ML14339A430
| ML14339A430 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Beaver Valley |
| Issue date: | 11/24/2014 |
| From: | FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Shared Package | |
| ML14339A419 | List:
|
| References | |
| L-14-360 | |
| Download: ML14339A430 (160) | |
Text
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12-i CHAPTER 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 12 RADIATION PROTECTION...........................12.1-1
12.1 ENSURING THAT OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURES ARE AS LOW AS IS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE.........12.1-1
12.1.1 Policy Considerations..........................12.1-1 12.1.2 Design Considerations..........................12.1-2 12.1.3 Operational Considerations.....................12.1-4 12.2 RADIATION SOURCES..............................12.2-1
12.2.1 Contained Sources..............................12.2-1 12.2.2 Airborne Radioactive Material Sources..........12.2-6 12.2.3 References for Section 12.2....................12.2-8 12.3 RADIATION PROTECTION DESIGN FEATURES...........12.3-1
12.3.1 Facility Design Features.......................12.3-1 12.3.2 Shielding......................................12.3-10 12.3.3 Ventilation....................................12.3-23 12.3.4 Area Radiation and Airborne Radioactivity Monitoring Instrumentation.....................12.3-26 12.3.5 Testing, Inspection, Calibration, and Maintenance....................................12.3-32 12.3.6 References for Section 12.3....................12.3-32
12.4 DOSE ASSESSMENT................................12.4-1
12.4.1 Estimates of Exposure..........................12.4-1 12.4.2 Estimates of Inhalation Thyroid Doses..........12.4-2 12.4.3 Estimates of Site Area Boundary Doses..........12.4-2 12.4.4 References for Section 12.4....................12.4-3
12.5 RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM...................12.5-1
12.5.1 Organization and Responsibilities..............12.5-1 12.5.2 Facilities, Equipment, and Instrumentation.....12.5-2 12.5.3 Procedures.....................................12.5-6
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12-ii LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Title 12.2-1 Selected Parameters Used in Calculation of Design Radiation Source Inventories (Historical)
12.2-2 Equipment Locations
12.2-3 Core Inventory (Historical)
12.2-4 Source Strength of a Fuel Assembly with Radial Peaking Factor of 1.65 (Historical)
12.2-5 Radiation Source Terms, Containment Structure (Historical)
12.2-6 Regenerative Heat Exchanger and Excess Letdown Heat Exchanger (Historical)
12.2-7 Radiation Source Terms Auxiliary Building (Historical)
12.2-8 Radiation Source Terms Condensate Polishing Building (Historical)
12.2-9 Radiation Source Terms, Waste Handling Building (Historical)
12.2-10 Radiation Source Terms, Sump Water Post-LOCA (Historical)
12.2-11 Radiation Source Terms, Primary Coolant Post-LOCA (Historical)
12.2-12 Radiation Source Terms, Sample System Post-LOCA (Historical)
12.2-13 Radiation Source Terms, Containment Atmosphere Post-LOCA (Historical)
12.2-14 Radiation Source Terms, Containment Atmosphere in Systems Outside Containment Post-LOCA (Historical)
12.2-15 Reactor Coolant N-16 Activity (Historical)
12.2-16 Expected Concentrations in Fuel Pool Water (Historical)
12.2-17 Design Concentrations in Fuel Pool Water (Historical)
12.2-18 Irradiated Incore Detector and Drive Cable Maximum Withdrawal Source Strengths (Historical)
12.2-19 Irradiated Incore Detector Drive Cable Source Strengths (Historical)
12.2-20 Radiation Source Terms for Shutdown Conditions (4 Hours Decay) (Historical)
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12-iii LIST OF TABLES (Cont)
Table Number Title 12.2-21 Post-LOCA Radiation Sources
12.2-22 Radioactivity Leakage into Major Buildings (Historical)
12.2-23 Assumptions Used in the Calculation of Airborne Concentrations (Historical)
12.2-24 Radioactive Airborne Concentrations inside Major Buildings (Historical)
12.3-1 Radiation Zone Designations
12.3-2 Typical Locations for Designated Radiation Zones
12.3-3 Containment and Containment Contiguous Areas Shielding Summary 12.3-4 Post-Accident Vital Areas
12.3-5 Deleted
12.3-6 Deleted
12.3-7 Integrated Dose for One Way Trip between Control Room and Emergency Response Facility BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12-iv LIST OF TABLES (Cont)
Table Number Title 12.3-8 Valves Potentially Requiring Remote Mechanical Operation Following a DBA
12.3-9 Airborne Radiation Monitors
12.3-10 Area Radiation Monitor Locations and Ranges
12.3-11 Equipment Specification Limits for Cobalt Impurity Levels 12.3-12 Approximate Reactor Coolant System Wetted Surface Area
12.3-13 Approximate Reactor Coolant System Wetted Surface Area of Stellite
12.4-1 Man-Rem Summary for Pressurized Water Reactors (Historical)
12.4-2 1980 Collective Annual Doses by Work Function (Historical)
12.4-3 1980 Collective Annual Doses by Occupation (Historical)
12.4-4 Estimates of Percentage of Total Man-Rem and Collective Dose Equivalents for Various Work Functions
(Historical)
12.4-5 Exposure Breakdown by System for One Year of Operation at Power Plant A (Historical)
12.4-6 Exposure Breakdown by Work Group for One Year at Power Plant B (Historical)
12.4-7 Combined Exposure from Routine Work - 1978 for Three Power Plants in 1978 (Historical)
12.4-8 Estimated Annual Dose to BVPS-2 Construction Workers Due to BVPS-1 Operation (Historical)
12.4-9 Estimates of Inhalation Thyroid Dose Rates in Major Buildings (Historical)
12.4-10 Site Boundary Doses (Historical)
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12-v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number Title 12.3-1 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 692'-11"
12.3-2 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 710'-6" to 722'-6" 12.3-3 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 730'-6" to 738'-10"
12.3-4 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 745'-6" to 755'-6" 12.3-5 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 760'-0" to 774'-6" 12.3-6 Shielding Arrangement and Facilities El. 780'-6" to 798'-0" 12.3-7 Radiation Zones El. 692'-11"
12.3-8 Radiation Zones El. 710'-6" to 722'-6"
12.3-9 Radiation Zones El. 730'-6" to 738'-10"
12.3-10 Radiation Zones El. 745'-6" to 755'-6"
12.3-11 Radiation Zones El. 760'-0" to 774'-6"
12.3-12 Radiation Zones El. 780'-6" to 798'-0"
12.3-13 Radiation Zones-Shutdown/Refueling El. 692'-11"
12.3-14 Radiation Zones-Shutdown/Refueling El. 718'-6"
12.3-15 Radiation Zones-Shutdown/Refueling El. 738'-0"
12.3-16 Radiation Zones-Shutdown/Refueling El. 752'-3" to 767'-10"
12.3-17 Fuel Transfer Tube Shielding Inside Containment
12.3-18 Fuel Transfer Tube Shielding Outside Containment
12.3-19 Deleted
12.3-20 Deleted
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12-vi LIST OF FIGURES (Cont)
Figure Number Title 12.3-21 Deleted
12.3-22 Deleted
12.3-23 Deleted
12.3-24 Deleted
12.3-25 Deleted
12.3-25a Deleted
12.3-26 Deleted
12.3-26a Deleted
12.3-27 Deleted
12.3-28 Deleted
12.3-29 Deleted
12.3-30 Deleted
12.3-31 Deleted
12.3-32 Air Cleaning System Housing
12.3-33 Deleted
12.3-34 Deleted
12.3-35 Deleted
12.3-36 Deleted
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12.1-1 CHAPTER 12 RADIATION PROTECTION 12.1 ENSURING THAT OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURES ARE AS LOW AS REASONABLY ACHIEVABLE 12.1.1 Policy Considerations
BVPS management is committed to maintaining occupational radiation exposure (i.e., Total Effective Dose Equivalent-TEDE) as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). This includes maintaining the annual dose to individuals working at the station ALARA, and keeping the annual integrated dose to station personnel ALARA. It is an established policy to perform all reasonable actions necessary to reduce radiation exposure during work activities at the Beaver Valley Power Station (BVPS). This policy was implemented during the design and construction stage as well as during the operation and maintenance of the plant.
Many features have been incorporated into the Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 2 (BVPS-2) design to minimize radiation exposure. These features minimize crud development and crud traps, provide separation and shielding between radioactive components, utilize remote handling equipment, allow draining and flushing of components, and prevent the spread of airborne
contaminants. Section 12.3 discusses these design features in more detail.
The design and construction of the facility is such that occupational exposures will be ALARA. This will include ensuring, to the extent practicable, that:
- 1. Design concepts and station features reflect consideration of the personnel activities that can be anticipated which lead to exposure to substantial sources of radiation and that station design features have been provided to reduce the anticipated exposure
of station personnel to these sources of radiation.
- 2. Specifications for equipment reflect the objectives of ALARA, including among others, consideration of reliability, serviceability, and limitation of internal accumulation of radioactive material.
During the operation of BVPS-2, a comprehensive Radiation Protection Program will be implemented utilizing the guidance presented in Regulatory Guides 1.8 (1975), 8.8 (1978), and 8.10 (1975), as well as current reports of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Title 10 of the Code of
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 15 12.1-2 Federal Regulations, Part 20 provides the regulatory framework under which the ALARA philosophy is established.
A radiation protection manager is given responsibility for the development, coordination, maintenance, and effective implementation of the BVPS ALARA Program implemented via assignment of appropriate supervisory personnel to perform radiological control tasks as required. The manager is also responsible for controlling radiation exposure in a manner
consistent with ALARA requirements and is specifically responsible for the on-site radiation protection program. Responsibilities with respect to the ALARA Program include: participating in the selection of specific goals and objectives for the station, maintaining and implementing the station ALARA Program, and expediting the collection and dissemination of data and information concerning the program to management, and ensuring the radiation protection procedures are utilized, maintained current, and provides clearly established control policies, procedures, guidelines, limits and other pertinent
information.
12.1.2 Design Considerations
This section discusses the methods and features by which the ALARA policy considerations of Section 12.1.1 were applied
during the design and construction of BVPS-2.
12.1.2.1 Previous Experience
Experience from past and present engineering designs was evaluated to determine if and how equipment or facility designs could be improved to reduce personnel radiation exposure. In the design and construction of BVPS-2 this philosophy was developed and supported as follows:
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.1-3 1. Through feedback from current projects. The architect engineer's organizational arrangement provided excellent communication between radiation engineers assigned to different projects working within the same
staff group.
- 2. Through the use of problem reports generated by the architect/engineer or the results of known or reported design deficiencies in operational plants or current projects. These reports required a response from each current project describing the design change or administrative control to be incorporated to ensure ALARA. 3. Through the use of available sources of information such as U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) event reports and operating experience bulletin information.
- 4. Through adherence to facility and equipment design practices to reduce radiation levels and maintenance.
BVPS-2 complies with Regulatory Guide 8.8, Revision 3,
Section C.2 which recommends design features identified by experiences at operating stations.
These practices are governed by Regulatory Guide 8.8 which identifies specific design features that should be considered in the engineering design to limit occupational radiation exposure to ALARA. Details are
presented in Section 12.3.1.
12.1.2.2 Design Guidance
Equipment and plant design considerations support the ALARA concept by reducing the need for maintenance, BVPS-2 radiation levels, and time spent where maintenance and other operational activities are required. These considerations include:
- 1. Providing reliable and durable equipment and components,
- 2. Providing corrosion-resistant materials,
- 3. Providing redundancy of equipment,
- 4. Providing sufficient access space to equipment and piping,
- 5. Providing remote or mechanical devices to operate, repair, service, monitor, or inspect equipment,
- 6. Providing provisions for draining, flushing, and cleaning of equipment and piping which contain radioactive material,
- 7. Minimizing the buildup of radioactive materials in the system by continuous purification and chemistry
- control,
- 8. Providing adequate space around equipment for ease of maintenance, BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12.1-4 9. Isolating radiation sources from equipment to be serviced by permanent and portable shielding,
- 10. Using remote handling devices,
- 11. Providing equipment arrangement and design that permits quick removal of items to be serviced,
- 12. Providing design features such as sealed valves, welded connections, and hard-pipe to valve stem leakoff connections,
- 13. Ventilation flow from low to high radiation zones, and
- 14. Physical barriers such as gates for controlling access to high radiation zones.
Designer guidance was provided with standards which ensured that the overall plant design met acceptable engineering standards. Guidelines were provided to ensure that the design review was in accordance with Regulatory Guide 8.8.
12.1.2.3 ALARA Design Review
In addition to the expertise in radiation reduction applied by the architect/engineer, the applicants' personnel were involved with the operation of Shippingport Atomic Power Station since 1957 and of Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 1 since 1976. Thus, a great deal of actual experience in solving radiation design problems and techniques, went into the design review of
BVPS-2. 12.1.3 Operational Considerations
The Beaver Valley Power Station radiation protection procedures establish criteria for maintaining radiation exposure ALARA during operation of BVPS-2. Additionally, the manual includes
detailed procedures specifying administrative control of the program, the requirements for ALARA review, methods to be utilized in reducing radiation exposure to personnel, and documentation requirements.
12.1.3.1 ALARA Procedures To assure that adequate emphasis is placed on the necessity to minimize personnel exposure, ALARA procedures will be incorporated in the Radiation Protection Program. These procedures implement considerations of such topics as ALARA training, ALARA review of applicable Radiological Work Permits (RWP), worker feedback, and special task training and evaluation of proposed changes in applicable facilities or equipment. The ALARA procedures provide the necessary basis for instruction of station personnel.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 15 12.1-5 12.1.3.2 Organization A description of the radiation protection organization and the responsibilities of each position is contained in Section 12.5.1. With regard to the institution of ALARA policies, a radiation protection manager is responsible for the development, coordination, maintenance, and implementation of the BVPS ALARA program, via assignment of appropriate supervisory personnel who will routinely interface with first line supervisors in planning work in radiation areas and in post job review of the work
performed.
12.1.3.3 Operating Experience
The Radiological Work Permit system described in section 12.5.3.1.1 provides a mechanism for the collection and evaluation of data relating to personnel exposure. This information is collated by systems and/or components and job function, and will assist in evaluating design or procedure
changes intended to minimize future radiation exposure.
12.1.3.4 Exposure Reduction
Specific exposure reduction techniques that will be employed at BVPS-2 are described in Section 12.5.3.4. Procedures will assure
that applicable station activities are completed with adequate preparation and planning; work is performed with appropriate radiation protection recommendations and support; and results of
post job data evaluations are applied to implement improvements.
In addition, all responsible management will at all times be vigilant for means to reduce exposure by considering employee suggestions, evaluating origins of plant exposure and investigating unusual exposure. The radiation protection staff
shall ensure that adequate radiological control supplies and instrumentation are available.
Periodic management reviews are conducted for all Beaver Valley Power Station programs to ensure that workers are receiving adequate instruction in ALARA and radiation protection
requirements. Implementation of the Radiation Protection Program, selected procedures, and past exposure records will also be reviewed. Management will perform formal reviews of the
Beaver Valley Power Station Radiation Protection Program.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-1 12.2 RADIATION SOURCES 12.2.1 Contained Sources
The radiation source terms used for shield design analyses are based upon full power operation, shutdown conditions, and accident conditions. Normal operation source locations are shown on Figures 12.3-1, 12.3-2, 12.3-3, 12.3-4, 12.3-5 and 12.3-6. The radiation sources and associated input parameters, assumptions and methodology described in this section represent those used to establish the original shielding design and are retained for historical purposes. In accordance with the original design basis, the radiation sources in the core, coolant and downstream process and effluent systems presented herein are based on a core power level of 2766 MWt, a one year fuel cycle length and 1% fuel element defects.
Core power uprate to 2900 MWt will increase the isotopic inventory in plant radioactive fluids by approximately the percentage increase in the core power level relative to that used to establish original design. The inventory of long lived isotopes will exhibit an additional increase due to the increase in fuel cycle length. The assessment of impact of power uprate on adequacy of existing plant shielding and on radwaste effluents is discussed in Section 12.3 and Sections 11.2 through 11.4, respectively.
Radiation source terms used in Chapter 15 dose analyses, and the bases for those source terms may differ from the shielding
design values herein.
The sources of radioactivity contained in the streams of the various radioactive waste management systems are the nuclides generated in the reactor core, the activation of nuclides in the reactor coolant system (RCS) and the air surrounding the reactor vessel. Tables 11.1-3 and 12.2-1 present the principal parameters which were used in establishing normal operation design radiation source inventories in support of the original license. Locations for equipment containing all major sources in normal operation are outlined in Table 12.2-2. The reactor core source description is similar to that given in Section 4.1.1 of Topical Report RP-8A (SWEC 1975).
The activity of a spent fuel assembly is calculated using appropriate fission yields, decay constants, and thermal neutron cross-sections. Isotopic inventories are based on full power
operation. The core inventory at shutdown and 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> after shutdown based on a core power level of 2766 MWt and a one year fuel cycle length is given in Table 12.2-3. The corresponding source strength in MeV/sec, assuming a radial peaking factor of 1.65 for one fuel assembly, is given in Table 12.2-4. The above inventories were used in shielding and accident analyses supporting the original license and are retained here for historical purposes.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.2-2 The core inventory at shutdown based on the uprated core power level of 2918 MWt and an 18 month fuel cycle length is presented
in Table 15.0-7a. Table 15.7-6a lists the corresponding noble gas, halogen and alkali metal core inventory at 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> after
shutdown.
The primary and secondary side system inventories based on a core power level of 2766 MWt and a one year fuel cycle length
are given in Tables 11.1-2, 11.1-6, and 11.1-7. Based on selected data in Topical Report RP-8A (SWEC 1975), source strengths for various auxiliary systems are presented in Tables
12.2-5, 12.2-6, 12.2-7, 12.2-8 and 12.2-9. The above inventories were used in shielding analyses supporting the
original license and are retained for historical purposes.
The design primary and secondary side system inventories based on a core power level of 2918 MWt and an 18 month fuel cycle
length are given in Table 15.0-8b.
Sources used in the evaluation of equipment qualification and post-accident access doses are determined using NUREG-0737 (USNRC 1980) values for fractional releases of the core inventory which is given in Table 12.2-3. The specific activities for the contained accident sources are given for
various times from T=0 to T=6 months after the accident in
Tables 12.2-10, 12.2-11, 12.2-12, 12.2-13 and 12.2-14. The above inventories were used in the evaluation of equipment qualification and post-accident access doses supporting the
original license and are retained here for historical purposes.
As noted in Section 3.11, the current, ongoing program of environmental qualification for electrical equipment is in accordance with the provisions of 10CFR50.49 and is implemented
at BVPS-2 through several administrative procedures. The impact
of power uprate on equipment qualification has been incorporated
accordingly.
The assessment of impact of power uprate on post-accident access
doses is discussed in Section 12.3.
A discussion of systems which contain major sources of radiation
follows.
12.2.1.1 Sources for Normal Full Power Operation Shield Design
The main sources of activity during normal full power operation are N-16 from coolant activation processes, fission products
from fuel clad defects, and corrosion and activation products.
Each BVPS-2 system is shielded according to the amount of activity present and adjacent zoning and access criteria. The systems which are the major contributors to radiation levels in
the plant are:
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-3 1. Reactor coolant system (RCS)
- 2. Chemical and volume control system (CVCS),
- 3. Boron recovery system (BRS),
- 4. Fuel pool cooling and cleanup system,
- 5. Gaseous, liquid, and solid waste systems,
- 6. Condensate polishing system (CPS) and resin dewatering system, and
- 7. Incore instrumentation system.
12.2.1.1.1 Reactor Coolant System
Major sources in the RCS are the hot and cold leg reactor coolant piping, the pressurizer, and the steam generators. All components are located in the containment structure. Table 12.2-5 presents the respective radiation source terms.
The N-16 activity in the coolant is the controlling radiation source in the design of the RCS secondary shielding and is given in Table 12.2-15 as a function of transport time in a reactor
coolant loop.
As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.1.1.2 Chemical and Volume Control System One of the purposes of the CVCS (Section 9.3.4) is to provide continuous purification of the reactor coolant water. The major equipment items include:
- 1. Regenerative and excess letdown heat exchangers,
- 2. Mixed bed and cation bed demineralizers,
- 3. Reactor coolant filter,
- 4. Volume control tank,
- 5. Charging pumps, and
- 6. Seal water subsystem.
The seal water subsystem for the reactor coolant pumps includes the injection and return filters, and the seal water heat exchanger.
The regenerative heat exchanger and the excess letdown heat exchanger are located within the containment. The regenerative heat exchanger, combined with the letdown heat exchanger, provides for the initial cooling of the reactor coolant letdown.
The excess letdown heat exchanger provides initial cooling for
the reactor coolant letdown
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-4 during start-up and shutdown, and when the letdown heat exchanger is out of service.
The N-16 activity dominates the dose contribution from the regenerative heat exchanger and the excess letdown heat exchanger during normal power operation. Table 12.2-6 presents the regenerative heat exchanger and excess letdown heat
exchanger radiation source terms.
The balance of the CVCS equipment is located in the auxiliary
building where N-16 is not a significant problem due to its short half-life and the travel time from the reactor core.
Radiation source terms for the components located in the
auxiliary building are given in Table 12.2-7. As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.1.1.3 Boron Recovery System The BRS (Section 9.3.4.6) selectively removes gases from the reactor coolant letdown flow. The BRS provides facilities for the degasification, cesium removal, and filtration of reactor coolant letdown.
Principal components of the BRS are:
- 1. Degasifiers and associated heat exchangers and pumps,
- 2. Coolant recovery filters, and
- 3. Cesium removal ion exchanger.
All components are located in the auxiliary building. Source terms are listed in Table 12.2-7. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.1.1.4 Fuel Pool Cooling and Cleanup System The fuel pool cooling and cleanup system (Section 9.1.3) removes heat and radioactive impurities generated by the stored spent fuel assemblies. The cleanup system reduces radiation levels in the working area contiguous to the spent fuel storage pool and
maintains the optical clarity in the spent fuel storage pool and the refueling cavity.
The expected and design concentrations in the fuel pool water are given in Tables 12.2-16 and 12.2-17, respectively. The expected and design primary coolant activities are assumed to be homogeneously mixed with the water of the refueling cavity, fuel transfer canal, and spent fuel pool. Primary coolant activities are based on 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> of cleanup immediately following reactor
shutdown.
Components that contain major radiation source terms are the fuel pool demineralizer and the fuel pool filters which are located in the BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-5 auxiliary building. Radiation source terms are presented in Table 12.2-7. As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.1.1.5 Condensate Polishing System and Resin Dewatering System The CPS (Section 10.4.6) removes impurities from the condensate to provide high quality feedwater to the steam generators. The resin dewatering system removes water from the spent condensate
demineralizer resin in preparation for offsite disposal.
Major components include the condensate demineralizer tanks, the resin dewatering filters, the backwash hold tank, and the resin sludge tank. All components are located in the condensate polishing building. Source terms are presented in Table 12.2-8. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.1.1.6 Liquid, Gaseous, and Solid Waste Systems
These systems are designed to collect, process, and store liquid, gaseous, and solid wastes, as described in Sections 11.2, 11.3, and 11.4.
Major components of the gaseous waste system are the charcoal delay beds, the overhead gas compressors, the gaseous waste storage tank, and the waste gas surge tank. This equipment is located in the auxiliary building, except for the storage tanks which are located in the gaseous waste storage vault. Radiation
source terms for these components are presented in Table 12.2-7.
Components of the liquid waste systems include the liquid waste tanks, the steam generator blowdown (SGB) hold tanks, test tanks, and evaporators. These evaporators will be used as liquid waste evaporators. All components, except the SGB evaporators and SGB hold tanks, are located in the auxiliary building. Radiation source terms are presented in Table 12.2-7.
The SGB evaporators and hold tanks are located in the waste
handling building. Radiation source terms are presented in Table 12.2-9.
Major radioactive sources in the solid waste system include spent resins and evaporator bottoms. Components include the
spent resin hold tank, resin decant tank, resin sludge tank, and spent resin transfer pumps. All equipment, except the spent resin transfer pumps, is located in the condensate polishing building. Radiation source terms are presented in Table 12.2-8. As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-6 12.2.1.1.7 Incore Instrumentation System The incore instrumentation system (Section 4.4.6) provides information on the neutron flux distribution and fuel assembly outlet temperatures at selected core locations. The incore detectors and portions of the incore detector drive cables will become activated during use.
All components of this system are located within the containment. Source terms for the neutron flux detectors and detector cables without decay are presented in Table 12.2-18. Source terms for detector drive cables with decay are presented in Table 12.2-19. As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.1.2 Sources for Shutdown Conditions
In the reactor shutdown condition, the only additional source of radiation requiring shielding is the residual heat removal (RHR) system (Section 5.4.7), and the excess letdown heat exchanger. The excess letdown heat exchanger is discussed in Section 12.2.1.1.2.
The maximum specific source strengths in the RHR loop are given in Table 12.2-20. The RHR loop is placed in operation
approximately 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> after reactor shutdown and reduces the reactor coolant temperature to approximately 120F within 20 hours2.314815e-4 days <br />0.00556 hours <br />3.306878e-5 weeks <br />7.61e-6 months <br /> after shutdown. The sources are maximum values with credit taken for 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> of activity decay and purification.
As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.1.3 Sources for Design Basis Accident
The loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) is the design basis accident (DBA) used to develop the radiation environment for equipment qualification, the radiation protection program, the post-accident access study, and shield design. The post-LOCA radiation sources of importance are listed in Table 12.2-21, along with the fractions of core activity mixed in the respective fluids. The core inventory is presented in Table 12.2-3. Equipment and systems containing these fluids are described in the following sections. Additional post-accident sources applicable to the Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 2 (BVPS-2) design are described in Section 12.3.2.10.
As indicated earlier, Table 12.2-3 was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-7 12.2.1.3.1 Sump Water Sump water is a radiation source both inside and outside containment. The equipment outside containment containing sump water is the safety injection system piping and pumps; the recirculation spray system piping, coolers, and pumps; and the charging pumps and associated piping. The sump water source terms at various times from T=0 to T=6 months after LOCA are given in Table 12.2-10. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.1.3.2 Primary Coolant Primary coolant is a radiation source in the pressurizer, primary coolant lines, primary side of the steam generators' emergency coolant system, and as an airborne source from leakage of these components. The primary coolant source terms at various times from T=0 to T=6 months after LOCA are given in Table 12.2-11. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.1.3.3 Post-Accident Sample System License Amendment 123 eliminated the commitment to have and
maintain a Post Accident Sampling System (PASS), and utilize this system in the short term following an accident. This evaluation of the system as a potential radiation source is
being maintained because the system has not been removed.
Sample water from the primary coolant system is depressurized and cooled. Therefore, the primary coolant specific activities shown in Table 12.2-11 are multiplied by the appropriate density correction factor to obtain the sample water specific activities. Sample system water is contained in piping and equipment in the post-accident sample area. The sample water source terms at various times from T=0 to T=6 months after LOCA
are given in Table 12.2-12. As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.1.3.4 Containment Atmosphere Containment atmosphere is a radiation source within the containment building, and a radiation source to areas outside the containment through: 1) containment penetrations such as the personnel hatch and main steam line penetrations, and 2) containment atmosphere shine through the containment dome. The containment atmosphere source terms at various times from T=0 to T=6 months after LOCA are given in Table 12.2-13. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-8 12.2.1.3.5 Containment Atmosphere In Systems Outside Containment Specific components and equipment which contain the containment
atmosphere and are located outside containment include containment vacuum leakage monitoring piping, hydrogen control system piping, hydrogen analyzers and associated piping, and the containment purge blower. The containment atmosphere source terms (outside containment) at various times from T=0 to T=6
months after LOCA are given in Table 12.2-14. As indicated earlier, the table referenced above was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
12.2.2 Airborne Radioactive Material Sources
The radioactive nuclides contained in the reactor coolant system and in the air surrounding the reactor vessel are the principal sources of airborne radionuclides. Sources derived from reactor coolant which leaks into BVPS-2 buildings result in the release of airborne contamination. The airborne radioactivity sources, which contribute to BVPS-2 effluent releases through both the radioactive waste management system and the BVPS-2 ventilation system, are described in Chapter 11.
Radioactivity leakage rates into the containment structure, turbine building, and auxiliary building are listed in Table 12.2-22. The expected case assumptions used in the calculation of radioactive airborne concentrations (Table 12.2-23) are, where applicable, taken from NUREG-0017 (USNRC 1976) and include normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences. The design case assumptions in Table 12.2-23 represent short term degradation in systems or in-system performance which is not expected to persist for extended periods of time. Airborne
radioactivity at other locations is negligible.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.2-9 The design and expected radioactive airborne concentrations inside the containment structure, turbine building, and auxiliary building are listed in Table 12.2-24. The models used in calculating the radioactive airborne concentrations in the various buildings are given as follows.
However, airborne levels in general access areas of the
auxiliary and turbine buildings are expected to be significantly lower than the airborne levels in the equipment cubicles of these buildings. This occurs because ventilation flow paths are normally directed from areas with less potential for contamination to areas with greater potential for contamination. Activity released from relief valve venting in auxiliary building cubicles is precluded from reaching general access areas because of the ventilation system.
As indicated earlier, the tables referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.2.1 Containment Structure
The containment structure is not normally occupied. Radiological control procedures to control access are discussed in Section 12.5.
After shutdown, the containment purge air system further reduces the airborne activity within the containment structure. Sources from the reactor vessel head removal in preparation for refueling operations are expected to be negligible due to evacuation of the dead air space in the vessel head prior to its
removal.
Radioactivity associated with primary coolant leakage is
distributed uniformly in the containment atmosphere by the containment atmosphere recirculation system. Removal occurs through radioactive decay, and purging.
The containment atmosphere tritium concentration is calculated assuming the atmospheric water vapor has the same concentration
(Ci of tritium per gram of water) as the reactor coolant leakage.
12.2.2.2 Turbine Building For the purposes of calculation, it is assumed that radioactivity associated with steam leakage is uniformly distributed by the turbine building ventilation system (Section 9.4.4). Removal occurs through decay and ventilation exhaust. The tritium concentration in the turbine building is calculated assuming that all the steam leakage into the turbine building remains gaseous. Resulting airborne concentrations of
radionuclides are negligible.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.2-10 12.2.2.3 Auxiliary Building For the purpose of calculation, it is assumed that radioactivity associated with primary coolant leakage is uniformly distributed by the auxiliary building ventilation system (Section 9.4.3).
Removal occurs through decay and ventilation exhaust.
The tritium concentration in the auxiliary building atmosphere is conservatively calculated assuming all the primary coolant leakage into the auxiliary building evaporates. But, in fact,
the leakage is collected in sumps and drains and is not generally available for evaporation.
12.2.2.4 Fuel Building The fuel building ventilation system is described in Section
9.4.2. Non-tritium fuel building activity is negligible because the primary system is degassed for 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> prior to removal of the vessel head. The tritium concentration in the fuel building atmosphere is based on a yearly average release rate into the
fuel building due to evaporation.
Expected and design fuel pool concentrations are given in Tables 12.2-16 and 12.2-17, respectively. The fuel building tritium airborne concentration is 3.1x10
-6 Ci/cm3 expected and 7.6x10
-6 Ci/cm3 design.
As indicated earlier, the tables and concentration information referenced above were developed in support of the original license and are considered historical.
12.2.3 References for Section 12.2
Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation (SWEC) 1975. Radiation Shielding Design and Analysis Approach for Light Water Reactor
Power Plants. Topical Report RP-8A.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) 1976. Calculations of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR-GALE Code).
USNRC 1980. Clarification of TMI Action Plan Requirements.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Tables for Section 12.2
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-1 [HISTORICAL]
SELECTED PARAMETERS USED IN CALCULATION OF DESIGN RADIATION SOURCE INVENTORIES
Characteristic Parameters Power level (MWt) 2,766 Failed fuel fraction
- 0.01 Primary to secondary leak rate (gpd) 144 Reactor operating time (days) 650 NOTE:
- Failed fuel fraction of 0.01 indicates the failure of the fuel which produces 1 percent of the reactor power.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.2-2 EQUIPMENT LOCATIONS
Source UFSAR Section Equipment Location Figure Core 4 12.3-1 Regenerative heat exchanger 9.3.4 12.3-2 Excess letdown heat exchanger 9.3.4 12.3-2 RHR heat exchanger A & B 5.4.7 12.3-2 Boric acid filter 9.3.4 12.3-2 Fuel pool ion exchanger 9.1.3 12.3-2 Fuel pool filter A & B 9.1.3 12.3-2 Coolant recovery filter A & B 9.3.4.6 12.3-2 Cesium demineralizer A & B 9.3.4.6 12.3-2 Mixed bed demineralizer A & B 9.3.4 12.3-2 Cation bed demineralizer 9.3.4 12.3-2 Deborating demineralizer A & B 9.3.4 12.3-2 Seal water filter 9.3.4 12.3-2 Seal water injection filter A &
B 9.3.4 12.3-2 Reactor coolant filter 9.3.4 12.3-2 Volume control tank 9.3.4 12.3-4 Boric acid tank A & B 9.3.4 12.3-4 Boric acid transfer pump A & B 9.3.4 12.3-4 Liquid waste tank A & B 11.2 12.3-2 Degasifier recirculating pump A & B
9.3.4.6 12.3-2 Waste gas surge tank 11.3 12.3-2 Liquid waste pump A & B 11.2 12.3-2 Seal water heat exchanger 9.3.4 12.3-3 Letdown heat exchanger 9.3.4 12.3-3 Charging pump A, B, C 9.3.4 12.3-3 Degasifier A & B 9.3.4.6 12.3-3 Waste gas charcoal delay beds 11.3 12.3-3 Air ejector charcoal delay beds 11.3 12.3-4 Primary drains transfer tank 9.3.3 12.3-2 Condensate demineralizer (A, B, C, D, E)
10.4.6 12.3-4 Condensate backwash hold tank 10.4.6 12.3-2 Condensate backwash feed tank 10.4.6 12.3-2 Resin dewatering filter (A & B) 10.4.6 12.3-5 Resin sludge tank 10.4.6 12.3-4 Resin hold tank 10.4.6 12.3-4 Resin decant tank 10.4.6 12.3-3 Steam generator blowdown/
liquid waste evaporators
11.2 12.3-2 Steam generator blowdown/
liquid waste hold tanks
11.2 12.3-3 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 2 of 2 TABLE 12.2-2 (Cont)
Source UFSAR Section Equipment Location Figure Evaporator bottoms hold tank 11.2 12.3-2 Overhead gas compressors 11.3 12.3-2 Gaseous waste storage tanks 11.3 12.3-2 Cleanup filter 11.2 12.3-2 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 4 TABLE 12.2-3 [HISTORICAL]
CORE INVENTORY Nuclide 0-Hour Decay (Ci) 100-Hour Decay (Ci) Kr-83m 0.12x10 14 0.16x102 Kr-85m 0.30x10 14 0.43x107 Kr-85 0.68x10 12 0.68x1012 Kr-87 0.59x10 14
- Kr-88 0.83x10 14 0.13x104 Kr-89 0.11x10 15
- Xe-131m 0.42x10 12 0.40x1012 Xe-133m 0.37x10 13 0.17x1013 Xe-133 0.16x10 15 0.11x1015 Xe-135m 0.42x10 14 0.14x1010 Xe-135 0.41x10 14 0.21x1012 Xe-137 0.14x10 15
- Xe-138 0.14x10 15
- I-129 0.17x10 7 0.17x107 I-131 0.69x10 14 0.50x1014 I-132 0.99x10 14 0.42x1014 I-133 0.16x10 15 0.55x1013 I-134 0.18x10 15
- I-135 0.14x10 15 0.45x1010 I-136 0.72x10 14
- Br-83 0.12x10 14 0.35x101 Br-84 0.22x10 14
- Br-85 0.30x10 14
- Br-87 0.58x10 14
- Se-81 0.42x10 13
- Se-83 0.51x10 13
- Se-84 0.22x10 14
- Rb-88 0.83x10 14 0.15x104 Rb-89 0.11x10 15
- Rb-90 0.14x10 15
- Rb-91 0.13x10 15
- Rb-92 0.10x10 15
- Sr-89 0.11x10 15 0.10x1015 Sr-90 0.55x10 13 0.55x1013 Sr-91 0.14x10 15 0.10x1012 Sr-92 0.12x10 15 0.79x103 Sr-93 0.14x10 15
- Sr-94 0.11x10 15
- BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 2 of 4 TABLE 12.2-3 (Cont)
Nuclide 0-Hour Decay (Ci) 100-Hour Decay (Ci) Y-90 0.54x10 13 0.55x1013 Y-91m 0.79x10 14 0.46x1011 Y-91 0.14x10 15 0.13x1015 Y-92 0.14x10 15 0.16x107 Y-93 0.14x10 15 0.16x1012 Y-94 0.13x10 15
- Y-95 0.14x10 15
- Zr-95 0.14x10 15 0.14x1015 Zr-97 0.14x10 15 0.22x1013 Nb-95m 0.29x10 13 0.28x1013 Nb-95 0.15x10 15 0.15x1015 Nb-97m 0.13x10 15 0.21x1013 Nb-97 0.14x10 15 0.24x1013 Mo-99 0.14x10 15 0.51x1014 Mo-101 0.12x10 15
- Mo-102 0.97x10 14
- Mo-105 0.21x10 14
- Tc-99m 0.13x10 15 0.48x1014 Tc-101 0.23x10 15
- Tc-102 0.97x10 14
- Tc-105 0.28x10 14
- Ru-103 0.70x10 14 0.65x1014 Ru-105 0.21x10 14 0.34x107 Ru-106 0.65x10 13 0.65x1013 Ru-107 0.44x10 13
- Rh-103m 0.70x10 14 0.65x1014 Rh-105m 0.21x10 14 0.34x107 Rh-105 0.21x10 14 0.30x1013 Rh-106 0.65x10 13 0.65x1013 Rh-107 0.44x10 13
- Sn-127 0.26x10 13
- Sn-128 0.86x10 13
- Sn-130 0.26x10 14
- Sb-127 0.32x10 13 0.15x1013 Sb-128 0.12x10 13
- Sb-129 0.23x10 14 0.27x107 Sb-130 0.46x10 14
- Sb-131 0.63x10 14
- BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 3 of 4 TABLE 12.2-3 (Cont)
Nuclide 0-Hour Decay (Ci) 100-Hour Decay (Ci) Sb-132 0.78x10 14
- Sb-133 0.79x10 14
- Te-127m 0.69x10 12 0.73x1012 Te-127 0.75x10 12 0.20x1013 Te-129m 0.13x10 14 0.12x1014 Te-129 0.25x10 14 0.12x1014 Te-131m 0.10x10 14 0.10x1013 Te-131 0.61x10 14 0.21x1012 Te-132 0.99x10 14 0.40x1014 Te-133m 0.11x10 15
- Te-133 0.70x10 14
- Te-134 0.16x10 15
- Cs-137 0.58x10 13 0.58x1013 Cs-138 0.16x10 15
- Cs-139 0.15x10 15
- Cs-140 0.14x10 15
- Cs-142 0.77x10 14
- Ba-137m 0.54x10 13 0.53x1013 Ba-139 0.15x10 15
- Ba-140 0.15x10 15 0.12x1015 Ba-141 0.14x10 15
- Ba-142 0.13x10 15
- La-140 0.15x10 15 0.13x1015 La-141 0.14x10 15 0.26x107 La-142 0.14x10 15
- La-143 0.14x10 15
- Ce-141 0.14x10 15 0.13x1015 Ce-143 0.14x10 15 0.17x1014 Ce-144 0.99x10 14 0.98x1014 Ce-145 0.90x10 14
- Ce-146 0.67x10 14
- Pr-143 0.14x10 15 0.12x1015 Pr-144 0.99x10 14 0.98x1014 Pr-145 0.90x10 14 0.84x109 Pr-146 0.68x10 14
- Nd-147 0.51x10 14 0.39x1014 Nd-149 0.24x10 14
- Nd-151 0.97x10 13
- BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 4 of 4 TABLE 12.2-3 (Cont)
Nuclide 0-Hour Decay (Ci) 100-Hour Decay (Ci) Pm-147 0.17x10 14 0.17x1014 Pm-149 0.24x10 14 0.67x1013 Pm-151 0.97x10 13 0.85x1012 Sm-151 0.77x10 10 0.80x1010 Sm-153 0.36x10 13 0.81x1012 NOTE:
- Less than 1.0 microcurie.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-4 [HISTORICAL]
SOURCE STRENGTH OF A FUEL ASSEMBLY WITH RADIAL PEAKING FACTOR OF 1.65
Energy Group (MeV) 0-Hour Decay (MeV/sec) 100-Hour Decay (MeV/sec) 0.4 1.7x10 17 2.6x1016 0.8 7.6x10 17 1.6x1017 1.3 7.4x10 17 1.2x1016 1.7 6.1x10 17 8.3x1016 2.2 1.4x10 17 2.4x1015 2.5 2.2x10 17 6.0x1015 3.5 5.3x10 17 1.6x1014 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-5 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV)
Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 6.10 Source Volume cm3 Steam generator* 3.6x10 1 1.6x102 4.3x101 2.1x101 4.1x100 1.9x100 1.7x100 -- 5.86x10 7 Reactor coolant piping 9.5x104 2.3x105 1.0x105 1.0x105 8.6x104 1.1x105 2.5x104 1.4x107 2.65x108** Pressurizer (liquid) 1.5x10 4 4.8x104 8.0x103 3.3x103 5.0x102 6.9x101 9.1x101 1.8x105 2.31x107 (gas) 1.3x10 6 1.7x102 1.9x102 1.1x103 3.4x103 5.0x103 -- -- 1.65x10 7 Reactor core 5.9x10 1 1 2.7x101 22.9x101 22.3x101 25.4x101 1 8.0x101 12.1x101 2 -- 2.63x10 7
NOTES:
- The source intensities listed are for the shell side of the steam generator.
The source intensities for the primary side are the same as those for the reactor coolant piping.
- This is the volume of the total reactor coolant.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-6 [HISTORICAL]
REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER AND EXCESS LETDOWN HEAT EXCHANGER Gamma Energy MeV Regenerative Shell (9.0 ft
- 3) Excess Letdown Tubes (1.0 ft
- 3) Regenerative Tubes (3.0 ft
- 3) Specific Source Strength (MeV/g-sec) 0.1 3.2x105 3.2x105 0.4 1.5x105 7.2x104 0.8 2.6x105 4.3x104 1.3 1.4x105 1.7x104 1.7 1.2x105 2.6x104 2.2 1.9x105 3.9x104 2.5 1.7x105 9.2x104 3.5 1.9x104 1.9x103 6.1 2.2x106 - 7.1 1.8x105 - The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.2-7 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS AUXILIARY BUILDING Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV)
Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 Source Volume (cm3) Boric acid filter 1.4x105 4.7x105 9.9x103 7.2x103 1.5x103 8.2x102 5.9x102 4.90x104 Fuel pool ion exchanger 4.8x104 4.4x107 7.0x106 -- 2.0x10 5 6.4x103 1.3x103 1.42x105 Fuel pool filter A & B 2.7x102 2.5x105 4.0x104 -- 1.1x10 3 4.9x101 7.3x100 2.50x105 Coolant recovery filter A & B 2.5x105 1.8x107 1.4x104 8.2x103 1.6x103 1.6x103 1.1x103 7.08x104 Cesium demineralizer A & B 1.8x106 1.3x108 1.0x105 6.0x104 1.2x104 1.2x104 7.8x103 9.70x105 Mixed bed demineralizer A & B 1.2x10 8 2.8x108 3.3x108 1.2x107 3.7x106 2.5x105 1.8x105 8.50x105 Cation bed demineralizer 2.1x105 2.7x108 8.9x106 -- -- -- -- 5.66x10 5 Deborating demineralizer A & B 6.5x10 5 3.1x105 9.4x104 5.9x104 8.4x104 8.5x104 -- 1.22x10 6 Seal water filter 5.0x105 5.7x107 1.6x107 1.3x105 2.1x105 1.9x105 2.1x105 1.78x105 Seal water injection filter A & B 5.0x10 5 1.0x108 2.6x107 1.3x105 2.1x105 1.9x105 2.1x105 2.89x104 Reactor coolant filter 3.0x107 6.5x107 7.1x106 2.5x106 8.6x105 5.9x104 4.2x104 3.55x104 Volume control tank (liquid) 8.2x10 3 5.7x104 2.8x104 4.2x104 2.0x103 1.3x104 1.0x104 3.54x106 (gas) 5.6x103 1.5x105 8.2x10-2 1.1x10-1 2.9x10-1 3.6x10-1 5.9x10-2 4.96x106 Boric acid tank A & B 2.3x104 9.7x105 4.9x104 4.6x102 1.1x102 6.0x101 1.3x10-2 5.15x107 Boric acid transfer pump A & B 2.3 x10 4 9.7x105 4.9x104 4.6x102 1.1x102 6.0x101 1.3x10-2
- Liquid waste tank A & B 2.8x103 1.9x105 7.9x104 5.1x104 1.2x104 8.9x101 1.7x101 1.89x107 Degassifier recirculating pump A & B 8.2x10 3 5.7x104 2.8x104 4.2x104 2.0x103 1.3x104 1.0x104
- Waste gas surge tank 1.3x104 1.9x105 1.5x103 1.8x103 4.9x103 6.1x103 1.1x103 1.47x106 Liquid waste pump A & B 2.8x103 1.9x105 7.9x104 5.1x104 1.2x104 8.9x101 1.7x101
- BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.2-7 (Cont)
Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV)
Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 ` Source Volume (cm3) Seal water heat exchanger 5.0x105 1.0 x108 2.6 x107 1.3 x105 2.1 x10 5 1.9 x105 2.1 x105 1.21 x10 5 Letdown heat exchanger 1.5 x105 2.5 x105 1.1 x105 1.2 x105 9.5 x10 4 1.3 x105 3.7 x104 3.46 x10 5 Charging pump A, B, C 1.5 x105 2.5 x105 1.1 x105 1.2 x105 9.5 x10 4 1.3 x105 3.7 x104
- Degassifier A & B (liquid) 8.2 x10 3 5.7 x104 2.8 x104 4.2 x104 2.0 x10 3 1.3 x104 1.0 x104 5.70 x10 6 (vapor) 1.5 x103 1.2 x103 7.4 x101 6.4 x102 1.8 x10 3 2.4 x103 7.8x101 7.10 x10 6 Waste gas charcoal delay beds A 8.1 x10 7 2.8 x106 1.4 x106 2.0 x106 5.2 x10 6 7.5 x106 1.0 x106 8.48 x10 5 B-D 1.6 x107 4.4 x104 3.3 x104 4.3 x104 1.2 x10 5 1.5 x105 2.3 x104 8.48 x10 5 Air ejector charcoal delay beds A-L 1.2 x10 5 1.5 x104 2.8 x103 2.9 x103 4.9 x10 3 6.8 x103 9.4 x102 1.56 x10 6 Primary drains transfer tank 9.4 x10 4 2.1 x105 9.5 x104 8.5 x104 7.1 x10 4 1.0 x105 1.7 x104 3.46 x10 6 Overhead gas compressors A & B 1.3 x10 4 1.9 x105 1.5 x103 1.8 x103 4.9 x10 3 6.1 x103 1.1 x103 1.42 x10 4 Gaseous waste storage tanks** 6.0 x10 5 2.4 x107 0.8 x103 5.3 x104 1.5 x10 5 2.0 x105 0.0 3.74 x10 6 Cleanup filter 1.5 x106 5.9 x107 4.4 x106 7.7 x104 6.2 x10 2 3.3 x103 1.9 x102 2.90 x10 4 NOTES: *Pump volumes are small compared to volume of associated piping. **Gaseous waste storage tanks are located underground, north of fuel building in the gaseous waste storage vault. The tank spectrum corresponds to the technical specification limit for activity assuming the total activity is in one gaseous waste storage tank.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-8 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV)
Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 Source Volume (cm3) Condensate demineralizer (A, B, C, D and E) 4.1x105 1.4x106 1.8x105 3.0 x104 7.6 x10 3 2.4 x103 3.8 x101 1.32 x10 5 Condensate backwash receiving tank 2.9 x10 3 9.7 x103 1.3 x103 2.1 x102 5.4 x10 1 1.7 x101 2.8 x10-1 1.85 x10 7 Condensate backwash feed tank 1.6 x10 4 1.0 x106 4.4x104 8.2 x102 1.6 x10 2 6.3 x101 7.1 x10-1 4.84 x10 5 Resin dewatering filter (A and B) 3.2x10 5 1.1 x106 1.4x105 2.3 x104 5.9 x10 3 1.9 x103 3.0 x101 1.7 x105 Resin sludge tank 4.1 x105 1.4 x106 1.8 x105 2.9 x104 7.6 x10 3 2.4 x103 3.8 x101 7.95 x10 5 Resin hold tank 1.7 x107 4.1 x107 1.4 x107 9.4 x106 1.9 x10 6 2.4 x104 2.1 x105 5.72 x10 6 Resin decant tank 1.9 x107 4.5 x107 1.6 x107 1.0 x107 2.1 x10 6 2.7 x104 2.4 x105 1.89 x10 6 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-9 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, WASTE HANDLING BUILDING Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV)
Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 Source Volume (cm3) Steam generator blowdown/ liquid waste evaporators 3.9 x105 2.0 x106 2.2 x105 1.4 x104 4.2 x10 3 1.9 x103 1.7 x100 3.45 x10 6 Steam generator blowdown/ liquid waste hold tanks 2.6 x103 6.6 x103 9.2 x102 2.1 x102 6.2 x10 1 2.1 x101 8.0 x10-2 1.89 x10 8 Evaporator bottoms hold tank 3.9 x10 5 2.0 x106 2.2 x105 1.4 x104 4.2 x10 3 1.9 x103 1.7 x100 8.33 x10 6
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-10 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, SUMP WATER POST - LOCA Time After LOCA Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) (hr) 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.5 0.0 1.89x10 8 3.13x10 9 2.11x10 9 1.07x10 9 2.19x10 8 2.43x10 8 1.11x10 9 0.083 1.50x10 8 3.00x10 9 1.62x10 9 1.15x10 9 1.87x10 8 1.37x10 8 1.91x10 8 1 1.30x10 8 2.02x10 9 1.24x10 9 1.02x10 9 1.57x10 8 1.42x10 8 1.82x10 8 2 1.26x10 8 1.41x10 9 9.31x10 8 6.66x10 8 1.26x10 8 5.58x10 7 1.08x10 8 8 1.21x10 8 5.79x10 8 3.69x10 8 2.55x10 8 4.65x10 7 4.39x10 6 1.80x10 7 24 1.12x10 8 3.08x10 8 6.83x10 7 7.05x10 7 7.76x10 6 2.01x10 6 3.85x10 5 96 8.51x10 7 8.29x10 7 3.22x10 6 2.32x10 7 6.79x10 5 1.65x10 6 4.50x10 4 192 6.02x10 7 5.17x10 7 1.93x10 6 1.84x10 7 3.93x10 5 1.27x10 6 3.74x10 4 360 3.34x10 7 3.84x10 7 1.07x10 6 1.25x10 7 2.29x10 5 8.38x10 5 2.64x10 4 720 9.88x10 6 2.66x10 7 4.67x10 5 5.56x10 6 1.78x10 5 3.65x10 5 1.29x10 4 2,160 4.23x10 5 1.35x10 7 6.38x10 4 2.62x10 5 1.53x10 5 1.83x10 4 2.22x10 3 4,320 1.29x10 5 5.88x10 6 2.43x10 4 3.97x10 4 1.23x10 5 3.65x10 3 1.53x10 3 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-11 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, PR IMARY COOLANT POST - LOCA Time After LOCA Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) (hr) 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.5 0.0 6.02x10 9 5.53x10 10 2.74x1010 5.64x1010 3.18x1010 2.05x1010 3.21x1010 0.083 5.50x10 9 5.10x10 10 2.12x1010 3.23x1010 2.66x1010 1.93x1010 8.49x109 1 5.01x10 9 3.12x10 10 1.62x1010 1.50x1010 9.03x109 1.37x10 10 2.34x109 2 4.75x10 9 2.17x10 10 1.22x1010 1.01x1010 6.15x108 9.06x10 9 1.38x10 9 8 3.89x10 9 8.37x10 9 4.79x10 9 3.62x10 9 1.55x10 8 1.42x10 9 2.31x10 8 24 2.78x10 9 4.11x10 9 8.78x10 8 9.11x10 8 1.17x10 8 4.95x10 7 4.94x10 6 96 1.53x10 9 1.07x10 9 4.13x10 7 2.97x10 8 8.71x10 6 2.12x10 7 5.77x10 5 192 1.03x10 9 6.64x10 8 2.48x10 7 2.36x10 8 5.05x10 6 1.63x10 7 4.79x10 5 360 5.34x10 8 4.93x10 8 1.37x10 7 1.61x10 8 2.94x10 6 1.08x10 7 3.39x10 5 720 1.44x10 8 3.42x10 8 5.99x10 6 7.13x10 1 2.29x10 6 4.68x10 6 1.65x10 5 2,160 5.59x10 6 1.74x10 8 8.19x10 5 3.36x10 6 1.96x10 6 2.34x10 5 2.85x10 4 4,320 1.65x10 6 7.59x10 7 3.12x10 5 5.09x10 5 1.57x10 6 4.68x10 4 1.96x10 4 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-12 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, SAMPLE SYSTEM POST - LOCA Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Time After LOCA (hr) 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.5 0.0 8.08x10 9 7.42x10 10 3.68x1010 7.57x1010 4.27x1010 2.75x1010 4.31x1010 0.083 7.38x10 9 6.84x10 10 2.84x1010 4.33x1010 3.57x1010 2.59x1010 1.14x1010 1 6.72x10 9 4.19x10 10 2.17x1010 2.01x1010 1.21x1010 1.84x1010 3.14x109 2 6.37x10 9 2.91x10 10 1.64x1010 1.36x1010 8.25x109 1.22x10 10 1.85x109 8 5.22x10 9 1.12x10 10 6.43x109 4.86x10 9 2.08x10 9 1.91x10 9 3.10x10 8 24 3.73x10 9 5.52x10 9 1.18x10 9 1.22x10 9 1.57x10 8 6.64x10 7 6.63x10 6 96 2.05x10 9 1.44x10 9 5.54x10 7 3.99x10 8 1.17x10 7 2.84x10 7 7.74x10 5 192 1.38x10 9 8.91x10 8 3.33x10 7 3.17x10 8 6.78x10 6 2.19x10 7 6.43x10 5 360 7.17x10 8 6.62x10 8 1.84x10 7 2.16x10 8 3.95x10 6 1.45x10 7 4.55x10 5 720 1.93x10 8 4.59x10 8 8.04x10 6 9.57x10 7 3.07x10 6 6.28x10 5 2.21x10 5 2,160 7.50x10 6 2.33x10 8 1.10x10 6 4.51x10 6 2.63x10 6 3.14x10 5 3.82x10 4 4,320 2.21x10 6 1.02x10 8 4.19x10 5 6.83x10 5 2.11x10 6 6.28x10 4 2.63x10 4 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-13 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, CONTAINMENT ATMOSPHERE POST - LOCA Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Time After LOCA (hr) 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.5 0.0 2.96x10 7 2.88x10 8 1.37x10 8 2.95x10 8 1.70x10 8 1.08x10 8 1.65x10 8 0.083 2.72x10 7 2.64x10 8 1.03x10 8 1.56x10 8 1.42x10 8 9.85x10 7 3.97x10 7 1 2.57x10 7 1.58x10 8 7.37x10 7 5.57x10 7 4.62x10 7 6.53x10 7 1.42x10 6 2 2.45x10 7 1.10x10 8 5.69x10 7 4.35x10 7 3.10x10 7 4.59x10 7 3.85x10 5 8 2.01x10 7 4.04x10 7 2.38x10 7 1.72x10 7 7.89x10 6 7.50x10 6 1.51x10 2 24 1.43x10 7 1.86x10 7 4.43x10 6 3.18x10 6 6.09x10 5 1.57x10 5 -- 96 7.83x10 6 3.17x10 5 9.96x10 4 8.78x10 4 3.39x10 4 1.49x10 4 -- 192 5.30x10 6 1.24x10 6 4.12x10 4 2.39x10 4 1.43x10 4 6.33x10 3 -- 360 2.72x10 6 5.82x10 5 9.21x10 3 5.03x10 3 3.18x10 3 1.41x10 3 -- 720 6.83x10 5 1.51x10 5 3.69x10 2 2.02x10 2 1.28x10 2 5.68x10 1 -- 2,160 4.29x10 3 3.02x10 3 -- -- -- -- -- 4,320 6.53x10 0 2.13x10 3 -- -- -- -- --
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-14 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS, CONTAINMENT ATMOSPHERE IN SYSTEMS OUTSIDE CONTAINMENT POST - LOCA Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Time After LOCA (hr) 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.5 3.5 0.0 2.96x10 7 2.88x10 8 1.37x10 8 2.95x10 8 1.70x10 8 1.08x10 8 1.65x10 8 0.083 2.72x10 7 2.64x10 8 1.03x10 8 1.56x10 8 1.42x10 8 9.85x10 7 3.97x10 7 1 2.19x10 7 9.31x10 7 3.77x10 7 3.31x10 7 4.20x10 7 6.49x10 7 7.12x10 5 2 2.07x10 7 6.44x10 7 2.91x10 7 2.58x10 7 2.77x10 7 4.54x10 7 1.93x10 5 8 1.64x10 7 2.27x10 7 1.21x10 7 9.52x10 6 6.52x10 6 7.41x10 6 7.58x10 1 24 1.08x10 7 9.73x10 6 2.22x10 6 1.61x10 6 3.52x10 5 1.42x10 5 -- 96 5.08x10 6 1.59x10 6 4.98x10 4 4.39x10 4 1.69x10 4 7.45x10 3 -- 192 3.34x10 6 6.20x10 5 2.06x10 4 1.20x10 4 7.15x10 3 3.16x10 3 -- 360 1.64x10 6 2.92x10 5 4.60x10 3 2.52x10 3 1.59x10 3 7.06x10 2 -- 720 3.88x10 5 7.66x10 4 1.85x10 2 1.01x10 2 6.41x10 1 2.84x10 1 -- 2,160 2.58x10 3 2.60x10 3 4.83x10
-4 2.64x10-4 1.67x10-4 7.40x10-5 -- 4,320 5.78x10 0 2.13x10 3 -- -- -- -- --
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-15 [HISTORICAL]
REACTOR COOLANT N-16 ACTIVITY
Position in Loop Loop Transit Time (sec) N-16 Activity (ci/g) Leaving core 0 132 Leaving reactor vessel 1.0 119 Entering steam generator 1.4 110
Leaving steam generator 6.6 74 Entering reactor coolant pump 7.2 70 Entering reactor vessel 7.9 65 Entering core 10.4 52 Leaving core 11.3 132 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.2-16 [HISTORICAL]
EXPECTED CONCENTRATIONS IN FUEL POOL WATER*
Nuclide Concentration (Ci/cm3) I-131 9.6x10
-5 I-132 7.9x10
-6 I-133 4.2x10
-5 I-135 1.3x10
-6 Rb-88 2.1x10
-9 Sr-89 1.4x10
-7 Sr-90 4.2x10
-9 Sr-91 1.6x10
-8 Y-90 6.3x10
-8 Y-91m 1.0x10
-8 Y-91 2.7x10
-8 Y-93 9.5x10
-10 Zr-95 2.4x10
-8 Nb-95 2.0x10
-8 Mo-99 2.4x10
-3 Tc-99m 1.1x10
-3 Ru-103 1.7x10
-8 Ru-106 4.2x10
-9 Rh-103m 1.7x10
-8 Rh-106 4.2x10
-9 Te-127m 1.7x10
-7 Te-127 1.2x10
-7 Te-129m 5.5x10
-7 Te-129 3.5x10
-7 Te-131m 4.1x10
-7 Te-131 7.5x10
-8 Te-132 7.7x10
-6 Cs-134 1.1x10
-3 Cs-136 5.2x10
-4 Cs-137 7.7x10
-4 Ba-137m 7.2x10
-4` Ba-140 8.0x10
-8 La-140 7.2x10
-8 Ce-141 2.7x10
-8 Ce-143 7.1x10
-9 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.2-16 (Cont)
Nuclide Concentration (Ci/cm3) Ce-144 1.3x10
-8 Pr-143 1.9x10
-8 Pr-144 1.3x10
-8 Cr-51 7.3x10
-7 Mn-54 1.2x10
-7 Fe-55 6.5x10
-7 Fe-59 4.1x10
-7 Co-58 6.4x10
-6 Co-60 8.0x10
-7 H-3 9.7x10
-2 NOTE: *Nuclides with concentrations less than 1.0x10
-10 Ci/cm3 are not included.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.2-17 [HISTORICAL]
DESIGN CONCENTRATIONS IN FUEL POOL WATER*
Nuclide Concentration (Ci/cm3) Br-83 3.1x10
-10 I-131 8.3x10
-4 I-132 7.1x10
-5 I-133 4.0x10
-4 I-135 1.3x10
-5 Rb-88 3.8x10
-8 Sr-89 1.5x10
-6 Sr-90 6.2x10
-8 Sr-91 4.1x10
-8 Y-90 5.6x10
-6 Y-91m 2.7x10
-8 Y-91 2.5x10
-7 Y-92 4.2x10
-10 Y-93 8.2x10
-9 Zr-95 2.5x10
-7 Zr-97 2.9x10
-8 Nb-95m 5.1x10
-9 Nb-95 2.6x10
-7 Nb-97m 2.8x10
-8 Nb-97 3.1x10
-8 Mo-99 8.7x10
-2 Tc-99m 4.0x10
-2 Ru-103 1.2x10
-7 Ru-106 1.2x10
-8 Rh-103m 1.2x10
-7 Rh-105 1.5x10
-8 Rh-106 1.2x10
-8 Sb-127 3.9x10
-9 Te-127m 7.0x10
-7 Te-127 6.9x10
-7 Te-129m 1.4x10
-5 Te-129 8.8x10
-6 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.2-17 (Cont)
Nuclide Concentration (Ci/cm3) Te-131m 3.4x10
-6 Te-131 6.2x10
-7 Te-132 6.9x10
-5 Cs-134 1.1x10
-2 Cs-136 5.6x10
-3 Cs-137 6.3x10
-2 Ba-137m 5.9x10
-2 Ba-140 1.5x10
-6 La-140 1.0x10
-6 Ce-141 2.4x10
-7 Ce-143 8.1x10
-8 Ce-144 1.8x10
-7 Pr-143 2.4x10
-7 Pr-144 1.8x10
-7 Pr-145 5.7x10
-10 Nd-147 7.5x10
-10 Pm-147 2.7x10
-8 Pm-149 2.2x10
-8 Pm-151 4.8x10
-9 Sm-153 2.8x10
-9 Cr-51 2.2x10
-6 Mn-54 3.7x10
-7 Mn-56 2.4x10
-10 Fe-55 1.9x10
-6 Fe-59 1.2x10
-6 Co-58 1.9x10
-5 Co-60 2.4x10
-6 H-3 2.4x10
-1 NOTE: *Nuclides with concentrations less than 1.0x10
-10 Ci/cm3 are not included.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-18 [HISTORICAL]
IRRADIATED INCORE DETECTOR AND DRIVE CABLE MAXIMUM WITHDRAWAL SOURCE STRENGTHS Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 4.50 5.50 Incore detector drive cable 6.0x108 5.1x1010 1.6x1010 3.1x108 3.8x1010 1.3x109 1.6x109 -- -- Incore detector 3.8x10 10 1.6x1011 1.1x1011 1.1x1011 2.9x1010 3.1x1010 3.7x1010 1.5x1010 1.4x109 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-19 [HISTORICAL]
IRRADIATED INCORE DETECTOR DRIVE CABLE SOURCE STRENGTHS Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Source 0.40 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 Drive Cable with decay of:
8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> 5.8x108 1.7x1010 1.6x1010 2.1x107 4.5x109 1.5x108 2.0x108 1 day 5.7x108 1.2x1010 1.6x1010 1.1x107 6.1x107 2.0x106 2.6x106 1 week 4.9x108 1.2x1010 1.5x1010 1.1x107 -- -- --
1 month 2.8x108 1.1x1010 1.2x1010 8.5x106 -- -- --
6 months 9.8x108 7.8x109 5.6x109 2.0x106 -- -- --
1 year 2.8x105 5.0x109 4.2x109 3.3x105 -- -- --
5 years -- 2.0x10 8 2.5x109 -- -- -- --
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 Page 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-20 [HISTORICAL]
RADIATION SOURCE TERMS FOR SHUTDOWN CONDITIONS (4 HOURS ONLY)
Source Intensity (MeV/cm 3-sec) for Energy (MeV) Source 0.4 0 0.80 1.30 1.70 2.20 2.50 3.50 RHRS heat exchangers (A & B) 5.0x104 9.9x104 3.3x104 2.0x104 1.5x104 1.7x104 2.7x103 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-21 POST-LOCA RADIATION SOURCES Radiation Source Fraction of Core Activity Released*
Sump water 50% halogens, 1% remainder
Primary coolant 100% noble gases, 50% halogens, 1%
remainder
Sample system 100% noble gases, 50% halogens, 1%
remainder
Containment atmosphere
(inside containment) 100% noble gases, 50% halogens
Containment atmosphere 100% noble gases, 50% halogens: T5 min after LOCA
(outside containment) 100% noble gases, 25% halogens: T5 min after LOCA
NOTE: *NUREG-0737 Item II.B.2 (USNRC 1980).
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-22 [HISTORICAL]
RADIOACTIVITY LEAKAGE INTO MAJOR BUILDINGS (Ci/sec) Containment Structure Auxiliary Building Turbine Building Nuclide Design Expected Design Expected Design Expected H-3 7.09x10 1 1.62x10 1 2.94x10 0 6.73x10
-1 5.56x10 0 1.72x10
-1 I-131 5.14x10
-2 5.87x10
-3 1.60x10
-2 1.83x10
-3 2.79x10
-3 2.57x10
-5 I-132 1.79x10
-2 2.23x10
-3 5.58x10
-3 6.94x10
-4 8.23x10
-4 7.50x10
-6 I-133 8.02x10
-2 8.50x10
-3 2.50x10
-2 2.65x10
-3 3.99x10
-3 3.43x10
-5 I-134 1.12x10
-2 1.09x10
-3 3.49x10
-3 3.40x10
-4 1.84x10
-5 1.48x10
-6 I-135 4.31x10
-2 4.25x10
-3 1.34x10
-2 1.32x10
-3 1.78x10
-3 1.52x10
-5 Kr-83m 8.79x10 0 4.05x10
-1 3.65x10
-1 1.68x10
-2 3.99x10
-4 1.57x10
-6 Kr-85m 4.29x10 1 1.80x10 0 1.78x10 0 7.48x10
-2 1.95x10
-3 6.86x10
-6 Kr-85 2.27x10 2 2.43x10 0 9.42x10 0 1.01x10
-1 1.02x10
-2 9.22x10
-6 Kr-87 2.45x10 1 1.26x10 0 1.02x10 0 5.21x10
-2 1.11x10
-3 4.50x10
-6 Kr-88 6.54x10 1 3.64x10 0 2.72x10 0 1.51x10
-1 2.96x10
-3 1.39x10
-5 Kr-89 2.07x10 0 1.17x10
-1 8.58x10
-2 4.88x10
-3 9.35x10
-5 4.50x10
-7 Xe-131m 2.12x10 0 1.21x10
-1 8.85x10
-2 5.04x10
-3 9.68x10
-5 4.93x10
-7 Xe-133m 6.30x10 1 8.50x10
-1 2.61x10 0 3.53x10
-2 2.85x10
-3 3.22x10
-6 Xe-133 5.37x10 2 3.44x10 1 2.23x10 1 1.43x10
-7 2.42x10
-2 1.33x10
-4 Xe-135m 2.23x10 1 3.04x10
-1 9.25x10
-1 1.26x10
-2 1.01x10
-3 1.14x10
-6 Xe-135 6.58x10 1 4.25x10 0 2.73x10 0 1.77x10
-1 2.98x10
-3 1.67x10
-5 Xe-137 3.34x10 0 2.00x10
-1 1.39x10
-1 8.32x10
-3 1.51x10
-4 8.15x10
-7 Xe-138 1.38x10 1 1.01x10 0 5.72x10
-1 4.20x10
-2 6.24x10
-4 3.86x10
-6 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-23 [HISTORICAL]
ASSUMPTIONS USED IN THE CALCULATION OF AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS Characteristic Containment Structure Auxiliary Building Turbine Building Reactor coolant equilibrium concentrations Design case Table 11.1-2 Table 11.1-2 - Expected case Table 11.1-2 Table 11.1-2 - Secondary side equilibrium concentrations Design case
- - Table 11.1-6 Expected case - - Table 11.1-6 Leak rate into building Equivalent reactor coolant leakage(lb/day) 3.853x10 3 160.0 Equivalent main stream leakage(lb/hr) 1,700.0 Partition factor (PF)
Noble gases 1.0 1.0 1.0 Halogens 0.001 0.0075 1.0 Mixing in building atmosphere(%)
70.0 - - Building ventilation rate(cfm) 3.0x104(during purge) 2.82x10 4 7.50x105 Building free volume(ft3) 1.8x106 1.068x10 6 3.380x10 6 Recirculation filters yes no no Recirculation filter efficiency(%)
90.0 - - Recirculation rate(cfm) 1.0x104 - - Number of purges per year 4 - - Recirculation time prior to purging(hr) 16.0 - - Containment maximum temperature for normal service conditions (F) 105 Containment maximum relative humidity for normal service conditions (percent) 60 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.2-24 [HISTORICAL]
RADIOACTIVE AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS INSIDE MAJOR BUILDINGS (Ci/cm3) Containment Containment (Before Recirculation) (After Recirculation) Auxiliary Building Turbine Building Nuclide Design Expected Design Expected Design Expected Design Expected H-3 1.98x10
-4 5.65x10
-5 1.98x10
-4 5.65x10
-5 2.21x10
-7 5.05x10
-8 1.57x10
-8 4.85x10
-10 I-131 1.01x10
-6 1.16x10
-7 3.31x10
-8 3.80x10
-9 1.20x10
-9 1.37x10
-10 7.87x10
-12 7.27x10
-14 I-132 4.21x10
-9 5.23x10
-10 1.18x10
-12 1.47x10
-13 3.52x10
-10 4.37x10
-11 2.27x10
-12 2.07x10
-14 I-133 1.70x10
-7 1.81x10
-8 3.47x10
-9 3.69x10
-10 1.84x10
-9 1.95x10
-10 1.12x10
-11 9.67x10
-14 I-134 1.00x10
-9 9.78x10
-11 1.09x10
-16 1.07x10
-17 1.75x10
-10 1.70x10
-11 4.89x10
-14 3.94x10
-15 I-135 2.92x10
-8 2.87x10
-9 1.90x10
-10 1.86x10
-11 9.47x10
-10 9.34x10
-11 5.00x10
-12 4.27x10
-14 Kr-83m 1.65x10
-6 7.59x10
-8 3.90x10
-9 1.79x10
-10 2.22x10
-8 1.02x10
-9 1.10x10
-12 4.30x10
-15 Kr-85m 1.96x10
-5 8.24x10
-7 1.65x10
-6 6.92x10
-8 1.22x10
-7 5.11x10
-9 5.44x10
-12 1.92x10
-14 Kr-85 3.44x10
-2 3.69x10
-4 3.43x10
-2 3.69x10
-4 7.08x10
-7 7.58x10
-9 2.90x10
-11 2.60x10
-14 Kr-87 3.19x10
-6 1.64x10
-7 5.43x10
-10 2.74x10
-11 5.67x10
-8 2.91x10
-9 3.02x10
-12 1.22x10
-14 Kr-88 1.90x10
-5 1.06x10
-6 3.83x10
-7 2.13x10
-8 1.76x10
-7 9.83x10
-9 8.21x10
-12 3.86x10
-14 Kr-89 1.12x10
-8 6.35x10
-10 0.0 0.0 6.97x10
-10 3.96x10
-11 1.33x10
-13 6.42x10
-16 Xe-131m 6.17x10
-5 3.53x10
-6 5.94x10
-5 3.40x10
-6 6.62x10
-9 3.78x10
-10 2.72x10
-13 1.39x10
-15 Xe-133m 3.38x10
-4 4.57x10
-6 2.73x10
-4 3.70x10
-6 1.95x10
-7 2.63x10
-9 8.05x10
-12 9.08x10
-15 Xe-133 7.24x10
-3 4.47x10
-4 6.65x10
-3 4.10x10
-4 1.67x10
-6 1.07x10
-7 6.84x10
-11 3.75x10
-13 Xe-135m 5.84x10
-7 8.35x10
-9 8.76x10
-10 8.58x10
-11 2.61x10
-8 3.63x10
-10 2.50x10
-12 3.73x10
-15 Xe-135 6.17x10
-5 3.96x10
-6 1.82x10
-5 1.17x10
-6 1.97x10
-7 1.27x10
-8 8.41x10
-12 4.72x10
-14 Xe-137 2.18x10
-8 1.31x10
-9 0.0 0.0 1.33x10
-9 7.95x10
-11 2.35x10
-13 1.27x10
-15 Xe-138 3.32x10
-7 2.44x10
-8 1.36x10
-27 9.97x10
-29 1.51x10
-8 1.11x10
-9 1.44x10
-12 8.94x10
-15 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-1 12.3 RADIATION PROTECTION DESIGN FEATURES 12.3.1 Facility Design Features
The Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 2 (BVPS-2) design features comply with the intent of the guidance presented in 10 CFR Part 20 and Regulatory Guide 8.8 (USNRC 1978), Section C.2, regarding standards which limit radiation exposure to levels that are as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). Compliance with other applicable regulatory guides and the general design criteria of 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix A, is discussed in Sections 1.8 and 3.1.2, respectively.
12.3.1.1 Implementation of ALARA The design guidance of Section C.2 of Regulatory Guide 8.8,
Revision 3, is implemented by means of an ALARA review utilizing a detailed checklist. This checklist provides a means of evaluating the plant design while ensuring that all points covered in Regulatory 8.8 have been addressed. The buildings, cubicles, and areas reviewed, include those adjacent to, and those having a potential for containing a radioactive source.
Also included in the review are systems which have the potential for carrying radioactive fluids.
A detailed design review was conducted concurrently with detailed design of plant systems and layout. The review was performed throughout the design process to ensure that appropriate changes due to ALARA considerations are addressed and incorporated.
All findings, recommended actions, and resolutions are documented and a permanent ALARA review file is maintained and periodically reviewed to assure the resolution of outstanding
items. Modifications occurring after completion of the detailed design review are subject to ALARA review of the modification itself and of any system it may impact.
12.3.1.2 Equipment Design Features
Plant arrangement features incorporate the following:
- 1. Equipment that may require servicing is designed and located to minimize service time. Radioactive
equipment requiring servicing is located in individually shielded cubicles where practicable. The cubicles are designed such that the contribution from the principal radiation source in adjacent cubicles does not exceed the Zone IV dose rate levels given in
Table 12.3-1. The actual dose rate in the cubicle is a function of the effectiveness of draining and flushing the equipment to be serviced and the number
of penetrations and their manner of shielding. Zone II access is provided in passageways up to the cubicle entrance. Cubicle access opening size is dictated by potential
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-2 equipment removal and by the size of the maintenance equipment required. Pump cubicle openings for horizontal pumps are of sufficient size to skid the pump through the entranceway with the exception of the
charging pump cubicles which have a moveable wall to allow for the removal or replacement of equipment using the auxiliary building crane. For other
cubicles containing equipment requiring service, the openings are sized to allow the passage of the component.
Cubicle size is designed to allow sufficient clearance around equipment requiring service and to provide space for temporary shielding. The equipment service requirements for pull space and laydown space are provided within the cubicle without dismantling any piping other than that directly connected to the equipment. In certain cases where the equipment is always removed for dismantling, such as the heat exchangers, there is no laydown space within the cubicle, other than that required for the channel cover. Layout in the cubicle also minimizes servicing time by placing the mechanical part of the equipment adjacent to the pipeway and the electrical portion toward the uninhabited access. Motor terminal boxes and other terminal boxes do not block access and are separated from the radioactive piping if possible. Platforms are provided where access is required for servicing.
Stairs are provided, if possible, to these platforms.
- 2. Instruments requiring in situ calibration are located in the lowest practicable radiation fields.
- 3. Equipment and components requiring servicing are located in or designed to be moveable to the lowest practicable radiation fields.
- 4. The best available valves, valve packing, and gaskets are used to minimize leakage and spillage of radioactive materials.
Valve selections are based on flow requirements, the best product available considering valve type, seat
materials, and servicing conditions.
- 5. Penetrations of shielding and containment walls by ducts and other openings are designed to minimize exposure, and shield design specifications limit void content. Shielding material is used to plug openings between the wall and pipes, ducts, and sleeves where
required.
Piping penetrations through shield walls in the auxiliary building are either into adjacent cubicles, into the
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-3 radioactive pipe chases for radioactive piping, or into the corridors for nonradioactive piping. Piping penetrations of the shield walls from differently zoned areas prevent line of sight from Zone II to any significant radiation source. This is accomplished by penetrating the walls at a location usually high and in the corner offset from the source. Most piping penetrations between cubicles are designed to prevent any line of sight from the significant radiation source to the adjacent cubicle. Exceptions are made to this criterion by the routing of the recirculation line from the liquid waste evaporator to the circulating pump and to the reboiler, as the interconnecting piping itself is a significant source. Another area where this criterion is not applied totally, is in the piping from the filter and demineralizer cubicle to the valve cubicles below. In this case, the valves are operated using extension stems to reach outside the cubicle. During maintenance of these valves, the source is reduced to ALARA by first flushing out the resin or removing the filter. The dose during maintenance is also limited
to the hands of the personnel performing maintenance by providing sufficient space in the cubicle to work out of the direct line of sight and by providing
portable shielding.
Electrical penetrations through shielded cubicles are located to preclude direct line of sight to any significant radiation source.
Instrument tubing penetrations through shielded cubicles are located to preclude direct line of sight
to any significant radiation source.
Ventilation duct penetrations through shielded cubicles are made at the highest possible elevation and at a location to minimize direct line of sight. Any direct line of sight penetration is provided with shields located either inside or outside the cubicle
Shield walls are normally a part of the building structure and often serve as structural supports in addition to shielding. Specifications for concrete or other types of shielding include requirements for
minimizing void content.
- 6. Radiation sources and occupied areas are separated if practicable; in particular, pipes or ducts containing potentially highly radioactive fluids will not pass through occupied areas unless adequately shielded.
Radioactive piping (for example, process piping that carries radioactive materials) is located behind shielding to minimize radiation exposure to operating personnel. As required, pipe tunnels, chases, or shafts are properly
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-4 segregated and shield nonradioactive piping, personnel passageways, and operating areas from radioactive piping. The shielding thicknesses are adequate to protect operating personnel from single or multiple pipe lines, depending upon the piping arrangement. All radioactive piping 2 1/2 inches and larger is specifically located on piping drawings and is accurately placed in the positions indicated on the drawings when the piping is installed in the field.
Piping 2 inches and smaller is shown as field run on drawings, and for such piping, field personnel are responsible for preparing isometric drawings to reflect the relationship to both existing piping conditions and potentially radioactive systems. The drawings are reviewed prior to pipe installation which includes review to ensure that the piping runs are consistent with the ALARA concepts of the initial drawings. Regardless of size, radioactive piping is installed behind shielding, as needed, to minimize
radiation exposure to operating personnel.
Physical barriers, such as doors, are provided for areas having radiation levels in excess of 100 mRem/hr. Locked barriers are provided for areas having radiation levels in excess of 1,000 mRem/hr.
- 7. Precautions are provided 1) to minimize the spread of contamination, and 2) to facilitate decontamination in the event of spillage.
Tanks such as the liquid waste tanks, the evaporator bottoms tank, and the spent resin hold tank are placed in shielded cubicles. A 6-inch curb surrounds the tanks to contain minor spills. Drains within the
cubicles are piped to the nearest auxiliary building sump. Other tanks, such as the steam generator blowdown test tanks and the boric acid tanks are also surrounded by curbs or dikes to contain spills or leaks and minimize the spread of contamination.
Other vessels such as the demineralizer vessels and the filter vessels are in individual cubicles. The
tank cubicles have their floor drains piped to the
nearest auxiliary building sump.
Other cubicles containing items such as pumps, heat exchangers, and valve stations are served by the vent and drain systems.
The evaporator bodies are not provided with dike protection due to the necessity of locating the bottom cones through the floor and piping to the circulating pumps located below them. In this arrangement, a leak in the evaporator passes to the pump cubicle where it is piped through the floor drains to the sumps.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-5 The concrete surfaces in the auxiliary building are painted in order to facilitate decontamination in the event of spillage. Water for flushing of walls and floors is available throughout the building from the
fire control water system.
Contamination control areas are provided for the solid waste drumming area in the condensate polishing building and in the vicinity of the radiation protection access control area located at el 774 ft-6
in of the waste handling building.
A personnel decontamination area is located in the radiation protection area at the controlled access area checkpoint.
- 8. Interior surfaces as well as layout of ducts and pipes are designed to minimize buildup of contamination.
Piping 2 1/2 inches or larger in diameter is butt-welded. This fabrication technique is also used on selected lines less than 2 1/2 inches in diameter,
such as the spent resin transfer piping.
Piping systems containing radioactive fluids are fabricated of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant material.
The piping systems are routed to avoid unnecessary sharp bends. Pockets and low points are also avoided.
The valve stations in shielded cubicles are designed to minimize the buildup of crud in these areas by minimizing the number of pockets and stagnant vertical
legs.
- 9. Systems that may become contaminated are designed to include provisions for flushing or remote chemical cleaning prior to servicing.
The evaporator bottoms portion of the liquid waste system has permanently piped flushing connections.
The evaporator is provided with a chemical cleaning
connection.
- 10. The ventilation system is designed to ensure control of airborne contaminants, especially during maintenance operations when the normal air flow patterns may be disrupted (for example, open access
portals).
Airborne contamination is kept from spreading in the auxiliary building by the ventilation system. The building is continuously maintained under a slight negative pressure.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.3-6 The auxiliary building ventilation system is designed to bring air from areas with lesser potential for contamination into areas with greater potential for contamination and to exhaust from the latter areas. A description of the auxiliary building ventilation system is provided in Section 9.4.3.
- 11. Wherever practicable, radiation and airborne contamination monitoring equipment with remote readout is included in areas to which personnel normally have access (where special conditions warrant, portable instrumentation may be substituted).
Area and airborne radiation monitoring ensures that any substantial abnormal radioactivity release is promptly detected.
An area radiation monitor is located to serve the waste evaporator area. Other areas also permanently monitored are the sample room and the doors leading to and from the auxiliary building to the condensate
polishing building, and to the waste handling building. Normal personnel access to the auxiliary building, fuel building, waste handling building, and containment is through the monitor station in the radiation protection area.
Airborne radiation monitors are provided for the containment, the auxiliary building regions, the waste handling building, and the fuel building (Section
12.3.4).
The requirement for permanent monitors at other locations is not considered necessary due to the layout of the building which allows essentially shielded access to all radioactive equipment and piping areas. A description of the area and airborne radiation monitors is provided in Section 12.3.4.
- 12. The ventilation systems are designed for easy access and service to keep doses ALARA during alterations,
maintenance, decontamination, and filter changes.
The ventilation systems are arranged to provide the same shielded access to the charcoal and high efficiency particulate air filter trains as is provided for other radioactive equipment. Personnel protection features are discussed in Section 12.3.3.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 13 12.3-7 13. Where practicable, shielding is provided between radiation sources and areas to which personnel may have normal or routine access, and shielding is designed for maintaining doses ALARA.
Figures 12.3-1, 12.3-2, 12.3-3, 12.3-4, 12.3-5 and 12.3-6 show the shielding provided between radiation sources and areas to which personnel may have normal or routine access. Radiation zones are given in Table 12.3-1 with typical locations presented in Table 12.3-2. Radiation shielding is provided on the basis of maximum concentration of radioactive materials within each shield region. For batch processes, as an example, the highest radionuclide concentration in the batching process is assumed (just prior to draining of the tank).
The bases for the selection of maximum radionuclide concentrations are described in Chapter 11. The
sources in individual components are intentionally developed to simulate worst case conditions. The levels of activity under these conditions may thus be 10 times that of the expected levels in some components. This approach is carried out on a component-by-component basis so that shielding in each local area is adequate for the worst conditions (for example, activity in a tank just prior to drainage). Dose rates computed under such conditions ensure that the maximum allowable levels in each zone will not be
exceeded under design conditions.
- 14. Moveable shielding and convenient means for its utilization will be available for use where permanent shielding is impractical.
Steel or concrete supports for temporary shielding are provided as appropriate.
- 15. Adequate shielding is provided for radioactive wastes.
Sources containing potentially high levels of radioactivity are completely shielded in the auxiliary, fuel, and waste handling buildings by full height walls.
Solid waste is shielded by storage area walls in the solid waste area of the condensate polishing building.
Process gas charcoal bed adsorbers and associated equipment are located in shielded cubicles.
- 16. Remote handling equipment is provided wherever it is needed and practicable.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-8 Remote handling equipment is provided for removing filters from the filter vessels and for placing them into shipping containers. Contact operations in high dose rate areas are minimized.
The solid waste system is essentially a remotely operated system. Operations are conducted remotely or manually after the waste source has been shielded.
Stations for potentially radioactive valves are, in general, arranged either in shielded cubicles away from the equipment served and/or are provided with reach rods. The demineralizer and filter valves are in cubicles below and adjacent to the vessels and are also provided with reach rods.
- 17. All features for radiation control are designed to accommodate maximum expected failures such as fuel element cladding failures and steam generator tube
leaks.
Design features such as shielding and radiation zones accommodate clad defects for 1 percent failed fuel and primary to secondary steam generator tube leaks of 144 gal/day.
- 18. Sampling sites are located so exposures will be ALARA during such routine operations as sampling off-gas, primary coolant, and liquid waste.
A sampling room is provided for the remote taking of routine samples from points in the reactor and auxiliary systems with the exception of the samples from the evaporators. Sample points for the evaporators are provided with a sample sink and ventilation hood, splash screen, and valves located outside the splash screen. The samples are provided with a recirculation path behind the shield wall at the sample sink with reach rods for the operator. A shielded sample station is also provided for solid
waste streams (for example, evaporator bottoms, resins and sludges).
- 19. Redundancy of equipment is utilized in the plant design to facilitate ALARA by allowing longer holdup time between scheduled fluid processing and by reducing the urgency for accelerated equipment repair. Redundant radwaste solidification drum inspection/labeling stations permit processing more drums in shorter periods of time to reduce individual exposure to radioactive sources.
- 20. Materials Equipment specifications for components in the nuclear steam supply system contain specific limitations on the cobalt
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-8a impurity content of the base metal, as given in Table 12.3-11, thereby controlling the potential for production of radioactive cobalt-60 from the base metal impurity cobalt-59. The estimated surface area of material in contact with the reactor coolant is given in Table 12.3-12. The use of hard facing material with cobalt content such as stellite is limited to applications where its use is necessary for reliability considerations. Table 12.3-13 shows the estimated total surface area of stellite in the
nuclear steam supply system. Nickel based alloys in the nuclear steam supply system (cobalt-58 is produced from activation of the base metal nickel-58) are similarly used only when component reliability may be compromised by the use of other materials. The major use of nickel based alloys in the nuclear steam supply system is the inconel steam generator tubes. The surface area in contact with the reactor coolant system is given in Table 12.3-12. From Tables 12.3-12 and 12.3-13, it can be seen that the inconel surface is the predominant area in contact with the reactor coolant system and that the stellite area is minimal. A further discussion of material considerations is given in Westinghouse (1977).
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 10 12.3-9 12.3.1.3 Design Objectives and Zoning Guidelines The choice of facility equipment, layout and radiation shielding are designed in accordance with the requirements of 10 CFR 20
and Regulatory Guide 8.8. The zone guidelines and their bases described below are based on the provisions at 10 CFR 20.101 through 20.601 and 10 CFR 50 in effect during plant licensing
and thus are part of the original design basis of the facility.
Zone I The dose rate limit for Zone I is 0.75 mRem/hr, allowing continuous access. Based on 40 hr/wk occupancy, the Zone I dose
rate limit assures that weekly doses will not exceed 1 percent of the maximum allowable quarterly whole body dose as specified in paragraph 20.101(b)(1) of 10 CFR 20. Facility and shielding are designed to maintain Zone I limits during full power operation with 1 percent failed fuel. Typical Zone I areas include the main control room, the outside surface of the containment structure, and all turbine plant and administration areas. Zone II The dose rate limit for Zone II is 2.5 mRem/hr, allowing periodic access. Based on 40 hr/wk and 50 wk/yr occupancy, the Zone II dose rate limit assures that the allowable whole body dose specified in paragraph 20.101(a) of 10 CFR 20 is not exceeded. During full power operation, with 1 percent failed fuel, facility and shielding design will maintain Zone II conditions for areas such as auxiliary and fuel building passageways and the containment structure personnel access hatch. During shutdown conditions, areas such as the containment structure operating floor and the containment
structure outside of the crane wall will be Zone II.
Zone III The dose rate limit for Zone III is 15 mRem/hr, allowing limited access. The Zone III limit provides approximately 6-hour access per week without exceeding the allowable whole body dose specified in paragraph 20.101(a) of 10 CFR 20. Valve operating stations are typical Zone III areas during full power operation
with 1 percent failed fuel.
Zone IV The dose rate limit for Zone IV is less than 100 mRem/hr. Such areas will require occasional access only. Typical Zone IV
areas during full power operation with 1 percent failed fuel include the containment structure outside the crane wall at el 718 feet and above.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.3-10 Zone V The dose rate limit for Zone V is greater than 100 mRem/hr, requiring controlled access only. Such areas are provided with hardware to install locked doors for positive control of access in accordance with 10 CFR 20 and BVPS-2 Technical Specification 5.7. Typical Zone V areas include most auxiliary building cubicles and steam generator cubicles in the containment structure during full power operation with 1 percent failed fuel. During operation of the residual heat removal system
(RHRS), all areas adjacent to the RHRS components and piping will become Zone V.
A summary of these zone designations is presented in Tables 12.3-1 and 12.3-2. Plant layout drawings with wall thickness and zone designations are presented on Figures 12.3-1, 12.3-2, 12.3-3, 12.3-4, 12.3-5, 12.3-6, 12.3-7, 12.3-8, 12.3-9, 12.3-10, 12.3-11 and 12.3-12. Radiation zones for shutdown and refueling are shown in Figures 12.3-13, 12.3-14, 12.3-15 and 12.3-16.
12.3.2 Shielding
In general, the biological shielding throughout the plant is designed to meet the specifications established in 10 CFR 20 and to keep personnel radiation exposure ALARA. More specifically,
the criteria for penetrations, the zoning criteria, and the general guidelines stated in Subsection 12.3.1 are used as the basis for all shielding calculations and engineering decisions
made in the plant arrangements.
Radiation shielding is designed to perform the following
functions:
- 1. Limit dose rate levels to below the maximum dose rate assigned to the zone.
- 2. Maintain radiation doses to plant personnel within the limits established by 10 CFR 20.
- 3. Reduce radiation dose rates to personnel performing maintenance or inspection on plant equipment.
- 4. Limit the direct dose to personnel in the control room to less than 5 Rem whole body dose or equivalent under accident conditions as required by General Design Criterion (GDC) 19 of 10 CFR 50, Appendix A.
- 5. Reduce the direct dose rate at the exclusion area boundary under normal operating conditions and accident conditions.
Basic methods used for determining shield wall and slab thickness are described in the Topical Report RP-8A, Radiation Shielding Design and Analysis Approach for Light Water Reactor Power Plants (Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation 1975).
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.3-11 Computer codes commonly employed for shielding analysis include the following:
- 1. GAMTRAN1 (SWEC 1982),
- 2. QADMOD (SWSC 1981a),
- 3. ANISND (SWEC 1981b), and
- 4. COHORT II (SWEC 1981c).
- 5. SW-QADCGGP (S&W 1999)
This combination of computer codes allows sufficient versatility
to readily analyze any shielding problem. The bulk of shielding material is reinforced concrete with a minimum density of 135 lb/ft3. Lead and steel are used where appropriate for the neutron shield tank support and around the fuel transfer tube. The supplementary neutron shield is made of borated, silicon-
based (neutron attenuating) shielding material.
Shielding materials and thickness are listed in Table 12.3-3.
The original design basis for normal operation plant shielding is safe operation at a core power level of 2766 MWt, a one year
fuel cycle length, and conservative reactor coolant source terms assuming 1% fuel defects. The design basis shielding design
presented below in Sections 12.3.2.1 through 12.3.2.7, are based
on the above design basis.
Power uprate represents a change from the original design basis.
The assessment of impact of power uprate on adequacy of existing plant shielding was evaluated based on scaling techniques that took into consideration the radiation source terms used in the original plant shielding design for the reactor core and coolant
(i.e., Tables 12.2-3 and 11.1-2, respectively) and the uprate
reactor core and coolant source terms that are based on the analyzed core power level of 2918 MWt and with an 18-month fuel cycle length and are presented in Tables 15.0-7a and 15.0-8b, respectively.
Inside containment, due to the conservative analytical techniques used to establish original plant shielding design, the existing reactor primary and secondary shield including the fuel handling shields were determined to be adequate to address
the approximately 6% increase in radiation source terms expected
due to the uprate.
Shielding adequacy outside containment (where the radiation sources are either the reactor coolant itself, or down-stream
sources originating from coolant activity), was determined by an
evaluation that compared the uprate design primary coolant source terms (fission and activation products) to the original design basis primary coolant source terms. Three sources were
considered: total primary coolant, degassed primary coolant and the primary coolant noble gas source. Due to the change in isotopic compositions and gamma energy spectrum between the original and the uprate reactor coolant fluid, the comparison
was based on the dose rate resulting from the above sources shielded by 0, 1, 2, and 3 ft of concrete for representative
source geometry.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-11a The comparison showed that the ratio of the calculated dose rates resulting from the uprate source to the original design basis source, for the various design basis source term and shielding configurations discussed above, range from 0.82 to 1.97. However, since the design basis uprate primary coolant activity is a very conservative source term (i.e., based on 1% failed fuel, maximum core inventory with margin for instrument error, minimum letdown flow, etc.), credit was taken for a more realistic but limiting upper bound primary coolant activity based on the plant Technical Specifications.
The uprate assessment concluded that the Plant Technical Specifications will limit the uprate reactor coolant, degassed reactor coolant and reactor coolant gas activity and the associated dose rates assuming various shielding configurations, to less than or equal to the original design basis values.
Thus, taking into consideration the conservative analytical techniques used to establish the original shielding design, and the plant Technical Specifications which typically restrict the reactor coolant activity to levels significantly less than 1%
fuel defects, the increase in the core power level and fuel cycle length is expected to have no significant impact on plant shielding adequacy and safe plant operation.
It is noted that operating personal at the station are protected by adequate shielding, monitoring, and operating procedures. Individual worker exposure is maintained within acceptable limits by the site ALARA Program, which controls access to radiation areas. Procedural controls compensate, as necessary, for increased radiation levels to ensure that operator exposure remains ALARA, and that the normal operation radiation zones are labeled and controlled for access in accordance with the requirements of 10CFR20 related to allowable operator exposure and access control.
12.3.2.1 Primary Shielding Primary shielding is provided to limit radiation emanating from the reactor vessel. The radiation consists of neutrons diffusing from the core, prompt fission gammas, fission product gammas, and gammas resulting from the slowing down and capture
of neutrons.
The primary shielding is designed to:
- 1. Attenuate neutron flux to prevent excessive activation of components and structures.
- 2. Optimize the combination of primary and secondary shielding by reducing the radiation level from the reactor so that it is commensurate with the radiation levels from other sources.
The primary shield consists of a water-filled reactor vessel support structure having a radial dimension of approximately 3 feet surrounded by 4 1/2 feet of reinforced concrete. The reactor vessel support structure is designed to prevent overheating and dehydration of the concrete primary shield wall BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-11b and to prevent activation of the station components within the containment structure. A thermosiphon cooling system is provided for cooling the water in the shield tank (Section 9.2.2.3).
The primary shield arrangement is shown on Figure 5.4-10.
A 17-foot high by 2-inch thick cylindrical lead shield is located beneath the reactor vessel support structure to protect personnel servicing the neutron detectors during reactor shutdown. A mat made of high temperature resistant, flexible insulation is draped underneath the reactor vessel to reduce activation of equipment and materials.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.3-12 In order to maintain the shielding integrity of the primary shield, a supplementary neutron shield fabricated from borated silicon-based shielding material is provided around the reactor vessel and nozzles. The supplementary neutron shield is a collar/saddle design. The shield consists of 9.25 inches of shield material surrounding the microtherm insulation and air gap around the reactor vessel from the top of the support pads
to the bottom of the seal plate. Additional shielding covers each nozzle radially from the vessel insulation to the primary shield wall. Above the nozzles are 1.0 ft 2 vent openings for normal venting and pressure relief. The collar extends vertically above the nozzle to the seal plate.
12.3.2.2 Secondary Shielding Secondary shielding consists of reactor coolant loop shielding,
reactor containment shielding, fuel handling shielding, auxiliary equipment shielding, and waste storage shielding.
Activation and fission products from the reactor coolant system (RCS) are the radioactive sources for which secondary shielding is required. This shielding is provided by a variety of
structures and equipment.
12.3.2.3 Reactor Coolant Loop Shielding
Nitrogen-16 is a major source of radioactivity in the reactor coolant during normal operation and, therefore, establishes the basic shielding requirements for most of the internal containment cubicle walls. Activated corrosion and fission products in the RCS establish the shutdown radiation levels in
the reactor coolant loop areas.
12.3.2.4 Containment Structure Shielding
The containment structure shielding consists of the steel inner-lined, reinforced concrete cylinder and hemispherical dome described in Sections 3.8.1 and 6.2. This shielding attenuates radiation during anticipated modes of reactor operation and design basis accidents. Radiation levels are reduced to design
levels or below at the outside surface of the containment structure and at the site boundary.
Interior shield walls separate reactor coolant loop, steam generators, pressurizer, in-core instrumentation, and containment access sectors. This shielding allows access to the in-core instrument sector during normal operation and facilitates maintenance in all sectors during shutdown. Shield walls are provided around each steam generator above the
operating floor to the height required for personnel protection.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-13 12.3.2.5 Fuel Handling Shielding Fuel handling shielding is designed to facilitate the removal and transfer of spent fuel assemblies and control rod assemblies
from the reactor vessel to the spent fuel pool, while protecting personnel from the radiation emitted from these components.
The refueling cavity above the reactor is formed by a stainless steel-lined, reinforced concrete structure. This refueling cavity becomes a pool when filled with borated water to provide
shielding during the refueling operation.
The cavity is large enough to provide storage space for the
upper and lower internals and miscellaneous refueling tools.
The refueling cavity above the reactor vessel is flooded to provide a temporary water shield above the components being withdrawn from the reactor vessel. The water height ensures a minimum of 100 inches of water above a withdrawn fuel assembly at its highest point of travel. Under these conditions, the
dose rate is less than 50 mRem/hr at the water surface.
During refueling, the dose rate at the walkway immediately adjacent to the refueling cavity is less than 15 mRem/hr when the raised spent fuel assembly is 8 feet below the surface of the water in the refueling cavity. Under the same conditions, the dose rate at the walkway immediately surrounding the fuel pool is less than 15 mRem/hr when the raised spent fuel assembly is approximately 8 feet from the edge of the reactor cavity.
Upon removal of the fuel from the reactor vessel, it is moved to
the spent fuel pool by the fuel transfer mechanism via the refueling canal.
The shielding for the fuel transfer tube between the refueling cavity and the containment wall is shown on Figure 12.3-17. The shielding will be in place at all times except when repairs are being performed on the fuel transfer tube enclosure. The design limits dose rates during passage of a spent fuel assembly to approximately 50 mRem/hr on contact with the shield. Dose rates
below the refueling cavity from the fuel transfer tube are also limited to approximately 50 mRem/hr on contact with the installed shielding.
Shielding for the fuel transfer tube between the containment and fuel building has been designed to prevent direct-line streaming
through the seismic gap. The shield around the fuel transfer tube has a multiple labyrinth configuration with an equivalent thickness of 60 inches of concrete. Design details may be found
on Figure 12.3-18.
Concrete shield walls are also provided for the fuel transfer
canal. The wall thicknesses are given in Table 12.3-3.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-14 The spent fuel pool in the fuel building is permanently flooded to provide a minimum of 100 inches of water above a fuel assembly being withdrawn from the fuel assembly transfer system.
Based on the conservative assumption of a minimum decay time of
100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> before fuel transfer and the minimum amount of water above the worst case spent fuel assembly, the dose rate at the surface of the fuel pool is less than 50 mRem/hr. The dose rate approximately 3 feet above the platform (8 ft above the surface of the pool) is less than 15 mRem/hr, which can be considered as the effective dose rate to operating personnel. Under the same
conditions, the dose rate at the walkway immediately surrounding the fuel pool is less than 15 mRem/hr when the raised spent fuel assembly is approximately 8 feet from the edge of the fuel pool.
Water height above stored fuel assemblies is a minimum of 23 feet. The sides of the spent fuel pool, three of which also form part of the fuel building exterior walls, are 6-foot thick concrete to ensure a dose rate of no more than 0.75 mRem/hr outside the building.
12.3.2.6 Auxiliary Equipment Shielding The auxiliary components exhibit varying degrees of radioactive
contamination due to the handling of various fluids. The function of the auxiliary shielding is to protect personnel working near the various auxiliary system components, such as
those in the chemical and volume control system (CVCS), and the sampling system. Controlled access to the auxiliary building is allowed during reactor operation. Each equipment compartment is individually shielded so that compartments may be entered without having to shut down and, possibly, decontaminate the entire system.
All ion exchangers and the most highly contaminated filters are located in separate cubicles adjacent to the southwest corner of the auxiliary building. Each ion exchanger or filter is enclosed in a separate, shielded compartment. The concrete thicknesses provided around the shielded compartments are
sufficient to reduce the surrounding area dose rate to less than 2.5 mRem/hr. The shielding thicknesses around the mixed bed demineralizers are based upon a saturation activity which could
produce a contact radiation level in excess of 10,000 Rem/hr.
In many areas, tornado missile protection, in the form of thick concrete, affords more shielding than that required for radiation protection.
12.3.2.7 Waste Storage Shielding The waste storage and processing facilities in the auxiliary building, waste handling area, condensate polishing building, and decontamination facility are shielded to protect operating personnel
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-14a in accordance with the radiation protection design bases set forth in Section 12.3.1.
Periodic surveys by radiation protection personnel using
portable radiation detectors ensure that radiation levels outside the shield walls meet design specifications, and establish access limitations within the shielded cubicles. In addition, continuous surveillance is provided in selected areas by installed area radiation monitors. Area and airborne monitoring also ensures that any accidental radioactivity releases would be detected within a reasonable period of time. The largest accidental radioactivity release from the waste disposal system is analyzed in Section 15.7.1.
12.3.2.8 Accident Shielding
Accident shielding is provided by the containment structure, which is a reinforced concrete structure lined with steel. For structural reasons, the thicknesses of the cylindrical walls and dome are 54 inches and 30 inches, respectively. These thicknesses are more than adequate to limit the direct radiation dose at the exclusion boundary to acceptable values. Shielding is also provided for the recirculation spray system cubicles, hydrogen control system cubicles, and post-accident sampling system. 12.3.2.9 Control Room Shielding
Shielding provided by the main control room walls, and the separation of the main control room from the containment structure, ensures that an operator would be able to remain in the main control room for 30 days after an accident and not receive an integrated dose in excess of 5 Rem (TEDE). This dose includes the 30 day direct radiation dose from activity inside the containment, the external radiation contribution from the postulated radioactive plume resulting from containment leakage, engineered safety features (ESF) system leakage, and RWST back-
leakage. Leakage from the containment is assumed for 30 days following the accident, as discussed in Chapter 15.
The radiation sources in the containment during the assumed DBA are calculated by the methods described in Section 15.6.5. These sources are assumed to be evenly distributed throughout
the containment. The containment is then treated as a volume source and the 30 day direct radiation dose inside the 24-inch thick concrete wall of the main control room is calculated using
typical shielding computational techniques.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-15 The released activity is assumed to leak from the containment structure at a rate of 0.1 percent of the contained volume per day for the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />, and at half that rate thereafter.
The plume is converted into a semi-infinite volume source surrounding the main control room.
Sources such as containment, ESF system leakage, and RWST back-leakage that contribute to personnel doses from the intake of the outside atmosphere into the control room, are described in
Section 6.4.2.5.
The integrated dose from all sources described in Section 6.4.2.5 is provided in Table 15.0-13. This dose is well below the dose criterion of 5 Rem TEDE. Thus, the main control room walls, which must be a minimum of 24 inches thick for tornado missile protection, provide more than adequate shielding from radiation.
Special consideration has been given to the design of penetrations and structural details of the main control room so as to establish an acceptable condition of leaktightness.
The control room air-conditioning systems are installed within the spaces served and are designed to provide uninterrupted
service under accident conditions. Upon a containment isolation Phase B (CIB) signal or a high radiation signal from the control room redundant area monitors, the normal replenishment air and
exhaust systems are isolated automatically from the main control room by tight closures in the ductwork.
The control room emergency ventilation system is actuated to pressurize the control room envelope. The main control computer, and mechanical rooms are included in the control room envelope.
The radiation levels in the main control room are measured by installed area and airborne monitors to verify safe operating conditions.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-16 12.3.2.10 Radiation and Shield Design Review A radiation and shield design review was performed in accordance with NUREG-0737, Action Item II.B.2 (USNRC 1980), in order to ensure personnel accessibility after a design basis accident (DBA). The DBA considered for this evaluation was the loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA). Source terms for the LOCA are discussed in Section 12.2.1.3.
Table 12.3-4 identifies areas considered vital due to occupancy requirements or by virtue of being an access route to a vital area following a DBA. Additional information provided in this
table includes an estimate of the anticipated times after a LOCA that access is required, and a conservative estimate for the stay times needed in the vital areas. This table also presents calculated dose values for the primary and applicable alternate access routes. The post-accident access routes considered are identified and controlled administratively by procedure.
The following general assumptions and criteria are used as a basis for review of all vital areas and access routes as
applicable:
- 1. The starting point for all activities is the Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 1 (BVPS-1) locker room
located west of the BVPS-1 control room.
- 2. Access areas may have two access paths defined; the one denoted as the primary route is chosen on the basis of lower potential exposure, and the second denoted is the alternate route. Access areas can have one path defined because the significant dose contributions for these routes are due to travel
outside the buildings, thereby minimizing problems with pathway obstructions and localized high radiation areas. Access areas 1 and 2 have no access paths
associated with them, hence have no alternate path.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-17 3. Each of the vital access areas was evaluated using conservative assumptions, and the doses were determined to be less than the dose limits of GDC 19 following a DBA using either the primary or alternate
routes. Vital access areas 1 and 2 (the control room and ERF) have been evaluated for habitability for 30 days following a LOCA, assuming alternative source term methodology and using the associated 10 CFR 50.67 dose limit of 5 Rem TEDE.
- 4. Personnel travel is based on:
- a. A constant walking speed of 3 ft/sec (approximately 2 mph) for travel within the plant
or, b. A constant driving speed of 30 ft/sec (approximately 20 mph), for travel between BVPS-2
and the ERF.
- 5. Operator exposure due to airborne activity from containment leakage, or leakage from systems located outside the containment is not considered for the access study. However, these sources are considered for the control room and the ERF habitability studies.
Direct shine from ESF ventilation filters is also included in the vital access studies.
- 6. Areas requiring continuous occupancy were evaluated to ensure that the dose rate averaged over 30 days would
be less than 15 mRem/hr.
The following areas and systems specifically identified in NUREG-0737 (USNRC 1980) are addressed under other names, or do
not apply to the BVPS-2 design:
- 1. Motor control centers - completely automatic with no manual functions required.
- 2. Containment isolation reset control area - located in the control room.
- 3. Emergency power supplies - addressed in Accesses 6, 10, 11, and 12.
- 4. Instrument panels - the only panels requiring access are defined in Access 4 (hydrogen analyzer panels).
- 5. Manual emergency core cooling system alignment area -
addressed in Access 9.
- 6. Radwaste control panels - BVPS-2 is not designed to use the liquid waste, gaseous waste, or solid waste systems for post-accident cleanup.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-18 7. Residual heat removal system - located in the containment and not considered for post-accident access evaluation.
- 8. Chemical and volume control system (CVCS) - the system is immediately isolated from the primary coolant system by the letdown line isolation valve due to a Containment Isolation Phase A (CIA) signal and is not considered to be a source for post-accident access.
The charging pumps and associated piping are used as part of the high head safety injection system. Therefore, this part of the CVCS is considered as a post-accident source.
- 9. Gaseous radwaste system - isolation of the CVCS from the post-accident source will also isolate the gaseous
waste system.
- 10. License Amendment 123 eliminated the requirement to have and maintain a Post Accident Sampling System (PASS), and utilize this system in the short term following an accident. Therefore, the system is not considered vital and the associated design review information has been removed from the UFSAR.
- 11. License Amendment 142 eliminated the requirement for hydrogen control using the hydrogen recombiner.
Consequently, the associated design review information has been removed from the UFSAR.
A description of the post-accident activities required to ensure
that vital areas are accessible is provided as follows for each area described. Access routes 13 and 14 expose an operator to direct shine from the SLCRS filters, which could become increasingly radioactive due to accumulation of containment or ECCS leakage on the filter media over 30 days. However, the SLCRS filters are located inside a shielded cubicle, and the photon energies from sources on the filter media are relatively weak. As a result, vital areas served by routes 13 and 14 have been shown to remain accessible over the 30-day duration of the
accident.
The impact of core power uprate to an analyzed power level of 2918 MWt and use of an 18 month fuel cycle on the post-LOCA gamma radiation environmental dose rates at BVPS-2 was evaluated based on a comparison of the gamma source terms developed based on the original core inventory used to develop the post-LOCA dose rates, to the uprated gamma source terms. This scaling approach was utilized to estimate the operator exposure during Access 3 through 14.
For the unshielded case, the factor impact on post-accident gamma dose rates was estimated by ratioing the gamma energy release rates weighted by the flux to dose rate conversion factor, as a function of time, at the uprated power level, to the corresponding weighted source terms based on the original analysis.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-18a To evaluate the factor impact of the uprate on post-LOCA gamma dose rates (vs. time) in areas that are shielded, the original and uprated source terms discussed above were weighted by the concrete shielding factors for each energy group. The concrete shielding factors, for 2 feet of concrete (representative of moderate shielding), and 4 feet of concrete (representative of heavy shielding), provide a basis for comparison of the post-LOCA spectrum hardness of source terms with respect to time for both original design and the uprate case.
Since the gamma dose rate scaling factors will vary with source, time as well as shielding, to cover all types of analysis models/assessments, the maximum dose rate scaling factor developed from all of the above assessments was used, for the most part, for all source/receptor combinations, with or without shields, and at all time periods after LOCA. Exceptions included a few cases where analysis refinement was performed to support operator exposure compliance within regulatory limits at uprate conditions.
Access 1 - Control Room The BVPS-2 control room will be continuously manned throughout the DBA. The control room shielding and ventilation system design ensure habitability for 30 days while staying within the dose limits of 10 CFR 50.67. Details are presented in Section 12.3.2.9.
Access 2 - Emergency Response Facility Continuous occupancy of the ERF is required following a DBA. Shielding and filtered ventilation system designs are provided but have been shown to be not required in order to ensure occupancy of the ERF for 30 days while staying within the dose requirements of 10 CFR 50.67.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-19 Access 4 - Operation of Post-accident Hydrogen Analyzers The hydrogen analyzers are started automatically upon the initiation of safety injection (CIA signal). However, for this evaluation, it is assumed that access is required to the hydrogen analyzer control panels located at el 730 ft-6 in of the service building within 30 minutes of the start of the DBA.
The entry is made to ensure proper operation of the hydrogen analyzers and to take local readings. The task is assumed to require approximately 15 minutes stay time in the vicinity of
the control panel after which time the operator returns to the BVPS-1 locker room.
Specific details about the hydrogen control system are presented in Section 6.2.5.
Access 5 - Obtaining and Analyzing Post-Accident Samples
As discussed above, the PASS is not considered vital and the PASS shield design review information has been removed from the UFSAR.
Access 6 - Lubrication Oil for the Emergency Diesel Generators
Following an accident and subsequent emergency start-up and extended operation of an emergency diesel generator access to the diesel
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-20 generator building would be required to add lubrication oil to the engine lubrication oil sump.
At the worst case oil consumption rate, access would be necessary approximately 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> after start-up of the diesel generator. Three 55-gallon drums of lubrication oil would have to be transported from the oil storage room of the south office and shop building to the diesel generator building and emptied into the lubrication oil sump.
The analysis assumed access to the diesel generator being necessary at 96 hours0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> post-accident. The time required to transport the three oil drums and to transfer the oil to the oil
sump was assumed to be 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />.
Access 7 - Operation of the Hydrogen Control System As discussed above, operation of the hydrogen control system (HCS) is no longer required and the associated design review information has been removed from the UFSAR.
Access 8 - Personnel Movement
Integrated doses resulting from personnel movements to provide support for vital operations at BVPS-2 and operator shift changes in the control room following a DBA versus time after the accident are
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-21 presented in Table 12.3-7. The dose values represent one way trips from the ERF to the BVPS-2 control room/BVPS-l locker room or from the BVPS-2 control room/BVPS-l locker room to the ERF at selected times from the start of the DBA to 30 days post-accident. The dose is due to radiation exposure for approximately 3 minutes of walking and 1 minute in a transport vehicle.
Access 9 - Manual Operation of Valves In the unlikely event of a valve failure, certain systems were designed so that critical valves can be operated via a remote mechanical action. A listing of valves which are critical to the safe shutdown of BVPS-2 is given in Table 12.3-8 for the following systems:
- 1. Service water system (SWS),
- 2. Recirculation spray system,
- 3. Quench spray system,
- 4. Safety injection system.
All manual valve operation considered for this design take place at el 741 feet of the safeguards building. Because all systems considered are 100 percent redundant, it is assumed that manual operation of valves will not be required for the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> after the DBA. The estimated stay time for the access route is 15 minutes. Following the manual operation of valves, the
operator will return to the BVPS-1 locker room.
Access 10 - Residual Heat Removal Suction Valve Transfer Residual heat removal (RHR) motor operated suction valves are designed so that the power supply to their motors can be manually transferred. In order to accomplish the transfer, electrical equipment located at el 738 ft - 10 in. of the cable vault area must be manually operated. Because the only anticipated effect of a failure in the RHR is an extension of
cool down time, it is conservatively assumed that access to the electrical equipment will not be required for the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> after the DBA.
The estimated stay time in the area necessary to complete the manual transfer is 15 minutes, after which the operator will
return to the BVPS-1 locker room. Specific details about the RHR system can be found in Section 5.4.7.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-22 Access 11 - Electrical Connection of Permanently Installed Spare Equipment In the unlikely event of a failure, certain systems include in their design some spare critical components. All spare equipment must be connected manually to an electrical power supply. Systems considered and described in their respective
sections include:
- 1. Charging system - Section 9.3.4,
- 2. Service water system - Section 9.2.1, and
- 3. Component cooling water system - Section 9.2.2.
Spare equipment which will require manual connection includes:
- 1. Charging system pump 2CHS*P21C(SG),
- 2. Service water system pump 2SWS*P21C(SG), and
- 3. Component cooling water system pump 2CCP*P21C(SG).
Because all systems considered for this design review are 100-percent redundant, it is conservatively assumed that manual
connection of any spare equipment will not be required for the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> after the DBA. Estimated stay time in the area is 15 minutes, after which the operator returns to the BVPS-1
locker room. The spare charging pump, service water pump, or component cooling water pump may be manually connected at el 730 ft-6 in of the service building.
Access 12 - Ventilation Fan for the Service Water System
There are three separate, independent, and redundant intake pump cubicles utilized for BVPS-2, each with its own cubicle housing a ventilation system. Thus, the failure of one system will not interfere with the operation of the others.
In the unlikely event of a failure of one of the ventilation fans for the SWS, the swing ventilation fan may be connected manually to either emergency power supply, along with the swing service water pump. It is conservatively assumed that access is not required for the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> after a DBA.
Manual connection of the swing ventilation fan and service water pump takes place at el 705 feet of the main intake structure.
The time spent connecting the swing fan and pump is assumed to be 15 minutes each for a total stay-time in this area of 30 minutes after which the
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-22a operator returns to the BVPS-1 locker room.
Access 13 - Obtaining and Analyzing a Post-Accident Effluent Sample
A sample of the post-accident gaseous effluent must be obtained
and analyzed within 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> post-accident. The sample is obtained at the elevated release monitor (ERM) skid on el 773 ft-6 in. of the auxiliary building and analyzed at either the primary chemistry laboratory on el 774 ft - 6 in. of the condensate polishing building or at the ERF.
Access to the ERM is assumed to be at 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> post-accident. The stay time at the ERM to obtain the sample is estimated to be 10 minutes. It is assumed that the sample chamber is shielded such
that the operator will receive a negligible dose from the sample itself both during change out and during transportation. The sample will be taken for analysis to either the primary chemistry laboratory counting room or by vehicle to the ERF. A stay time of 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> is assumed necessary to perform the analysis. If the sample is taken to the counting room, after performing the analyses the operator will return to the BVPS-1 locker room. In the event the sample is taken to the ERF, a vehicle will be used to transport both the sample and operator.
It is assumed that the operator will not return to the BVPS-1 locker room from the ERF.
Access 14 - Re-energizing ECCS Valve Circuits Access to the motor control centers, MCC*2E03 and MCC*2E04, on el 755 ft-6 in. of the auxiliary building is required to complete the switchover from cold leg injection to the containment sump recirculation mode. Access is needed to re-energize motor-operated valve circuits by closing the associated
breakers.
Access is assumed to occur at 25 minutes post-accident with a stay time of 5 minutes at the MCC location. An operator will travel from the BVPS-1 locker room to the MCC location in the auxiliary building, close the breakers, and then return to the
BVPS-1 locker room.
Summary Areas requiring access due to vital requirements have been defined, evaluated, and the results summarized in Table 12.3-4. The vital access study indicates that the plant shielding provides adequate protection to operators to ensure compliance with the GDC 19 dose requirements.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.3-23 12.3.3 Ventilation 12.3.3.1 Design Objectives
The function and design bases of the ventilation systems are given in Section 9.4. Consistent with these bases, the following specific objectives pertain to radiation protection
and the commitment that occupational radiation exposures will be ALARA in accordance with the intent of Regulatory Guide 8.8.
- 1. The airborne radioactivity inside BVPS-2 buildings, other than the containment structure, during normal operation and under anticipated operational
occurrences is less than the concentrations given in Column 3, Table I of Appendix B to 10 CFR 20. Each system has adequate capability to reduce concentrations of airborne radioactivity in areas not normally occupied, where maintenance or in-service inspection has to be performed, to levels in
accordance with the requirements of 10 CFR 20.103.
- 2. Concentrations in areas accessible to administrative personnel are less than the concentrations given in Column 1, Table 2 of Appendix B to 10 CFR 20.
- 3. The airborne concentrations in all plant areas are ALARA.
- 4. Deleted
- 5. The containment purge air system is capable of reducing airborne radiation levels in the containment to acceptable levels prior to and during extended personnel occupancy of the containment.
- 6. Air flow within the auxiliary, waste handling, and fuel buildings is normally from areas of lower to higher potential airborne contamination and then to monitored vents.
- 7. Systems are designed so that filters containing radioactivity can easily be maintained to minimize the
radiation dose to maintenance personnel.
The design and expected airborne radioactivity levels during normal operation and under anticipated operational occurrences
for plant buildings are given in Section 12.2.2. The expected inhalation dose rates to plant personnel are given for each building in Section 12.4.2.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-24 12.3.3.2 Design Description Detailed description of the ventilation systems for those plant buildings which contain radioactivity or potentially radioactive
systems are given in the following sections:
Section Title 9.4.1 Control Building Ventilation System 9.4.2 Spent Fuel Pool Area Ventilation System
9.4.3 Auxiliary Building and Radwaste Area Ventilation System
9.4.4 Turbine Building Area Ventilation System
9.4.5 Engineered Safety Features Ventilation Systems 9.4.7 Containment Ventilation System 9.4.9 Main Steam and Feedwater Valve Area Ventilation System
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-25 9.4.11 Safeguards Area Ventilation System 9.4.12 Cable Vault and Rod Control Area Ventilation System 9.4.13 Decontamination Building Ventilation System
9.4.15 Gland Seal Steam Exhaust Ventilation System 9.4.16 Condensate Polishing Building Ventilation
System 12.3.3.3 Personnel Protection Features
The recommendations of Regulatory Guide 1.52 as described in Section 1.8 are implemented in the design of the safety-related ventilation filter trains to help ensure that occupation radiation exposures will be ALARA.
This is accomplished by utilizing the following criteria:
- 1. Each filter train is housed in a shielded compartment, room, or cubicle except for the control building
filters which occupy a common cubicle with the air conditioning unit.
- 2. Adequate aisle space is provided for both personnel and equipment adjacent to the service side of the filter trains, and above those sections which require top access (charcoal adsorber). Adequate space is also provided on the other three sides.
- 3. Convenient and accessible passageways and corridors from the filter trains to the elevators and equipment hatches are provided for transport of replaceable filter train components and the equipment used in accomplishing their replacement.
- 4. Replaceable elements are designed for ready removal from the clean filter side, and minimal radiation exposure of personnel. A portable vacuum conveying system will be provided for removing and replacing gasketless-type charcoal adsorbers. Contaminated
filters can be transported in shielded containers if necessary.
- 5. Rigid, hinged access doors are provided in accordance with ANSI N-509 for man-entry filter trains.
- 6. High-efficiency particulate air filters and prefilter arrangements facilitate easy replacement.
- 7. The proper distance for ease of maintenance and removal of filter elements will be maintained from mounting frame to mounting frame between banks of
components.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 12 12.3-26 8. Adequate, vapor-tight lighting will be provided on each side of the filter banks for man-entry filter trains. 9. Filter support and alignment cradles are provided for aligning and supporting filter elements during filter
change, except for side replaceable filters.
- 10. Drains are provided to convey water from moisture separators, maintenance, or fire protection discharge, out of the filter train.
- 11. Permanent test fittings are provided for initial and periodic field testing.
A sample layout of an air cleaning system housing is shown on
Figure 12.3-32. The filter housings are mounted on concrete slabs with sufficient space available to allow unimpeded access to the filter assemblies. Isolation is achieved through motor-
operated dampers (Figure 6.5-2). Requirements for testing are met with test canisters and parts provided with the filter
assemblies. Detailed operating procedures are available for the
decontamination process, should the need arise.
12.3.4 Area Radiation and Airborne Radioactivity Monitoring Instrumentation
12.3.4.1 Design Criteria
The monitoring instrumentation shall meet the following criteria:
- 1. Airborne monitors shall provide operator information relative to airborne concentrations of radioactive
gases and particulate radioactivity at various locations in the plant.
- 2. Area monitors shall provide operator information relative to external gamma radiation levels at fixed
points throughout the plant.
- 3. The monitors shall be responsive to dose rates that include the design maximum dose rate of the radiation zone in which they are located as well as the maximum dose rate for anticipated operational occurrences.
- 4. Category I radiation monitoring instrumentation shall have available power from Class 1E buses in the event of a power failure or postulated accidents. Category
II radiation monitoring instrumentation shall be powered from non-Class 1E power, which is a highly reliable power source, and is backed up by the
nonsafety-related onsite diesel generator.
- 5. The monitors shall be calibrated routinely and after any maintenance work is performed on the instrument.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-27 6. Each monitor shall have local audible and visual alarms, variable alarm set points, and a local readout device. 7. Each monitor shall have provisions in the control room for readout and alarms to indicate equipment
malfunction, alert radiation level, and high radiation
level.
- 8. Recording capability is provided for all monitors.
Each monitor, excluding the in-containment high-range area monitors, has a radiation detector with a remotely operated
check source. Each detector has associated electronic equipment and cabling.
The continuous airborne radioactivity monitoring system meets the following criteria in addition to that listed previously.
- 1. Capability to sample air at selected locations where airborne radioactivity is most likely to exist, such as waste handling areas, the fuel building and reactor operating floor. Air being exhausted during normal operation is monitored by instruments capable of detecting ten MPC-hour (particulate or gaseous
radioactivity) in any compartment which has a possibility of containing airborne radioactivity and which also may be occupied by personnel.
- 2. Capability to measure representative air concentrations at the detectors located as close to the sampler intakes as practicable.
- 3. Provisions for sampling of ventilation systems upstream of HEPA filters.
These systems are provided in accordance with Regulatory Guide 8.2, Guide for Administrative Practices in Radiation Monitoring (USAEC 1973), with respect to providing instrumentation for evaluation of potential radiation hazards. In addition, the
following guidance is employed: American National Standard ANSI N13.1-1969, for guidance on sampling airborne radioactive materials in nuclear facilities and Regulatory Guide 8.8, for
guidance on monitoring systems. The locations of the area and airborne monitors are shown on Figures 12.3-2 through 12.3-6.
The digital radiation monitoring system includes the following radiation monitors, grouped according to their classification as airborne or area monitors (quantity in parentheses):
- 1. Airborne Radiation Monitors
- a. QA Category I Seismically Qualified
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-28 Containment Airborne (1)
- b. QA Category II Seismically Qualified
- 1) Fuel building ventilation (1)
- 2) Leak collection vent (1)
- 3) Auxiliary building 718-A (1)
- 4) Auxiliary building 718-B (1)
- 5) Auxiliary building 718-C (1)
- 6) Auxiliary building 735-A (1)
- 7) Auxiliary building 735-B (1)
- 8) Auxiliary building 755-A (1)
- 9) Auxiliary building 755-B (1)
- 10) Waste handling building (1)
- 11) Control room airborne (1)
- 12) Condensate polishing building (1)
- 2. Area Radiation Monitors
- a. QA Category I Seismically Qualified
- 1) In-containment high-range area (2) -
post-accident
- 2) Control room area (BVPS-2) (2)
- 3) Outside personnel hatch area monitor (1)
- b. QA Category II Seismically Qualified
- 1) Safeguards recombiner area (2)
- 2) Sample room area (1)
- 3) Manipulator crane area (1)
- 4) Incore instrumentation equipment area (1)
- 5) Decontamination area (1)
- 6) New fuel storage area (1)
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12.3-29 7) Fuel pit bridge area (1)
- 8) Auxiliary building area (9)
- 9) Waste handling area (4)
- 10) Reactor containment area low range (1)
- 11) Condensate polishing area (5)
- 12) Spare area (3)
- 13) Primary access facility (1)
12.3.4.2 Airborne Radioactivity Monitoring
Fixed airborne radiation monitoring instruments are located in selected areas throughout BVPS-2. The location and number of
these instruments ensure a continuous flow of information to operating personnel concerning the airborne radioactivity levels in selected plant areas and in ventilation effluent streams.
The instruments are designed for service based on expected
radioactivity levels during normal operation and anticipated
occurrences.
Airborne radioactivity detection is accomplished by a
sampling/sensing element configuration integral in the airborne radiation monitors. The airborne radiation monitors, in
conjunction with the process and effluent radiation monitors and
area radiation monitors, constitute the digital radiation monitoring system (DRMS). The DRMS is a digital microprocessor-based system described in Section 11.5. Airborne radiation monitors are off-line sampler types equipped with particulate and gaseous detectors and a readily removable charcoal filter
cartridge. The charcoal filter cartridges may be taken to the radiation protection laboratory and analyzed to determine the quantity of deposited iodine from which airborne concentrations
may be derived.
Sensitivities and ranges for these monitors are given in Tables
12.3-9 and 12.3-10. ANSI N13.10 will be used as a guide for
establishing sensitivities of these monitors.
Containment Atmosphere Radioactivity Monitor
The containment atmosphere radioactivity monitor draws a sample from the containment atmosphere recirculation system, Section
9.4.7, and monitors the radioactivity concentration in the containment structure. This monitor is located in the rod control and cable vault area, el 738 feet with the sample line run as short as possible with a minimum of bends. The containment airborne monitor may be employed to provide a sample of the containment atmosphere for laboratory analysis. In the
event of a LOCA, a CIA signal closes the containment isolation
valves in the containment atmosphere monitoring sample lines.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 20 12.3-30 The containment atmosphere monitor system monitors both particulate and gaseous activity and is used to help detect RCS leakage. The particulate activity monitor has a measurement range of 10E-10 to 10E-5 Ci/cc. The gaseous activity monitor has a measurement range of 10E-6 to 10E-1 Ci/cc.
This monitor is seismically qualified and supplied with power
from the uninterruptible ac electric power system.
Waste Handling Building Airborne Monitor
The waste handling airborne monitor draws a sample from the waste handling building ventilation and monitors the
radioactivity concentration in the waste handling building. The
monitor is located at el 773 feet of the auxiliary building.
Auxiliary Building Airborne Monitors
The radioactivity concentration in the auxiliary building is monitored by seven airborne radiation monitors. Each monitor draws a sample from specific locations in the flow path of the
auxiliary building ventilation system ductwork.
The sample points are located such that each monitor will determine the airborne radioactivity concentration in a portion
of the auxiliary building. This arrangement will facilitate
rapid determination of the location of any source of high
airborne radioactivity.
These monitors are located at el 735 feet and el 755 feet of the
auxiliary building.
Condensate Polishing Building Airborne Monitor
The condensate polishing building airborne radiation monitor draws a sample from the building's normal ventilation system and monitors the radioactivity concentration in the condensate polishing building. This monitor is located at el 794 feet of
the condensate polishing building.
Control Room Airborne Monitor
The control room airborne radiation monitor draws a sample from
the control room air ventilation system and monitors the
radioactivity in the control room. This monitor is located at
el 735 feet of the control building.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 12.3-31 Fuel Building Airborne Monitor The fuel building airborne radiation monitor draws a sample from the fuel building ventilation exhaust and monitors the radioactivity concentration in the fuel building. The monitor is located at el 766 feet of the fuel building.
Leak Collection Airborne Monitor
The leak collection airborne radiation monitor draws a sample from the leak collection system exhaust duct and monitors the radioactivity concentration in the contiguous areas. The monitor is located at el 773 feet of the auxiliary building.
12.3.4.3 Area Monitoring
The area radiation monitors provide continuous surveillance of radiation levels in selected areas throughout BVPS-2. These selected areas include locations where personnel may be present
and where significant radiation levels may occur.
The area radiation monitors are part of the DRMS described in Section 11.5. This system is based on distributed microprocessors and redundant central processor units.
The microprocessor will provide controls, alarms, indication, and data processing as described in Section 11.5.
The alarm set-point for each monitor is at a level to provide sufficient warning of high radiation levels to operating personnel. Alarm set-points are based on design dose rates for
the different zones as outlined in Section 12.3.1.
The operability of each detector is checked, as required, with
the check source which may be actuated remotely.
All area radiation monitors are equipped with Geiger-Mueller
detectors, except the in-containment high range monitors and the high range detector associated with the outside personnel hatch monitor, which are equipped with ionization chambers.
The area monitor, which is located outside the containment opposite the personnel hatch, will monitor high gamma dose rates
from the containment structure in the event of a design basis accident. This monitor will serve as a backup to the two in-containment high range area monitors.
The redundant, safety-related area monitors centrally located in the BVPS-2 control room will isolate the control room envelope
on a high radiation signal. This alternate method for control room isolation (further described in Sections 6.4 and 9.4.1) protects the operator
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-32 against the radiological consequences of DBAs that do not initiate a CIB signal.
Two in-containment high-range monitors, capable of detecting and measuring the radiation level within the reactor containment during and following an accident, are provided in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.97 and Item II.F.1, Attachment 3 of NUREG-0737 (USNRC 1980). The monitors meet the requirements of Table II.F.1-3 of NUREG-0737 (USNRC 1980) and Regulatory Guide 1.97.
Two safeguards recombiner area monitors are provided outside the cubicles in which the post-DBA hydrogen recombiners are located.
A list of area radiation monitors and their locations, sensitivities, and ranges is presented in Table 12.3-10. The
sensitivity of each monitor is the lower value of the monitored range.
12.3.4.4 Criticality Monitoring 10 CFR 70.24, "Criticality Accident Requirements" requires that licensees install criticality monitors in areas where large quantities of Special Nuclear Material are handled or stored. An exemption to 10 CFR 70.24 was obtained for BVPS Unit 2 such that a criticality monitoring system was not required.
Subsequently, 10 CFR 50.68, "Criticality Accident Requirements" was published as an alternative to 10 CFR 70.24. 10 CFR 50.68 lists specific requirements that need to be met in lieu of maintaining a monitoring system capable of detecting a criticality as described in 10 CFR 70.24. BVPS Unit 2 has chosen to comply with 10 CFR 50.68 as a means of eliminating the requirement for a criticality monitoring system.
12.3.5 Testing, Inspection, Calibration, and Maintenance
Preliminary testing is performed as described in Section 14.2.12. In-service inspection, calibration, and maintenance is addressed in Section 11.5 and will be performed, as necessary, in accordance with the BVPS-2 Technical Specifications, the Licensing Requirements Manual
, and normal station maintenance procedures.
12.3.6 References for Section 12.3
Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation (SWEC) 1975. Radiation Shielding Design and Analysis Approach for Light Water Reactor Plants. Topical Report RP-8A, Boston, Mass.
SWEC 1981a. QADMOD - Point Kernel Gamma Transport. NU-137.
SWEC 1981b. ANISND - A One-Dimensional Discrete Ordinates Transport Code with Anisotropic Scattering. NU-146.
SWEC 1981c. COHORT2 - Monte Carlo Radiation Environment Analysis. NU-157.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.3-33 SWEC 1982. GAMTRANI - Gamma Transport by Point Kernel Technique. NU-003.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1980. Clarification of TMI
Action Plan Requirements. NUREG-0737.
Westinghouse 1977. "Design, Inspection, Operation, and Maintenance Aspects of the Westinghouse NSSS to Maintain Occupational Radiation Exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable," WCAP-8872, April 1977.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Tables for Section 12.3
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-1 RADIATION ZONE DESIGNATIONS
Zone No.
Zone Description Maximum Dose Rate
(mRem/hr)
I Unrestricted area-continuous access < 0.75 II Restricted area-periodic access
< 2.5 III Restricted area-limited access
< 15 IV Radiation area-infrequent access
< 100 V High radiation area-not normally accessible (controlled access provided) 100 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-2 TYPICAL LOCATIONS FOR DESIGNATED RADIATION ZONES
Zone No. Typical Locations I Control room and all administrative areas II Auxiliary, waste handling, condensate polishing, and fuel building passageways in general
III Valve operating stations in auxiliary, waste handling system and fuel buildings
IV The containment area outside the crane wall V The containment area inside the crane wall, radioactive equipment cubicles, and solid
waste storage area
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 2 TABLE 12.3-3 CONTAINMENT AND CONTAINMENT CONTIGUOUS AREAS SHIELDING SUMMARY
Shield Description
Material Thickness (in) Reactor vessel support structure Above el 705' 8" Water Steel 34 3 Below el 705' 8" Steel Lead (+1/2")
steel cladding)
1 1/2 2 Primary shield Concrete*
54 Supplementary neutron shield Borated, silicon-
based shield
9 1/4 Cubicle - crane support wall Concrete 24-33 Crane support wall above operating floor Concrete 24 Containment wall Concrete 54 Containment dome Concrete 30 Floor-el 718' 6" Concrete 24 and 54 Operating floor Concrete 24 and 47 Refueling cavity wall Concrete 42 Missile shield above CRDM
housing Concrete 21 Refueling cavity water (minimum depth of water above fuel being transferred)
Water 93
Pressurizer/steam generator shield walls above operating floor**
Concrete 12
Fuel transfer canal wall Concrete 54 to 72 Fuel transfer tube shielding Concrete and steel See Figures 12.3-17 and 12.3-18 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.3-3 (Cont)
Shield Description
Material Thickness (in) Incore instrumentation cubicle
wall Concrete 39 Incore instrumentation source
storage area Concrete 42 Incore instrumentation access ***
Concrete 36 Steam generator cubicle wall Concrete 36 Regenerative heat exchanger
cubicle wall Concrete 24
Cable vault wall Concrete 24 Recirculation spray pump room in safeguard area Concrete 36 Safeguards area wall Concrete 24 NOTES:
- All concrete is reinforced with steel.
- The steam generator walls facing the equipment and personnel access hatches are 18 inches thick.
- The drain opening in the incore instrumentation access wall is arranged to minimize direct line-of-sight radiation streaming through the opening, and is provided with a permanent 3 1/4" thick box-shaped steel shield at the outside of the opening.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.3-4 POST-ACCIDENT VITAL AREAS Calculated Whole No.
Description Area or Route Time after DBA Occupancy Time of Vital Area Body Dose (Rem)
Primary
Alternate
1 Control room (CR)
Area 0
Continuous to 30 days
NA 2 Emergency response facility Area 0 Continuous to 30 days 3 Rem TEDE (Note 6)
NA 4 Operation of post-accident H2 analyzer Route 30 min 15 min 1.26 2.77 6 Lubrication oil for the diesel generator Route 96 hrs 3 hr 0.01 Note 4 8 Personnel movement (emergency response facility to CR or CR to emergency response facility) Route Variable 3 min (walking) 1 min (riding) Table 12.3-7 Note 4 9 Manual operations of valves in safeguards building Route 24 hrs 15 min 3.15 3.40 10 Residual heat removal (RHR) suction valve transfer Route 24 hrs 15 min 2.90 3.53 11. Electrical connection of permanently installed spare equipment Route 24 hrs 15 min 0.01 0.18 12 Ventilation fan for service water system Route 24 hrs 30 min 0.01 Note 4 13 Obtaining and Analyzing a Post - Accident Effluent Sample Route 1 hr 10 min (ERM) and 1 hr (lab) 4.4 (2) 4.3 (3) NA NA 14 Re-energizing ECCS Valve Circuits Route 25 min 5 min 0.40 0.59 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.3-4 (Cont)
NOTES:
- 1. Security will be controlled at the secondary alarm station in the primary access facility, or as described in the site emergency plan.
- 2. Doses are calculated assuming the sample will be analyzed at the primary chemistry laboratory.
- 3. Doses are calculated assuming the sample will be analyzed at the emergency response facility.
- 4. Alternate route not considered because significant dose contribution is due to travel outside the buildings.
- 5. Not Used
- 6. Access areas 1 and 2, control room and Emergency Response Facility (ERF), have been evaluated for post-LOCA habitability based on use of the Alternative Source Term methodology of RG 1.183, and the associated 10 CFR 50.67 dose limit of 5.0 Rem TEDE.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-7 INTEGRATED DOSE FOR ONE WAY TRIP BETWEEN CONTROL ROOM AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE FACILITY Time After Start of DBA (hours)
Integrated Dose (Rem) 0 1.12 0.083 0.57 1 0.20 2 0.14 8 0.037 24 0.007 96
- 192
- 360
- 720
- NOTE: *Less than 1 mRem.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-8 VALVES POTENTIALLY REQUIRING REMOTE MECHANICAL OPERATION FOLLOWING A DBA System Valve Mark No. Valve Function Service Water System (SWS) 2SWS*MOV 104A
2SWS*MOV 104B
2SWS*MOV 104C 2SWS*MOV 104D Service water inlet
to recirculation
spray heat exchangers 2SWS*MOV 105A 2SWS*MOV 105B 2SWS*MOV 105C
2SWS*MOV 105D Service water outlet
from recirculation spray heat
exchangers 2SWS*104 2SWS*82 Inlet and outlet service water header cross connects to recirculation spray
heat exchangers Recirculation Spray System (RSS) 2RSS*MOV 156C
2RSS*MOV 156D Recirculation spray
pump discharge isolation 2RSS*33 2RSS*35 2RSS*36 2RSS*34 Demineralized water inlet to recirculation spray
pump seal system fill Quench Spray System (QSS) 2QSS*MOV 101A
2QSS*MOV 101B Quench spray pump
discharge isolation Safety Injection System (SIS) 2SIS*MOV 8889 Recirculation mode safety injection to discharge isolation
2SIS*MOV 8811A 2SIS*MOV 8811B Recirculation spray
pump discharge to
safety injection isolation
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 2 TABLE 12.3-9 AIRBORNE RADIATION MONITORS Monitor Quantity Medium Sensitivity (Ci/cc) Minimum Range (decades)
Expected Concentrations
Location Containment atmosphere (2 detectors)
1 Air Table 12.2-24 Fig. 12.3-3 particulate gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5 Auxiliary building (2 detectors) 7 Air Table 12.2-24 Figs. 12.3-3 and 12.3-4
particulate
gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5 Waste handling building (2 detectors)
1 Air Background Fig.
12.3-5 particulate
gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5 Fuel building vent (2 detectors) 1 Air Background Fig.
12.3-5 particulate gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5 Control room area (2 detectors) 1 Air Background Fig.
12.3-3 particulate gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5 Leak collection area (2 detectors) 1 Air Background Fig.
12.3-5 particulate gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.3-9 (Cont)
Monitor Quantity Medium Sensitivity (Ci/cc) Minimum Range (decades)
Expected concentrations
Location Condensate polishing building 1 Air Background Fig.
12.3-6 (2 detectors) particulate
gas 1x10-10(I-131) 1x10-6(Xe-133) 5 5
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-10 AREA RADIATION MONITOR LOCATIONS AND RANGES
Detector Location Sensitivity and Range* (mRem/hr)
Reactor containment area, low range 1-105 Outside personnel hatch area 0.1-107 Reactor in-containment area, high range 103-1010 Manipulator crane 0.1-104 In-core instrumentation area 1-105 Decontamination area 0.1-104 New fuel storage area 0.1-104 Fuel pit bridge 0.1-104 Auxiliary building 0.1-104 Sample room 0.1-104 Waste handling area 0.1-104 Condensate polishing area 0.1-104 Control room 10-2-103 Safeguards recombiner area 1-105 Primary access facility 0.1-104 NOTE: *Sensitivity is equal to the lower value of the range.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-11 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATION LIMITS FOR COBALT IMPURITY LEVELS
Components Material Maximum Weight Percent Cobalt Reactor internals (nonactive region)
SS*
0.20 Reactor internals (active region)
SS 0.12 Reactor vessel clad SS 0.20 Reactor coolant piping SS 0.20 Reactor internal bolting material SS 0.25 Reactor coolant pumps SS 0.20 Pressurizer SS 0.20 Auxiliary heat exchanger surfaces exposed to reactor coolant SS 0.20 Steam generators Inconel 0.10 Fuel (nonactive region)
SS 0.12 Fuel (active region)
SS 0.08 Fuel Inconel 0.10 Fuel Zircoloy 0.002 *Stainless steel
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-12 APPROXIMATE REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM WETTED SURFACE AREAS Component Material Surface Area (ft2)
Reactor internals
SS*
4,326 Reactor vessel clad SS 2,190 Reactor coolant piping SS 2,750 Reactor internal bolting material SS Negligible Reactor coolant pumps SS Negligible Auxiliary heat exchanger surfaces Inconel Negligible Steam generators Inconel 1.90 x 10 5 Fuel (nonactive region)
SS 2,000 Fuel (active region)
SS 3,600 Fuel Inconel 7.80 x 10 3 Fuel Zircoloy 7.78 x 10 4 *Stainless steel
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 0 1 of 1 TABLE 12.3-13 APPROXIMATE REACTOR COOLANT SYSTEM WETTED SURFACE AREA OF STELLITE
Component Surface Area (ft2) Reactor internals 3.2 Reactor coolant pipe journals 17.2 Control rod drive mechanisms 10.0 Reactor coolant system valves 2.6
- CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING
- GASEOUS WASTE 1----.---
.. STORAGE VAULT *
- FUEL BUILDING REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL. 692'-11" AUXILIARY BUILDING
- WASTE HANDLING BUILDING CABLE *VAULT AREA
- __________
-I GENERATOR BUILDING
- SERVICE BUILDING
- TURBINE BUILDING LEGEND: -SHIELD WALL THICKNESS MAJOR RADIATION SOURCES EQUIPMENT NUMBER NOTE, CONTAINMENT BUILDING EXCESS LETDOWN HEAT EXCHANGER REACTOR CORE
- INDICATES BUILDING FOUNDATION OUTLINE ONLY FIG U R E 12.3-1 SHIELDING ARRANGEMENT AND FACILITIES EL. 6921-11 BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT
CABLE TUNNEL EL. 712"-6" LAYDOWN AREA .. _. AUXILIARY BUILDING
.... -. El.710"-a" GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT TO UNIT I CABLE TUNNEL EL. 712"-6" LAY DOWN AREA CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL.722'-S" FUEL
- BUILDING REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL. 7'18'-a" [J [J [) 0 EL. 718'-6"
- SERVICE BUILDING TURBINE
- BUILDING DIESEL
- GENERATOR BUILDING LEGEND: lx"-x"",
-SHIELD WALL THICKNESS (FEET-INCHES)
- AREA MONITOR MAJOR RADIATION SOURCES EQUIPMEN T CONTAINMENT NUMBER BUILDING CD REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER RESIDUAL HEAT REMOVAL HEAT EXCHANGER AUXILIARY BUILDING o o @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ BORIC ACID FILTER FUEL POOL ION EXCHANGER FUEL POOL FILTERS A e:. B COOLANT RECOVERY FILTERS A e:. B CESIUM DEMINERALIZERS A eo B MIXED BED DEMINERALIZERS A fA B CATION BED DEMINERALIZER OEBORATING DEMINERALIZER A e:. B SEAL WATER FILTER SEAL WATER INJECTION FILTERS A fA B REACTOR COOLANT FILTER LIQUID WASTE TANKS A & B DEGASSIFIER RECIRCULATION PUMPS A & B WASTE GAS SURGE TANK LIQUID WASTE PUMPS A & B PRI MARY ORAl NS TRANSFER TANK OVERHEAD GAS COMPRESSORS CLEANUP FILTER CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING
@ CONDENSATE BACKWASH HOLD TANK @ CONDENSATE BACKWASH FEED TANK WASTE HANDLING BUILDING EVAPORATOR BOTTOMS HOLD TANK GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE TANKS FIGURE 12.3-2 NOTE -INDICATES BUILDING OUTLINE ONLY SHIELDING ARRANGEMENT AND FACILITIES El. 710'-6" TO 722'-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT CONTROL ROOM 7" STEEL DOOR CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL 735'-6" GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT DECONTAMINATION AREA j I I DRIVE ASSEMBLY PLATFORM El. 745'-S" I TURBINE BUILDING El.730'-S" DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING EL.732'-S" D LEGEND: -SHIELD WALL THICKNESS
- AREA MONITOR
- AIR MONITOR MAJOR RADIATION SOURCES PRIMARY ACCESS FACILITY EQUIPMENT NUMBER @ AUXILIARY BUILDING SEAL WATER HEAT EXCHANGER LETPOWN HEAT EXCHANGER CHARGING PUMPS A,B E. C I DEGASSIFIERS AE.. B WASTE GAS CHARCOAL DELAY BEDS WASTE HANDLING BUILDING GENERATOR BLOWDOWN
/LiQUID WASTE EVAPORATORS STEAM GENERATOR BLOWDOWN/liQUID WASTE HOLD TANKS CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING RESIN DECANT TANK FIGURE 12.3-3 SHIELDING ARRANGEM ENT AND FACILITIES EL. 7301-6" TO 7381-1011 BEAVER VALLEY POW ER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT AUXILIARY BUILDING EL.755' -6" FUEL BUilDING EL. 752'-3" POLISHING BUILDING EL.752' -6" GASEOUS WASTE r--, ............
STORAGE VAULT REACTOR CONTAINMENT CA BlE VAULT E. ROD CONTROL lU C D D D AREA EL. 755' -6" Il\/f SE RV ICE BU ILDI N G I!:;';d!
EL. 745'-6" 0 D D "" .., TURBINE BUILDING D SAFEGAURDS BUILDING DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING REV 2 LEGEND; --SHIELD WAll THICKNESS
- AREA MONITOR
- AIR MONITOR MAJOR RADIATION SOURCES EQUIPMENT NUMBER* @ @ @ @ AUXILIARY BUILDING VOLUME CONTROL TANK BORIC ACID TANKS A E. B BORIC ACID TRANSFER PUMPS A E. B DEGASSIFIERS A E. B AIR EJECTOR VENT WASTE GAS CHARCOAL DELAY BEDS A AND B COND E N SATE POLISH I NG B U I LDI NG CON DE NSATE DEMINER AL IZ ER S RESIN SLUDGE TANK RESIN HOLD TANK WASTE HANDLING BUILDING STEA M GENE R ATOR BLOW DOW N / LIQUID WASTE HOLD TANKS FIGURE 12.3-4 SHIELDING ARRANGEMENT AND FACILITIES EL. 7451-611 TO 7551-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL.774'-6" GASEOUS WASTE 1--__ _
VAULT
- FUEL BUILDING EL. 766' AUXILIARY BUILDING EL.773' * * * *
- D D D
- REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL. 767' -10" .0 SERVICE BUILDING EL. 760' DOD o TURBINE BUILDING o ROOF SAFEGUARDS BUILDING CABLE VAUL T f'. CONTROL ROO ROOF AREA EL 773'-6" ... ______ .. o DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING ROOF LEGEND: Ix'-x"r.-
SHIELD WALL THICKNESS
- AREA MONITOR
- AIR MONITOR FIGURE 12.3-5 SHIELDING ARRANGEMENT AND FACILITIES EL. 7601 TO 7741-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT 1---.----
ROOF ROOF FUEL BUILDING ROOF AUXILIARY BUILDING t-..,.-..,
.... --------....... --.. PART PLAN AUXILIARY BUILDING ROOF HEALTH PHYSICS FACILITY ROOF EL. 799'* 0" ROOF REACTOR CONTAINMENT SERVICE BUILDING EL.780'-6" VENTILATION ROOM TURBINE BUILDING ROOF *
- CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL. 794'*6" SAFEGUARDS BUILDING ROOF r-----' ! ! DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING ROOF LEGEND: -SHIELD WALL THICKNESS
- AIR MONITOR
- AREA MONITOR FIGURE 12.3-6 SHIELDING ARRANGEMENT AND FACILITIES EL. 7801-611 TO 7981-0" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT
- CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING GASEOUS WASTE ...----,
___ -. STORAGE VAULT REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL.692'-1I"
- FUEL BUILDING
- AUXILIARY BUILDING
- WASTE HANDLING BUILDING CABLE *VAULT AREA *
- _______ .. _______
____ ..... DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING
- SERVICE BUILDING
- TURBINE BUILDING LEGEND: ZONE COLOR CODE EXPOSURE RATE v ::: 100 MREM/HR < 100 MREM/HR m 15 MREM/HR II ::: 2.5 MREM/HR 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE NOTE:
- INDICATES BUILDING FOUNDATION OUTLINE ONLY FIGURE 12.3-7 RADIATION ZONES EL. 692'-11 BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL.722'-6" GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT FUEL
- BUILDING REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL.TI8'-6
"
- SERVICE 8UILDING TURBINE
- BUILDING DIESEL
- GENERATOR BUILDING LEGEND: ZONE .COLOR CODE V Jr ill n *
- EXPOSURE RATE ::?: 100 MREM/HR < 100 MREM/HR 15 MREM/HR 2.5 MREM/HR 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE AREA MONITOR AIR MONITOR NOTE * -INDICATES BUILDING OUTLINE ONLY FIGURE 12.3-8 RADIATION ZONES EL. 710'-6" TO 722'-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT CONTROL ROOM CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING El.735'-6" GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT DRIVE ASSEMBLY PLATFORM El. 745'-S" DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING EL.732'-S" Me .#1' PRIMARY ACCESS FACILITY LEGEND: ZONE IT ill II I COLOR CODE EXPOSURE RATE 100 MREM/HR < 100 MREM/HR 15 MREM/HR 2.5 MREM/HR 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE
- AREA MONITOR
- AIR MONITOR
- CASK WASHDOWN AREA IS ZONE II DURING NORMAL OPERATIONS AND ZONE V DURING CASK WASH DOWN FIGURE 12.3-9 RADIATION ZONES EL. 7301-6" TO 7381-10" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UN IT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT AUXILIARY BUILDING EL.755' -6" FUEL BUILDING EL. 752'-3" CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL. 752' -6" GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT REACTOR CONTAINMENT (NO ELEVATION
-ZONE NOT INDICATED)
II\iI SERV ICE BUILDIN G EL. 745'-6" o 0 IKI IBI TURBINE BUILDING o 01t2l o SAFEGAURDS BUILDING DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING "l: ;r LEGEND: ZONE COLOR CODE V TIl III II I *
- EXPOSURE RATE 100 MREM IHR < 100 MREM/HR :5; 15 MREM/HR :5; 2.5 MREM/HR :5; 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE AREA MONITOR AIR MONITOR FIGURE 12.3-10 RADIATION ZONES EL. 745'-6" TO 755'-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL.774'-6" GASEOUS WASTE STORAG E VAULT RAD-CON COUNTING ROOM o REACTOR CONTAINMENT EL. 767' -10" SERVICE BUILDING EL. 760' o o o TURBINE BUILDING o ROOF SAFEGUARDS BUILDING CABLE VAULT t. CONTROL ROD AREA EL.773'-6" o ROOF ... -----.. DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING ROOF LEGEND: ZONE Y TIl" ill II I COLOR CODE -* EXPOSURE RATE 100 MREM/HR < 100 MREM/HR 15 MREM/HR 2.5 MREMI HR 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE AREA MON ITOR
- AIR MONITOR FIGURE 12.3-11 RADIATION ZON ES El. 7601 TO 7741-6" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT GASEOUS WASTE STORAGE VAULT 1---.---.,
AUXILIARY BUILDING PART PLAN ROOF FUEL BUILDING ROOF AUXILIARY BUILDING ROOF VENTILATION ROOM HEALTH PHYSICS FACILITY ROOF CONDENSATE POLISHING BUILDING EL. 794'-6" ROOF ROOF REACTOR CONTAINMENT SERVICE BUILDING EL. 780'-6" TURBINE BUILDING ROOF SAFEGUARDS BUILDING ROOF r-----' , I DIESEL GENERATOR BUILDING ROOF LEGEND: ZONE COLOR CODE ill IT I EXPOSURE RATE 2:: 100 MREM I HR < 100 MREM/HR :s 15 MREM/HR 2.5 MREM/HR 0.75 MREM/HR WALKWAY AND EQUIPMENT REMOVAL AISLE
- AIR MON ITOR FIGURE 12.3-12 RADIATION ZONES EL. 780'-6" TO 798'-0" BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION -UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT L G,END: ZONE: REACTOR CONTAll'NMENi -EL. II" 100 MRl::frl/t-aR.
<: 100 M E:M/ R. ;:;:: II;) MREM/HR . .:;; 2.. '-l'" e: .. I i MR FIGURE 12.3 -15 RADI AT I ON LONES-S.H Ui DOWN fiR EFtl E UNG El. 6921-n!i 6EAV E R VAL LEY P OWE R STATION -Ij N IT 2 I MAL SAFETY .A A LYS IS R AC OR' CONTAIN' N EL. 6 I IHR. WA KWAY AN' fI: E" OV;!\ L Q IPr T FIG RE 2,3 1 RA IAT N 20 -S"SHUTDOW IR EL, . -B AV VAL E: Y FlOW Ii' S-AT ON -U I 3 A S Y A LYSIS REPO 'T TAINMENT -L. 138.1-Oil! I . M MI R. WA AnD'
- QUI RE ovp. AIS G" FIGU RE* 1 Z.:3 -1 ZONES",SHUTDOWN/REFUE L VAl-E' INA SA TY rUE B IlDNG-LEGE 0< 2: 100 M.-EM/H " < *00 R'EM/hiR.
- DOSe: RA: E 0 QI fR:Ci,ll. gP .. IRE ACTOn: CON TA I N 1 F" GUfil 12_3 -Hj L'O ES":S UTDOW IREFUElI G El_ 3 I .' 10 I BEA E R VA L L. Y FlOW. ::;; 'A -U . I . F A L S Y . NAY S S R C;; PO T 60" FUEL TRANSFER Ii TUBE . El.729'-4" 1 "
CONCRETE BLOCKS .'; !: . I c.--CONTAINMENT LINER 104----r-J 32 II ____ --.. '.. ,I>:' , 'b-: j. " .': P' .'. '.:-
. . .... " . . . . . ,. .' '. p'. .. 28" I" 42" 66" .
STEEL RING
-.. ,..*-1" FIGURE 12.3-17 FUEL TRANSFER TUBE SHIELDING INSIDE CONTAINMENT-ELEVATION VIEW BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT EXTERIOR WALL CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE i FUEL TRANSFER TUBE 4" COMPRESSIBLE MATERIAL FUEL BUILDING MAIN STEAM fA CABLE VAULT BUILDING FIGURE 12.3 -18 FUEL TRANSFER TUBE SHIELDING OUTSI DE PLAN VIEW BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE D AIRBONE MONITOR FILTERS FILTER HOUSE No.4 FILTER HOUSE No.3 FILTER HOUSE No.2 HVAC UNITS MOISTURE SEPERATOR No.2 MOISTURE SEPERATOR No. I VENT CHASE FILTER HOUSE No.1 VENTILATION c:Jo VENT GAS r--D LEAK COL. FILTER EXH. FUEL BUILDING VENT MON. ELEV. RELEASE ....... GAS Jj' ELEV. RELEASE MON. LEAK COLL. MON. LAYDOWN STORAGE DECON o I B 16 24 32 SCALE: FEET F IGU RE 12 _ 3 -32 AIR CLEANING SYSTEM HOUSING BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION-UNIT 2 FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.4-1 12.4 DOSE ASSESSMENT 12.4.1 Estimates of Exposure
The occupational radiation dose and number of personnel required at a pressurized water reactor (PWR) are mostly functions of the degree of routine and special maintenance performed in a given
year. Table 12.4-1 presents a summary for years 1969-1980 as reported by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC 1981). Tables 12.4-2 and 12.4-3 show 1980 collective annual doses by work function and by occupation, respectively, for PWRs (USNRC 1981). The average exposure was approximately 450 man-Rem per reactor-year including all workers (such as utility personnel, vendor personnel, and contractor personnel). Approximately 70 percent of this exposure is estimated to be associated with routine and special maintenance activities. To minimize this exposure, plant shielding and machinery locations have been designed to provide maximum laydown space, maximum working room, and minimum time required to perform operations. Experience
gained in the operation of nuclear plants is factored into these designs with the objective of minimizing total exposure to Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 2 (BVPS-2) personnel in agreement with the objectives of Regulatory Guide 8.8. Section 12.3 describes radiation protection design features.
Table 12.4-4 presents estimates for BVPS-2 of total man-Rem percentage and man-Rem dose for various work functions. The values listed are estimates based upon the percentages and average man-Rem per reactor-year given in NUREG-0713 (USNRC 1981).
Table 12.4-5 shows an exposure breakdown by system at one PWR plant, and Table 12.4-6 presents an exposure breakdown by work group for one year at another PWR plant (EPRI 1981).
Operating experience for PWRs indicates that subtracting out special maintenance activities results in relatively constant exposures, after an initial buildup during the first 2 years attributable primarily to Co-58 which has a half life of 71 days. After Co-58 has reached an equilibrium condition, both Co-58 and Co-60 are believed to contribute substantially to exposure levels. The relatively constant exposure resulting from routine work at three PWR plants is presented in Table
12.4-7. Special maintenance activities, such as steam generator repairs, have caused major fluctuations in man-Rem doses at PWRs.
The above information was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
In addition to special maintenance, BVPS-2 operation, supervision, and radiation protection activities will affect the total man-Rem. The timing of work and special tests will be arranged for times of lowest dose rates consistent with reasonable operation of BVPS-2. Trained personnel in the
Radiological Control staff will control access to high radiation areas and provide continuous surveillance of personnel exposure.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.4-2 12.4.1.1 Estimates of Dose to Construction Workers The estimated dose to construction workers at BVPS-2 due to the operation of Beaver Valley Power Station - Unit 1 (BVPS-1) is shown in Table 12.4-8. The table presents the expected number of construction workers from 1981 through the middle of 1986. Also presented is the estimated yearly dose to the construction workers at the BVPS-2 site due to radiation from BVPS-1 operation. The dose was estimated based upon readings from selected thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) on the industrial fence separating the BVPS-2 construction site from the BVPS-1 site and other selected locations around the BVPS-2 site. The selected TLD readings were considered representative of the dose rate which the construction workers would receive. Based upon available data for the year 1981, Table 12.4-8 shows the estimated dose to construction workers through the middle of
1986. These estimated doses are based on an expected capacity factor of 0.8 for BVPS-1 from 1981 through 1986. This information was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
12.4.2 Estimates of Inhalation Thyroid Doses
Inhalation doses will be negligible in every area except the containment, turbine, and auxiliary building areas. Potential airborne activities for these areas are given in Section 12.2. These concentrations are based on expected failed fuel and leakage assumptions as given in NUREG-0017 (USNRC 1976). The inhalation thyroid doses that result are given in Table 12.4-9. This information was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
Thyroid dose rates in Table 12.4-9 are calculated according to:
i)i(K(C))i(A(B.R.)tD where: Dt = thyroid dose rate (mRem/hr)
Ki = thyroid dose conversion factor (from TID 14844, March 1962) (Rem/Ci)
B.R. = breathing rate, m 3/sec Ai = building airborne concentration, Table 12.2-24, of the ith isotope (Ci/cm3) C = 3,600 sec/hr x 10 3 mRem/Rem.
12.4.3 Estimates of Site Area Boundary Doses
Site boundary doses are based on radioactive gaseous effluents from BVPS-1 and BVPS-2, as given in Tables 11.3-2 and 11.3-3,
respectively. Table 12.4-10 gives the doses at the worst case location. This information was developed in support of the BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 12.4-3 original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
Note that for an operating plant such as BVPS, actual dose information is provided in the Annual Radioactive Effluent Reports.
12.4.4 References for Section 12.4
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 1981. Occupational Radiation Exposure Radiation Technology Planning Study. EPRI NP-1862 TPS79-761.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) 1962. Calculation of Distance Factors for Power and Test Reactor Sites. TID-14844,
Division, of Technical Information.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) 1976. Calculation of
Release of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Pressurized Water Reactors. Office of Standards Development, NUREG-0017.
USNRC 1981. Occupational Radiation Exposure at Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors 1980. Office of Management and Program
Analysis, NUREG-0713, Vol 2.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Tables for Section 12.4
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-1 (Historical)
MAN-REM SUMMARY FOR PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS*
Year Number of
Operating Reactors
Average Rated Capacity (MWe)
Average MW-Year Generated Yearly
Average
Man-Rem/
Reactor-Year Yearly Average Man-Rem/MW-Year 1969 4 349 274 165 0.6 1970 4 349 245 684 2.8 1971 6 399 319 307 1.0 1972 8 446 318 464 1.5 1973 12 533 314 783 2.5 1974 20 619 341 331 1.0 1975 26 643 461 318 0.7 1976 30 675 444 460 1.0 1977 34 699 510 396 0.8 1978 39 723 509 429 0.8 1979 42 729 434 510 1.2 1980 42 721 435 578 1.3
NOTE:
- USNRC 1981.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-2 (Historical) 1980 COLLECTIVE ANNUAL DOSES BY WORK FUNCTION*
Pressurized Water Reactors Work Function Man-Rem % of Total Reactor operations and
surveillance 2,702 11.5 Routine maintenance 6,350 27.0 Inservice inspection 1,923 8.2 Special maintenance 10,277 43.6 Waste processing 630 2.6 Refueling 1,654 7.1 Totals 23,536 100.0 NOTE: *USNRC 1981.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-3 1980 COLLECTIVE ANNUAL DOSES BY OCCUPATION* (Historical)
Pressurized Water Reactors Occupation Category Man-Rem % of Total Maintenance 12,763 69.6 Operations 1,217 6.6 Radiation Protection 2,007 10.9 Supervisory 439 2.4 Engineering 1,919 10.5 Totals 18,345 100.0 NOTE:
- USNRC 1981.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-4 ESTIMATES OF PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MAN-REM AND COLLECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENTS FOR VARIOUS WORK FUNCTIONS (Historical)
Work Function Percentage of Total Man-Rem Man-Rem/
Reactor/Year Reactor operations and
surveillance 11.5 52 Routine maintenance 27.0 122 Inservice inspection 8.2 37 Special maintenance 43.6 196 Waste processing 2.6 12 Refueling 7.1 32 Total 100.0 450 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 2 TABLE 12.4-5 EXPOSURE BREAKDOWN BY SYSTEM FOR ONE YEAR OF OPERATION AT POWER PLANT A* (Historical)
System Man-Hours
Man-Rem mR/hr from RWPs mRem/
Man-Hour Steam generator systems 2,405 64.36 26.6 26.8 Blanket radiation work permits 15,892 61.24 3.5 3.9 (Primarily hp & operations)
Undefined systems 8,112 47.00 5.8 5.8 Reactor coolant system 2,965 39.74 13.4 13.4 Reactor vessel & appurtenances 1,934 29.68 15.2 15.3 Reactor control systems 3,491 16.29 4.7 4.7 CVCS/liquid poison system 1,668 13.13 7.8 7.9 Safety-related display instruments 1,168 12.33 10.4 10.6 Emergency core cooling system 1,120 9.44 8.3 8.3 Clean liquid waste process system 1,084 5.81 4.3 5.4 Feedwater systems 4,424 4.94 1.1 1.1 Fuel handling systems 1,061 4.46 4.2 4.2 Solid radwaste management systems 533 4.13 6.3 7.8 Reactivity control systems 444 3.74 8.4 8.4 Other coolant subsystems
& controls
316 2.09 6.3 6.6 Liquid radwaste management systems 133 2.00 14.9 15.1 Aerated waste processing system 185 1.72 9.2 9.3 Reactor vessel internals 106 1.63 12.5 15.4 Spent fuel storage facilities 1,029 1.50 1.5 1.5 Reactor trip systems 397 1.50 3.2 3.8 Main steam systems 690 1.42 2.1 2.1 HVAC Systems .90 1.00 5.3 5.3 Floor drains waste systems 92 0.97 9.1 10.5
Containment heat removal systems 179 0.81 4.5 4.5 Other engineered safeguards
& controls
262 0.79 2.4 3.0 Fire protection 253 0.47 1.5 1.8 Other instrument systems for
safety
23 0.48 10.4 21.3 Cooling systems reactor
auxiliary 159 0.47 2.9 3.0 Containment air purification/-
cleanup
98 0.41 4.0 4.2 Other systems 77 0.37 4.5 4.8 Compressed air systems 27 0.43 10.0 16.2 Steam generator blowdown 64 0.33 4.9 4.9 Process sampling systems 46 0.34 7.4 7.4
Engineered safeguards instrument systems
93 0.31 2.9 3.3 Spent fuel pool cooling &
cleanup 53 0.21 4.0 4.0 Gaseous radwaste management
system 91 0.22 2.4 2.4 BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 2 of 2 TABLE 12.4-5 (Cont)
System Man-Hours
Man-Rem mR/hr from RWPs mRem/ Man-Hours Other instruments nonsafety 37 0.21 5.4 5.7 Residual heat removal system 18 0.17 3.5 9.5 Turbine generators 40 0.12 3.2 3.0 Containment isolation systems 29 0.12 5.9 4.1 AC onsite power systems 9 0.05 2.2 5.5 New fuel storage facilities 117 0.04 0.2 0.4
Demineralized water makeup
systems 11 0.04 2.2 4.0 Communications systems 25 0.05 0.8 2.0 Onsite power systems ac/dc 10 0.04 - 3.8
Process & effluent radiation monitors
7 0.03 2.8 4.2 Other auxiliary process systems
& controls
8 0.03 2.6 3.3 Containment combustible gas
control
14 0.02 1.1 1.8 Airborne radiation monitor system 6 0.02 - 2.5 Other electric power systems
& controls
11 0.02 1.4 1.4 Area radiation monitor system 53 0.01 - 0.1 Condensate & feedwater systems 4 0.01 2.9 2.9 Failed fuel detection systems 2 0.01 6.0 6.0 Condensate storage facilities 4 0.00 - 1.3 Other auxiliary water systems
& controls
8 0.01 1.3 1.3 Equipment drains waste systems 3 0.01 - 1.7 Emergency lighting systems 2 0.00 - -
Extraction & auxiliary steam systems
26 0.00
-
- Total 51,307 336.77 - 6.5 (average)
NOTE: *EPRI 1981.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-6 EXPOSURE BREAKDOWN BY WORK GROUP FOR ONE YEAR AT PWR PLANT B*
(Historical)
Work Group Classification Total Dose (man-Rem)**
Number of Individuals Average Dose Per Person (Rem)
Maintenance 408 301 1.36 Operations 58 54 1.07 Boiler maker 19 17 1.12 Custodial 25 27 0.91 Radiation protection 35 48 0.74 Inspector 38 64 0.59 Radiation chemistry 7 16 0.44 General labor 4 11 0.36 Engineering support 78 230 0.34 Instrumentation &
calibration 11 31 0.34 All other 18 52 0.34 Clerical or stockroom 12 38 0.31
General vendor 1 20 0.28 Pipefitter 7 34 0.21 Radwaste processing &
shipment 1 2 0.17 Carpenter 1 8 0.14 Construction 5 40 0.12 Electrical 8 48 0.12 Consultant 1 17 0.05 Security 1 124 0.01 Total 738*** 1,182 0.62
NOTES:
- EPRI 1981.
- Rounded to the nearest integer.
- Represents 95% of total plant exposures.
The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-7 COMBINED EXPOSURE FROM ROUTINE WORK-1978 FOR THREE POWER PLANTS* IN 1978 (Historical)
Job Function Exposure (man-Rem)
Station surveillance inspection and operation 170 Station maintenance 108 Radioactive waste handling and disposal 49 General cleanup and decontamination 28 Spent fuel handling and shipping 21 Filter change operation and disposal 19 Miscellaneous nuclear station modifications 7 Post irradiation examination 3 Total 405 Work Group Exposure (man-Rem)
Maintenance 115 Operations 91 Radiation Protection 50 Engineering 35 Janitorial 29 Instrumentation and electrical 26 Chemistry and radiochemistry 24 Miscellaneous 17 Performance engineering 10 Supervision 5 Quality assurance 3 Total 405 NOTE: *EPRI 1981 The information presented in the above table was developed in support of the original license and is considered historical.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-8 [HISTORICAL]
ESTIMATED ANNUAL DOSE TO BVPS-2 CONSTRUCTION WORKERS DUE TO BVPS-1 OPERATION
Year Yearly Number of Workers Dose (man-Rem) 1981 825 5.7 1982 1,350 9.3 1983 1,500 10.3 1984 900 6.2 1985 250 1.7 1986 (6 mo) 100 0.3 The information presented above was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-9 [HISTORICAL]
ESTIMATES OF INHALATION THYROID DOSE RATES IN MAJOR BUILDINGS
Building Expected Dose Rate (mRem/hr)
Containment*
2.5x10-1 Auxiliary 3.7x10-1 Turbine 1.9x10-4
NOTE:
- After 16 hours1.851852e-4 days <br />0.00444 hours <br />2.645503e-5 weeks <br />6.088e-6 months <br /> operation of containment recirculation filters with 2 fans. If only 1 fan is operating, the expected dose rate would be 7.2 mrem/hr.
The information presented above was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 16 1 of 1 TABLE 12.4-10 [HISTORICAL]
SITE BOUNDARY DOSES Radiation Source Site Boundary*
Dose Rate (mRem/yr)
Gaseous gamma 6.3 Gaseous beta 6.8 Direct 2.7 NOTE: *Average annual dose rate at the security area boundary from TLD measurements = 30 mRem/yr.
The information presented above was developed in support of the original license and is retained here for historical purposes.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 15 12.5-1 12.5 RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAM The radiation protection program at the Beaver Valley Power Station (BVPS) is developed and implemented to evaluate and document plant radiological conditions and assure that every reasonable effort is expended to maintain personnel exposure as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The radiation protection procedures will provide all requirements, criteria, and guidelines for the radiation protection program. This will include a description of the program objectives and the general responsibilities of all groups and individuals. Specific requirements such as those approved for radiation and contamination survey methods (including documentation and area
posting) will be described in detail in these procedures.
The radiation protection program will be developed in accordance with 10 CFR 20 and other applicable federal and state regulations. Periodic reviews will ensure the manual is maintained current. Revisions in any applicable regulations
that are adopted and published in the Federal Register or are issued in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guides will be evaluated. If warranted, radiation protection procedures will be revised to be consistent with the revised rules and practices.
The radiation protection program and its implementation will be audited periodically by qualified person(s), who are not assigned to the station, to assure it is in compliance with existing requirements. Audit findings will be reported to management for their information and appropriate action.
The basic objective of the radiation protection program is to establish and enforce observance of radiological limits and policies which fully comply with the requirements of all current
federal and state regulations. The program is also intended to effect standards and institute practices which will result in conservatism; thus minimizing significant radiological
occurrences. In addition, the program will be carefully and conservatively implemented in order that radiation exposures and contamination levels will be as low as reasonably achievable consistent with sound operation and maintenance principles.
12.5.1 Organization and Responsibilities
The radiation protection organization acts in an advisory and support capacity to other site organizations. The organization is developed and the responsibilities, qualifications, and training of the radiation protection personnel are established to reflect the intent of Regulatory Guides 1.8, 8.2, 8.8, and 8.10. Radiation protection staff will meet the minimum experience and qualification requirements of ANSI N18.1-1971.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 15 12.5-2 The responsibility for maintenance of safe radiological conditions and implementation of the radiation protection program is assigned to all individuals involved in the maintenance and operation of BVPS. Specific responsibilities relevant to the radiation protection organization are described below:
The radiation protection organization is positioned within the overall BVPS organization structure as described in Section 13.1. The radiation protection organization is composed of a manager who has several supervisors as direct reports. The organization's responsibilities are divided among the supervisors who maintain staffs of technicians and other support
personnel to accomplish assigned tasks. Responsibilities include: implementing the ALARA and radwaste management programs; directing the implementation of all radiological control activities at BVPS; participating in the preparation, revision, and implementation of the emergency preparedness plan; advising and assisting plant management on matters concerning
radiological safety of station personnel.
Typical functions in support of these responsibilities include:
maintenance of relevant parts of radiation protection procedures; external and internal dose monitoring; implementing the respiratory protection program; preparation of occupational dose monitoring records and reports; engineering calculations; radiological shielding activities; training; determining requirements for protective equipment; conducting personnel monitoring; radiological surveys; and controlling radioactive shipments.
In addition, each individual whose occupational radiation dose is likely to exceed 100 mRem in a year will be instructed in their responsibilities for their own radiation safety and the controls required for general radiation safety.
12.5.2 Facilities, Equipment, and Instrumentation
12.5.2.1 Radiation Protection Facilities
12.5.2.1.1 Radiation Protection Laboratory Radiation protection facilities at the Beaver Valley Power Station Unit 2 (BVPS-2) include a radiation protection laboratory with adequate equipment for detecting, analyzing, and measuring the types of radiation of concern, and for evaluating radiological problems which may be anticipated. Counting equipment including Geiger-Mueller, scintillation, and proportional counters and scalers, and equipment for evaluating samples is provided in an appropriately designed counting room for detecting and measuring radiation.
12.5.2.1.2 Decontamination Facility A decontamination facility is provided at the station for decontamination of equipment and tools. Equipment and tools will be surveyed and decontaminated to the Department of Transportation Standards, as a minimum, prior to being shipped
from the site.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-3 12.5.2.1.3 Change Room Area
A change room has been provided in order that personnel may obtain protective clothing prior to entry into radiologically controlled areas of the station. These facilities are divided into clean and radiologically controlled sections. The radiologically controlled section is used to remove potentially contaminated clothing and is provided with sinks, showers, and necessary monitoring equipment to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination to the clean section. These areas are
routinely surveyed for contamination, and decontamination of both the clean and radiologically controlled section is performed, when required.
12.5.2.1.4 Radiochemistry Laboratory
The radiochemistry laboratory (RCL) is designed and equipped for safe handling of unsealed radioactive sources. A separate chemistry laboratory is provided for all nonradioactive chemistry functions. Adequate laboratory equipment is provided for the two laboratories so that each is completely independent
of the other. The wall, bench tops, shelving, and floor
surfaces of the RCL are constructed of materials designed to
facilitate decontamination.
RCL liquids are discharged to the radioactive liquid waste system. At least two (2) fume hoods are provided for handling and processing solutions. The hoods are maintained at a
negative pressure and exhaust to a common monitored ventilation
system vent through a filtering network.
Radiation monitors are provided in the RCL, both for general radiation surveillance of the area and for use as personnel monitors for personnel exiting the laboratory. A radioactive particulate air monitor is available for use when laboratory activities indicate the need for such additional monitoring.
Personnel dosimetry is worn by personnel at all times while in
the RCL. Protective equipment such as respirators, gloves, goggles, aprons, lab coats, coveralls, and shoe covers are
available in the area to be worn as needed.
12.5.2.2 Radiation Protection Equipment and Instrumentation
12.5.2.2.1 Protective Clothing
Protective clothing is provided at BVPS-2 to protect personnel and to control the spread of radioactive contamination. Such
clothing is designated as anti-contamination clothing (Anti-C).
Protective clothing will be worn as required by posted instructions in the work area and/or as directed by the
Radiological Work Permit (RWP). The use of Anti-C clothing is restricted to radiologically controlled areas, unless other use is approved by radiation protection supervision. All persons
will remove Anti-C clothing prior to exiting radiologically
controlled areas of the plant.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-4 Protective clothing available at the plant may include coveralls, underclothing, socks, shoe covers, rubber boots, plastic or rubber suits, goggles, face shields, cloth hoods,
skull caps, cotton gloves, and rubber gloves.
Anti-C clothing is normally obtained at the entrance to the radiologically controlled area. Practices related to handling protective clothing will be detailed in written procedures.
12.5.2.2.2 Respiratory Protective Equipment
Respiratory protective equipment will be used to minimize the intake of radioactive material when engineering controls are not
practicable, consistent with maintaining TEDE ALARA.
Some equipment protects against only a single type of hazard or a limited number of hazards, while other types provide
protection against a broad class of hazards. The selection of
respiratory equipment is made by personnel with appropriate knowledge of the requirements and limitations of such equipment.
The proper respiratory device is selected to protect the wearer
from unnecessary inhalation of airborne radioactive materials.
Respiratory protective devices used at BVPS-2 for radiological
purposes will be the full-face design, sealed about the face and
under the chin. Included may be the full-face mask equipped with high efficiency particulate filters, supplied air constant flow respirators with full face masks, supplied air hoods, and
self-contained breathing apparatus.
A regular maintenance and inspection program for respirator
equipment will be established.
12.5.2.2.3 Portable Equipment and Instrumentation
Portable instruments allow radiation protection personnel to perform alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron surveys in conjunction with area radiation monitoring, airborne radioactive particulate
monitoring, and surface contamination monitoring.
Instruments used to perform such surveys shall be in current calibration and checked for source response each day they are used if appropriate. Equipment selected will provide the
appropriate detection capabilities, ranges, sensitivities and
accuracies required for the anticipated types and levels of radiation to be found at BVPS-2 to provide for all routine and anticipated emergency situations. The types of portable
instruments, as well as the methods and procedures for use of
portable instruments will be presented in written procedures.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-5 12.5.2.2.4 Laboratory Equipment and Instrumentation
Equipment will be available to allow radiation protection personnel to perform laboratory evaluation of the radioactivity
of samples. Determinations may be made of gamma, beta, and alpha emitting samples. The samples will be prepared and
counted in appropriate counting geometries.
Calibration of laboratory equipment and instrumentation will be performed at regular intervals using appropriate sources traceable to the National Bureau of Standards/National Institute
of Standards and Technology.
12.5.2.2.5 Personnel Monitoring Instruments
The personnel dosimetry system is designed to reliably evaluate
radiation doses received at BVPS. It consists of TL dosimeters, direct reading dosimeters, and other components necessary to
properly assess personnel dose.
The TLD is designed to be carried by personnel in the TLD badge
holder. The TLDs will be assigned and issued to Radiation Workers and other individuals, as required by 10 CFR 20, who are expected to require access to a radiologically controlled area at BVPS. TLD data provides accurate measurement of radiation exposure, and will normally be the permanent record of external
radiation dose at BVPS.
TLDs will be processed and the dose determined at intervals not
to exceed the processor's recommendations, and may be processed
more frequently as requested by radiation protection or station
management. The TLDs will be response checked at a frequency
specified by the processors National Voluntary Laboratory
Accreditation Program (NVLAP).
Direct reading pocket dosimeters will be issued to each individual who requires access to any BVPS radiologically controlled area or to those designated by radiation protection supervision. The direct reading dosimeters are used for
determining short-term accumulated exposures. Radiation protection staff will periodically record the direct reading dosimeter readings for purposes of determining TLD processing frequency, possible work restrictions, or other dose control measures. The direct reading dosimeters will be calibrated at intervals no greater than that specified by the dosimeter
manufacturer.
Assessment of neutron dose equivalent will be based upon neutron survey measurements and exposure times or upon processed TLD
results.
Personnel monitoring equipment will also include means of
detecting personal contamination and may include the use of
friskers, portal monitors, and body scanning equipment.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 17 12.5-6 12.5.2.2.6 Other Radiation Protection Equipment The Area Radiation Monitoring System (ARMS) consists of independent monitoring channels which, under normal conditions, monitor selected plant areas and warn personnel if radiation levels increase above prescribed levels. The area monitors utilize two basic types of detectors - ion chambers and Geiger-Mueller detectors. They provide indication both locally and in the Control Room. The monitors will be observed for proper operation, including proper response to check sources. They will be calibrated at regular intervals. Portable air monitors and area monitors may be used to supplement the system.
The Process Radiation Monitoring System consists of radiation monitoring channels for measuring the levels of radiation in various liquid and gaseous process streams. The process
monitors use either beta or gamma scintillators as the basic detector and may be read directly in the Control Room. Each channel has alarms with settings selected to ensure radiation releases do not exceed prescribed levels. The Process Monitoring System will have regular instrument channel functional tests, as well as regular source checks. Calibration
will also be performed regularly.
12.5.3 Procedures
Written procedures prescribe the policies, guidelines, and limits for all operations at BVPS which involve or potentially
involve radiological consequences.
Procedures for personnel radiation protection shall be prepared consistent with the requirements of 10 CFR Part 20 and shall be approved, maintained and adhered to for all operations involving personnel radiation exposure.
The radiological limits, controls, and policies as described in written procedures will be consistent and in compliance with the recommendations and requirements of applicable federal and state regulatory agencies. In accordance with both company and station administrative policies, procedural compliance is
mandatory.
Radiation protection procedures will be supplemented by other work procedures to assure that abnormal or unique work practices and/or operations are conducted in accordance with the radiation protection program. This will ensure standards and limits specified therein are carefully and conservatively followed so that radiation exposures, contamination (surface or airborne) levels, and radioactive waste volumes are maintained as low as
reasonably achievable and consistent with established requirements.
Written procedures will contain information on external radiation protection, respiratory protection, protective clothing, etc.; including detailed specifications,
qualifications, precautions, performance limits, and/or controls and any other information, instructions, or guidelines required to minimize personnel exposure.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-7 The radiation protection program has been developed in accordance with 10 CFR 20 and other applicable federal and state regulations. Quality assurance requirements related to radiation protection are implemented at BVPS-2 as described in Regulatory Guide 1.33. Revisions in applicable regulations that
are adopted and published in the Federal Register, or are issued
in the NRC Regulatory Guides will be evaluated. If warranted, radiation protection procedures will be revised to be consistent
with the revised rules and practices.
The radiation protection program and its implementation will be audited periodically by qualified person(s), who are not
assigned to the station, to ensure the program is in compliance with existing requirements. Audit findings will be reported to
management for their information and appropriate action.
12.5.3.1 ALARA
Physical and administrative controls will be instituted to ensure the philosophy of maintaining personnel exposures (TEDE) are maintained as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) is
implemented.
12.5.3.1.1 Physical and Administrative Controls
Operation of the plant, as well as certain maintenance and repair tasks, may require access to and work in all areas of the plant. This includes areas defined by 10 CFR 20, as radiation
areas and high radiation areas. Access time in higher radiation fields is limited and will be of short duration. Access time is based on the time required to perform the immediate task
and the dose accumulation of the worker(s).
The following physical and administrative controls are standard operating practices used at BVPS-2 to minimize exposure to plant
personnel:
- 1. Any area where potential radiological risks may be present is designated as a radiologically controlled area. In accordance with this practice, the primary plant and a portion of the service building are defined as the basic Radiologically Controlled Area.
This includes the containment, the auxiliary building,
the fuel building, the decontamination room, the PCA shop, certain concrete enclosed cubicles, and some
adjacent service areas. Other radiologically controlled areas may be established outside the basic Radiologically Controlled Area, if warranted.
Procedures are provided to govern access to and work
within these areas.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-8 2. A Radiological Work Permit (RWP) is required for any work within a radiologically controlled area. The permit will provide, as applicable, data on the radiological conditions which will be encountered, the authorized exposure limit for each member of the work party, and the specific radiological controls to be followed in accomplishing the task. The permit is used to assist in personnel exposure control.
Implementation of the RWPs is detailed in written
procedures.
- 3. Plant radiation areas, as defined by 10 CFR 20, will be maintained within established radiologically controlled areas. It is expected that areas in the plant where radiation levels may exceed one (1) mrem/hr will normally be within the basic
Radiologically Controlled Area.
Radiation areas are posted in accordance with 10 CFR 20. Written procedures define the specific posting
and access requirements.
- 4. High radiation areas, as defined by 10 CFR 20, will be posted in accordance with 10 CFR 20, and access to high radiation areas and very high radiation areas will be controlled in accordance with Technical
Specifications.
- 5. During reactor operation, high radiation areas may result in certain areas which otherwise would not be high radiation areas. Operational, radiological, and
administrative controls are in place to preclude
unauthorized entry to these areas. Entries into the Reactor Containment Building or the Volume Control
Tank Area during reactor operations will require
authorization of the Nuclear Shift Supervisor of the applicable unit. The procedures for authorization to
enter these areas are contained in written procedures.
- 6. Radiation exposure to plant personnel is minimized to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) by providing
specifically designed trenches for radioactive pipe,
pipe tunnels, and shielded areas for radioactive piping and equipment. In addition, radiation exposure to plant personnel is limited by compliance with
10 CFR 20 and radiation protection procedures.
- 7. Dose control criteria are utilized to establish administrative control of the accumulated exposure of
each individual. The purpose of this control mechanism is to ensure that all exposures are kept
within 10 CFR 20 limits and ALARA. Dose control
criteria are detailed in radiation protection
procedures.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-9 8. Standard operating procedures require that each individual working in a radiologically controlled area wear a direct reading pocket dosimeter and, normally, a TLD. The direct reading dosimeters should be read frequently by the individual to increase awareness of exposure. They are also read and recorded by
radiation protection staff in accordance with
procedural requirements. Direct reading dosimeters are normally used to supplement the TLDs, and they are
checked in accordance with NRC Regulatory Guides 8.4
and 8.28. TLDs are read at specified intervals or as required by the dose control criteria. Normally, the TLDs are processed and the doses determined on a semi-
annual basis.
- 9. Doses to members of the public will be maintained within the limits set forth in 10 CFR 20.
Some examples of methods that will be used to maintain exposures ALARA are discussed for the following
operations:
12.5.3.1.2 Refueling
Measures beyond those usually practiced for maintaining ALARA
exposures will be taken during the refueling process. These include degassing and sampling the reactor coolant system to verify that the gaseous activity is minimized prior to removing the reactor vessel head. The reactor vessel head area will also be degassed prior to vessel head removal to avoid possible
release of gaseous activity. The reactor is refueled with fuel handling equipment designed to handle the spent fuel under water from the time it leaves the reactor vessel until it is placed in a cask for shipment from the site. Underwater transfer of spent fuel provides an effective radiation shield. After flooding the
reactor cavity and the refueling canal, purification of the water will be continued to maintain minimal radioactivity in the
water, and therefore help keep radiation exposures ALARA.
12.5.3.1.3 Inservice Inspection
Radiation exposure for those personnel involved with Inservice Inspection will be minimized by observing basic ALARA considerations. These include prior planning of the work task in order to limit the amount of time spent in the radiation field, reducing the sources of radiation by processing, providing shielding, where possible, maintaining as much distance from the sources as possible, and following any other control methods specified by written procedures. In some instances, exposure rates may also be lowered by receiving
regulatory relief from inspection requirements which subject
personnel to excessively high radiation levels.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 12 12.5-10 12.5.3.1.4 Radwaste Handling The processing and handling of radioactive solid waste may involve high levels of radiation. Handling such waste must, therefore, be done efficiently and expeditiously in order to maintain the radiation exposures attributable to these operations ALARA. Exposures will be maintained ALARA by plant
design. Liquids, spent resins, spent filter cartridges and compressible solid wastes will normally be processed remotely with the necessary shielding provided. Solidified waste
shipping containers may also be remotely decontaminated, if necessary, prior to shipment off site. Shipping will be accomplished with the proper shielding provided.
12.5.3.1.5 Spent Fuel Handling, Loading, and Shipping
To keep personnel exposures ALARA, all movements of unshielded, spent fuel will be done under water utilizing fuel handling equipment. This provides shielding and cooling of the spent fuel. The water will be of sufficient depth to limit the radiation at the surface to approximately 5 mrem/hr during the time that the spent fuel assembly is being handled at its
maximum allowable height within the refueling cavity.
The spent fuel pool is designed to hold spent fuel assemblies in underwater storage for a suitable decay period after the assemblies are removed from the reactor. After this period, the fuel may be removed from the racks and loaded into a shipping cask for eventual removal from the site. Prior to removal from the site, the cask may be cleaned and decontaminated.
12.5.3.1.6 Normal Operations Control of airborne contaminants and gaseous radiation sources,
radiation monitoring systems, and radiation shielding are features of BVPS-2 included in plant design to help keep exposures ALARA during normal operations.
The plant ventilation system provides filtered air and maintains areas of possible radioactive contamination at negative air
pressure in order to ensure a safe and suitable environment for personnel and to limit the spread of airborne contaminants.
Radiation monitoring equipment is installed in selected areas of the plant to monitor and warn personnel of increasing radiation levels which might result in a radiation health hazard. Various
process streams are also monitored for increasing radiation levels, which could indicate a possible plant malfunction and/or the existence of a radiation health hazard. Plant design
provides proper shielding of equipment likely to contain or process large quantities of radioactive material.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-11 12.5.3.1.7 Routine Maintenance
Radiological Work Permits (RWPs) help to ensure ALARA exposures
during routine maintenance. RWPs are normally required for maintenance repair work within a radiologically controlled area.
The RWP specifies the minimum requirements for anti-contamination clothing protective measures to be exercised and
provides radiological conditions of the work site.
Where applicable, other appropriate steps will be taken to minimize exposure of personnel during the performance of their work functions. Prior planning of work tasks conducted in
radiation-affected areas will be undertaken, including estimation of anticipated exposure, rehearsal of the planned task, planning of the lowest manpower requirements consistent
with safe operation, and conducting as much work outside of the radiation area as possible. Installation of temporary shielding and the use of special tools will be considered for work tasks.
Area decontamination may be performed to reduce both radiation levels and the probability of spread of contamination. Where practicable, flushing, filtering, draining, and other processing
measures may be employed to reduce radiation levels.
12.5.3.1.8 Sampling
Periodic sampling of process streams will help keep radiation
exposures ALARA, and provide confirmatory radioactivity information. Also sampling and monitoring of effluents from the waste disposal systems are performed to control effluent releases. During sampling, radiological hazards - contamination and radioactive airborne materials may exist. Necessary radiological controls will be observed, including avoiding contamination of the outside of the sample container and wearing the required Anti-C's during sampling operations. Radiological protection of personnel from sample system lines is provided by
biological shielding. The sample panels and sinks will also be fitted with ventilation hoods to remove any radioactive gases
released from samples.
12.5.3.1.9 Calibration
Periodic calibration of radiation detection instruments will help keep radiation exposures ALARA by assuring that the instruments are accurate and are providing reliable information.
Instruments are maintained only by personnel who are properly
trained to perform such maintenance.
Practices for maintaining exposures ALARA during source calibration include: ensuring proper operation of source calibrators and initiating required protective actions in the event of a malfunction of, or damage to, an instrument; providing proper interlocking systems used to prevent subjecting any personnel to an exposed source unnecessarily; limiting the time the source calibrator is in the exposed source position;
and providing proper shielding for source storage.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-12 12.5.3.2 Radiation and Contamination Surveying
12.5.3.2.1 Methods of Surveying
Specific requirements, such as those approved for radiation and contamination survey methods (including documentation and area posting) are described in detail in the radiation protection
procedures. Survey results will be recorded on a "survey map" of the specific area, the radiological work permit, and/or other
appropriate log.
The frequency and extent of radiation and contamination surveys will be determined in accordance with the criteria discussed in
the following sections.
12.5.3.2.1.1 Radiation Surveys
Routine surveys of radiation fields will be performed, as
described subsequently and are governed by written procedures.
- 1. Whenever operations are performed that can be expected to change radiation levels, radiation surveys will be
conducted as necessary to control personnel exposure.
- 2. Boundaries of temporary radiation areas will be monitored periodically to ensure that radiation areas
have not extended beyond the posted boundaries.
- 3. When highly radioactive equipment is moved within or into an area, gamma surveys will be made in adjoining work areas (including spaces above and below, if
applicable).
- 4. Gamma surveys shall be performed as necessary to control radiation exposure in normally accessible
areas which may require occupancy restrictions because
of radiation, and accessible radioactive material storage areas. Surveys in long-term storage areas need to be conducted only upon personnel entry into
the areas.
- 5. Potentially contaminated ducts, piping, and hoses outside the radiologically controlled area shall be surveyed for gamma radiation at a frequency commensurate with the potential for contamination as
specified in written procedures.
- 6. Gamma radiation surveys will be performed in unlocked radiologically controlled areas where radioactive materials are not stored at a frequency commensurate with the potential for conditions to change, as
specified in written procedures.
- 7. Surveys will be conducted when working with spent fuel handling containers, when removing shielding, and when
opening shipping and storing containers.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-13 8. Gamma radiation surveys will be performed on the outside of packages of radioactive material received on the site, and during unpacking of these containers.
Shipping containers and packing materials should be
surveyed prior to release for unrestricted handling.
- 9. Other surveys shall be performed, as necessary, to control personnel exposure to gamma, beta, neutron, and alpha radiation. Such surveys should include a
gamma survey during initial entry into a tank connected to potentially radioactive piping, a gamma and neutron survey in spaces where significant radiation levels may exist from the operating reactor,
and beta-gamma surveys of ventilation filters.
- 10. ALARA principles will be considered when determining survey frequencies.
12.5.3.2.1.2 Surface Contamination Surveys.
Routine surface contamination surveys will be performed with the frequencies indicated below, or more often, if necessary.
Detailed procedures for conducting surface contamination surveys
are provided.
- 1. Area contamination surveys will be performed within contaminated areas and at the exits from these areas at a frequency commensurate with the potential for changes in the contamination levels as specified in
written procedures.
- 2. A contamination survey will be scheduled and performed in selected area(s) outside the radiologically controlled area. The survey area(s) will be varied to ensure all areas of the station are checked within a
given period of time.
- 3. In addition, operations such as the following may require contamination surveys:
- a. Planned equipment decontamination may require surveys of the equipment being decontaminated.
- b. Areas where radioactive liquid leaks have occurred or where high airborne radioactivity levels exist may require additional surveys to determine the
need for anti-contamination clothing and to
determine the extent of the contamination area.
- c. Surveys will be taken prior to initial entry into tanks or voids containing potentially radioactive
piping and when opening ventilation exhaust
ducting.
- 4. ALARA principles will be considered when determining survey frequencies.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12.5-14 12.5.3.2.1.3 Airborne Radioactivity Samples Detailed procedures for airborne particulate sampling are provided.
Airborne particulate samples shall be taken with portable air samplers:
- 1. At least every four hours in occupied areas when a potential airborne hazard exists. When practicable,
continuous airborne radioactivity monitoring may be used in lieu of sampling.
- 2. When opening a radioactive system to the atmosphere for maintenance without total containment.
- 3. Before initially entering tanks connected to potentially radioactive piping.
- 4. Whenever airborne radioactivity concentrations are expected to exceed prescribed levels.
Equipment, training, and procedures will be available for accurately determining the airborne radioiodine concentration in areas within the facility where plant
personnel may be present during an accident.
Portable instruments using selective sample media, such as charcoal or silver zeolite, will be used to provide effective monitoring of radioiodine levels. A sufficient number of portable samplers will be
available to sample all vital areas of the plant.
The capability to accurately measure the radioiodine concentrations present on the sample media, as well as the capability to remove the sample to a low-background, low- contamination area for further
analysis, will exist.
12.5.3.3 Personnel Monitoring Systems
A comprehensive personnel monitoring system will be developed to monitor the radiation exposure received by persons working in or
making visits to BVPS. This program will meet all requirements established by the Code of Federal Regulations, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Department of Health, and the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970.
External radiation exposure of plant personnel and construction workers is controlled for each individual in accordance with the dose control criteria detailed in radiation protection procedures. The purpose of the dose control criteria is to ensure that all exposures are maintained within 10 CFR 20 limits and ALARA. Each person is authorized to receive exposure based on these criteria. The individual is informed of this authorization and it is made available to his supervisors. The authorization is based on prior exposure data and station administrative guidance levels, or 10 CFR 20 limits.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-15 An exposure tracking system provides the current radiation exposure status and/or exposure authorization for each individual. This information is factored into job assignments
and assists in maintaining exposures ALARA.
In addition, access to high radiation areas is under the control of station supervision and/or radiation protection supervision.
All persons who may have routine access to radiation areas (as
defined in 10 CFR 20) must wear direct reading pocket dosimeters and TLDs when entering such areas. Direct reading pocket dosimeters are periodically checked and the TLDs are processed at regular intervals (or as required by the dose control criteria). Radiation levels in all accessible areas are
maintained ALARA.
Personnel monitoring equipment consisting of direct reading
dosimeters and/or dosimetry badges containing thermoluminescent dosimeters are assigned to and worn by personnel within the radiologically controlled areas of BVPS. In addition, those persons who work in radiation areas or contaminated areas may be required to wear extremity badges. The exact monitoring
equipment used in a particular work situation will depend on the
conditions encountered in the work area, and may consist of a combination of the preceding equipment, as necessary, to adequately monitor personnel exposure. In addition, portable air sampling equipment, including personnel air samples (lapel samplers) may be required for situations in which it is
anticipated that airborne contamination may be encountered.
12.5.3.4 Radiation Control Procedures
Exposure to operating personnel is kept ALARA and maintained within the limits of 10 CFR 20. This is accomplished by careful
design and administrative procedures and controls.
Radiation protection procedures describe radiological controls
and practices at BVPS-2. This manual includes a number of measures which will be applied to work tasks in order to reduce personnel radiation exposure. These measures will be reviewed during the preparation of work procedures to determine if they
are applicable to the work situation and/or environment. If the
measures apply, the work situation will be evaluated to determine if significant exposure reduction will be accomplished and, if significant exposure reduction is likely, the applicable
measures will be applied in order to attain the ALARA goal.
12.5.3.4.1 Prior Planning and Rehearsal
Prior planning of work tasks will be used to reduce personnel exposure to ionizing radiation. This planning will minimize the time spent in the radiation field, limit requirements for ingress to the work area, and allow better overall control.
Rehearsals will be used for portions of particularly complex
tasks to ensure the tasks are completed without delay. When practicable, tryout of containment devices or enclosures, trial fit of tools and parts, and similar measures will be used to
reduce total personnel exposure.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 19 12.5-16 12.5.3.4.2 Shielding and Decontamination
Temporary shielding and area decontamination will be utilized to reduce personnel exposure to ionizing radiation. Attention will
be given to the installation of temporary shielding for work tasks where high radiation fields exist. Decontamination may also be used to reduce radiation levels in an area. Special
beta shielding (eye protection, Anti-C clothing, etc.) shall be
employed in work tasks involving high levels of beta radiation.
12.5.3.4.3 Special Tools
Consideration will be given to the use of special tools which
may increase the speed of accomplishing the work task or provide distance between the worker and the radiation source. Special tools will be evaluated to determine if they are radiologically effective in reducing personnel exposure. Special tools will be
used when specified by plant procedures.
12.5.3.4.4 Reduction Sources
When practicable, reduction in radiation levels will be
accomplished by flushing systems, discharging systems, etc.
12.5.3.4.5 Radiological Work Permit and Surveys
Radiation surveys will be conducted prior to the start of work in radiation areas. The necessary radiological information will
be identified on the Radiological Work Permit. Location of hot spots in the work area will be identified and marked. The permit will also specify the radiological exposure control methods which must be used during the performance of the
specific assignment.
12.5.3.4.6 Work Practices
Work practices will be specified in radiation protection procedures and followed by all personnel working in
radiologically controlled areas.
12.5.3.4.7 Radiological Training
Personnel who perform work in radiologically controlled areas will receive training in radiological control practices,
including the proper use of protective clothing and respiratory protective devices. Additionally, personnel who perform work in radiation areas will be instructed in and directed to observe:
the health protection problems associated with exposure to radiation and the precautions and procedures to minimize exposure; the protection of personnel from exposures to radiation; their responsibility to report promptly to the radiation protection organization any condition which may lead to or cause a violation of NRC regulations or unnecessary personnel exposure to radiation; and the appropriate response to warnings made in the event of any unusual occurrence or malfunction that may involve exposure to radiation. Personnel
will be advised as to the radiation exposure reports which they
may request pursuant to 10 CFR 19.13.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 12 12.5-17 12.5.3.4.8 Job Debriefing Debriefing of personnel will be conducted following jobs involving new or complex problems, and a critique prepared to improve future methods of performing the job. Additionally, feedback to improve procedures will be obtained through the job supervisor and periodic general safety meetings.
12.5.3.5 Dose Control
12.5.3.5.1 Internal Radiation Exposure Consistent with maintaining TEDE ALARA, the criteria for control of internal radiation exposure are based on the aspect that airborne radioactivity should be minimized to such an extent that monitoring to determine internal exposure should not be
necessary.
12.5.3.5.1.1 Respiratory Protection Program
The BVPS-2 respiratory protection program will not be used in place of practicable engineering controls and prudent radiation safety practices. Every reasonable effort will be exerted to prevent potential, and minimize existing airborne concentrations. However, when the potential for high airborne
particulate activity exists, full-face high-efficiency filter masks, supplied air masks or hoods, self-contained breathing apparatus, or evacuation of the area (if no suitable protective
devices are immediately available) may be exercised. Use of respiratory protection is based on ALARA considerations.
At a minimum, all respiratory protective devices used for radiological control purposes at the site are the full-face design. Included may be the full-face mask equipped with high efficiency particulate filters, supplied air constant flow respirators with full face masks, supplied air hoods, and self-contained breathing apparatus.
Personnel will be trained in the proper use of respiratory protective equipment. They will be cautioned as to the
limitations of the respirators and instructed in methods to ensure a proper fit. Special ocular spectacles designed specifically for use with the particular respiratory equipment
will be provided. The respirators will be handled and inspected in accordance with the guidelines provided in NRC Regulatory Guide 8.15 and NUREG-0041.
12.5.3.5.1.2 Internal Exposure Assessment/Bioassay Program
The internal dosimetry program, developed to meet the intent of Regulatory Guides 8.9 and 8.26, will identify those individual workers whose internal exposure may exceed applicable monitoring thresholds. It will require that a sufficient number of measurements on these individuals be performed so that an estimate can be made of their intakes. Normally, intakes are
estimated without dose assessment unless the intake exceeds trigger level values.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12.5-18 The minimum internal dosimetry program is designed to give coverage to employees exposed to significant airborne radioactivity or contamination. For administrative purposes, all employees assigned to BVPS as qualified radiation workers shall be included in this program except those exempted as described in radiation protection procedures. Selected contractor personnel may also be included in the program.
Special consideration for selection for bioassay may be appropriate for those individuals who may have been exposed to
abnormally high concentrations of radioactivity in the air, for individuals with previous internal exposures which require work restrictions, and for certain cases in which an individual is
required to wear respiratory protection devices.
As warranted, the analysis or bioassay will consist of an in-
vivo count of the lung and thyroid regions to determine the presence of high energy gamma emitters. In addition, in-vitro analysis or urinalysis will be required when significant quantities of non-gamma emitting nuclides are present in the working environment, should exposure conditions warrant such analyses.
The bioassay analysis may be performed once annually except where air sampling data exceeds certain criteria, in which case additional bioassays should be performed. Bioassay frequency is determined considering instrument sensitivity such that individuals whose internal exposure may exceed applicable monitoring thresholds will be identified. Bioassays will normally also be performed for persons prior to their assuming or terminating duties as a Radiation Worker.
12.5.3.5.2 Exposure Records and Reports
Administrative exposure guidance will be established and implemented to assure the limits of 10 CFR 20.101 are not exceeded and personnel occupational exposures are maintained ALARA. An occupational radiation exposure records system will be developed in accordance with NRC Regulatory Guide 8.7.
Occupational radiation exposure received during previous employment will be determined as required by 10 CFR 20. Records of prior dose will be maintained on NRC Form-4, or equivalent,
and retained until the NRC authorizes disposition.
Records of occupational dose of individuals who are required to
be monitored during employment or w ork assignment at BVPS will be maintained on NRC Form-5 or equivalent and retained until the
NRC authorizes disposition.
Reports of exposure to radiation or radioactive materials will be made in accordance with 10 CFR 19, 10 CFR 20, and 10 CFR 50.
12.5.3.6 Radioactive Material Handling and Storage Methods
Methods of handling and storage of sealed and unsealed byproduct, source, and special nuclear material have been developed to provide control and accountability of the above
material.
BVPS-2 UFSAR Rev. 14 12.5-19 For byproduct material an accountability system, maintained by the radiation protection organization, will provide the following: documentation of all transfers to and from the site
of byproduct material; identification of material and the
necessary labels; inventory logs, maintained current by the radiation protection organization, to account for all radioactive sources; security precautions against unauthorized use of reference and calibration standards including locked storage areas for standards not in use; the conduct of a thorough search for any lost material and the notification of other site organizations, who will initiate appropriate action in the event of such loss.
For source and special nuclear material, a similar accountability system will provide for the following: documentation of receipt and shipment of nuclear material to and from the site, as well as transfers of material within the site; allowance of any special packaging, handling or shielding requirements of the material to be specified by the radiation protection organization; security precautions regarding nuclear material; specifically designated Item Control Areas (ICAs) for storage of nuclear material; control over movement of material from ICAs without authorization; the observance of proper criticality control techniques when nuclear material is moved; continual updating of book inventory, regular physical inventories and initiation of appropriate action in the event of the apparent loss of nuclear material.
Detailed procedures to implement the above accountability system are provided.