Title 36, Part 60, Section 4. Electronic Document, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011-title36-vol1/pdf/CFR-2011-title36-vol1-part60.pdf, accessed May 16, 2016.

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 165 Cole, Gloria G. 1981 TKH0XUSK\+LOO6LWH 06 7KH6WUXFWXUDO6WXG\RID&RSHQD0RXQGDQG&RPSDUDWLYH 5HYLHZRIWKH&RSHQD0RUWXDU\&RPSOH[7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI$ODEDPD2I¿FHRI$UFKDHRORJLFDO Research, Research Series 3. DeBow, J.D.B. 1853 7KH6HYHQWK&HQVXVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV. Robert Armstrong, Washington, D.C. 'H-DUQHWWH'DYLG/(GZDUG%.XUMDFNDQG-DPHV:&DPEURQ  7KH6WDQ¿HOG:RUOH\%OXII6KHOWHU-RXUQDORI$ODEDPD$UFKDHRORJ\8(1-2):1-111. Derry, Anne, H. Ward Jandl, Carol D. Shull, and Jan Thorman 1985 *XLGHOLQHVIRU/RFDO6XUYH\V$%DVLVIRU3UHVHUYDWLRQ3ODQQLQJ. National Register Bulletin 24, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington D.C. Dowd, John T. 1989 7KH $QGHUVRQ 6LWH 0LGGOH $UFKDLF $GDSWDWLRQ LQ 7HQQHVVHH¶V &HQWUDO %DVLQ. Tennessee Anthropological Association, Miscellaneous Paper 13. Dye, David H. 1996 5LYHULQH$GDSWDWLRQLQWKH0LGVRXWK,Q2I&DYHVDQG6KHOO0RXQGV, edited by Kenneth C. Carstens and Patty Jo Watson, pp. 140-158. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa. Elliott, Jack D. Jr., and Mark R. Barnes 1996 'DQFLQJ 5DEELW &UHHN 7UHDW\ 6LWH. National Register of Historic Places Nomination. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Historic Preservation Division, Jackson. Ensor, H. Blaine 1981 $UFKDHRORJLFDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV LQ WKH *DLQHVYLOOH /DNH $UHD RI WKH 7HQQHVVHH7RPELJEHH

DWHUZD\  *DLQHVYLOOH /DNH $UHD /LWKLFV &KURQRORJ\ 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG 8VH 2I¿FH RI

Archaeological Research Report of Investigations No. 3. The University of Alabama. Ethridge, Robbie 2009

Introduction:

Mapping the Mississippian Shatter Zone. In 0DSSLQJ WKH 0LVVLVVLSSLDQ 6KDWWHU =RQH 7KH &RORQLDO ,QGLDQ 6ODYH 7UDGH DQG 5HJLRQDO ,QVWDELOLW\ LQ WKH $PHULFDQ 6RXWK, edited by Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall, pp. 1-62. University of Nebraska 3UHVV/LQFROQ FamilySearch.org 2015 Marshall County, Mississippi. Electronic document, https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/ Marshall_County,_Mississippi_Genealogy#Military, accessed May 5, 2016. 2016a Tippah County, Mississippi. Electronic document, https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/ Tippah_County,_Mississippi_Genealogy#Military, accessed May 5, 2016. 2016b Tishomingo County, Mississippi. Electronic document, https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/ Tishomingo_County,_Mississippi_Genealogy#Military, accessed May 5, 2016. Faulkner, Charles H. 1996 The Old Stone Fort Revisited: New Clues to an Old Mystery. In 0RXQGV(PEDQNPHQWVDQG

        &HUHPRQLDOLVPLQWKH0LGVRXWK, edited by Robert C. Mainfort and Richard Walling, pp. 7-11.

Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series 46.

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• APPENDIX C:

CURATION LETTER

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 221 ~ C! l'J'I<< I ti "' r~ I "'l'f'L*rlllllil)" 1n . *** )*II.I ~ tlh n 1rn1 lno 11:",.. ii;.....,_ 11oJ

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APPENDIX D: SHOVEL TEST ROSTER

Unit Type Test Status NAD 27 Easting NAD 27 Northing Site Shovel Test Depth Auger Test Depth (cmbs) (cmbs) Shovel Test 1 modern discarded 277243.700764 3849084.584552 0-70 Shovel Test 2 modern discarded 277272.023444 3849083.87128 0-35 Shovel Test 3 negative 277302.122674 3849083.562129 0-41 Shovel Test 4 negative 277332.468698 3849082.761991 0-45 Shovel Test 5 negative 277361.238592 3849084.311887 0-29 Shovel Test 6 negative 277244.915284 3849139.168348 0-47 Shovel Test 7 negative 277269.916456 3849141.458257 0-35 Shovel Test 8 negative 277302.282961 3849143.752345 0-33 Shovel Test 9 modern discarded 277330.823275 3849140.992125 0-34 Shovel Test 10 negative 277362.599223 3849143.957575 0-34 Shovel Test 11 negative 277242.64652 3849112.004963 0-70 Shovel Test 12 negative 277272.642461 3849112.983337 0-54 Shovel Test 13 negative 277301.045225 3849114.341631 0-41 Shovel Test 14 negative 277333.494018 3849114.980979 0-37 Shovel Test 15 negative 277362.052446 3849114.153885 0-30 Shovel Test 16 modern discarded 362054.701653 3864141.322436 0-34 Shovel Test 17 negative 362050.406337 3864113.846376 0-27 Shovel Test 18 negative 362046.638636 3864083.521087 0-24 Shovel Test 19 negative 362054.872868 3864055.198358 0-35 Shovel Test 20 negative 362083.331333 3864053.899483 0-28 Shovel Test 21 negative 362066.729726 3864062.149791 0-34 Shovel Test 22 negative 362084.339605 3864084.074711 0-70 Shovel Test 23 negative 362113.693037 3864082.526868 0-51 Shovel Test 24 negative 362142.98422 3864082.879734 0-27 Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 225

Unit Type Test Status NAD 27 Easting NAD 27 Northing Site Shovel Test Depth Auger Test Depth (cmbs) (cmbs) Shovel Test 25 negative 362144.064502 3864139.338753 22AL726 0-30 Shovel Test 26 negative 362174.989885 3864176.700824 0-28 Shovel Test 27 positive 362172.358766 3864115.717232 22AL726 0-29 Shovel Test 28 negative 362164.711374 3864124.400165 22AL726 0-28 Shovel Test 29 positive 362182.296051 3864123.94496 22AL726 0-32 Shovel Test 30 negative 362191.478018 3864130.796497 22AL726 0-34 Shovel Test 31 negative 362200.291986 3864133.54484 0-31 Shovel Test 32 negative 362164.005883 3864109.033329 22AL726 0-34 Shovel Test 33 negative 362155.689489 3864102.578719 0-41 226 - Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research Shovel Test 34 negative 362179.254751 3864104.573923 22AL726 0-35 Shovel Test 35 negative 362185.376175 3864097.234404 0-27 Shovel Test 50 negative 362084.035908 3864112.878789 0-24 Shovel Test 51 negative 362114.878516 3864112.776614 0-22 Shovel Test 52 negative 362083.265857 3864142.878055 0-23 Shovel Test 53 negative 362113.851914 3864054.240685 0-34 Shovel Test 54 negative 362145.10149 3864053.438134 0-28 Shovel Test 55 negative 362143.183964 3864112.435315 0-51 Shovel Test 56 negative 362175.957055 3864143.322651 22AL726 0-30 Shovel Test 57 negative 362174.964671 3864080.523375 0-27 Shovel Test 58 negative 362173.97643 3864057.636616 0-27 Shovel Test 59 negative 362204.4893 3864054.179242 0-32 Shovel Test 60 negative 362197.631169 3864083.195957 0-28 Shovel Test 61 negative 362204.116324 3864113.159418 0-33 Shovel Test 62 negative 362208.045625 3864139.576407 0-32

Unit Type Test Status NAD 27 Easting NAD 27 Northing Site Shovel Test Depth Auger Test Depth (cmbs) (cmbs) Shovel Test 63 negative 362207.212475 3864167.224102 0-40 Shovel Test 64 positive 362155.03965 3864135.042515 22AL726 0-29 Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 227

APPENDIX E: SITE FORM

Survey for TVAs Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions - 231

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I Ht. UNIVtK::> I TY OF University Museums ALABAMA Office of Archaeological Research January 20, 2017 A CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE PROPOSED LIMESTONE SUBSTATION STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR SITE IN LIMESTONE COUNTY, ALABAMA OAR PROJECT NUMBER: 17-160 TVA PO: 2746811 AHC TRACKING NUMBER: None Assigned PERFORMED FOR: Tennessee Valley Authority Biological and Cultural Compliance I JD-K 400 W. Summit Hill Drive Knoxville, Tennessee 37902 Attn: Dr. Michaelyn Harle PERFORMED BY: Joel H. Watkins, Cultural Resources Analyst Trip Smith, Cultural Resources Assistant The University of Alabama Office of Archaeological Research 13075 Moundville Archaeological Park Moundville, Alabama 35474 DATE PERFORMED: January 12-13, 17-18, 2017 e RP A, Director Resources An Office of Archaeological Research Office of Archaeological Research The University of Alabama 13075 Moundvi ll e Archaeo logical Park I Moundvi lle, AL 354 74 I 205-3 71-2266 I Fax 205 -3 71 -2494

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Number Location Profile Pos/Neg 41 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 42 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 43 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 44 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 45 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 46 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 47 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 48 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 49 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 50 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 51 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 52 Plowedfield 32R,ch Neg 53 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 54 Plowedfield 30R,ch Neg 55 Field 33R Neg 56 Field 31R Neg 57 Field 30R Neg 58 Field 33R Neg 59 Field 30R Neg 60 Field 30R Neg 61 Field 30R Neg 62 Field 33R Neg 63 Field 30R Neg 64 Field 32R Neg 65 Field 33R Neg 66 Field 35R Neg 67 Field 30R Neg 68 Field 30R Neg 69 Field 33R Neg 70 Field 30R Neg 71 Field 32R Neg 72 Field 33R Neg 73 Field 30R Neg 74 Field 30R Neg 75 Field 31R Neg 76 Field 33R Neg 77 Field 34R Neg 78 Field 32R Neg 79 Field 30R Neg 80 Field 30R Neg 81 Field 32R Neg 82 Field 30R Neg 83 Field 33R Neg 84 Field 32R Neg 85 Field 32R Neg

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       *ORVVLSKRQLLGDH                                                  
          $FWLQREGHOODVS                                        
          $FWLQREGHOODLQHTXLDQQXODWD                             
          +HOREGHOODHORQJDWD                                    
          +HOREGHOODVWDJQDOLV                                       

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          /LPQRGULOXVKRIIPHLVWHUL                                  

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           &ROHRSWHUD                                                   

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    &HUDWRSRJRQLGDH                                               
    &KLURQRPLGDH                                                       

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       &KLURQRPLQDH                                              
          $[DUXVVS                                              
          &KLURQRPXVVS                                         
          &U\SWRFKLURQRPXVVS                                    
          'LFURWHQGLSHVQHRPRGHVWXV                              

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           +DUQLVFKLDVS                                      

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           ;HQRFKLURQRPXV[HQRODELV                            

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           $EODEHVP\LDPDOORFKL                                
           &RHORWDQ\SXVVS                                   

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       /HSWRFHULGDH                                             

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    $UFKLWDHQLRJORVVD                                                 

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           &DPSHORPDGHFLVXP                                     
           /LRSOD[VXOFXORVD                                     

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       +\GURELLGDH                                                    
           $PQLFRODOLPRVD                                      

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       &RUELFXOLGDH                                                   

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               &RUELFXODIOXPLQHD!PP                                         

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               'XJHVLDWLJULQD                                                     

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[7590-01-P] NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [Docket Nos. 50-259, 50-260, and 50-296; NRC-2016-0244] Tennessee Valley Authority; Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3 AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Draft environmental assessment and draft finding of no significant impact; request for comment.

SUMMARY

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is considering issuance of amendments to Renewed Facility Operating License Nos. DPR-33, DPR-52, and DPR-68 issued to Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA, the licensee) for operation of Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3 (BFN) located in Limestone County, Alabama. The proposed amendments would increase the maximum licensed thermal power level for each reactor from 3,458 megawatts thermal (MWt) to 3,952 MWt. This change, referred to as an extended power uprate (EPU), represents an increase of approximately 14.3 percent above the current licensed thermal power limit. The NRC is issuing a draft environmental assessment (EA) and draft finding of no significant impact (FONSI) for public comment associated with the proposed EPU.

DATES: Submit comments by [INSERT DATE 30 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. The NRC can only ensure that its staff considers comments received on or before this date. Comments received after this date will be considered if it is practicable to do so.

ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by any of the following methods (unless this document describes a different method for submitting comments on a specific subject):

• Federal Rulemaking Web Site: Go to http://www.regulations.gov and search for Docket ID NRC-2016-0244. Address questions about NRC dockets to Carol Gallagher; telephone: 301-415-3463; e-mail: Carol.Gallagher@nrc.gov. For technical questions, contact the individual listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of this document.
• Mail comments to: Cindy Bladey, Office of Administration, Mail Stop: OWFN H08, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001.

For additional direction on obtaining information and submitting comments, see Obtaining Information and Submitting Comments in the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION section of this document. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Siva P. Lingam, telephone: 301-415-1564; e-mail: Siva.Lingam@nrc.gov; or Briana Grange, telephone: 301-415-1042; e-mail: Briana.Grange@nrc.gov. Both are staff members of the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: I. Obtaining Information and Submitting Comments A. Obtaining Information Please refer to Docket ID NRC-2016-0244 when contacting the NRC about the availability of information for this action. You may obtain publicly available information related to this action by any of the following methods: 2

• Federal Rulemaking Web Site: Go to http://www.regulations.gov and search for Docket ID NRC-2016-0244.
• NRCs Agencywide Documents Access and Management System (ADAMS):

You may obtain publicly-available documents online in the NRC Public Documents collection at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html. To begin the search, select ADAMS Public Documents and then select Begin Web-based ADAMS Search. For problems with ADAMS, please contact the NRCs Public Document Room (PDR) reference staff at 1-800-397-4209, 301-415-4737, or by e-mail to pdr.resource@nrc.gov. The ADAMS accession number for each document referenced in this notice (if it is available in ADAMS) is provided in a table in the section of this notice entitled, Availability of Documents.

• NRC's PDR: You may examine and purchase copies of public documents at the NRCs PDR, Room O1-F21, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852.

B. Submitting Comments Please include Docket ID NRC-2016-0244 in the subject line of your comment submission, in order to ensure that the NRC is able to make your comment submission available to the public in this docket. The NRC cautions you not to include identifying or contact information that you do not want to be publicly disclosed in your comment submission. The NRC posts all comment submissions at http://www.regulations.gov as well as entering the comment submissions into ADAMS. The NRC does not routinely edit comment submissions to remove identifying or contact information. If you are requesting or aggregating comments from other persons for submission to the NRC, then you should inform those persons not to include identifying or contact information that 3

they do not want to be publicly disclosed in their comment submission. Your request should state that the NRC does not routinely edit comment submissions to remove such information before making the comment submissions available to the public or entering the comment submissions into ADAMS. II. Introduction The NRC is considering issuance of amendments to Renewed Facility Operating License Nos. DPR-33, DPR-52, and DPR-68 issued to TVA for operation of BFN located in Limestone County, Alabama. The licensee submitted its license amendment request in accordance with section 50.90 of title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR), by letter dated September 21, 2015 (TVA 2015a). The licensee subsequently supplemented its application as described under Description of the Proposed Action in Section III of this document. If approved, the license amendments would increase the maximum thermal power level at each of the three BFN units from 3,458 MWt to 3,952 MWt. The NRC staff prepared a draft EA for comment to document its findings related to the proposed EPU in accordance with 10 CFR 51.21. Based on the results of the draft EA contained in Section III of this document, the NRC did not identify any significant environmental impacts associated with the proposed amendments and has, therefore, prepared a FONSI in accordance with 10 CFR 51.32. The NRC staff is issuing its FONSI as a draft for public review and comment in accordance with 10 CFR 51.33. The draft EA and draft FONSI are being published in the Federal Register (FR) with a 30-day public comment period ending [INSERT DATE 30 DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]. Publishing these documents as drafts for comment is in accordance with NRC Review Standard 001 (RS-001), Revision 0, Review Standard for Extended Power Uprates (NRC 2003). 4

III. Draft Environmental Assessment Plant Site and Environs The BFN site encompasses 840 acres (ac) (340 hectares (ha)) of Federally owned land that is under the custody of TVA in Limestone County, Alabama. The site lies on the north shore of Wheeler Reservoir at Tennessee River Mile (TRM) 294 and is situated approximately 10 miles (mi) (16 kilometers [km]) south of Athens, Alabama, 10 mi (16 km) northwest of Decatur, Alabama, and 30 mi (48 km) west of Huntsville, Alabama. Each of BFNs three nuclear units is a General Electric boiling-water reactor that produces steam to turn turbine to generate electricity. The BFN uses a once-through (open-cycle) condenser circulating water system with seven helper cooling towers to dissipate waste heat. Four of the original six cooling towers that serve BFN have undergone replacement, and TVA plans to replace the remaining two towers in fiscal years 2018 and 2019. Additionally, TVA constructed a seventh cooling tower in May 2012 (TVA 2016a). Wheeler Reservoir serves as the source of water for condenser cooling and for most of BFNs auxiliary water systems. Pumps and related equipment to supply water to plant systems are housed in BFNs intake structure on Wheeler Reservoir. The reservoir is formed by Wheeler Dam, which is owned and operated by TVA, and it extends from Guntersville Dam at TRM 349.0 downstream to Wheeler Dam at TRM 274.9. Wheeler Reservoir has an area of 67,070 ac (27,140 ha) and a volume of 1,050,000 acre-feet (1,233 cubic meters) at its normal summer pool elevation of 556 feet (ft) (169 meters (m)) above mean sea level (TVA 2016a). The Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) establishes beneficial uses of waters of the State and has classified the majority of the reservoir for use as a public water supply, for recreational use, and as a fish and wildlife resource. The reservoir is currently included on the State of Alabamas Federal Water Pollution Control Act (i.e., Clean Water Act 5

(CWA)) of 1972, as amended, Section 303(d) list of impaired waters as partially supporting its designated uses due to excess nutrients from agricultural sources. The CWA Section 303(d) requires states to identify all impaired waters for which effluent limitations and pollution control activities are not sufficient to attain water quality standards. The 303(d) list includes those water quality-limited bodies that require the development of maximum pollutant loads to assure future compliance with water quality standards (ADEM 2016; TVA 2016a). Water temperature in Wheeler Reservoir naturally varies from around 35 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) (1.6 degrees Celsius (°C)) in January, to 88 to 90 °F (31 to 32 °C) in July and August, and temperature patterns near BFN are typically well mixed or exhibit weak thermal stratification (TVA 2016a). The BFN intake structure draws water from Wheeler Reservoir at TRM 294.3. The intake forebay includes a 20-feet (6-meters)-high gate structure that can be raised or lowered depending on the operational requirements of the plant. The flow velocity through the openings varies depending on the gate position. When the gates are in a full open position and the plant is operating in either open or helper modes, the average flow velocity through the openings is about 0.2 meters per second (m/s) (0.6 feet per second (fps)) for the operation of one unit, 0.34m/s (1.1 fps) for the operation of two units, and 0.52 m/s (1.7 fps) for the operation of all three units assuming a water withdrawal rate of approximately 734,000 gallons per minute (gpm) (46.3 cubic meters per second (m3/s)) per unit, for a total withdrawal of about 2,202,000 gpm (4,906 cubic feet per second (cfs); 138.6 m3/s) of water for all three units (NRC 2005; TVA 2016b). BFNs total per-unit condenser circulating water system flow is generally higher than the original design values due to system upgrades that included the refit of the condensers with larger diameter and lower resistance tubes (NRC 2005; TVA 2016a, 2016b). The licensee maintains a Certificate of Use (Certificate No. 1058.0, issued December 5, 2005) for its surface water withdrawals. The Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs, Office of Water Resources issues this certificate to register large water 6

users (i.e., those with a water withdrawal capacity of 100,000 gallons per day (380 cubic meters)) within the State. The licensee periodically notifies the Office of Water Resources of facility data updates and submits annual water use reports for BFN as specified under the Certificate of Use as part of TVAs efforts to voluntarily cooperate with the State of Alabamas water management programs. The licensee most recently submitted an application to renew BFNs Certificate of Use in September 2015. Based on the staffs review of BFN water use reports submitted by TVA to the State for the period of 2011 through 2015, BFNs total water withdrawals from Wheeler Reservoir have averaged 1,848,000 gpm (4,117 cfs; 116.3 m3/s). For 2015, BFNs total surface water withdrawal rate averaged 1,991,200 gpm (4,437 cfs; 125 m3/s) (TVA 2016b). Once withdrawn water has passed through the condensers for cooling, it is discharged back to Wheeler Reservoir via three large submerged diffuser pipes. The pipes range in diameter from 5.2 to 6.2 m (17 to 20.5 ft) and are perforated to maximize mixing into the water column. Water exits the pipes through 7,800 individual 5-centimeter (2-inch) ports. This straight-through flow path is called open mode. As originally designed, the maximum thermal discharge back to the reservoir from the once-through condenser circulating water system operated in open mode is 25 °F (13.9 °C) above the intake temperature (NRC 2005). Some of the heated water can also be directed through cooling towers to reduce its temperature, as necessary to comply with State environmental regulations and BFNs ADEM-issued National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit No. AL0022080 (ADEM 2012), in what is called helper mode. The plant design also allows for a closed mode of operation in which water from the cooling towers is recycled directly back to the intake structure without discharge to the reservoir. However, TVA has not used this mode for many years due to the difficulty in maintaining temperature limits in the summer months (NRC 2005). 7

To operate BFN, TVA must comply with the CWA, including associated requirements imposed by the State as part of the NPDES permitting system under CWA Section 402. The BFN NPDES permit (ADEM 2012) specifies that at the downstream end of the mixing zone, which lies 2,400 ft (732 m) downstream of the diffusers, operation of the plant shall not cause the:

• measured 1-hour average temperature to exceed 93 °F (33.9 °C),
• measured daily average temperature to exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C), or
• measured daily average temperature rise relative to ambient to exceed 10 °F (5.6 °C).

In cases where the daily average ambient temperature of the Tennessee River as measured 3.8 mi (6.1 km) upstream of BFN exceeds 90 °F (32.2 °C), the daily average downstream temperature may equal, but not exceed, the upstream value. In connection with such a scenario, if the daily average upstream ambient river temperature begins to cool at a rate of 0.5 °F (0.3 °C) or more per day, the downstream temperature is allowed to exceed the upstream value for that day. When plant operating conditions create a river temperature approaching one of the NPDES limits specified in the preceding paragraphs, TVA shifts BFN from open mode to helper mode. The three units can be placed in helper mode individually or collectively. Thus, the amount of water diverted to the cooling towers in helper mode depends on the amount of cooling needed for the plant to remain in compliance with the NPDES permit limits. If helper mode operation is not sufficient to avoid the river temperature approaching the NPDES permit limits, TVA reduces (i.e., derates) the thermal power of one or more of the units to maintain regulatory compliance (TVA 2016a). The licensee performed hydrothermal modeling to compare the impacts of BFN operations at the current licensed thermal power level (i.e., 105 percent of the original licensed 8

thermal power, or 3,458 MWt) to 120 percent original licensed thermal power as requested under the proposed EPU. Under current operations and based on river flow, meteorological, and ambient river temperature data for the 6-year period 2007 through 2012, the modeling results indicate that the temperature of water exiting the diffusers and entering Wheeler Reservoir is an average of 86.9 °F (30.5 °C) during warm summer conditions. The river temperature at the NPDES compliance depth at the downstream end of the mixing zone is an average of 70.8 °F (21.6 °C) with a 1-hour average temperature maximum of 92.1 °F (33.4 °C) and a daily average temperature maximum of 89.4 °F (31.9 °C). On average, TVA operates the cooling towers 66 days per year. The licensee derates BFN approximately 1 in every 6 summers for a maximum of 185 hours in order to maintain compliance with the NPDES permit (TVA 2016a). By comparison, for the period 2011 through 2015, TVA operated BFNs cooling towers an average of 73 days per year and had incurred derates during two of the years (2011 and 2015) (TVA 2016b). The BFN site, plant operations, and environs are described in greater detail in Chapter 2 of NRCs June 2005 NUREG-1437, Supplement 21, Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants: Regarding Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3Final Report (herein referred to as BFN FSEIS) (NRC 2005). Updated information that pertains to the plant site and environs and that is relevant to the assessment of the environmental impacts of the proposed EPU is included throughout this draft EA, as appropriate. Power Uprate History The BFN units were originally licensed to operate in 1973 (Unit 1), 1974 (Unit 2), and 1976 (Unit 3) at 3,293 MWt per unit. In 1997, TVA submitted a license amendment request to the NRC for a stretch power uprate (SPU) to increase the thermal output of Units 2 and 3 by 5 percent (to 3,458 MWt per unit). The NRC prepared an EA and FONSI for the SPU, which was 9

published in the FR on September 1, 1998 (NRC 1998, 63 FR 46491), and NRC subsequently issued the amendments later that month. In June 2004, TVA submitted license amendment requests for uprates at all three units (TVA 2004a, 2004b). The licensee requested a 15 percent EPU at Units 2 and 3 and a 20 percent EPU at Unit 1 such that if the proposed EPU was granted, each unit would operate at 3,952 MWt (120 percent of the original licensed power level). In September 2006, TVA submitted a supplement to the EPU application that requested interim operation of Unit 1 at 3,458 MWt (the Units 2 and 3 SPU power level) (TVA 2006). The NRC prepared a draft EA and FONSI, which were published for public comment in the FR on November 6, 2006 (NRC 2006b, 71 FR 65009). The draft EA and FONSI addressed the impacts of operating all three BFN units at EPU levels. The NRC received comments from TVA and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), which the staff addressed in the NRCs final EA and FONSI dated February 12, 2007 (NRC 2007a, 72 FR 6612). The NRC issued an amendment approving the SPU for Unit 1 in March 2007 (NRC 2007b); the staffs 2007 final EPU EA was used to support the SPU. Subsequently, in September 2014, TVA withdrew the 2004 EPU license amendment requests and stated that it would submit a new, consolidated EPU request by October 2015 (TVA 2014). Separately, on May 4, 2006, the NRC approved TVAs application for renewal of the BFN operating licenses for an additional 20-year period (NRC 2006a). As part of its environmental review of the license renewal application, the NRC issued the BFN FSEIS (NRC 2005). In the BFN FSEIS, the NRC staff analyzed the environmental impacts of license renewal, the environmental impacts of alternatives to license renewal, and mitigation measures available for reducing or avoiding any adverse impacts. Although the NRC did not evaluate impacts associated specifically with the then-pending EPU in the BFN FSEIS, it performed an evaluation of the impacts of license renewal assuming that all three BFN units would operate at the EPU level of 3,952 MWt during the 20-year period of extended operations. 10

Description of the Proposed Action The proposed action is the NRCs issuance of amendments to the BFN operating licenses that would increase the maximum licensed thermal power level for each reactor from 3,458 MWt to 3,952 MWt. This change, referred to as an EPU, represents an increase of approximately 14.3 percent above the current licensed thermal power level and would result in BFN operating at 120 percent of the original licensed thermal power level (3,293 MWt). The proposed action is in accordance with TVAs application dated September 21, 2015 (TVA 2015a) as supplemented by letters, which affected the EA, dated November 13, 2015 (TVA 2015b), December 15, 2015 (TVA 2015c), December 18, 2015 (TVA 2015d), April 22, 2016 (TVA 2016b), and May 27, 2016 (TVA 2016c). Plant Modifications and Upgrades An EPU usually requires significant modifications to major balance-of-plant equipment. The proposed EPU for BFN would require the modifications described in Attachment 47 to the licensees application entitled List and Status of Plant Modifications, Revision 1 (TVA 2016e), which include replacement of the steam dryers, replacement of the high pressure turbine rotors, replacement of reactor feedwater pumps, installation of higher capacity condensate booster pumps and motors, modifications to the condensate demineralizer system, modifications to the NPEJGJDBUJPOT
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TZTUFN feedwater heaters, and upgrade of miscellaneous instrumentation, setpoint changes, and software modifications. All onsite modifications associated with the proposed action would be within the existing structures, buildings, and fenced equipment yards. All deliveries of materials to support EPU-related modifications and upgrades would be by truck, and equipment and materials would be temporarily stored in existing storage buildings and laydown areas. The licensee anticipates no changes in existing onsite land uses or disturbance of previously undisturbed onsite land (TVA 2016a). 11

According to TVAs current schedule, modifications and upgrades related to the proposed EPU would be completed at Unit 1 during the fall 2018 refueling outage, at Unit 2 during the spring 2019 outage, and at Unit 3 during the spring 2018 outage. If the NRC approves the proposed EPU, TVA would begin operating each unit at the uprated power level following these outages. Cooling Tower Operation and Thermal Discharge Operating BFN at the EPU power level of 3,952 MWt per unit would increase the heat generated by the plants steam turbines, which would in turn increase the amount of waste heat that must be dissipated. The licensee would increase its use of the cooling towers (i.e., operate in helper mode) to dissipate some of this additional heat; the remaining heat would be discharged to Wheeler Reservoir. If helper mode operation were to be insufficient to keep the reservoir temperatures within BFNs NPDES permit limits, TVA would reduce (i.e., derate) the thermal power of one or more of the units to maintain regulatory compliance, a practice which TVA currently employs at BFN as necessary. Currently, TVA personnel examine forecast conditions for up to a week or more into the future and determine when and for how long TVA might need to operate BFN in helper mode operation and/or derate the BFN units to ensure compliance with the NPDES permit. TVA would maintain this process under EPU conditions. The licensee simulated possible future discharge scenarios under EPU conditions using river flows and meteorological data for the 6-year period 2007 through 2012. This period included the warmest summer of record (2010) as well as periods of extreme drought conditions (2007 and 2008). For years with warm summers, TVA predicts that the temperature of water exiting the diffusers and entering Wheeler Reservoir (assuming all BFN units are operating at the full EPU power level) would be 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) warmer on average than current operations. The river temperature at the NPDES compliance depth at the downstream end of the mixing zone would be 0.6 °F (0.3 °C) warmer on average. The licensee predicts that it would operate 12

the cooling towers in helper mode an additional 22 days per year on average (88 days total) and that the most extreme years could result in an additional 39 days per year of cooling tower helper mode operation (121 days total). Transmission System Upgrades The EPU would require several upgrades to the transmission system and the BFN main generator excitation system to ensure transmission system stability at EPU power levels. The

                                                                                                  +BOVBSZ 


licensee performed a Revised Interconnection System Impact Study in May 2016, which determined that the EPU would require the following transmission upgrades: (1) replacement of B
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DPNQFOTBUJPO (MVAR) capacitor banks in five locations throughout TVA transmission system, and (3) modification of the excitation system of all three BFN main generators (TVA 2016c). These upgrades are described in more detail as follows. Breaker Failure Relay Replacements The licensee would replace the 500-kV breaker failure relays at BFN for breakers 5204, 5208, 5254, 5258, 5274, and 5278 to mitigate potential transmission system issues resulting from specific fault events on the transmission system. The relays are located in panels in the relay room inside the BFN control building, and physical work would be limited to this area. TVA would complete the breaker failure relay replacements prior to spring 2018 (TVA 2016c, 2016e). MVAR Capacitor Bank Installations B
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TVCTUBUJPOT would occur at EPU power levels. The proposed locations are the Clayton Village 161-kV Substation in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi; Holly Springs 161-kV Substation in Marshall

                                                                                                                        

County, Mississippi; Corinth 161-kV Substation in Alcorn County, Mississippi; East Point 161-kV

                            
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 "MBCBNB Tennessee. Two of the five capacitor bank installations (Clayton Village and East Point substations) would be within existing substation boundaries, while three installations (Holly
                       -JNFTUPOF

Springs, Corinth, and Wilson substations) would require expansion of the existing substation footprint and additional grading and clearing. The licensee expects to purchase approximately 2.5 ac (1 ha) of land and disturb 2.25 ac (0.9 ha) of land for the Holly Springs Substation expansion. For the Corinth Substation expansion, TVA would purchase 3.5 ac (1.4 ha) of land

                                           -JNFTUPOF and disturb 3 ac (1.2 ha) of land. For the Wilson Substation expansion, TVA owns the land that
                                                                             
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licensee would complete the MVAR capacitor bank installations by spring 2019, although TVAs transmission system operator does not preclude BFN from operating at EPU levels during the capacitor bank installations (TVA 2016c, 2016e). BFN Main Generator Excitation System Modifications NPEJGZ GPS
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VOJUT The licensee would replace the BFN main generator Alterrex excitation system with a bus-fed static excitation system consisting of a 3-phase power potential transformer, an automatic voltage regulator, and a power section. Physical work to complete these modifications would be performed within existing BFN structures and would not involve any previously undisturbed land. The licensee is in the preliminary phase of the design change notice development for these modifications; therefore, TVA has not yet developed a specific timeline for implementation of the main generator excitation system modifications. However,

                                                                                              

TVA projects that these upgrades would be completed by 2020 (Unit 1), 2023 (Unit 2), and 2024 (Unit 3) (TVA 2016c, 2016e). The Need for the Proposed Action As stated by the licensee in its application, the proposed action would allow TVA to meet the increasing power demand forecasted in TVA service area. The licensee estimates that 14

energy consumption in this area will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 1.2 percent until 2020 with additional moderate growth continuing after 2020. Environmental Impacts of the Proposed Action This section addresses the radiological and non-radiological impacts of the proposed EPU. Separate from this EA, the NRC staff is evaluating the potential radiological consequences of an accident that may result from the proposed action. The results of the NRC staffs safety analysis will be documented in a safety evaluation, which will be issued with the license amendment package approving the license amendment, if granted. Radiological Impacts Radioactive Gaseous and Liquid Effluents and Solid Waste The BFNs waste treatment systems collect, process, recycle, and dispose of gaseous, liquid, and solid wastes that contain radioactive material in a safe and controlled manner within the NRC and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) radiation safety standards. Although there may be a small increase in the volume of radioactive waste and spent fuel, the proposed EPU would not result in changes in the operation or design of equipment in the gaseous, liquid, or solid waste systems. Radioactive Gaseous Effluents The Gaseous Waste Management System manages radioactive gases generated during the nuclear fission process. Radioactive gaseous wastes are principally activation gases and fission product radioactive noble gases resulting from process operations. The licensees evaluation submitted as part of TVAs EPU application determined that implementation of the proposed EPU would not significantly increase the inventory of carrier gases normally processed in the Gaseous Waste Management System since plant system functions are not changing and the volume inputs remain the same. The analysis showed that the proposed EPU 15

would result in an increase in radioiodines of approximately 5 percent and particulates by approximately 13 percent. The expected increase in tritium is linear with the proposed power level increase and is, therefore, estimated to increase by 14.3 percent (TVA 2016a). The licensees evaluation (TVA 2016a) concluded that the proposed EPU would not change the radioactive gaseous waste system's design function and reliability to safely control and process waste. The projected gaseous release following implementation of the EPU would remain bounded by the values given in the BFN FSEIS. The existing equipment and plant procedures that control radioactive releases to the environment would continue to be used to maintain radioactive gaseous releases within the dose limits of 10 CFR 20.1302 and the as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA) dose objectives in Appendix I to 10 CFR part 50. Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that the increase in offsite dose due to gaseous effluent release following implementation of the EPU would not be significant. Radioactive Liquid Effluents The Liquid Waste Management System collects, processes, and prepares radioactive liquid waste for disposal. During normal operation, the liquid effluent treatment systems process and control the release of liquid radioactive effluents to the environment such that the doses to individuals offsite are maintained within the limits of 10 CFR part 20 and 10 CFR part 50, appendix I. The Liquid Waste Management System is designed to process the waste and then recycle it within the plant as condensate, reprocess it through the radioactive waste system for further purification, or discharge it to the environment as liquid radioactive waste effluent in accordance with State and Federal regulations. The licensees evaluation shows that implementation of the proposed EPU would increase the volume of liquid waste effluents by approximately 3.44 percent due to increased flow in the condensate demineralizers requiring more frequent backwashes. The current Liquid Waste Management System would be able to process the 3.44 percent increase in the total volume of liquid radioactive waste without any 16

modifications. The licensees evaluation determined that implementation of the proposed EPU would result in an increase in reactor coolant inventory of radioiodines of approximately 5 percent and an increase in radionuclides with long half-lives of approximately 13 percent. The expected increase in tritium is linear with the proposed power level increase and is, therefore, estimated to increase by 15 percent (TVA 2016a). Since the composition of the radioactive material in the waste and the volume of radioactive material processed through the system are not expected to significantly change, the current design and operation of the Liquid Waste Management System would accommodate the effects of the proposed EPU. The projected liquid effluent release following the EPU would remain bounded by the values given in the BFN FSEIS. The existing equipment and plant procedures that control radioactive releases to the environment would continue to be used to maintain radioactive liquid releases within the dose limits of 10 CFR 20.1302 and ALARA dose standards in appendix I to 10 CFR part 50. Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that there would not be a significant environmental impact from the additional volume of liquid radioactive waste generated following EPU implementation. Solid Low-Level Radioactive Waste Radioactive solid wastes at BFN include solids from reactor coolant systems, solids in contact with liquids or gases from reactor coolant systems, and solids used in support of reactor coolant systems operation. The licensee evaluated the potential effects of the proposed EPU on the Solid Waste Management System. The low-level radioactive waste (LLRW) consists of resins, filters and evaporator bottoms, dry active waste, irradiated components, and other waste (combined packages). The majority of BFN solid LLRW is shipped offsite as dry active waste. This LLRW is generated from outages, special projects and normal BFN operations. Normal operations at BFN are also a contributor to solid LLRW shipments due to system cleanup activities. This is due to resins from six waste phase separators and three reactor water 17

cleanup phase separators. The licensee states (TVA 2016a) that BFN has approximately 29 spent resin shipments per year. The licensees evaluation determined that implementation of the proposed EPU would result in an increase in activity of the solid wastes proportionate to an increase of 5 to 13 percent in the activity of long-lived radionuclides in the reactor coolant. The results of the licensees evaluation also determined that the proposed EPU would result in a 15 percent increase in the total volume of solid waste generated for shipment offsite. Since the composition and volume of the radioactive material in the solid wastes are not expected to significantly change, they can be handled by the current Solid Waste Management System without modification. The equipment is designed and operated to process the waste into a form that minimizes potential harm to the workers and the environment. Waste processing areas are monitored for radiation, and there are safety features to ensure worker doses are maintained within regulatory limits. The proposed EPU would not generate a new type of waste or create a new waste stream. Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that the impact from the proposed EPU on the management of radioactive solid waste would not be significant. Occupational Radiation Dose at EPU Conditions The licensee states (TVA 2016a) that in-plant radiation sources are expected to increase approximately linearly with the proposed increase in core power level of 14.3 percent. To protect the workers, the BFN Radiation Protection Program monitors radiation levels throughout the plant to establish appropriate work controls, training, temporary shielding, and protective equipment requirements to minimize worker doses. Plant shielding is designed to provide for personnel access to the plant to perform maintenance and carry out operational duties with minimal personnel exposures. In-plant radiation levels and associated doses are controlled by the BFN Radiation Protection Program to ensure that internal and external radiation exposures to station personnel, and the general 18

population exposure level would be ALARA, as required by 10 CFR part 20. Access to radiation areas is strictly controlled by existing Radiation Protection Program procedures. Furthermore, it is TVA policy to maintain occupational doses to individuals and the sum of dose equivalents received by all exposed workers ALARA. Based on the preceding paragraphs, the NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU is not expected to significantly affect radiation levels within BFN and, therefore, there would not be a significant radiological impact to the workers. Offsite Doses at EPU Conditions The primary sources of offsite dose to members of the public from BFN are radioactive gaseous, liquid effluents, and skyshine from Nitrogen-16 (N-16). As previously discussed, operation under proposed EPU conditions would not change the radioactive waste management systems' abilities to perform their intended functions. Also, there would be no change to the radiation monitoring system and procedures used to control the release of radioactive effluents in accordance with NRC radiation protection standards in 10 CFR part 20 and appendix I to 10 CFR part 50. The licensee states (TVA 2016a) that the contribution of radiation shine from the implementation of the proposed EPU from N-16 would increase linearly with the EPU. The licensee estimates that this increase could result in offsite doses up to 32 percent greater than current operating levels. However, since current offsite doses due to N-16 skyshine are on average less than 1 millirem, doses would still be well within the 10 CFR 20.1301 and 40 CFR part 190 dose limits to members of the public following implementation of the proposed EPU. Further, any increase in radiation would be monitored at the on-site environmental thermoluminescent dosimeter stations at BFN to make sure offsite doses would remain in regulatory compliance (TVA 2016a). 19

Based on the preceding paragraphs, the NRC staff concludes that the impact of offsite radiation dose to members of the public at EPU conditions would continue to be within the NRC and EPA regulatory limits and would not be significant. Spent Nuclear Fuel Spent fuel from BFN is stored in the plants spent fuel pool and in dry casks in the independent spent fuel storage installation (ISFSI). The licensee estimates that the impact on spent fuel storage from operating at EPU conditions would increase the number of dry storage casks necessary for storage by approximately 19 percent. The licensee also states that the current ISFSI storage pad is projected to be filled on or before 2022 prior to being loaded with EPU fuel. An additional storage pad is anticipated to be required even if no EPU is approved. Since BFNs initial ISFSI plans included sufficient room for any necessary ISFSI expansion, the additional dry casks necessary for spent fuel storage at EPU levels can be accommodated on site and, therefore, would not have any significant environmental impact (TVA 2016a). Approval of the proposed EPU would not increase the maximum fuel enrichment above 5 percent by weight uranium-235. The average fuel assembly discharge burnup for the proposed EPU is not expected to exceed the maximum fuel rod burnup limit of 62,000 megawatt days per metric ton of uranium. The licensees fuel reload design goals would maintain the fuel cycles within the limits bounded by the impacts analyzed in 10 CFR part 51, Table S-3, Table of Uranium Fuel Cycle Environmental Data, and Table S-4, Environmental Impact of Transportation of Fuel and Waste to and from One Light Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor, as supplemented by the findings documented in Section 6.3, Transportation, Table 9.1, Summary of findings on NEPA [National Environmental Policy Act] issues for license renewal of nuclear power plants in NRC (1999). Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that the environmental impacts of the EPU would remain bounded by the impacts in Tables S-3 and S-4, and would not be significant. 20

Postulated Accident Doses As a result of implementation of the proposed EPU, there would be an increase in the source term used in the evaluation of some of the postulated accidents in the BFN FSEIS. The inventory of radionuclides in the reactor core is dependent upon power level; therefore, the core inventory of radionuclides could increase by as much as 14.3 percent. The concentration of radionuclides in the reactor coolant may also increase by as much as 14.3 percent; however, this concentration is limited by the BFN Technical Specifications. Therefore, the reactor coolant concentration of radionuclides would not be expected to increase significantly. This coolant concentration is part of the source term considered in some of the postulated accident analyses. Some of the radioactive waste streams and storage systems evaluated for postulated accidents may contain slightly higher quantities of radionuclides (TVA 2016a). In 2002, TVA requested a license amendment to allow the use of Alternate Source Term (AST) methodology for design basis accident analyses for BFN. The licensee conducted full-scope AST analyses, which considered the core isotopic values for the current and future vendor products under EPU conditions. The licensee concluded that the calculated post-accident offsite doses for the EPU using AST methodologies meet all the applicable acceptance criteria of 10 CFR 50.67 and the NRC Regulatory Guide 1.183, Alternative Radiological Source Terms for Evaluating Design Basis Accidents at Nuclear Power Reactors (NRC 2000). The NRC staff is reviewing the licensees analyses and performing confirmatory calculations to verify the acceptability of the licensees calculated doses under accident conditions. The results of the NRC staffs calculations will be presented in the safety evaluation to be issued with the license amendment, if approved, and the EPU would not be approved by NRC unless the NRC staffs independent review of dose calculations under postulated accident conditions determines that dose is within regulatory limits. Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that the EPU would not 21

significantly increase the consequences of accidents and would not result in a significant increase in the radiological environmental impact of BFN from postulated accidents. Radiological Impacts Summary The proposed EPU would not significantly increase the consequences of accidents, would not result in a significant increase in occupational or public radiation exposure, and would not result in significant additional fuel cycle environmental impacts. Accordingly, the NRC staff concludes that there would be no significant radiological environmental impacts associated with the proposed action. Non-Radiological Impacts Land Use Impacts The potential impacts associated with land use for the proposed action include effects from onsite EPU-related modifications and upgrades that would take place between spring 2018 and spring 2019 and impacts of the transmission system upgrades previously described in the Description of the Proposed Action section of this document. The onsite plant modifications and upgrades would occur within existing structures, buildings, and fenced equipment yards and would use existing parking lots, road access, lay-down areas, offices, workshops, warehouses, and restrooms in previously developed areas of the BFN site. Thus, existing onsite land uses would not be affected by onsite plant modifications and upgrades (TVA 2016a). Regarding transmission system upgrades, the breaker failure relay replacements and BFN main generator excitation system modifications would occur within existing BFN structures 47$
BOE and would not involve any previously undisturbed land. The MVAR capacitor bank installations would occur at five offsite locations throughout TVA service area as described previously. Two of the capacitor bank installations would be within existing substation boundaries and would, therefore, not affect any previously undisturbed land or alter existing land uses (TVA 2016d). 22

47$
BOE The remaining three capacitor bank installations would require expansion of the existing substation footprints and would require additional grading and clearing (TVA 2016d). TVA BOE

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IB expects that the expansions would disturb 2.25 ac (0.9 ha), 3 ac (1.2 ha), and 5 ac (2 ha) of

                                         -JNFTUPOF land at the Holly Springs, Corinth, and Wilson substations, respectively (TVA 2016d). The affected land currently contains terrestrial habitat or other semi-maintained natural areas, but none of the three land parcels contain wetlands, ecologically sensitive or important habitats, prime or unique farmland, scenic areas, wildlife management areas, recreational areas, greenways, or trails. TVA would implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) to minimize the duration of soil exposure during clearing, grading, and construction (TVA 2016d). TVA would also revegetate and mulch the disturbed areas as soon as practicable after each disturbance (TVA 2016d). The NRC staff did not identify any significant environmental impacts 47$
BOE

related to altering land uses within the small parcels of land required for the capacitor bank installations. Following the necessary plant modifications and transmission system upgrades, operation of BFN at the EPU power level would not affect onsite or offsite land uses. The NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU would not result in significant impacts on onsite or offsite land use. Visual Resource Impacts No residential homes occur within foreground viewing distance of the BFN site to the north and east. A small residential development located to the northwest and another residential development located across Wheeler Reservoir to the southwest have at least partial views of the BFN site. Additionally, the site can be seen from the Mallard Creek public use area directly across the reservoir. Two earthen berms lie adjacent to the cooling tower complex that block views of the northern and eastern plant areas. The berms, as well as portions of the cooling tower complex, are visible to motorists traveling on Shaw Road (TVA 2016b). 23

Plant modifications and upgrades associated with the proposed EPU are unlikely to result in additional visual resource impacts beyond those already occurring from ongoing operation of BFN for several reasons. First, the BFN site is already an industrial-use site. Therefore, the short-term, intensified use of the site that would be required to implement EPU-related modifications and upgrades is unlikely to be noticeable to members of the public within the sites viewshed. Second, TVA would implement all EPU-related modifications and upgrades during scheduled refueling outages when additional machinery and heightened activity would already be occurring on the site. Accordingly, the NRC staff does not expect that EPU-related modifications and upgrades would result in significant impacts to visual resources. Regarding transmission system upgrades, the breaker failure relay replacements and BFN main generator excitation system modifications would occur within existing BFN structures 47$
BOE and thus would not result in visual impacts. The MVAR capacitor bank installations would result in short-term visual impacts at the three sites for which substation expansion would be required. However, these areas are industrial-use sites, and use of machinery and equipment for ongoing maintenance and upgrades is common. Following the necessary plant modifications and transmission system upgrades, operation of BFN at the EPU power level would not significantly affect visual resources. The licensee estimates that the EPU would require cooling tower operation 22 more days per year on average, which would increase the number of days in which a plume would be visible. However, given that the cooling towers are already operated intermittently, the additional use of the cooling towers following the EPU would not result in significantly different visual impacts that those experienced during current operations. The NRC staff concludes that the temporary visual impacts during implementation of EPU modifications and upgrades and capacitor bank installations would be minor and of short duration, and would not result in significant impacts to visual resources. The additional cooling 24

tower operation following implementation of the EPU would also result in minor and insignificant visual impacts. Air Quality Impacts Onsite non-radioactive air emissions from BFN are primarily from operation of the emergency diesel generators. Emissions occur when these generators are tested or are used to supply backup power. The licensee (2016a) does not anticipate an increase in use of the emergency diesel generators as a result of the proposed EPU, nor is it planning to increase the frequency or duration of the emergency diesel generator surveillance testing. Additionally, TVA (2016a) maintains a Synthetic Minor Source Air Operating Permit for its diesel generators issued and enforced by the ADEM, and TVA would continue to comply with the requirements of this permit under EPU conditions. Accordingly, the NRC staff does not expect that onsite emission sources attributable to the EPU would result in significant impacts to air quality. Offsite non-radioactive emissions related to the proposed EPU would result primarily from personal vehicles of EPU-related workforce members driving to and from the site and from work vehicles delivering supplies and equipment to the site. The licensee (2016a) estimates that of the additional workers that would be present on the site during each of the refueling outages, 80 to 120 workers or less would be dedicated to implementing EPU-related modifications and upgrades. The licensee (2016a) generally ramps up outage staffing two to three weeks prior to the outage start and ramps down staffing beginning 21 to 28 days from the start of the outage. Major equipment and materials to support the EPU-related modifications and upgrades would be transported to the site well before the start of each outage period, and smaller EPU supplies will be delivered on trucks that routinely supply similar tools and materials 47$
BOE to support BFN operations (TVA 2016a). The capacitor bank installations associated with the proposed EPU would result in additional minor air quality impacts from construction vehicle 25

emissions and fugitive dust from ground disturbance and vehicle travel on unpaved roads (TVA 2016d). These impacts would be temporary and controlled through TVAs BMPs (TVA 2016d). Following the necessary plant modifications and transmission system upgrades, operation at EPU levels would result in no additional air emissions as compared to operations at the current licensed power levels. The NRC staff concludes that the temporary increase in air emissions during 47$
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implementation of EPU modifications and upgrades and capacitor bank installations would be minor and of short duration, and would not result in significant impacts to air quality. Noise Impacts The potential noise impacts related to the proposed action would be primarily confined to those resulting from the use of construction equipment and machinery during the EPU outage periods. However, implementation of EPU-related modifications and upgrades during these periods is unlikely to result in additional noise impacts beyond those already occurring from ongoing operation because the BFN site is already an industrial-use site and because TVA would implement all EPU-related modifications and upgrades during scheduled refueling outages when additional machinery and heightened activity would already be occurring on the site. Accordingly, the NRC staff does not expect that EPU-related modifications and upgrades would result in significant noise impacts. Regarding transmission system upgrades, the breaker failure relay replacements and BFN main generator excitation system modifications would occur within existing BFN structures, 47$
BOE and would, therefore, not result in noise impacts. The MVAR capacitor bank installations would result in short-term and temporary noise impacts associated with construction equipment and machinery use at the three sites for which substation expansion would be required. However, these areas are industrial-use sites, and periodic noise impacts associated with ongoing maintenance and upgrades are common. 26

Following the EPU outages, operation of BFN at EPU levels would result in an average of 22 additional days per year of cooling tower operation, which would slightly increase the duration for which residents nearest the BFN site would experience cooling tower-related noise during the warmer months. The NRC staff reviewed information submitted by TVA (2016a) regarding an environmental sound pressure level assessment performed in 2012 at the BFN site in 2012. The assessment found that background noise levels without cooling tower operation was 59.7 decibels A-weighted scale (dBA), and that the noise levels with operation of six of the seven cooling towers was 61.9 dBA, an increase of 2.2 dBA. The licensee compared this level with the Federal Interagency Committee on Noises (FICON) recommendation that a 3-dBA increase in noise indicates a possible impact and the need for further analysis. Based on this criteria, TVA determined that the noise level emitted by operation of the cooling towers is acceptable. Additionally, TVA (2016c) is planning to conduct additional sound monitoring following the replacement of Cooling Towers 1 and 2, which are scheduled for replacement in fiscal years 2018 and FY 2019. The licensee will continue to meet FICON guidelines by working with the cooling tower vendor to ensure noise attenuating features, such as low-noise fans, lower speed fans, and sound attenuators, are incorporated as required to meet the guidelines. In the event that TVA (2016a) finds that the resulting noise levels exceed the FICON guidelines, TVA would develop and implement additional acoustical mitigation, such as modifications to fans and motors or the installation of barriers. The licensee will also continue to comply with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations to protect worker health onsite. The NRC staff concludes that the implementation of EPU modifications and upgrades, 47$
BOE the capacitor bank installations, and additional operation of the cooling towers following implementation of the EPU would not result in significant noise impacts. Additionally, TVA would continue to comply with FICON guidelines and OSHA regulations regarding noise 27

impacts, which would further ensure that future cooling tower operation would not result in significant impacts on the acoustic environment and human health. Water Resources Impacts As previously described, EPU-related modifications at BFN to include replacement and upgrades of plant equipment would occur within existing structures, buildings, and fenced equipment yards. The licensee does not expect any impact on previously undisturbed land. Any ground-disturbing activity would be subject to BFNs BMP Plan, which TVA must maintain as a condition of the BFN site NPDES permit (ADEM 2012). The licensee must implement and maintain the BMP Plan to prevent or minimize the potential for the release of pollutants in site runoff, spills, and leaks to waters of the State from site activities and operational areas. Consequently, the NRC staff concludes that onsite EPU activities at BFN would have no significant effect on surface water runoff and no impact on surface water or groundwater quality. Implementation of the EPU would also require upgrades to TVAs transmission system, B
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$PNQFOTBUJPO (see MVAR Capacitor Bank Installations under Description of the Proposed Action). At two of the substations, new equipment installation would take place outdoors but within the confines of existing substation enclosures with ground disturbance limited to previously disturbed areas. As appropriate, TVA would use standard BMPs to minimize any potential impacts to surface water and groundwater. The licensees BMPs address preventive measures such as use of proper containment, treatment, and disposal of wastewaters, stormwater runoff, wastes, and other potential pollutants. The BMPs would also address soil erosion and sediment control and prevention and response to spills and leaks from construction equipment that could potentially 47$
BOE runoff or infiltrate to underlying groundwater. After installation, the capacitor banks would result in no wastewater discharges (TVA 2016d). Therefore, there would be no operational impact on water resources. 28

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47$ Capacitor installation work at three substations (Holly Springs and Corinth in Mississippi

    -JNFTUPOF   "MBCBNB and Wilson in Tennessee) would require expansion of the existing substation footprints and additional grading and clearing. Projected new ground disturbance for these substation expansions would range from approximately 2.25 ac (0.9 ha) of land for the Holly Springs,
                                             -JNFTUPOF 
"MBCBNB Mississippi Substation to 5 ac (2 ha) at the Wilson, Tennessee Substation. The substation expansion projects would have no impact on perennial surface water features. A small portion of the expanded footprint of the Wilson Substation lies within the 100-year floodplain, but TVA proposes no construction activities in the floodplain. At the Holly Springs substation, TVA staff BU
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TVCTUBUJPO identified an ephemeral stream that may lie within the expansion footprintV. However, adherence by TVA to project specifications and application of appropriate BMPs would ensure that there would be no impacts to hydrologic features or conditions. The licensee would also conduct all construction activities in accordance with standard BMPs as previously described and would perform specific work elements as further discussed below (TVA 2016d).

To support substation expansion work, water would be required for such uses as potable and sanitary use by the construction workforce and for concrete production, equipment washdown, dust suppression, and soil compaction. The NRC staff assumes that the modest volumes of water needed would be supplied from local sources and transported to the work sites. Use of portable sanitary facilities, typically serviced offsite by a commercial contractor, would serve to reduce the volume of water required to meet the sanitary needs of the construction workforce. The licensee would obtain any necessary construction fill material from an approved borrow pit, and TVA would place any spoils generated from site grading, trenching, or other excavation work in a permitted spoil area on the substation property, or the material would be spread or graded across the site. Areas disturbed by construction work and equipment installation would be stabilized by applying new gravel or resurfacing the disturbed areas (TVA 29

2016d). Consequently, following the completion of construction, disturbed areas would lie within the footprint of the expanded substation footprint and otherwise overlain by equipment or hard surfaces and would not be subject to long-term soil erosion and with little potential to impact surface water or groundwater resources. The expansion projects at all three substations would also be subject to various permits and approvals, which TVA would obtain. Construction stormwater runoff from land disturbing activities of 1 ac (0.4 ha) or more is subject to regulation in accordance with Section 402 of the "MBCBNB CWA. Section 402 establishes the NPDES permit program. Mississippi and Tennessee administer these regulatory requirements through State NPDES general permits. Specifically, State construction stormwater general permits will be required for construction activities at the

                              -JNFTUPOF Holly Springs, Corinth, and Wilson substations. Additionally, for the Wilson Substation, a Wilson County Land Disturbance permit will also be required (TVA 2016d). For NPDES general permits, permit holders must also develop and implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan to ensure the proper design and maintenance of stormwater and soil erosion BMPs to prevent sediment and other pollutants in stormwater discharges and ensure compliance with State water quality standards.

Based on the foregoing, the NRC staff finds that the transmission system upgrades and associated substation expansion projects would have negligible direct impacts on water resources and would otherwise be conducted in accordance with TVA standard BMPs to minimize environmental impacts. The licensees construction activities would also be subject to regulation under NPDES general permits for stormwater discharges associated with construction activity. Accordingly, the NRC staff concludes that EPU-related transmission system upgrades would not result in significant impacts on surface water or groundwater resources. 30

The EPU implementation at BFN would result in operational changes with implications for environmental conditions. As further detailed under Plant Site and Environs of this EA, BFN withdraws surface water from Wheeler Reservoir to supply water for condenser cooling and other in-plant uses. Total water withdrawals by BFN have averaged 1,848,000 gpm (4,117 cfs; 116.3 m/s) over the last 5 years, although the average withdrawal rate in 2015 exceeded the average rate (TVA 2016b). The BFN uses a once-through circulating water system for condenser cooling aided by periodic operation of helper cooling towers. Normally, during once-through (open cycle) operation, BFN returns nearly all of the water it withdraws back to the reservoir, albeit at a higher temperature, through three, submerged diffuser pipes. When necessary throughout the course of the year, BFNs return condenser cooling water is routed through one or more of the helper cooling towers based on the level of cooling needed so that the resulting discharge to the river meets thermal limits as stipulated in TVAs NPDES permit. The licensee may also derate one or more BFN generating units in order to ensure compliance with NPDES thermal limits, as previously described (TVA 2016a). Following implementation of the EPU, TVA predicts that BFN would need to operate helper cooling towers an additional 22 days per year on average (for a total of 88 days per year) to maintain compliance with NPDES thermal limits, as compared to a projected average of 66 days per year at current power levels (TVA 2016b; TVA 2016a). When helper cooling towers are used, a portion of the water passing through the towers is consumptively used (lost) due to evaporation and cooling tower drift. The results of TVAs hydrothermal modeling, as previously described, indicate that approximately 3 percent of the cooling water flow passed through the helper towers is consumptively used (TVA 2016a). Thus, for an additional 22 days per year on average, BFNs cooling water return flows to Wheeler Reservoir would be reduced by approximately 3 percent following the proposed EPU as compared to current operations. This is 31

a negligible percentage of the total volume of water passing through Wheeler Reservoir and that is otherwise diverted by TVA to meet BFN cooling and other in-plant needs (TVA 2016a). Operations at EPU power levels would not require any modifications to BFNs circulating water system, residual heat removal service water system, emergency equipment cooling water system, raw cooling water, or raw water systems. Therefore, TVA expects no changes in the volume of water that would be withdrawn from Wheeler Reservoir during operations (TVA 2016b). The EPU operations would result in an increase in the temperature of the condenser cooling water discharged to Wheeler Reservoir. The licensees hydrothermal modeling predicts that the average temperature of the return discharge through BFNs submerged diffusers would be 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) warmer than under current operations and that the average temperature at the downstream edge of the mixing zone prescribed by BFNs NPDES permit would increase by 0.6 °F (0.3 °C). Nevertheless, these thermal changes would continue to meet BFNs NPDES permit limits, including temperate change limitations within the prescribed mixing zone (TVA 2016b, 2016a). In addition, there would also be no change in the use of cooling water treatment chemicals or other changes in the quality of other effluents discharged to Wheeler Reservoir in conjunction with implementation of the EPU (TVA 2016b). In summary, implementation of the EPU at BFN and associated operational changes would not affect water availability or impair ambient surface water or groundwater quality. The NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU would not result in significant impacts on water resources. Terrestrial Resource Impacts The BFN sites natural areas include riparian areas, upland forests, and wetlands that have formed on previously disturbed land cleared prior to BFN construction. Onsite plant modifications and upgrades would not disturb these areas because the EPU-related modifications and upgrades would not involve any new construction outside of the existing 32

facility footprint, as previously described under Land Use Impacts. For this reason, sediment transport and erosion are also not a concern. The modifications and upgrades would result in additional noise and lighting, which could disturb wildlife. However, such impacts would be similar to and indistinguishable from what nearby wildlife already experience during normal operations because the upgrades and modifications would take place during regularly scheduled outages, which are already periods of heightened site activity. Regarding transmission system upgrades, the breaker failure relay replacements and BFN main generator excitation system modifications would occur within existing BFN structures and would not involve any previously undisturbed land. These upgrades would result in no 47$
BOE impacts on terrestrial resources. The MVAR capacitor bank installations would occur at five offsite locations throughout TVA service area as described previously. Three of the five capacitor bank installations would require expansion of the existing substation footprints and additional grading and clearing, as described in the Land Use Impacts section. The affected land currently contains terrestrial habitat or other semi-maintained natural areas, and TVA (2016d) reports that all three areas are likely to contain primarily non-native, invasive botanicals. None of the three land parcels contain wetlands, ecologically sensitive or important habitats, prime or unique farmland, scenic areas, wildlife management areas, recreational areas, greenways, or trails. The licensee (2016d) also reports that no bird colonies or aggregations of migratory birds have been documented within 3 mi (4.8 km) of the substation footprints. The licensee would implement BMPs to minimize the duration of soil exposure during clearing, grading, and construction (TVA 2016d). The licensee would also revegetate and mulch the disturbed areas as soon as practicable after each disturbance, and TVAs landscaping BMPs require revegetation with native plants or non-invasive species (TVA 2016d). The NRC staff did not identify any significant environmental impacts to terrestrial resources related to altering land 47$
BOE uses within the small parcels of land required for the capacitor bank installations. 33

Following the necessary plant modifications and transmission system upgrades, operation at EPU levels would result in no additional or different impacts on terrestrial resources as compared to operations at the current licensed power levels. The NRC assessed the impacts of continued operation of BFN through the period of extended operation in the BFN FSEIS (NRC 2005) and determined that impacts on terrestrial resources would be small (i.e., effects would not be detectable or would be so minor that they would neither destabilize nor noticeably alter any important attribute of the resource). The NRC staff concludes that the temporary noise and lighting during implementation of EPU modifications and upgrades and small areas of land disturbance associated with the 47$
BOE MVAR capacitor bank installations would be minor and would not result in significant impacts to terrestrial resources. Aquatic Resource Impacts Aquatic habitats associated with the site include Wheeler Reservoir and 14 related tributaries, of which Elk River, located 10 mi (16 km) downstream of BFN, is the largest. Onsite plant modifications and upgrades would not affect aquatic resources because EPU-related modifications and upgrades would not involve any new construction outside existing facility footprints and would not result in sedimentation or erosion or any other disturbances that would otherwise affect aquatic habitats. Regarding transmission system upgrades, the breaker failure relay replacements and BFN main generator excitation system modifications would occur within existing BFN structures 47$
BOE and would, therefore, not affect aquatic resources. Although three of the five MVAR capacitor bank installations would require expansion of existing substation footprints as described previously, TVA (2016d) reports that the expansions would not affect the flow, channels, or banks of any nearby streams. As described previously in the Water Resource Impacts section, the substation expansions would have negligible direct impacts on water resources, 34

and TVA would implement BMPs, as appropriate, and be subject to regulations under NPDES general permits during any construction activities. Accordingly, the NRC staff did not identify any significant environmental impacts related to aquatic resources with respect to transmission system upgrades. Following the necessary plant modifications and transmission system upgrades, operation at EPU levels would result in additional thermal discharge to Wheeler Reservoir. As described in the Cooling Tower Operation and Thermal Discharge and Water Resources Impacts sections of this document, TVA predicts that the temperature of water entering Wheeler Reservoir would be 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) warmer on average than current operations and that the river temperature at the NPDES compliance depth at the downstream end of the mixing zone would be 0.6 °F (0.3 °C) warmer on average. In the BFN FSEIS, the NRC (2005) evaluated the potential impacts of thermal discharges in Section 4.1.4, Heat Shock, assuming continued operation at EPU power levels. The NRC (2005) found that the BFN thermal mixing zone constitutes a small percentage of the Wheeler Reservoir surface area, that the maximum temperatures at the edge of the mixing zone do not exceed the upper thermal limits for common aquatic species, and that continued compliance with the facilitys NPDES permit would ensure that impacts to aquatic biota are minimized. Since the time the NRC staff performed its license renewal review, the ADEM has issued a renewed BFN NPDES permit. The CWA requires the EPA or States, where delegated, to set thermal discharge variances such that compliance with the NPDES permit assures the protection and propagation of a balanced, indigenous community of shellfish, fish, and wildlife in and on the body of water into which the discharge is made, taking into account the cumulative impact of a facilitys thermal discharge together with all other significant impacts on the species affected. Under the proposed action, TVA would remain subject to the limitations set forth in the renewed BFN NPDES permit. The NRC staff finds it reasonable to assume that TVAs continued compliance with, and the States continued 35

enforcement of, the BFN NPDES permit would ensure that Wheeler Reservoir aquatic resources are protected. Regarding impingement and entrainment, in Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 of the BFN FSEIS, the NRC (2005) determined that impingement and entrainment during the period of extended operation would be small. The proposed EPU would not increase the volume or rate of water withdrawal from Wheeler Reservoir and no modifications to the current cooling system design would be required. Thus, the NRC finds that the proposed EPU would not change the rate of impingement or entrainment of fish, shellfish, or other aquatic organisms compared to current operations. Regarding chemical effluents, the types and amounts of effluents would not change under the proposed EPU, and effluent discharges to Wheeler Reservoir would continue to be regulated by the ADEM under the facilitys NPDES permit. Thus, the NRC concludes that compared to current operations, the proposed EPU would not change the type or concentration of chemical effluents that could impact aquatic resources. The NRC staff concludes that onsite plant modifications and transmission system upgrades associated with the proposed EPU would not affect aquatic resources. Although operation at EPU levels would increase thermal effluent to Wheeler Reservoir, the NRC staff concludes that any resulting impacts on aquatic resources would not be significant because thermal discharges would remain within the limits imposed by the BFN NPDES permit. Special Status Species and Habitats Impacts Under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) (ESA), Federal agencies must consult with the FWS or the National Marine Fisheries Service, as appropriate, to ensure that actions the agency authorizes, funds, or carries out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat. 36

The FWS lists 31 Federally endangered, threatened, or candidate species as potentially occurring near the BFN site. Of these species, 11 are terrestrial. As described under Terrestrial Resource Impacts, the NRC determined that the proposed EPU would not have significant impacts on the terrestrial environment. The NRC staff did not identify any unique or different impacts that might affect Federally listed or candidate terrestrial species, and as such, the NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU would have no effect on any listed or candidate terrestrial species. Terrestrial species are not addressed in detail in this EA, but a list of these species can be viewed in the FWSs (2016) Environmental Conservation Online System Information for Planning and Conservation report (FWS 2016). The remaining 20 species are aquatic and are listed in Table 1 of this document. No proposed or designated critical habitat occurs near the BFN site (FWS 2016). Table 1. Federally Listed Aquatic Species with the Potential to Occur Near the BFN Site Known to Federal Occur in the Species Common Name Status (a) Vicinity of BFN? (b) Fishes Elassoma alabamae spring pygmy sunfish FT Y Etheostoma boschungi slackwater darter FT - Etheostoma phytophilum rush darter FE - Etheostoma wapiti Boulder darter FE - Freshwater Mussels Cumberlandia monodonta spectaclecase FE Y Cyprogenia stegaria fanshell FE - Epioblasma triquetra snuffbox mussel FE - Hemistena lata cracking pearlymussel FE - Lampsilis abrupta pink mucket FE Y Lampsilis perovalis orangenacre mucket FT - Medionidus acutissimus Alabama moccasinshell FT - Pegias fabula littlewing pearlymussel FE - Plethobasus cyphyus sheepnose FE - Pleurobema furvum dark pigtoe FE - 37

Pleurobema perovatum ovate clubshell FE - Pleurobema plenum rough pigtoe FE Y Ptychobranchus greenii triangular kidneyshell FE - Snails Athearnia anthonyi Anthony's riversnail FE Y Campeloma decampi slender campeloma FE Y Pyrgulopsis pachyta armored snail FE Y (a) FE = Federally endangered under the ESA; FT = Federally threatened under the ESA; FC = Candidate for listing under the ESA (b) Y = yes; - = no. Occurrence information is based on species identified in TVAs (2016a) supplemental environmental report submitted as part of its EPU application as occurring within tributaries to Wheeler Reservoir, within a 10-mi (16-km) radius of BFN, or from Tennessee River Mile 274.9 to 310.7. Sources: FWS 2016; TVA 2016a Action Area The implementing regulations for section 7(a)(2) of the ESA define action area as all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action (50 CFR 402.02). The action area effectively bounds the analysis of ESA-protected species and habitats because only species that occur within the action area may be affected by the Federal action. For the purposes of the ESA analysis for the proposed BFN EPU, the NRC staff considers the action area to be the full bank width of Wheeler Reservoir from the point of water withdrawal downstream to the edge of the mixing zone (2,400 ft (732 m) downstream of the diffusers). The NRC staff expects all direct and indirect effects of the proposed action to be contained within this area. The NRC staff recognizes that while the action area is stationary, Federally listed species can move in and out of the action area. For instance, a migratory fish species could occur in the action area seasonally as it travels up and down the river past BFN. The NRC staff are not including the areas that would be affected by the Holly Springs,

               -JNFTUPOF Corinth, and Wilson substation expansions in the BFN EPU action area. The licensee, as a Federal agency, must itself comply with ESA section 7. The NRC has no authority over 38

transmission upgrades. Therefore, prior to undertaking the expansions, TVA, and not NRC, would conduct section 7 consultation with0 the FWS, if necessary, to address any potential impacts to Federally listed species and critical habitats related to the substation expansions. Tennessee Valley Authoritys (2016d) preliminary review did not identify any Federally listed species or critical habitats within the vicinity of the three substations. Impact Assessment Since the 1970s, TVA has maintained a Natural Heritage Database that includes data on sensitive species and habitats, including Federally threatened and endangered species, in TVAs power service area. Based on its Natural Heritage Database, TVA (2016a) reports that seven Federally listed aquatic species occur in the vicinity of the BFN site (see Table 1). Tennessee Valley Authority (2016a) Natural Heritage Database records indicate that three freshwater musselsspectaclecase (Cumberlandia monodonta), pink mucket (Lampsilis abrupta), and rough pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum)occur within the vicinity of BFN. These species occur in sand, gravel, and cobble substrates in large river habitats within the Tennessee River system. All three species are now extremely rare and are primarily found in unimpounded tributary rivers and in more riverine reaches of the main stem Tennessee River (TVA 2016a). Most of the remaining large river habitat in Wheeler Reservoir occurs upstream of the BFN action area. Section 5.2 of the NRCs (2004) biological assessment for license renewal describes Tennessee River collection records for these three species, which date back to the 1990s. Relict shells of spectaclecase were collected in Wheeler Reservoir in 1991 (Ahlstedt and McDonough 1992). Pink mucket and rough pigtoe were collected near Hobbs Island (over 64 km (40 mi) upstream of BFN) in 1998 (Yokely 1998). Tennessee Valley Authority (2016a) reports no more recent records of these three species in its supplemental environmental report submitted as part of the EPU application, and the NRC staff did not identify any studies or information suggesting that populations of these species exist in Wheeler Reservoir in the 39

vicinity of the BFN action area. Because these species do not occur in the action area, the NRC staff concludes that the proposed BFN EPU would have no effect on spectaclecase, pink mucket, and rough pigtoe. Tennessee Valley Authority (2016a) Natural Heritage Database records indicate that three aquatic snailsAnthonys snail (Athearnia anthonyi), slender campeloma (Campeloma decampi), and armored snail (Pyrgulopsis pachyta)and one fishspring pygmy sunfish (Elassoma alabamae)occur in the vicinity of BFN. However, these species are restricted to tributary streams that feed into Wheeler Reservoir upstream of BFN (TVA 2016a). The NRC staff did not identify any studies or information suggesting that populations of these species exist in the main stem of the Tennessee River (i.e., Wheeler Reservoir). Because these species do not occur in the action area, the NRC staff concludes that the proposed BFN EPU would have no effect on Anthonys snail, slender capeloma, armored snail, or spring pygmy sunfish. ESA Effect Determination The NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU would have no effect on Federally endangered, threatened, or candidate species. Federal agencies are not required to consult with the FWS if they determine that an action will not affect listed species or critical habitats (FWS 2013). Thus, the ESA does not require consultation for the proposed EPU, and the NRC considers its obligations under ESA section 7 to be fulfilled for the proposed action. Historic and Cultural Resource Impacts The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (16 U.S.C. § 470 et seq.), requires Federal agencies to consider the effects of their undertakings on historic properties, and the proposed EPU is an undertaking that could potentially affect historic properties. Historic properties are defined as resources eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The criteria for eligibility are listed in 36 CFR 60.4 and include (1) association with significant events in history; (2) association with the lives of persons significant in the past; (3) 40

embodiment of distinctive characteristics of type, period, or construction; and (4) sites or places that have yielded, or are likely to yield, important information. According to the BFN FSEIS (NRC 2005), the only significant cultural resources in the proximity of BFN are Site 1Li535 and the Cox Cemetery, which was moved to accommodate original construction of the plant. Tennessee Valley Authority (2016a) researched current historic property records and found nothing new within 3 mi (4.8 km) of the plant. As described under Description of the Proposed Action, all onsite modifications associated with the proposed action would be within existing structures, buildings, and fenced equipment yards, and TVA anticipates no disturbance of previously undisturbed onsite land. Thus, historic and cultural resources would not be affected by onsite power plant modifications and upgrades at BFN. Regarding transmission system upgrades, Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research BOE (TVAR) performed Phase I Cultural Surveys to determine if the expansion of the Holly Springs, TVCTUBUJPOT Corinth, and Wilson substations would affect any historic or cultural resources. Tennessee BOE
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determined to be eligible for listing on the NRHP due to their lack of architectural distinction and loss of integrity caused by modern alterations or damage. Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research concluded that no historic properties would be affected by the Corinth Substation expansion.

                                                                   -JNFTUPOF During its Phase I Cultural Resources Survey for the Wilson Substation (Karpynec et al.

0"3 2016c), TVAR identified one property within the area of potential effect, which was determined OPU
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FYQBOTJPO as eligible for listing on the NRHP under Criteria A and C for its historical and archaeological significance. Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research concluded that the Wilson Substation expansion would have a visual effect on the property. However, the effect would not be adverse due to the fact that the existing substation and modern development located immediately northwest and southeast of the property have already established a visual effect. Following power plant modifications and substation upgrades, operation of BFN at EPU power levels would have no effect on existing historic and cultural resources. Further, TVA has procedures in place to ensure that BFN operations would continue to protect historic and cultural resources, and the proposed action would not change such procedures (NRC 2005). Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that EPU-related power plant modifications and substation upgrades would not result in significant impacts to historic and cultural resources. Socioeconomic Impacts Potential socioeconomic impacts from the proposed EPU include increased demand for short-term housing, public services, and increased traffic due to the temporary increase in the size of the workforce required to implement the EPU at BFN and upgrade affected substations. The proposed EPU also could generate increased tax revenues for the State and surrounding counties due to increased book value of BFN and increased power generation. During outages, the workforce at BFN increases by 800 to 1,200 workers for an average of 1,000 additional workers onsite. Normally, outage workers begin to arrive at BFN 2 to 3 42

weeks prior to the start of the outage, and the total number of onsite workers peaks at about the 3rd day of the 21- to 28-day outage. The EPU outage for each unit would last 35 days or less (TVA 2016a). Once EPU-related plant modifications have been completed, the size of the workforce at BFN would return to pre-EPU levels approximately 1 week after the end of the outage with no significant increases during future outages. The size of the operations workforce would be unaffected by the proposed EPU. Most of the EPU plant modification workers are expected to relocate temporarily to the Huntsville metropolitan area during outages, resulting in short-term increased demands for public services and housing. Because plant modification work would be temporary, most workers would stay in available rental homes, apartments, mobile homes, and camper-trailers. The additional number of outage workers and truck material and equipment deliveries needed to support EPU-related power plant modifications could cause short-term level-of-service impacts (restricted traffic flow and higher incident rates) on secondary roads in the immediate vicinity of BFN. However, only small traffic delays are anticipated during the outages. The BFN currently makes payments in lieu of taxes to states and counties in which power operations occur and on properties previously subjected to state and local taxation. The licensee pays a percentage of its gross power revenues to such states and counties. Only a very small share of TVA payment is paid directly to counties; most is paid to the states, which use their own formulas for redistribution of some or all of the payments to local governments to fund their respective operating budgets. In general, half of TVA payment is apportioned based on power sales and half is apportioned based on the book value of TVA property. Therefore, for a capital improvement project such as the EPU, the in-lieu-of-tax payments are affected in two ways: (1) as power sales increase, the total amount of the in-lieu-of-tax payment to be distributed increases, and (2) the increased book value of BFN causes a greater proportion of 43

the total payment to be allocated to Limestone County. The states general fund, as well as all of the counties in Alabama that receive TVA in-lieu-of-tax distributions from the State of Alabama, benefit under this method of distribution (TVA 2016a). Due to the short duration of EPU-related plant modification and substation upgrade activities, there would be little or no noticeable effect on tax revenues generated by additional workers temporarily residing in Limestone County and elsewhere. In addition, there would be little or no noticeable increased demand for housing and public services or level-of-service traffic impacts beyond what is experienced during normal refueling outages at BFN. Therefore, the NRC staff concludes that there would be no significant socioeconomic impacts from EPU-related plant modifications, substation upgrades, and power plant operations under EPU conditions. Environmental Justice Impacts The environmental justice impact analysis evaluates the potential for disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects on minority and low-income populations that could result from activities associated with the proposed EPU at BFN. Such effects may include human health, biological, cultural, economic, or social impacts. Minority and low-income populations are subsets of the general public residing in the vicinity of BFN, and all are exposed to the same health and environmental effects generated from activities at BFN. Minority Populations in the Vicinity of the BFN According to the 2010 Census, an estimated 22 percent of the total population (approximately 978,000 individuals) residing within a 50-mile radius of BFN identified themselves as a minority (MCDC 2016). The largest minority populations were Black or African American (approximately 135,000 persons or 14 percent), followed by Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin of any race (approximately 44,000 persons or 4.5 percent). According to the U.S. Census Bureaus 2010 Census, about 21 percent of the Limestone County population 44

identified themselves as minorities, with Black or African Americans comprising the largest minority population (approximately 13 percent) (U.S. Census Bureau (USCB) 2016). According to the USCBs 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, the minority population of Limestone County, as a percent of the total population, had increased to about 23 percent with Black or African Americans comprising 14 percent of the total county population (USCB 2016). Low-income Populations in the Vicinity of BFN According to the USCBs 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, approximately 32,000 families and 154,000 individuals (12 and 16 percent, respectively) residing within a 50-mile radius of BFN were identified as living below the Federal poverty threshold (MCDC 2016). The 2014 Federal poverty threshold was $24,230 for a family of four (USCB 2016). According to the USCBs 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, the median household income for Alabama was $44,765, while 14 percent of families and 18.5 percent of the state population were found to be living below the Federal poverty threshold (USCB 2016). Limestone County had a higher median household income average ($55,009) and a lower percentage of families (12 percent) and persons (15 percent) living below the poverty level, respectively (USCB 2016). Impact Analysis Potential impacts to minority and low-income populations would consist of environmental and socioeconomic effects (e.g., noise, dust, traffic, employment, and housing impacts) and radiological effects. Radiation doses from plant operations after implementation of the EPU are expected to continue to remain well below regulatory limits. Noise and dust impacts would be temporary and limited to onsite activities. Minority and low-income populations residing along site access roads could experience increased commuter vehicle traffic during shift changes. Increased demand for inexpensive rental housing during the 45

EPU-related plant modifications could disproportionately affect low-income populations; however, due to the short duration of the EPU-related work and the availability of housing, impacts to minority and low-income populations would be of short duration and limited. According to 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, there were approximately 4,016 vacant housing units in Limestone County (USCB 2016). Based on this information and the analysis of human health and environmental impacts presented in this EA, the NRC staff concludes that the proposed EPU would not have disproportionately high and adverse human health and environmental effects on minority and low-income populations residing in the vicinity of BFN. Cumulative Impacts The Council on Environmental Quality defines cumulative impacts under the NEPA of 1969, as amended (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.) as the impact on the environment, which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions (40 CFR 1508.7). Cumulative impacts may result when the environmental effects associated with the proposed action are overlaid or added to temporary or permanent effects associated with other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from individually minor, but collectively significant, actions taking place over a period of time. For the purposes of this cumulative analysis, past actions are related to the resource conditions when BFN was licensed and constructed; present actions are related to the resource conditions during current operations; and future actions are those that are reasonably foreseeable through the expiration of BFNs renewed facility operating licenses (i.e., through 2033, 2034, and 2036 for Units 1, 2, and 3, respectively). In Section 4.8 of the BFN FSEIS (NRC 2005), the NRC staff assessed the cumulative impacts related to continued operation of BFN through the license renewal term assuming 46

operation of BFN at EPU levels. In its analysis, the NRC (2005) considered changes and modifications to the Tennessee River; current and future water quality; current and future competing water uses, including public supply, industrial water supply, irrigation, and thermoelectric power generation; the radiological environment; future socioeconomic impacts; historic and cultural resources; and cumulative impacts to Federally endangered and threatened species. The NRC (2005) determined that the contribution of BFN continued operations at EPU levels to past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions would not be detectable or would be so minor as to not destabilize or noticeably alter any important attribute of the resources. Because the proposed EPU would either not change or result in significant impacts to the radiological environment, onsite or offsite land uses, visual resources, air quality, noise, terrestrial resources, special status species and habitats, historical and cultural resources, socioeconomic conditions, or environmental justice populations, the NRC concludes that implementation of the proposed action would not incrementally contribute to cumulative impacts to these resources. Regarding water resources and aquatic resources, although the proposed EPU would result in more thermal effluent, discharges would remain within the limits set forth in the current BFN NPDES permit, and no other facilities discharge thermal effluent within the BFN mixing zone that would exacerbate thermal effects. As described in this document, the NRC (2005) determined cumulative impacts to these resources would not be detectable or would be so minor as to not destabilize or noticeably alter any important attribute of the resources. Accordingly, the NRC staff finds that cumulative impacts on water resources and aquatic resources under the proposed action would not be significant. Additionally, for those resources identified as potentially impacted by activities associated with the proposed EPU (i.e., water resources and aquatic resources), the NRC staff also considered current resource trends and conditions, including the potential impacts of 47

climate change. The NRC staff considered the U.S. Global Change Research Programs (USGCRPs) most recent compilation of the state of knowledge relative to global climate change effects (USGCRP 2009, 2014). Water Resources Predicted changes in the timing, intensity, and distribution of precipitation would be likely to result in changes in surface water runoff affecting water availability across the Southeastern United States. Specifically, while average precipitation during the fall has increased by 30 percent since about 1900, summer and winter precipitation has declined by about 10 percent across the eastern portion of the region, including eastern Tennessee (USGCRP 2009). A continuation of this trend coupled with predicted higher temperatures during all seasons (particularly the summer months), would reduce groundwater recharge during the winter, produce less runoff and lower stream flows during the spring, and potentially lower groundwater base flow to rivers during the drier portions of the year (when stream flows are already lower). As cited by the USGCRP, the loss of moisture from soils because of higher temperatures along with evapotranspiration from vegetation is likely to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of droughts across the region into the future (USGCRP 2009, USGCRP 2014). Changes in runoff in a watershed along with reduced stream flows and higher air temperatures all contribute to an increase in the ambient temperature of receiving waters. Annual runoff and river-flow are projected to decline in the Southeast region (USGCRP 2014). Land use changes, particularly those involving the conversion of natural areas to impervious surface, exacerbate these effects. These factors combine to affect the availability of water throughout a watershed, such as that of the Tennessee River, for aquatic life, recreation, and industrial uses. While changes in projected precipitation for the Southeast region are uncertain, the USGCRP has reasonable expectation that there will be reduced water availability due to the increased evaporative losses from rising temperatures alone (USGCRP 2014). Nevertheless, 48

when considering that the Tennessee River System and associated reservoirs are closely operated, managed, and regulated for multiple uses which include thermoelectric power generation, the incremental contribution of the proposed EPU on climate change impacts is not significant. Aquatic Resources The potential effects of climate change described in preceding paragraphs for water resources, whether from natural cycles or man-made activities, could result in changes that would affect aquatic resources in the Tennessee River. Increased air temperatures could result in higher water temperatures in the Tennessee River reservoirs. For instance, TVA found that a 1 °F (0.5 °C) increase in air temperature resulted in an average water temperature increase between 0.25 °F and 0.5 °F (0.14 °C and 0.28 °C) in the Chickamauga Reservoir (NRC 2015). Higher water temperatures would increase the potential for thermal effects on aquatic biota and, along with altered river flows, could exacerbate existing environmental stressors, such as excess nutrients and lowered dissolved oxygen associated with eutrophication. Even slight changes could alter the structure of aquatic communities. Invasions of non-native species that thrive under a wide range of environmental conditions could further disrupt the current structure and function of aquatic communities (NRC 2015). Nevertheless, when considering that the Tennessee River System and associated reservoirs are closely operated, managed, and regulated for multiple uses that include thermoelectric power generation, the incremental contribution of the proposed EPU on climate change impacts is not significant. Alternatives to the Proposed Action As an alternative to the proposed action, the NRC staff considered denial of the proposed license amendments (i.e., the no-action alternative). Denial of the application would result in no change in current environmental conditions or impacts. However, if the EPU were 49

not approved, other agencies and electric power organizations might be required to pursue other means of providing electric generation capacity, such as fossil fuel or alternative fuel power generation, to offset future demand. Construction and operation of such generating facilities could result in air quality, land use, ecological, and waste management impacts significantly greater than those identified for the proposed EPU. Alternative Use of Resources The action does not involve the use of any different resources than those previously considered in NUREG-1437, Supplement 21, Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants: Regarding Browns Ferry Station, Units 1, 2, and 3Final Report (NRC 2005). Agencies and Persons Consulted The NRC staff did not enter into consultation with any other Federal or State agency regarding the environmental impact of the proposed action. However, on October 6, 2016, the NRC notified the Alabama State official, Mr. David Walter, Director of Alabama Office of Radiation Control of the proposed amendments, requesting his comments by October 13, 2016. If the State official has any comments, the comments will be addressed and resolved in the final EA. The NRC will also forward copies of this draft EA and FONSI to the EPA, FWS, and ADEM and publish the draft EA and FONSI in the FR for comment. The NRC will address any comments received during the comment period in the final EA. IV. Finding of No Significant Impact 50

The NRC is considering issuing amendments for Renewed Facility Operating License Nos. DPR-33, DPR-52, and DPR-68, issued to TVA for operation of BFN to increase the maximum licensed thermal power level for each of the three BFN reactor units from 3,458 MWt to 3,952 MWt. On the basis of the EA included in Section III of this document and incorporated by reference in this finding, the NRC concludes that the proposed action would not have significant effects on the quality of the human environment. The NRCs evaluation considered information provided in the licensee's application and associated supplements as well as the NRCs independent review of other relevant environmental documents. Section of this document lists the environmental documents related to the proposed action and includes information on the availability of these documents. Based on its findings, the NRC has decided not to prepare an environmental impact statement for the proposed action. V. Availability of Documents The following table identifies the environmental and other documents cited in this document and related to the NRCs FONSI. Documents with an ADAMS accession number are available for public inspection online through ADAMS at http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html or in person at the NRCs PDR as previously described. ADAMS ACCESSION NUMBER, FRN, OR DOCUMENT URL REFERENCE Steven A. Ahlstedt and Thomas A. McDonough. ML042790392 Quantitative Evaluation of Commercial Mussel Populations in the Tennessee River Portion of Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama. Dated October 1992. (Prepared by Ahlstedt and McDonough 1992) 51

Alabama Department of Environmental Management. ML16159A040 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit No. AL0022080, Tennessee Valley Authority, Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant. Dated July 3, 2012. (ADEM 2012) Alabama Department of Environmental Management. ML16259A186 Alabamas Draft 2016 §303(d) List Fact Sheet. Dated February 7, 2016. (ADEM 2016) Karpynec T, Rosenwinkel H, Weaver M, Wright K, and Crook E. ML16197A563 A Phase I Cultural Resources Surveys of Tennessee Valley Authoritys Corinth and Holly Springs Substation Expansions in Alcorn and Marshall Counties, Mississippi. Dated May 2016. (Karpynec et al. 2016b) Karpynec T., Rosenwinkel H., Weaver M., Wright K., and Crook E. ML16197A563 A Phase I Cultural Resources Survey of the Wilson Substation Expansion Project in Wilson County, Tennessee. Dated May 2016. (Karpynec et al. 2016c) Missouri Census Data Center. http://mcdc.missouri.e du/websas/caps10c.ht Circular Area Profiles (CAPS), 2010 Census Summary File 1, ml Aggregated Census Block Group Hispanic or Latino and Race data and 2010-2014 American Community Survey (ACS) data, Summary of Aggregated Census Tract data in a 50-mile (80-kilometer) radius around BFN (Latitude= 34.703889355505075, Longitude= - 87.11862504482272). Accessed September 2016. (MCDC 2016) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML041840301 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Units 2 and 3 - Proposed Technical Specifications Change TS-418 - Request for License Amendment Extended Power Uprate (EPU) Operation. Dated June 25, 2004. (TVA 2004a) 52

Tennessee Valley Authority. ML042800186 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Unit 1 - Proposed Technical Specifications Change TS-431 - Request for License Amendment - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) Operation. Dated June 28, 2004. (TVA 2004b) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML062680459 Browns Ferry Nuclear PlantUnit 1Technical Specifications Change TS-431, Supplement 1Extended Power Uprate (EPU). Dated September 22, 2006. (TVA 2006) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML14265A487 Technical Specifications Changes TS-431 and TS-418 -Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Withdrawal of Requests and Update to EPU Plans and Schedules. Dated September 18, 2014. (TVA 2014) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML15282A152 Proposed Technical Specifications Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate, Cover Letter. Dated September 21, 2015. (TVA 2015a) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML15317A361 Proposed Technical Specification Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate - Supplemental Information. Dated November 13, 2015. (TVA 2015b) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML15351A113 Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 2, MICROBURN-B2 Information. Dated December 15, 2015. (TVA 2015c) 53

Tennessee Valley Authority. ML15355A413 Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 3, Interconnection System Impact Study Information. Dated December 18, 2015. (TVA 2015d) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML16197A563 Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate, BFN EPU LAR, 2, Supplemental Environmental Report, Revision 1. Dated May 27, 2016. (TVA 2016a) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML16159A040 Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 13, Responses to Requests for Additional Information. Dated April 22, 2016. (TVA 2016b) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML16197A563 Proposed Technical Specifications (TS) Change TS-505 - Request for License Amendments - Extended Power Uprate (EPU) - Supplement 18, Responses to Requests for Additional Information and Updates Associated with Interconnection System Impact Study Modifications. Dated May 27, 2016. (TVA 2016c) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML16197A563 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, RERP-RAI-GE-2 Response, Attachment 1: Supplemental Environmental Information for Transmission System and BFN Main Generator Upgrades. Dated May 27, 2016. (TVA 2016d) Tennessee Valley Authority. ML16197A563 BFN EPU LAR, Attachment 47, List and Status of Plant Modifications, Revision 1 (Enclosure 10). Dated May 27, 2016. (TVA 2016e) 54

U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census

                                                                   .gov/faces/nav/jsf/pag American FactFinder, Table DP-1, Profile of General Population and es/searchresults.xhtml Housing Characteristics: 2010, 2010 Census Summary File 1 for
                                                                           ?refresh=t Limestone County, Alabama; American FactFinder, Table DP05, ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Limestone County, Alabama; and Table DP03 - Selected Economic Characteristics, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Alabama and Limestone County, and Table B25002 - Occupancy Status, 2015 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for Limestone County, Alabama.

Accessed September 2016. (USCB 2016) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ML16120A505 Endangered Species Consultations Frequently Asked Questions. Dated July 15, 2013. (FWS 2013) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ML16032A044 Updated List of Threatened and Endangered Species That May Occur in Your Proposed Project Location for Browns Ferry EPU. Dated February 1, 2016. (FWS 2016) U.S. Global Change Research Program. ML100580077 Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. Dated June 2009. (USGCRP 2009) U.S. Global Change Research Program. ML14129A233 Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Dated May 2014. (USGCRP 2014) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 63 FR 46491 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 2 and 3Environmental Assessment Regarding Power Uprate. Dated September 1, 1998. (NRC 1998) 55

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML040690720 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (NUREG-1437, Volume 1, Addendum 1). Dated August 1999. (NRC 1999) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML003716792 Alternative Radiological Source Terms for Evaluating Design Basis Accidents at Nuclear Power Reactors (Regulatory Guide 1.183). Dated July 2000. (NRC 2000) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML033640024 Review Standard for Extended Power Uprates (RS-001). Revision 0. Dated December 2003. (NRC 2003) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML042990348 Biological Assessment, Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant, License Renewal Review, Limestone County, Alabama. Dated October 2004. (NRC 2004) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML051730443 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants: Regarding Browns Ferry Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3 Final Report (NUREG-1437, Supplement 21). Dated June 30, 2005. (NRC 2005) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML060970332 Issuance of Renewed Facility Operating License Nos. DPR-33, DPR-52, and DPR-68 for Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3. Dated May 4, 2006. (NRC 2006a) 56

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 71 FR 65009 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3Draft Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact Related to the Proposed Extended Power Uprate. Dated November 6, 2006. (NRC 2006b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 72 FR 6612 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, and 3Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact Related to the Proposed Extended Power Uprate. Dated February 12, 2007. (NRC 2007a) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML063350404 Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Unit 1Issuance of Amendment Regarding Five Percent Uprate. Dated March 6, 2007. (NRC 2007b) U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ML15075A438 Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants: Regarding Sequoyah Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 and 2 Final Report (NUREG-1437, Supplement 53). Dated March 2015. (NRC 2015) 57

Yokely P Jr. ML042800176 Mussel Study near Hobbs Island on the Tennessee River for Butler Basin Marina. Dated April 1998. (Yokely 1998) Dated at Rockville, Maryland, this 21st day of November 2016. For The Nuclear Regulatory Commission

                                  /RA/

Jeanne A. Dion, Acting Chief Plant Licensing Branch II-2 Division of Operating Reactor Licensing Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation 58]]