ML20054E753
| ML20054E753 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Byron  |
| Issue date: | 06/07/1982 |
| From: | Fabrikant J COMMONWEALTH EDISON CO. |
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| Shared Package | |
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| References | |
| ISSUANCES-OL, NUDOCS 8206140144 | |
| Download: ML20054E753 (74) | |
Text
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g-UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION O
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In The Matter of )
)
)
COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY ') Docket Nos. 50-454 OL
) 50-455 OL
)
(Byron Nuclear Power Station, )
Units 1 & 2) )
AFFIDAVIT OF JACOB I. FABRIKANT The attached questions and answers constitute my testimony in the above-captioned proceeding. The testimony is true and accurate to the best of my knowledge, information and belief.
Jacob I. Fabrikant
- Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of
, 1982.
Notary Public My commission expires .
- Dr. Fabrikant was out of the country during the time his Affidavit was put in final form. He has reviewed the Affidavit !
as filed and adopted it in oral communications with counsel for '
Commonwealth Edison Company. When Dr. Fabrikant returns to the United States, an executed Affidavit will be substituted !
for this page.
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(_) AFFIDAVIT OF JACOB I. FABRIKANT
- 1. Q. State your name, occupation and present position.
A. My name is Jacob I. Fabrikant. I am a physician and radiologist, research biophysics scientist, teacher and university professor in radiology and in biophysics at the University.of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.
- 2. Q. Briefly' describe your education, including dates of degrees received, academic and other honors, pro-fessional societies and professional experience.
A. I hold a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry and mathematics, McGill Univorsity (1952); a Doctor of Medicine degree and a Master of Surgery degree (1956),
both from McGill University; and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in biophysics, University of London (1964). I am a Fellow of the American College of Radiology (1978).
I did post-doctoral training in surgery and pathology f at Duke University Hospital, and trained in radiology at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. I am certified by the American Board of Radiology in diagnostic radiology,
- therapeutic radiology and nuclear medicine. I have a
l' e been Professor and Head of the Department of G(_,/ Radiology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; and Professor and Chairman, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. I am presently Professor of Radiology, University of California School of Medicine at San Francisco; Staff Senior Scientist at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley; Physician-in-charge of the Donner Pavilion, Cowell Memorial Hospital, University of California, Berkeley; and Professor and Member of the Graduate Physics Group, Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics, University of California, Berkeley. I devote all my professional and academic activities to patient care, primarily diagnostic and therapeutic radiology and nuclear medicine; to research in the radiological sciences, primarily cancer research; and to teaching in radiology and biophysics, :imarily in the radio-logical sciences in the medical school and in the graduate school at the University of California.
These are all documented in my curriculum vitae which is attached to this testimony.
- 3. Q. Have you ever been appointed to or served or do you presently serve on any recognized national or international committees, commissions,or groups dealing with the v
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(]) radiological sciences in general, and radiation and health in particular?
A. Yes, I have served on five committees of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, in-cluding the 1972 BEIR I, 1976 BEIR II and 1980 BEIR III Committees. I presently serve on a National' Academy of Sciences Committee on a NIOSH study of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Workers, and I am consultant to the National Academy of Sciences Board of Radioactive Waste Management. I was the Director of the National Radio-logical Protection Board of Public Health and Safety of the President's Commission on -the Accident at Three Mile Island. I have served on advisory scientific Committees of the President's Commission, USPHS, NIH, NCI, BRH, NASA, American College of Radiology, the NRPB i
of Canada and England, and other scientific bodies dealing with radiation and health and cancer research.
I am a member of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.
- 4. Q. Have you ever published in the scientific literature dealing with medicine, cancer research, radiation and health?
A. Attached to my testimony is a complete bibliography of my publications. My publications now number in excess p
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e o of 200 scientific articles, reports, chapters and
() reviews in the open literature, They are all in the fields of radiological sciences, medicine and surgery, radiobiology, radiation sciences and health, cancer biology, and related disciplines.
- 5. Q. Briefly describe the BEIR Committee, NCRP, ICRP, the relationship between them and your. personal participation in each committee.
A. The BEIR Committee is a standing expert scientific advisory committee on radiation and health effects of radiation of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, viz., the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) is an expert scientific advisory committee on radiation and health effects chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964 (originally dating back to 1929) with designated responsibility to collect, analyze scientific data and develop recommendations about protection against radiation and on radiation measurements, quantities and units. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is the oldest expert scientific i
advisory body on radiation and health; it dates to l
1928. The ICRP is represented by scientists from some 15-20 countries throughout the world with responsibilities O
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1 to evaluate the health risks of radiation, particularly
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concerning radioisotopes and medical applications, estimate the extent of these risks, and recommend limits on radiation exposures to worker populations and the general population. These advisory committees on radiation of international and national composition have, for these many years, met and served effectively to discuss, to review, to evaluate, and to report on three important matters of societal concern; (1) to place into perspective the actual and potential harm to the health of man and his descendants in the present and in the future from those societal activities in-volving the use of ionizing radiations; (2) to develop quantitative indices of harm based on dose-response relationships to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of somatic and genetic risk so as to better protect human populations exposed to low-level radiation; and (3) to identify the sources and levels of radiation which could cause harm, to assess their relative importance, and to provide a framework on how to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure to human populations.
I was a member of the 1972 BEIR I Committee, and on the Subcommittee on Somatic Effects. I was Vice-Chairman of the 1976 BEIR II Committee. I was a member O
of the 1980 BEIR III Ccmmittee, on the Subcommittee
/ on Somatic Effects, and Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee to Estimate Radiation Cancer Risks on Low-dose, low-LET whole-body Radiation. I am on the ICRP, and a member of Committee 1, which deals with risk estimation and all health effects of exposure to ionizing radiations.
- 6. Q. What is the scope and purpose of your testimony?
A. The scope and purpose of my testimony is to respond to that portion of Contention 2 of intervenors DAARE and SAFE which are within my scientific and medical expertise. In creating this testimony, I have con-sidered both the specific language of contention 2 and certain supplementary information provided by DAARE and SAFE in response to discovery initiated by Commonwealth Edison Company. Contention 2 generally asserts that the health effects of projected routine release of radioactivity for residents of the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas should be re-evaluated.
This re-evaluation, it is claimed, should take account of routine releases of radioactivity both from the Byron Station and other nuclear power plants which are owned by Commonwealth Edison Company and are operating now or will be operating in the future.
I
a a Q. Describe the characteristics of ionizing radiation
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which are associated with routine releases of radio-activity from nuclear power plants in the United States.
A. Under normal _ operating conditions the radiation resulting from the routine release of radioactive isotopes (primarily gamma radiation, but beta, alpha, and neutron radiations also exist in very minute amounts) from a nuclear power station is in the order of 1 to 2 per cent of the combined average level of natural background and medical background radiation exposure; this is generally assumed to be negligible.
S. O. What is the definition of low-LET radiation and how does it differ from high-LET radiation?
A. Linear energy transfer (abbr.,LET) is defined as the average amount of energy lost per unit of ionizing particle spur-track length. Low-LET radiation is sparsely ionizing radiation and is characteristic of electrons, x-rays, and gamma rays. Low-LET radiations are those encountered primarily associated with the routine operation of nuclear power plants.
High-LET radiation is characteristic of alpha particles and fast neutrons. These are commonly encountered in the operationt of high energy accelerators.
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,, 9. - Q. What are the observed biological effects of low-LET l *
,'" j radiation caused in human beings?
A. Briefly low-LET radiation can affect the cells and tissues of the body in three important ways. First, if the damage caused on the DNA molecule occurs in one or a few cells, such as those of the blood-forming tissues, the irradiated cell can occasionally transform into a cancer cell, and, after a period of time, there is an increased risk of cancer developing in the exposed individual. This biological effect is carcinogenesis; and the health effect, cancer. Second, if the embryo or fetus is exposed during gestation, injury can occur in the proliferating and differentiating cells and tissues, leading to abnormal growth. This biological effect is teratogenesis; and the health effect, develop-mental abnormality in the newborn. Third, if the macro-molecular lesion occurs in the reproductive cell of the testis or the ovary, the hereditary genome of the germ cell can be altered, and the injury can be expressed in the descendants of the exposed individual. This biological effect is mutagenesis; the health effect, genetically related ill-health.
There are a numb 2r of other important biological effects of ionizing radiation, such as induction of cataracts in the lens of the eye or impairment of fertility, but these three important delayed or late p) s, biological effects - carcinogenesis, teratongenesis and mutagenesis - stand out as those of greatest concern.
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- 10. O. How have these biological effects been observed?
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A. A considerable amount of scientific information is now known from epidemiological studies of exposed human populations and from laboratory animal experiments.
Furthermore, the scientific evidence indicates that any exposure to such delayed or late radiation, even at low levels of dose, carries some risk of such health effects. And as the dose of radiation increases above very low levels, the risk of these delayed or late health effects increases in exposed human populations.
- 11. .Q. What are the observed health effects of low-LET radiation on human beings?
A. A number of important observations on the late health effects of low-LET radiation have now emerged, about which there is general scientific agreement. These observations are based primarily on evaluation of epidemiological surveys of exposed human populations, on. extensive research in laboratory animals, on analysis of dose-response relationships of carcinogenesis, teratogenesis'and genetic effects, and on known mechanisms of cell and tissue injury in vivo and in vitro. Cancer-induction is considered to be the most important late somatic effect of low-dose, low-LET ionizing radiation.
The different tissues appear to vary greatly in their O) x_
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-ID-relative susceptibility to cancer-inductionby radiation.
O Influences affecting the cancer risk include: age at the time of irradiation, and at the time of the expression of the disease, sex, and radiation factors and types -
LET and relative biological effectiveness - affecting the cancer risk.
Effects of growth and development in the irradiated embryo and fetus have been observed and these effects are related to the gestational stage at which exposure occurs. It appears that a threshold level of radiation dose and dose rate may exist below which gross teratogenic effects will not be observed.
Estimation of the radiation risks of genetically related ill-health are based mainly on laboratory animal observations - primarily from laboratory mouse experiments -
because of the paucity of data on exposed human populations.
Genetic effects due to ionizing radiations have never been directly observed in man. However, they have been observed in laboratory animals. Our knowledge of fundamental mechanisms of radiation injury at the genetic level is far more complete than, for example, of mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis, thereby permitting greater assurance in extrapolating informa-tion on genetic mutagenesis from laboratory animals to man.
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- 12. Q. At what level of radiation doses have these health k-)g effects been observed?
A. Epidemiological surveys of exposed human populations are highly uncertain in regard to the forms of the dose-response relationships for radiation-induced cancer in man. This is especially the case for low-level' radiation. It has been necessary to estimate human cancer risk from low radiation doses primarily from observations of relatively high doses, frequently greater than 100 rads. While radiation-induced cancer in man has been observed at levels below 50 rads, the epidemiological surveys are too uncertain to provide reliable dose-response data. Surveys of developmental abnormality in the newborn demonstrate teratogenic health effects in the 10-19 rad dose range. Genetic effects in exposed human populations have never been demonstrated even after high-level exposure.
- 13. Q. Describe the relationship between a rem and a rad.
4 A. A rad is the unit of absorbed dose of radiation =
100 ergs / gram. In the new SI Unit system, 100 rads =
1 Gy. The rem is the unit of dose equivalent (used in radiological protection) = absorbed dose (in rads) times quality factor times distribution factor times any other necessary modifying factors; it represents a quantity of radiation that is equivalent - in (J
~N biologic damage of a specified sort - to 1 rad of 250-kVp x-rays. In the SI system, 100 rems 1 Sv.
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- 14. Q. Uhat is known about the health effects from radiation doses at very low levels -- about 100-150 millirem annually?
A. We do not know what health effects are at dose rates as low as a few hundred millirem per year, that is, a few factors above natural background radiation exposure. It is probable that if any. health effects do occur, they will be masked by environmental or other competing factors that produce similar health effects.
- 15. Q. .Briefly describe the teratogenic effects of low-level radiation on humans.
A. Developing mammals, including man, are sensitive to radiation during their intrauterine and early postnatal
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life. The developmental effects of-radiation on U<s the embryo and fetus are related to the stage at which exposure occurs. The existence of a threshold radiation dose below which that effect is not observed may be predicted. There is evidence of such thresholds, but they vary widely, depending on thefabnormality.
Most information comes mainly from laboratory animal studies, but the human data are sufficient to indicate qualitative correspondence for developmentally equiva-lent stages.
-Radiation may produce morphologic abnormalities, general or local growth retardation, or functional im-pairments, if doses are sufficient. Obvious malforma-tions are associated with irradition during the period of major organogenesis, which in man extends approxi-
, mately from the second to the ninth week from conception.
Because the central nervous system is formed during a relatively long period in human development, such abnormalities as microcephaly-and mental retardation figure prominently among the list of radiation effects reported in man.
Atomic-bomb data for Iliroshima show that the fre-quency of small head size was increased by acute air doses in the range of 10-19 rads kerma received during the sensitive period. At Nagasaki, where almost the b
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entire kerma was due to gamma rays, there was no O increase in the frequency of small head size at air doses below 150 rads kerma, 16 Q.- Briefly describe the genetic effects of low-level radiations on humans.
A. Because radiation-induced transmitted genetic health h
effects have not been demonstrated in man, and because of the likelihood that adequate information will not soon be forthcoming, estimation of genetic risks must be based on laboratory animal data. The genetic dis-orders that can result from radiation exposure are:
(1) those which depend on changes in individual- genes (gene mutations or small deletions); and (2) those which depend on changes in chromosomes, either in total number or in gene arrangement (chromosomal aberrations). Gene mutations are expected to have greater health consequences than chromosomal aberrations.
At low levels of exposure, the effects of radiation in producing either kind of genetic change is proportional to dose. Risk estimates are based either on experi-mental findings at the lowest doses and dose rates for which reliable data have been obtained or on adjustment ~
of the observed data obtained at high doses and dose rates by a dose rate reduction factor. For low doses and dose rates, a linear extrapolation from fractionated-O V
dose and low-dose-rate laboratory mouse data con-0'- tinues to constitute the basis for estimating genetic risk to the general population.
The 1980 DEIR III Report estimates risks of the potential health effects of an average population exposure of 1 rem per 30-year generation. In the first generation, it is estimated that 1 rem of parental exposure throughout the general population would result in an increase of 5-75 additional serious genetic dis-orders per million liveborn offspring. Such an exposure of 1 rem received in each generation is estimated to result, at genetic equilibrium, in an increase of 60-1,000 serious genetic disorders per million liveborn offspring. Within this range of uncertainty, the risk is nevertheless small in relation to current estimates of normally-occurring incidence of serious human disorders of genetic origin --- roughly 11% of liveborn offspring, that is, approximately 107,000 cases per million liveborn.
- 17. Q. Turning now to the increased risk of carcinogenesis from exposure to low-LET radiation, what are the sources of epidemiological data for the estimation of excess cancer risk in exposed human populations?
A. The chief sources of epidemiological data currently used for risk estimation of radiation-induced cancer in man O
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are the Japanese atomic-bomb survivors exposed to whole-body irradiation in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the patients with ankylosing spondylitis and other patients who were exposed to partial body irradiation thera-
-peutically, or-to medical diagnostic radiography and flouroscopy, and various occupationally-exposed populations such as uranium miners and radium dial painters.
- 18. Q. Is a reassessment of the radiation dosimetry previously calculated for the Japanese atomic bomb survivors at Hiroshima and Nagasaki currently under way?
A. Yes. Recent scientific evidence of neutron spectra and radiation attentuation factors for atomic weapons has to a coordinated research effort in order to determine whether the radiation dosimetry data of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki weapons can be estimated on a more accurate basis. Thie reassessment is under way at four large laboratories. Two basic factors are being investigated.
First, since there was no dosimetry present at Hiroshima or flagasaki, the quantities of radiation received at various points within those cities was reconstructed on the basis of tests conducted at the Nevada atomic weapon test site after World War II. The difference in neutron spectra of the weapons actually exploded over Hiroshima and Nagasaki and those exploded at the Nevada test site were not taken fully into account. These O
rx differences'-in neutron spectra yopA4 AAter the V
calculated doses of the high-LET component of the radiation received by the exposed populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This may be of greatest significance for the Hiroshima population since the bomb exploded over Hiroshima had a significant neutron component. The second factor is that the original dosimetry data did not take into account completely the shielding which occurred with respect to the exposed population. This shielding was of two kinds: structural shielding as a result of individuals being protected from radiation by building structures; and tissue shielding, whereby.the doses to a particular organ or tissue were reduced as a result of the location of the organ or tissue in the body.
- 19. Q. When is this re-evaluation of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki data expected to be complete?
A. About 2 years from now.
- 20. Q. Does this on-going re-assessment effort cause you to alter any of the conclusions expressed in response to these questions?
A. No. There is now no way of knowing with certainty I
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, , the magnitude of the change in risk estimates which i O s/
will result from the re-assessment of the Hiroshima and Nagaski dosimetry data. It is possible, however, that such rish. estimates may increase by 10% to 100%.
At levels of exposure to radiation such as those involved in the routine operation of nuclear power plants in Northern Illinois which is the subject of my testimony such an increase would have no effect on the risk to the population in the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas which I have calculated. Moreover, I should also point out that the other epidemiological data on which my conclusions are based, such as those from patients with ankylosing spondylitis, will not be altered as a result of the re-assessment of the Hiroshima and Nagaski dosimetry data.
- 21. Q.- Are the health effects of exposure to low-LET radiation such as cancer-induction, characteristically plotted as a radiation dose-response curve?
A. Yes. In recent years, a general scientific hypothesis for estimation'of excess cancer risk in irradiated human l populations, based on theoretical considerations, extensive laboratory animal studies, and limited epidemiological surveys, requires definition of the dose-response relationships between radiation dose and observed cancer incidence. Among the most widely considered dose-response models for cancer-induction
(N by radiation, based on available information and con-V sistent with both scientific knowledge and biophysical and mathematical theory, is one that takes a complex no-threshold linear-quadratic dose-response form.
22.Q. What are the various postulated dose-response curves for radiation doses below 5 rem (or 5 rads of low-LET radiation) and what is the basis for- each such dose-response curve?
A. The no-threshold multicomponent linear-quadratic dose-response curve contains: (1) initial upward - curving linear and quadratic functions of dose, which represent the process of cancer-induction by radiation; and (2) a modifying exponential function of dose, which is generally considered to represent the competing effects I
of biochemical and molecular processes at the sub-cellular level, leading to cell-killing at high doses.
Analysis of a number of dose-incidence curves for
. cancer-induction in irradiated populations, both in humans and in animals, has demonstrated that for dif-ferent radiation-induced cancers different forms of the
! same multicomponent dose-response curve can be-defined.
l Simplifications of the complex model can occur by reducing the number of components which have the least effect on the form of the dose-response relationship in the low-dose range, such simpler models, with increasing
_ complexity, include the linear, the pure quadratic, V
the quadratic (with a linear term in the low-dose region) ,
k/ and finally, the multicomponent linear-quadratic dose-response form with a linear term and with an exponential modifier.
A fourth model, one with a rapidly rising curvilinear dose-response form and a decreasing quadraticfunction (sometimes referred to as " supra-linear" dose-response curve) has also been described; at present it is not used for risk estimation.
23.0 Is 5 rem commonly used as a cut-off in characterizing annual doses as " low" or "small" and, if so, please describe the basis for that characterization?
A. There is no precise definition of low-level (or low-dose) exposure. Scientists would generally agree that low-level radiation is that which falls within the dose range considered permissible for occupational exposure.
According to accepted standards, 5 rem per year to the whole body would be an allowable upper limit of low-level radiation dose for the individual radiation workers.
The NCRP in its Report No. 64 arbitrarily defined " low"
- doses of sparsely ionizing (low-LET) radiation as 0-20 rads. (NCRP, report No. 64, 1980, p. 1).
- 24. Q. Prior to 1980, what was the position of the BEIR com-
! mittee regarding the shape of the dose-response curve i
i for radiation doses below 5 rem?
A. The 1972 BEIR-I Committee and the 1976 BEIR-II Committee
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'- considered it scientifically appropriate to adopt a linear no threshold hypothesis of the dose-response to
e p estimate the cancer risk at very low-level radiation
() exoosure where no human epidemiological data are available. -It was assumed the same proportional risks ,
are present at low levels as at high levels of radiation.
25 Q. Has that position of the BEIR Committee regarding the shape of the dose-response curve for cancer-induction changed?
A. Yes. The F.jority of the members of the 1980 BEIR-III Committee chose to adopt as a working model for low-dose, low-LET whole body radiation and carcinogenesis the no-threshold linear-quadratic (i.e., a quadratic function with a linear term in the low-dose region) dose-response form with an exponential term to account for the-observed turndown of the curve in the high-dose region.
However, in applying this multicomponent model, only certain of its derivatives, including the linear, the linear-quadratic, (i . e . , the quadratic with linear term),
and the pure quadratic functions, could prove practical for purposes of estimation of cancer risk. To estimate the carcinogenic risk of low-dose, low-LET, whole-body radiation, the linear-quadratic dose-response curve was considered most appropriate.
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(~ , 26. Q. Please describe briefly the change in the shape of
'wj' the dose-response curve adopted by the BEIR Committee in 1980 and the circumstances leading up to that change.
A. The Committee's very important task was to estimate the carcinogenic risk of low-dose, low-LET, whole-body radiation. Emphasis was placed almost entirely on the limited number of human epidemiological studies, since it was felt by the majority of the committee members that little information from laboratory animal and from biophysical studies could be applied directly to man. Some scientists of the 1980 BEIR-III Committee considered it necessary to adopt a linear hypothesis of dose-response to estimate the cancer risk at very low-level radiation exposure where no human epidemiological data was available. It is assumed the same proportional risks are present at low levels as at high levels of radiation. Other scientists on the Committee did not accept this position. When there is no human epidemio-logical evidence at low doses of low-LET radiation, these scientists preferred to assume that the risks of causing cancer are proportionally lower, on the basis of the availabic epidemiological surveys, experimental animal and cell-culture evidence and current microdosimetric theory.
Therefore, the 1980 BEIR-III Committee could reasonably adopt as the basis for its consideration of dose-response (y
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F models the quadratic form with a linear term in the rh T) m low-dose region, and with an exponential term for a negative slope in the high-dose region,.i.e., the linear-quadratic dose-response'model. Modifications of the linear-quadratic form were assumed with the linear and quadratic components to be dissimilar or equivalent at some dose - which was consistent with the epidemiological data and the radiological evidence -
and avoided dependence on either of the two extreme forms.
27 Q. From that dose-response curve is it possible to postulate the excess cancer deaths that will occur as a result of a population being exposed to any increment of low-LET radiation?
A. Yes. It would require information on the size of the population at risk, minimal latent periods, magnitude of the effect, duration of the effect, and other parameters of risk (e.g. dose coefficients) and the computational program.
28 Q. Have you made such a postulation of excess cancer deaths for the continuous exposure of a population of 1 million persons to 1 rad per year of additional radiation ex-pressed in ter,ms of excess cancer mortality?
A. Yes. The 1980 BEIR-III Committee used this population and annual dose-rate for one of its illustrative models for estimation of excess cancer risk of low-dose, low-LET, whole-body exposure.
29 Q. What are the results?
A. For continuous lifetime exposure to 1 rad per year, the increase in cancer mortality, according to the linear-quadratic model, ranges from about 3% to 8%
over the normal expectation, depending on the risk projection model (table).
Table. Estimated excess mortality per million persons from all forms of cancer, linear-quadratic dose-response model for low-LET radiation.
Absolute-Risk Relative-Risk Projection Projection Model Model Continuous exposure to 1 rad /yr, lifetime:
Normal.expection 167,300 167,000 Excess cases: number 4,751 12,920
% of normal 2.8 7.7 O)
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. 30. Q. Describe the difference between an absolute-risk
( and relative-risk projection models.
A. The absolute risk projection model is the expression of excess risk due to exposure as the arithmetic difference between the risk among those exposed and that obtaining in the absence of exposure. It is ex-pressed as the number of excess cases per million persons exposed per unit dose.
The relative risk projection model is the ex-pression of risk due to exposure as the ratio of the risk among those exposed to that obtaining in the absence of exposure. It is expressed as a ratio or as a percentage.
1 j
3L Q. In your opinion, which of these two risk projection models is a more accurate representation of excess mortality?
A. It is not known whether the cancer risk from radiation would have an absolute or additive effect, or a relative l
or multiplicative effect on the spontaneous cancer rate.
l This is because the mechanisms of carcinogenesis remain l
l poorly understood. It is reasonable to estimate excess cancer risk in both absolute terms and in relative terms. The relative risk approach assumes that the excess cancer risk increases gradually and continuously, l
i and proportional to the spontaneous cancer risk, which
increases with age for nearly all cancers. The O absolute risk approach assumes a constant number of additional cancers throughout life. In my opinion, the relative risk projection mcdel would be more appropriate for estimation of excess cancer risk.
- 32. Q. Can this statistical projection of excess mortality ever be verified by an epidemiological study of an exposed population?
A. If it is a dose-rate of continuous exposure to 1 rad / year for an entire lifetime, it might be possible to verify this excess provided the population sample size was very largo, the dosimetry was precise, all confounding factors were controlled, and lifestyle factors were carefully considered. However, the chances that this would all exist in a massive epi-demiological survey are highly unlikely. Therefore, from a practical standpoint, it is probable that it cannot be verified by a very large epidemiological study.
33,. Q. Why not?
A. It is not yet possible to make precise low-dose estimates for cancer-induction by radiation because the level of risk is so low that it could not be observed directly in man. There is great uncertainty as to the dose-response
7s functior. most appropriate for extrapolating to the d low-dose region. In studies of exposed animal and human populations, the shape of the dose-response re-lationships for cancer-induction at low doses may be practically impossible to ascertain statistically. This is because the population sample sizes required to estimate or test a small absolute cancer excess are extremely large. Specifically, the required sample sizes are approximately inversely proportional to radiation dose, and if 1,000 exposed and 1,000 control persons are required in each group to test this cancer excess adequately at 100 rads, then about 100,000 in each population group are required at 10 rads, and about 10,000,000 in each group are required at 1 rad.
Thus, it appears that experimental evidence and theo-retical considerations are much more likely than empirical epidemiological data to guide the choice of a dose-response function for risk estimation of cancer induction in human populations.
- 34. Q. Are you familiar with the testimony of Gerald Lahti in i
this proceeding?
A. Yes.
- 35. Q. What does Mr. Lahti's testimony state is the annual
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average radiation dose from the Byron Station and other nuclear power plants?
A. He now calculates an annual' average dose-rate of 0.08 mrem per year.
- 36. Q. What would be.the postulated health effect response at these dose levels, assuming a population of about 100,000 in the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas?
A. If one assumes the most conservative estimates of exposure of the population, that each person in the population would receive the maximum dose, and there was no repair of radiation injury in the cells and tissues of the body, then the average individual in the population would receive 5.9 mrem lifetime whole-body dose, the average fetus would receive about 0.03 mrem whole-body dose, and assuming a 30-year generation time the average dose to the testes and ovaries of the population would be about 2.4 mrem.
Normally, 16,700 persons in the 100,000 population would be expected to die of cancer in this population in the absence of any additional radiation exposure above natural background. For continuous lifetime exposure to 0.08 mrem per year above background levels, the increase in cancer mortality, based on the most p
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j s conservative no-threshold, linear dose-response model l would be estimated to be about'0,05 to'0,15 excess cases over the normal lifespan expectation, depending on the risk projection model. This is a statistical value, and in fact the value is negligible. Based on this information, we can conclude, therefore, that there will be no additional cancer cases resulting from the radiation dose levels of 0.08 mrem / year in the population of 100,000 persons living in the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas.
In this population, the estimated average individual radiation dose to the fetus of pregnant women' exposed to the above annual dose-rate would be below any threshold dose level known to cause any detectable cases of developmental abnormality in the human embryo and fetus, or in laboratory animal experiments. We can conclude that no case of developmental abnormality can be ex-pected to occur in a newborn child as a result of
, radiation exposure of a pregnant woman from the normal operation of the Byron Station and other nuclear power plants.
We would normally expect about 150 cases of genetically-related ill-health among the approximately 1,400 live-born children in a population of-100,000 people. Under the most conservative estimates, from an additional radiation dose of 0.08 mrem / year above
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. . . , -~ - - - , ._ , _ . _ _ _ - - , . . ____.
7, natural background radiation we would expect about 0.00001 to 0.0002 additional radiation-induced cases of genetically-related ill-health in all future generations. These represent average numbers, and are miniscule representing less than 1 case in 10 million live births. This number of additional cases is so small that it can never be detected or dis-tinguished, if it does occur, among the cases of naturally occurring genetically-related ill-health.
We can conclude that there will be no detectable cases of genetically-related ill-health resulting from the annual dose-levels calculated above from the Byron Station and other nuclear power plants.
- 37. Q. Do you expect the health effects you have calculated to actually occur?
A. No. From the above calculations, using even the most conservative dose estimates and dose-response models, I conclude there will be no detectable excess cases of cancer, developmental abnormality in the newborn, or genetically-related ill-health in the population of about 100,000 in the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas from the airborne radioactive emissions from the Byron Station and other nuclear, power plants during normal operation.
CN V
r'T 38. Q. What are the calculated radiation doses for the V
j population in the DcKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas, assuming that the TMI accident had occurred
! at the. Byron sitc?
A. Assuming the identical nuclear power plant accident that occurred at Three Mile Island occurred at Byron Station and that the radiation released was identical, then the collective dose to the expcsed population would be estimated to be about 100 person-rem. The average dose to any individual in the population of 100,000 living within 50 miles of the nuclear reactor plant, would be estimated to be about 1 mrem.
- 39. Q. What would be the postulated health effect response at these dose levels?
A. The conclusions of the President's Commission on the Accident at firee Mile Island, af ter examining all the scientific evidence, were as follows: (1) Since the total amount of radioactivity released during the. nuclear reactor accident was so small, and the total population exposed so limited, that there may be no additional detectable cancers resulting from the radiation from the accident at Three Mile Island. (2) For the same reasons, it is probable there will be no detectable cases of genetically-related ill-health resulting
, from the radiation exposure to the general population
from the accident at Three Mile Island. (3) That O no case of developmental abnormality can be expected to occur in a newborn child as a result of radiation exposure of a pregnant woman from the accident at Three Mile Island.
- 40. Q. Please describe the manner in which a whole-body dose of low-LET radiation is calculated.
A. There are a number of methods, depending on whether the radiation is external penetrating radiation or internal-emitting radioisotopes in the body. The external penetrating low-LET radiations, such as x-rays and gamma rays, penetrate all or most of the tissues and organs of the body as in the case of exposure to the atomic bombs or x-ray exposure of the fetus in utero.
An average is then estimated, as for example, a midplane dose. Radioisotopes emitting low-LET radiation within the body irradiate the tissues and organs in which they occur, and at distant sites as well. Whole-body dose estimates are determined by multicompartment mathematical models such as those developed by the ICRP which are depende on a number of physical factors and biological factors, including intake, uptake, transport, metabolism, retention, and elimination from the body. The models result in an average whole-body dose estimate, but the individual m
, tissues and organs may have widely differing absorbed
(): doses. When I have referred to whole-body doses of low-LET radiation in this testimony, I have been 1 referring to doses calculated by use of these models. I
- 41. Q. How are doses of low-LET radiation to individual human organs, such as the thyroid, the pancreas, the liver and the skin calculated?
A. If the radiation is external penetrating x-rays or gamma rays, there are known values of radiant energy deposited in the organs and tissues depending on physical factors, such as the energy absorbed, its distribution, the linear energy transfer, the rate, and the energy spectrum; and on biological factors, such as depth of penetration in the tissues. These calculated values based on mathe-matical and physical models are reasonably precise. If the radiation is from internal emitters, i.e., radio-isotopes within the body, the calculation of internal exposure is much more complex and depends on the physical characteristics of the radioisotope, the energy absorbed by the tissue or organ, and the energy escaping from the organ, and will depend upon the type of radiation emitted, the size and shape of the organ and body of the individual, and the distribution of the radioisotope within the organ or body. There is a great
deal of variation in these physical and biological O- characteristics so th:4t many assumptions and models are used. The numerous possible situations are so varied, and the accuracy of the information available so im-precise that only very simplified mathematical models and calculational techniques are justified. Generally, physicists assume that the organ is ho mgeneous, both in composition and density, and that the radioisotope is distributed uniformly within the organ. The resulting calculation of the total dose to any organ or to the whole body results in imprecice dose estimates.
- 42. O. Is the calculated whole-body dose the sum of the doses to the individual organs?
A. No. For pentrating external radiations, such as x-rays and gamma rays, the whole-body absorbed dose and the individual organ or tissue absorbed dose may be the same or very different. If the whole body is irradiated, then the absorbed dose to the individual organs would be the same, and would be measured, for example, in rads (i.e., ergs / gram tissue). If one organ receives a high dose, the scatter radiation to the whole body may be very much less. For internal-emitters, i.e., radioisotopes within the body, the distribution of the radionuclide in the body is often quite inhomogeneous and involves geo-metrical complications. For determining whole-body px
\/
absorbed dose, it is usually calculated on a tx l-) uniform distribution and the estimation of average doses reflect the fact that often the actual distribution 4
of-the radioisotope is not accurately known, and thus a detailed distribution of dose within an organ is not
~
known. It follows, therefore, that the whole-body dose'cannot be calculated simply by adding up the inaccurately known inhomogeneous distribution of dose in the organs and tissues. Numerous physical, bio-logical, and chemical factors and assumptions are involved in the calculation of whole-body absorbed dose.
- 43. Q. Why is that not an appropriate method for calculating whole-body doses from radiation for estimation of total cancer risk?
A. For external penetrating radiation, the dose to the tissues and organs as well as the whole-body is defined as the amount of energy deposited per unit mass.
Therefore, under the most ideal or theoretical con-ditions, the whole-body dose would be the average dose to all the tissues and organs, assuming a large beam irradiating the whole-body. However, the actual dose is usually assumed to be a calculated approxima-tation of dose in the tissues of the body at a particular defined depth, e.g. a geometric construct, such as a sphere of 30 cm diameter, of tissue-equivalent
() mass.
136-For internal radioisotopes in the body, there are difficulties arising due to unknown factors such as distribution of dose, and weighting factors are used in calculating the individual organ doses, in-cluding volume and mass of tissue. The whole-body dose would not be equal to the sum of doses, but rather a weighted average of the organ and tissue doses, and even then would be only an approximation unless all these factors were taken into account.
Therefore, the ICRP has developed mathematical models and geometrical constructs to take into account some of these factors, then has assigned arbitrary weighting risk factors in order to calculate cancer-risks. However, because of the complexity of each individual method of calculation, and the factors that must be taken into account, it is not an appropriate
, method to obtain a whole-body dose from the sum of individual doses to organs and tissues for estimation of total cancer risk, v
.4 i'a
~
1948-52 McGill University, Montmal B.Sc. (magna cum laude; Chemistry)
., Faculty of Arts and Science ,
McGill University, Montreal M.D., C.M.
~ '1952-56 Faculty of Medicine 1961-64 University of London, England Ph.D. (Biophysics) -
Faculty of Science 1978 - 'American College of Radiology Fellow (F. A.C.R. )
Academic Appointments 1956-57 Duke University Hospital and Intern in Surgery School of Medicine, Durham
'1957 Duke University Hospital and Assistant in Pathology School of Medicine 1957-58 Duke University Hosoital and Fellow in Surgery School of Medicine 1958-61 The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Resident in Radiology Baltimore 1958-61 The Johns Hopkins University . Fellow in Radiology School of Medicine, Baltimore - ~
l 1961-64 Department of Physics Advanced Fellow in Academic Institute of Cancer Research Radiology of the James Picker University of London, England Foundation, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council 1964-65 The Johns Hopkins University Advanced Fellow in Acad'emic School of Medicine and School Radiology of the James Picker of Hygiene and Public Health, Foundation, National Academy of ~
Baltimore ,
Sciences-National Research Council 1964-68 The Johns Hopkins University Assistant Professor of Radiology School of Medicine
! 1964-70 The Johns Hopkins Hospital Radiologist l
i
- k. b.
2.
JACOB 1. FABR1 3NT Academic Appointments (cont.)
O 1965-68 The Johns Hopkins University Assistant Professor of School of Hygiene and Public Radiological Science Heal th 1968-70 The Johns Hopkins University Associate Professor of Radiology q School of Medicine
. ,.1969-70 The Johns Hopkins University Associate Professor of School of Hygiene and Public Radiological Science Heal th 1970-75 The University'of Connecticut Professor and Head School of Medicine, Farmington Department of Radiology 1973-75 The Royal Society Special Consultant for the
. London, England Advisory Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, U.S. A.
1973-75 Royal Postgraduate Picker Sabbatical Study Year Medical School James Picker Foundation University of London, England National Academy of Sciences-
- National Research Council, U.S. A.
1973-75 Royal Pos'tgra'duate Visiting Colleague Medical School Department of Diagnostic Radiology University of London, England 1973-75 Hammersmith Hospital Honorary Consultant Radiologist Royal Postgraduate Department of Diagnostic Radiology Medical School London, England 1975-78 McGill University Professor of Diagnostic Radiology Faculty of Medicine Department of Diagnostic Radiology Montreal, Canada 1975-78 The Montreal General Hospital Diagnostic Radiologist-in-Chief Montmal, Canada Department of Diagno, tic Radiology 1976-78 McGill University Professor & Chairman Faculty of Medicine Department of Diagnostic Radiology Diagnostic Radiologist-in-Chief 1978- University of California Professor of Radiology School of Medicine San Francisco, California
l -i .
3.
- JACOB I. FABRIKANT
> Academic Appointments (cont.)
- 1978-80 University of California, Staff Scientist Berkeley Research Medicine and Radiology Donner Laboratory 1979 President's Commission on the Di rector, Accident at Three Mile Island, Public Health and Safety The White House, Washington, D.C.
}
1980 - University of California, Staff Senior Scientist Berkeley
, Lawntnce Berkeley Laboratory i ,.
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JACOB 1. FABRIVANT
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,O Academic and Professional Organizations American College of Radiology,1972-; Member, 1972-78; Fellow, 1978-Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments, 1970-75, 1976-78 Association of University Radiologists,1967-British Institute of Radiology,1961-Society of Nuclear Medicine, The Academic Council,1970-Canadian Association of Radiologists, 1975-80; Committee on Basic Research 1975-78
~~
The New England Roentgen Ray Society, 1972-78
- Radiological Society of Connecticut, 1971-75 Association for Radiation Research (U.'K.),1964-Radiation Research Society,1965-; Councillor in Medicine, 1973-76 Sigma Xi, 1971-Cell Kinetics Society,1978-Connecticut State Medical Society, 1971-75 The Johns Hopkins Medical and Surgical Association,1965-Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Society, 1958-70 American Association for the Advancenent of Science, 1966-75 American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1968-75 Alpha Omega Alpha,1955-Nu Sigma Nu Medical Fraternity,1953-Academic Honors Alpha Omega Alpha Honorary Medical Society, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal , 1955 -
Wood Gold Medal, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal,1956 Advanced Fellow in Academic Radiology of the James Picker Foundation, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1961-65 Special Consultant, Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Acaderny of Sciences-National Research Council, The Royal Society, London, England, 1973-75 , J Picker Sabbatical Study Year Award of the James Picker Foundation, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 1973-75 Visiting Colleague in Diagnostic Radiology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School,
-England, 1973-75 Fellow of the American College of Radiology (F. A.C.R.),1978 Visiting Professorships _
Visiting Professor of Radiology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine,1968 . .
Visiting Professor of Oncology, Clinical Cancer Program, Georgetwon University School of Medicine and Hospital,1969 Visiting Radiation Biologist, American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1969-75 William O'Brien Professor of Radiation Science, University of Minnesota School of Medicine and Hospitals,1970
'd -
4
. g 5.
JACOB I. FABRIKANT Visiting Professorships (Continued) bs Visiting Professor of Radiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 1970, 1977-78 Visiting Scientist, Gray Laboratory, Cancer Research Campaign, Mt. Vernon Hospi tal, England,1971 Visiting Lecturer, Cambridge University Medical School, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Engl and,1971 Visiting Professor of Radiology, University of Southern Florida College of
. . " Medicine, 1973
' [ Visiting Professor of Radiology, University of Montreal, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, 1977
- - Visiting Lecturer, Oxford University Medical School, The Radcliffe Infirmary,
~
Oxford, England,1979 Visiting Lecturer, University of London, Institute of Cancer Research, London, Engl and,1979 Visiting Professor of Radiation Medicine, Brown University,1979 Scientific Advisory Committees _
Comission on Radiation and Infection, Armed Forces Epidemiological Board, Liaison Member, 1965-66 Comittee on Radiology, Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council , Member, 1967-74 X-Ray Image Production and Related Facilities Advisory Comittee, DHEW, USPHS, Member, 1968-69 Medical Radiation Advisory Comittee, Bureau of Radiological Health, DHEW, USPHS, Member, 1969-74 Long-Term Radiation Effects Advisory Committee, DHEW, USPHS, Member, 1969-74 Neurology A Study Section, National Institutes of Health, DHEW, Member, 1969-72 Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Member,1973-;
Vice-Chairman, 1973-77; Subcomittee on Medical Radiation, Member, 1973-77 Subcomittee on Somatic Effects, Member,1977-Ad hoc Subcomittee on Somatic Effects, Chairman,1979-Comittee on Genetic and Carcinogenic Effects, Division of Radiotherapeutic Researth, Commission on Radiation Therapy, American College of Radiology, Member, 1972-76 Committee on Medical Uses of Radiation and the Radiation Exposure of Patients, National Radiological Protection Board, United Kingdom, Member, 1974-75 Associate Comittee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, Sub-committee on Physical Energy, National Research Council, Canada, Member,-
1976-78 Committee on Radiation Risks to Space Workers (Space Powered Satellite), .
National Aeronautics Space Administration, Member,1979- '-
Committee on Federal Research into the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, National Institutes of Health, DHEW, Member,1979-President's Comission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, The White House, Washington, D.C.; Director, Public Health and Safety,1979 International Commission on Radiological Protection, Committee 1 on Radiation
(%)
N Effects, Member,1980-Committee on NIOSH Portsmounth Naval Shipyard Workers Study, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C ,1982-
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6.
JACOB 1. FABRIKANT Extramural Research and Education Review Committees National Acadenly of Sciences-National Research Council, Committee on Radiology, Division of Medical Sciences, Member, 1967-74 U.S. Atomic Energy Comission, Division of Biology and Medicine, Consultant, 1968-75
- National Science Foundation, Division of Developmental Biology, Consultant, 1970 State of Connecticut, Commission on Higher Education, Standi~ng Committee on
>r Accreditation, Connecticut Council on Higher Education, Consultant, 1971-73
.- Connecticut Cancer Epidemiological Program, Planning Committee, Secretary, 1972-73 American Cancer Society, Connecticut Division, Board of Directors, Member, 1972-73 National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Assembly of Life Sciences, Division of Medical Sciences, Consultant, 1972-75 U.S. Energy Research and Development Agency, Consultant, 1975-76 McGill University, University Senate Senator, 1976-78 McGill University, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty Council, The Graduate Council, Councillor, 1975-78 McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, Postgraduate Training Committee, Member, 1975-78 McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Postgraduate Training Committee, Program Director, 1976-78 Scientific Journal Review Cell and Tissue Kinetics,1968-; Member, Editorial Board,1972-Investigative Radiology,1973-; Member, Editorial Board, 1973-76 ,
Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists,1976-; Member, Editorial Board, 1976-78 McGill Medical Journal, 1952-56; Managing Editor, 1954-55; Editor, 1955-56 ,
Cancer Research,1968-Journal of the Natio1al Cancer Institute,1969-Biology of Reproduction, 1970-Radiology,1970-Science, 1970-Medicine ,1970-() Bioscience, 1970-V Cance r,1971-Radiation Research, 1972-Intemational Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes,1973-
7.
, JAC,0B 1. FABRIKANT
~
Hospital Appointments 1964-70 The Johns Hopkins Hospital Radiologist Baltimore, Maryland 1970-73 University of Connecticut Hospital Head, Department of Radiology Hartford, Connecticut 1973-75 University of Connecticut' Hospital Attending Radiologist Hartford, Connecticut
- e
- 1970-73 Veterans Addiinistration Hospital Acting Chief, Department of Newington, Connecticut Radiology; Consultant in Radiology 1971-75 New' Britain General Hospital Consultant in Radiology New Britain, Connecticut 1971-75 William W. Backus Hospital Consultant in Radiology Norwich, Connecticut 1972-75 Hartford Hospital ' Consultant in Radiology Hartford, Connecticut 1972-75 Mount Sinai Hospital Consultant in Radiology Hartford, Connecticut 1973-75 Hammersmith Hospital Honorary Consultant Radiologist
~
London, England Department of Diagnostic Radiology 1975-78 The Montreal General Hospital Diagnostic Radiologist-in-Chief Montreal, Canada Department of Diagnostic Radiology 1975-78 The Montreal General Hospital Director, Department of Montreal, Canada Diagnostic Radiology Cowell Memorial Hospital Physician 1978- .
present University of California, Berkeley 1978- University of California Medical Radiologist, Clinical Faculty present Center, San Francisco e $
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4
8.
JAC0B 1. FABRIKANT Certi fication 1962 ~American Board of Radiology Medical Licensure 1957 National Board of Medical Examiners (No. 36999) 1958 Maryland (No. D 1511) 1971 Connecticut (No.14808) 1973-75 Gmat Britain 1976-78 Quebec, Canada (No.76-033)
California (No. G 36656) 1978 Military Service World War II, Veteran, United States Navy Marital Status _
Irene B. Fabrikant, Wi fe B.Sc. (McGill University)
M.Sc. (McGill University, Bacteriology and Imunology)
Ph.D. (University of Maryland, Microbiology) 1966-70 Instructor, Department of Microbiology University of Maryland School of Medicine 1970-75 Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine The University of Connecticut School of Medicine 1973-75 Honorary Research Fellow (Imunology)
Department of Zoology and Comparative Anatorqy University College, London, England 1975-78 Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology & Imunology Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal 1977-78 Executive Secretary, McGill University Biohazards Comittee McGill University, Montreal 1978-79 Research Fellow, U.S. Public Health Service, DHEW .
Center for Disease Control, San Juan Laboratories, Puerto Rico 1979- Research Associate, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Department of Biomedical & Environmental Health Sciences ..
4 v
9.
a JACOB I. FABRIKAt(T BIBLIOGRAPHY _
Om
- 1. Fabrikant, J.I. The Osler Society. (Editorial) McGill Med. J. 24:128, 1955.
, 2. Fabrikant, J.I. The Dean. (Editorial) McGill Med. J. 24:180, 1955.
- 3. Fabrikant, J.I. A concept of the term " anxiety". McGill Med. J. 24:201-207, i
. 1955.
~
- 4. Fabrikant, J.I. Pediatric problems in clinical practic. (Book Review) McGill
- Med. J. 24:114-115,1955.
- 5. Anylan, W.G. , Delaughter, G.D. , Jr. , Fabrikant, J.I. , Sullenberger, J.W. and Weaver, W.T. The management of acute venous thromboembolism. JAMA 168:
725-729, 1958.
- 6. Anylan , W.G. , Baylin , G.J. , Fabrikant, J. I. and Trumbo, R.B. Studies in coronary angiography. Surgery 45:8-18, 1959.
- 7. Fabrikant, J.I. Colostomy--A short review. II. Quart. 2:23-33, 1959.
- 8. Sullenberger, J.W. , Weaver, W.T. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Anylan, W.G. A study of the pressor effects of serotonin and its possible role in massive thromboemboli sm. Surgical Forum 9:127-130, 1959.
- 9. Fabrikant, J.I. Reflections on illness. II. Quart. 3:6-8, 1959.
- 10. Fabrikant , J. I . , Anlyan , W.G. , Baylin , G.J. and Trumbo , R.B. A comparison of various techniques for a safe and reliable method of coronary arterio-gra phy. Surgical Forum 9:233-237, 1959.
- 11. Fabrikant, J.I. , Anlyan, W.G. and Creadick, R.N. The management of radiation injuries to the intestines. South. Med. J. 52:1186-1191, 1959.
,12 . Fabrikant, J.I. The ileal bladder. II. Quart. 3:43-47, 1959.
- 13. Fabrikant, J.I. , Anlyan , W.G. , Baylin , G.J. and Trumbo, R.B. A comparison of techniques for visualization of the coronary arteries. Ame r. J .
Roentgenol. Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 81:764-771, 1959.
- 14. Fabrikant, J.I. The wet colostomy. 11. Quart. 4:1-5,1959. .
- 15. Koehler, P.R. , Fabrikant, J.I. rwi Dan a , E. R. Gastric retention during oral cholecystography due ta underlying lesions of the stomach and .
duodenum. Surg. Gynec. and Obstet. 110:409-412, 1960.
- 16. Fabrikant, J.I. , Anlyan, W.G. and Creadick, R.N. Management of intestinal injuries caused by pelvic irradiation. Modem Med. 28:117-118, 1960.
. p 17. Fabrikant, J. I. An improved ileostomy appliance. AMA Arch. Surg. 89:416-
\ 418, 1960.
I
r .:
J'ACOB I. FABRIKANT 10.
- 18. Anlyan, W.G. , Baylin, G.J. , Fabrikant, J.I . and Trumbo, R.B. Studies in O coronary arteriography. (In) Year Book of Radiology, Eds. , Holt, J.F. ,
V Whitehouse, W.M. , Jacox, H.W. and Kligerman, M.M. , pp. 123-125, Year Book Medical, Chicago,1960.
- 19. ' Fabrikant , J. I . Specialists at your service: The radiologist. II. Quart. 5:
29-32, 1961.
- 20. Fabrikant, J.I. , Richards, G.J. , Jr. , Brack, C.B. and Goodwin, P.N. A
,. vaginal applicator for radium therapy of carcinoma in the vagina.
Radiology 77:987-989, 1961.
- 21. Fabrikant, J.I., Cockey, T.B. and Goodwin, P.N. A simple pituitary localizer for radiation therapy. Amer. J. Roentgenol., Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 86:649-650, 1961.
- 22. Fabrikant, J.I. Reflections upon illness. Nursing News 12:3-5, 1961.
- 23. Fabrikant, J.I. , Anlyan, W.G. , Baylin, G.J. and Isley, J.K. Isotope studies for the evaluation of venous disease of the lower extremity. J. Nuclear Med. 2:136-148,1962.
- 24. Koehler, P.R. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Dickson, R.J. Observations on the behavior of testicular tumors with coments on racial incidence. J. Urol . 87:
577-579, 1962.
- 25. Fabrikant, J.I. , Richards , G.J. , Jr. , Tucker, G.F. , Jr. and Dickson, R.J.
Contrast laryngography in the evaluation of laryngeal neoplasms. Amer.
J. Roentgenol. , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 87:822-835, 1962.
- 26. Fabrikant, J.I. , Richards, G.J. , Jr. , Tucker, G.F. , Jr. and Dickson , R.J.
Aid to diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. Modem Med. 31:212, 1962.
- 27. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiological changes in experimental animals following the administration of bone-seeking radionuclides. (ab) Intern. Congr.
Radiation Res. 2:212, 1962.
- 28. Fabrikant , J. I. Cellular msponse and cell population kinetics under con-tinuous irradiation. Radiologic changes in bone following irradiation.
(In) James Picker Foundation, Annual Report, pp. 23-25, New York,1962.
- 29. Fabrikant, J.I. and Dickson , R.J. Contrast cinefluorographic studies of the larynx. (ab) Intern. Congr. Radiology 10:261, 1962.
- 30. Fabrikant, J.I. and Dickson, R.J. Clinical observations on radiation carci-
- nogenesis. (ab) Intern. Congr. Radiology 10:243, 1962. ,,'.
- 31. Fabrikant, J.I. and Smith, C.L..D. Radiological changes in experimental animals following the administration of bone-seeking radionuclides. (In)
Radiation Effects in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Eds. , Ebert, M.
and Howard, A. , p. 472, North-Holland, Amsterdam,1963.
t
JSCOB I. FABRIVANT 11.
- 32. Fabrikant, J.I. Regenerating liver. (In) Report of the Institute of Cancer Resea mh: Royal Cancer Hospital, Annual Report, p.122, London,1963.
- 33. Fabrikant, J.I. , Richards, G.J. , Jr. , Brack, C.B. and Goodwin, P.N. Vaginal applicator for radium. therapy of carcinoma in vagina. (In)' Year Book of Radiology, Eds. , Holt, J.F. , Whitehouse, W.M. , Jacox, H.W. and Kligerman, M.M. , p. 315, Year Book Medical, Chicago,1963.
- 34. Fabrikant, J.I. Studies of' cellular mponse and cell population kinetics
. under continuous irradiation. (In) James Picker Foundation, Annual Report, pp. 26-27, New York,1963.
- 35. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation studies in normal, continuously irradiated and malignant tissues. Regenerating liver. (In) Report of the Institute of Cancer Research: Royal Cancer Hospital, British Empim Cancer Cam-paign for Reseamh, Annual Report 41:152-153, 1964.
- 36. Fabrikant, J.I. and Smith, C.L.D. Radiographic changes following the admini-stration of bone-seeking radionuclides. Brit. J. Radiol . 37:53-62, 1964.
- 37. Fabrikant, J.I. and Roylance, P.J. Cinefluorographic anatomy of the larynx and hypopharynx. Proc. Anat. Soc. Great Britain and Ireland 33:25, 1964.
- 38. Fabrikant, J. I . Investigation of cellular reponse and cell population kinetics in tissues under continuous irradiation. (In) James Picker Foundation, Annual Report, pp. 28-29, New York,1964.
- 39. Fabrikant, J.I. Studies of cell proliferation in the regenerating liver and the effect of prior continuous irradiation. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1964.
1
- 40. Fabrikant, J.I. , Dickson, R.J. and Fetter, B.F. Mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis at the clinical level. Brit. J. Cancer 18:459-477, 1964.
- 41. Fabrikant, J.I. and Dickson, R.J. The use of cinefluorography for the radio-logical camination of the: larynx and hypopharynx in cases of suspected carcinoma. Brit. J. Radiol . 38:28-38, 1965.
- 42. Fabrikant, J.I. and Roylance, P.J. Cinefluorographic functional anatomy of the nonnal and diseased larynx. J. Anat. 99:209,1965.
- 43. Fabrikant, J.I. and Koburg, E. 'R5ntgen-Kontrastuntersuchungen von Larynx und Hypopharynx in Verbindung mit Bildverst5rkung. HNO Wegw. f. fach.
Praxis 13:16-19, 1965.
- 44. Fabrikant, J.I. and Lamerton, L.F. The effect of prior continuous irradiation . ,,,
on cell proliferation in the mgenerating liver. Exc. Med. Intern. .
Congr. 89:347,1965.
- 45. Fabrikant, J.I. , Dickson, R.J. and Fetter, B.F. Mechanisms of radiation car-cinogenesis at clinical level. (In) Year Book of Radiology, Eds., Holt, J.F. , Whitehouse, W.M. and Latourette, H.B. , pp. 384-386, Year Book Medical, Chicago, 1966.
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JACOB I. FABRIKANT O 46. Fabrikeat. J.t. celi cycle of reseaeratia9 nepetocytes efter coatiauous i rradiation. (ab) Intern. Congr. Radiation Res. 3:79, 1966. ,
- 47. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell population kinetics in the mgenerating liver in nonnal and continuously irradiated mice. (ab) Intern. Congr. Radiation Res. 3:
80, 1966'. .
- 48. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation-induced chromosome aberrations in the regenerating
- .- liver under continuous irradiation. (ab) Intern. Congr. Radiation Res. 3:
4 80, 1966.
T 19. Fabrikant,,J.I. and Dickson, R.J. Use of cinefluorography for radiologic examination of larynx and hypopharynx in cases of suspected carcinoma.
(In) Year Book of Cancer, Eds. , Clark, R.L. and Cumley, R.W. , pp. 384-387, Year Book Medical, Chicago,1966.
- 50. Fabrikant, J.I. The spatial distribution of parenchymal cell proliferation during regeneration of the liver. J. Hopkins Med. J. 120:137-147, 1967.
- 51. Fabrikant, J.I. The effect of prior continuous irradiation on the G 2, M and S phases of pmliferating pamnchymal cells in the regenerating liver.
Radiation Res. 31:304-314, 1967.
Radiation sterilization in man. JAMA 200:201-202, 1967.
- 52. Fabrikant, J.I.
- 53. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in conditional cell renewal systems under continuous irradiation. (ab) Assn. Univ. Radiolo-gists 15:24,1967.
- 54. Fabrikant, J.I. The accumulation of chromosome damage under continuous low dose-rate exposure. Radiology 88:767-774, 1967.
- 55. Fabrikant, J.I. The ileal bladder. Colorado St. Dept. Public Health, Suppl . ,
pp.1-4, Denver,1967.
- 56. Lamerton, L.F. and Fabrikant, J.I. Repair of cellular radiation injury in the liver of continuously irradiatdd C57BL mice. (ab) Radiation Res. 31:
664-665, 1967.
- 57. Fabrikant, J.I . The effect of radiation-free intervals after continuous exposure on the yield of chromosome aberrations in the regenerating liver.
(ab) Radiation Res. 31:665, 1967.
- 58. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation in the regenerating liver of contiaucusly irradiated mice. Brit. J. Radiol. 40:487-495, 1967. ,, .;
- 59. Fabrikant, J. I. and Wisseman, C.L. , III. Cell proliferation in nonnal and malignant tissues. I. In vitro incorporation of thymidine-H3 (ab)
Radiol . Soc. N. Amer. 37:41, 1967.
bv l
E l
13.
.JACOS I. FABRIKANT D 60. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation in the regenerating liver and the effect (U of prior continuous irradiation. Radiation Res. 32:804-826, 1967.
61 . Fabrikant, J.I. , Peterson, W.E. and Donner, M.W. Biographical note. (In)
Russell H. Morgan, A Tribute. Eds. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Donner, M.W. ,
pp. xi-xii, duPont, Wilmington, Delawam,1967.
- 62. Fabrikant, J.I. The analysis of cell population kinetics in a conditional mnewal system under continuous irradiation. (In) Russell H. Morgan, A Tribute. Eds. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Donner, M.W. , pp.93-100, du Pont,
. Wilmington, Delaware,1967.
~
Fabrikant, J.I. Kinetic analysis of hepatic regeneration. Growth 34:311-63.
315, 1967.
- 64. Morreels, C.L. , Jr. , Cherry, J. and Fabrikant, J.I. Ossified arytenoid cartilage masquerading as a foreign body; A case report. Ame r. J .
Roentgenol . , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 101:837-838, 1967.
- 65. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in regenerating liver. J. Cell. Biol. 36:551-565, 1968.
- 66. Fabrikant, J.I. and Wisseman, C.L. , III. In vitro incorporation of tri-tiated thymidine in normal and neoplastic tissues. Radiology 90:361-363, 1968.
- 67. Morreels, C.L. , Jr. , Cherry, J. and Fabrikant, J.I. Masquerader. (ab)
Modern Med. 36:103, 1968.
- 68. Fabrikant, J.I. Rate of cell proliferation in the regenerating liver.
Brit. J. Radiol . 41:71, 1968.
- 69. Foster, B.R. and Fabrikant, J.I. Studies on lymphoid cell proliferation in the nonnal with and continuously tritiated thymidine. (irradiated ab) Radiation mouse Res. 35:486, thymus by repeated 1968.
- 70. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation during lymphopoiesis in normal and continu-ously irradiated mice. (ab) (In) Symposium on the Effect of Radiation on Cellular Proliferation and . Differentiation, I AF A, Vienna, SM-103/41, 1968.
- 71. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation effects on a conditional cell renewal systrem under continuous low dose rate exposure. Amer. J. Roentgenol . , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 102:811-821, 1968.
Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation in normal and malignant human tissues. (In). %
72.
James. Picker Foundation, Annual Report,1967, New York, pp. 44-45, 1968.
- 73. Fabrikant, J. I. Cell proliferation during lymphopoiesis in normal and continu-ously irradiated mice. (In) Symposium on Effects of Radiation on Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation , SM-103/41, pp.1-24, I AEA, Vienna, i
1968.
a*
j4, JACOB I. FABRIKANT Fabrikant, J.I. Influence of cell cycle stage on radiation response in vivo.
bq 74. (ab) Assn. Univ. Radiologists, 16:27, 1968.
- 75. Fabrikant, J.I . Cell proliferation in the regenerating liver Brit. of continuously J. Radiol.,
irradiated mice; effect of a radiation-free interval.
41:369-374, 1968.
- 76. Fabri kant, J. I . , Vitak, M.J. . and 'Wisseman, C.L. , III . The kinetics of cellular proliferation in human tissues. IV. Nucleic acid synthesis and the cell cycle in relation to nomal, inflammatory and neoplastic growth. (ab)
- Radiol. Soc. N. Amer., 54:47, 1968.
~ 77. Hoopes, J.E. and Fabrikant, J.I. Objective evaluation of cleft palate speech.
Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 42:214-224, 1968.
- 78. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of lymphoid cell proliferation under continuous irradiation. (ab) Radiol. Soc. N. Amer., 54:149, 1968
~
- 79. Knudson, D.H. and Fabrikant, J.I. Radiographic evaluation of x radiation induced bone tumors. (ab) Radiol. Soc. N. Amer., 54:180, 1968.
- 80. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation during lymphopoiesis in the thymus of continuously irradiated mice. (In) Effects of Radiation on Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation, pp. 259-393, I.A.E.A., Vienna, 1968.
- 81. Fabrikant, J.I. , Wisseman, C.L. , III, and Vitak, M.J. The kineti.cs of cellular proliferation in normal and-malignant tissues. II. An in vitro method for incorporation of tritiated thymidine in human tissues. Radiology 92:1309-1320, 1969.
- 82. Fabrikant, J.I. Studies on cell population kinetics in regenerating liver.
(In) Human Tumor Cell Kinetics, Nat. Cancer Inst. Monogr. No. 30:169-183, 1969.
- 83. Fabrikant, J.I. and Cherry, J. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. III. Cell proliferation in the larynx. ~
Ann. Otol . , Rhinol . , Lary_ngol . , 78:326-341, 1969.
- 84. Hoopes, J.E. , Dellon, A.L. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Soliman, H. The locus of levator veli palatini function as a measure of velopharyngeal incompetence. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 44:155-160, 1969.
- 85. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. The kinetics of lymphoid cell proliferation Radiation Res.., 39:544, during radiation lymphomogenesis in C578L mice.
1969.
- 86. Fabrikant, J.I. and Cherry, J. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. V. Analysis of labeling indices and potential doubling times in human tumor cell populations. J. Surg.
Oncol . , 1 :27-51, 1969.
Size of proliferating pools in regenerating liver. Exp.
O L/
- 87. Fabrikant, J.I.
Cell Res., 55:277-279, 1969.
,/
, JACOB,I. FABRIKANT 15.
Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation response in relation to the cell cycle in vivo,
('N v' 88. Amer. J. Roentgenol. , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 105:734-745, 1969.
89.~ Fabrikant, J.I. Studies on cell population kinetics in radiation leukemo-genesis. Assn. Univ. Radiologists 17:88, 1969.
- 90. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. Cell cycle of lymphocytes in mouse thymus.
Die Naturwissenschaften' 57:567,1969.
'91. Fabri kant, J. I . Cell proliferation in continuously irradiated mammals; Effect of age. (In) Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mamal, Sikov, M. and Mahlum, D.D., eds. USAEC, CONF. 690501, pp. 621-628, Oak Ridge, Tenn. ,1969.
- 92. Hoopes , J.E. , Dellon , A.L. , Fabrikant, J.I. , Edgerton , M.T. and Soliman , A.H.
Cineradiographic definition of the functional anatomy and pathophysiology of the velopharynx. (ab) Intem. Congr. Cleft Palate, 42, Houston, Texas, 1969.
- 93. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in the seminiferous epithelium under continuous irradiation. XII Intern. Congr. Radiology 12:98, 1969.
- 94. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation effects on lymphopoiesis under continuous low dose-rate exposure. Radiology 93:887-893, 1969.
- 95. Hoopes, J.E. and Fabrikant, J.I. Objective evaluation of cleft palate speech.
(ab) Cleft Palate J. 6:181, 1969.
- 96. Fabrikant, J.I. Research on cell proliferation in normal and malignant human tissues. (In) James Picker Foundation Annual Report,1968, pp. 45-50, 1969.
- 97. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. VIII. Studies on cell population kinetics in normal, inflammatory and neoplastic tissues in man. (ab) XII Intern.
Congr. Radiology 12:442, 1969.
- 98. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation in normal and malignant human tissues.
(In) Janes Picker Foundation Annual Report,1969, pp. 40-42,1969.
- 99. Fabrikant, J.I. and Wisseman, C.L. , III. In vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine in normal and neoplastic tissues. (In) Year Book of Radiology, Holt, J.F. , Whitehouse, W.M. and Latourette, H.B. , eds. ,
pp. 383-384, Year Book Medical, Chicago,1969. .
~
100. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of ce11ular proliferation in human tissues.
IX. Estimation of DNA synthesis time in normal and malignant tissues.
(ab) Radiol. Soc. N. Amer. 55:44, 1969.
h(.-
JACOB 1. FABRIKANT 16.
Fabrikant, J.I. Tumor cell population kinetics during radiation lymphomo-g-)s101.
(_ genesis. (ab) Radiol. Soc. N. Amer. 55:124, 1969.
102. Hoopes, J.E. , Dellon, A.L. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Soliman, A.H. Cineradio-graphic assessment of conbined island flap pushback and pharyngeal flap in the surgical management of submucous cleft palate. Brit. J.
- Plast. Surg. 23:39-44, 1970. ,
103. Fabrikant, J.I. and Kovar, D.S. Spermatogonial cell renewal under continu-
- ous irradiation at l'.8 rads / day. (ab) Radiation Res. 18:233, 1970.
104. Dannenberg, A.M. , Jr. , Shima, K. , Chandrasekhar, S. and Fabrikant, J.I.
Macrophage proliferation, maturation, and function in rabbit BCG 1esions. (ab) Fed. Proc. 29:501, 1970.
105. Fabrikant, J.I. Thymus cell population studies during radiation leukemo-genesis. Amer. J. Roentgenol. , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med.108:
729-735, 1970.
106. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malig-nant tissues. XI. Estimation of DNA synthesis time in human tissues.
Radiology 95:691-693, 1970.
107. Hoopes, J.E. , Dellon, A.H. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Soliman, A.H. Idiopathic hypernasali ty: Cineradiographic evaluation and etiologic considera-tions. J. Speech Hearing Dis. 35:44-50, 1970.
108. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. IV. Nucleic acid synthesis in human tissues. (ab)
Invest. Radial. 5:281, 1970, 109. Hoopes , J.E. , Dellon , A.L. , Fabrikant, J. I. and Soliman , A.H. The locus of levator palatini function as a measure of velopharyngeal incompetence.
(ab) Cleft Palate J. 7:357, 1970.
110. Fabrikant, J.I. and Cherry, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in nonnal and malignant tissues. X. Cell proliferation in respiratory epithelium of the nose and adjoining cavities. Ann. Otol., Rhinol.,
Laryngol. 79:572-578, 1970. .
111. Fabrikant, J.I. Environmental radioactivity: Inclusion at the cellular level. Envi ronmental Radioactivi ty Symposium, Clopton , J.C. , ed. ,
pp.35-106, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore', Md.,1970.
112. Fabrikant, J.I. Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Supplement 13, 1969. (Book Review) '
Social Biol. 17:238-241, 1970.
113. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation response in relation to the cell cycle in vivo.
(ab) Radiology 94:247, 1970.
CN V
e
17.
JACOB I. FABRIKANT il4. Fabrikant, J.I. Human tumor cell kinetics. (In) Time and Dose Relation-pJ ships in Radiation Biology as Applied to Radiotherapy, Bond, V.P. ,
Sui t, H.D. and Marcial, V. , eds. , pp. 334-337, BNL 50203(C-57) Brook-haven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y. ,1970.
115. Hoopes , J.E. , Dellon, A.L. , Fabrikant, J.I. , Edgerton , M.T. and Soliman, A.H. Cineradiographic definition of the functional anatomy and patho-physiology of the velopharynx. Cleft Palate J. 7:443-454, 1970.
'116. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell proliferation in the seminiferous epithelium under continuous irradiation. (ab) IV Congr. Intern. Radiobiol. Physico- .
- - Chimie Rayon. 4:68, 1970. Y 117. Fabrikant, J.I. Effects of rapidly and slowly proliferating cell renewal systems. Sixth Annual San Francisco Cancer Symposium, (ab) 5:26, 1970.
118. Dannenberg, A.M. , Jr. , Shima, K. , Kambara, T. , Meyer, 0.T. , Esterly, J.R.
and Fabrikant, J.I. Immunity in tuberculosis, illustrated by its pathogenesis. (ab) Tuberculosis Conference, NI AID, US-Japan Program, 7, 1970.
119. Hoopes, J.E. , Dellon, A.L. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Soliman, A.H. Cineradio-graphic definition of the anatomical variables msponsible for cleft palate speech. Brit. J. Plast. Surg., 24:158-162, 1971.
120. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation response in relation to the cell cycle in vivo.
- (In) Year Book of Radiology, Holt, J.F., Whitehouse, W.M. and Latourette, H.B. , eds. , p. 392, Year Book Medical, Chicago,1970.
121. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular pmliferation in human tissues.
VII. Determination of duration of DNA synthesis using double labeling autoradiography. Brit. J. Cancer 24:122-127, 1970.
Fabrikant, J.I. Thymus cell population studies during radiation leukemo- [
122. I genesis. (ab) Radiology 97:742, 1970.
123. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation effects on cell renewal systems. (ab) (In)
Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Vaeth, J.M. , ed. , 5:6-8, 1970.
124. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. XII. In vitro label. (In) The Growth Kinetics of Solid Tumors , Williambsburg, Va. , February 8-11, 1971, Summary Report of the Meeting. Mendelsohn, M.L. and Shackney, S.E. The growth kinetics of solid tumors. Cell Tissue Kinet. 3:401-414, 1971. . . , ,
125. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. XV. A review of methodology and the analysis of cell population kinetics in human tissues. Amer. J. Roentgenol . ,
Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med. 111:700-711, 1971.
O V
I,
, , . ~ _
18.
JACOS 1. FABRIKANT 126. Fabrikant, J.I. Spennatogonial cell renewal. (In) Symposium on Cell (9~ Renewal Systems. (ab) Radiation Res. 19:46-47, 1971.
Delahunty, J.E. and Fabrikant, J.I. Experimental laryngeal arteriography.
127.
Ann. Otol . , Rhinol . , Laryngol . 80:744-749, 1971.
128. Fabrikant, J. I. Cell population kinetics in thymus lymphocytes under con-tinuous irradiation. (In) Biological Aspects of Radiation Protection, Sugahara , E. and Hug, 0. , eds. , pp. 74-80, Igaku Shoin, Tokyo, Japan ,1971.
Fabrikant, J.I. Biological effects of small doses of radiation. (ab) 129.
Amer. Assn. Physicists Med. Quart. Bull. 5:115, 1971.
130. Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial cell renewal under continuous low dose i rradiation. Invest. Radiol . 6:343, 1971.
Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation Biology of the Fetal and Juvenile Mammal. P roc.
Ninth Ann. llanford Biol . Symposium. (Book Review). Radiology 97:
1 31 .
659-660,1970.
132. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. The cell cycle and gmwth kinetics during radiation leukemogenesis in C578L mice. (ab) Radio 1. Soc. N. Amer.
57:244, 1971.
133. Chandrasekhar, S. , Shima, K. , Dannenberg, A.M. , Jr. , Kambara, T. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Roessler, W.G. Radiation, infection and macrophage function.
IV. Effect of radiation on the proliferative abilities of mononuclear Infection and Immunity phagocytes in tuberculosis lesions of rabbits.
3:254-259, 1971.
1 34. Fabrikant, J.I. and Cherry, J. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in nonnal and malignant tissues. XIII. Doubling times in primary and metastatic tumors in the same patient. (ab) Radiol. Soc. N. Amer. 57:
46, 1971.
135. Fabrikant, J.I. , Wisseman, C.L. , III and Vitak, M.J. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. VI. Nucleic acid metabolism in m1ation to the cell cycle in human tissues. Growth 36:
173-183, 1972.
(Ip) Reduction 1 36. Fabrikant, J.I. The effects of small doses of radiation.
of Radiation Dose in Diagnostic X-Ray Procedures, pp. 3-32. Proceedings of a Symposium held in llouston, Texas, July 8,1971. Amer. Assoc.
Phys. Med. , USDHEW Publ . No. (FDA) 73-8009, Bureau of Radiological , ,'
Health, Rockville, Md., 1972.
l 137. Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial cell renewal under continuous low dose i rradiation. Amer. J. Roentgenol. , Rad. Therapy and Nuclear Med.
114:792-802, 1972.
- O v
> . i.
19.
. JACOB I. FABRIKANT 138. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation effects on rapidly and slowly proliferating cell o renewal systems. Discussion. Front. Radiation Ther. Oncol. 6:524-V 526, 1972.
139. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial cell renewal under continu-ous low level irradiation. 'VII. Kinetics of cellular depopulation under 45 rads per day. "(ab} Radiation Res. 51:544, 1972.
140. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. Lymphoid cell renewal under' low-level irradiation. XI. The cell cycle and growth kinetics during radiation
- leukemogenesis of C57BL mice. Radiology 104:203-204, 1972.
141. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation effects on rapidly and slowly proliferating cell renewal systems. (In) Frontiers of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Vaeth, J.M., ed., Vol. 6, pp. 57-78, Karger, Basel, 1972.
~
142. Fabrikant, J.I. Medical Radiation Biology. (Book Review)'. ' Radiology 105:
, 434, 1972.
143. Fabrikant, J.I. Cell population kinetics. in'the semini' ferous epithelium under continuous low dose rate irradiation. (.In) Advances.in Radiation Research. Biology and Medicine. Vol. II. Duplan, J.F. and 'Chapiro,-
A eds. pp. 805-814, Gordon and Breach, New' York, 1972.
144. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. Cell population kinetics in mouse and rat thymus. J. Hopkins Med. J. 130:208-215, 1972.
145. Fabrikant, J.I. Lymphoid cell renewal ~ under low level irradiation. XII.
Regulation of thymus cell proliferation under continuous exposure.
(ab) Radiation Res. 51:471, 1972.
146. Fabrikant, J.I., Hsu, T.H.S., Knudson, D.H. and Smith, C.L.D. Effect of LET on radiation carcinogenesis. Comparison of single and fractionated doses of plutonium-239, americium-241, phosphorus-32 and x-rays on the production of osteosarcomas in rats. (ab) 12th Hanford Biology Symposium on Radionuclide Carcinogenesis,' Richland, Wash., May 11-13, 1972.
147. Fabrikant, J.I. and Cherry, J. The kinetics .of cellular proliferation in normal and malignant tissues. XIV. Analysis of tumor cell kinetics in primary and metastatic' lesions. (ab) Assn.' Univ. Radiologists 20:
34, 1972. Invest. Radiol. 7:436-437, 1972.
148. Fabrikant, J.I., Hsu, T.H.S., Knudson, D.H. and Smith, C.L.D. LET and radiation carcinogenesis. The effects of fractionation of dose of plutonium-239, americium-241, phosphorus-32 and x-rays on the produc-tion of osteosarcomas in rats. (In) Radionuclide Carcinogenesis, 12th ;' ;
Hanford Biology Symposium,'pp. 322-346, C.L. Sanders, R.H. Busch, J.E.
Ballou, D.D. ' Mahlum, eds. CONF-720505, USAEC, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 1973.
149. Fabrikant, J.I. Public health considerations of the biological effects of small doses of medical radiation. .(abl Health Physics Society, San Juan, P.R., 7:4, 1972.
20.
JA' COB I._FABRICANT 150. Fabrikant, J. I. Radiation dosimetry of heavily (In) irradiated sites in patients The Effects on Populations treated for ankylosing spondylitis.
O of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Report of the Advisory Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp.
190-195. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C. ,1972.
h 51. Fabrikant, J.I. The kinetics of cellular proliferation in nonnal and malignant tissue. XVI. Cell population kinetics in primary and c metastatic tumors. (ab) Europ. Soc. Radiation Biol . , Rome, 9:47, 1972.
Lymphoid cell renewal under low level irradiation. XIII.
152. Fabrikant, J.I.
Homeostatic control of cell n) production under continuous exposure.
(ab) Europ. Soc. Radiation Biol. , Rome, 9:48, 1972.
153. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hsu, T.H.S. Spermatogonial cell renewal under low level irradiation. VII. Cellular response and cell population kinetics in the seminiferous epithelium during recovery after continuous exposure at 45 rads / day. (ab) Europ. Soc. Radiation Biol . , Rome , 9:49, 1972.
154. Shima, K. , Dannenberg, A.M. , Jr. , Ando, M. , Chandrasekhar, S. , Seluzicki , J.
and Fabrikant, J.I. Macrophage accumulation, division, maturation, and digestive and microbial capacities of tritiated Ame r.thymidine and their J. Path. 66:143, 1972.
content of lysomal enzymes and bacilli.
Delahunty, J.E. and Fabrikant, J.I. Experimental laryngeal arteriography.
155.
Radiology 103:227, 1972.
156. Fabrikant, J.I. Lymphoid cell renewal under continuous low level irradiation.
XIV. Regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. (ab)
Radiol. Soc. N. Amer. 58:47, 1972.
157. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial cell renewal under low level irradiation. X. Cellular response and cell population kinetics during recovery of the testes after continuous irradiation at 45 rads / day.
(ab) Radiation Res. 55:560, 1973.
158. Fabrikant, J.I. and Foster, B.R. Lymphoid cell renewal under low level irradiation. XVII. Cell kinetic analysis of radiation leukemogenesis.
(ab) Radiation Res. 55:587, 1973.
159. Fabrikant, J.I. Public health considerations of the biological effects of small doses of medical radiation. (In) Health Physics 1n the Healing Arts, pp. 31-42, DHEW Publication (FDA) 73-8029, Food and Drug Admini-stration, Bunzau of Radiological Health, NTIS, Springfield, Va.,1973.
160. Fabrikant, J. I. , Hsu, T.H.S. , Kovar, D.H. and Smi th, C.L.D. Radiation-induced osteosarcomas in rats. Delayed effects of bone-seeking radio-nuclides and x-rays. Invest. Radiol. 8:269, 1973.
161. Fabrikant, J.I. Tumor cell population kinetics under continuous irradiation.
> (In) Symposium en the Radiobiological Effect and RBE of Minimum Doses of Radiation. (ab) Proc. XIII Intern. Congr. Radiology, p. 473, Madrid, s
sJ' Spain , 1973. ..
/
21.
gACOBI.FABRIKANT O 162. Fabrikant, J.I. Lymphoid cell renewal under low level irradiation. XIV.
O Regulation of lymphopoiesis under continuous exposure. (In) Symposium on Long-Tenn Effects--Low Level Radiation Doses. Proc. XIII Interna-tional Congress of Radiology, p. 518, Madrid, Spain,1973.
l_63. Hsu, T.H.S. , Fabrikant, J.I. and Kovar, D.S. Spermatogonial cell renewal under low level irradiation. XII. Effect of dose rate on cellular response under continuous exposure. (ab) J. Hopkins Med. Surg. Assn. ,
Radiology Sec. , Baltimore , Md. ,1973.
164. Fabrikant, J.I. The cell cycle in lymphoid tissues. (ab) (In) The Cell
- - Cycle in Malignancy and Immunity. Thirteenth Hanford Biology Symposium, Richland, Wash. 13:59-60, 1973.
165. Hsu , T.H.S. , Kovar, D.S. and Fabrikant , J. I . Spermatogonial cell renewal under low level irradiation. XI. Analysis of stem cell population kinetics in mice. (ab) Radiat. Res. Soc. Work-in Prugress Session, Twenty-third Ann. Mtg. , St. Louis, Mo. , May 1,1973.
166. Fabrikant, J. I. Some implications of the 1972 Report of the Advisory Com-mittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (The BEIR Report) of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council.
(In) Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the Medical Radiation Advisory Committee, Bureau of Radiological Health, FDA, DHEW, Rockville, Md. ,
September 13-14, 1973.
167. Fabrikant, J.I. The cell cycle in lymphoid tissues and the immune response.
(In) The Cell Cycle in Malignancy and Immunity, Hampton, J. , ed. ,
Thirteenth Hanford Biology Symposium, pp. 504-530,(CONF-731005).
NTIS, Springfield, Va. ,1974.
168. Fabrikant, J.I. The biological effects of low levels of radiation dose:
Implications for diagnostic radiology. (ab) Postgraduate Weekend Course, The Faculty of Radiologists, London, England, May 1974.
169. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabrikant, J.I. ' Spermatogonial cell renewal under continu-ous irradiation. XII. Stem cell renewal. (ab) V. Intern. Congr.
Radiation Res. , Seattle, Wash. , July 1974.
170. Fabrikant, J.I. Tumor cell population kinetics under continuous irradiation.
Proc. XIII International Congress of Radiology, fiadrid,1973, pp. 585-589, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam,1975. .
171. Fabrikant, J.I. Medical Radiation. Second Report to the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of .
Sciences-National Research Council , 59 pp. , Washington , D.C. ,1974. .
. 7 172. Fabrikant, J.I. Concepts: Cost-Benefit Analysis and Medical Radiation.
Report to the Advisory Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 18 pp. , Washington, D.C. ,1975.
, O V
l
22.
VAC0a I. FABRIKANT 173. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabri kant, J.I . Spermatogonial cell renewal under continu-() ous irradiation at 1.8 and 45 rads per day. (In) Proceedings of the Symposium on Low Level Radiation, International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-SM-202/214, Chicago, Ill., 1975.
174. Fabrikant, J.I . The sig.ificance to diagnostic radiology of the effects
- of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiations. Clinical Radiol.
33:172-179, 1975. i 475. Fabrikant, J. I. Benefit-Risk-Cost Analysis for Medical Radiation. Chapter
. VI. (In) Considerations of Health Benefit-Risk-Cost Analysis for Activities Involving Ionizing Radiation Exposure and Alternatives.
Report of the Advisory Comittee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, 147 pp. , Washington, D.C. ,1976.
176. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial cell renewal under con-tinuous irradiation at 1.8 and 4.5 rads per day. (In) Biological and Environmental Effects of Low-level Irradiation. Vol. 1, pp. 157-168, I AEA-SM-202/214, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna,1976.
177. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hsu, T.H.S. Spermatogonial cell renewal under low-level irradiation. XVI. Stem cell proliferation. (ab) Radiat. Res.
70:620, 1977.
178. Hsu, T.H.S. and Fabrikant, J.I. Kinetics of spermatogonial cell renewal under continuous irradiation at 1.8 and 4.5 rads per day. (ab)
Radiat. Res. 70:620, 1977. ,
179. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hilberg, A.W. Benefit-cost analysis for medical radia-ti on . (ab) Radiat. Res. 70:670-671, 1977.
180. Fabrikant, J.I. Benefit-cost analysis in diagnostic radiology. (In) Panel on Efficiency, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Health Resource Allocation in Radiology. James Picker Foundation Conference, The Radiologist .in Society--Prospects and Problems for the 1980s. Kay Biscayne, Florida, April 1977.
181. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hsu, T.H.S. Spermatogonial cell renewal under low-level i rradiation. XV. Stem cell proliferation in the seminiferous epi-thelium undcr 1.8 rads per day. (ab) XIV International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Press. ,
182. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hilberg, A.W. Benefit-cost analysis for diagnostic radiology in medicine. (In) Symposium on Risks and Benefits in Medical
- Radiation Applications. XIV International Congress of Radiology, ,' ;l Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Press.
183. Fabrikant, J.I. and Anderson, N.D. Immunchematopoietic cell renewal under low level irradiation. XVIII. Hematopoietic stem cell kinetics. (ab)
(In) Symposium on Immunological Consequences of Radiotherapy. XIV
& International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, V In Press.
./
23.
JACOB I. FABRIKANT 184. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hilberg, A.W. The effects of low level radiation dose to human populations; The significance for diagnostic radiology. (ab) XIV Cc International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Press.
185. Fabrikant, J.I. Lymphoid cell renewal under low level irradiation. XIX.
Cell proliferation in the spleen germinal center during the primary imune reaction under 45 rads per day. (ab) XIV International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Pmss.
186. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hilberg, A.W. Mammorgraphy: Benefit-cost analysis of mass scmening procedums. (ab) XIV International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Press.
187. Fabrikant, J.I. Respiratory function in ischemic myocardial disease: The value of pulmonary radiology. (ab) XIV International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,1977, In Press.
188. Fabrikant, J.I. Radiation protection and safety in diagnostic ultrasound.
(ab) XIV International Congress of Radiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1977, In Press.
189. Fabrikant, J.I. Safety in Diagnostic Ultrasound. (In) CRC Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging, Wang, Y. , ed. CRC Pmss , Inc. , Vol . 10, pp. 219-234, 1977.
190. Fabrikant, J.I. Perspectives of decisi.on-making and estimation of risk in populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. (In) Symposium on Epidemiology Studies of Low Level Radiation Exposum. AAAS Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, January 1979. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8667, pp.1-40, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Cali fornia, January 1979.
Fabrikant , J.I . Cell cycle of spermatogonia in mouse testes. Invest.
191.
Radiol. 14:189-191, 1979.
192. Fabrikant, J.I. The 1979 Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (The BEIR Report). The Effects on Populations to Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Implications for Nuclear Energy and Medical Radiation. (In) Symposium on Known Effects of Low Level Radiation Exposures, (National Cancer Institute),
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 1979, Lawmnce Berkeley Labo atory Report, LBL-9084, pp.1-42, In Press.
193. Fabrikant, J.I. and Anderson, N.D. Inmunchematopoietic celi reaewal under low level irradiation. XI X. CFU stem cell kinetics. (ab) VI Inter- - . . .
national Congmss of Radiation Research, Tokyo, May 13-19, 1979, p. 309, 1979.
194. Fabrikant, J.I. Spermatogonial stem cell renewal following irradiation. (In)
Symposium on Radiation and Stem Cells, (ab) VI Intemational Congress
,Q of Radiation Research, Tokyo, May 13-19,1979, p. 44,1979.
\J l
. 't, 24.
JACOB I. FABRIKANT 195. Fabrikant, J.I . Spennatogonial stem cell renewal following irradiation.
(In) Symposium on Radiation and Stem Cells. VI International Congress (j, of Radiation Research. Proceedings of the Congmss, Tokyo, May 13-19,1979, LBL-8667,1979.
196. Fabrikant, J.I. and Hilberg, A.W. Benefit-risk analysis for diagnostic radi ology. (ab) VI International Congress of Radiation Research, Tokyo, May 13-19,1979, p.183,1979.
197. Lyman, J.T. and Fabrikant, J.-I . Estimation of absolute risk of leukemias and cancers of heavily irradiated sites in single-course radiotherapy patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis in England and Wales. (ab)
VI International Congress of Radiation Researcn, Tokyo, May 13-19,
- 1979, p.180,1979. _
198. Tobias , C. A. , Benton , E.V. , Holley, W.R. , Fabrikant, J.I. , and Henke, R.P.
Heavy-ion computed tomography. (ab) VI International Congress of Radiation Research, Tokyo, May 13-19,1979, p.135,1979.
199. Vi tak, M.J. , Hsu, T.H.S. , Kovar, D. , and Fabrikant , J.I . Lymphoid cell renewal under low level irradiation. XX. B-cell population kinetics of the cellular imune response. (ab) VI International Congress of Radiation Research, Tokyo, May 13-19,1979, p. 212,1979.
200. Fabrikant, J. I. Degeneration and regeneration of the spermatogonial stem-cell system after exposure to ionizing radiation. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report No. LBL-8850, pp.1-25, University of California, Berkeley, California, February 1979.
201. Fabrikant, J. I . Perspectives of decision-making and estimation of risk in populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiations. (In) Sym-posium on Epidemiology Studies of Low-Level Radiation Exposure, AAAS Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, January 3-8, 1979; Lawrence Berkeley Laboratdry Report LBL-8667, pp.1-40, January 1979.
202. Fabrikant, J.I. Fertility. (In) Chapter V. Somatic Effects: Effects Other Than Cancer: The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of lonizing Radiations, pp. 493-498, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,1980, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8704, January 1979.
203. Fabrikant, J.I. Salivary Glands. (In) Chapter V. Somatic :ffects: Cancer.
The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 392-396, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980, Lawrence Berkeley .
Laboratory Report LBL-8708, January 1979.
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25.
JACOB I. FABRIKANT O 204. Feerikent, J.I. end tymen, J.T. Estimetes of redietion doses in tissues and organs in the single-course radiotherapy patients treated for ankyl sing spondylitis in England and Wales. (In) Chapter V. Somatic Effects: Cancer. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 160-167, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.,
1980, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8708. January 1979. ,
l
'205. Fabrikant, J.I. and 'and, L C.E. Pancreas. (In) Chapter 5. Somatic Effects:
Cancer. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Laizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 384-389, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8710. January 1979.
Pharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. (In) Chapter V. Somatic 206. Fabrikant, J.I.
Effects: Cancer. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 389-392, National Academy of Sciences- !
National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8711. January 1979.
207. Fabrikant, J.I. Somatic Effects - Cancer. II. Introductory Material.
A. Mechanisms of Radiation Carcinogenesis. B. Concepts of Somatic Effects. . (In) The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980. Report of the Comm ttee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., pp. 1-14, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8715. January 1979.
208. Fabrikant, J.I. Ovary. (In) Chapter V. Somatic Effects: Cancer. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980 Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 406-409, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-8743.
January 1979.
209. Fabrikant, J.I. Degeneration and regeneration of the spermatogonial stem-cell system after exposure to ionizing radiation. Presented at the Symposium on Radiation and Stem Cells. VI Intern. Congr. Radiation Res., Tokyo, Japan, May 13-19, 1979. Lawrence Berkeley Caboratory Report LBL-8850, pp.1-25. February 1979.
21 0. Fabrikant, J.I. Health Effects of low-level ionizing radiation. Presented '.' 3 before the U.S. Senate Committee on Human Resources, Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research. Official Record ofLawrence the U.S. Berkeley Senate Hearings of April 4,1979, GPO, Washington, D.C.
Laboratory Report LBL-9018. April 1979.
o
/
4
, 's, JACOB 1. FABRIKANT 26.
O 211. Fabrikant, J.I. Appiications of dose-response functions to observed data.
(In) Chapter II. Scientific Principles of Radiation Effects. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ior;izing Radiation: 1980.
Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 21-23, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980.
212. Fabrikant, J.I. Perspectives of decision-making and estimation of risk in populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. Presented at the AAAS Annual Meeting. Symposium of Epidemiology Studies of Low-Level Radiation Exposure, Houston, Texas. January 3-8, 1979. Report LBL-8667, pp. 1-40, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, January 1979.
213. Tobias, C.A., Fabrikant, J.I., Holley, W.R., and Benton, E.V. Heavy-ion radiography. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report, LBL-10022, UC-48, pp. 63-67, 1979.
214. Holley, W.R., Henke, R.P., Gauger, G.E., Jones, B., Benton, E.V., Fabrikant, J.I., and Tobias, C.A. Heavy particle computed tomography. (In) Sixth Symposium on Computer Radiology,1979 IEEE, pp. 64-70, June 1979.
215. Fabrikant, J. I. Summary of the Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island.
(In) Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. (Fabrikant,J.I.,Ed.)
32 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., October 1979.
216. Axelrod, D., Bluestone, M., Densen, P.M., Fabrikant, J.I., Fowinkle, E.W.,
Johnson, K.G. , Jones, E.W. , and Seltser, R. Technical Staff Analysis Report on Public Health and Epidemiology. (In) Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Miles Island. (Fabrikant, J.I., Ed.) 147 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., October 1979.
217. Abrahamson, S., Bair, W.J., Bender, M.A., Bloom, A.D., Bond, V.P., Casarett, G.W. , and Fabrikant, J. I. Technical Staff Analysis Report on Report
! of the Radiation Health Effects Task Group. (In) Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. (Fabrikant, J.I., Ed.) 98 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., October 1979. .
218. Fabrikant, J.I. The BEIR-III Report and the health effects of low-level radiation. (In) Symposium on Nuclear Reactor Safety: A Current Per-spective. AAAS, San Francisco, 1980. Science. Lawrence Berkeley ,
Laboratory Report LBL-10383. January 1980.
3 JACOB I. FABRIKANT 27. 5 n T C219. Fabrikant, J.I. The 1979 Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological ?
Effects of Ionizing Radiation (The BEIR Report). The Effects on Popula- @
tions of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Implications ',,
for Nuclear Energy and Medical Radiation. (In) Known Effects of Low Level Radiation Exposure Health Implications of TMI Acciden (Shrivastava,
~
P.N., Ed.) pp.79-104. Division of Cancer Control and Rehabilitation of the National Cancer Institute, Mideast Center for Radiological
. Physics, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, April 25, 1979, NIH Publication 80-2087.
. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-9084. 1980.
.220. Fabrikant, J. I. The BEIR-III Report and its implications for radiation '49'.
protection and public health policy. (In) Proceedings of the Inter-national Radiation Protection Association, Fifth International Congress, Jerusalem, March 9-14, 1980. In press. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ~&
Report LBL-10494, 1980. ~
221. Fabrikant, J. I. , Tobias, C. A. , Benton, C.V. , and Capp, M.P. Heavy ion imaging ~i applied to medicine, (ab.). (In) Proc. SPIE, IEEE, Medicine VIII, p. 64, ~
Las Vegas, Nevada. April 1980. q.
M 222. Fabrikant, J.I. Current understanding of the relation between radiation Sk exposure and the induction of developmental disabilities. Presented at %
Symposium on Prevention of Mental Retardation: Opportunities and Obstacles (-
1980, III. Environmental Hazards; Special Concerns, American Association 7;. .
on Mental Deficiency, 104th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, May 14, 1980, r.
in press. j
.e"- .
223. Fabrikant, J. I., Tobias, C.A., Capp, M.P., Benton, E.V. and Holley, W.R. ?j Heavy-ion imaging applied to medicine. SPIE Vol. 233, Application of Optical Instrumentation in Medicine VIII, pp. 255-263, 1981. Lawrence M d
Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-10543, 1981. p 224. Fabrikant, J. I. Health effects of the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island.
Presented at Conference on Environmental Regulation of the Nuclear 71 Industry: A new Decade. Atomic Industrial Forum, San Francisco, V California, May 18-21, 1980, in press. (y 225. Fabrikant, J. I. The BEIR-III controversy. ':M.
Radiation Research Society, i New Orleans, Louisiana. June 1, 1980. University of California, LBL-ll268, June 1980. ,
w 226. Fabrikant, J. I . , Tobias, C. A. , Capp, M.P. , Benton, C.V. , and Holley, W.R.
Heavy-ion imaging applied to medicine. Amer. J. Roentgenol . , Nuclear T
,6 Medicine and Rad. Therapy,1981, in press. -
,w.
227. Tobias, C.A., Fabrikant, J.I., Benton, E.V. and Holley, W.R. Projection radiography and tomography. (In) Biological and fledical Research with -
Accelerated Heavy Ions at the Bevalac 1977-1980. (Pirruccello, M. and Tobias, C. A. , eds. ) pp. 335-346. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report (q
LBL-ll220, 1980.
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O 228. Fabrikant, J.I. , Tobias, C. A. , Capp, M.P. , Holley, W.R. , Woodruff, K.H. and Sickles, S.A. Heavy-ion mammography and breast cancer. (In) Biological and Medical Research with- Accelerated Heavy Ions at .the Bevalac -1977-1980.
(Pirruccello, M. and Tobias,'C.A., eds.) pp. 347-357. Lawrence Berkeley
- Laboratory Report LBL-11220.1980.
229. Chen, G.T.Y. , Fabrikant, J.I. , Holley, W.R. , Tobias, C. A. ' and Castro, J.R. '
-r Heavy-ion radiography. applied to charged particle radiotherapy. (In)
Biological and Medical Research with Accelerated Heavy Ions at the Bevalac 1977-1980. (Pirruccello, M. and Tobias, C.A., eds.) pp. 359-366.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-ll220.1980.
Llacer, J. , Chu, W.T. , Tobias, C. A. , Fabrikant,- J.I. , and Alonzo, J.R. Active 230. (In) Biological and heavy-ion radiography and computerized-tomography. >
Medical Research with Accelerated Heavy Ions at the Bevalac 1977-1980.
Lawrence Berkeley ,
(Pirruccello, M. and Tobias, C.A., eds.) ~ pp. 367-374. '
Laboratory Report LBL-11220.1980.
231. Fabrikant, J. I. , Budinger, T.F. , Tobias, C. A. , and Born, J.L. Focal lesions in the central nervous system. (In) Biological and Medical Research with Accelerated Heavy Ions at the Bevalac 1977-1980. (Pirruccello, M. and Tobias, C. A. , eds. ) pp. 399-405. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-ll220.
232. Fabrikant, J.I., Beebe, G.W., Bender, M.A., Brili. A.R., Land, C.E.,
Moeller, D.W., and Webster, E.W. Estimating the Total Cancer Risk of Low-Dose, Low LET, Whole-Body Radiation. Chapter V, Section 3, pp.176-226. '(In) The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation,1980. Report of the Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Academy of Sciences-National-Research Council, Washington, D.C.,1980.
233. Fabrikant, J.I. Health effects of the nuclear accident at -Three Mile Island.
Health Phys. 40:151-161, 1981. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-11297, 1980. .
234. Fabrikant, J.I. The BEIR-III controversy. Radiat. Res. 84:361-368, 1980.
235. Holley, W.R. , Tobias, C. A. , Fabrikant, J.I. , Llacer, J. , Chu, W.T. and Benton, .
E.V. Computerized heavy-ion tomography. SPIE Vol. 273, Application of' Optical Instrumentation in Medicine IX, pp. 283-293, 1981. Lawrence i Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-12304.
The contribution of modern medical imaging technology to '
236. Fabrikant, J.I.
l
- radiation health effects in exposed populations. IEEE Transactions on j Nuclear Science, Vol. NS-28, No.1, pp. 40-46, February 1981. Lawrence i
Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-ll728, November 1980.
l ..-
l-
- .s
.s JACOB 1. FABRIKANT 29.
O The BEIR-III Report: Origin of the controversy. AJR V 237. Fabrikant, J.I.
136:209-214, 1981. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13409,1981.
238. Fabrikant, J.I. and Lyman, J.T. Estimates of absolute risk of excess leukemias and cancers crising in heavily irradiated sites in the single-course radiotherapy patients -treated for ankylosing spondylitis in England and Wales. Brit. J. Radiol., in press.
'S239. Fabrikant, J.I. Public health implications and decision-making during nuclear reactor accidents---the Three Mile Island experience. (In)
Symposium on Preparing for the Issues of the 1980's. Annual Meeting, Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1980. To be published.
240. Fabrikant, J. I . , Tobias, C. A. , and Pirruccello, M.C. Medical imaging using
- heavy-ion radiography. (In) Proceedings of the Conference on Biological Imaging, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California, November 1980. To be published. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-12517,1981.
241. Fabrikant, J.I. Risk estimation and decision-making: Implications of the 1980 BEIR-III Report. (In) Proceedings of the Conference on Radiation Exposure on Pediatric Dentistry, American Academy of Pedadontics, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1981. Pediatric Dentistry, 1981. In press.
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13407.
242. Fabrikant, J.I. Epidemiological studies on radiation carcinogenesis in human populations following acute exposure: Nuclear explosions and medical radiation. (In) Proceedings of the Symposium on Effects on Humans of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, May 1981. Yale Journal Biol . Med. ,1981.
In press. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13416.
243. Fabrikant, J.I. The effects of low-level radiation on human health: Epidemio-logical studies. The Walter W. Herbert Memorial Symposium: Is Low-dose Radiation Hannful? (In) Diagnostic Radiology 1981. (Margulis,A.R.and Gooding,G.A.,eds.) pp. 451-455. University of California, San Francisco 1981.
244. Fabrikant, J.I. and Tobias, C. A. Heavy-ion radiography and. cancer. Donner Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, PUB-5051. February 1981.
245. Fabrikant, J. I. Controversial issues confronting the BEIR-III Committee---implir.
I cations for radiation protection. Thirteenth Annual National Conference l
on Radiation Control, Little Rock, Arkansas, May 1981. To be published, l Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13444.
1D
'V
30.
JACOB.I. FABRIKANT
. 246. Fabrikant, J.I. Impact of the 1980 BEIR-III Report on low-level radiation:
) Risk assessment, radiation protection guides, and public health policy.
(In) Proceedings, Selected Topics in Reactor Health Physics, Fourth Annual HPS Summer School, Lexington, Kentucky, June 1981. To be published, 1981. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13408.
247. Fabrikant, J.I. Biological effects of ionizing radiation: Epidemiological surveys and laboratory aninal experiments. Implications for risk r evaluation and decision processes. (In) Proceedings of the Seminaire
. des Evaluations des Risques et Processus de Decision, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (USA) and Mouvement Universel de la Responsibilite Scientifique-Academie Francais, Orsay, France, December 17-19, 1980. To be published, 1981. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-12555.
248. Fabrikant, J.I. Nuclear energy, public health and public policy. Amer.
Jour. Public Health, 1981. To be published. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-13469.
249. Fabrikant, J. I. Influence of dose and its distribution in time on dose-response relationships for low-LET radiations. NCRP Report 64, National Health Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (Book Review).
Physics, 1981, in press.
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- JACOB I. FABRIKANT BOOKS AND CHAPTERS O 1. Fabrikaat. J.I. studies om ce11 eroiiferatioa ia the Ph.D.
and the Effect of Prior Continuous Irradiation.
ae9eaeratin9 tiver Thesis, University of London, London,1964.
- 2. Fabrikant, J.I. and Donner, M.W., Eds. Russell H. Morgan, A Tribute duPont, Wilmington, Delaware, 1967.
- 3. Fabrikant, J.I. The Effects of Continuous Irradiation. (In)Pathologyof Irradiation. Berdjis, C.C., Ed., Chapter 4, pp. 50-85, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland,1971.
- 4. Fabrikant, J.I. The Effects of Irradiation on the Kinetics of Proliferation in Cell Renewal Systems. (In) CRC Critical Reviews in Radiological Sciences. Wang, C., Ed. Vol. 2, pp. 525-576, CRC Press Inc. Cleveland, Ohio, 1971.
- 5. Fabrikant, J.I . Radiobiology Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, Illinois,1972.
- 6. Fabrikant, J.I. The Kinetics of Cell Proliferation in Normal Tissue, Malignant Tumors of the Upper Air Passages. (In) The Biological and Clinical Basis of Radiosensitivity. Friedman, M. , Ed. , Chapter 13, pp. 274-313, Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Springfield, Illinois,1974.
- 7. Fabrikant, J.I. Safety in Diagnostic Ultrasound. (In) CRC Critical Reviews in Diagnostic Imaging. Wang, C., Ed. Vol. 10, pp. 219-234, CRC Press Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, 1977.
- 8. Fabrikant, J.I. Summary of the Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island.
32 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., October 1979, in press.
- 9. Axelrod, D. Bluestone, M. , Densen, P.M. , Fabrikant, J.I . , Fowinkle, E.W. ,
Johnson, K.G. , Jones , E.W. , and Seltser, R. Technical Staff Analysis Report on Public Health and Epidemiology. (In) Report of the Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on The Accident at Three Mile Island.132 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. , October 1979, in press.
- 10. Abrahamson, S. , Bair, W.J. , Bender, M. A. , Bloom, A.D. , Bond, V.P. , Casarett, G.W., and Fabrikant, J.I. Technical Staff Analysis Report on Report of the Radiation Health Effects Task Group. (In) Report of The Public Health and Safety Task Force Report to The President's Commission on l
The Accident at Three Mile Island. 98 pp. Government Printing Office, .
i Washington, D.C., October 1979.
l 11. Auxier, J. A. , Berger, C.D. , Eisenhauser, C.M. , Gesell , T.F. , Jones , A.R. ,
and Masterson, M.E. Report of the Task Group on Health Physics and Dosime try. (In) Report of the Public Health and Safety Task Force to
!O The President's Commission the Accident at Three Mile Island l (Fabrikant, J.I., Ed.) 196 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. , October 1979.
'.o s a .
JACOB 1. FABRIKANT Dohrenwend, B.P. , Dohrenwend, B.S. , Kasl, S.V. and Warheit, G.J. Technical
( ) 12. Staff Analysis Report on Behavrioral Effects. (In) Report of the Public Health and Safety Task Force to The President's Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island. (Fabrikant, J.I., Ed.) 81 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., October 1979.
- 13. Fabrikant, J.I. , Beebe, G.W. ,. Bender, M. A. , Brill, A.R. , Land, C.E. , Moeller, D.W., and Webster, E.W. Estimating the Total Cancer Risk of low-Dose,
-c Low LET, Whole-Body Radiation. Chapter V., Section 3. (In) The Effects
. on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: 1980.
Report of the Committee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, pp. 176-226, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1980.
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9 V- ~
UNITED STATE'3 OF AliERICA NUCLEAR REGULA'.?ORY COIUlISSION l
BEFORE THE ATCf:IC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD 3
4
x
(, -
In the matter of: :
5 COIEONWEALTII EDISON COIirANY : Dock e t Nos . 50-454 6
- 50-455 (OL)
(Byron Nuclear Power Station, :
7 Units 1 and 2) :
8 _ ________
___________x 9
10 1984 Castleway Atlanta, Ceorgia II Thursday, May 27, 1982
^
12 Deposition of DR. KARL Z. MORGAN, called for exarunation by counsel for the Applicant, taken before Ann Riley, a Notary Public in and for the State of 16 tiaryland, pursuant to agreement of counsel, beginning at 12 : 2 5 p . m.
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. _ , ,v - m j uww w gamma dose, but the beta dose and the internal doce'as 2
well, the alpha dose; the dose to any organ , perhaps even including the thyroid, and I ink maybe the EPA excluded the thyroid -- sh a not exceed 5 millirems per year.
Now I'm taking the NRC figure and sort of 7
extendi:W the 25 millirems that "PA usca.
Q At any rate , let me see if I can sum up for'my own purposes what you are saying.
If, for example, Commonwealth Edison were able to demonstrate that the cumulative dose to the population at 11 4 issue here was 5 millirem or less, would you deem that 12 acceptable as a health physicist?
A I have trouble with your question, because you g
are referring to 5 millirems per year to the total body.
I would want to know what the dose is to any organ, whether 16 that is the maximum dose to any organ. I'd want to know how much you are allowing to the thyroid. I'd want to know gg how you arrived at this value. I'd want to know -- I'd 39 have no problem with your noble gases and what you assume 20 but in meteorology and the passing of clouds and so on, 21 I would want to see very carefully what assumptions you made 22 i
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ld ij in reference to cesium-137 and 134 for the total body
{t.
dose.
2 O; Since it's a PWR, I'd be very much interested in Ii 3
the tritium dose. As you know, new -- I call them shims ,
4 like they use in an airplane, where you put in something 1
with a large cross section to sort of even out your reactivity and you produce a lot of tritium this way.
So that some of the PWRs . are putting out much 8
more tritium than the BWRs. The BWRs in general have much 9
3, more noble gases. So I'd take a hard'look at the tritium and how you made the calculational dose.
g There I think I would want to consult with Ted I
Radford who looked into this very carefully in the wind g
scale hearings. There he came up with some problems-I g
hadn't thought very much about. The incorporation of g
tritium in the developing embryo and things of that sort.
But if what you meant by dose in your calculation depended only on the noble gases, I don't think I'd be' 18 very much worried about the 5 millirems per year. If it g
wr m stly from cesium, from the cesium isotopes, I'd 20 be more concerned, because I'd know some of the other 21 g
solid radionuclides in addition to cesium are going to have gj
l
-. k. l 84 l
1
< ^')
LJ i escaped.
Then I'd want to check on sone of those others to see what you assumed there.
_Q But in general -- I'm.trying to understand {
4 what you are saying in terms of this 5 millirem dose rate --
6 A In general, as I said before, I favor nuclear power. I think we have to choose some number rather than 8
I zero; on a worldwide population, it means a loss of some 4
lives. Release of this noble gas primarily, and tritium.
The noble gas is worse-than the tritium, I think .
11 But in everything we do, there are some costs 12 for the benefits. I might change my mind af ter thinking g
more about it, but at the' moment I don't believe I would be considerably worried about a total body dose of noble .
gases of 5 millirems p.;r year. I'd hope that this was the maximum, and that you would not on occasions go above that.
on O ^r0 you familiar clith the mcdclc uced by the tjlRG-
~
in determining expected or actual potential do to m mbers of the population as the es t of the operation 20 f " "" l "# Ew# E #"
- 21 A es, I have seen those.
g
' (n F
O CC yGu agree that they "hou-ld--hc used in th e
,h i.
4
~. ..
DAARE/ SAFE CONTENTION 2 (A)
CONTENTION 2(A)
Due to the concentration of nuclear power plants already in Northern Illinois; the Applicant's record of incidents and violations in existing plants which have emerged since the granting of a Construction License for Byron; and the credibility which must now be given to large scale accident scenarios since TMI, Intervenors contend that the addition of Byron Station operations places an undue and unfair burden of risk from exposure to radioactive materials from accidental releases on DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford area residents. With the addition of two more nuclear power units in operation at Byron, the potential for cumulative dose effects from discrete accident events at plants in Northern
. Illinois under unfavoraale meteorological conditions poses an unreasonable level of risk to the health and safety of DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford area residents.
MATERIAL FACTS TO WHICH THERE IS NO GENUINE ISSUE TO BE HEARD
- 1. The risk (i.e., chance or likelihood of loss or damage) from an accident at an nuclear power nlant decreases rapidly with distance from the plant. (Klopp Testimony, 3 p. 2.)
- 2. The nuclear power plants in Northern Illinois, other than the Byron Station, are between forty-five (45) and eighty-seven (87) miles from the DeKalb-Sycamore and Rockford areas. (Klopp Testimony, p. 2-3.)
- 3. The Applicant's existing and nuclear power plants under construction, other than the Byron plant, pose an insignificant incremental risk to the public in the Rockford and DeKalb-Sycamore areas. (Klopp Testimony,
- p. 3.)
2 (A) -1 l
5 <
- 4. There are no factors in the design or siting of the
('N Byron Station which poses any unusual or unique risk to
(_j the residents of the Rockford and DeKalb-Sycamore areas. (Klopp Testimony, p. 3.)
DISCUSSION Contention 2(A) raises no factual matters whatsoever.
The location of the nuclear reactors in Northern Illinois is not in dispute. DAARE and SAFE have simply argued that as l a matter of policy this Board should refuse to permit the operation of the Byron Station at a site previously approved by the NRC due to a very slight, indeed insignificant, risk posed to residents in the area from other plants at a con-siderably greater distance from the area. The undisputed facts listed above and reflected in the attached affidavits demonstrate that Applicant is entitled as a matter of law to a favorable decision on Contention 2(A).
2 (A) -2 O