ML19312C611
| ML19312C611 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oconee  |
| Issue date: | 08/28/1973 |
| From: | DUKE POWER CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7912190805 | |
| Download: ML19312C611 (380) | |
Text
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DUNE P,0WER . l 3 I i THIS COPY CONTAINS SPECIAL COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS Is I REGULATClY DOCIGT FILE COPY 791219o R,
DUKE POWER C0MPANY OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT Period Ending June 30, 1973 i i l l _A -
Ef8"" l l IABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction I. Semi-Annual Operating Report A. Report for April
- 1. Operations Summary
- 2. Power Generation
- 3. Shutdowns
- 4. Maintenance
- 5. Changes, Tests, and Experiments
- 6. Radioactive Effluent Releases B. Report for May
- 1. Operations Summary
- 2. Power Generation
- 3. Shutdowns
- 4. Maintenance
- 5. Changes, Tests, and Experiments
- 6. Radioactive Effluent Releases C. Report for June
- 1. Operations Swnmary
- 2. Power Generation
- 3. Shutdowns
- 4. Maintenance
- 5. Changes, Tests, and Experiments
- 6. Radioactive Effluent Releases
- 7. Environmental Monitoring II. Non-Radiological Environmental Surveillance Report 1.1 Station Cooling Water Systems Thermal Limits 1.2 Chemical Discharge Limits 1.3 Genera', Aquatic Surveillance 1.3.1 Water Quality 1.3.2 Fish-Population Dynamics and Reproduction 1.3.3 Periphyton 1.3.4 Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Receiving Water Study 1.3.5 Benthos 1.4 Fish Empingement on Intake Screens and Entrainment of Fish Eggs and Larvae 1.5 Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Entrainment Mortality Study 1.6 Elume Papping for Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen 1.7 Gas-Bubble Disease Study 1 i
APPENDICES Appendix A - Tabulated Water Quality Data - Lakes Keowee and Hartwell . Appendix B - Letter Regarding Algae Growth on Cane Creek on Lake Keowee Appendix C - Southeastern Reservoir Investigation Studies Appendix D - Use of Videc, Tape Camera to Inspect Intake Screens Appendix E - Underwater Inspection of Intake Screens Appendix F - Supplemental Pre-Operational Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Data 11 [
a . _ . . 1NTRODUCTION This report is submitted pursuant to the Oconee Nuclear Station Technical Specification 6.6.1.1C, Semi-Annual Operating Report, and the Non-Radiological Environmental Specifications, Appendix B to Operating License DPR-38. Section I, the Semi-Annual Operating Report su=marizes, on a monthly basis, the operating experience at Oconee Unit 1. This unit achieved initial criticality on April 19, 1973; therefore, this first report covers the period April 19, 1973 to June 30, 1973. The report on environmental moni-toring covers the period fror. February (issuance of the operating license) to June 30, 1973. Radioactive effluent releases during this period are reported in the section for June. Section II, is a report on the non-radiological environmental surveillance program at Oconee. This section of the Semi-Annual Report addresses each specification of Appendix B to Operating License DPR-38, Non-Radiological Technical Specifications for the Oconee Nuclear Station. Appendices A through E are referenced in the Non-Radiological Environmental Surveillance Report. Appendix F contains additional pre-operational radio- ; logical data and supplements the Report of Pre-Operational Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring Program, published June 15, 1971. l l l 111 l
SECTION I SEMI-ANNUAL OPERATING REPORT N
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i I
A. Report for April
- 1. Operations Summarv Oconee Nuclear Station Unit No. 1 attained initial criticality at 1215 PM on April 19, 1973 at 250 degrees Fahrenheit. De-boration was used to attain criticality with a Control Rod con-figuration of Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 at 100% withdrawn and Group 7 at 25% withdrawn. Critical boron concentration was 1,338 parts per million. A power level of 10-10 to 10-9 amps on the Intermediate Range Nuclear Detectors was obtained and Zero Power Physics Testing co==enced. The Zero Power Physics testing stipulated by the test program were completed on April
'0, eight days ahead of the scheduled date.
During this period, it was determined that the critical boron concentration was within two percent of predicted valves. Rod worths were within 10 percent of calculated values. Temperature coefficients proved to be slightly less pcsitive than predicted. During the month of April no changes in facility design were made. No change in operating methods were required as a result of Zero Power Physic Testing experience. All periodic tests scheduled to be performed during April were successfully completed and.the results approved. No containment leak rate tests were performed during this reporting period. The following incidences occurred during the month of April:
- a) On April 26, 1973 Periodic Test PT/0/A/170/3, Control Room Filters Operation Test failed to meet Technical Specifications Requirements in that flow measurements were taken with por-table equipment rather than a fixed flow meter as called for in Tech. Spec. A proposed change to Technical Specifications has been made to correct the above deficiency.
b) On April 29, 1973 periodic test PT/0/A/150/15, Reactor Building Remotely Operated Isolation and Engineered Safeguard Valves Functional Tett, was performed. During this test, several valves failed to operate properly. Maintenance was performed and a retest of the valves performed satisfactorily. A-1
The station operating organization,which involve positions for which mini =uo qualifications are specified in the Technical 4 Specifications,was not changed during the month of April. Procedures which were modified to improve the safety of facility operation include the following: a) Controlling Procedure for Unit Shutdown was changed to verify that RC-4 (Power Re' lief Block Valve) is open. The reason for this change is that below DDT, RC-4 must be open to pro-vide over pressure protection for the Reactor Coolant System.
~
b) Reactor Coolant Pump Operation procedure was changed to re-quire that oil handling operations not be conducted until the Reactor Coolant System temperature is below the oil flash point (aw430 0F). Maintenance done during this report period is listed in Section Four for each month. The maintenance listed was corrective and limited to safety related systems. No preventative maintenance is included in this report. e i l e A-2
l l I l l l l APRIL, 1973 I
- 2. Power Generation (a) Nuclear (1) Number of hours the reactor was critrical. 227 (2) Number of times the reactor was made critical. 43 (3) Gross thermal power generated (MWH). 0 (4) Effective full power hours. 0 (b) Electrical (1) Gross electrical power generated (MWH). 0 (2) Net electrical power generated (MWH). -15,865 (3) Number of hours the generator was on line. 0 (4) A histograph of thermal power versua time is not presented for the month of April; the unit was undergoing Zero Power Physics Testing.
l l i A-3
- 3. SliUIDOWN - April, 1973 STATI'S DURING Ot.T; GUTAGE REASON CORRECTIVE ACTION DURATION
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! 21 Trip Cold Shutdown. Manual. Trip
- __ ___.__ _ __ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _
2 hours 42 minutes ._. f 21 _ Trip Cold Shutdown _ Manual Trip *....__ _ _ . _ _ __ _.___ ~2 hours _.. 5 minutes . . _ {.
- l. 22 Trip Cold Shutdown . Manual Trip
- _ _. __
45 minutes 22
'. Trip _
C Id Shutdown Manual Trip
- 1 hour 9. minutes _ __.
, 23 Shutdown Cold Shutdown .. Operator Training._ 2 hours .._ 8 minutes 23 Shutdown Cold Shutdown _ Investigate Noises _____
4 hours I _ _ _ _ _ _ heard on loose _ parts _ mon 11 or _.. l1._24 ; Shutdown _. ::old Shutdown _ Shutdown bypass __1720_psir 11_ hours _ 10 minutes . _._. l 25 Trip ,Ilot Shutdown Manual Trip
- _ ._ 38 minutes __
l 26 Trip . Ilo t Shutdown Manual Trip
- 8 minutes
> { 26 l 8 minutes 1 Trip _ f Ilot Shutdown. Manual Trip
- ______._____ _ . _ _ __ _
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. 26 ; Trip __ _._ llot. Shutdown Manual Trip
- _ _ _ _ _ _
8 minutes I l j 26 Ilot Shutdown _ Manual Trip
- 5 minutes l Trip _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . . _ . _ . .
j 27 llot_ Shutdown _ Operator Training 3 minutes fhutdown l 27 Shutdown ,ilo t Shutdown . Operator Training ____ . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . _ _ 2 minutes
; 27 Shu tdo.wn . illot Shutdown. Operator Training _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ . _ . _ _ _ - . . . . _ . _ . ... _.._ 3 minutes .
llot Shutdown Operator Training 3 minutes f 27 hhutdown . . _ _ _ . _ ...
'Shu t d,own llo t Shutdown Operator Training 2 minutes
{ 27 .. _. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ ._ [hutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training _ _ _ . 3 minutes ( 27_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ __ Shutdown . Ilo t Shutdown Operator. Training. 3 minutes h_27 . _ _ _ . . _ . _ 27 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training. . _ . ___ .. 6 minutes 27 Shutdown.. . Hot Shutdown Work inside Secondary Shie :ds . _ _ _ . _ _ .. . 4 hours 37 minutes 27 Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operator Training._____ __ 35 minutes 27 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training _ ,,__.__. 10 minutes
*Zero Power Physics Testing
- 3. SilUTDOW Ap ril , 19 73 STATUS EURING l.T- TYTZ C'ZAGE R E / 2 0'I CORPICTIVE ACTION DURATION llot Shutdown Manual Trip
- 0 11rs . 13 Min. l
.(_29 ; Trio _
j 29 ' Trip ; ilot Shutdown Manual Trip * , _ 0 Ilrs. 15 Min. , 8
,. 29 . Trip ,llot Shutdown Manual Trip
- O lirs. 4 Min.
s _. 2 9 Trip ,,Ilo t , S,h u t down , _ Manual Tri p
- _.. __ _ __ _ ..._
._..._, O lirs. 17. Min.
l 29 i Trip ___ Shutdown fManualTrip* _O llrs . 3 Min.
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i 29 Shutdown lIlot Shutdown, Operator Training _..... _ . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . . . _ . _ _ . . . . 0 lirs. 5 Nin. I 0 lirs. 9 Min.
.. 30 . Shutdown j llot Shutdown .j Operator Training .. . . . _. .-. -
hShutdown !IlotShutdown Operator Training _ __. O lirs. 5 Min.
; 30 [ _ _ , _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ . . . _ , , , . _ , __
llot Shutdown Operator Training O lirs . 6 Min.
!, 30 l Shutdown _ __ _ _ .
Operator Training O lirs. 5 Min. 30 iShutdown , llot Shutdown E I Operator Training _ O llrs . 5 Min. 30 iShutdown llot Shutdown _ , 30 Shutdown 110t Shutdown Operator Training O lirs. 7 Min. I 30 ! Shutdown liot Shutdown Operator Training 0 11rs . 5 Min.
> t t Operator Training O if rs . 5 Min.
l 30 Shutdown i 110t Shutdown . i 30 Shutdown Operator Training 0 lirs. 5 Min.
.Shutdoun l Ilot , ,
30 Shutdown. Ilot Shutdown Operator Training .. . . _ . .. .. . - . O lirs . 5 Min. i 30 ' Shutdown liot Shutdown Operator Training . O lirs . 6 Min. j 30 ' Shutdown ! !!ot Shutdown Operator Training .., _ ,_ _. O llrs . 5 Min. i ' i 30 l Shutdown , llot . Shut down Operator Training _...... _ . .__ _ -. ~ . 0 lirs . 3. Fin. I j .. . ... .. . __ . . _ . . . _ . . . . _ . _ . . - . . . . . . i i ! !- I
, t _ . ... _ _ . .. .
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- i 3
*Zero Power Physics Test l l ,
- 4. MAINTENANCE - April , 3973 Malfunction fc n recau i ns Component Safe Corrective for Cause Result Operation Action Deactor Safety Reactor Protective System
- 1. Key Switch on Failure of Switch Reactor Trip on None Replaced Defect' Module, Logic went to Shutdown bypass Contacts Defective Channel Requested Baile, Meter 2 out of 3 Module Co. to evaluate cause of failure. >
FC-253 will replace with more reliable switch
- 2. Bailey "BY" Shorted capacitor Inoperative flow None Changed amplifier card Logic went to Y flow transmitt- to case ground signal to one RPS with new design. 2 out of 3 er failure channel. Bailey Meter Co. has re-vised design of P.C.
board. In process of re- I placing all cards with I new design.
- o
- 5. Changes, Tests, and Experiments Zero Power Physics Testing is briefly described in Section 1, and will be fully described in the Oconee Unit 1 Startup Report.
- 6. Radioactive Effluent Releases Liquid and airborne releases for the month of April are reported in Table 6.1.
d i t i d A-7
B. Report for May
- 1. Operation Summarv During this month a design change was made to Unit 1. The control instrumentation mounting brackets and piping to the main steam bypass valves were modified by installing shock mounted plates on the turbine bypass valves and isolating the solenoid valve and replacing the copper tubing with a rubber hose to reduce vibration damage. No changes to operating procedures were required as a result of this design change.
Duke Power Engineering made a safety evaluation of this change and determined that there were no safety related concerns or implications involved in making this change. Zero Power Physics Testing was completed by the first week in May and Power Escalation Testing was begun on May 4,1973. Turbine generator was brought up to speed and paralleled to the system grid on May 6; load was increased to 90 megawatts electric. Fifteen percent power plateau was reached on May 9,1973. Power testing at the 15 percent level was completed en May 23, 1973. The 40% power plateau was reached and testing at that level commenced on May 27, 1973. The report for June explains the testing and results achieved during the power testing sequence. No changes in operating methods were reauired because of eouipment or fuel performance. All periodic tests scheduled to be performed during this month were completed successfully and met their acceptance criteria. During the month of May, the following incidents occurred:
- a. On May 8,1973, it was discovered that the Reactor Building Spray Pump Motors were inoperable. The inability to operate the motors was due to their breakers being racked out. This was a violation of Technical Specifications and was the result of not following applicable procedures.
- b. On May 19, 19 73, while performing Incore Instrumentation Calibration, it was discovered that one of the incore tubes were leaking.
A freeze seal was used on an interim basis. During the first shutdown, the leak was repaired permanently. During May the Station operating organization, which involves positions for which minimum qualifications are specified in the Technical Specifications, did not change. B-1
MAY, 1973 -
- 2. Power Generation (a) Nuclear (1) Number of hours the reactor was critrical. 467 (2) Number of times the reactor was made critical. 72 (3) Cross thermal power generated (MWH). 222.697 (4) Effective full power hours. 86.7 (b) Electrical (1) Cross electrical power generated (MWH). 53,900 (2) Net electrical power generated (MWH). 29,652 (3) Numbar of hours the generator was on line. 347 m =
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B-3
- 3. SHUTDOW May , 1973 STATUS EURING
- 21. A 2:FE OL'TAGE REASON CORRECTIVE ACTION DURATION
! 'l ;
Trin Hot Shutdown Manual Trip
- 17 lirs. 1 Min.
Shutdown 8 l 2 Hot Shutdown Operator Training ,
,__,_ _ 0 Hrs . 6 Min.
.I 2 ! Shutdown .; -.
- Ilot Shutdown Operator Training
. _ . . . . . . 0 lirs . 5 Min.
Shutdowni Hot Shutdown l 2 Operator Training 0 Hrs . 3 Min. 2 Operator Train.'ng l { Shutdown llot Shutdown h 0 H rs . 4 Min. 2 l Shutdown; lio t Shutdown' Operator Training I 2 0 Hrs. 4 Min. in....... Shutdown l Hot Shutdown Operator Training
._.-.___.. -- _ _ . . _ _ . . ..__. . 0 Hrs . 3 Min.
f 2 l Shutdown Hot Shutdown l Operator Training I 0 Hrs . 2 Min. 2 Shutdown Ilot Sht[tdown I .. Operator Training 0 H rs . 5 Min. 2 Shutdown Hot Shutdown . Operator Training , . . . _ . y ......__ .
. . . . . _ . . . . _ _ _ . _ . . 0 H rs . 6 Min.
- 2 i Shutdownj liot Shutdown Operator Training' _ , _,,
0 H rs . 6 Min. j 2 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training 0 Hrs . 3 Min, f2 4 Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training
' ~
0 H rs . 2 Min.
. !. 2 ..s Shutdown i Hot Shutdown Operator Training
- j. ..__ 2 0 H rs . 5 Min.
j Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training G Hrs. 6 Min. l 2 l, Shutdown' Hot Shutdown Operator Training 3 Min. 0 Hrs. I 2 Operator Training
- l. Shutdown l !!ot Shutdown .
0 H rs . 2 Min.
. 2 ; Shutdown 1 Hot Shutdown Operator Training 0 Hrs . 1 Min.
j Shutdown Hot Shutdown 2 Operator Training 0 H rs . 6 Min. [ _2 l Shutdown Hot Shutdown Ooerator Training __, , _ _ _ _ , , , _ . , _ , , , , , , , , , _, ,,_, _0 lirs . 4 M!n. I 2 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training 0 Hrs. 4 Min, i " j 2 Shutdown: Hot Shutdown 0perator Training 0 H rs . 2 Min. 2 8
. . _ . . .b.".EY "" ._Ho t Shutdown , Operator Training _ ,
__, _ _ _ _ _ , , O Hrs . 6 Min. l- 2 ; Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training-t 0 Hrs. 6 Min.
- 2 l Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training i 0 Hrs . 3 Min.
l f , *Zero Power Physics Test
- 3. SHUTDOWN May, 1973 STATUS DUEI?O 31.!.~ TY?Z CU!i.GE REASON CORRZCTIVZ ACTION DUF1. TION i 2 l Shutdown flot Shutdown Operation Training _ 0 lirs . 5 Min .
.f 2,' 8 Shutdown liot S:iutdown Operation Training 0 lirs. 2 Min.
! 2 Shutdown , llot Shutdown . operation Training 0 lirs . 5 Min .
_2, Shutdown llot Shutdown g0peration Training.. O lirs. 7 Min.
! 2 Operation Training r Shutdown l liot Shutdown 0 Hrs . 5 Min.
2
.! ': Shutdown l Ilot Shutdown .. Operation Training _ . . . _ _ _ . . . _. __. 41 lirs.52 Min.
! 4 ! Trip __ . ; Hot Shutaown Manuai Trip-Trainee ._. ._ ._none _ 0 .iirs . 3 Min.
Error k.. 5 . , , jTrip Hot Shutdown Manual Trip--Condensate None
, _ _ , , _ , _ , , , _ _ , ,,_ , , 5,1!rs.48 Min. ~ ~ ~
t---- - Booster Pump Tripped .
! .. _ f ._. . _ . . . . . _ . . jCausing Main Feedwater ,
. , kumptoTripManual
- u. 5 ! Trip..
llot. Shutdown hfanual Trip-
- tcessive Balancing shot was 10 Hrs .45 Min.
j j hurbine vibr . tion installed on turbine. I 6 jShutdown Hot Shutdown hperatorTraining 0 !!rs. 3 Min.
.! 6 fShutdown l HotShutdown hperatorTraining .. . . _ . _
0 lirs. 2 Min.
!6 Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training , , , ,
0 Hrs. 4 Min. 6-
' Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training 0 Hrs. 4 Min.
l j._._. . . . - - . . _ _ _ . . . _ . . . . _ _ - . . _ _ _ . . . . . . . . - - . - _ . . I j- _. _ __ _- . . _ . _ . _ . . _ _ . _ _ _ . . . . _ . . . _ _ . _ _ . . . f -- - - - - - - - - . . . - . . . . . . . _ _ _ . .. . . . . . . . i I [
, i
._ . . _ _ i i , -
- 3. S!!UTDOWN May, 1973 ST/.TL*S D"RIUG 21.~ 2 TYFI O.C. l.C5 PI.* SON
. CORPICTIVE ACTION DU.uTION.
j 6 i Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training _ _, O H rs . 4 Min. i i 6 l,Shutdowni liot Shutdown Operator Training , _ _ _ _,, , _ . O 'B rs . 3 Min. 7 Shutdown Hot Shutdown Operator Training __ _ __ 0 lirs . 14 Min.' ' . 7_,_ i Shutduwn i Hot, Shutdown ._ Operator Training __ 0 11rs . 5 Min. l 7 i Shutdown
!!ot Shutdown Operator Training 0 lirs. 11 Min.
l 7 Itot Shutdown oper<itus Tecisning ._ 0 lirs . 8 Min.
. !.Shutdtun ., .
I ' 7 ' } Shut.down i. Hot Sh utdown _ Oper.ator Trainin.g. . . . _ . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . _ . . . . 0 Hrs . 5 Min. I 3 , ,7 iShutdown Hot _ Shutdown . Operator Training, , _ _ , , . . ,,_ ,,___,____. _ _ , . , _
,0 .H rs . 3 Min.
5 l L... _ _ . , ( _ _ . . _ _ _ .. . . .
!. _ ._8._ i Shutdo.w.n lHotShutdown Malfunction in absolute __ __
4 Hrs. 45 Min. , &[ . position indicator in e control rod
! I
- 1. . _a
,' Both "B" loop reactor 12 Hrs . 31 Min.
8 Shutdown lHotShutdown ,
? , l -
coolant pumps were ~ ~~ 1 stopped i, l l ... _. . . _ . _ . _ _ _ i i 9 ' Trip Hot Shutdown Manual Trip--All control None 2 Hrs . 45 Min. t :
- rods were out and turbine i !
l ! header pressure was low
+
l ' due to EHC test
. t f
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\
- 3. SliUTDOWN May, 1973 STATUS DURIUG D.iTE TYPE OUTAGE REASON CORPICTIVE ACTION DURATION I
10 Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operator Training 66 hours 32 minutes 12 Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operator Training 1 hour 31 minutes 13 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training 4 hours 57 minutes 16 Trip Ifo t Shutdown Procedural Reactor liigh Pressure 9 hours 2 minutes Trip - Operator Error Memorandum issued Caused Londensats To all Operation Booster Pump and Personal Main FWP to Trip 23 Shutdown llot Shutdown Manual Trip - (Loss 1 hour 53 minutes of Control Room Test) 23 Trip llot Shutdown Reactor liigh Pressure 1 1our 25 minutes { Trip - While Swapping Main Feedwater Pumps l Both Tripped Simultaneously 24 ghutdown llot Shutdown 24 Operator Training 2 hours 13 minutes Shutdown llot Shutdown 24 Operator Training 1 hour 2 minutes Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operator Training 24 44 minutes Shutdotm flot Shutdown Operator Training 24 ' Shutdown 41 minutes liot Shutdown Operator Training 18 minutes 4
- 3. SilUTDOWN ' MAY, 1973 STATUS DURING OATE TTPE OUTAGE REASON CORRECTIVE ACTION DURATION I
24 Shutdown !!ot Shutdown Reset Transfer Trip 1 hour 13 minutes Relays 24 Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operator Training 0 hour 32 minutes l 24 :Shutdoun llot Shutdown Operator Training 0 hour 46 minutes 24 : Shutdown llo t Shutdown Operatoc Training l 24 1 hour 45 minutes Shutdown 110 t Shutdown Operator Training 24 Shutdown 0 hour 58 minutes llot Shutdown Operator Training 0 hour 11 minutes 24 Shutdown llot Shutdown Operator Training 6 hours 57 minutes f 26 Trip flot Shutdown Reactor liigh Pressure Appropriate 1 hour 9 minutes i Trip - Operator Error Condensate System , caused Condensate Valve " White" Tagged Booster Pump and 4 l Main Feedwater j Pump to Trip
! 26 .
Shutdown llot' Shut Operator Training 8 hours 29 minutes 8 P 1
- 3. SHUTDOWN MAY, 1973 STATUS DURING DAin .zPE OUTAGE REASON CORRECTIVE ACIION DURATION I
27 Trip flot Shutdown Reactor liigh Pressure EePlaced CRD motor Trip - CRD Motor Fault Relay (K-16) 6 hours' 6 minutes Fault Resulted in Trip of Main Feedwater Pump 28 Trip flot Shutdown Reactor liigh Pressure Trip - While Swapping 17 hours 21 minutes Main Feedwater Pumps Both Tripp'd 3 i Simultaneously l 30 Trip llo t Shutdown Reactor liigh Pressure Trip-Operator Error 4 hours 2 minutes i ' caused Condensate j Booster Pump and 9 Main Feedwater Pump to Trip I I I I I i I i I
- 4. ILi1NTE!!AIICE - (Hay), (1973) f cet On Precauticas Malfunction Safe Corrective , for Component Cause Result Operation Action Reactor Sr.fety Radiation Monitors
- 1. Process Monitor Power Contactor Burned Contacts None Repaired Contractor Health Physics RIA-47, 48 & 49 Contact Failure , and loss of Pump - Sampling Pump Failure Power Evalucate rating of l Initiated contactor to be proper size for this monitor Plus others of similar type O
. l l
9 e L/
- 5. Changes, Tests and Experiments The only change during this month was the control instrumentation mounting brackets and piping to the main steam bypass valves were modified by installing shock mounted plates on the turbine bypass valves and by isolating the solenoid valve and replacing the copper tubing with a rubber hose to reduce vibration damage.
Design Engineering made a safety evaluation of the above change and determined that no safety implications were involved in making this change.
- 6. Radioactive Effluent Releases Liquid and airborne releases for the month of May are reported in Table 6.1.
d 1 r B-11 L
C. Report for June
- 1. Operating Summary During the month of June, the following changes in facility design were made. All changes were evaluated by Duke Power Design Engi-neering and they determined that no safety related implications were involved in making these changes. None of the facility design changes listed here required change to operating procedures used at Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit I.
- a. A main turbine trip input from the MTX relay to #204 Events Re-corder input was added to prevent a reactor trip due to a tur-bine trip. This change was necessary to swap Unit I Electrical Auxiliaries from the normal source to the startup source upon a turbine trip rapid enough to prevent a reactor trip due to under voltage on the auxiliary bus,
- b. Time delay of approximately 200 ms was added to the K-59 motor
. fault relay to prevent a trip on momentary loss of power when bus transfers. This is an interim fix until transfer problem is solved.
- c. The lowest setpoint main steam safety valve was changed with the ,
highest setpoint valve in each header of the main steam relief valves to protect the siding of the turbine building when the valves relieve. d, Circuit change was made to trip the main turbine from loss of feedwater flow. This change was found necessary after analysis of several trips on Unit 1 due to the loss of feedwater flow. Early trip of the main turbine will reduce the blowdown of the steam generators and reduce the possibility of the steam generators being blown dry during such transients. The circuit change was accomplished by taking signal monitoring Feedwater Pump discharge pressure and inputing them to the main turbine trip relay.
- e. Intermediate and Power Range Nuclear Instrumentation connector modifications were made to the two intermediate range and four power range channels by replacing the existing Winchester type MR-X connectors with type BR-X. Increased reliability of new connector was reason for making this change. ~
Power Escalation testing continued in June with the completion of 40% power testing and the commencement of 75% power testing on June 17, 1973. An oscillation in the condensate-feedwater system was observed and is be-ing investigated as to the cause and effect. The Unit was shutdown on June 21, 1973 for a maintenance outage and was down for the remainder of June. l l f' I . C-1
C. Report for June Cont'd. During the power escalation sequence, we have performed those test necessary to prove the adequacy of the unit as prescribed in the FSAR. Test have included Xenon Stability Test, Rod Worth at Power, Reactivity Coefficient Measurements, Core Power Distributions, Power Imbalance Tests, Transients Test, Shielding Surveys, Reactor Trip, Turbine Trin, Unit Loss of Electrical Load, Pseudo-Rod Ejection, Nuclear I umentation Calibration at Power,among others. These test have proven that the reactor performance is stable with reactivity coefficients within acceptable values. Power distribution as measured within core detectors compares favorably and is well within acceptance criteria for linear heat rate, DNBR and power imbalance. Nuclear Instrumentation performance has been excellent. There have been no trips from spurious signals from the NI. Integrated Control system, while not being completely turned at this time appears to perform as ex-pected. Once-though steam generator performat.ce has been slightly better than expected. At the 75 percent power plateau, 56 degrees of superheat were expected and 59 degrees were achieved. All periodic tests scheduled to be performed during the month were com- , pleted with the exception of PT/0/A/202/ll, HPI Performance Test, PT/0/A
/203/6, LPI Performance Test and PT/0/A/204/7, RBS Performance Test which could not be performed during shutdown.
l C-2
During this month, the following incidents occurred:
- a. On June 4, 1973 to June 6, 1973, during an audit of the Operating and Chemistry Logs it was discovered that we were not meeting the minimum sampling requirement for boron as specified in Technical Specifications. Corrective action was taken b; the Operating Engineer to ensure that samples were taken.after make-up to any borated tanks.
- b. On June 13, 1973, during preparations for the Unit II Reactor Building Structural Integrity and Leak Rate Test, it was discovered that the Unit 1 Reactor Building pressurization line was open to the atmosphere. This was a violation of Containment Integrity as defined in Oconee's Technical Specifications. The line was isolated with valves and a blank flange installed. To preclude a recurrence of this incident the isolation valves and flange have been added to the Preheatup Checklist,
- c. During the period June 19, 1973 to June 28, 1973 the Hydrogen Purge Unit was connected in parallel with the Reactor Building Radiation Sampling Monitor. After the Unit was shutdown radiation level still indicated greater than normal. This condition was caused by the filters in the purge unit acting as a source (1131 + Xe133) og activity. Corrective action consisted of ensuring that the purge unit will not be connected during startup. The startup checklist call for closing the valves connecting the purge unit to the sampling lines.
- d. On June 26, 1973 during the conduct of periodic test PT/0/A/150/5
" Reactor Building Remotely Operated Isolation Valve and ES Valve Functional Test" it was determined that Component Cooling Valve CC-8 did not close as required. It was found that a pin was lef t installed which locked the valve open. The pin was subsequently removed and the valve operated satisfactorily. A review was made on all similar valves to ensure that no pins were inadvertently left installed.
- e. On June 27, 1973 an attempt was made to start Keowee Unit 1 from the startup panel. The Unit failed to start. Keowee is the backup power source for Unit 1. Keowee is required (Technical Specification) to start upon the initiation of a Engineered Safeguard signal.
Investigation revealed that the " shutdown _ solenoid" was preventing the unit from starting. A loose connection on a terminal block
~
was the c'ause of the failure. Afte'r tightening the connection, the unit was satisfactorily started up and operated. Oconee Unit 1 was shutdown at the time of the incident.
- x. -
- f. On June 28, 1973, station personnel found that the leaking incore detector assembly had been welded by an unqualified welder and prior to modification approval. Corrective action consisted of rewelding the incore detector assembly by a qualified welder. The Administrative Procedure covering station ecdifications is being reviewed to correct routing deficiencies.
C-3
A change to the Low Pressure Injection System operating procedure was made during this month. Low Pressure Service Water flow through the tpr decay heat coolers was limited to 6,000 GPM. This was done to prevent damage to the coolers which are needed to remove decay heat once the reactor is shutdown. Changes in the station operating organization, which involve positions for which minimum qualifications are specified in the Technical Speci-fications, are as follows for the month of June. Mr. E. M. Geddie Assistant Operating Engineer to . General Office, Charlotte. Mr. S. A. Holland Shift Supervisor to Assistant Operating Engineer Mr. L. A. Reed Assistant Shif t Supervisor to McGuire Nuclear Station Mr. T. Campbell Control Operator to Assistant Shift Supervisor Mr. B. Jones Assistant Control Operator to Control , Operator .' Mr. W. Morgan Assistant Control Operator to Control Operator. Mr. C. Muse Assistant Control Operator to Control
, Operator.
Mr. L. Hindman Utility Operator to AssistEnt Control Operator. Mr. B. Smith Utility Operator to Assistant Control Operator Mr. T. Farmer Utility Operator to Assistant Control Operator. Mr. F. Owens Utility Operator to Assist ant Control Operator. Mr. C. B. Green Utility Operator to Assistant Control Operator. d I C-4
JUNE, 1973
- 2. Power Generation (a) Nuclear (1) Number of hours the reactor was critrical. 416 (2) Number of times the reactor was made critical. 13 (3) Gross thermal power generated (! M ). 492,811 (4) Effective full power hours. 191.9 (b) Electrical (1) Gross electrical power generated (IM). 165,690 (2) Net electrical power generated (MEI). 145,386 (3) Number of hours the generator was on lir.e. 279
} O C-5
POWER HISTOGRAM JUNE 1973 100., I 90 80 70 60 H d 50 - 8 m 40 - --- 30 20 10 . . { 5. A d 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 ?3 25 27 29 I TIME IN DAYS
'C-6
- 3. SilUTDOWN - JUNE, 1973 STATUS DURING DATE TYPE OUTACE REASON CORRECTIVE ACTION- DURATION I*
9 Trip Hot Shutdown Reactor High Pressure 19 hours 52 minutes Trip - Operator Error caused Condensate Booster Pump and Main Feedwater Pump to erip 10 Shutdown Hot Shutdown Manual Trip (Emerg. 13 minutes Feedwater Test) 12 Trip Hot Shutdown Reactor Low Procedural Change 40 minutes l Pressure Trip - was made to . Operator Error allow main Feedwater n caused Overfeeding Pumps in Automatic
$ of the "B" OTSG Loop During Test 13 ? Trip 1,lo t Shutdown Reactor Coolant Design Change 47 minutes Pump Loss of Power Initiated for Trip - Switch over Switching Transformers
. from Normal To Emerg. Electrical Source Testing caused loss of power signal to be
. generated
- 3. SllUTDOWN- JUNE, 1973 STATUS DURING DATE TYPE CUTAGE REASON CORRECTIVE ACTION DURATION 13 Trip Hat Shutdown Manual Trip - CRD Motor Fault 3 hours 55 minutes' Prevented Reactor Runback
$ 14 Trip flot Shutdown Peactor liigh Pressure Time Delay Relay 58 minutes Trip - Operator installed on low Error caused suction Pressure Condensate Booster on condensate Pump and Main Booster Pump I
- Feedwater Pump
! To Trip n 14 Shutdown llo t Shutdown Lors of Feedwater
$3 Test 12 hours 28 minutes
! 16 Trip flot Shutdown Reactor Low Pressure New Type 4 hours 9 minutes Trip iMalfunction Elic Speed of EllC System Pickup Installed caused Load Oscillations i I
\,_ ___ --- ---
- 3. SliUTDOWN- June, 1973 '
STATUS DURING D.*TE
. TYPE OUTAGE REASCN CORRECTIVE ACTION DURATION e
18 Trip llot Shutdown Reactor liig.i Pressure and Time Delay Relay 8 hours. 7 minu'tes liigh Power Trip-Turbine- Added to CRD Generator Trip Associated Motor Fault Relay { with CRD Motor Fault To Allow Bus j Preventing Run-back. Transfer to Take Place 20 Trip Ilot Shutdown Reactor Power /RCP Ground Shield 2 hours 55 minutes Trip-Ground Shield Relay was Relay Fault Caused Recalibrated l Two Reactor Coolant Pumps to Trip - 21 Trip llot Shutdown Reactor Iligh Power Recalibrated 4 hours 25 minutes Trip-Missmatch i of feedwater j Flows to OTSG I 21 Trip Cold Shutdowi Reactor Pressure / Broken Sightglass 363 hours 38 minutes Temperature Trip - On llotwell was - Operator Error Replaced Caused Ha;well Pump and Main Feedwater Pump to Trip I t
- 4. MAINTENANCE - (June, 1973)
Malfunction ic n recau i ns Safe Corrective for Component Cause Result Operation Action Reactor Safety Radiation Monitors
' l. Process !!onitor
. Failed 2N3643 Surge in Power None Replaced Transistor None Required RIA-35 Module Transistor Supply Voltage Failure a
1 i e e s
- 5. Changes, Tests end Experiments A brief description of station changes is given in Section 1. Power Escalation Testing was also described in Section 1, and will be fully described in the Oconee Unit 1 Startup Report.
l l l C-11
__ . . _ _ . . _. _ __ .. _ .. ... ~ __ _ _. _ _ = m
- 6. Radioactive Ef fluent Releases - February-June,1973 (a) Liquid and airborne releases are reported in Table 6.1 (b) Solid Waste
) 1. Total volume of solid waste packaged (cubic feet). 58.81
- 11. Total estimated radioactivity (curies) involved.
1.01 x 10-3 (c) Disposal of materials shipped off site: Date Quantity Destination 6-27-73 5,000 Cal. LSA Chem. Nuclear Systems 0.06 Ci total Barnwell, S.C. i / I 1
; 6-29-73 5,000 Cal. LSA Chem. Nuclear Systems O.09 Ci total Barnwell, S.C.
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- 7. Environmental Monitoring Table 7-1 summarizes the environmental monitoring program for period February - June,1973.
Column 1 - Number of sampling locations 2 - Total number of samples 3 - Number of locations at which levels were found to be significantly above local backgrounds 4 - Highest concentration or radiation level for the sampling point with the highest average 5 - Lowest concentration or radiation level for the sampling point with the highest average 6 - Annual average concentration or radiation level for the sampling point with the highest average 7 - Location of the sampling point with the highest average i 1 l l l l C-15 l
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TABLE 7-1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Feb. - June 1973 Number of Sampling Point with liighest Concentration or Number of Total Locations - Highest t7adiation Level Above Background Medium Sampling (1) Numbe- (2) Significant , liighest Level Low st Level Average Location Samnled Locations of Samples Levels (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Water Finished-Water Supply 3 15 0 Water Raw-Water Supply 3 15 0 Water Surface-River, Lakes 4 20 0 - Rain, Settled Dust 6 30 0 Air Particulares 2 42 0 m .
,LVegetation, Terrestrial 5 10 0 as Vegetation, Aquatic 3 3 0 Plankton dry w(I) (one sample) (one sanpe) 000.4 2 3 3 1 t 16.7gross pCi/galpha bridge of site -
New 183 Bottom Sediment 5 10 0 Radiation Dose & Rate 25 50 0 Animals 1 2 0 Fish 1 6 0 Milk 1 21 0 l (1) Station did not contribute alpha activity to environment, therefore high gross alpha activity in this ene plankton sample not attributable to station operation.
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SECTION II NON-RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE REPORT
1.1 STATION COOLING WATER SYSTEMS THERMAL LD11TS Specification: A. The cooling water effluent temperature at the discharge shall not exceed 100*F for a time period in excess of two hours. In the event of the once-in-20 years combination of extreme natural conditions the station's generating capacity shall be limited as necessary to keep the discharge temperature from exceeding 100*F unless there is a serious need for the lost power. A serious need for lost power is de-fined here as a condition which would result in voltage reductions or load shedding (except contracted interruptable loads). Under these circumstances, the licensee shall notify AEC/ DOL immediately by telephone and the discharge tem-perature shall not be allowed to exceed 103*F. B. Temperature rise from the condenser intake to the discharge shall not exceed 28'F. Further, the temperature rise should not exceed 22*F when the inlet temperature is greater than 68'F. C. Normal station operations shall be programmed so that effluent temperatures shall not decrease more than 6*F per hour during the winter and 10*F per hour during the spring, summer, and fall. I. INTRODUCTION The noted specifications were established to evaluate the effects of thermal discharges on aquatic life in the vicinity of Oconee Nuclear Station. The limits on station discharge temperature, temperature rise across the condensers, and rate of decrease of the discharge temperature permit sufficient operational flexibility to allow for the starting or shutdown of a circulation water pump during unit load changes. Under normal operation, station procedures incorporate the programming of load changes to minimize the re.aulting transient thermal change. i II. RESULTS During the period covered by this report, Oconee Unit I has been operated at up to 75 percent of full power and the load has been varied considerably for testing procedures and operational checks. Figure 1.1-1 provides a summary of the daily average condenser intake and discharge temperatures for the period of April 1, 1973 through June 30, 1973. Cooling water j flow rate is also indicated by the number of pumps operating. Each pump ' provides cooling water at a rate of approximately 177,000 gallons per i minute. 1.1-1 l l
From April 1 through May 10 temperature data were manually logged by operators at approximately one-hour intervals, and the daily averages were calculated. No readings were recorded for April 24, 25, and 26 and for May 6, but the unit was at zero power on these dates. From May 11 through May 31 the intake temperature was estimated from read-ings at lake monitoring station number 502, and the discharge tempera- . ture was calculated from a heat balance using the appropriate unit load and cooling water flow rate. From June 1 through June 28, hourly computer printouts of the intake and discharge temperatures were utilized. No data were obtained for June 29 and 30, but the unit was at zero power and the conditions were similar to those on the preceding days. CONCLUSIONS With reference to Specifications A and B, Figure 1.1-1 shows that the maximum discharge temperature of 100*F and the maximum temperature rise across the condenser of 28'F were not exceeded at any time during the given time period. A maximum daily average discharge teuperature of 66.l*F occurred on June 19, and a maximum hourly average of 70.6*F occurred at 1 PM on June 17. The maximum daily average temperature rise of 14.7'F occurred on June 19, and the maximum hourly average of 19.3*F also occurred at 1 PM on June 17. With respect to Specification C, the maximum rates of decrease in discharge temperature have not been exceeded during normal station operation. However, the discharge temperature was noted to decrease more than 10*F in an hour on two occasions when the unit underwent an abrupt load change from 75% of full power to zero power. On June 20 from 2 AM to 3 AM the discharge temperature fell 10.l*F from 65.7'F to 55.6*F. On June 21 from 3 PM to 4 PM a decrease of 13.0*F from 66.4*F to 53.4*F was experienced. No adverse effects were noted nor were any anticipated since the temperature rise across the condenser was already relatively low. A revised computer monitoring program has been proposed since June 30 to aid the operators in anticipating conditions which may exceed those thermal specifications. The new program will generate alarms when the discharge temperature exceeds 95*F, the temperature rise across the condenser exceeds 20*F, or the rate of decrease in discharge temperature exceeds 5*F per hour. The revised system will enable the operators to take appropriate corrective action before the specifications are exceeded.
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1.1 Figure 1.1-1 Daily Average Temperature and Flow Rate of Condenser Cooling Water - Oconee Unit 1 April - June 1973 5 to 15 20 25 5 to 15 20 as 30 5 to 15 20 25
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1.2 CHEMICAL DISCHARGE LIMITS Specification: A. Chemical wastes and the resulting chemical concen-trations in the Keowee River shall not exceed the maximum concentrations given in Table 1.2-1 " Chemical Wastes from Oconee Station." B. All water discharged from the waste water collection basin shall have a pH between 6.0 and 8.5. C. Chlorine or other chemical biocides will not be used for condenser cleaning. 1 I. INTRODUCTION The noted specifications were established to insure that chemical concentrations in the river resulting from station discharges are not toxic to aquatic organisms. A chemical inventory is maintained to determine what quantities of environmentally significant chemicals are used and thus to estimate the quantities which are discharged over the period of interest. In addition, the pH of the waste water collection basin discharge is determined and recorded daily, and cor-rective measurea are intiated as necessarv. II. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A chemical inventory for the first six months of 1973 is presented in Table 1.2-2. Individual comments indicate the method of disposal of the chemicals, where applicable. The quantities of chemicals discharged have been low enough to insure that the maximum concentrations indicated on Table 1.2-1 have not been exceeded. Table 1.2-3 lists the dates on which discharges occurred from the waste water collection basin while the pH of the basin was outside the specified limits. The cause of the out of spec pH and the correc-tive action are also shown, where applicable. The effluent from the water collection basin combines with yard drainage and flows *'. rough a considerable distance of earthen channel before cischarging to the river. The effects of this dilution and contact with soil minerals alter the pH of the dilute and non-buffered effluent con-siderably. On several occasions when the basin pH was out of spec, the pH of the combined discharge was determined at the point of discharge to the river. These data are also shown in Table 1.2-3. In every case the discharged pH was between 6.0 and 8.5 so that the effects on river quality were minimal. With referenec to specification C, no ch1crine or chemical biocides were used for condenser cleaning.
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1.2-1
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Table 1.2-1 Chemical Wastes from Oconee Nuclear Station (Taken from Appendix B to Operating License No. DPR-38) Resulting concentration in Founds per year (3 units) Keowce kiver water (ppm) II" Average
- Maximum ponsble" Rcatur usolant Horn acid 60,000 (s' tart up) 2.4 x 10~5' 8.8 x 10"
, Lithium hydrosade 180 d d Ilydrann, s 300 e e Steam 3;tnerator feedwater liydrazme 1,800 13.000 e e Regeneration of deboratmg demineralizers Sodium hydroxide 4,100 *
/ f Regeneration of water treatment demineralizers Sodium hydraaide 440,000 0.123 4.48 Sulfuric and 150.500 0Ges" 2.5" Laundry and ticarnns detergents i four clean:ng 'heund) 10.000 U.17' 0.0046!
Laundry (whdi 4,760 0.0022' O.081 d
Iotal per year diluted by average ta trac flow of 1100 efs(9.M23 x 10 cm /3 year).
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6 Total per year dJuted by reanimurn ladrate flow of 30 ofs.
'53 lb/ year from evaporator overheadt Most will probably be removed by the demmerahzers and evaporator $
'Normally, hydrarsne is reacted chemically and n not dasharged.
,IMost of ihn material will be ,ent to the waste drummmg fauhty .n evaporator bottoms.
zSodium released; Keowee River normal concentration ss 1.2 2.M ppm (G. A. !!sthnpley. "Chemscal Charatter of Surfac Wsters of South Carohna. 1945 -1955," Dullelin No.163, South Carohna Developmeot Board 1956).
" Sulfate released. Keowee Rsver normal cone. is 0.7 -2.5 ppm (G. A. Bahneley. " Chemical Character of Surface Waters of South Carohna. 1945-1955l* Bulletui No I63, South Carolma Development Board 1956).
#Processms of these wastes through the sanitary waste system may ugnificantly redute ihn value.
t s I l 1.2-2
Table 1.2-2 Chemical Inventory, January-June, 1973 Ammonium Hydroxid2-Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 1/15 960 lbs 0 960 2/20 0 96 864 3/28 0 0 864 5/21 0 168 696 6/21 0 120 576 Comments: 80% used for pH control during wet layup of Units 1 and 2 then drained to waste water collection basin; 20% used for operating pH control and not discharged. ~ Barium Chloride Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 225 lbs 0 225 3/28 0 0 225 5/21 0 0 225 6/21 0 0 225 F Boric Acid Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory
, 1/30 0 0 108,000 2/20 44,400 lbs 0 152,400 3/28 0 3,300 149,100 5/21 0 15,000 134,100 6/21 30,000 10,200 153,900 Comments: Majcrity shipped off site for disposal.
1.2-3 j
Table 1.2-2 (Cont'd) Chemical Inventory, January-June, 1973 Chlorine Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 1,500 lbs 300 1,200 3/28 300 450 1,050 5/21 300 300 1,050 6/21 300 300 1,050 Comments: Consumed in drinking water and sanitary waste system. Dipotassium Phosphate Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 250 lbs 0 250 3/28 0 0 250 5/21 0 0 250 6/21 0 18 232 Comments: Used in component cooling system, held in system or shipped off site for disposal; none discharged to river. Tripotassium Phosphate Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 250 lbs 0 250 3/28 0 0 250 5/21 0 0 250 6/21 0 55 195 Comments: Used in ccmponent cooling system, held in system or shipped off site for disposal; none discharged to river.
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1.2-4
Table 1.2-2 (Cont'd) Chemical Inventerv, January-June, 1973 Organic Corrosion Tnhibitor Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 465 gal 0 465 3/28 0 55 410 5/21 55 0 465 6/21 0 55 410 Comments: Used in recirculating cooling water system, not discharged. Hydrazine Hydrate (851) Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventorg 2/20 2,700 lbs 0 2,700 3/28 2,700 900 4,500 5/21 3,520 900 7,120 6/21 0 2,000 5,120 Comments: 90% used for pH control during wet layup of Units 1 and 2 then drained to waste water collection basin; 10% used as oxygen scavenger in operation and not discharged. Lithium Hydroxide Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 312 lbs 0 0 3/28 0 0 312 5/21 0 15 297 6/21 0 23 274 Comments: Used for pH control in prirary system, removed in demineralizers, resin drummed for off site disposal. 9 1.2-5
Table 1.2-2 (Cont'd) Chemical Inventory, Januarv-June 1973 Potassium Chromate Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 200 lbs 0 200 3/28 0 0 200 5/21 0 0 200 6/21 0 14 186 Comments: Used in component cooling system, held in system or shipped off site for disposal; none discharged to river. Sodium Hydroxide (50% Liquid) Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 3,600 gal 180 3,420 3/28 0 200 3,220 5/21 0 310 2,910 6/21 0 600 2,310 ; Comments: Used in demineralizer regeneration (drained to basin) and for pH adjustment of waste water collection basin. Sodium Hydroxide (Solid) Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 6,000 lbs 0 6,000 3/28 0 500 5,500 5/21 0 0 5,500 6/21 0 0 5,500 Comments: Used for pH control in vaste evaporator, bottoms drummed and shipped off site. l t 1.2-6
Table 1.2-2 (Cont'd) Chemical Inventory, January-June 1973 Sulfuric Acid (66*Be) Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/20 3,200 gal 0 3,200 3/28 0 480 2,720 5/21 0 345 2,375 6/21 0 400 1,975 Comments: Used in demineralizer regeneration (drained to basin) and for pH adjustment of waste water collection basin. Trisodium Phosphate Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 42/20 19,100 lbs 0 19,100 3/28 0 7,000 12,100 5/21 0 6,000 6,100 6/21 0 4,000 2,100 Comments: Used in cleanup of Unit 2 feedwater system, drained to waste water collection basin. JANITORIAL SUPPLIES AND DETERGENTS Commercial Liquid Cleaning Solutions Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 1/30 38 gal 12 112 2/28 30 17 125 3/26 0 15 110 4/30 2 21 91 5/31 30 19 102 6/30 3 18 87 Comments: Waste processed through sanitary waste system. 1.2-7
Table 1.2-2 (Cont'd) Chemical Inventory, January-June 1973 Industrial Liquid Cleaning Solution Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 1/30 0 0 0 2/28 0 0 0 3/26 1055 gal 780 55 4/30 0 0 55 5/31 0 0 55 6/30 0 0 55 Comments: 220 gal returned to supplier. Waste processed through sanitary waste system or stored on site for later processing; none discharged. Laundry Detergent Date of Survey Received Used On Site Inventory 2/28 0 15 495 3/8 0 25 - 470 4/6 0 25 445 / 4/11 0 25 420 4/27 0 25 395 5/23 0 25 370 6/_1 0 25 345 Comments: Waste processed through radwaste system.
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1.2-8 i - - -
Table 1.2-3 Waste Water Collection Basin January-June,1973 Tabulation of pH Readtrgs Outside Range of 6.0 - 8.5 DATE BASIN pH CAUSE ,CORRICTIVE ACTION COMBINED DISCRARGE pH 2/10 8.9 Demineralizer Regeneration Recirculated 2/12 9.2 Demineralizar Regeneration Added Sulfuric Acid 2/15 5.8 Too much acid Added Sodium Hydroxide 6.2 2/16 4.2 Too much acid Recirculated 2/17 9.3 Too much Sodium Hydroxide Recirculated 7.0 2/18 9.2 Too much Sodium Hydroxide Recirculated 7.4 2/19 8.6 Too much Sodium Hydroxide Recirculated 2/26 9.2 Too much Sodium Hydroxide Recirculated 6.9 2/27 10.3 Too much Sodium Hydroxide Added Sulfuric Acid 3/1 9.2 Demineraliser 2e eeuvratJne. Placed 'n Reciraulation 6.9 3/2 9.2 Demineralizer Regeneration Placed in Recirculation 7.0 3/10 9.3 Demineralizer Regeneration . Placed in Recirculation 6.8 Drained Steam Generators to Basin 3/11 9.0 Alkaline Added Sulfuric Acid 3/12 4.1 Too much acid Add Sodium Hydroxide 6.8 3/19 3.0 Too much acid Add Sodium Hydroxide 6.8 3/21 3.2 Too much acid . Add Sodium Hydroxide 3/22 3.2 Too much acid Add Sodium Hydroxide 4/71 9.0 Dominera112er Regeneration Recirculated ell 9 's . o 6.9 5/15 9.3 ' Added Sulfuric Acid 5/16 4.8 Too much Acid 5/17 3. 6
- 6. 6 5/18 4.1 6.6 5/19 9.5 Domineralizer Regeneration Acid .
5/23 9.5 Recirculated 6.5 5/24 9.7 Recirculated 7.5 6/1 8.9 Demineralizer Regeneration Added Sulfuric Acid 7.0 6/8 9.2 Domineralizer Regeneration Recirculated 6/10 8.8 Domineralizer Regeneration Recirculated 7.7 6/11 8.7 Desineralizer Regeneration Recirculated 7.1 6/17 9.0 Domineralizer Regeneration Added Sulfuric Acid 7.3
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1.2-9
1.3 CENERAL AQUATIC SURVEILLANCE Specification: Surveillance programs shall be conducted to detect and quantify Oconee's effects on water quality, fish, periphyton, plankton, and benthos. I. INTRODUCTION The objective of the aquatic surveillance program is to determine the effects of Oconee Nuclear Station's operation on the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Keowee and the area of Lake Hartwell influenced by the thermal and chemical discharges (Figures 1.3-1, 1.3-2). As indicated in Figures B-1 and C-1 Unit #1 at Oconee Nuclear Station operated only during the months of May and June, and then only at inter-mittent and reduced loads. Thus, detailed information and unalterable conclusions regarding long term effects upon the aquatic environment resulting from the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station are not yet possible. However, conclusions regarding some short term effects have been made in certain sections. Information concerning programs called for in the general aquatic surveil-lance program is supplied in each specific section. Each section generally includes 1) an Introduction - which gives background information concerning that specific subject, 2) Materials and Methods - which detail the materials and methods either currently employed or proposed to accomplish the objective of the specification, 3) Results and Discussion - which provide the results for the specified time period and a discussion of those results, and 4) Summary and Conclusions - a concise description of the first three subjects, plus conclusions. Results of the various study programs to date have indicated a need for only two (2) changes in Appendix B to the Technical Specifications. Those changes are:
- 1) the deletion of sampling at station 605 for Specification 1.3.5 Benthos. Sampling for benthos at station 605 has been unproductive and sometimes dangerous; it is proposed that benthic sampling at station 605 be discontinued and replaced by station 606 (Figure 1.3-2).
- 2) a change in the wording of Specification 1.6 Plume Mapping For Temperature And Dissolved Oxygen. Since the conditions of the Specification dictate when the surveys should be conducted, the studies will not be strictly on a seasonal basis as called for in the Specification. Therefore, the reference to a " seasonal basis" l
should be deleted from the Specification. l l 1 l 1.3-1 O l
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/g MONITORING STATION S O i 2 3 4 S SCALE IN MILES
1.3.1 WATER QUALITY Specification: A. Synoptic water quality surveys at nine (9) sampling stations on Lake Keowee, four (4) stations on Lake Hartwell, and a station on the Keowee River between the lakes shall be conducted. Sampling locations are shown on Fig. 1.3-1 and Fig. 1.3-2, and required sampling parameters are listed in Table 1.0-1. Temperature and dissolved oxygen measurements shall be made at ten (10) foot intervals from a one (1) foot depth to the bottom for all lake samples. BOD measurements on Lake Keowee shall be taken at one (1) foot, ten (10) feet, and bottom depths. BOD measurements on Lake Hartwell shall be made on samples which are a composite of water from one (1) foot depth, mid-depth, and bottom depths. All other specified parameters shall be measured at a minimum of three (3) depths for each lake sampling station. At sampling station 605 (Fig. 1.3-2), the Zeowee River shall be sampled from mid-depth. I. INTRODUCTION Section 1.3.1 addresses itself solely to those chemical parameters which occur naturally resulting from watershed drainage, while chemical dis-charges from Oconee Nuclear Station are considered in Section 1.2. In crder to study the effects of stress on an ecosystem all components of that ecosystem, both living and non-living must be identified. "The living and noa-living parts of ecosystems are so interwoven into the fabric of nature that it is difficult to separate them. . ." (Odum,1972). The synoptic water quality program, intiated in December, 1970, was designed to monitor the variability of the non-living components of Lakes Keowee and Hartwell prior to operation of the Oconee Nuclear Station. This sculd provide a comparative data base for the Station's operating phase. This six-month report will focus attention on lake phenomenon occuring between the months of January and June. Cconee Nuclear Station began hot functional testing in April, 1973, but did not maintain stable load at a significant percent of total output until June, 1973. Consequently, only the one month period is considered applicable for pre-operational and operational comparisons. II. METHODS AND MATERIAL The analytical methodologies described in Table 1.3.1-1 apply to those chemistries performed during and prior to this report period. Analytical techniques and physical measurement devices have beer, improved and are i scheduled to be effective August 1, 1973. These new procedures are described in Table 1.3.1-2 of this Section. 1.3.1-1
9
\
4 Table 1.3.1-3 summarizes the Oconee Nuclear Station's Environmental programs. Stations 508 and 509 will be added in September, 1973, to complement the Phytoplankton Entrainment Studies. Water Quality and phytoplankton samples will be collected simultaneously, and aliquots of composite plankton samples will be preserved for chemical analysis. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 0xygen oxygen is one of the most significant chemical substances in natural waters. It is important as an indicator of the condition of a water body and as a regulator of community and organism metabolic processes. The quantity of dissolved oxygen in a lake is governed by the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere at the air-water , interface (lake elevation), water temperature, and salinity (Reid, 1961). In Lake Keowee, where chloride values average less than 1.0 mg/l (Appendix A), salinity is negligible and has no influence on oxygen solubility. Oxygen either diffuses into water or is generated by photosynthetic activity. Autochonous oxygen, produced at an increasing rate with rise in temperature, will cause supersaturation concentrations to occur in areas of maximum surface diffusion and optimum light penetration. The presence of such activity is obvious from D0 vertical profiles, usually as a maxima in the metalimnion, providing the lake contains a fair amount of phytoplankton (Hutchinson, 1957). Two postulated effects of discharging heated effluent are: the above mentioned peaking of dissolved oxygen due to increased photosynthetic i activity and the dilution of dissolved oxygen in the receiving waters by the interflow of warmer less oxygenated waters. From June 1st-June 21st, 1973, Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit One, was operated at seventy-five percent of full power (full power is 886 megawatts electrical at 2584 megawatts thermal). Intake cooling water, having passed under a seventy foot deep skimmer weir, averaged 51*F and was discharged with a AT averaging 10*F (Tab. 1.3.1-5). This water, discharged into the surface layers, was approximately 25*F cooler than ambient surface temper-atures (Fig. 1.3.1-1). By referring to Figures 1.3.1-2, 1.3.1-3, and 1.3.1-4, no evidence was discerned to indicate that the thermal enrichment of the relocated discharge waters altered the dissolved oxygen regime of Lake Keowee by physical dilution or enhanced photosynthetic activity. Oxygen - Lake Hartwell In order to determine the effects of the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station on Lake Hartwell, a Synoptic Water Quality program was initiated in 1965. Dissolved oxygen values from 1965 to 1972 for all stations were averaged monthly and presented as a theoretical station (Fig. 1.3.1-5). D0 at Station 602, a representative, control _ station for the same six-month j 1.3.1-2 L
period in 1973, was plotted as vertical profiles and compared to the theoretical station. For the month of June, 1973, D0 levels at Station 602 were the same as the theoretical station to a depth of tuenty feet. At thirty feet and forty feet, DO was 2.0 mg/l and 1.0 mg/l respectively, lower than the pre-operational theoretical station. Below twenty feet at Station 602 the DO falls below 6.0 mg/1. The surface water, discharged from Lake Keowee through the Keowee Hydro-Electric Dam, DO concentration was slightly greater than 7.0 mg/l (Fig. 1.3.1-4). The operation of Oconee Nuclear Station was not responsible for the DO values at Station 602 falling below the theoretical seven year average. Temperature The detrimental and beneficial effects of damming free-flowing streams have been summarized by (Symon, 1969). These effects are primarily pro-ducts of the natural phenomenon of thermal stratification. As the quiescent surface waters are warmed in late spring and early summer, density gradients form, sealing off the deeper waters from atmospheric reaeration. Impoundment mixing and stratification patterns are governed by solar radiation, the velocity, frequency, and duration of the wind, the shape and size of the reservoir, and the length of open waters in relation to prevailing winds (Irwin, et al, 1969). The natural thermal structure of an impoundment is subject to alteration when cooler bottom waters are withdrawn. The thermocline is lowered and the temperature profile becomes distorted by depleting the volume of the hypolimnion (Orlob, 1969). The depth of the epilimnion is increased and the cold water storage area reduced. In the process of "once through condenser cooling" the temperature of the intake water is raised and discharged back into the surface waters of the reservoir. This outflow can act as a density current and seek a depth in the water column with equivalent physical characteristics. The operation of Oconee Nuclear Station should theoretically encourage mixing in the intake area, by depressing the thermocline and possibly bring about earlier stratification in the discharge area. Temperature isopleths of both river arms (Figs. 1.3.1-1, 1.3.1-7', from June, 1973, at Station 501 and 502 displayed interesting trends. From 90 to 30 feet the depth of warmer water between 501 and 502 tends to become shallower, the reverse of expected conditions resulting from with-drawal. The apparent deepening of the 60* temperature isopleth of Figure 1.3.1-1 is probably the result of including Station 504 in Figure 1.3.1-1 as opposed to plant effect. In Figure 1.3.1-7 the 60*F isopleth maintains a deeper but constant depth throughout the Keowee River Arm. Comparison of temperature isop13ths for 1971 and 1973 of both river arms, demonstrated different thermal structure (Figs. 1.3.1-1, 1.3.1-7, 1.3.1-8,
- 1. 3.1- 9) . The density gradients observed in June, 1971, are compact, indicating a sharper thermocline and greater volume of cooler bottom water l
than observed for the same period in 1973. Although it is conceivable 1.3.1-3
that the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station could have initiated thermal destratification in the area of Station 502 (Intake), it's doubtful that Stations 500 and 507 would be affected after one month's operation. It is more likely that the warmer average temperatures and milder wind conditions experienced in the Spring of 1971 caused thermal stratification to occur earlier and to a greater extent (Tab . 1. 3.1-6) . Isopleths for June, 1972, (Figs. 1.3.1-8, 1.3.1-9) were not included in the discussion due to the severe climatological circumstance under which the data was collected. The cooler surface waters (74*F) and mixed upper layers were a result of the unusual high winds that accompanied hurricane Agnes, whose effect was felt in the area between June 19 and June 24 (Tab. 1.3.1-7). Temperature - Lake Hartwell A theoretical station was constructed for temperature in the same manner as discussed earlier in the section " Oxygen - Lake Hartwell" (Fig. 1.3.1-5). Temperature profiles for 1973 were compared to the theoretical station. Temperatures for June, 1973, were slightly higher than average. Table 1.3.1-8 lists surface temperatures recorded at Station 602 for a seven year period. The 1973, June surface temperature, 84'F, was equaled in 1969. In addition to the June temperature not being unusual, temperature at the lowest depth at Station 602 was 9*F warmer than the Oconee Nuclear Station's discharge. Nutrients In its original state a lake is classified oligotrophic. The water is transparent or blue and its content of phosphorus compounds is low / (Butscher, 1970). Dissolved oxygen is abundant and extends through the hypolimnion. The levels of nutrients measured in Lake Keowee are indicative of its trophic condition (Appendix A, Lake Keowee, Tabulated Water Quality Data) . The use of Lake Keowee water for "once through cooling" cannot alter the trophic state of Lake Keowee directly. In the event of accelerated eutrophocation,the power station's heat input may enhance metabolic uptake of available nutrients and alter phases of nutrient cycling and recycling. Figures 1.3.1-10 and 1.3.1-11 compare concentration levels of NO3 -N, NH 3 -N, and PO 4 -P for Station 500 and 504 before (1971, 1972) and after plant operation (1973). Phosphate values, with the exception of Station 500, February, 1972, represent the detection limits of the analytical instrumentation employed. Ammonia levels generally fell below 0.1 mg/l with the exception of Station 500, 1971. It was reported that sanitary waste from a ncarby community was temporarily diverted into this area of the lake (Appendix B). A discharge of this t nature could be responsible for the elevated ammonia values. While nitrate concentrations are generally less than the reported values required to support excessive algal growtn (Sawyer, 1947), they are greater than would be expected considering inf'.ow concentrations (Tab.1.3.1-9) . The net increase in soluble nitrate-M probably resulted from alteration-in the nitrogen cycle. Under'normr.1 or undisturbed conditions nitrate-nitrogen is conserved by the forest, in the deforested condition nitrate
)
was flushed from the basin during the filling process (Likens,1969). 1.3.1-4
In comparing the stations as control versus discharge area and/or as preoperational and operational conditions, no discernable change can be observed due to the operation of Oconee Nuclear Station. IV. SU.EULY AND CONCLUSIONS
- 1. No evidence was discerned to indicate that the Oconee Nuclear Station's heated discharge enhanced photosynthetic activity or altered the DO concentration in the receiving waters.
- 2. The operation of ONS was not responsible for June DO values at Station 602 falling below the averaged station.
- 3. The data does not show that the operation of the ONS has altered the thermal structure of Lake Keowee in June, 1973.
- 4. Lake Hartwell has not been " warmed" as a result of the thermal discharges from ONS.
- 5. No discernchle change in nutrient patterns has resulted from the operation of ONS.
In conclusion, it can be stated, based on available data, that the operation of the Oconee Nuclear Station for this brief period has had no discernable effect on Lakes Keowee and Hartwell. It is only fair to say that the data is indeed sparse and a better evaluation in six months can be made based on an improved and enlarged data base, as well as a longer period of plant operation.
- 1. 3.1-5
' l w
i i o REFERENCES CITED Butscher, R. J. 1970. Eutrophication and Nutrient Sources, Environmental Side Effects of Rising Industrial Output, Alfred J. Van Tassel (Ed.), Heath and Company, pp. 397-429. Hutchinson, G. E. 1957. A Treatise on Limnology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 575-652. Irwin, W. H., J. M. Symons, and G. G. Robeck. 1966. Imp:undment Destratifi-cation by Mechanical Pumping, Journal Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineering, 92, SA6, pp. 21-40. Likens, G. E., F. H. Bormann, and N. M. Johnson. 1969. Nitrification: importance to nutrient losses from a cut-over ecosystem, Science, 163: 1205-1206. Odum, E. P. 1972. Ecosystem Theory in Relation to Man, Ecosystem Structure and Function, John A. Wiens (Ed.), Oregon State University Press, pp. 11-24. Orlob, G. T. 1969. Discussion to Engineering Aspects, Sources, and Magnitude of Thermal Pollution, Thermal Pollution, Peter A. Krenkel and Frank L. Parker (Eds.), Vanderbilt University Press, pp. 53-61. Reid, G. K. 1961. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, pp. 145-156. j Sawyer, C. N. 1947. Fertilization of Lakes by Agricultural and Urban Drainage, Jouranl NEWWA, 61: p. 109. Symon, J. M., W. H. Irwin, J. DeMarco, and G. G. Robeck. 1967. Effects of Impoundments on Water Quality: A Research Summary. Transactions of the 17th Annual Sanitary Engineering Conference. The Bulletin of Engineering and Architecture, No. 57, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, pp. 28-36. i
)
1.3.1-6
i i Table 1.3.1-1 Analytical Methods for chemical parameters i measured on Lake Keowee and Lake Hartwell prior to August 1, 1973 Preservation Detection Parameter Method and Reference Techniques Limits I Temperature Yellow Springs 43D In Situ 0.5*F Thermistor-Thermometer Dissolved Oxygen Method 218Ba Pumped Sample 0.1mg/l l Light Penetration Secchi Diskb In Situ pH Glass Electrode 144Aa 0.1 pH unit Manganese, total Periodate 128Ca 0.01mg/l Iron, total Phenanthroline 124Aa 0.Olmg/l Turbidity Photovolt Turbidimeter 10 J.T.U. 2 BOD Method 219a BOD, water 0.5mg/l . sealed Bottle Alkalinity Method 102a Img/l CACO 3 Ammonia-N Nesslerization 132Ba 4*C 0.Olmg/l Nitrate-N Brucine 213Ca 4*C 0.0lmg/l Ortho-P Ascorbic Acid 223Fa 4*C 0.03mg/l Total-P Persulfate Digestion 4*C 0.03mg/l Ascorbic Acid 223fa Silica, reactive Molybdosilicate 151Ba 4*C 0.1mg/l Conductance, specific Method 154 1 pahos/cm I h a . Note: See Table 1.3.1-4 for Analytical References 1.3.1-7 1
Table 1.3.1-2 Analytical Methods for chemical parameters measured on Lake Keowee and Lake Hartwell after August 1, 1973 Preservation Detection Parameter Method and Reference Techniaues Limits Temperature Thermistor-Thermometer e In Situ 0.25*C Dissolved Oxygen Polarographic Cell C In Situ 0.lmg/l pH Glass Electrodec In Situ 0.1 pH unit Conductivity Temperature Compensated In Situ 1 umhos/cm Nickel Electrode Light Penetration In Situ 1 p ft. candle CellRatiogng Photometer Iron, total Acid Digestion, Atomic" 0.5% HNO 3 Absorbtion, D.A. 5 g/l G.F. 0.03 ug/l Manganese, total AA, DA 0.5% ANO 3 5 pg/l G.F. 0.01 pg/l Turbidity Monitek Turbidimeter 1 JTU BOD Method 219a BOD, water 0.5 mg/l sealed bottle Alkalinity Method 102" l mg/l CACO 3 Ammonia-N Gas diffusion electrode 0.01 mg/1-N f Nitrate-N Copper-Cadium Reduction 8 Filtration 1.4 ug/1-N 4*C Orthophosphate, Ascorbic Acid Method Filtration 24 pg/1-P Soluble 4*C Phosphorous, Persulfate Digestion 4*C total Ascorbic Acid Method h 24 pg/1-P r Silica, Atomic Absorbtion," G.F. 0.1 pg/1-Si soluble-Note: See Table 1.3.1-4 for Analytical References LAJtan
Table 1.3.1 - 3
SUMMARY
OF TliE NON-RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR OCONEE hTCLEAR STATION SAMPL 1NC STAT I ON S (Fig 1,3-1. Fig 1.3-2) LAKE KEOWEE LAKE HARTkILL
~ - - '
SAMPLING Discharge intake Discharge PROGRAM Cove 500 501 502 505 504 505 506 Structure Structure 507 508 509 601 602 603 604 605
.!ATER CUALITY Te:sperature g M M M M M M M M M M M M 'M M M Dissolved Oxygen H M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Light Penetration M M M M M M M M M M M M M M pH M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M nganese M M M " M M M M M M M M M M M Total Iron M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M Turbidity M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M ECD M M M M M M M M M M Alkalinity M M M M M M M M M M Li Nitrogen M M M M M M M M M M NO Nitrogen M M M M M M M M M M . Or ho - P M M M M M M M M M M W
Total - P M M M M M M M M M M p Silica. M M M M M M M M M M
$ Conductivity M M M M M M M M h M PLl*!E STUDIES Continuous Temp. C C C Mapping (2) Q Q Q q Q Pl.ArJTO:3(3)
Entrainment (Section 1.5) . Surveillance BM BH BM BM PERIPHYTON BM BM BM BM BENTH0S Q Q Q- Q Q Q DISSOLVED CASES W W W W W W FIS!IES (Section 1.3.1) Nets Electrofishing Rotenone (1) See Section 1.3.1 (2) Approximately 25 additional stations will be sanp ed. (3) Two additional locations will be sampled in the discharge plume. Kay M - Moc!bly (Minimum of 10 times per year with a period not to exceed 45 days between samples); . C - Continuously; Q - Quarterly; BM - Bi-monthly (6 times per year); W - Winter perioJ monthly (Nov.-April)
Table 1.3.1-4 REFERENCES - ANALYTICAL METHODS a American Public Health Association. 1971. Standard Methods for the Exam-ination of Water and Wastewater. 13th ed. A.P.H.A. Washington, D. C. 874 p. b Welch, Paul S. 1948. Limnological Methods McGraw Hill Book Co. New York pp. 159-160. c Hydrolab Surveyor Model GD; multi-parameter in situ water analysis instrument. d Montedoro Whitney Solar illuminance meter. Model LMT 8B. e Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometer, P-E 306, HGA 2000 Graphite Furnace. f Armstrong, F. A. J., Sterns, C. R. and Strickland, J. D. H., 1967 Deep-Sea Res. ,14, pp. 381-389, "The Measurement of Upwelling and Subsequent Biological Processes by Means of the Technicon Auto Analyzer and Associated Equipment". g Grasshoff, K., Technicon International Congress, June 1969. h Murphy, J., and Riley, J. P., A Modified Single Solution for the Determination of Phosphate in Natural Waters, Anal. Chim. Acta, 27, p. 30. 1962. 1.3.1-10
Table- 1.3.1-5 Average Intake and Discharge Temperature, *F Oconee Nuclear Station June, 1973 DATE AVERAGE INLET AVERAGE OUTLET JUNE 1 50.8 62.2 2 50.6 61.8 3 50.5 61.8 4 50.6 61.6 5 50.7 61.9 6 50.8 61.9 7 50.8 61.8 8 51.0 62.1 9 51.0 62.1 10 51.0 59.3 11 51.1 59.3 12 51.1 56.6 1 13 51.1 57.5 14 51.1 58.6 15 51.1 57.5 16 54.1 63.2 17 51.4 66.0 18 51.6 60.3 19 51.4 66.1 l 20 51.5 62.8 i 21 51.6 61.6 22 51.7 52.2 1.3.1-11
t 4 e Table 1.3.1-6
- Average Monthly Air Temperature, 'F, and Wind Speed, mph 1971 and 1973 1971 1973 i Month Temp. WS Temp. WS i
January 39.5 7.6 41.1 February 41.9 7.4 42.0 March 46.3 7.9 44.7 7.3
)
April 59.2 7.3 57.8 7.1 May 65.3 7.6 60.3 9.3 ! June 76.2 5.5 74.7 7.3 e i 4 Data was taken from Local Climatological Data, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Greenville - Spartanburg area. J t , , 1.3.1-12
1 i t I f Table 1.3.1-7 1
. Average Daily Windspeeds, mph '
June 1971, 1972, 1973 i i DATE 1971 1972 1973 i
! 16 5.5 4.8 2.1
! 17 7.8 4.6 2.2
- 18 6.6 9.1 1.4 19 3.6 14.7 2.2
} 20 3.9 18.0 2.0 s 21 4.4 16.8 2.1 i
, 22 3.8 15.4 2.9 23 4.9 12.7 1.9 24 3.4 10.1 1.7 25 3.9 5.7 1.7 26 4.4 8.1~ 1.2 j 27 5.8 5.0 4.0 1
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Table 1.3.1-8 Surface Air Temperatures (Measured 5' from Ground Level) June 1967 - 1973 6-13-1967 80*F . 6-25-1969 84*F 6-23-1970 82* F 6-23-1971 79*F 6-22-1972 76*F 6-27-1973 84*F l l l l l i 1.3.1-13a
W 1 Table 1.3.1-9 Nitrate - N
*0riginal Inflows to Lake Keowee 5-15-73 Horsepasture River 0.08 mg/l J
Toxaway River 0.09 -mg/l Thompson River 0.04 mg/l Whitewater River 0.05 mg/l i
- I i
- Construction of JocasseeDam has eliminated flow from these streams during Lake Jocassee-filling process.
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TEMPERATURE *F FIG. l.3.1 - 7 RIVER MILE ABOVE KEOWEE DAM - KEOWEE ARM, LAKE KEOWEE 6/27/73 STATION -504 505 506 507 [ [ u [ SURFACE g - 1 M'# I io '
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l.3.1 WATER QUALITY Specification: A (Continued) Dissolved oxygen will also be measured weekly from May through November at three locations: (1) the Oconee discharge, (2) the lake surface (one [1] foot deep) at the Keowee intake structure, and (3) the Keowee tail-race during hydroelectric plant operation. I. INTRODUCTION Lake destratification can occur over a short period of time; one to two days is not unusual. In the event that Oconee Nuclear Station should alter the thermal structure of Lake Keowee by depleting the hypolimnetic reservoir, weekly DO measurements conid supplement monthly synoptic sampling in determining the time and extent of the occurrence. Thus preserving information necessary for the confirma- l tion of predictions and calculations that have been made regarding the effects of Oconee Nuclear Station on Lake Keowee. Therefore, it is to our advantage to perform weekly D0 measurements in the three critical areas listed in Specification 1.3.1 A(Continued) . T. I . MATERIALS AND METHODS The azide codification of the "Winkler" D0 titration was employed to monitor D0 levels in the Oconee Nuclear Station's discharge and at the Keowee Hydro intake and discharge (APHA, 1971). The plant opera-tors assigned to perform the weekly DO measurements were taught proper technique in taking samples and performing the titration. The following procedure was outlined for the technician:
- 1. 300 ml BOD bottle is to be filled by placing in sewage sampler and lowering to depth noted on side of sample rack.
- 2. Manganous Sulfate and Alkaline Iodide-Azide (black marked) pillows are emptied into BOD bottle.
- 3. Bottles are shaken well and floc allowed to settle. Upon settling a pillow of sulfamic acid is added to the sample.
- 4. Acidified bottles are returned to the laboratory.
- 5. 200.3 ml of sample is volumetrically transferred to a 500 ml Erlemmeyer flask.
- 6. Sample is titrated with 0.025N thiosulfate until sample is light yellow. A few mls of Starch solution is added to the sample and titration is continued until blue color disappears.
- 7. In the event of surpassing end-pt.,biniodate is added until color is restored.
1.3.1-28
- 8. Volume of biniodate is subtracted from titrant volume and adjusted volume in milliliters is equal to concentration of DO in mg/1.
Calculation Adjusted sample volume. 4 a) 200 mi volume of original sample is required to equate volume of 0.025N thiosulfate to mg/l D0. 300 b) 200 X 299.5* III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results are tabulated in Table 1.3.1-10 A(Continued) IV.
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSION
- 1. Slight reseration consistently occurs in the Keowee Hydro Discharge. .
- 2. D0 saturation in the Oconee Discharge ranges from 76 to 84%.
REFERENCES APRA, AWWA, WRCF, 1971. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Edition, pp. 477-481. f Am E 0.5 mi sample displaced by MnSO 4 and NaI - nan 3 pillows. 1.3.1-29
Table 1.3.1-10 A(Continued) , Weekly DO Monitoring Program Oconee Nuclear Station-Lake Keowee Date Time Station D0 mg/l (avg of 2 replicates) 6/8/73 1145 Oconee Discharge 7.9 1445 Keowee Hydro Intake 8.2 , 1315 Keowee Hydro Discharge 8.3 6/16/73 1100 Oconee Discharge 7.8 1 1115 Keowee Hydro Intake 7.9 1130 Keowee Hydro Discharge 8.2 6/21/73 1430 Oconee Discharge 8.4 1600 Keowee Hydro Intake 8.3 1515 Keowee Hydro Discharge 8.8 - 6/28/73 1415 Oconee Discharge 7.6 1545 Keowee Hydro Intake 8.4 1530 Keowee Hydro Discharge 8.9 1 r . 4 } 1.3.1-30
1.3.1 WATER QUALITY Specification: B. Water temperature recording stations shall be established at stations 502, 503, and 504. Temperature shall be monitored in a multi-point vertical profile, accurate to + 1*F . Sensors shall be placed at a depth of one (1) foot below the surface, on the bottom, and at a minimum of six (6) intervals to describe the temperatufe . profile. A fourth temperature recording station shall be established to monitor the waters discharged from Lake Keowee through the Keowee Hydro Plant. I. INTRODUCTION The first and most direct effect on Lake Keowee from the operation of the Oconee Nuclear Station is the addition of waste heat. Therefore, water temperatures should be the key monitor and the parameter used in tying together the various aquatic related studies that are being conducted to determine the effects from Oconee Nuclear Station on Lake Keowee.
]
Recording stations were established to give continuous (used here to mean a sampling interval of 15 minutes or less) water temperature , profiles for selected locations in Lake Keowee. These continuous profiles will be an indication of how representative the synoptic surveys are and will allow means for analyzation of water temperature conditions during short time periods. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS a) Station 502, 503 The water temperature profiles at these stations are monitored using an array of eleven temperature sensors (thermistor type). This array of sensors are firmly attached to a floating buoy which is free to fluctuate with the lake level so that sensor depths will always be referenced to the water surface. The array is con-figured so that temperatures are ceasured at the following depths: l ' , S ' , 10 ' , 15 ' , 2 0 ' , 25 ' , 30 ' , 4 0 ' , 5 0 ' , 60 ' , and bottom. When the lake is at full pond elevation (800.0 msl), the bottom sensor l at station 502 is ninety feet below the lake surface and at station l 503 it is one hundred feet below the lake surface. l 1 l 1.3.1-31
i The array at both stations is hard wired a distance of approxi-mately 400 feet along the lake bottom to an instrument house on the shore. Here the temperature of each sensor is logged on a multi-point strip chart recorder. A profile of eleven temperatures is recorded every 12 minutes. The accuracy of the water temperature system is considered to be better than l'F. With initial installation of the system and every 6 months thereafter, the systems components are electrically checked and calibrated. Then the complete system is checked by using a laboratory calibrated temperature probe accurate to 0.5*F. This probe is checked at the actual lake site by comparing it with a precision mercury thermometer at a water depth of 1 foot. This probe is then lowered adjacent to the sensor array at the site. Tempera-tures are logged at depths corresponding to the depths of the sensors on the array. These temperature readings are then compared with the strip chart recorder readings, b) Station 504, Keowee Tailrace A system was designed to accomplish water temperature monitoring at both 504 and the Keowee tailrace. This systems sensor array was similar to those for stations 502 and 503 with the information display designed to be on the computer of Keowee Hydro Station. Data display could be obtained under any of the conditions following:
- 1) on demand, 2) right after Keowee Hydro started operating, and 3) when the l' depth sensor reached 90*F.
This system was first installed in April, 1972. Since that time two different vendors have installed three different sensor schemes. Each scheme has been repaired several times. Data generated from the three different schemes have been intermittent and unreliable. An estimation of when reliable data will be available from the above system or alterations not using a computer display is November, 1973. Data Reduction Strip charts are cellected weekly from stations 502 and 503. Readings are later made from the strip charts for each sensor depth for the times 0600 and 1800 hours. These readings are then computer stored for future analysis. The strip charts are, also, filed for possible future reference. 1.3.1-32
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to analyze this continuous temperature data, a computer program was written to perform the following: 1) select maximum and minimum read-ings, 2) calculate average and standard deviation, 3) list number of variations in calculations. The above manipulations can be performed for separate calender months and depths. The program has the option of com-bining years and stations or listing stations and years separately. The tabulated data of results from the above program are listed in Appendix A.
.J 1.3.1-33
1.3.2 FISH - POPULATION DYNAMICS AND REPRODUCTION Specification: A. Comparisons shall be made of the data obtained by systematic sampling of fishes using nets, electro-fishing, and rotenone at suitable locations both within and essentially out of the influence of the effluent. Significant changes in the composition, abundance, and growth of the major fishes in various areas of Lake Keowee shall be identified and the factors which cause change defined, especially those rela-ting to the effluent from Oconee Nuclear Station. I. INTRODUCTION Much concern has been expressed regarding the effects of power plant operations on the population dynamics of fishes. Of particular interest is the possibility that such operations may cause a reduction in either the abundance or growth of the game fish species or an increase in the abundance of rough fishes at the expense of game fishes. Previous studies suggest that power plant operation may seasonally affect species composition in the area of discharge (Adair and Demont, 1970; WAPORA, 1971). The effect of a particular power plant upon the local biota is likely to be dependent upon local conditions. These conditions would include species composition, location and design of the plant, and operational considera-tions. At present there is a paucity of published information relating these factors to the life history and population dynamics of fishes. Thus, one of the primary objectives of the biological studies at Lake Keowee is to determine the effects of the Oconee effluent upon the com-position, abundance, and growth of the major fish species. These studies are being performed by the Southeastern Reservoir Investigations (SERI), Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, located in Clemson, South Carolina. Reports completed by SERI are included in Appendix C. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS Larval and young-of-the-year fishes were collected by seining, frame trawling, mid-water trawling, and mecer netting. Bi-weekly sampling of small fish at j 20 locations along the shore waa begun with a 3.2 mm (1/8 inch mesh) 7.6 m ' (25 foot) X 1.2 m (4 foot) bar seine in April, 1973, and with a 4.8 mm (3/16 inch) mesh 30.4 m (100 foot) E 2.4 m (8 foot) bag seine in June,1973. A standard seine haul was made by anchoring or holding one end at water's edge, extending the seine perpendicular to shore, and pulling it in a quarter circle back to shore. Weekly samples were taken with a frame trawl of 1.5 m2 (16 ft.2) opening and 0.8 mm (1/32 inch) mesh, beginning in March, 1973. Paired ten minute hauls were made weekly at two depths (surface and 4.9 m) at four sampling stations. 1.3.2-1
Mid-water trawling was also begun in March,1973. The trawl has a 5.9 m2 (64 f t.2) opening and 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) bar mesh at the opening tapering in three increments to 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) delta mesh at the cod end. Paired ten minute night hauls are made every two weeks at two depths (surface and 3.7 m) at four sampling stations. Adult fishes were collected by gill netting, rotenoning, and electroshocking. Monthly gill net collections were made at 4 areas (near Cane Creek, Oconee Nuclear Plant, Crow Creek, and Highway 11 bridge) in Keowee Reservoir. At each area 10 experimental gill nets [45.6 m (150 feet) long and 1.8 m (6 feet) deep with panels of 25 mm (1 inch), 38 mm (1-1/2 inch), 51 mm (2 inch), 64 mm (2-1/2 inch), and 76 mm (3 inch) bar mesh, in 3 replicates) were fished over night. Data collected from catches included numbers of each species, length, weight, scale samples, sex, and stage of maturity of each fish. During August of each year total standing crop estimates are obtained from cove rotenone samoling in three areas, (Cane Creek, Oconee Nuclear Plant, and Crow Creek) totaling at least 4 ha (10 ac) of Keowee Reservoir. A block-off net is used at the cove entrances to prevent exchange of fishes. Based on a two day pick-up, total standing crop estimates of each species are obtained. Other data collected are individual lengths, weights, sex, and scale samples. Electrofishing at monthly intervals along 32 km (2 mi) of shoreline was per- . formed in three areas (Cane Creek, Oconee Nuclear Plant and Highway 11 ! bridge). At regular intervals the number of each species caught was re-corded. Individual fish were weighed, measured, a scale sample taken, and the fish returned to the water. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Seining was very successful in capturing small fishes. Six species were taken during 1973 with the 7.6 m (25 foot) seine; 57% of the fishes caught were adult whitefin shiner and another 21% were age-1 bluegill. Young-of-the-year yellow perch were first taken in mid-May at a length of about 28 mm.
; Young-of-the-year largemouth bass were first captured in late May and catches increased through June. Eleven species were taken with the 30.4 m (100 foot) seine and adult whitefin shiner comprised 50% of the catch. Bluegill (96%
were age-1) accounted for another 39% of the catches. Young-of-the-year largemouth bass and yellow perch and age-1 redbreast sunfish appeared con-sistently in small numbers. Larval fishes were further sampled by frame trawling. The frame trawl caught larval fish at all stations beginning in the middle of March, 1973. Yellow perch dominated the catches in April, black crappie were dominant in May and June, and a small number of unidentified sunfishes were caught in June. Maximum yellow perch catch per haul was 286 fish on May 16. These fish ranged from 6 to 13 mm total length. Catch of yellow perch in June declined to few or no fish per haul. Maximum catch of black crappie was 68 fish per haul, ranging from -5 to 11 mm total length on May 14. Black crappie catches , in June declined slightly. # 1.3.2-2 l i I
The mid-water trawling data has not been analyzed, but species comparition appears to be similar to frame trawl catches. The total average catch per gill net day during 1973 was 2.5 in January, 2.2 in February, and 5.4 fish in March. The average catch per net day during this period was 0.95 for redhorse (sp.), 0.43 for flat bullhead, 0.38 for carp, 0.35 for quillback, 0.28 for bluegill, and 0.26 for yellow perch. Gill netting efficiency increased during the spring. The total average catch per net day was 6.9 in April, 6.6 in May, and 2.7 fish in June. Carp, quillback, and silver redhorse comprised 52.1 percent of the total catch during this quarter. The average catch per net day for species most frequently taken during this quarter was 1.2 for carp, 0.7 for quillback, 0.8 for silver redhorse, 0.5 for flat bullhead, 0.6 for bluegil , 0.6 for crappie. Rotenone sampling was performed on August 15, August 17, and August 29, 1972, in three coves totaling 4.3 ha (10.7 acres) . The standing crop of fishes averaged 84.6 kg/ha (74.9 lbs/ac) and ranged from 61.6 kg/ha (54.5 lbs/ac) to 130.9 kg/ha (115.9 lbs/ac). These values are low but agree very well with Jenkin's (1972) prediction of 81-85 kg/ha (72-75 lbs/ac) at a reservoir age of two years. The low standing crop of fishes is likely a reflection of the low fertility and production of Lake Keowee. Carp accounted for nearly 70% of the weight of fishes collected. Redhorse suckers and largemouth bass each contributed significantly to the total biomass. Carp, redhorse (sp.), redbreast sunfish, bluegill, and largemouth bass were the species of fishes most frequently captured by electroshocking during 1973. Average catch of all species per kilometer of shoreline was 83 for January, 65 for February, and 95 for March. Collecting success declined the next quarter with the average catch of all species per kilo-meter of shoreline being 46 for AprtL 49 for May, and 31 for June. It is believed that the reduced success was partially due to increased turbidity which reduced the ability to see disabled fish. Life history studies of largemouth bass, black crappie, yellow perch and bluegill have begun. Analyses are not complete enough to warrant any conclusions at this time. Preliminary conclusions regarding the effect of Oconee Nuclear Station effluent are at least one year away. 1.3.2-3 i
Specification: B. The reproduction of four (4) indicator species (large-mouth bass, black crappie, yellow perch, and bluegill) representative of the fish species in Lake Keowee shall be characterized by determining the environmental require-ments for reproduction. Pertinent data collected from other studies shall be utilized and results and obser-vations obtained for Lake Keowee shall be compared to those previously published. Spawning data for Lake Keowee shall be collected by direct observation and the use of ichthyoplankton trawls. The sampling procedures, periods, and intensity related to Specifications A and B above will be based on those established by the Southeast Reservoir Investigations team of The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the Interior. I. INTRODUCTION The natural existence of a fish species in a body of water is dependent upon successful reproduction. The effects of water temperature on i spawning and rate of larval development of fishes are well documented (Bennett, 1965; Vogele, In Press; Hassler, 1970). However, much less data exists concerning the effects of thermal effluents from power ) generation stations on reproduction of fishes. Trembley (1960) found that white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) spawned earlier in the dis-5 charge canal at the Martin's Creek Power Plant than elsewhere in the Delaware River. In response to higher water temperatures, largemouth bass spawned earlier in the region of the discharge cove than in control coves at the Marshall Steam Plant on Lake Norman, North Carolina (Adair and DeMont, 1970). By determining the environmental requirements for successful reproduction by the four indicator fish species listed above, and the effects of the Oconee effluent upon these factors, the impact of the operation of Oconee Nuclear Plant on the reproduction of Lake Keowee fishes can be assessed. These studies are being performed by the Southeastern Reservoir Investigations, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, located in Clemson, South Carolina. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data concerning spawning of Lake Keowee fishes has been collected by direct observation (SCUBA) and ichthyoplankton trawling. The design and sampling strategy of the ichthyoplankton trawl were described under Specification A. Direct observations have been made by SCUBA equipped divers swimming prescribed transects. Observations were made as to spawning period, bottom type, temperature, turbidity, depth, compass orientation of the shoreline, and physical dimensions of nests, for nest building species. e 1.3.2-4
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION During January, February, and March, 1973, visibility in the observation areas was poor for effective visual fish counting. In January and February, very few fishes were observed along any of the transects. Scheduled observations in March were suspended because of a further increase in turbidity in several observation areas. During April visi-bility increased and underwater observations were resumed to locate spawning areas or nests and to characterize the habitats actually used by some of the fish species in Keowee Reservoir. No crappie nests or broods were observed although ripe males and females were captured by gill nets and electro-fishing. Also, no yellow perch spawning was observed, but large schools of juveniles were seen along shore during June. Largemouth bass guarding nests and broods were observed in only a few instances. Large bluegill nesting colonies were observed in several different habitats. bbny clean-swept spots containing no eggs and not being guarded by adult fish were observed in a variety of habitats. The shoreline observed was from 0-5 meters deep and composed of 4 basic substrate types:
- 1. Natural gravel and sand (very limited).
- 2. Hard and sof t silt covered clay (most common) .
- 3. Bridge and dam rip-rap, composed of large granite stone, 1 to 6 feet in diameter, interspersed with a sand-gravel mixture with and without blue green algal mats.
1 4 Areas with many large stumps, with or without blue-green algal mats. ! I h i The few bass nests and broods observed were on two shoreline types, 3 and l 4 above, on north facing shores in 1 to 2 meters depth. The bluegill colonies were found in all types, although most were found L in rip-rap areas 1/2 to 3 meters deep. In the soft clay areas the nests were swept down to as much as50 cm below bottom level to old mats of roots, sticks, and leaves to which the eggs were attached. l l 1.3.2-5 l
4 i LITERATURE CITED Adair, W. D., and DeMont, D. J. 1970. Effects of thermal pollution upon Lake Norman fishes. North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Project F-19-2, June 1970. Bennett, G. W. 1965. The environmental requirements of centrarchids with special reference to largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and spotted bass. p. 156-160. In: Biological problems in water pollution-- Transactions of the 1962 Seminar. Tech. Rpt. 999-Wp-25, Robt. A. I Taft Sanitary Engin. Cen. , U. S. Pub. Health Serv.
~
Hassler, T. J. 1970. Environmental incluences on early development and year-class strength of northern pike in Lakes Oahe and Sharpe, South Dakota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 99(2) 369-375. Trembley, F. J. 1960. Research project of effects of condenser discharge water on aquatic life, Progress Report 1956-1959, Institute of Research, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.
..]
Vogele, L. 1973. Reproduction of spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus) in Bull Shoals Reservoir. In manuscript. WAPORA. 1971. The effect of tempecature on aquatic life in the Ohio River. Dept. to Ohio Electric Utility Inst., WAPORA, Inc. Washington, D. C. 9 1 e 1.3.2-6
1.3.3 PERIPHYTON Specification: Duplicate artificial substrates (plexiglass slides) shall be held in racks and submerged at a depth of five feet at three general locations in the lake (stations 502, 504, and a station in the discharge area) that may be influenced by the plant dis-charge, and at two control locations in the lake (stations 501 and 506) that shall be essentially out of the influence of the plant discharge. Dry and ash-free weights of each sample shall be determined so that comparisons can be made of the relative productivity values between the different stations. I. INTRODUCTION In the past there has been some question of what the definition of periphyton is and of what importance these organisms are. Sladeckova and Pieczynska (1971) refer to periphyton as sessile organisms firmly attached to a substrate and various semi-sessile and free forms within the mat of sessile ones. It may be unclear what the term sessile and semi-sessile mean in this context. Cooke (1956) discusses these terms and points out that while the be'anical definition of sessile is " attached directly by the base, not raised upon a stalk or peduncle," the zoological definition is merely " permanently attached, not free to move about." Since Sladeckova and Piecynska (1971) are concerned with secondary productivity it it uw t reasonable to assume that they imply the use of the zoological ' 1' ion of sessile. Wetzel and Westlake (1969) describe pei inhyton as "all of the plant organisms, excluding rooted macrophytes, growing on submerged materials in water." The fact that this excludes rooted macrophytes brings to attention the term "aufwuchs" defined by Ruttner (1953) as "all organisms that are firmly attached to a substratum but do not penetrate into it." If it is stipulated that the organisms must be aquatic then "aufwuchs" is a reasonable synonym for periphyton. The fact that Wetzel and Westlake (1969) include only the aquatic plants may be explained in that they are concerned with primary productivity. Schwoerbel (1970) ties together the two preceding concepts by explaining that when considering periphyton as a community, one must consider the attached organisms and the other organisms which live in and among the attached forms. This concept makes it clear that as a community both plant and animal forms are present and must be considered. The concept of periphyton used in this study will be that of the comnunity including all attached organisms and all associated organisms in the attached matrix. The study of periphyton has had several goals. In some cases periphytic organisms comprise a major portion of aquatic ecosystems. 1.3.3-1 a
In these cases periphyton has been studied with regard to the productivity, the rates of accumulation, chlorophyll content, and species composition. In other cases, while the periphytic community plays a very minor role
- in a particular aquatic ecosystem, the community may be studied to a great advantage in order to indicate changes in water quality.
Studies of periphyton as indicators in large artificial impoundments have been made in relation to municipal and industrial water use (Burbanck and Spoon, 1967; Weiss, 1971; and Butcher, 1946). This study uses periphyton as an indicator of possible alteration of water quality in Lake Keowee from the diecharge of heated effluent from the Oconee Nuclear Station. The terms " productivity, production rate, and population turnover" as used in this study shall be as defined by Sladecek and Sladeckova (1964).
" Productivity" shall mean the potential ability of this aquatic community to produce itself and form organic matter. " Production rate" -hall be the same as the previously used " rate of accumulation" which 2ns the quanity of organic matter in the form of periphyton that is formed per unit time per unit area. This study shall determine this by analysis of organic weight accumulated in a specific time period. " Population turnover" represents the amount of time required for the renewal of the community.
If this is expressed as an average, the units will be in days. If expressed as a quadent, it would be in renewals per year. This study centers upon the production rate as an indicator of product!vity. _/ The average maximum drawdown expected for Lake Keowee is approximately 4 meters. These and other intermediate fluctuations will normally be due to seasonal effects but plant operation ard/or electrical demand will also be responsible for some non-seasonal drawdowns. Since this 4 meter depth encompasses most of the euphotic zone, these fluctuatiens will limit the photosynthesis that the natural periphytic community can contribute to the ecosystem. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ll Slide assemblies are hung at six stations in Lake Keowee. The station numbers are 500, 501, 532, 508, 504, and 506 (Figure 3.1-1) . The sampling device used on this study uses four 7.6cm by 7.6cm (3 inch by 3 inch) plexiglass slides as an artificial substrate. They are spaced approximately 2.5cm (1 inch) apart in a stainless steel frame. The frame is designed to minimize shading effects and interference with water currents. The substrate assemblies are suspended horizontally at each station to depth of 1.5 meters (5 feet). This depth was chosen for two reasonc. It is the depth at which optimum growth eccurs for most of the year and it is also the depth at which water chemistry parameters are measured cicscst to the depth of optimum necumulation at all times. The optimum growth depth war determined by a test in which slides were hung at different depths sta were observed for optimum growth. j Castenholz (1961) states that a horizontal slide orientation is desirable because it comes very close to duplicating the natural epilithic 1.3.3 + _ n
l assemblages. Horizontal orientation also eases any directional effects that may be associated with vertical slides. Plexiglass was selected as a substrate material because it is not selective and in fact supported the same dominant organisms as did natural substrates in several studies ' (King and Ball, 1966; Peters, 1959; Butcher, 1932; Patrick, Hohn, and Wallace, 1954). Figure 1.3.3.1 shows a diagram of the assembly to scale. 2 The use of four slides involves the analysis of the two center slides as a pair of replicates while the outer slides serve as protection and substrate for phyto pigment determinations. Castenholz (1960) performed tests using replicate samples and was of the opinion that a single plate would be reliable within + 25% of the value obtained. He continued to say that such a figure would net distract much from major trends shown by his data although a figure of 25% represented a large degree of variation. Since the data from this study is used primarily to show trends, duplicate slides will give acceptable reliability to the results. Upon collection of the samplers the two center slides are scraped separately with a rubber policeman and the periphyton is treated and analyzed according to the dry and ash-free weight procedures given in Standard Methods (A.P.H.A. 1971). The organic accumulation by weight is then recorded for each slide at each station for each period. The period of exposure for the artificial substrates was determined by tests in the fall of 1971. This season was chosen because of its anticipated high rate of accumulation. The original optimum time period 3 was four weeks. The next test in the winter of 1971 showed that eight weeks were required in order to show a dependable accumulation. The first samples of the study in June of 1972 showed that eight weeks still did not reach maximum accumulation. However, in order to produce a smoother trend at each station, two sets of slides were hung for eight weeks but offset from each other by four week intervals. This method still gave a good growth period while also giving twice as many data points. The first offset slides were placed in March, 1973. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The accompanying table 1.3.3-1 summarize data collected to date. General trends at each station have just begun to become evident. In all stations the trend is for_very slow accumulation during the winter months. Very high accumulation occurs in the spring and fall with a slight leveling off in the summer. This is as expected. The inter station variation is another matter. Until more data is collected a trend cannot be clearly i shown to relate the stations. Since this data was taken largely before any plant operation at Oconee, and after considering the close vicinity of Teveral stations, 502, 508, and 504 one may conclude that weather 1 condf_lons such as wind and wave action that vary between stationsmay i nave a greater effect upon the results than may differences in water qualities. This may especially be true during the windy months in such open lake locations as. 501, 502, and 504. 1.3.3-3
. ~ . . . - - , - .- .. . .. .. .__
1 l I It may be valid to base future comparisons upon these criterion as well as the usual ones of location. Such a comparison could 2 conceivably involve the stations as separate groups; 501, 502, and 504; and 506 and 508. Some variation at the discharge station is expected j from the varying currents in the plant discharge, especially as , cdditional units come on line. Consideration is being given to ' determine what these current-induced variations may be. i I f t l e s J l l i i 1.3.3-4 I
LITERATURE CITED i Burbanck, W. D. and D. M. Spoon. 1967. The use of sessile ciliates in plastic petri dishes for rapid assessment of water pollution. Jour. Prot. Vol. 14. pp. 739-744. Butcher, R. W. 1932. Studies on the ecology of rivers, II. The microflora of rivers with special reference to the algae on the river bed. Ann. Bot., 46: pp. 813-861. 1946. The biological detection of pollution. Inst. Sew. Purif. Midland Meeting. pp. 3-8. Castenholz, R. W. 1960. Seasonal Changes in the attached algae of Freshwater and Saline lakes in the lower Grand Coulee, Washington. Limnol. and Oceanogr. V(1) pp. 1-28. 1961. An evaluation of a submerged glass method of estimating production of attached algae. Verh. Intenat. Verein. Limnol. XIV.
- p. 155-159.
Cooke, W. B. 1956. Colonization of Artificial Bare Areas by Microorganisms; Botanical Review 22(9): 613-638. King, D. L. and R. C. Ball. 1966. A Qualitative and Quantitative Measure of j l Aufwuchs Production. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 85(2): 232-240. l Patrick, R., M. H. Hohn, and J. H. Wallace. 1954. A new method for determining the pattern of diatom flora. Notulae Naturae, No. 259,12 pp. Peters, J. C. 1959. An evaluation of the use of artificial substrates for determining primary production in flowing waters. Unpub. M. S. thesis, Mich. State Univ., 106 pp. Ruttner, F. F. 1953. Fundamentals of limnology. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 242 pp. Schwoerbel, J. 1970. Methods of Hydrobiology: Freshwater Biology. Pergamon. Press Ltd. London. 200 pp. Sladecek, V. and A. Sladeckova. 1964. Determination of Periphyton Production by Means of the Glass Slide Method. Hydrobiologia, vol. 23, pp. 125-158. 1.3.3-5
Sladeckova, A. and Ewa Pieczynska. 1971. Periphyton ))[ W. T. Edmondson and G. G. Winberg (ed.), A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of
- Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters, IBP Handbook No.17, pp. 109-126.
Weiss, C. M. 1971. Organic productivity as determined by periphyton accumulation on glass surfaces. ))! R. Koss (ed.}, Environmental responses to thermal cischarges from Marshall Steam Station, Lake Norman, North Carolina. Sooling Water Discharge Project (RP-49), Edison Electric Institute, Johns Hopkins University. pp. 38-46. Wetzel, R. G. and D. F. Westlake. 1969. Periphyton))t R. A. Vollenweider (ed.], A Manual on Methods for Measuring Primary Production in 4 Aquatic Environments, IBP Handbook No. 12, pp. 33-40. 1 l / 2 j i 1.3.3-6
Table 1.3.3-1 I Organic Accumulation by Weight (grams / meter2 ) for 56 Day Period Station: 501 502 508 504 506 Dates of Period 6/28/72-8/23/72 No Data 3.46 No Data 2.86 3.56 3.30 2.78 3.38 8/23/72-10/19/72 No Data 4.84 4.32 3.80 3.20 4.06 4.06 3.80 2.76 10/19/72-12/14/72 No Data 0.35 1.36 1.88 0.06 0.32 1.12 1.62 0.06 12/14/72-2/8/73 0.58 0.36 0.60 0.12 0.24 0.52 0.08 0.54 0.08 0.20 2/8/73-4/5/73 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.32 0.08 0.04 0. '.0 0.06 0.26 4/5/73-5/30/73 0.97 6.98 7.98 1.75 1.00 0.93 5.61 6.62 1.58 0.89 I i 1.3.3-7 I
l l
,/iN, , .
, t
/ '
s's s ' 0 :
,\- i ,i
/
/
/ '
~
i o
\ '
s, N-0 )
'N ,
If s 0 N i Figure 1.3.3-1 Drawing of periphyton sampler j in horizontal position. (Full scale) ~ 1.3.3-8
1.3.4 PHYTOPLANKTON - ZOOPLANKTON RECEIVING WATER STUDY Specification: Bimonthly sampling (6 times / year) shall be done at Stations 500, 503, 505, 506, Intake andat two points along the center-line of the Keowee River arm of Lake Keowee. The geographical location of these latter two stations shall be determined at eaca sampling period and shall represent the points at which the plume surface temperature is 0.9 and 0.5 of the temperature excess of the discharge over ambient surface temperature. For purposes of this study, " ambient surface temperature" shall be defined as the surface temperature at Station 500 on the day of the plankton sampling. Both whole water samples and samples concentrated using a plankton net will be collected. The sampling at stations affected by the discharge shall consist of samples taken at water depths, both affected and not affected by the plume. At the control stations samples will also be taken at these corresponding depths. I. INTRODUCTION Phytoplankton The phytoplankton are small aquatic plants, usually microscopic, which are either non-motile c: insufficiently motile to overcome their passive move-ment by currents. Phytoplankton are responsible for a large portion of the primary productivity in aquatic systems due to their fixation and conversion of low energy inorganic nutrients into more complex high energy organic compounds. These high energy organic compounds are subsequently available to heterotrophic organisms. Hutchinson (1967) states: "The detailed consideration of the biology of lakes reasonably begins with the phytoplankton, for this assemblage of organisms constitutes the greater part of the photosynthetic producing level in all but the shallowest lakes. The whole rest of the biological community therefore depends to a very large extent on the planktonic plants." The ityortance of phytoplankton provides the bases for studying the abundance and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton in areas affected by the discharge plume and then comparing these data with similar data obtained from control stations (Stations 500 and 506). The main portion of the water column that should be studied with respect to phytoplankton is the euphotic zone (defined in the subsequent section of Methods cnd Materials) since the majority of autotrophic phytoplankton live in this zone in freshewater. Patrick (1969) states several conclusions on the relationship between tempera-ture and algae. Some of these conclusions are: 1) In each of the major groups of freshwater algae there are many species. The species cover a wide range of temperatures i.e., species that prefer relatively cool water condi-tions to those that prefer relatively warm water conditions. Each species has a range of temperature that it can tolerate as well as an optimum growth temperature. 2) Generally, blue-green algae have more species that prefer temperatures greater than 35*C while green algae have relatively many species that grow best at temperatures ranging up to 35*C. Most diatom species prefer 1.3.4-1
cooler temperatures i.e., temperatures below 30*C. Hence seasonal success-ion of algal species is in part due to the competitive edge particular species possess as a result of varying temperature conditions. 3) The effect of articially increasing the ambient temperature of a given species tends to increase growth and photosynthesis (provided that light and nutrients are not limiting) until the limits of temperature tolerance are reached. As the limits of temperature tolerance are approached cell division and photosynthe-sis are repressed. Also, the cell size is of ten decreased and the oxygen required for respiration is increased. 4) Natural systems are characterized by a high diversity of species which is decreased as the temperature is raised beyond the optimum for the species. Kevern and Ball (1965) reported no significant increase in net productivity with a temperature rise of 5.6C' in artificial streams seeded with warm-water periphyton communities. The authors did feel, however, that a greater at would have yielded more conclusive results. Also working with periphyton communities in laboratory streams, Phinney and McIntire (1965) found consis-tent increases in respiration and net oxygen evolution at a at of approxi-mately 10 C* provided that light was not limiting. The effect of varying temperature stresses was studied on algae and protozoan communities by Cairns (1969). It was found that severe shocks resulted in marked reductions of the number of species present, but that recovery was rapid at reduced temperatures due to natural seeding effects -j of these organisms. In addition to these laboratory studies, some field studies have been per-formed to determine the effects of heated water on natural populations. Thermal springs provide a place to study natural populations in heated water. Copeland (1936) report.ed maximum numbers of species of blue-green algae at temperatures of 30-35*C while working on thermal springs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. He found decreasing numbers of species on either side of this temperature range. While studying a thermal stream along a temperature gradient of 30-70*C, Brock (1967 ) found peak chlorophyll a standing crop between 50-60*C. Kullberg (1968), while working on two thermal streams in
>bntana, found the maximum population diversity between 37-42*C.
Studies concerned with actual steam station effects are discussed in Section 1.5, Introduction. Zooplankton A considerable amount of work has been done concerning the thermal require-ments and effects of temperature variation upon zooplankton organisms. I Apparently, little research has been performed cencerning the effects of l ', electric power plants thermal effluent upon natural populations and varia-bility of zooplankton. Fenlon (1971) discovered that additions of heat increased the standing crop of Bosmina 123.8 times and Daphnia retrocurva . 2.4 times in the outfall area compared to the same area the previous year in ,) Lake Ontario. Primary production was not significantly affected. Markowski I (1959), did not find any detrimental effect on zooplankton at the intske and ! outfall of several marine power stations in England. However, he failed to consider basic plant operation information such as passage _ time, at, and 1.3.4-2 L
thermal regime in the discharge canal, and most of his samples were non-quantitative and poorly collected. In a study of Biscayne Bay in Florida, Reeve and Cosper (1970) found zooplankton species to be living under natural thermal conditions which were close to their maximum thermal tolerances. Whitehouse (1971) found no significant effect of a small nuclear plant in Great Britain upon the composition, abundance or seasonal fluctuation of resident zooplankton in the receiving water of a cooling pond. Positive or no correlations were demonstrated with temperature, temperature changes, micro-phytoplankton, and the proportion of females in a population of rotifers; Brachionus calyciflorus, B. rubens and B. angularis. The intercorrelations of the factors suggested that in many if not most cases these influences are indirect (Halbach and Halbach-Kcup, 1972). In a study by Sage and Herman (1972) of distribution and abundance of surface zooplankton in Sandy Hook Bay (N.J.) Acartia clausi first appeared at water temperatures of 9"C in late December when A. tonsa was approaching a late fall maximum. In early February, with the water temperature approximately 1 to 2*C, the A. tonsa population declined, while A. clausi was successfully propagating. Investigations of energet cs of a tertiary oxygen pond by Kemmerer (1970) i showed that the abundance of zooplankton was regulated by algal production and temperature. The interaction of temperature with other environmental factors to induce cyclomorphosis of Daphnia galeata in the field was demon-strated by Jacobs (1970). Neonate propor tions as well as postnatal allometry were positively correlated with temperature. Other factors of importance were wind stress and chlcrophyll content. Environmental temper-ature was shown by Porcella et al. (1969) to affect molting and calcification directly in the zooplanktonic cladoceran Daphnia magna. Molting interval decreased with increasing temperature to the maximum temperature tested. The respiratory rates of three marine planktonic copepods, Acartia clausi, Centrophages hamatus and Temora longicornis were measured at 6, 10, 13, 17 and 20*C by Gauld and Raymont (1953). These authors found that respiratory rates rose more steeply at higher rate of temperature increases. The temperature factor in relation to the depth of copepods in surface waters has been studied by several authors; Moore and Bauer (1960), Moore and Foyo (1963), Moore and Roehr (1966). McLaren (1965) described the effects of temperature on copepod reproduction with specific refefence to Pseudocalanus minutus. He reported that size, developmental rate and fecundity of this copepod appeared to be a direct function of the temperature. Bogatova (1962) studied several members of the Chydoridae and found Alona affinis to possess the highest heat resistance (40.5*C). Eurycercus lamellatus and Chydorus globosus, the least rfsistant species. perished at 35.0 to 35.5*C. The rate of food consumption, digestion, and the quantity of food consumed by Daphnia were primarily temperature dependent according to Kastal"skaia-Karzinkima (1942). Burns (1968) observed that Daphnia in Heart Lake, Ontario, consumed four times as much food in the winter as in the summer. However, Schindler (1968) amended the conclusions of the two previous authors. He used 14C-tagged diets and studied the assimilation and feeding rates of Daphnia magna. He found that assimilation rates increased with higher temperature whereas feeding did not. The concentration of the food and its energy content seemed to be the only factors significantly affecting the feeding rate of Daphnia. Lockheed (1961) attributed the faster movement rate of Daphnia magna at higher temperatures to an increased metabolic rate and reduced water viscosity. 1.3.4-3
Respiration and filtering rate also appear to increase with temperature elevation, Schindler (1968), Ivanova (1965). Several authors, Fox, Gilchrist and Phear (1951), Fox and Phear (1953), Goodwin (1960) have studied the effects si temperature upon hemoglobin production in cladocerans. Daphnia synthesizes more hemoglobin at higher temperatures because increased rates of metabolism require more oxygen at a time when less oxygen is available in the surrounding ' water. Fox and Phear (1953) have shown a unique mechanism in Daphnia which effectively prevents anoxia at higher temperatures (hemoglobin has also been shown to carry less oxygen at higher temperatures). It appears that fewer eggs are produced at higher' temperatures, thus lowering the drain of hemoglobin to the eggs. Kinne (1963) concluded that high temperature stresses the ability of cladocerans in general to grow larger final sizes. Large final size was believed to be indicative of slow, long contrived growth rather than rapid accelerated growth associated with elevated temperatures. Edmondson (1965) in a four year study of four lakes in the English Lake District investigated the reproductive rate of three species of rotifers (Keratella cochlearis, Kellicottia longispina and Polyarthra vulgaris). Using regression analysis in which the reproductive rate of each rotifer was plotted vs. temperature, he found that the reproductive rates of all three rocifers were positively related strongly to temperature, Keratella most strongly of all, i
)
II. METHODS AND MATERIllS Determination of Euphotic Zone Depth A vertical profile of light attenuation through the water column will be obtained at all stations mentioned in the Specification section except at the intake. This profile will be obtained by recording, with a Montedore Whitney automatic ratioing illuminance meter, the in situ light intensity at the water surface and at one meter intervals until a depth at which an intensity of only one percent of the surface intensity has been obtained. The depth to which only one percent of the incident radiation penetrates marks the limit of net photosynthesis i.e. at this point the compensation point has been reached. The compensation point thus defines the lower limit of the euphotic zone. Eeid (1961) discussed the relationship between l phytoplankton, net photosynthesis, and the euphotic zone. Verduf.n (1964) discussed the effect of light on photosynthesis and primary produccivity. Phytoplankton Standing Crop Phytoplankton samples will be collected at each of the stations indicated in the Specifications. When a distinct thermal plume is present, samples will be collected in the following manner: 1) Water samples will be taken at equal intervals from the bottom of the plume to the surface. These samples will then be composited. 2) Water samples will be collected at equal ) intervals from the lower limit of the euphotic zone to the lower limit of the plume. These samples will also be composited. 3) A sample will be l 1.3.4-4
collected at a depth of one meter off the bottom. Therefore, when a thermal plume is present, three samples will be collected i.e. a plume water compo-site, a composite of water outside the plume in the euphotic zone and a sample off the bottom. (Figure 1.3.4 -1) . Samples will be taken in the same manner at the control stations indicated in the Specifications section. When there is no distinct thermal plume, samples will be cellected in the following manner: 1) Water samples will be collected a'c equal intervals from the surface through the euphotic zone to make a euphotic zone composite sample. 2) A sample will be collected at a depth of one meter off the bottom. Thus, when no distinct plume is present, two samples will be collected i.e. a euphotic zone composite and a sample taken near the bottom. (Figure 1.3.4-1). Also, when there is no distinct thermal plume, it will not be possible to find the two stations along the centerline of the Keowee River arm of Lake Keowee as described in the Specification section; therefore, as an alternative on these occasions, a station will be set up in the mouth of the discharge CoVO. l Two hundred fifty ml of each sample will be preserved in approximately 3.6 percent merthiolate preservative. Merthiolate preservative is used routinely by the Division of Pollution Surveillance, F.W.P.C.A. When used in combi-nation with Lugol's solution, merthiolate was shown to be superior to mercuric chloride and formalin in preserving che color and morphr:ogy of the algae as well as stabilizing algal counts in stored samples (Weber, 1968). Later, in the laboratory, the samples will be agitated until the phytoplankton are homogeneously distributed. Subsamples will then be withdrawn and prepared for microscopic analysis according to the Membrane Filter Concentration Tech-nic (A.P.H.A., 1971). The subsamples will range in volume depending upon the density of the phytoplankton and the turbidity of the water. The phytoplank-ton organisms will be identified and counted under a magnification of 500X (bright field or phase contrast) in transects parallel to the diameter of the filter. Four hundred organisms will be counted for each sample in most instances. However, when very Icv densities of phytoplankton are encountered, fewer organisms will be enumerated. This deviates from Standard Methods in that Standard Methods calls for counting 30 fields rather than 400 cells. Lund,et al. (1958) discussed the statistical basis of estimations by counting and thus provided the criteria for the number of cells to be counted in this study. Moore (1952) also discussed the precision of microscopic counts. The phytoplankton organisms will be reported using the following units: Tvyjt Reporting units (units / liter) Unicellular Each Cell Colonial Four cell units except large colonies e.g. Microcystis which are reported as fifty cell units. Filamentous 25u lengths Among the taxonomic keys used for the identification of phytoplankton are Drouet (1959), FWPCA (1966), Hustedt (1930), Prescott (1962), Smith (1950), and Whitford and Schumacher (1969). 1.3.4-5
While cell numbers arc perhaps the best quantitative expression of pnyto-plankton populations, eney do not give a true picture of the actual biomass since phytoplankton organisms differ greatly in size. Therefore, the number of individuals of each specific type of organism must be multiplied by its mean cell volume, Findenegg (1969). The organisms will be measured with a Whipple ocular micrometer grid and the cell volume will be calculated via mensuration. For example, assuming that the form of each species corresponds roughly to some simple geometrical solid (sphere, cone, cylinder, oblate spheroid, prolate spheroid, etc.) the cell volume can be computed using mean cell dimensions and applying the appropriate geometric formula. The phytoplankton will be reported both as cell numbers per liter and cell volumes per liter. Chlorophyll Determination A subsample of each composite sample as well as each sample taken one meter, off the bottom will be subjected to chlorophyll analysis using a Coleman 124 double beam, narrow band-pass (0.5nm) spectrophotometer. A 0.5-1.0 liter sub-sample of each sample plus approximately one al of MgC03 solution will be filtered through Whatman GF/C or Gelman GF/A glass fiber filters. The advantages of glass fiber filters over membrane filters are discussed by Long and Cooke (1971). The filters containing the phytoplankton organisms will be subjected to grinding in a tissue grinder with a small volume of 90% acetone to facilitate pigment extraction. The suspension of the tissue grinder will then be transferred to 15 al stoppered graduated centrifuge tubes which will be refrigerated in the dark for at least 20 hours to complete the extraction. The extracts will be centrifuged and absorbance will be ' measured before and after acidification with HC1. The procedures are essentially those described in Lorenzen (1967), Strickland and Parsons (1968) and A.P.H.A. (1971). Zooplankton Zooplankton samples will be collected at each of the stations indicated in the Specifications section. Cc11ecting apparatus will consist of a Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler equipped with a number 20 mesh net and bucket. The relationship between the amount of plankton and the volume of water strained through can be determined with this device. The error in the statement of the water volume is 15% when one maintains a withdrawal speed of 1-7.5 km/hr (Schwoerbel, 1970). All samples will be preserved in 3-5% formalin in the field. Location of the euphotic zone and/or plume depth will determine vertical tow depths. When a thermal plume is present, samples will be collected in the following manner: 1) A vertical tow will be made from the bottom of the plume to the surface; 2) A second tow will be made from he lower limit of the euphotic zone to the lower limit of the plume; 3) A vertical collection made from the bottom of the lake to the surface. Vertical tows will be made from these same depths at the control stations indicated in the Specifications. When there is no distinct plume, samples will be collected from the following zones: 1) Vertical tow through the euphotic zone, and 2) Vertical tow from the bottom to the surface. Figure 1.3.4-1 diagrammatically presents the / 1.3.4-6 l
)
i sampling areas for zooplankton. Later, in the laboratory, the samples will be concentrated to a volume suitable for enumeration. Counts will be made by removing a one mi sub-sample andperforming the identifications and enumerations using a standard Sedgwick-Raf ter counting cell. Lund et al. (1958) has described methods to determine the accuracy of such plankton counts if randomness can be shown. Periodic X2 tests for randomness will be performed to determine the statistical validity of the counts. l l III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
; Zooplankton samples were collected with a pump technique in May, 1973. ! Stations sampled were 500, 501, 502, 503 (discharge), 505, 506, 507, 508, and 509. Depths sampled at all stations, except Intake, were .30m(1 ft.), ,
1.5m (5 f t. ) , 3. 0m (10 f t. ), 4.5m (15 f t. ) , 6.1m (20 f t. ) , and 7.8m (25 f t. ) . l A single sample was collected at the intake from a depth of 3.0m (1 ft.). l All sample volumes were 10 ft.3 (283.2 1). The data will be included in the next semiannual report. I 1 l l l l l l l i I l 1.3.4-7
1 i i l LITERATURE CITED American Public Health Association. 1971. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 13th ed. A.P.H.A. New York 874 pp. Bogotova, I.B. 1962. Lethal ranges of oxygen content, temperature, and pH for some representatives of the family Chydoridae. Zool. Zhur. 41(1): 58-62. Brock, T.D. 1967. Relationship between standing crop and primary productivity along a hot spring thermal gradient. Ecology 4: 566-571. Burns, C.W. 1968. Direct observations of mechanisms regulating feeding behavior of Daphnia in lakewater. Int. Revue ges, Hydrobiol. 53(1): 83-100. Cairns, J. 1969. The response of freshwater protozoan communities to heated waste waters. 10: 177-185. Copeland, J.J. 1936. Yellowstone thermal Myxophyceae. 36: 1-229. Drouet, F. 1959. Myxophyceae. In F eshwater Biology (W. T. Edmondson, Editor). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Nes York. 55-114 pp. Edmondson, W. T. 1965. Reproductive rate of planktonic rotifers as related to food and temperature. Ecol. Monogr. 35(1): 60-111. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. 1966. A Guide to the Common Diatoca at Water Pollution Surveillance System Stations. FWPCA, Cincinnati. 101 pp. Fenlon, M. W. 1971. Influences of Thermal Effluents upon Aquatic Production in Lake Ontario Proc. 14th Conf. Great Lakes Res. Intl. Assn. Creat Lakes Res. 21. Findinegg, I. 1969. Expressions of populations. Irl: Primary Productivity in Aquatic Environments. (R. A. Vollenweider, Editor). Burgess and Son (Abingdon) Limited. Great Britain. 16-18. Fox, H. M., and E. A. Phear. 1953. Factors influencing hemoglobin synthesis by Daphnia. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B. 141(903): 179-189. Fox, H. M., B. M. Gilchrist and E. A. Phear. 1951. Fune' ions of hemoglobin in Daphnia. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B. 138(6'.3): 514-528. Gauld, D. T., and J. E. G. Raymont. 1953. The respiration of some planktonic copepods to the effect of temperature. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 31(3): 447-460. Goodwin, T. W. 1960. Biochemistry of pigments, p. 101-135. In T. H. Waterman [ed.] The Physiology of Crustacea. Vcl. I. Academic Press, N.Y. 1.3.4-8
Halbach, M., and Halback-Keup, II. 1972. Ecological factors that reduce sexual reproduction in rotifers. 0ecologia (W. Ger.), 9, 203. Hustedt, F. 1930. Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae). Heft. 10, In.A. Pascher, Die Susswasser. Flora Mittereuropas. Gustar Fisher, Jona, Germany. 466 pp. Hutchinson, G. E. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. I- Introduction to lake biology and limnoplankton. John Wiley and Gor.s, Inc. , New York.1115 pp. Ivanova, M. B. 1965. Effect of temperature and active reaction of water on the respiration and rate of filtration of Daphnia pulex. Gidrobiol. Zhur. 1(5): 15-19. Jacobs, J. 1970. Multiple determination of cyclomorphosis by environmental factors. A regression analysis of Daphnia galeata Sars in the field. 0ecologia (Ger.), 5, 96. Kastal' skaia-Karzinkima, M.A. 1942. Data on nutrition of Daphnia. 2001. Zhur. 21(4): 153-164. Kemmerer, A. J. 1970. Primary production and fish production in a tertiary oxidation pond. PhD thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, 153 pp. Kevern, N. R. and R. C. Ball. 1965. Primary productivity and energy relation-ships in artificial streams. Limnol, and Oceanog. 10: 74-87. Kinne, O. 1963. The effects of temperature and salinity on marine and brackish water animals. I. Temperature. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 1: 301-340. l Kullberg, R. G. 1968. Algal diversity in several thermal spring effluents. Ecology. 49: 751-755. Lockheed, J. H. 1961. Locomotion, p. 313-356. In: T. H. Waterman (ed.] Physiology of Crustacea. Vol. II. Academic Press, N.Y. Long, B. and G. Cooke. 1971. A quantitative comparison of pigment extraction by membrane and gf. ass fiber filters. In. Notes, Limnol. Oceanog. 16(6): 990-992 pp. Lorenzen, C. J. 1967. Determination of chlorophyll and phaeopigments: Spectro-photometric equations. Limnology and Oceanography. 12:343. Lund, J. W. G., C. Kipling, and E. D. LeCren. 1958. The inverted microscope method of estimating algal numbers and the statistical basis of estimation by counting. Hydrobiology 11; 143-170. Markowski, S. 1959. The cooling water of power stations: a new factor in the environment of marine and freshwaterinvertebrates. J. Anim. Eccl. 28(2): 243-258. McLaren, I. A. 1965. Some relationships between the egg size, body size,
' developmental rate, and fecundity of the copepod Pseudocalanus. Limnol.
Oceanog. 10(4): 528-538. Moore, W. 1952. The precision of microscopic counts of plankton in water. JAWWA 44: 208-216. 1.3.4-9
Moore, H. B.,and J. C. Bauer. 1960. An analysis of the relation of the vertical distribution of three copepods to environmental conditions. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribbean. 10(4): 430-443. Moore, H. B., and M. Foyo. 1963. A study of the temperature factor in twelve species of oceanic copepods. Bull. Mar. Sci Gulf Caribbean. 13(4) : 502-515. Moore, H. B., and M. G. Roehr. 1966. Nul values of temperature, illumination and press ~ure for a series of oceanic copepods. Bull. Mar. Sci. 16(2): 259-272. Patrick, R.198. Some effects of temperature on freshuater algae. Irt P. A. Krankel and F. L. Parker [eds.) Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollution; Vanderbilt Univ. Press, Nashville, Tenn. 161-185. Phinney, H. K. and C. D. McIntire. 1965. Effect of temperature on metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory streams. Limnol. Oceanog. 10: 341-344. Porcella, D. B., et al. 1969. Molting and calcification in Daphnia magna. Physiol. Zool. 42. 148 Prescott, G. W. 1962. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area. Wm. C. I awn, Iowa. 977 pp. Reeve, M. R., and E. Cosper. 1970. The acute thermal effects of heated efflu-ents on the copepod Acartia tonsa from a subtropical bay and some problems of: assessment. EA0 Tech. Conf. on Marine Pollution and its Effects on Living Resources and Fishing. Rome, Italy. 8 p. Reid, G. K. 1961. Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. New York. 375 pp. Sage, L. E. and S. S. Herman. 1972. Zooplankton of the Sandy Hook Bay Area, J. J. Ches. Sci. ,12(2): 29. Schindler, D. W. 1968. Feeding, assimilation and respiration rates of Daphnia magna under various environmental conditions and their relation to productions estimates. J. Anim. Ecol. 37(2): 369-385. Schwoerbel, J. 1970. Methods of Hydrobiology: Freshwater Biology. Pergamon Press Ltd. London. 200 pp. Smith, C. M. 1950. The Freshwater Algae of the United States. 2nd. ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. 719 pp. Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. 1968. A Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis. Bull. 1967. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 331 pp. Verduin, J. 1964. Principles of primary productivity: photosynthesis under completely natural conditions. In Algae and Ma.n (D. F. Jacxson , Ed. ) . 3 s Advanced Study Institute Plenum Press. New York. 221-238. 1.3.4-10
Weber, C. I. 1968. The preservation of phytoplankton grab samples. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 87(1): 70-81 pp. Whitehouse, J. W. 1971. Some aspects of the biology of Lake Trawsfyndd: A power station cooling pond. Hydrobiologia. 38: 253-288.
< Whitford, L. A. and G. J. Schumacher. 1969. A Manual of the Freshwater Algae in North Carolina. Tech. Bull 188. N.C. Agri. Expt. Sta. 313 pp.
i j 1 1 l I 1.3.4-11
FIGURE I .3.4-1 PLANKTON SAMPLING PROCEDURE PLUME PRESENT PLUME ABSENT a m o-SURFACE [ h n o f # E rd e e o E W 4 y s E y o .M T L \' T o C b o f
- ! 8 5 I k o E O
?
o T o
,r E y .'
l l l o o BOTTOM o PHYTOPLANKTON f i ZOOPLANKTON VERTICAL TOW Y 1.3.4-18
1.3.5 BENTH0S Specification: The benthic macroinvertebrate populations of Lake Keowee and the Keowee River shall be sampled on a seasonal basis, four (4) times per year. Sampling stations shall be located on the lake side of the skimmer wall (502), in the vicinity of the discharge (discharge canal and 504), at control stations on Lake Keowee (501 and 506), and in the Keowee River below Keowee Dam (604 and 605). . Deep water stations shall be sampled using a dredge, while river stations shall be sampled using a suitable stream sampling technique. Non-quantitative littoral sampling (for example, sweep netting) shall be done along the shore nearest each of the stations listed above.
" Benthic organisms collected shall be identified to the genus level where practicable. Diversity indices shall be calculated as well as data on the standing crop of benthic organisms, such as number per square meter and/or grams per square meter." ,
I. INTRODUCTION Benthic macroinvertebrates are those invertebrates which inhabit the bottom of a lake or stream and which are retained on a sieve. The sieve size used varies somewhat among investigators, but the generally accepted range for the openings is 250 to 700 microns (Jonasson, 1958). ! Benthic organisms can be valuable as indicators of water quality near the ! bottom of a lake or river (Grantham, 1966; Gaufin and Tarzwell, 1952). Their relative immobility and several-month life spans are qualities which help make them " continuous monitors" whose survival may be limited by extreme conditions even when average conditions are favorable. They i cannoc avoid adverse conditions and are slow to repopulate an area, so-that detrimental effects are not easily erased. Benthic organisms may 1 also be an important source of food for fish (Garton and Harkins, 1970). The variety of habitats (niches) present in an area usually plays an i important role in governing the diversity of the benthic community. For this reason, distribution and abundance of benthic organisms are greatly dependent upon the bottom type available_to them (Pennak and Van Gerpen, 1947; Robertson, 1947). l It is generally recognized that a bottom composed of rubble and pebbles contains a more diverse benthic fauna than do silty or sandy bottoms (Tarzwell, 1936; Hedtke, 1971). Since rooted aquatic plants also furnish a gre:at number of favorable niches, their presence usually _ increases the diversity of the benthic community (O'Connell and Campbell,1953). Inasmuch as. littoral areas of a lake are likely to possess a more favor-
~
able' bottom type and more rooted aquatics than the profundal areas, it is not surprising to find'that the littoral zone generally contains a much more diverse fauna (Jensen et al,1969). In lakes where summer 1.3.5-1
stratification causes a deficiency of dissolved oxygen in the bottom waters, this too tends to limit the benthic community of the deeper areas. It can be seen from the above discussion that many factors influence the diversity and abundance of the benthic community in any lake. One must take all of these into account when designing a sampling program and also when attempting to interpret the results obtained. Rarely is there one single environmental factor which is responsible for all the differences observed, whether comparisons are being made between different areas of a lake or between different time periods. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS The benthic study was initiated in early February, 1973. The methods used, sampling locations, and sampling frequencies were as outlined in the Specification (above). One station has been added (505), and it is recommended that one station (606.) be substituted for Station 605. See "Results and Discussion" for the reasoning behind this recommendation. Tables 1.3.5-1 and 1.3.5-2 show the relevant data about the Winter (February and March) and Spring (May) sampling trips, including the types of samples taken at each station and characteristics of each sampling station. Dredge sampling was done using a codified Petersen dredge, which collects bottom sediments and organisms from an area of approximately 258 cm 2 j (40 in.2) per grab. Bottom materials collected were sieved in the field using a sieving apparatus with mesh openings of approximately 500 microns. The residue was then preserved with 95% ethanol solution. Sweep net sampling was done using a circular aquatic net whose mesh openings were approximately 800 to 900 microns'. The technique, as described by Patterson and Fernando (1969), consists of wading along the shoreline of the lake and sweeping the net near the bottom for a period of two minutes, periodically reversing direction in order to sweep areas just disturbed by wading. Netted material was briefly washed, transferred to a quart jar and preserved with 95% ethanol solution. Multiple-plate artificial substrate samplers were placed on the bottom at stations where this vas feasible. The sampler was attached by a cord to a float, and allowed to rest on the bottom for six weeks. Each sampler provided*approximately 0.1 m2 (1 ft.2) of surface area which may be colonized by bottom organisms. At the end of each exposure period (mid-March and early May) the sampler was retrieved and placed in a leak-proof plastic bag and returned to the laboratory. Organisms were removed from the substrate using a pressurized water spray, and then preserved in 95% ethanol solution. In the laboratory, all preserved organisms were hand-picked from the plant debris and coarse sediments, using a binocular dissecting scope when , j necessary. The organisms were again placed in 70% ethanol solution for .' i storage and subsequent identification. l 1.3.5-2 l
Organisms were identified using a binocular dissecting microscope and/or a compound microscope along with an appropriate taxonomic key from the list presented in Table 1.3.5-3. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tables 1.3.5-4, 1.3.5-5, and 1.3.5-6 show the results of sampling by each of the three methods employed. A total of 26 different taxa of bottom organisms were collected in the Winter (Feb, and March) and Spring (May) sampling periods. The dredge sampling yielded 12 taxa and a total of 199 organisms from 64 dredge grabs of 258 cm 2 (40 in.2) each. Sweep net sampling yielded 20 taxa and a total of 87 organisms from 16 " sweeps" of 2 minutes each. Multiple plate artificial substrate samplers yielded 4 taxa and a total of 41 organisms from 9 samplers with exposed area of 1 ft.2 each. Both the number of taxa and the abundance of organisms collected are quite low compared with those reported by other investigators studying other lakes in this region (Lenat and Weiss, 1973; Weiss, Anderson and Lenat, 1972). This is indicative of the oligotrophic state of this study area, especially Lake Keowee. Table 1.3.5-7 shows the diversity indices calculated for each station and sampling method for both Winter and Spring sample periods. The diversity indices used are those of Shannon and Weaver (1949) and Margalef (1951). It is interesting to note that the ranked position of each' sample within its group is different in some cases, depending upon which index is used. The values obtained are almost uniformly very low, however, and it is believed that they are not based on enough data to.be satisfactory for much interpretation for either station differences or seasonal differences. In general, the Oligochaetes (worms) and the Diptera (two-winged flies) were the types of organisms most frequently collected from both lakes. The dipteran Chaoborus, a member of the Culicidae, was the only taxon found at all sampling stations,although its numbers were usually low. In general, Chaoborus is a very common lake inhabitant which is often found in great abundance. Densities of several hundred to several thousand per square meter are not uncommon in young and/or eutrophic lakes (Hilsenhoff and Narf, 1968). Dipterans of the family Chironomidae (midges) were also encountered. Coelotanvous appears to be the dominant organism in the deeper waters at Station 604 (Lake Hartwell). The shoreline waters at that station also were found to contain a variety of midge larvae, most of which belong to the sub-family Chironominae. Station 604 is, however, the only station at which a significant midge population has been found thus far. Pr_ ladius and Chironomus, both usually deep water inhabitants, and the littoral genus Cricotopus occurred in low numbers at several stations. Oligochaetes were collected at most sampling stations, in either the deep water or littoral areas. Their numbers were not high, however, and this is a further indication that the bottom muds are not rich in organic matter. i 1.3.5-3
Goodnight (1961) proposed that a high proportion of oligochaetes in a benthic community be used as an indication of an organically enriched bottom since the worms feed primarily on detritus and detrital bacteria. It is believed that several factors are contributing to the low standing crop of benthic organisms observed thus far on both lakes, but especially Keowee. Among these are the following: (1) age of the lake; Lake Kcowee's young age may be important as it influences factors (2) and (3) below, and as it limits the extent to which organisms have had opportunity to colonize it fully. (2) low primary productivity; normally one of the main sources of food for bottom organisms in a lake system is detrital " fallout" from the euphotic zone. (3) small allocthonous inputs of organic and inorganic sediments; bottom materials collected during dredge sampling were primarily inorganic in nature, but the high clarity of Lake Keowee's waters make one suspect that the expected profundal bottom type of silt and organic matter is developing very slowly. (4) depth of dredge sampling stations; all dredge samples taken in Lake Keowee were from depths of 16 meters (52 feet) or more. Since benthic organisms found at these depths must be tolerant of - low dissolved oxygen conditions and low year-round temperature - regimes the diversity and abundance of benthic invertebrates in these areas is probably lower than in shallower waters, partic . ularly those above the hypolimnion. For purposes of detecting . any effects of the Oconee heated effluent, the shallower areas t would also be more relevant, since the heated plume should be restricted to the epilimnion. (5) fluctuating lake levels, which hamper the development of aquatic macrophytes and also prevent the establishment of a stable pattern of bottom sediments '. rom shoreline to profundal zone. Station 605, which is located in the Keowee River arm of Lake Hartwell immediately below Keowee dam, was found to be almost impossible to sample - safely and effectively. Dredge sampling was attempted there, but found to be ineffective because of the very compact nature of the bottom material and the periodic swift currents produced by releases from Keowee hydro station. The steep banks of the river and the currents made other types of sampling at this station equally fruitless and sometimes even dangerous. For these reasons, we recommend that Station 605 be abandoned in favor of alternate Station 606, which is located in a more lentic area of Lake Hartwell, approximately 2 river miles downstream from 605 and 1.5 miles upstream from 604. This station (606 ) was first established and sampled in February, 1973, and it is hoped that it will suffice as an alternative to the original Station 605. j 1.3.5-4
It will also be noted that Station 505 was sampled for benthos in addition to those stations specified in Appendix B of the Oconee Operating License. IV. SLMfARY AND CONCLUSIONS Benthic macroinvertebrate communities of Lakes Keowee and Hartwell were sampled in the Winter (February and March) and Spring (May) of 1973. Organisms were collected at six stations on Lake Keowee and three on Lake Hartwell using three different sampling methods. The results of this sampling revealed a sparse population of benthic organisms, in which the Oligochaeta (worms) and Diptera (two-winged flies) were the most prominent. Several factors are thought to be important in limiting the number and variety of organisms collected; these are: (1) age of Lake geowee (2) low primary productivity of the lakes (3) small allocthonous inputs of organic and inorganic sediments (4) depth of dredge sampling stations (5) fluctuating lake levels It is suggested that several dredge stations be moved to shallower areas of Lake Keowee. It is also suggested that Station 605 be abandoned due to difficulties in sampling there and the apparent lack of any benthic community there. l 1 l i l 1.3.5-5
il LITERATURE CITED Garton, R. P.. and R. D. Harkins. 1970. Guidelines: Biological Surveys at Proposed Heat Discharge Sites. EPA. Corvallis . 99 pp. Gaufin, A. R. and C. M. Tarzwell. 1952. Aquatic invertebrates as indicators of stream pollution. Public Health Reports 76(1): 57-64. Goodnight, R. R. and S. C. Whitley. 1961. Oligochaetes as indi-cators of pollution. Proceedings 15th Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University 45: 139-142. Grantham, B. J. 1966. The value and use of macroinvertebrates in ! evaluating stream pollution conditions. Proceedings of the i Mississippi Water Resources Conference, WRRI, State College, Miss. pp. 49 58 Hedtke, S. F. 1971. Limiting Factors for Benthic Macroinvertebrates ; in the Dan River. Unpubl. masters technical report. Dept. Environmental Sciences and Enga'eering, UNC at Chapel Hill. 45 pp. Hilsenhoff, W. L. and R. P. Narf. 1968. Ecology of Chironomidae, Chaoborinae ond other benthos in fourteen Wisconsin lakes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 61(5): 1173-1182. Jensen, L. D., R. M. Davies, A. S. Brooks, and C. D. Meyers. 1969. The Effects of Elevated Temperature Upon Aquatic Invertebrates. EEI Research Project No. 49, EEI Pub. No 69-900. New York. 232 pp. l Jonasson, P. M. 1958. The mesh factor in sieving techniques. Verh. Internat. Verein, Limnol. 8: 860-866. I Lenat, D. R. and C. M. Weiss. 1973. Distribution of Benthic Macroin-i vertebrates in Lake Wylie North Carolina - South Carolina. ESE Pub. No. 311. UNC at Chapel Hill. 75 pp. l - 1 1.3.5-6 i t
~
i LITERATURE CITED (Cont'd) Margalef, R. 1951. Diversidad de especies en la's comunidades natuales. Proceedings of the Institute of Biology 9: 5-27. O'Connell, T. R., Jr. and R. S. Campbell. 1953. The benthos of Black River and Clearwater Lake, Missouri. Univ. of Missouri Studies 26(2): 25-41. Pennak, R. W. and D. V. Van Gerpen. 1947. Bottom fauna production and physical nature of the substrate in a northern Colorado trout steam. Ecology 28(1): 42-48. Patterson, C. G. and C. H. Fernando. 1969. Macroinvertebrate coloni-cation of a small reservoir in eastern Canada. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 17: 126-136. Robertson, O. H. 1947. An ecological study of two high mountain trout lakes in the Wind River range, Wyoming. Ecology 28: 87-112. Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver. 1249. The Mathematical Theory of Com-munication. Univ. of Illinois Press. Urbana. 125 pp. Tarzwell, C. M. 1936. Experimental evidence on the value of trout stream improvement in Michigan. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 66: 177-186. Weiss, C. M., T. P. Anderson and D. R. Lenat. 1977. Environmental Assessment, Belews Creek - Belews Lake, North Carolina, Year II. ESE Pub. No. 317 UNC at Chapel Hill. 232 pp. l l i 1 1.3.5-7 - k
Table 1.3.5-1 WINTER (FEB. + MAR.) 1973 Lake Keowee Lake Hartwell STATIONS 501 502 508 504 505 606 604 605 606 DREDGE SAMPLES ! Number of Grabs 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 Depth (Meters) 20 15, 12 33 26 29 6 3 2 Bottom Type
- si,c1 si,cl,sa si,cl si,cl,sa si,cl,sa closi,sa si,om sa si om pb om Bottom Temp. (*C) 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 Bottom Water D. O. (mg/1) 11.2 11.2 11.0 10.4 10.6 10.4 10.1 12.0 10.1 g SWEEP NET u SAMPLES v, Minutes 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ln Depth (Meters) 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 Bottom Type
- si,sa,cl sa,si,om si,cl,sa si,cl,sa cl,pb,om cl,pb,om cl,si,pb c1,pb,bl om om om si si rb.om vu.si.om HESTER-DENDY SAMPLES Number of 1 1 1 1 1 1 Samples Duration of Exposur (Weeks) 6 6 6 6 6 6 Depth (Meters) 16 27 13 13 14 7 Bottom Type
- si,cl si,cl,sa si,cl si,cl,sa ob closi.sa si.cm si= silt cl= clay pb= pebbles bl= boulders sa= sand -om= organic matter rb= rubble vg= vegetation
\
s_
Table 1.3.5-2
- SPRING (MAY) 1973 Lake Keowee Lake Hartwell (Disch)
STATIONS 501 502 508 504 505 506 604 605 606 DREDGE SAMPLES Number of Grabs 3 3 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 Depth (Meters) 16 27 19 19 33 32 5 3 3 Bottom Type
- si cl si,cl,sa si,cl si,c1 si,cl cl,si,sa si,om sa si,om sa,pb sa,om Bottom Temp.(*C) 10.6 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.3 8.3 18.4 18.4 18.4 Bottom Water D. O. (mg/1) 8.8 7.5 8.9 8.9 7.9 7.8 9.0 9.8 9.3
- p. SWEEP NET
, SAMPLES , Minutes 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Depth (Meters) 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 '
O.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-1.0 Bottom Type
- cl,sa,pb sa,pb sa,pb sa,pb cl,pb cl,pb cl,si,pb cl,pb,bl om.si om.si om.si om.si om.si om.si_ rb.om va.si.om HESTER-DENDY SAMPLES Number of 1 1 1 1 1 1 Samples Duration of Exposure (Weeks) 6 6 6 6 6 6 Depth (Meters) 16 27 13 13 14 7 Bottom Type
- si,cl si,cl,sa si,cl si,cl,sa cl,si,sa si,om 4 Db si= silt cl= clay pb= pebbles bl= boulders sa= sand om= organic matter rb= rubble vg-vegetation
j Table 1.3.5-3 ' i REFERENCES USED FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS Beck, William M., Jr. 1968. Chironomidae. In: Keys to Water Quality Indicative Organisms of the S. E. United States. FWPCA, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Atlanta, Ga. Edmondson, W. T. Ed. 1959. Ward and Whipple's Fresh-Water Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 1248 pp. Mason, William T., Jr. 1973. An Introduction to the Identification of Chironomial Larvae. FWPCA, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Cincinnati, O. Needham, J. G. and Paul R. Needham. 1962. A Guide to the Study of Fresh-Wa te- Biology. Holden-Day, Inc. San Francisco. Pennak, Robert W. 1953. Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co., New York. Usinger, R. L. Ed. 1963. Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. of Calif. ) Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. i d i I l 0 1.3.5-10
Table 1.3.5-4 TYPE SAMPLE: DREDGE; NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER SQ. METER February, 1973(I) & May, 1973(II) Lake Keowee lake Hartwell STATIONS 501 502 508 504 505 506 604 605 606 (Disch) I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II Class 011gochaeta 54 22 194 22 22 129 54 54 Class Crustacea Order Cladocera 11 Class Insecta Order Diptera
. Fam. Culicidae Chaoborus 538 54 11 43 11 22 86 86 151 22 11 Fam. Ceratopogonidae Palpomyia 11 22
- p. Fam. Chironomidae
, Sub. Fam. Tanypodinae L, Procladius 54 11 65 11 11 J, Coelotanypus 377 151 54 Ed Sub. Fam. Chirononinae Tribe Chirononini Chironomus 11 Kiefferulus 11 Cryptochironomus 22 Harnischia 22 Order Unidentified 11 Phy11um Porifera Class Desmospongea Fam. Spongillidae 11 Total Number of Taxa 3 1 3 0 1 3 2 2 1 0 3 1 4 2 6 4 Total Number of Organisms /m2 646 22 76 11 65 205 4
.4 86 119 140 604 162 174 109
Table 1.3.5-5 TYPE SAMPLE: SWEEP NET; NUMBER OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED (per two-minute sweep) (I) March 1973 & May 1973 (II) Lake Keowee Lake Hartwell 508 STATIONS 501 502 (Disch) 504 505 506 ' 604 606 I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II Class Oligochaeta 1 20 3 Class Crustacea Order Cladocera 1 1 1 Order Unident. 1 Class Insecta Order Collembola Fa a. Isotomidae Isotoma 1 Order Lepidoptera Fam. Pyralidae g Sub.Fam.Nymphulinae 1 L Order Diptera L Fam. Culicidae 4 N Chaoborus 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 Fam. Ceratopogonidae Palpomyia 1 1 Fam. Tipulidae Tipula 1 Fam. Chironomidae 2 2 (pupae) Sub.Fam.Orthocladinae Psectrocladius 1 1 Cricotopus 1 1 1 1 Sub.Fam.Chironominae Tribe Chironomini G1vototendipes 7 1 Polypedilum 1 2 Chironomus 2 5 Parachironomus 3 Harnischia 1 Phaenopsectra 1 Tribe Tarytarsini Tanytarsus 7 Rheotanytarsus 1 Fam. Unidentified 1 (_ _ (,
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Table 1.3.5-6 4 TYPE SAMPLE: HESTER-DENDY MULTIPLE PLATE ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE; NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER SAMPLER (1 ft.2) Lake (I) March 1973 & May 1973(II) Keowee Lake Hartwell 502 508 504 506 604 (Disch) STATIONS II II I II I II I II II only Class Hydrozoa 1 35 Class Oligochaeta 1 1 Class Insecta Order Diptera Fam. Chirononidae Sub. Fam. Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia 1 1 Sub. Fam. Chironominae TRIBE TANYTARSINI Tanytarsus 2 Total Number of Taxa 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 Total Number of Organisms 0 4 0 36 0 0 0 0 1 Total: 4 taxa l L. Keowee 4 taxa L. Hartwell 1 taxon l 1.3.5-14
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1.4 FISH UiPINGDIENT ON INTAKE SCREENS AND ENTRAINMENT OF FISH EGGS AND LARVAE Specification: A. Fish impinged upon the intake screens of Oconee Nuclear Station shall be identified to species when possible, counted, and the length estimated once each week by visual inspection from the intake structure. A detailed analysis of the fish impinged upon the intake screens shall be conducted by species, size, and quantity each time a set of screens is pulled. An underwater visual inspection shall be carried out quarterly to determine the species and quantity of fish impinged upon the intake screens. The data collected from these studies shall be recorded in tabular form. Any significant mortalities of fish and in.all cases, any mortalities that involve 100 or more fish, shall be reported to the responsible representatives of the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department and to Region II, Directorate of Regulatory Operations within 24 hours of its discovery. .A written report concerning any significant fish mortalities shall be submitted to AEC/ DOL within 10 days. I. INTRODUCTION The impingement of fish on the cooling water intake screens of power plants poses a potential threat to both fish survival and plant opera-ting efficiency. A study is being conducted by Duke Power personnel to detect and quantify fish impingement on the intake screens at the Oconee Nuclear Station. The study includes weekly visual inspection from the intake structure, an underwater visual inspectiin conducted quarterly and an inspection of the screens each time a set is pulled. Weekly inspections have been underway since June 8, 1973. An undtrwater inspection of the screens was conducted June 28, 1973. Arrangements have been made to inspect the intake screens each tisa they are pulled. II. METHODS AND HATERIALS
. I A. Week 1v inspection of intake screens.
{ Weekly inspections of intake screens are being conducted by one or j more of the following personnel at Oconee Nuclear Station: 1.4-1 1
W. Brown, Plant Chemist D. Smith, Junior Chemist R. Land, Labman J. Bivins, Labman T. Grant, Labman D. Mcdonald, Lab Technician J. Fletcher, Lab Assistant A. Crooks, Lab Assistant C. Robinson, Student These individuals have been instructed in the proper methods of fish identification by fisheries biologists from the Duke Power Environ-mental Test Group. The numbers, species, and estimated lengths of all impinged fish that are visible from the intake structure are recorded. To increase the accuracy of fish identification a picture key has been provided which includes all fish species that are likely to be encountered. B. Underwater Visual Inspection. Work has been done to establish the most efficient technique by which an underwater inspection of intake screens can be carried out on a quarterly basis. On June 22, 1973, an attempt sc.s made to inspect intake screens using a video tape camera and monitor-ing system. On June 28, 1973, intake screens were again inspected but by a team of professional SCUBA divers from Entcor, Inc. This method s was found to be accurate and efficient. The water intake at ) Oconee Nuclear Station includes 24 screened intake structures. Each of the three reactor units are supplied with water from four pumps; there are two screened intake openings per pump. A labeled diagram of the intake structure is provided in Figure 1.4-1. Three pumps were operating at the time the underwater inspection was conducted. The two screens in front of each operating pump (labeled 1B1,1B2, 2B1, 2B2, 2Cl and 2C2 in Figure 1.4-1) were inspected for impinged fish. In addition, two screens in front of one inoperative pump (labeled ICl and 1C2 in Figure 1.4-1) were also inspected. A total of eight intake screens were inspected by the divers. As shown in Figure 1.4-1, water is carried to each reactor unit through two large intake pipes; each pipe has two corresponding intake pumps. On June 28, 1973, only one pump per intake pipe was in operation. It should be noted that under normal operating con-dicions two pumps per intake pipe will be operating and water velocity at the intake screens thus would be reduced. At the time the underwater inspection was conducted, flow rates and thus sus-ceptibility of fish to impingement were at a maximum. Engineering personnel at Duke Power Company have calculated the flow in front of the intake screens during the time of the inspection at 1.24 feet per second. l 1.4-2
Two divers inspected the entire surface area of each of the eight screens. All fish seen were counted, lengths were estimated, and each fish was identified to species when possible. Photographs were taken when the fish were not obscured by the trash racks which are positioned in front of the intake screens. The trash racks prevented the divers from retrieving the fish for more careful inspection above water. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Weekly inspection of intake screens. The entire intake screen area is not visible when standing on the in-take structure. Weekly inspections, however, are adequate for the detection of fish impingement in the event that relatively large numbers of fish are involved. No fish have been seen during weekly inspections conducted on four occasions from June 8, 1973, to June 28, 1973 (Table 1.4-1). B. Underwater Visual Inspection. The video tape camera and monitoring system proved relatively unsuccessful and is not considered a practical method unless a more suitable video system can be found. A detailed assess-ment of the video tape demonstration is provided in Appendix D. The underwater diver inspection of the intake screens was very complete. A total of seven dead fish were found impinged on the screens. No fish were observed on the screens guarding the inoperative pump. No more than two fish were observed on any one screen. No live fish were observed either impinged on the screens or swimming in the intake screen area. A detailed re-port of the underwater inspection, submitted by Entcor, Inc., 1 is provided in Appendix E. Also included in Figure 1.4-2 (Photo-graphs A-E) are five photographs of impinged fish taken by the divers. Two fish were obscured and could not be photographed. ' Those fish photographed include: 1) one small bluegill approxi-mately 5-8 cm (2-3 in.) long, Photograph A; 2) one small yellow perch approximately 5-8 cm (2-3 in.) long, Photograph B; 3) one carp approximately 28 cm (11 in.) long, Photograph C; and 4) two largemouth bass approximately 20-23 cm (8-9 in.) long, Photographs D and E. The two fish not photographed were described by the divers as a small shiner approximately 5 cm (2 in.) long and an unidentified fish approximately 23 cm (9 in) long. The report submitted by Entcor, Inc. indicates that the two largemouth bass (Photographs D and E) were partially decomposed. However, care- l ful examination of these photographs reveals that only the flesh of l the posterior areas of these fish appears to be effected. The sharp line between the effected and uneffected flesh area, the shape of the area, and the exposed bone indicate that these fish were likely l caught, filleted and thrown into the intake canal. It was noted that the carp (Photograph C) did not appear as though its flesh had been removed. The larger fish that was not photographed was also described by the divers as being partially decomposed. This fish may also have been a filleted largemouth bass. It appears, therefore, that at least three of the seven fish reported on the screens were dead before they i became impinged. 1.4-3
IV.
SUMMARY
No significant fish mortalities have occurred as a result of impingement on the intake screens at Oconee Nuclear Station. Visual inspection from the intake structure has revealed no mortality. Underwater inspection on June 28, 1973, revealed only seven impinged fish; however, impingement is not considered to be the cause of death for a least some of these fish. Specification: B. The entrainment of fish eggs and larvae in the cooling
, water system shall be monitored biweekly (every other week) during the major spawning period of April through July and an estimate made of the total number of fish eggs and larvae entrained and their survival.
Specification: C. If the quantity or type of fish, or their eggs or larvae, is determined to be of significance or to have a signifi-cant detrimental impact on the propagation of fish of recreational importance, then plans for corrective action will be developed. I. INTRODUCTION The possibility of entrainment in the cooling systems of power plants has been recognized as a potential hazard to larval fish and eggs. Mortal- j ities have been reported when discharge canals are long and retention times extended (Marcy, 1971). Although some effort has been made to establish a basis for predicting the effects of entrainment (Coutant, 1971, 1972), there still exists a need for extensive data collection at pcwer plant sites. At the Oconee Nuclear Station work is being done to establish the extent to which fish eggs and larvae are being entrained in the cooling water system. If it is determined that a significant number of eggs or larvae are being entrained, corrective' action will be taken. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS Ichthyoplankton samples have been taken from the cooling water system at Oconee Juclear Station on three dates from May 21, 1973, to June 22, 1973. A 1,000 gallon sample was taken on May 21, June 8, and June 22. The water samples were taken from a valve from which cooling water can be removed from the system immediately before it reaches the condensers. The valve was opened and the water allowed to run into a 55-gallon drum. The time required to fill the drum was measured and the flow rate cal- ! culated. On the basis of this flow rate, the time required to release l 1,000 gallons was determined. A plankton net (00 mesh size) was suspended into the drum and water from the valve was run directly into the net for the time period required. The 1,000 gallon sample was taken in four 250- -' gallon subsamples. After each subsample was collected the plankton net was carefully examined for the presence of fish eggs or larvae. , 1.4-4
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results of the ichthyoplankton survey are summarized in Table 1.4-2. No fish eggs or larvae were found in any of the samples collected from May 21, 1973, to June 22, 1973. The absence of fish eggs and larvae in the 1,000 gallon samples is considered a reliable indication that entrain-ment of ichthyoplankton has been minimal during the spring of 1973. IV.
SUMMARY
The absence of fish eggs and larvae in the collected samples of cooling water indicates that entrainment has not been significant and thus has not had a significant detrimental impact on fish of recreational importance. 1.4-5
LITERATURE CITED s Coutant, C. C., 1971. Effects on Organisms of Entrainment in Cooling Water; Steps Toward Predictability. Nuclear Safety, 12(6): 600-607. Coutant, C. C., 1972. Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollution II. Scien-tific Basis for Water Temperature Standards at Power Plants. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 3(1): 1-24. Marcy, B. C. Jr., 1971. Survival of Young Fish in the Discharge Canal of a Nuclear Power Plant. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 28: 1057-1060.
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1.4-6 i
Table 1.4-1 ! OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION WEEKLY INSPECTION OF INTAKE SCREENS Date/ Time Screen No. Species No. of fish Est. lenachs (total) 6-8-73/1100 All screens -- None --- t 6-15-73/1030 All screens -- None 6-20-73/1800 All screens -- None -- 6-28-73/1330 All screens -- None l i l t l 1.4-7
i Table 1.4-2 OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION - ICHTHYOPLANKTON SURVEY Intake Outlet No. pumps Sample No. of No._of Date/ Time temp. temp. operating Size eggs larvae i 5-21-73/1500 1 1000 gal None None ' 6-8-73/1226 51.l'F 61.8*F 2 1000 gal None None 6-22-73/1631 52.6*F 52.1*F 1 1000 gal None None i l 1.4-8
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l.5 PHYTOPLANKTON-ZOOPLANKTON ENTRAINMENT MORTALITY STUDY Specification: At least 6 times per year water samples will be collected by either plankton nets, pumps or water bottles at the condenser cooling water systems intake and at the heated water discharge before it enters the receiving water. Samples will be analyzed for types, quantities and survival of the various plankton groups. Sampling will be such to encom'tss the temperature rises across the condenser (e.g. 16* - 28'F) I. INTRODUCTION Phytoplankton. Phytoplankton organisms are subjected to the following stresses as they pass through a nuclear plant in the cooling water:
- 1) mechanical effects of intake pumping, 2) pressure and mechanical effects in the piping system, 3) thermal effects of condenser passage.
Because of their importance in the natural aquatic ecosystem (refer to Section 1.3.4 Introduction) research must be performed to provide information on the types and quantities of phytoplankton passed through the condenser cooling water system and to determine the effect of this passage on survival. Menhinick and Brush (1971) conducted studies on the phytoplankton populations in Lake Norman, North Carolina, above and below the Marshall Steam Station. They concluded that differences caused by the Marshall Station could not be substantiated by their methods of sampling. Smith and Brooks (1971) conducted experiments on Carbon-14 uptake in Lake Norman on both influent and effluent samples. Some of each sample was incubated at beth intake and dischar;7 temperatures. The differences in photosynthet;c rates between samples collected from the two stations and incubated at the same temperature (either intake or discharge) were assumed to reflect the effects of passage through the cooling system, e.g. mechanical action of the pumps and condenser tubes along with rapid temperature and pressure changes. Rate differences between the intake samples incubated at different temperatures indicated the effects of temperature increase alone. The results indicated that the mechanical effects of passage through the plant were generally small with no clear seasonal trend. The intake samples incubated at both intake and discharge temperatures showed rates varying from extremely large increases when the intake temperature was extremely low to smaller changes when the intake temperature is seasonally high. Warinner and Brehmer (1966) and Morgan and Stross (1969) showed this same inverse relationship in their studies of the effects of thermal discharges on algae. However, a difference between the results of these three studies is that decreases in photo-synthetic rates occurred in the latter two studies when natural tempera-tures were high; whereas, at the Marshall Steam Station, increased rates prevailed even at the maximum intake temperature. Smith and Brooks state that this exception was most likely associated with the use of the cooler hypolimnetic water for condenser cooling at the Marshall Steam Station. l l 1.5-1
Smith and Brooks continued by discussing that perhaps the most signifi-cant effects of the Marshall Steam Station were associated with its skimmer wall rather tha.. temperature elevation. For example, with in, creasing stratification in the summer the density of phytoplankton passing under the skimmer wall and through the pla becomes less than that of the lake surf ace. Therefore, one effect at .he discharge plume might be to dilute the density of the lake populations downstream from the discharge canal. These effects would not be expected to be as great during the months lacking thermal stratification. Their data tends to support this theory. Another possible effect of using hypolimnetic water for cooling purposes results from the possibility that this water may be nutrient rich, thereby creating a potential for undesirable algal blooms if the right combination of nutrients, temperature and algal species exist. Curtz and Weiss (1972) conducted studies on primary productivity in precondenser and postcondenser samples subjected to varying at at the Allen Steam Station on Lake Wylie, North Carolina. They controlled temperature and light as well as allowing the heated samples to cool slowly over a 26-hour period to simulate the cooling of the thermal discharge in the lake. They found productivity to be decreased in the condenser cooling water. The depression in productivity was related to the initial temperature and at (5.6,11.1, and 16.7 C' At) . The maximum depression of productivity occurred in the 16.7 C' At samples with the highest intake temperature. The minimum depressions occurred in the 5.6 c' At sample with the lowest associated intake temperature. Knight 1 (1972) studied the relationship between 'At, algal counts, and diversity ) on the same steam station as Gurtz and Weiss. His results showed that in all cases discharge samples were lower than intake samples in phyto-plankton numbers and diversity. He further stated that the mechanical effects of intake pumping, mechanical effects of condenser passage, and temperature ef fects of condenser passage all contributed to the observed destruction of entrained phytoplankton. Also, an increase in the destruc-tion of the populations was observed at higher flow rates and higher ambient temperatures associated with a given At. Finally, Knight found that culturing the affected populations resulted in increased dominance by tolerant species with the largest increases associated with the highest at samples. Zooplankton. The importance of zooplankton in aquatic food chains has been documented many times and need not be discussed in detail here. Occupying an intermediate trophic level defined as primary consumers, they serve an important link between the primary producers (e.g. algae, bacteria, periphyton) and secondary consumers (e.g. fish). Zooplankton passing through the condenser cooling system of electric power plants are submitted to various stresses. Some of the stress i factors which these organisms are subjected to are: 1) mechanical I abrasions resulting from passage through the piping system, 2) sudden increases in temperature, 3) and perhaps sudden pressure changes. Any study which proposes to etudy entrainment ef fects should consider the above factors ,) 1.5-2
- . . . ._ = - . .. - - -. -- - - -- . - . . -
i I or.any cambination of these factors. By comparing types, quantities, . and viability of organisms at the intake and discharge, it is possible ] to provide an indication of the effect of condenser passage upon zoo-j plankton survival.
- Li t tle research has been done concerning entrainment effects j upon zooplankton. Most of the literature. dealing with thermal effects j is in reference only to the mixing zone or receiving water. However, i
Heinle (1969) attempted to assess entrainment effect on zooplankton. He was unable to determine whether observed mortalities were due to thermal elevation, chlorination, or both. Kinne (1957) pointed out that ; , Copepoda and crustaceans in general undergo three types of adjustments l to sudden temperature change. The first reaction to shock is with an l undershoot or _ overshoot in metabolic rate. Then the animals rapidly adjust to the new temperature in a most direct manner. Eventually, gradual readjustment to the original level of activity occurs. The last phase of the pattern is known as adaptation or acc11mation and it 4 can involve a number of possible physiological adjustments. Markowski i (1960, 1962) reported that crustaceans as a group could not only survive ! passage through the condensers, but could reproduce in cooling ponds. i II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
; Phytoplankton Entrainment. Samples for these entrainment studies will be collected at 3 locations: 1) the intake area just prior to the intake i' pumps, 2) a point immediately before the condensers, 3' a point immedia-tely af ter condenser passage and prior to entering ths receiving water.
The latter two samples will be taken from valves in the condenser piping system. From these samples, 250 m1 subsamples will be preserved in approximately 3.6% serthiolate preservative. The sample will be taken back to the
] laboratory for phytoplankton identification and enumeration (1.3.4
, Methods and Matsvials). From the same samples 1000 mi subsamples will i
be prepared for cLlorophy11 analysis (1.3.4 Methods and Materials). Productivity measurements will be obtained on water from each sample. This will be accomplished by determining the uptake of carbon-14 accord-i
' ing to a procedure essentially that of Standard Methods (A.P.H . A. ,1971).
After innoculation with carbon-14 water from each of the three samples ' will be incubated at both intake and discharge temperatures. The incu-bation time for carbon uptake will be approximately three hours (Gurtz 2 and Weiss, 1972). The design of the phytoplankton entrainment study should facilitate discerning the following: 1) mechanical effects of intake pumping, ] 2) mechanical and temperature effects of condenser passage, and 3) effects i of increased temperature alone. i 1.5-3 - l
Zooplankton Entrainment. Large water volume collections will be made from the intake and discharge pipes. Both collections will be made inside the plant from valves in the cooling water system. Intake and discharge water will be allowed to fill a 55 gallon barrel. The filling time will be determined and then a number 20 mesh net will be suspended in position to filter 1100 gal. of water based upon the time schedule determined for filling the 55 gal. barrel. The velocity of the discharged water will be reduced to a level to prevant potential mechanical damage. After collection of the zooplankton sample, the net will be backwashed and the scaple transferred to a netted incubation bottle. The volume of the incubator bottle will be approximately one liter and will consist of silk bolting cloth windows of the same size mesh net as the plankton net. This bottle will be placed immediately into an incubator box where the temperature of the water will be maintained at approximately the collection temperature and transferred to the counting room. A duplicate sample will be taken from the discharge. This duplicate sample will be allowed to remain in the incubator bottle, maintained at a constant temperature closely equating the mean temperature of the euphotic zone
- in the discharge canal. The constant temperature will be sustained with an equarium type heater thermostatically controlled. This replicate sample will allow an assessment of latent mortality. The counts for latent mortality will be made approximately six hours after collection.
The incubator bottle will be constructed so that when lifted out of the water filled incubator box, approximately 100 ml will remain. After the net walls are washed, a pipet will be placed into the 100 ml concentrate ) and an aliquot of approximately 0.8 ml withdrawn, vigorously mixing the concentrate with the pipet during this proce' dure. Enumeration will involve simple strip counts of the entire Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell at approximately 100X using a direct light compound microscope. The entire chamber will be scanned to look for nonmotile organisms. After these orJanisms are enumerated, approximately 0.2 ml of 10% formalin will be introduced into the chamber to fill it up to its 1.0 ml capacity. The cell will then be counted for all organisms, and appropriate calcu-lations performed to determine entrainment effect upon motility. Motility for the purposes of this study is defined as the ability of the zooplank-ton to show any movement whatsoever.
~
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preserved samples were collected from the intake and discharge on May 31, 1973. A relatively small volume of water was collected at this time; however, a rough idea of similarity of sample content can be gained. 1.5-4
May 31, 1973 INTAKE
- DISCHARGE
- Volu=e 208.2 1 (55 gal.) 208.2 1 (55 gal.)
.24 Kellicottia bostoniensis .24 Horaella sp. .24 Horaella sp. 3.60 Nauplii 5.28 Nauplii .24 Calanoid copepoda .24 Bosmina longirostris .72 Cladocera eggs number / liter This information provides a basis for collecting large volumes of water, particularly in the summer during thermal stratification.
During this time, cold hypolimnic water is used for cooling and relatively small numbers of zooplankton inhabit this zone. The regular sampling program is expected to be completely underway in September, 1973. 1.5-5 i l
]
LITERATURE CITED Americian Public Health Association. 1971. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 13th ed. A.P.H.A. New York. 874 rp. Gurtz, M. E. and C. M. Weiss. 1972. Field Investigations of the Response of Phytoplankton to Thermal Stress. E.S.E. Pub. No. 321. 152 pp. Heinle, D. R. 1969. Temperature and Zooplankton. Chesap. Sci. 10: 186 - 209. Kinne, O. 1957. Uber den einfluss von temperatur und salzgehalt auf die Kopfchenform des brackwass-erpolypen cordylophor.s. Verh Deutsch. Zoole Geselsch. 1956: 445-449.
)
Knight, R. L. 1972. Entrainment and Thermal Shock Effects on Phyto-plankton Numbers and Diversity. ESE Pub. No. 336. 73 pp. Markowski, S. 1960. Observations on the response of some benthonic organisms to power station cooling water. J. Anim. Ecol. 29(2): 349-357. Markowski, S. 1962. Faunistic and ecological investigations in Cavendish Dock, Barrow-in-Furness. J . Anim. Ecol. 31: 43-52. Menhinick, E. F. and G. S. Brush. 1971. Plankton populations. In, R. Koss (ed.) Envircnmental Responses to Thermal Discharges Marshall Steam Station, Lake Norman, North Carolina. Cooling Water Discharge Project (RP-49), Edison Electric Institute Johns Hopkins Univ. pp. 23-31. l Morgan, R. P. and R. G. Stross. 1969. Destruction of phytoplankton in l the cooling water supply of a steam electric station. Chesap. Sci. 10: 165-171. J l 1.5-6
LITERATURE CITED (Cont'd) Smith, R. A. and A. S. Brooks. 1971. Primary production. Ip_ R. W. Koss (ed.) An interim report on environmental responses to thermal discharges from Marshall Steam Station, Lake Norman, North Carolina. Cooling Water Discharge Project (RP-49), Edison Electric Institute. The John Hopkins University, Baltimore. 32-37 pp. Warinner, J. G. and M. L. Brehmer. 19F ' . The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Air and Wat. Pollut. Int. J. 10: 277-289. l l 1.5-7 i i
1.6 PLUME Mt.PPING FOR TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN Specification: On a seasonal basis (at least 4 times per year) special sampling studies shall be made to identify and characterize the cooling water discharge plume with respect to dissolved oxygen and temperature. Data shall be collected from a minimum of 30 sampling points, following a sampling pattern designed to achieve coverage of the plume. Three of the surveys shall be conducted during periods when the following conditions are expected:
- 1) Maximum condenser cooling water discharge temperature
- 2) Maximum acreage of discharge plume
- 3) Minimum condenser cooling water dissolved oxygen concentration.
I. INTRODUCTION Analytical methods for predicting temperatures in completely unmixed and completely mixed lakes are well documented (Bradey, Graves, and Edinger, 1969). However, empirical data of thermal discharge plumes are necessary to accurately describe the hydraulic diffusion under specific plant opera-ting and meteorological conditions. Reductions in temperatures ranging from 3*F to 15'F have been reported over small surface acreage between points of discharge and measurement; this reduction is primarily attributed to mixing (Gray and Stephenson,1969; Edinger and Borenstein,1973). Due to the unique design of Oconee Nuclear Station to obtain condenser cooling waters from Lake Keowee's hypolimnion, dissolved oxygen measure-ments during periods of lake stratification may be a better tracer of the discharge plume compared to temperature. The combination of the lo ation of Oconee's condenser cooling water dis- l charge structure and Duke a past experience in plume mapping allows the anticipation of substantici mixing in relatively short distances from the discharge structure (DPC,1971) . Three different parties have conducted analyses to predict the thermal effects from Oconee's discharge (USAEC,1972) . All analyses considered full station operatien; therefore, it is expected that a smaller plume and less effect from Oconee will be observed with less than three unit operation. Due to the above and the accumulation of additional water quality data that l was not availcble for these early analyses; predictions when to conduct l plume surveys should be based on the data gathered to date as well as previous analyses. 1.6-1
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS Equipment obtaining temperature and D0 measurements will be by one or a combina-tion of the following: 1) In-situ by Temp /D0 sonde, 2) Therristor probe lowered to desired depths; Modified Winkler run in the sampling boat, water from desired depth supplied by pump-hose combination. Sampling Procedure , There will be two procedures that may be used depending on sampling conditions; they are:
- 1. Constant sampling depths - at each station temperature and DO measurements will be made in a vertical profile starting at the surfac e (0.2m) and then at one meter intervals to the bottom. Tamperatures will be read to 0.1*C; D0 will be read to 0.1 mg/1.
- 2. Variable sampling depths - as the temperature measuring device is lowered through the column of water, the surface measure-ment will be recorded to the nearest 0.l*C; each succeeding measurement will be taken at the depth where the temperature has increased or decreased to the next whole 'C. Thereafter, the depth and temperature will be recorded where there is a change of I C'. The bottom temperature will also be recorded to the nearest 0.l*C,
)
Dissolved oxygen measurements will be made at the surface and ' the bottom and enough intermediate depths to adequately describe the water column; no two subsequent measurements will have a greater increment than 0.5 mg/1. All D0 measurements through-out the water column will be recorded to the nearest 0.1 mg/1. Determination of Sampling Point Locations Exact location of sampling points on open waters and their relative positions to each other can not be made without establishing accurate reference points. An engineering survey will be conducted to establish a horizontal control on the shores of Lake Keowee. This control will be based on the South Carolina grid coordinate system. There will be a sufficient number of control points established in the vicinity of the Oconee discharge for clear line of sight coverage of the plume. Engineering survey instruments will be set up at three shore control points. Simultaneous bearings on sampling boats will be taken; thereby fixing the exact location by triangulation of sampled points. As sampling boats progressively move to the outer limits of the plume, shore based instruments will be moved from one predetermined shore control point to another in order to obtain desired triangulation. 1.6-2
Coordination Between Sampling Boats and Shore Control Two way radio communication will be established between sampling boats and shore control points. When a sampling boat is ready to commence and cease sampling at each station the shore control points will be so informed. At this time each of the three shore control points will obtain a bearing on that particular sampling boat. During sampling periods the shore control point with the best advantage will be assigned to keep his boat on s.tation. If at any time a shore control point finds he nceds to move to another control point, he should inform all parties; moves should try to be scheduled between sampling points. Prediction of Scheduling Mapping Figures 1.6-1 and 1.6-2 display Lake Keowee's mean temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. These profiles were obtained by averaging all temperatures and dissolved oxygen measurements taken in Lake Keowee during 1971 and 1972, at the same depth for each calendar month. During one unit operation of Oconee, the inlet temperatures and D0 con-centrations should not vary greatly from natural conditions found between 60' - 90' depths. The ports in the skimmer wall are between elevations 733.0 msl to 710.0 mal. Lake Keowee at full pond is El. 800.0 mal. Allowing for entrainment of some waters above El. 733.0 and lake draw-downs, the quality of water at the 60' - 90' depths is a good estimate of Oconee inlet water. Maximum condenser cooling water discharge temperatures will be determined by the combination of power level, number of condenser cooling water pumps in operation and inlet temperature. Numerous factors are evaluated when to increase or decrease CCW flow; however, if we base this change on inlet temperature, the following would be an approximation: < 50*F = 2 pump = 23 F* AT; 52*F - 66*F = 3 pump = 18 F*aT; > 68'F = 4 pump = 16 F' AT (DPC, 1971). Maximum discharge temperature should then occur just before in-creasing or just af ter a decrease in number of pumps, with the critical inlet temperature ranges being 50*F - 52*F and 66*F - 68'F. l On inspection of Figures 1.6-1 and 1.6-2 within 60' - 90' depths the critical range of 50 - 52*F may occur any time between June and November, thus resulting in a maximum discharge of 68 - 75'F. Analytical methods predicted that maximum discharge temperatures should occur during the month of September for average meteorological and hydro-logical conditions. For the extreme conditions discharge temperatures are more likely to occur during the month of August (USAEC, 1972). 1.6-3
i l The maximum acreage for the thermal discharge plume is more directly influenced by meteorology than any other factors. Duke's original analy-tical preditions took both extreme and average meteorology into considera-tion. Those findings should be the primary determining factor in scheduling of this survey. Months of maximum plume acreage under various conditions range from November through February; however, November yielded the largest or equal acreage for all conditions studied (USAEC,1972). From Figure 1.6-2, it is estimated that the minimum D0 at the 60' - 90' depths in Lake Keowee will be 1.8 - 1.4 mg/l and will occur during September-October. Maximum acreage effected by low dissolved oxygen on Lake Norman around the Marshall Steam Station which also uses hypolimnetic waters for cooling occurred in September (USAEC, 1972). III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In summary of the above, plume mapping surveys will be scheduled in August, September, and October. By conducting surveys in these con-secutive months, conditions 1 and 3 of tnis survey should be met with a possibility of both conditions being met in a single month. November will be tentatively scheduled to satisfy condition 2, depending on the meteorological conditions at that time plus results from the October survey.
)
Since the conditions of the Specification dictate when the surveys should be conducted, these studies will not be strictly on a seasonal basis as called for in the Specification. Therefore, the reference to a " seasonal basis" should be deleted from the Specification. 1.6-4 l l l
l LITERATURE CITED Bradey, D. K., W. L. Graves, Jr., J. C. Geyer. 1969. Cooling Water Studies for Edison Electric Institute, Report No. 5, Surface Heat Exchange at Power Plant Cooling Lakes. 154 pp Edinger, J. E. and S. J. Borenstein. 1973. Cooling Water Studies for Edison Electric Institute, Report No. 9, Physical Analysis of the Indian River Estuary. p.7 Duke Power Company. 1971. Supplement to Environmental Quality Features of Keowee-Toxaway Project, 69 pp. I Gray, R. F. and J. B. Stephenson. 1969. Cooling Water Studies at Elec-tric Power Station, Journal of the Power Division, ASCE, 95:P02, Proc. Paper 6853,pp.293-303 United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1972. Final Environmental Statement Oconee Nuclear Station Units 1, 2, and 3. 180 pp 1 1 2 1.6-5
FIG. l. 6 - l LAKE. KEOWEE MEAN TF.'iPERATURE STATI0;- 500-507 197. 4972 MO NTH JANUARY APRIL MAY JUNE FEBRUARY M A RCH TEMD 9 F o .o ,o ,o ,o ,, ,o .o ,,' ,o yo ,, ,o .o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o o ,o .3 ,o ,3 ,o .o so ,o yo ,o ,o o go ,o ,o ,o o i' 4 . i t 4 f i 3l l 10 - ---- - -- - -- 80 l 20 t
- - +
to I i ; 30 , .__t , , . ._. -. ._ .- - -~ 30 t 40 i 4 40 m
>= j W SO *
[ 50 W L
~
.0 __ _. _., _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ - - . _ .... ._. -
40 I 70 g -o------- - > - '-- - - - - - - -< - 70 Q. W Q 00 -- > ' ' -- GO 90 - > > '- 90 100 - < -- - - - - - - --- - -- --<- t00 tio - F - - - + A - -
+ ' , <- l10 h
40 SO 60 70 00 90 40 SO 40 70 80 90 40 SO 80 70 80 90 40 SO 60 70 to to 40 SO 80 70 00 90 40 50 60 70 80 90 LAKE KEOWEE MEAN DISSOLVED OXYGEN S TAT I ONS 500-507 1971 -1972 MONTH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE DO mg/l i 0 30 30 70 90 0 0 30 s0 70,0 no 0 30 50 70 90 uO iO 30 s0 70 to siO io so s0 70 90 iia iO 30 s0 70 90 a0 i i , i i
; r 10 - ----d> -
to 20 - - - - ~ < < > - - - 20 30 .- i > - - - - - <"- - ' < -
? 30 40 * ' 0 ' i 40
- j H f W S0 - ' - <> - - - - - - - - - - '
SO W 4
~
60 - - i i > .* - 40 g 70 < < > < - 70 t g e0 - o <> >- - e0 90 t 90 100 -5 ' < -- 10 0 7
/
It0 ' " ' f i I 11 0 10 30 5 0 70 9 0 5 0 10 3 0 S.0 70 94 R.0 to 30 SO 70 to u C IO 30 S4 70 9 0 N o 10 3 0 S.0 7.0 9 0 u.0 40 3.050 7 0 9018.0 ' l.6-6
LAKE KEOWEE MEAN TEMPERATURE STAT IO N S 500-507 1978-1972 MONTH J ULY AUGUST SEPTE M BER OCTOBER NOVE M BER DECEMBER T E M P,' F *0 SO 80 70 a0 90 40 so s0 70 e0 90 4o 50 so 70 e0 90 40 so s0 70 s0 90 40 so e0 m s0 90 40 s0 eo 70 so 90 10 -------P- - E-~- d -h P L r-* d 4 10 I !, '
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t 30 f, ! , i Il
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, I i f ,
~ 60 -. - +--: - 60 f 70 - - - --
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- t. 4 .> 3 70 a i 1 t
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> Lw- *
- j . i . I . 4 t - - -+- > 1 -- 80
, I !
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, -7 'P
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.l l 120 120 1 40 90 60 70 80 90 40 50 40 70 00 90 40 50 60 70 80 to 40 5040 70 00 90 40 SO 80 70 80 90 40 50 40 70 SO 90 I LAKE KEOWEE MEAN DI SSOLVED OXYGEN S TAT I ONS 500-507 I 1978-1972 1 MONTH JULY AUGUST SEPTE MBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DEC EM BER comg/i ' " " ' " ' *""' "" *5 " ' ,' " ' * " ' " " ' "S ' " " ' " " ' " "
l 1 l ! 10 f
, 10 i
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70
-- 7 '
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. k I
. I 100 -* -- " o - ! <*
- s - - 100 110 -
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' ' i i ll l 120 t20 10 30 SO 70 90 no 1.0 30 53 70 90 no to 3050 70 90 n o 80 30 50 70 90 no to 30 50 7D 90 sto 10 30 SO 74 90 nD 1.6-7 i
1.7 GAS-BUBBLE DISEASE STUDY Specification: A. The fish collected as a part of the population dynamics study (1.3.2) shall be examined for symptoms of gas-bubble disease. Those fish which exhibit symptoms of gas-bubble dicease shall be identified, weighed, and measured; this data plus the date and location of capture will b3 tabulated. I. INTRODUCTION Water supersaturated with dissolved gases has long been recognized as a threat to fish (Marsh and Gorham,1905). Demont and Miller (1971) found that 13 species of fishes inhabiting the discharge canal and cove of Marshall Steam Station on Lake Norman, North Carolina exhibited external symptoms of gas bubble disease. Adair and Hains (1973) and Miller (1973) presented data associating gas bubble disease with nitrogen supersatura-tion of the discharge areas of Marshall Steam Station. In light of these findings it is desirable to determine whether gas-bubble disease is asso-ciated with operation of Oconee Nuclear Station, and if so define the prevalence and severity. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fishes collected by gill netting and electroshocking will be examined for external symptoms of gas-bubble disease. Fish will be collecced from intake and discharge areas of Oconee Nuclear Station and from control areas within the reservoir. The collection and examination of the speci-mens will be done by personnel of the Southeastern Reservoir Investigations, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Clemson, South Carolina. Preva-lence and severity of affliction will be correlated with saturation levels of nitrogen and oxygen determined by Duke Power Company. This study will be initiated in November, 1973. Specification: B. Determination of the percent saturation values of the gases oxygen and nitrogen dissolved in Lake Keowee waters shall be made at stations 502, 504, 505, intake structure, discharge structure, and discharge cove at depths of 1, 5, 10 and 20 feet. The study shall be performed monthly during the winter period, November to April, starting in November, 1973. I. INTRODUCTION Although nitrogen is generany suspected as being the prime cause of gas-bubble disease because of its low solubility and because it is not removed from the dissolved state by blood components, other atmospheric gases have been cited as contributing to the gas-bubble disease phenomenon (Rulifson and Abel, 1971; Rucker, 1972). Rucker (1972) states in his critical review of gas-bubble disease in salmonids that " oxygen can cause gas-bubble disease at about 350 percent air saturation, but nitrogen can cause the disease even below 118 percent air saturation." 1.7-1
Saturation levels of oxygen and nitrogen associated with power plant discharges are of concern because levels of saturation vary with changes in temperature. If water chat is 100% saturated with dissolved oxygen and nitrogen is heated without gas loss, supersaturation will result (Harvey and Smith, 1961; Snyder, 1969). In order to provide data neces-sary to evaluate the possibility of gas-bubble disease occurring in association with Oconee Nuclear Station, determinations will be made of the percent saturation of oxygen and nitrogen at the stations specified. II. METHODS AND MATERIALS Water samples will be taken at depths of 0.3 meter (1 foot),1.5 meters (5 feet), 3.0 meters (10 feet), and 6.1 meters (20 feet) at the stations specified. The samples will be collected in 15 m1 serum bottles which will be placed in a sewage sampler and lowered to the desired depth. When the sewage sampler is full it will be pulled to the surface, the top of the sampler removed and the serum bottle closed with a rubber serum cap. Any samples exhibiting gas-bubbles will be discarded and taken again. The water samples thus collected will then be placed in a water bath equal to or lower than the lowest temperature monitored at that particular station. All samples will be analyzed as soon after collection as possible. A number of different techniques are known for the analysis of dissolved gases (Rucker, 1972). In this study, the water samples will be analyzed for dissolved nitrogen and oxygen using a technique similar to that ' described by Swinnerton et al (1962); a Model Il Dissolved Gas Analyzer (modified gas chromatograph) manufactured by Allen Science Research, Inc. will be employed. A 5 mi volume of water will be withdrawn from each serum bottle and injected into the chromatograph for analysis. The chromatographic column packing material is activated 5A molecular sieve. The separate gases flowing out of the chromatographic column are detected by a thermal conductivity cell which produces an output signal proportional to the volume of nitrogen or oxygen (plus argon). The out-put signal is amplified and sent to an adjustable range - adjustable zero recorder with a one second response time. The peaks produced will be analyzed by determining the area using the formula: Area = Height X Width (at 1/2 height). The areas will then be compared to a standard, and the saturation values for oxygen and nitrogen calculated from the tables by Elmore and Hayes (1960) and Weiss (1970), respectively. All samples will be collected and analyzed monthly during the winter period, November to April, starting in November, 1973, 1.7-2 k -- _
LITERATURE CITED Adair, W. D. and J. J. Rains. 1973. Saturation values of dissolved gases associated with the occurrence of gas-bubble disease in a heated effluent, in Thermal Ecology, J. W. Gibbons and R. R. Sharitz [Eds.], AEC Symposium Series, (Conf - 730505). DeMont, D. J. and R. W. Miller. 1971. First reported incidence of gas-bubble disease in the heated effluent of a steam generating station. Proc. 25th. Ann. Conf. SE. Assoc. Game Fish Commrs. pp. 392-399. Elmore, H. L. and T. W. Hayes. 1960. Solubility of atmospheric oxygen in water. Proc. Amer. Soc. Civ. Eng. , Jour. San. Eng. Div. 86(SA4) . pp. 41-53. Harvey, H. H. and S. B. Smith. 1961. Supersaturation of the water supply and occurrence of gas bubble disease at Cultus Lake Trout Hatchery. Can. Fish. Cult. 30: 39-47. Marsh, M. C. and F. P. Gorham. 1905. The gas disease in fishes. Dept. U. S. Bur. Fish. pp. 345-376. Miller, R. W. lx The incidence and cause of gas-bubble disease in a heated efflueJ:, in Thermal Ecology, J. W. Gibbons and R. R. Sharitz (Eds.], AEC Symposium Series, (Conf - 730505) . Rucker, R. R. 1972. Gas-bubble disease of salmonids: a critical review. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Dept. 58. 11p. Rulifson, R. L. and G. A. Abel. 1972. Nitrogen supersaturation in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. Environmental Protection Agency. Il6p. Synder, G. R. 1969. Discussion / Heat and anadromous fishes. pp. 318-337 in P. A. Krenkel and F. L. Parker, eds. Biological aspects of thermal pollution. Vanderbilt Univ. Press., Vanderbilt, Tenn. 407p. Swinnerton, J. W., V. J. Linnenbom, and C. H. Cheek. 1962. Determination of dissolved gases in aqueous solutions by gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 34(4): 483-485. Weiss, F. F. 1970. The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater. Deep-Sea Res. 17: 721-735. 1.7-3
I 1 APPENDICES ( { l I
1 APPENDIX A TABULATED WATER QUALITY
- DATA LAKES KE0 WEE AND HARTWELL SECTION I TYPE I DATA SECTION II TYPE II DATA SECTION III CONTINUOUS RECORDING DATA
APPENDIX A SECTION I TYPE I DATA 1 l l l l 1 l I
_+_-.e _e._e6 wD.
._T_~~~~_. _. - _ _~~ ~ ~ ~
I I I I 1 _ __. . _ I _ __ . _ L _ . . I I I I I I I g I I_11 A T ION _I_IB I B_I __DA TE _-_I _lifL I DE P.JH _I ..P E C. .I _S E CCHI I TEMP I 0/0 I PH I MN I FE I Tua e I It00 I 10/0 I I_NO __._ LU T AR Y._ _ I _ M0_ p a _ Y R _ I I .I TYPE _I.. CISK I I I I I I I I I I I I .1 I __I 1._ _ I_ I I I I I I. I I 1- ==I----- - l ---- I - __ I ___ _1.- . ._ -l- -I I -I I I I I I 1 I I _ I___ __I _ __I._ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I L __ __ _ I I I .I 1 ..I_ I _ I I I _300. _ I I_05 / 26/ 71_I __15__I 20 I _1 _ __ I _ _ _ _ _ I. 62 0 I 7. 7 I 7.1 I O.00 I 0.16 I 3 I I 7s.9 I L_500.__I l_05 /2 6/ 71_ L1L_I. 3 0_ _ L _1_ I __ _ _ _ I 50.5 I 7. 5 I 6. s I O.00 3 0.19 I. 4 I I 6s.0 1 1__.300 I I_05/24G LI_lLI 4 0___I __1._ I I 49.0 I 6. 3 I 7 1 I. 0 22.3. 0,19 1 a I I 55.7 I _ . . I _500. I I 05/26/71 1 15 1 50 I 1 I I 47.9 I 5.6 I 7. 2 I 0.34 I 0.11 I 10 I I 48.2 I I__500 _ I I_05 /2 6/ 71_ L15_ I _60. _ I _1_ I._ __ I 47.5 I 6. 6 I 7. 2 I 0.2a I 0.27 I 3 I I 56,s I I 500. I I 05/z6/71 I .35_I 70 I_ I___I...____.__I_ 47,1 I 61 I _7,2 I 0 25_.I 0,41.I. 4_ I__ .I _. 5 2, 5 . I _ ___ . _ . I J De___I I_05 /2 6D I_LIL.I_ __8Q_I_I__ I _ _ _ I. 47.0 I 6. 3 I 7. 2 I 0. 34 I 0.41 I 5 I I 54.2 I I_.__500. _ 1 1_05/26/71_1_15_I _ 90 _I__1__ I._ I 47.0 1 6.1 I 7. 2 I 0.47 I 1.22 1. 14 I I 52.5 1. . t %Qil. _ I 1_115 /2u 71 is a 1110 _ .1 1 1 _ 1._47.0 I 6.1_I 6.9 I 0.56.I 0.60 I .15 1 I 52.5 1 _ . . _ I 1 1 I I 1. I__ I _. I I I I 1 I I I __ 1_500.___1._ I_ 06 /23L71_1_12_I 1_ .I __ t 1__10.0..I _ 81.2.1. 7.9 I 7.1_I 0.00 I 0.08 1 5 I I 100.0 I t %Dn_ t t_06/23/Ji n 12 1 in 1 J I _81.0 I 7.1 I 7.21 0.00.1 0.00 1._ 4 1 1 89.9 I . I__500. _ 1 1_06 /23H 1_L12_I _._20_ I _1_1_ ___ . .I. .73.1 I 6.9 I .7.1 1. 0.00 I 0.0a I _ e I I s1 3 I . __ ___ 1__.50 0.- 1 I_06 /23H1_1_12_I_3 0_._ L_1__ I _. . I_ 56.9 I 7.0 I .7 1.I 0.00 I 0 14 I 5 I I 67.7 I _ I 500 I I 06/23/71 1 12 1 40 _I _1 __I l_ 50.5 I. 6 8 I_.7.3 I__p.00_I.._0.16_I__.5 I I 61. 7 _ I __ . __ L._500._1 1_D6/23H 1_I_12_1 50__I_ L _I I 36.2 I 6. 9 I 7.2 I 0.22 I 0.16 I 4 I I 61.0 I
- 1__500. _ I 1_06 /23U 1_ L12_I 60_ L_1.__I. _I 48.0 I 6.7 I_ 7.1 I 0.00 1 0.03.1 4 I I 57.7 I I 500_ v I 06/23D 1 I 12_I 70 1 1 I .__1. _47. 6..I 6.5.I _7.1 I 0.16 I .0.05.1 _ 4 _I I .56.0.I_ _,
I 500.___1 1_06/23H 1 1 12_I_ SO _ L_1_1_.__ _ _ I . .47.8 I 60I 7.1 I 0.2s I 0.11 I _ 5 I I 51.7 I I _500. _ I 1_06/23/71_1_12_I 90_.I__1 _ I. .__ I 47.5 I 6.2 I 7. 2 I 0.00 I 0.11 I 4 I I 53.4 I I MQ a_1 1_D6_/23HLL.12 1 100__1 1 I___ _ __! __47.5 I 6. 5 I _ 7. 8 . I 0.47 I 0.03 I__ 6 I _I 56.0 I_____ I __500. __ I I_04 /2 3U 1_I _12_I __110_I__I _ _ L _ _ _ _I _ 47.5 I 61I 7.2 I 0.69 I 0.Os I e I I 52.5 I l 1 1 I L._ __ I I I ..._I_. . I I_ I I I I I .. I I 500. I I 07 /27/ 71 I 9 I 1__ L _ L __I _ _9 ,3 _I 75.5_1. 6,9.I_ 7,3_I I__ _ ___I__ _ _ I .__I_ s),2 I I_._500. _ I I_07/27/71_I 9 I_10_I __ 1_ I _ I __72.0 . I 6.7_I..7.3_I _ I. I_ I I . 7s ,0. I . . _ _ _ I 500. I I 07/27/71 I 9 I 20 I 1 I I 65.0 I 5. 4 I 7.3 I. I I .I_ I Se,2_I I 500. I LOZ/ZTH LI 9 I 30 I 1 I l_ _59.5 I 4 7_I _7 3_I_ _ I . . _ __ I _ . . 1 .I .47.2_I __ I_500 I I 07/27/71 I 9 I 40 I_1 I I 58.0 I 4.4 I 7.2 I I .__I ,I I _43.3.I____ _ l_500 e___ I I_07/27/71_I 9 I 50 _I_ 1 _ I_. _ ___.I _ 53.5 I 5. 4 I __7. 3 I_ .I I I. I 54.2 I _ _ _._ I 500. I LOT /27/_71 I 9 I 60 1 1 I I_ s h 0 J ._ 3 1_I __7.2 _I_ _____ _I _ _ _I _ ___ I _ . ___I _ ZO.4 _I I 500,___I LO7/27/7 LI 9 _ I _70__I_L_ I ____i._ 52.a I 2.2_I 7 2_I. I .I___.I . I . 20,3 I __ l__ _300,_1. I 07/27/7 LI 9 I s0_I__1__I I 52.1 I 1.9 I 7,3 I_ I I . _. .I I 17,5 I _ _ _ I 500. I I 07_f27/71 I 9 I 90 I I I I 52.1 I 2.5 I 7.2 I I I I I 23,)_I I 500. I I 07/27/71 I 9 I 1 00 I 1 I I 51.5 I 2. 6 I .7.2.I I I I I. 23,5 I_,.___ l I I I I I I l___ _I _ I._..I.... I . _ I .._ . _ I I ___._I _ I 500 I 1 06/25HLL10_I 1 1 1 I
- 19. Q__L_79. LL 7. 0_I_7.4._ I _0. 00 I _0.11_ L _3 . I _ _ I e7.L I I 500e_._ I Los/n!7t_!_lo_! _ 10 I 1 ! _ __ I __.7s. 2 I _6. 9 I ._7.4. I . 0. 0f' I 0.16 I. _1 I .I e4.2 . I . . _ .
L_500,_I .I Os/25/7LI 10 1 20 I 1__I_ _ ____..I_ 77.s I 7.3_I_ 7.5 I. 0 12 I. 0.22_I. 2.I_ I a9.I.I _ I 500 I I 09 /25/71 1_1g_I 30 1 1_I I__76,0_I_ 4.)_I _ 7,5_I_ 0.19 I_ 0 19_I___ 2 _I_____.I ,49,4 I L_500, _._ [ I_08 /75/71_L10_I 40 _ I _ 1 I I 61.5 I 5.1 I 7.5 _ I 0.16 I 0.19 I _1 I I 52.3 I I _500. _ I I_0s /23/ 71_ L10_L__50_._I __.l ____L _ . I 52.1 I. 4.1 I 7. 5 I 0.16 I 0 14_I 1 I I 37, s I ._ __ _ I 500 I Los/2.5/.ILI 10 I 60 I 1 I I__51.0_I _3,8_3._7.5_I_ 0,2s I_.0,14_1__ 1. _I _____I _34.4.I I 500,_ _ I I_0s/25/7 LI_10 I 70 1 1 I_ _.I 50.9.I. 4.1 I 7.5 I_ 0.37 I 4.22 I_ 1 I I 37,2 _ I __ _ _ __ . I 500. I I _O s /2 5/.71_ L10_I_a0_ _ I 1 I I 49.9 I 3. s I 7. 5 I 0.00.I_ 0.os.I__I_ I. I 34.4 I. I 500 I I 08/2_5/71 I 10 I _ 90 I . 1 I L_4_9,9_ I 3. 9_ I 7 5 _.L. O. 3 7 _I ._0,3 5__ I___2 _._I __ . _ I 35. 3 _ I ___. _ _ L _500,_ I I __04 /12/.IL L10_ L_100__ I _1__ I __ ____ _. _ I_49. 5. I 3. 5 I 75 I_ 0.47 I. 0.52 I _J_I I 30.9 I I 1_ ___ __I I I _ I _ _. I __ _ I __ _ I .I I_ .I I_ I I I____. ] __ ___ _._. _ __ _. . _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ . . _ . . i .
WalfA RESFARCH OAIA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I _I I. l Hi T Ihh I T7tH- I l'A TF I HA I OLPTH I PFC. I SECCPI I itwP I 0/0 I PH I MN I FE I TUR8 I BOD 1 1 D/O I I M l. I HIASY I MO 4A YH I I I TYPE I l'I S K I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I
.I I---------l-------l---------I----l-- I--- - I - I -- - I ---- I -I -I I I--- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I sa . I I 17/15/7T I 11 I 1 I I I I 53.3 1 6. 7 I 6. 8 I 0.50 I 0.41 I 3 I 0.6 I 61.9 I I sal. I I 17 /16/ F0 I 11 I 10 I I I I 53.0 I 71 I 6. 8 I 0.50 I 0.27 I 3 I I 65.6 I I 5 0. . I I 12 /15 / 7C I 11 I 20 I I I I 53.0 I 7.1 I 6.8 I 0.50 I 0.19 I 3 I I 65.6 I I 4' ~. I I 1)/16/7' I 11 1 3) I I I I 53.0 1 7.1 I 6.8 1 0.31 I 0.27 I 3 I I 65.6 I i 511. I I 12/15/70 I 11 I 40 I 1 I I 51.0 I 7. 0 I 6. 8 I O.77 I 0.41 I 3 I I 64.6 I I L '. . I ! !!/15/ Fr i 11 I 30 I I I I 53.C I 4. 3 I 6. 6 I 1.06 I 0.68 1 4 I I 19.7 I I i$ . I I 17/15/77 I 11 I 6'e I 1 I I 52.9 I 0.1 I 6. 4 I 2 26 I 1.50 I 13 I I 0.9 I I sal. I I 12/15/70 I 11 I 70 I I I I 51 1 I 01 I
' 6. 4 I 2.71 I 2.04 I 13 I I 0.9 I I SM. I I 12/15/ 7c I 11 I 63. I 1 I I 51.1 I 0.0 I 6. 4 I 2.48 I 2.45 I 13 . I I 0.0 I I %' . I I 12/l%/F' I 11 I 98 I 1 I 51.1 I 0.0 I 9 I I i 6. 4 I 2.81 I 2 64 I I 0.0 I M. I I 12/15/T0 t 11 I 103 I I I I $0.9 I 0. 0 I 6. 5 I 2.59 I 2.37 I 8 I I 0.0 1 I v s. 1 I 12/15/ 7S I 11 1 110 1 I I I 50.9 I 0. 0 I 6.5 I 2.87 I 3.13 1 6 I _ I .. 00I i s- I I 17/15/7' I 11 I 1 24 I I I I 5.1. 9 I '?. 0 1
. 6.5 I 2.71 I 3.24 I 7 I I 0.0 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ST '. I I 02/74/71 I 12 I I I I I 6.0 I 46.2 1 10.6 I 6. 9 1 I 50 . I 0.47 I 0.22 I 4 I .I_ 89 1 I I "?/74/71 I 12 I 5 I I I I 45 1 I I I I I I ___ I I I 5.7 . I I 02/24/71 I 12 I 10 I I I I 44.9 I 10.6 I 7.2 I 0.34 I 0.16 I 3 I I 89.1 I I 5&' . I I 17/24/Tl I 12 I 15 I I I I 44.3 I I I I I .,1.._
_ l. . _I I SN. I I 2/74/71 I 12 I Pc I I I I 44 1 1 10.4 I 7.0 I 0. 31 I 0.16 I_ 3I I 85.3 I I s it . I I 07/74/75
- 12 I 25 I 1 I I 44.1 I I I I I I I I I SM. I I 02//4/71 1 12 I 30 I I I I 44.0 I 10.5 I 8. 3 1 i
0.62 1 0.38 I 3 _I_ _I. 86.1.I _ 500. I I 07/74/71 1 12 I 35 I 1 I I 44 0 I I T I I I I I I 66 . I I 07/74/71 1 12 1 40 I I I I 44.0 I 10.2 I I 90
- 7. 4 I 0.22 I 0.16 I 4 I I 83.6 I I I 0?/24/TI I 12 I 50 I I I I 44.0 1 10.2 1 7.2 I O.22 I 0.38 I 4 I I 83.6 I I VO. I I "2/74/71 I 12 I o' I I I I 43.3 I 10.1 I 7.2 I 0.28 1 0.24 I 3 I I 82.8 I I 517 I I 12/74/T1 I 12 I 70 I 1 I I 42.8 I 10.1 I 7.1 I 1.62 I 1.52 I 26 I I 84.5 I I s. I I 02/24/71 1 12 I 83 I I I I 43.6 I 10.1 I 7.1 1 0.78 I 0.60 I 10 I I 82.8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~I ^'I 'I ~~ I I W. I I C4 /77/ 71 I 16 I I I I I 10.0 1 64.1 I 9.21 7.1 1 0.00 I O.22 I 4 I I 99.3 I I sSJ, I 5 I I I I I I 04 /2 F/ 71 I 16 I 63.6 I I 0.00 I I 4 I I I I ser. 1 I 04 / 7 7/ 71 I 16 I le I I I I 62.5 I 9. 2 I 7.1 I 0.69 I 0.24 I 4 I I 97.2 I I s 'v. I I 04 /)7/ FI i 16 I IS I 1 I I 67.0 I I I 0.00 I I 4 I I I I %20 I I e4 /27/ TI I 16 I 20 I I I I 60.0 I 7.2 I O. 30 1
- 9. 2 I 0.14 I 4 I I 92.5 I I 30 0. I I 04 /2 F/71 i 16 I 25 I I I I 52.% I I I I
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- 3. 0 I 0.00 I 0.16 1 4 I I 68.9 I I 500 I I 04//7/71 I 16 I 63 I I I I 47.1 1 9. 3 I 7.0 I O.06 I 0.14 I 4 I I 68.9 I i 'v. I I t% /
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- - - - - - - ~~~-- -- --
I I .______1 1 __ I I I _ . 1 ..I I I I I_ I _I I I STATION 1 TRIM- I 091F I HR I 0FPTH I REC. I S ECC HI I TEMP I 0/0 I PH I MN I FF I TUH B I 800 I E D/0 I I M1. I UTAkV I MO M Yk I I I TYPE I CISK 1 I I I I I I I I I I _I_ I _I. I I I I I
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- I I 607 I I 09/78/71 I 09 1 10 I I I I I s'O. I 76.8 I 7. 4 I 7. 3 I O.00 I 0.14 I 2 I I 90.2 I I 09/79/71 I 09 l' ~ 70 I I I I 76.5 1 7. 2 I 7. 2 I 0.00 I 0.22 I 3 __ I . I 87.9 I 1 5t". 1 I 05/?e/71 I o9 I 3a I I I I 61.8 I 6.7 I I
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I W. I I 09/) A/71 I 79 I 9') I 1 I I 48.1 I 0.1 1 72 I 1.90 I 0.73 1. 8__I _ I _0.6 I ___I._ 0 8 I. I 500. I I 09/14/71 I 09 I 100 1 1 I I 49.1 I I I
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- 7. 3 I 7. 3 I 0.00 I C.11 I
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I iTATION I Twth- I CATE I HR I OEPTH I H f- 0, I S f CC HI I TFMP I D/n I PH I MN I FE I I I I I I I I I M. I UTARY I Ma DA YR I I .I TYPF I CISK I I I I I I 1 - I I I I I I _. I , I_ I I I I-- = I -- - - - - I - -- - -- - I -- - - I - -- ! - I I - I - -- I- I -I I- I --- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I 3 I . I I -. __ I _ l.__. I _ _ . _ l. ..I .I 0.95 I 6 I I 7.9 I I 501. I I 11/2?/71 I 15.I _ 70 I _1. I I 48.9 I 0.9 I 6. 6 I 1.25 I 80 .I. 1 I 6. 6 I_ l.59 I. l.33 I 7 I I 7.0 I I 501. I I 11/7?/71 1 15 I I 48.2 I 0. 8 I I 6.7 3 1,65.l_),47 I R I _7
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I I I II /? ?/7 4 1 15 I I 11/? ?/ 71 I 15 I 100 I 1 90 I.. 1 _I I I I 48,0 48.0 I I 0, 9 I 1.0 1 6. 6 I 1.78 I. 1.52 I 10 I I 8.6 I I I I I I ' I _ I I I I I I I I I ~ I __. _ .. I _ 501. .. _ I . _ . _ I I?/l.4/71 I__ _ l. l~ . I_ L ~ ..! 6.5 1. 53,$ I s,4 I 6. 9 I 1.12.I. o.19 I 3 J _ f ._ 79 7 I . I 10 I I I I 51.1 1 8.2 I 6.7 I 0. 81 1 0 19 I 3 I__.- I 74.4 I I 5't. I I 17/14/71 I I 501. I I 12/14/T1 I I 20 I 1 I I 50.9 1 8.1 1 6. 9 1 0 90 I 0.11 1 3 1-_ _ I 73.5 I
- 1 501. 1. _ .I.L2/14/71 I I 30. 1. _1 _ . I I 50.5 1 7. 6 I 7. 0 1 0.97 I 0.19 1 3 _ l- 1_ 68.9 1 _
I 5.31 7.0 1 0.94 I _ D.24 .1 3 .I --_I 48=1 I I 521. I I 12/14/71 I I 40 .1 1 1 .50 2 I i 501. I i 12/14/71 1 I .50 1 1 I I 50 2 1 6. 6 I 7. 0 I 1.00 1 .0.27 I. 4 1- I- 59.9.1 _1 . 6 0 . _1. 1 I I 50.1 1 .1.19_1.. D.33 I. .4 1.- ..l 58.D_I_.
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I M t. I I 17/14/71 I I 7J I 1 I I 49.9 1 6.1 I 7. 0 I 1,401.0,301. I 598 I I 17/14/71 I I 80 I I I I 49.8 I 5. 9 I 7. 0 I 1 34.I_ 0.41 1. 4 1. _ i 53 5 I.- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I 501. I I I2/14/71 I ._ I 90_ I . l. I J. 49.5 I 57I 6. 9 I 1 56_I__Oa 54 I- .i I _ __ _ I 4 5
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___-__~ l .J I I I e I I I I I . I I I I 1 _ I ,SlaTION I TRIR _.I _DA II .I PR_ .. l_ DE P TH . I R E C. I SECCHI I TFMP I 0/0 I PH I MN I FE _] TUR8_I 800__.I t 0/0 I ___ _ . _ I NO. I UTARY .I MO DA YR.I. I I TYPE 1 OISK 1 I I I .I _I I _I. I
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_I 501,0__I I_02/22!T2 I_13_1 5 0__.. I _ _1 _ _ ! _ _ _ _ I _46,0_I_ 9.8.I__T,1 I 0. 37_ L_0,14_t 5_I I_ 32,3_I I 501.0 I _ _ _ I 02 /2 2/ 7 2. I 13_I 60 I 1 I I..46.0 1 10.0 I. 6.3 I 0.37 I O.16 I 6 I {__84.0_I _ I_ 501.0 I I 02/22/72 I 13 I 70 I 1 I I 46,0 I 9. 7 _ I . 3.3.I .0.41 I 0.22 I 6 I _ l __81. 5 .1.__ _ __ I 501.0 I I 02/22/72 I 13 I 80 I I I I 46.0 I 9. 8 I 5.7 I 0.22 1 0.33 I 6 I I 82.3 I I 501.0 I I 62/22/72 I. 13 I 93 _ I 1 I _ I 46. 0 _ I 9. 4 I 6.6 I 0.31 I 0.05 I 6 I I 80.7 I I 501.0 I I 02/27/72 I 13 I . 100 I 1 I I 46.0 I 9.6 . 7. 2 1 0.22 I 0.14 1 4 I I 80.7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I 501.0 I I 03/30/72 I 14 I 1 I 1 I 13.5 I 52.0 I 10.4 I 7.1 I 0.16 I 0.14 I 3 I 0.7 I 96.0 I I 501.0 I 10 I -I 50.9 I 10.5 I 7. 2~~I - 0.00 I~~0.14 I I I 96.2 I II 03/30/72 03/30/72 I I'14'I 14 I ~~20~~1I ~ 11-~'I 4~I
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_ . . _ . _ _ . _ _ . __ . . _ _ . _ WATER RESEARCH DATA . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _
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I I I I I I _I I I 1 . I I I I I I SIATION I TRIP- I CATF I HR I 0FPTH I HFC. II _SECCHI_I . TtMP I D/O I PH s MN .I..FE I .TUR B I BOD I T D/0 I I NH. I UTARY I MO 0 % YR I .I .I TYPF I OISK I I I I I I. _I. I I I I I I I _ _ I I I I I I I I I I I _ g________g_______g________g____g_ g ___ _ g = _- g _g__ ___g g _g- g __ _ g g I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 567 I ~ I 02/74/71 I 14 I I I I I 7.5 I 48.0 I 10.7 I 7.1 I 0.75 I 0.27 I 4 I I 92.2 1 g\ I~ .I' I 502. I 02/24/71 l ' 14 [ I' ' . ~ 5~ .I _1 I. I 47.8 I I I .I. .I'^ [I I __ I 507. . I I 07/24/71 I 14 I 10 I I I I 46.1 I 10.8 I 7. 0 I 0.22 I 0.19 I .4 I I _.90.7 I I 542. .I I O2/24/71 I.14 I 15 .I 1 I _ _ _I. 46.1 I I I .. _ _. I _ _ I_ ._ I _ . I_ l ____ ._ _I 502. I_ I 02 /?4/71 I 14 I 20 I 1 _I I 46.0 I 10.7 I 7. 0 I 0.22 I. 0.14.I__ 4_ I .I _89.9 I _ _ I 507. I I 02/74/71 I 14 I 25 I I I I 45.9 I I I I I I I I I sn ?. I I n2/74/ Tl I 14 I 30 1 1 I I 45.5 I 10.7 I 7.1 1 0.25 I 0.27 I 4 I I 89.9 I I 507, I___ I 07/74/F1 I 14 I 35 I I I i 44.9 I I _I. . l _ _ _ _ _. . I _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ I . _ _ _ _ I .. ._ _ _ _. .l_ 502.__ I __.___ I.02/24/71 I 14_I___40__I _1__1 ..__._l 44.1 I 10 6 I 7.0 I _ 0.ll_I _ D.14 1 4._ I I__._66.9 I __ ____ i 5o 7. I I 02/24/71 I 14 I 59 I . 1. I _ I 44.0 I 10.6 I 7. 0 _ I 0 19 I.. 0.33_I__.4 _I __._ _ I _86 9 I___ __ I 502. I I 02/24/71 I 14 I 60 .I. 1 I I 44.0 I 10.5 I 7. 0 I 0.28.I _ 0.41_I- +. I ___ _ I_ 86 1 I. _ _ _ _ _ . . _ .. I _ . 5 N . .__I __ _._ I 02/24/71 I 14 1. 70..I _I_ I . _I__.44 0 I.10.5 I 7 0 .I . _D. 25 _I _0 19_I 4 I ._._ ___I _ 6 6. l _ I _. . 1 I 53 ). I I n2/24/71 1 14 I 80 I I I I 44.0 I 10.4 I 7.J I 0.53 I 0.41 I 4 I I 85.3 I I 507. I I 02/24/71 I 14 I 90 I 1 I I 44.0 I 10.1 I 6.9 I 0.34 I 0.33 I 5 I I 82.8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I sr ?. I I H3/31/TI I 11 I I I 1 I 9.0 I 51.0 I 10.1 I 7. 2 I 0.00 I O.22 I 4 I I 91.6 I I 507 I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 5 I I I I 49.7 I I I I I I I I I %3?. I I 03/11/71 I 11 I 10 I I I I 48.9 I 7. 3 I 7.1 I 0.00 I 0.11 I 4 I I 64,5 I I 502. I ! 03/31/71 I 11 I 15 I 1 I I 48.1 I I I .I I I I I i 56 7. I I D3 /31/71 I 11 I 20 I I I I 47.5 I 10.1 I 7.1 I 0.00 I 0.14 I 4 I I 87.0 I
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I 502. I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 25 I~~ I I I 47.3 I I I I I I I I
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I 507. I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 3C s 1 I 47.0 I 10.3 I 7. I ' I 0.00 I 0.14 I 3 I I 88.7 I I 507. I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 35 I 1 I I 47.0 I I I I I I I I I 502. I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 40 I 1 I I 46.9 I 10.3 I 7. 0 I 0.00 I 0.03 I 3 I I 88.7 I I 507 I I n3 /31/71 I 11 I 50 I I I I 46.5 I 10.0 I 7.1 I O.06 I 0.03 I 4 I I e6.1 I I 507 I I 03/41/71 I 11 I I 1 I I 9. 9 I 7.1 I 0.09 I 0.16 I 3 I I 83.2 I I 50 ?. I I 03/11/71 I 11'I 60 70 ~ I 1 'I' I ~ 46.0 46.2 II 9.9 1 7.1 I' O.09'I 0.05 I 3 I I 83.2 I I 507. I I n3 /31/ 71 I 11 I Ba I I I I 46.0 I 9. 7 I 7.1 I 0.09 1 0.08 I 4 I I 81.5 I I 502 I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 90 I I I I 46.0 I 9.4 I 7.0 I 0.00 I O.11 I. 4 _I I 79.0 I _. I 597 I I 03/31/71 I 11 I 100 I I I I 46.0 I 9.4 I 7. 0 I 0.12 I 0.95 I 12 I I 79.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SA ?. I I 04 /? T/ 71 I 17 I I I I I 10.0 I 65.5 I 9.4 I 6. 8 1 0.00 I 0.11 I 6 1 I 101.4 I I ~ I 507. I I 04/27/71 I 17 I 5 I I I I 64.1 I I I 0.00 I I I I ~ I 507. I I 04/?7/71 I 17 I 10 I I I I 63.0 I 9. 2 I 6.8 1 0.00 I C.14 I 6 I I 97.2 I I 50 I I 04 /7 7/ T I I 17 I 15 I 1 I .I 61.5 I I I 0.00 l_ I. I. _I I I _ 5 0 7. _ I _ _ I . 4,4 /2 7/ 7 I I 17 I 20 I 1 I I 58.0 I 9.1 I 6.9 I J.00 I 0.11 I _.6 I I 89 d I _ _ _ _ I 537 I __ I 04/77/11 I 17 I 25 I I I I 51.5 I I I C.00 I I I I I '~ I 5D?. I I 04 // 7/ 71 I IT I 30 I I I I 48.9 I H. 9 I 6. 7 I 0.00 I O.19 I 6 I I 78.6 I 35 'I
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_ _ . __ ___. __ . _ _ ____ _ . W A T ER _ PE S E A R CH D AT A ._ _ _ _ _ . . . . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ I _ _. _ I STATION I T R I It .- . I
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_I 502.. I I 06/2 V71 I 10 I_ 80__ I I I I 45.1 I 6. 8 I 7. 0 I . 0. 0 3 I 0.03 I 3..I _ _ I_.57.1 I , I 5' 2. I I 06/2 3/71 I 10 I 90 I 1 1 I 45.0 I 7.1 I 6.8 I 0.12 I 0.05 I .
- I - I. 59.6 I I 537 I I 06/21/71 I 10 I 500 I 1 I I 45.0 I 7. 0 I 6. 8 I 0.00 1 1.41 I 43 I 0.6 I 58.8 I
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I 503. I I 17/l*/F1 I 16 I 40 I I I I 51.5 I 7. 5 I 6.9 I O.47 I D.16 I ~ 4 l' I' 68.0 I I 5%. I I 12/14/71 1 16 I 50 I' 1 I I 51.1 I 7.1 I 6. 7 I C.12 IO.41-I " 23 ' I I 64.4I I I 531 504 I I I 12/l4/71 I 16 I I 17/14/71 I 16 I 60 70 I I I 1 I I I I 51.0 1 7. 3 I 6.7 1 0.00 I 0.68 I 23 ~ 1[ ~ _I. 66.2 I 50.n I 7. 9 I 6. 7 I 0.09 1 0.92 I 33 I I 71.7 I I sr g. I I 12 /14/ T 1 I 16 I RO I 1 I I 48.9 I 7. 6 I 6.9 I 0.97 I 1 93 I 135_I. ___I 67.1 I I 504 I I 12/14/71 I 16 I 90 I I I I 48.5 I 7.7 I 6.9 I 0.75 I 2.64 I 65 _ I _ __ _ i 68.0,I __ I I . I I I I I I I I I _I _ . I _ _ ._ _ _ I __ _ I _I _ . . _ I I I I I I I I I I I _I I _ I _ . _. . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I .__I .I I I I I I I I I I I I I _ _ __ I _ I._.. _ _I___ ._. .I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I _..I I _ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I_ i .I I I _._ I I I I I I I I I .I. I I 1
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.I 503.0 I. I.02/22/72 I 13.I- 10 .I 1 I I 46.0 I 10.9 I 7. 2_ I _0 19 I_._. 0.14 1 __4._ I _ _ ._ _ I _91. 6 I__
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.I 03/10/72 1 15_I _.10_..I 1 I .I 524 I.10.3_I 7,1._ I 0.28 5 _ .0.0$_ I _ _ 2. I I_95.1 1_ _ __
I 503.0 I I 03/30/72 I 15 I 20 I 1 I _ I...52.0 I 10.2 I_ 7. 2._ I 0.00 I__0.11_I._ _4 . I _ ___ _ I _ 94. 2_ I _ _ .. L 50 % d _I ._ _ ___._ I _03 /3 0/ 7 2_ I . lL I 3 0__ I __1.. _ l _ _ . _ ] 50.0 I 9.9 I 7, 3 I 0.06 I 0,05 1 2 I i_89,8 l I 503.0 I .I 03/10/72 I 15 I. 40 I 1 I I 49.9 I 9.9 I 7.2 I 0.28 I 0.14 1 3 I_ I.._89.8 I I 503.0 I _ _ i _ 03 /3 0/ 7 2_ I 15.I_._50 _I__1_ I I 47 0 I 9.4.I_ 7.0_I _0,12 l__0.10.I_ ___3_ I _ __ I ._81.0 I
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l 503.0 1 _..I 04/24/72 I 15 I_ 10 I1 ._I _I _ 64.5.I. 9.1_ I 7.4 _ I _ 0.16 I _ ,0 11 I __ 4 _ I . I_ 98.2.I _ __ I 503.0 I I 04/24/ 72 I 15 I 20 1 1 1 I 61.0 I 9. 4 I 7. 4 I 0.16 I 0.14 I 4 I I 96.4 I _ _ _ _ ._ I. _50 h o . I .__.I 04/24/72 I 15 I 10 I __1_ _._ I I 54.9 I 9.2 I 7. 4 I 0.25 I 0.08 I 4 I I 87.3 I I 504.0 I 9 04/24/72 I 15 I 40 I 1 I I 52.2 I 9. 3 I 7.3 I 0.25 1 0.19 I 4 I I 85.9 I I 50 3.0 I _ I 04/24/72 I 15_I 50 _I. l _. I _ I 50.9_I _8. 9 I 7. 2 I _ O. 34 I __ 0.19_ I _4_ i_.___ _I _80,7_I _. ._.I 503.0 1. LM /2 4/ 7 L! ._I_LL_ 60__I _ L_ I ___. _I ___5 0 t 0._ L _9. 0 . I 7,2_I_.0.28 I 0.08_I 4_I 1 _83,6_t I %D i. 0 I _ . I . 04 /2 4/ 7 2_ I .15 _ f . 70 .I. 1 I I_ 49.8 I 8. 5 I 7.2 1 2.03 I 0.68.I 19 I I 77,1.1 1 50 3. G I I 04/24/72 I 15 I 80 I 1 I I 49.0 I 8.6 I 7. 2 I 0.34 I 0.35 I 23 I I 76.0 I _ l. 50.h 0 .I L O4/24/72_I_1_5_ I 90 I I _I_ __.__._I 4 8,8_ L._9. 0_I 7,.3 I 0.78 . I 0.24 I 23 I l__ r9. 5_ I ____ I I .I . I I I_ _. _ I _ . I I I I -. I I I I _ _._ _ _ _ I _ . __ _ i _503.0 .l. ___ I 06 /22/72. I 14_I 1 _ l ___1____ I _ 31 0_ l ._ 74. 5_ L . Q. 4 I ... 7. 0 I 0. 00 I _. 0.08 I _ ._4_ I _ __ L101. 3 . I 28
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WATER RESEARCH DATA I l_. . I I I . . I I I I I I I I l .. .I .. I I STATION I TRI8b I CA TE I HP I DFPIH I RfC. I SECCHI I TEMP I D/O I PH I MN I FE I TUP 8 I BOD _ I
- 0/0 I I N. I. I HTAkY I MO d4 YD I I I 1YPF I CISK I I I I I I I I I I I_ l I I I I I I I I I__ I I I I I---------I-------I---------l----l--- I- I ----- I -I- --I -I -I I- I -1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I _l I I I I I I .I_. .
I .I I. I. _____. I 50 1.' I I 16/72/77 I 14 I 10 I 1 I I 74.2 I 8. 4 I 6.9 I 0.00 I 0.24 I 5 I I 99.0 I I 503.0 I I 06/27/F2 I 14 I 20 1 1 I I 74.0 1 8. 2 I 6. 9 I 0.00 I 0.30 I 4 I I 96.6 I I 501.0 I I 06/2?/77 I 14 I 30 1 I I I 73.5 I 7. 4 I 6. 9 I 0.25 I 0.11_I 4 __ I . !_ 87.2 I _ I 54 4.c I I 06/?2/72 I 14 I 40 I 1 1 I 72.0 I 6. 8 I 6.9 I 0.34 I 0.19 I 3 I I 79.2 I I 501.0 t I 06 /2 2/ 7 2 I 14 I _50 I I I I 69.2 I 6. 5 I 6.9 I 0.44 I 0.16 I 3 I _ I_ 72.4 I I 533. 0 1 I 06/2?/72 I 14 I 60 I._1 I I 60.1 I 6. 7 1 6. 8 I 0.?S I 0.14 I 3 I I 67.3.I. . _ _ I 531.4 I I 06/77/72 I 14 I 70 1 1 I I 49.9 I 5. 4 I 6. 9 I 0.19 I _0.22 I. 3 I I 49.0 I. _ I 503.0 I I 06/22/72 I I4 I a0 I I I I 49.0 I 6. 2 I 6. 8 I 0.22.1._0.35 I._. 3 I ._._I 54.8 I_ _ _ _ I 593.0 I _ .I 06/22/72 1.14 I 90 I I I I 49.0 I 621 6. 7 I 0.41_I .0.19.I _3 _I_ _ __I._.54 6.I__ _ l 5 ) 3. 6 I I 96/22/72 I 14 1 100 I 1 I I 48.9 I 6. 2 I 6.7 I 0 34.I. 0.24.1. 23 .I_ . I_54.6 I I I I I I I I I I I I .__.I. I .. I _ _ _ I . _. . _ I.
. _ . . I 'to l. 0 _ I - 1 07/26/72 I I4_I 1 .I I I 11.0 I 86.0 I 7. 7 I 7. 2 I _ 0. 00 I _ .0. 3 L I __ J _I I_103.9_I____ __
I 50 3. L I - I 07/26/72 I 14 I la I 1 I I 84.8 I 8. 0 I 7. 3 I 0.00 I 0.14.I 4 I I 105.1 I I 533.1 I I 07/26/72 1 14 I 20 I 1 I I 73.0 I 10.2 I 7. 2 I 0.00 I _ 0. 2 7 I 4 I _.__I.120.2.I__ _ I ** 1. 4 I I 07/?6/72 I I4 I 30 I 1 I I 52.0 I 6. 0 I 6. 9 I 0.34 I 0.22 I 3 I I 55.4 I I 5- 1. . I I P7/26/72 I 14 I en I 1 I I 58.6 I 5. 5 I 6.7 I O.25 I 0.22 I 4 I I 54.2 1 , I S 12. 9 I I 07/?6/7? I 14 I 50 I I I I 53.0 I 4.8 I 6. 6 I 0.25.I 0.14 I 3 I, __I 44.3_I I 54 1.0 I I 07 /26/ 72 I 14 I 60 I 1 I I 50.0 I 4. 7 I 6. 6 , I 0.34 1 0.14 I 3 I I 42.6 I I 503. ' I I 07/26/72 I 14 I 70 1 1 I I 49.0 1 4. 8 I 6.6 I 0.28 I. 0.22 I 3 I .. I ._ 4 2. 4 I_ I 504.4 I I 07/26/72 1 14 I 80 I I I I 48.5 I 4.8 I 6. 7 I 0. 31 1 0.24 I 3 I I 42.4 I I 5 91. ') I I 07/76/72 I 14 I 90 I 1 I I 48.1 I 4.4 I 6. 6 I 0.50 I 0.08 I 4 I I 38.9 I I 5^'." I I 07/26/72 I 14 5 100 I 1 1 I 48.1 I 4.3 I 6.6 I 3.50 I O.76 I 5 I I 38.0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SJ 4.0 I I I 1 I 17.0 I 83.0 1 7. 2 I 6. 9 1 0.00 1 0.11 I 2 I I 93.4 I I 08/79/72 18/79/77 II 14 I4 II ~ 10' I ~1 I I 48.0 I - - ~ ~ ~ - ~
~ ~ 'I ~~5r 1.i I "" i I 82.1 I 3. 7 I 6.6 I 'O.28 i' O.l! I 3 I I 503.0 I I 08/?9/72 I 14 I 70 1 1 I I 76.1 I 3. 2 I 6. 8 I 0.25 I O.22 I 2 I I I 0.19 I '0.08 -I 31.7 ' I ' ' ~
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I 564.3 ~I ~ I 08/29/72 I 14 I -j30 I ~ I I ~ I ~63.8 I 3. 0 I I 5 41. . . I'
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_ _ _. . _ . _ . . . WATfR RESEARCH DAIA l I ., I. I I I I I I I I I. I . I I . I I %TATION I TRIP- I DA Tt i HR I 0FI LH I REC. I STCCHI I T E pep I D/0 I PH I MN I FE I TURB I BOD I 10/0 I I No. I HTAPY I '90 04 YR I I I TYPF I CISK I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I---e-----I------I-------I----I--_. I- I -I I I -- - I -I I I- --I --I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
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