ML20071A082
| ML20071A082 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Midland |
| Issue date: | 02/07/1983 |
| From: | Bradley J CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.), MURRAY & TRETTEL, INC. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20071A055 | List: |
| References | |
| ISSUANCES-OL, ISSUANCES-OM, NUDOCS 8302180403 | |
| Download: ML20071A082 (40) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:_ _ _ _ b o r 2/14/83 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of )
) Docket Nos. 50-329-OM CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY ) 50-330-OM
) 50-329-OL (Midland Plant, Units 1 ) 50-330-OL and 2) )
AFFIDAVIT OF JOHN BRADLEY I, John Bradley, being duly sworn, state that I am the author of the " Testimony of John Bradley on Sinclair Contention 14 (Dresden Fogging and Icing Studies)" and that such testimony is true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief. ohn Bradley C/ ; l i SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN before ' me this 7 0 day of Fe b. , 1983. l C/ v \ l l l i l 8302180403 830214 t PDR ADOCK 05000329 PDR T
O 2/14/83 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA . NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND IICENSING BOARD In the Matter of )
) Docket Nos. 50-329-OM CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY ) 50-330-OM
) 50-329-OL (Midland Plant, Units 1 ) 50-330-OL and 2) )
TESTIMONY OF JOHN BRADLEY ON SINCLAIR CONTENTION 14 (DRESDEN FOGGING AND ICING STUDIES)
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TESTIMONY OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Purpose of Testimony 3.0 The Dresden Studies 3.1 Dresden Site Description 3.7 Observation Program Description 3.3 Results 4.0 Conclusions Applicable to Midland Pond 5.0 General Conclusion l l l l l I i O Murray and Trettel Inc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologists
~~
. 1 1.0 Introduction l
l My name is John Bradley. I am employed by Murray and Trettel, Incorporated (M/T). My business address is 414 West Frontage Road, j
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Northfield, Illinois. At Murray and Trettel I am Vice President and Director of Environmental Applications. I hold a Bachelor of Science Degree in Meteorology from St. Louis University which I received in 1960. In 1962 I was awarded a Master of Science Degree in Meteorology from the University of Chicago. I have done graduate work in the following fields: physical, synoptic and radar meteorology; advanced forecasting; probability theory and statistical applications; and physical chemistry. I have held various positions at Murray and Trettel since I became associated with them in 1954. In my capacity as Chief of the Environmental Group in 1973 I was the principal investigator for the Dresden Plant cooling lake study conducted from November 1971 through March 1973. The work reported in the Report on Meteorological Aspects of Operating the Cooling Lake and Sprays at Dresden Nuclear Power Station (Report No.1001-5, dated 1 August 1973) was, with the exception of Phases 1 and 2, done by me or by others under my direction. Subsequently, M/T perfonned a second observation program during the winter season of 1977-78. That study was much narrower in scope being limited to observations along County Line Road. Results from that observation program were sumarized in a Report on Steam Fog Impact Engineering at Dresden Nuclear Power Station (Report No.1183, dated 26 May 1978). J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Metcorologists
r , I am the author of numerous papers concerning meteorology and its
- environmental applications. I am a certified consulting meteorologist and a professional member of the American Meteorological Society.
My resume is appended to this testimony. 2.0 Purpose of Testimony The purpose of my testimony is to (1) describe the onsite observation programs that we conducted at Commonwealth Edison Company's Dresden cooling lake; and, (2) discuss the significance of our findings as they relate to the statements made in the Final Environmental Statement for the Midland Plant of Consumers Power Company (NUREG-0537). 3.0 The Dresden Studies The initial Dresden cooling pond study (1971-73) was designed to gather infomation on fog conditions as they occur naturally in the area, and to assess the meteorological impact of the cooling lake and sprays on the immediate environs. The scope of the study included (1) a comprehensive scientific and technical literature search; (2) the analysis of existing climatological records; (3) an onsite observation program; and, (4) the development of fog prediction models. 1 L J ! Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteoroto0 ists
Scientific and Technical Literature Search The scientific and technical literature search was undertaken to determine what was already known and available in the literature regarding temperate-latitude fog, particularly steam fog. Such information would be helpful in anticipating the impact of the Dresden cooling lake under operating conditions. It would also be helpful in designing the onsite observation program. Bibliographies consulted included (1) Engineering Index (1945-1971); (2) Meteorological and Geophysical Abstracts (1950 vol. 1 - 1971 vol. 22); (3) Air Pollution Abstracts (1970 vol. 1 - 1971 vol. 2); and, (4) Nuclear Science Abstracts (1948 vol. 2 - 1971 vol. 25). In addition, the
.following journals were reviewed. (1) Atmospheric Environment (1967-1971); (2) Journal of the Air Pollution Association (1967-1971);
(3) Energietechnik (1967-1971); (4) Energie (1967-1971); (5) VDI-Z (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Technik) (1967-1971); (6) Brenstoff-Warme-Kraft (1967-1971); and, (7) Teploenergetika (1966-1970). The literature search report is found in Appendix C to the Dresden Report 1001-5. Numerous (33) other references of potential impacts were cited in Appendix B to that same report. Climatological Analysis The climatological records were analyzed to provide an adequate representat, ion of background or natural fog occurrences. Climatological data including hourly visibility and fog observations were available from a nearby official U. S. weather station. The observation site was at the Joliet Municipal Airport, approximately 12 miles north-northeast of the cooling lake. The period of record spanned nearly 11 years. L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
Onsite Observation Program The purpose of the onsit'e program was to establish what effects the operating lake had on its immediate environs. To this end, unattended visibility measuring devices (transmissometers) were installeg to provide continuous visibility records at four critical locations. However, due to the size of the cooling lake together with its immediate surroundings, the instrumentation alone could not yield a comprehensive measure of the impact over the entire area. Therefore, a manned observation program was established to complement the transmissometer network. A trained meteorological observer routinely patrolled the area during daylight hours seven days per week. He logged his observations regularly and compiled a substantial record of actual conditions as they occurred. Nighttime observations were not routinely made because the darkness severely limited the usefulness of such an observation. The onsite manned observation program was carried out through two winter seasons. Development of Fog Prediction Models The data collected at the Dresden site, along with the results derived therefrom, were used in the development of preliminary steam fog models. The purpose of the models was to predict, with an acceptable level of confidence, the occurrence of steam fog, its extent, and associated visibility. 3.1 Dresden Site Description The following site description was taken from the Dresden Final Environmental Statement (November 1973). L J _ Murray and Trette! Inc. Cerfified Consulting Meteorologists
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The Dresden Station is located in Goose Lake Township, Grendy County,
. Illinois, approximately 50 miles southwest of downtown Chicago (Fig. 1).
It is situated on the parcel of land lying on the south shoreline of the Illinois River and the west shoreline of the Kankakee River at the point where the Kankakee and Des Plaines Rivers join to form the Illinois 0 River. The approximate geographic coordinates are 4120'N and 0 68 15 ' W. The 1275-acre Dresden cooling lake became operational in October 1971, and is connected to the Station by parallel intake and discharge canals (see Fig. 2). Dikes constructed within the lake (Fig. 3) divide it into five pools which induce a clockwise flow, maximizing the residence time of the water
- in the lake. The lake and spray canal systems occupy some 1573 acres of land, with the lake having a surface area of approximately 1275 acres.
The average depth of the lake is 10 feet, although there are locations that exceed 20 feet, and it contains approximately four billion gallons of water with a recirculation time of about 2-1/2 days. The lake is connected to the Unit 2 and 3 condenser discharge flume by a canal which is approximately 8500 feet long and 57 feet wide. A lift station with six 167,000 gpm pumps located between the canal and the lake raises the 976,000 gpm of water approximately 22 feet and discharges it into the lake. The water circulates through the lake in a clockwise direction and returns to the lake discharge adjacent to the lift station where the discharge is controlled by a spillway. The lake discharge
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L J __ Murrayand TrettelInc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
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. 1 water then flows through a second canal which runs parallel to the l . aforementioned canal and is returned to a point near the Unit 2 and 3 l intake. Gate structures in the return canal, intake canal, and river I 1
discharge canal are used to regulate the division of flow for recirculation and discharge to the Illinois River. 3.2 Observation Program Description A meteorological observer was stationed at the Dresden site from 26 November 1971 through 31 March 1973. His schedule of observations began at sunrise and continued into mid-afternoon seven days each week. The schedule was kept flexible enough to assure adequate coverage of unusual meteorological conditions that might occur beyond the regular observation period. Numerous data were logged at seven strategic locations including . County Line Road and Lorenzo Road (Fig. 3). In addition to the usual meteorological observations, the log contained infonnation on steam fog plume extent and movement, road conditions and other items of interest. The manual observations record was supplemented by data from four transmissometers designed to continuously measure visibility near the ground at key locations (Fig. 3). 3.3 Results Natural Fog Climatology Meteorological observations at Joliet Municipal Airport representing 99,165 hours (about 11 years) were examined for the occurrence of fog with associated visibilities of 6 miles or less. A total of 12,284 hours L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
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(12.4%) satisfied the criteria. The fog-rsduced visibilities occurred - with varying frequencies depending on the season, month, and the time of day. Fog occurred most frequently in the winter and least in the sununer. On a monthly basis, fog was observed most frequently in March and least in June. Diurna 11y, it was most frequently observed'during the early morning hours and least frequently during the late af ternoon. The diurnal patterns of occurrences were strongly dependent on the month and season. Diurnally over the period of record, fog occurred most often around 0600 CST in August and least often around 1700-1800 CST, also in August. The time of the diurnal frequency maxima was strongly dependent upon the season, occurring at 0500 CST during the summer and at 0800 CST during the winter. In other words, the most likely time for fog was about I hour after sunrise. Dense fog having 0 miles visibility (up to 330 ft.) occurred about 23 hours per year (0.26%). Fog with visibilities up to 1/4 mile occurred 99 hours per year (1.13%). These critical cases occurred most often in winter, least in summer, most often in January, and least in June, and most often in the early morning hours (0500-0900 CST). The 0 mile fogs had a median persistence of up to 3 consecutive hours. However, they occurred once for 12 consecutive hours with a return period of 10-20 years. Transmissometer Data Actual visibility was continuously measured at several sites. Visibility is defined as the greatest distance at which a sufficiently large black object can be seen against the daytime horizon sky. A Skopograph, a L J __. __ Murrayand TrettelInc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologisis 1
- 11-transmissometer manuf actured by FF 1mpulsphysiks, is located approximately 625 feet south of the southeast corner of the Dresden Cooling Lake (location No. 9, Fig. 3). The particular location was chosen because it is downwind of the lake's major axis, affording a ,
maximumfetchduringanticipatedsteamfogmeteorologicalconbitions.
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(Subsequent onsite observations confirmed that steam fog was most often accompanied by a northwest wind.) The site was important also because of the intersection of the railroad tracks and Lorenzo Road. The period of record processed extended from 1 June 1971 through 31 May 1973. The data recovery for the period was in excess of 98 percent (17,298 out of a possible 17,544 hours). The lowest recorded visibility was logged instead of the average visibility during the hour. Usually the lowest value lasted only a small fraction of the 60-minute period. (cf. Fig. 4) The visibility readings at the Skopograph site ranged from approximately 200 feet to greater than 2,000 feet. Visibility up to 300 feet occurred 0.13 percent of the hours; visibility up to 400 feet occurred 0.36 percent; and, visibility up to 1,300 feet occurred 1.10 percent of the hours. (cf. Table 1) These frequencies agree with natural fog climatological expectations for that area at 0.26 percent hours per year for visibility up to 330 feet and 1.13 percent for visibility up to 1,320 feet (1/4 mile). I i
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_ _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologists
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TABLE 1 Visibility Summary at Station 9 June 1,1971 - May 31,1973 , FF Impulsphysiks Skopograph Range Hours (Feet) Absolute % Cumulative % 1- 100 0 0.000 0 0.000 101 - 200 1 0.006 1 0.006 201 - 300 22 0.125 23 0.131 301 - 400 41 0.234 64 0.365 4 01 - 500 21 0.120 85 0.484 501 - 600 20 0.114 105 0.598 601 - 700 19 - 0.108 124 0.707 701 - 800 16 0.091 140 0.798 801 - 900 18 0.102 158 0.900 901 - 1000 13 0.074 171 0.975 1001 - 1100 3 0.017 174 0.992 1101~- 1200 7 0.040 181 1.032 1201 - 1300 12 0.068 193 1.100 1301 - 1400 3 0.017 196 1.117 1401 - 1500 16 0.091 212 1.208 1501 - 1600 6 0.034 218 1.242 1601 - 1700 8 0.046 226 1.288 1701 - 1800 15 0.085 241 1.374 1801 - 1900 2 0.011 243 1.385 l 1901 - 2000 10 0.057 253 1.442 greater than 2000 17.045 97.156 17,298 98.598 i Missing 246 1.402 17,544 100.000
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L J _ Murray and Trettet Inc. certified consulting Meteorologists l 1
. 14 TABLE 2 Lowest Visibility (less than 301 feet) Recorded by Skopograph Local Visibility -Nearby Date Time (Feet) Wind and Fog Observations Midway Airport DNPS Observer
- 1. 24 June 1971 0400 215 l 2. 24 June 1971 0600 225
- 3. 24 June 1971 0700 240
- 4. 7 July 1971 0500 275
- 5. 17 August 1971 0400 210
- 6. 17 August 1971 0600 270
- 7. 17 August 1971 0700 230
- 8. 29 August 1971 0600 300
- 9. 31 August 1971 0600 230
- 10. 31 August 1971 0700 270
- 11. 11 December 1971 1600 235 SSW 12 mph N/A
- 12. 16 December 1971 2000 275 SSW 9 mph N/A
- 13. 1 January 1972 1300 300 SSW 13 mph SW 7 mph
- 14. 17 April 1972 0500 300 Calm ( f) N/A
- 15. 17 May 1972 0500 275 Calm ( f) N/A
- 16. 17 May 1972 0600 190 Calm ( f) Calm (f)
- 17. 17 May 1972 0700 285 Calm (gf) N/A
- 18. 10 July 1972 0400 290 SW 3 mph N/A
- 19. 10 July 1972 0600 210 S 3 mph ESE 2 mph (gf)
- 20. 10 July 1972 0700 300 5 3 mph ESE 4 mph (gf)
- 21. 8 September 1972 0200 240 NNE 7 mph (f) N/A
- 22. 5 March 1973 2300 295 SSW 6 mph (f) N/A
- 23. 8 May 1973 2400 220 SW 6 mph (gf) N/A
- 1. thru 10. are prior to lake operation.
Mean s.d. Prior to Lake Operation 246.5 30 Lake Operational 262.6 39 N/A = Not Available (gf) = ground fog (f) = fog L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
The 23 hours of lowest recorded visibility taken from the Skopograph records are surrrnarized in Table 2. Ten of the hours were recorded prior to the cooling lake becoming operational in October 1971. Those hours could only, therefore, represent fog occurring from natural processes. The remaining 13 hours were examined in detail with respect to wind direction and natural fog conditions in the area: there is no evidence to show that the cooling lake was involved in any of these 13 hours of low visibility. The mean visit,ility associated with the first group before the cooling lake was operational was lower than that of the second group (after the cooling lake was operational). One may conc 1cde from this that if, indeed, a fog, caused by the lake, reached the Skopograph, then the visibility associated with it was no lower than that occurring at that location with natural fog. A second transmissometer was located along and just west of County Line Road between pools 1 and 4 (location No. 10, Fig. 3). This pool side location was chosen because of its proximity to the road and because maximum steam fog effects were anticipated there. Numerous engineering design modifications were required to improve the effectiveness of the instrument at this site. For example, measures were required to prevent rime ice from accumulating on the instruments and blocking the optical path. During the period 1 September 1972 through 31 May 1973, nearly 26 pertent of the data were lost from this and other mechanical problems. The results for this period are summarized in Table 3. Th e lowest visibility recorded during an hour was recorded rather than an average value. The values ranged from approximately 100 feet to greater L J _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologists
TABLE 3 Visibility Summary at Station 10 l 1 September 1972 - 31 May 1973 1 MRI Fog Visiometer Range Hours (Feet) Absolute % Cumulative % 1- 10 0 18 0.3 71 18 0.371 101 - 200 15 0.309 33 0. 68 0 201 - 300 23 0.474 56 1.155 301 - 400 37 0.763 93 1.918 4 01 - 500 43 0.887 136 2.804 501 - 600 40 0.825 176 3.629 6 01 - 700 36 0.742 212 4.371 701 - 800 36 0.742 248 5.113 8 01 - 900 28 0.577 276 5.691 901 - 1000 33 0.680 309 6.371 1001 - 1100 28 0.577 337 6.948 1101 - 1200 20 0.412 357 7.361 1201 - 1300 21 0.433 378 7.794 1301 - 1400 9 0.186 387 7.979 1401 - 1500 20 0.412 4 07 8.392 1501 - 1600 14 0.289 421 8.680 1601 - 1700 6 0.124 427 8.804 1701 - 1800 15 0.309 442 9.113 1801 - 1900 23 0.474 465 9.588 1901 - 2000 36 0.74 2 501 10.330 greater than 2000 4,349 89.670 4,850 100.000 Missing 1,70 2 (25.977% in period of 6,552 hours) L J _ Murray and Trottel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorolo0i sts
than 2,000 feet. Visibility'up to 300 feet occurred 1.16 percent of the hours; to 400 feet occurred 1.92 percent and up to 1,300 feet occurred 7.79 percent.
.. j These frequencies are four to seven times more than (1) climatological expectation for the area, and (2) actual measurements nearby at the Skopograph site. The higher frequencies were not unexpected, however, since the measurements were taken at the water's edge by the wamest pool.
An effort was made to establish the frequency and intensity of all steam fog occurrences at the Dresden Cooling Lake during the period 1 January 1972 through 31 December 1972. Only instances in which the lake was operating were considered. It should be noted that af ter 26 November 1972, the lake was only partially operative. A total of 1,092 hourly observations was used to compile Table 4. The varying schedule of observations together with the shut-down of the lake (13 October to 26 November) account for the lack of data at some hours. Only the most intense steam fog was logged for each observation (cf. sites 4-6, Fig. 3). Note fog may or may not have occurred at the time of the observation. The highest hourly frequency (88.0%) occurred at 0700 in December. In other words, fog was observed at 0700 on 27 out of 31 days in the month. The lowest hourly frequency (3.2%) happened during the month of July at 1200. Monthly frequencies of intensities for 1972 appear in Table 5. Again, some data are missing due to the lake being inoperative. L J
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TABLE 4 i Frequency (percent) of All Steam Fog Occurrences at Cooling Lake During 1972 ! Month 0600 0700 0800 1000 1200 1400 1600 January N/A N/A 80.0% 69.0% N/A 68.0% 53.6% February N/A N/A 65.3% 57.7% N/A 46.2% 48.1% March N/A N/A 58.3% 37.0% N/A 13.3% 26.1% April N/A N/A N/A 37.5% N/A 8.3% N/A May 41.9% N/A 19.4% N/A 6.7% N/A N/A June 58.6% N/A 26.7% N/A 10.3% N/A N/A July 63.3% N/A 32.3% N/A 3.2% N/A N/A August 74.2% N/A 51.6% N/A 16.1% N/A N/A September 45.8% N/A 35.7% N/A 13.3% N/A N/A October Lake Inoperative November Lake Inoperative December N/A 88.0% 80.0% N/A 60.0% N/A N/A Average 50.2% N/A = Not Available L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
'l
_19 1 TABLE 5 Frequency (percent) of Intensities of Steam Fog at Dresden Cooling Lake in 1972 l Month Wisps Light Moderate Heavy Ja'nuary 20.6% 23.5% 13.2% 42.6% February 26.0% 24.0% 18.0% 32.0% March 51.5% 27.3% 6.1% 15.1% April 50.0% 30.0% 5.0% 15.0% May 22.7% 40.9% 27.3% 9.1% June 46.7% 33.3% 13.3% 6.7% July 35.5% 51.6% 3.2% 9.7% August. 31.3% 52.1% 4.2% 12.5% September 51.7% 20.7% 13.8% 13.8% October Lake Inoperative November Lake Inoperative December 18.8% 21.2% 12.9% 47.1% Average 31.2% 30.7% 12.3% 25.8% L J
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Lake steam fog intensities are defined in the attached appendix. Of significance was the observation that " wisps" were never observed to cause visibility reductions along County Line Road and " light" fog only rarely restricted visibility on this road. The most serious visibility reductions were the result of " moderate" and " heavy" steam fog intensities. The median height to which the lake steam fog rose was 25 feet; on five percent of the observations the fog reached 200 feet and
" heavy" steam fog was occasionally observed to rise above 700 feet.
A total of 446 hourly steam fog observations was used. Several categories were combined; " wisps to light" into light, " light to moderate" into moderate, ar,d " moderate to heavy" into heavy. Steam fog was most often wispy or light (87.1%) in July. It was most often moderate or heavy (60.0%) in December. Over the entire year, steam fog was wispy or light 61.9 percent of the hours during which it was observed, and moderate or heavy 38.1 percent of the observed hours. Steam fog was observed to have remained at or near the ground and to travel beyond the lake boundary for short periods of time: on 22. days out of the 456 from January 1972 through March 1973, or 4.82 percent of the days. This is equivalent to an average of 17.6 days per year. On the remaining 432 days, fog may have (1) not occurred or (2) remained within the lake boundary or (3) travelled aloft beyond t'he lake boundary. L J
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The actual number in 1972 was 13 days. The inland travel distance ranged from approximately 100 feet to approximately 1.5 miles. The cases are summarized in Table 6. ,, l
' The County Line Road traverses north-to-south across the Dresden Cooling Lake. Because of its location, this road is more susceptible to steam fog visibility reductions than any other road near the lake.
Analysis of the observation logs for the period 1 January 1972 through 31 March 1973 showed that visibility along County Line Road (site No. 4) was reduced to 100 feet or lower on twenty-two (22) out of 456 days (cf. Table 7). The frequency of occurrence of the poor visibilities along County Line Road was attained by logging the lowest observed visibility for each day of the period. Results (Table 8) showed that the twenty-two (22) days represented 4.83 percent of the period. Visibilities up to 25 feet were observed 2.41 percent of the time, visibilities up to 50 feet 3.73 percent; and, visibilities up to 75 feet, 3.95 percent of the period. Rime, e milky granular deposit of ice having a density of 0.2 to 0.3 3 gm/cm , was observed on 11 days on vegetation along East Lake (Cottage) Road, approximately 125 feet east of the lake. The accumulations measured are listed in Table 9. i L J _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
TABLE 6 i Cases of Reduced Ground-Level Visibility i Beyond the Dresden Cooling Lake Boundary Due to Steam F'69 Date Approximate Inland Distance Lowest Visibility January 5, 1972 N/A N/A January 14, 1972 0.1 to 0.2 mile. N/A (mostly above ground) January 15, 1972 N/A 250 feet January 28, 1972 N/A 25-50 feet January 30, 1972 N/A Occasional Reduction February 3, 1972 at least 250 feet less than 50 feet February 4, 1972 N/A less than 50 feet February 7, 1972 N/A 200 feet February 9, 1972 N/A N/A November 27, 1972 350 feet 100 feet December 7, 1972 at least 0.7 mile 1000 feet December 14, 1972 N/A 1/2 mile December 16, 1972 N/A No Visibility Reduction January 9, 1973 N/A No Visibility Reduction January 10, 1973 750 feet 100-150 feet January 26, 1973 1.5 niles more than 100 feet February 3, 1973 200 feet more than 100 feet February 7, 1973 N/A No Visibility Reduction February 8, 1973 N/A No Visibility Reduction February 9, 1973 1.5 miles more than 100 feet February 11, 1973 250 feet more than 100 feet February 16, 1973 N/A No Visibility Reduction N/A = Not Available
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1 TABLE 7 Occurrence of Steam Fog Limiting Visibility To 100 Feet or Less on County Line Road -
' Date Time Lowest Visibility (feet) 4 January 1972 1415, 1615 75 5 January 1972 0820 100 > 14 January 1972 0815 10 15 January 1972 0840 10 25 January 1972 0820 100 28 January 1972 0820 10 30 January 1972 1015, 1225 50 1 February 1972 0820 25 3 February 1972 1440 30 4 February 1972 0820, 1040, 1435 20 7 February 1972 0800 50 10 February 1972 0815, 1015 25 29 March 1972 1615 25 17 May 1972 0600 50 30 May 1972 0815 20 30 September 1972 0715 30 6 December 1972 0700 20 10 January 1973 0700, 0825, 1015 100 8 February 1973 0700 25 l
11 February 1973 0655 100 l 15 February 1973 1215 25 16 February 1973 0615, 0720 40 l L J _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
1 TABLE 8 Frequency of Occurrence of Days with Visibility 100 Feet or Lower at County Line Road
. 1 January 1972 - 31 March 1973 Number Visibility of (feet) Occurrences % Cumulative %
0 0 0.000 0 0.000 5 0 0.000 0 0.0 00 10 3 0.658 3 0.658 15 0 0.000 3 0.658 20 3 0.658 6 1.316 25 5 1.096 11 2.412 30 2 0.439 13 2.851 35 0 0.000 13 2.851 40 1 0.219 14 3.070 45 0 0.000 14 3.070 50 3 0.658 17 3.728 55 0 0.000 17 3.728 60 0 0.000 17 3.728 65 0 0.000 17 3.728 70 0 0.000 17 3.728 75 1 0.219 18 3.947 80 0 0.000 18 3.947 85 0 0.000 18 3.947 90 0 0.000 18 3.947 95 0 0.000 18 3.947 100 4 0.877 22 4.825 , i greater than 100 434 95.175 456 100.000 l i l L J _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
TABLE 9 Frequency of Rime Ice Along Cottage Road Amount Trace 1/8" 3/16" 5/16" 3/8" 3/4" , 3" 3 1/2" No. of Occurrences: 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 On two of the days indicated above rime ice was also noted on trees along Lorenzo Road, within approximately 300 feet of the lake. A deposition of rime 200 feet east of pool 1 occurred once when nothing similar was observed elsewhere around the lake. Exact measurements from the above three (3) occurrences were not available, but each is believed to,have been less than 1/2 to 3/4 inches. Considering that the two instances of rime deposition at Lorenzo Road occurred coincidentally with rime deposition at Cottage Road and that rime was only observed during the winter months of December, January and February, the overall frequency of downwind rime icing at distances of 100 feet or greater was found to be 6.6 percent (12 days out of 181). Based on this frequency, one may expect to observe rime deposition beyond 100 feet downwind on 6 days per year. From time to time during the winter months snow was observed to fall out of the steam fog plume. It occurred typically during the mid-morning hours after sunrise and lasted a short time. When visibility was affected it was usually due to a combination of snow and fog. The character of the snow was light snow, snow showers or flurries. Accumulation on the ground in most cases ranged from a trace to less than 0.25 inches. In all cases L. J
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the snow was extremely light and fluffy and would blow off the ground
- surface with a slight wind. Once 1.75 inches was measured. The inland distance to which deposition was observed ranged up to approximately 1.5 miles. The data for the five days snow was observed arc summarized in Table 10.
In summary, the Dresden Nuclear Power Station cooling lake operation affected the immediate environs to varyii.g degrees and in different ways. By f ar the most frequently observed and, consequently, most significnat aspect of the operation was the production of steam fog. Other related aspects were that under certain meteorological conditions the steam fog deposited a measurable amount of rime ice on trees and other objects over a large area. Snow flakes were also observed to f all out of the steam fog plume. These latter aspects are considered to be of secondary significance in the tense that they occurred infrequently. Except under rare circumstances, the steam fog effects were localized and primarily confined to the lake itself, including County Line Road where it bisects the lake in a north-south orientation. The primary significant effect of the steam fog was the restriction it placed on local visibility near the ground. Along County Line Road fog-restricted v',sibility of less than 300 feet occurred nearly three times more often than climatological expectation (75 hours / year as opposed to 23 hours / year). In contrast, no increase over climatological expectation in fog-restricted visibility of less than 500 feet was detected at a continuous recording station located 625 feet southeast of the lake. l L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorolo0 i sts
TABLE 10 Snowfall From Steam Fog' Plumes Off Lake Observation Time Date Point (CST) Visibility Amount Character Extent 5 January 1972 Cottage Road 0745 N/A Trace Very fine snow 125' and sleet 7 December 1972 Lorenzo & Dresden 0700 0.5 - 1 mile 0.25" Light snow 3,000' Roads 0830 showers ! 14 December 1972 Lorenzo & Dresden 1020 0.5 - 1 mile 0.25" Light snow 3,000' Roads showers b 28 December 1972 Lorenzo Road 0850 N/A Trace Flurries 300' 9 February 1973 Interstate 55 0650 1 mile Trace Very light snow 1.5 miles 9 February 1973 Cottage Road 0655 1 mile Trace Very light snow 125' 9 February 1973 Cottage Road 0835 0.2 mile 0.25" Large flakes 400'
. 0850 1.75"
On rare occasions meteorological conditions were such that large amounts of steam fog were generated, while light winds and a strong inversion contributed to an unusually persistent fog plume. Instead of the usually rapid mixing with drier air and resultant evaporation, the fog will , persist and travel great distances (in excess of one mile) downwind of the
' lake.
During some of these cases snow flakes, having low liquid water content, fell from the steam fog plume, covering the ground, and/or rime ice was deposited on trees and other objects. These situations almost always developed when abnonnally cold (colder than 10 F) stable air masses passed directly over the area, accompanied by light wind and clear sky during the early morning hours. Subsequent to the onsite observation program conducted by Murray and Trettel, Incorporated (M/T) at the Dresden Nuclear Power Station during 1971-1973, and described in detail in the M/T " Report on Meteorological Aspects of Operating the Cc, ling Lake and Sprays at Dresden Nuclear Power l Station", Report No. 1001-5, 1 August 1973, M/T was requested by Commonwealth Edison Company to return to the Dresden site in 1977. The purpose of this second visit was limited in scope to the observation of l fog and/or other impacts along County Line Road. The observation program was conducted beginning 1 November 1977 and continuing through March 1978. Although the intended purpose of the onsite observation program was narrowly defined to " establish the frequency of visibility reductions along County Line Road, and to determine the effectiveness of certain fog l impact control", the data that were collected and sumnarized in a second C Murray and Trettel Inc. Cerfified Consulting Meteorologists
informal " Report on Steam Fog Impact Engineering at Dresden Nuclear Power Station", Report No. 1183, 26 May 1978, were of value for yet another reason, viz, they represented a period when the Dresden plant was operating both units 2 and 3 in a closed-cycle. The fact that these , observations were made during an abnormally cold winter enhanced their value. Fog height and visibility observations from the two studies were compared in this report. In the earlier study visibility ranges from 0-50 feet were reported on 17 days during the period January 1972 - March 1973 (cf Table 7). This represents 17/456 days or 3.73 percent. During the second study the figure 2.7 percent was reported for County Line Road. The similarity is somewhat surprising considering the differences in plant operation and weather described earlier. The fog height classifications provided additional insights. Fog frequencies along County Line Road are given in Table 11. Table '1. Fog Frequencies Along County Line Road Fog Frequencies (Percent) Description Height (Ft) 1972-1973 1977-1978 Wisps O- 10 - - Light 10- 40 15.0 21.0 Moderate 40-100 6.2 13.0 Heavy 100 or more 21.3 10.0 l l L J Murrayand TrettelInc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologists
l . The data show light tw.d moderate fog conditions were more frequent during the latter period, whereas heavy fog conditions were more frequellt during the former. This implies that heavy fogs won't necessarily increase in frequency when the plant operates closed cycle in unusually co,1d weather, although less intense fogs may occur more frequently. Fog and temperature data are summarized in Table 12 for the winter months. No clear relationship between heavy fog frequencies and air temperature are evident. Table 12. Air Temperatures and Heavy Fog Frequencies - Dresden Site MONTH December January February 1972-1973 1977-1978 1972-1973 1977-1978 1972-1973 1977-1978 Heavy Fog Freq(%) 23.6 5.2 21.3 21.0 16 23 Avg Tmp (MDW) 25 25 29 16 30 17 Normal 29 28 24 24 27 27 Departure -4 -3 +5 -8 +3 -10 4.0_ Conclusions Applicable to Midland Pond The most significant impact that can be expected from the operation of the Midland cooling pond is the production of steam fog. Except under rare circumstances the fog can be expected to be localized and confined to the pond area. Reduced visibility along Gordonville Road can be expected to occur occasionally during the winter months. Other lesser impacts that can he expected under certain meteorological conditions are the fonnation of rime ice on trees, bushes and other objects, particularly at or near L J _ Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteoroto0 i sts
tha water; and the formation of stratus nebulomutatus clouds several
- hundred feet above the lake surface. Snow flakes may f all occasionally from the elevated plume, but accumulations should be insignificant.
1 5.0 General Conclusion , The conclusions drawn in the Final Environmental Statement (NUREG-0537) for the Midland Plant regarding fog and ice are not inconsistent with the Dresden Pond experience. The staff's expectation of frequent periods of dense fog over and south of Gordonville Road during cool weather may be overstated. I l l l l 1 L J Murray and Trettel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists l - -
F .
) . 1 i
1 APPENDIX i l l l l L J
- - Murray and Trettel Inc. Cerlified Consulting Meteorologists
Definitions The term " wisps" of steam fog implies a very slight intensity of steam fog which is barely visible to the naked eye. Wirps usually rose to heights of 5 to 15 feet above the sprays.
" Light" steam fog was more opaque than " wisps" and it usually rose 10 to 40 feet. Fog of this intensity would usually have a maximum horizontal (downwind) extent comparable to its vertical rise. Also, visibility was usuall.y only slightly reduced in those portions of the plumes close to the sprays.
" Moderate" intensity steam fog lowered the visibility significantly, but the plume tended to diminish and evaporate more readily than did " heavy" steam fog. Heights of moderate steam fog generally ranged from 40 to 100 feet.
" Heavy" intensity steam fog was very opaque and caused serious visibility reductions along its path. Heights varied greatly, depending on the prevailing conditions, sometimes reaching 700 feet into the air.
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RESUME: JOHN PAUL BRADLEY Certified Consulting Meteorologist l Vice President, Environmental Applications MURRAY AND TRETTEL, INCORPORATED - Certified Consulting Meteorologists Northfield, Illinois 60093 . Education: . Sc. Bachelor - St. Louis University,1960 Sc. Master - University of Chicago, 1962 Graduate Work: Physical - Synoptic - Radar Meteorology; Advanced Forecasting; Probability Theory and Statistical Applications; Physical Chemistry . Experience: . Preoperational and Operational Meteorological Programs for Nuclear and other Facilities, July 1970 to date
. Applied Meteorology, Operational Forecasting and Consulting, 1964 to date Research Assistant - Cloud Physics Laboratory - -
University of Chicago, 1960-64 Fields of Environmental Meteorology: Physical, Synoptic and Interest: . Radar Meteorology; Advanced Forecasting; Probability Theory and Statistical Applications; Tornado and Severe Wind forecasting Studies / Papers: . Murray and Trettel, Inc. Temperature Forecasts - July 30, 1965 Note on Traiectory of Air Parcels - January 20, 1966
. Temperature Forecasts for Midway Airport - March 1,1966 Tornado and Severe Thunderstorm Forecast Technique -
April 1, 1966 Success of the Composite Chart - September,1966
. A Suggested Semi-Objective Method of Forecasting Temperature Advection - October 11, 1966 A Detailed Study on the Advection Term - November 20, 1966 A Simplifying Temperature Computation Equation for Veri-fying Midway Maximum Temperature Under Lake Breeze Situations - November 1966 The 1966 Mean Composite Chart - February 20, 1967 A New Method of Averaging Utility Errors Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data System Applied to Coal-Fired Electric Generating Stations, 1978 -
Proceedings of the Sixth International CODATA Conference Palermo, Ital'y
-FL J Murray and Trottel Inc. Certified Consulting Meteorologists
T
. A Receptor-Oriented Air Pollution Episode Identification Technique - March 31, 1969
. Similarities Among Synoptic Scale Weather Patterns Associated with Air Pollution Episodes in Chicago During 1966 - 1967 - May 7, 1969
. Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution Episodes -
Harry Moses, John P. Bradley, Edward W. Klappenbach, - ANL Report
. Pre-Operational Meteorological Program at the Cooper
- Nuclear Station - NPPD, Quarterly and Annual Reports
. Pre-Operational and Operational Meteorological Programs at the Zion, Quad Cities and Dresden Stations - CECO, Quarterly and Annual Reports
. Preliminary Report to CEC 0, Radiological Monitoring Program Associated with the Accidental Release of Radioactive Gases at Dresden Nuclear Power Station -
August 12, 1971 - L. G. Huebner and J. P. Bradley
. Similarity Study of Meteorological Summaries from Zion, Point Beach and Kewaunee Sites - January 13, 1972
. Summary of the Condition of Meteorological Equipment at j Dresden, Quad Cities and Zion Stations at the Time of [
Initial Site Visits September 24, 1971 Professional { Associations: . Professional Member, American Meteorological Society - 1965 to date
. Certified Consulting Meteorologist, 1976 - Certificate .
No. 161 Languages: . French
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ;k;)hUI' NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD'83 E817 N0:59 Ut n- : -
' G0l eC ilRAlicyNG ~ s0'h;U In the Matter of: ) Docket Nos. 50-329 OM
) 50-330 OM CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY ) Docket Hos. 50-329 OL (Midland Plant, Units 1 & 2) ) 50-330 OL 6
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I, Rebecca J. Lauer, one of the attorneys for Consumers Power Company, hereby certify that copies of the i following were served upon all persons shown in the attached service list by deposit in the United States mail, first class,.this 15th day of February, 1983; except where service was made as otherwise indicated. j 1. February 14, 1983 letter from Philip P. , Steptoe to the Administrative Judges re-garding Applicant's testimony on Sinclair Operating License Contention 14.
- 2. " Testimony of Donald H. Evans and David A.
l . Sommers on Cooling Pond Performance Studies."
, 3. " Testimony of John Bradley on Sinclair Con-tention 14 (Dresden Fogging and Icing Studies)".
hue Rebecca J. Lauer a- - l Isham, Lincoln & Beale Three First National Plaza Suite 5200 Chicago, Illinois 60602 (312) 558-7500
\
? SERVICE LIST Frank J. Kelley, Esq. Steve Gadler Attorney General of the 2120 Carter Avenue State of Michigan St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 Carole Steinberg, Esq. Assistant Attorney General Atomic Safety & Licensing Environmental Protection Div. Appeal Panel 720 Law Building U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. Lansing, Michigan 48913 Washington, D.C. 20555 Cherry & Flynn Mr. C. R. Stephens Suite 3700 Chief, Docketing & Services 3 First National Plaza - U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. Chicago, Illinois 60602 Office of the Secretary Washington, D.C. 20555
- Mr. Wendell H. Marshall 4625 S. Saginaw Road *Ms. Mary Sinclair Midland, Michigan 48640 5711 Summerset Street Midland, Michigan 48640
- Charles Bechhoefer, Esq.
- William D. Paton, Esq.
Atomic Safety & Licensing Counsel for the NRC Staff Board Panel U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm. Washington, D. C. 20555 Washington, D.C. 20555
*Dr. Frederick P. Cowan Atomic Safety & Licensing 6152 N. Verde Trail Board Panel Apt. B-125 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm.
Boca Raton, Florida 33433 Washington, D.C. 20555 James E. Brunner, Esq.
- Jerry Harbour Consumers Power Company Atomic Safety & Licensing 212 West Michigan Avenue Board Panel Jackson, Michigan 49201 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm.
Washington, D.C. 20555 Mr. D. F. Judd Lee L. Bishop Babcock & Wilcox Harmon & Weiss P. O. Box 1260 1725 "I" Street, N.W. #506 Lynchburg, Virginia 24505 Washington, D.C. 20006
- Barbara Stamiris 5795 North River Road Route 3 Freeland, Michigan 48623
- Personally served on February 14, 1983 J}}