ML090340748
| ML090340748 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Watts Bar  |
| Issue date: | 12/18/2008 |
| From: | Tennessee Valley Authority |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| Download: ML090340748 (158) | |
Text
Table of Contents 11-i WATTS BAR WBNP-76 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 11.0 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT 11.1 SOURCE TERMS 11.1-1 11.1.1 Historical Design Model for Radioactivities in Systems and Components 11.1-1 11.1.1.1 Reactor Coolant Historical Design Activity 11.1-1 11.1.1.2 Volume Control Tank Historical Design Activity 11.1-2 11.1.1.3 Pressurizer Historical Design Activity 11.1-2 11.1.1.4 Gaseous Waste Processing System Historical Design Activities 11.1-2 11.1.1.5 Secondary Coolant Historical Design Activities 11.1-2 11.1.2 Realistic Model for Radioactivities in Systems and Components 11.1-2 11.1.3 Plant Leakage 11.1-3 11.1.4 Additional Sources 11.1-3 11.2 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-1 11.2.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 11.2-1 11.2.2 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS 11.2-1 11.2.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 11.2-5 11.2.3.1 Component Design 11.2-5 11.2.3.2 Instrumentation Design 11.2-11 11.2.4 Operating Procedure 11.2-11 11.2.5 PERFORMANCE TESTS 11.2-18 11.2.6 ESTIMATED RELEASES 11.2-18 11.2.6.1 NRC Requirements 11.2-18 11.2.6.2 Westinghouse PWR Release Experience 11.2-19 11.2.6.3 Expected Liquid Waste Processing System Releases 11.2-19 11.2.6.4 Turbine Building (TB) Drains 11.2-19 11.2.6.5 Estimated Total Liquid Releases 11.2-20 11.2.7 RELEASE POINTS 11.2-20 11.2.8 DILUTION FACTORS 11.2-20 11.2.9 ESTIMATED DOSES FROM RADIONUCLIDES IN LIQUID EFFLUENTS 11.2-21 11.2.9.1 Assumptions and Calculational Methods 11.2-21 11.2.9.2 Summary of Dose from Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents 11.2-23 11.3 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-1 11.3.1 Design Bases 11.3-1 11.3.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS 11.3-1 11.3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 11.3-3 11.3.3.1 Component Design 11.3-3 11.3.3.2 Instrumentation Design 11.3-3 11.3.4 Operating Procedure 11.3-4 11.3.5 Performance Tests 11.3-6 11.3.6 Deleted by Amendment 77 11.3-6
11-ii Table of Contents WATTS BAR WBNP-76 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 11.3.7 Radioactive Releases 11.3-6 11.3.7.1 NRC Requirements 11.3-6 11.3.7.2 Westinghouse PWR Experience Releases 11.3-6 11.3.7.3 Expected Gaseous Waste Processing System Releases 11.3-6 11.3.7.4 Releases from Ventilation Systems 11.3-7 11.3.7.5 Estimated Total Releases 11.3-7 11.3.8 Release Points 11.3-7 11.3.9 Atmospheric Dilution 11.3-8 11.3.10 Estimated Doses from Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents 11.3-9 11.3.10.1 Assumptions and Calculational Methods 11.3-9 11.3.10.2 Summary of Annual Population Doses 11.3-11 11.4 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-1 11.4.1 Design Objectives 11.4-1 11.4.2 Continuous Monitors 11.4-2 11.4.2.1 Liquid Monitors 11.4-2 11.4.2.2 Gaseous Monitors 11.4-4 11.4.3 SAMPLING 11.4-9 11.4.4 CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE 11.4-9 11.5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5-1 11.5.1 Design Objectives 11.5-1 11.5.2 System Inputs 11.5-1 11.5.3 Systems Description 11.5-1 11.5.3.1 Wet Active Waste Handling 11.5-1 11.5.3.2 Dry Active Waste Handling 11.5-3 11.5.3.3 Miscellaneous Waste Handling 11.5-4 11.5.4 Equipment Operation 11.5-4 11.5.4.1 Deleted 11.5-4 11.5.4.2 Mobile Solidification System (MSS) 11.5-4 11.5.5 Storage Facilities 11.5-4 11.5.5.1 Inplant Storage Area 11.5-4 11.5.5.2 Outside Radwaste Storage 11.5-5 11.5.6 Shipment 11.5-5 11.6 Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program 11.6-1 11.6.1 Expected Background 11.6-2 11.6.2 Critical Pathways to Man 11.6-2 11.6.2.1 Doses from Gaseous Effluents 11.6-3 11.6.2.2 Internal Doses from Liquid Effluents 11.6-3 11.6.3 Sampling Media, Locations, and Frequency 11.6-4 11.6.4 Analytical Sensitivity 11.6-4 11.6.5 Data Analysis and Presentation 11.6-4
Table of Contents 11-iii WATTS BAR WBNP-76 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 11.6.6 Program Statistical Sensitivity 11.6-4 11A TRITIUM CONTROL 11A.1 SYSTEM SOURCES 11A.1-1 11A.1.1 The Fission Source 11A.1-1 11A.1.2 Control Rod Source 11A.1-1 11A.1.3 Boric Acid Source 11A.1-1 11A.1.4 Burnable Shim Rod Source 11A.1-2 11A.2 Tritium Releases 11A.1-2 11A.3 Design Bases 11A.1-2 11A.4 Design Evaluation 11A.1-2 11A.5 Tritium Lead Test Assembly (This section to be provided at a later date) 11A.1-3 11A.6 Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR) Source (Unit 1 Only) 11A.1-3
11-iv Table of Contents WATTS BAR WBNP-76 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
List of Tables 11-v WATTS BAR WBNP-76 LIST OF TABLES Section Title Table 11.1-1 Parameters Used In The Calculation of Reactor Coolant Fission and Corrosion Product Historical Design Activities Table 11.1-2 Reactor Coolant Equilibrium Fission And Corrosion Product Historical Design Activities Table 11.1-3 Equilibrium Volume Control Tank Historical Design Activities Table 11.1-4 Pressurizer Historical Design Activities Table 11.1-5 Historical Design Inventory In The Gaseous Waste Processing System Single Unit Table 11.1-6 Parameters Used To Describe The Reactor Coolant System Realistic Basis Table 11.1-7 Specific Activities In Principal Fluid Streams Realistic Basis (Ci/gm)
Table 11.2-1 Liquid Waste Processing System Calculation Basis Table 11.2-2 Deleted by Amendment 89 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
Table 11.2-4 Deleted by Amendment 77 Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters Table 11.2-6 Radioactive Liquid Releases From Westinghouse Designed PWR Plants Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System* Prior to Treatment (Sheet 1of 3)
Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System*
Annual Discharge (Ci) After Processing - One Unit Operation (Sheet 2 of 3)
Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System*
Annual Discharge (Ci) After Processing - One Unit Operation (Sheet 3 of 2)
Table 11.2-7a Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Liquid Releases Concentration/ (Effluent Concentration Limit)
Table 11.2-7b Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Liquid Releases Concentration/ (Effluent Concentration Limit)
Table 11.2-8 Table Deleted By Amendment 42 Table 11.2-9 Table Deleted By Amendment 42 Table 11.2-10 Tennessee River Reaches Within 50 Mile Radius Downstream of WBN Table 11.2-11 Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Doses From Liquid Effluents For Year 2040 Table 11.3-1 Gaseous Waste Processing System Component Data*
Table 11.3-2 Gaseous Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters Table 11.3-3 Airborne Radioactive Noble Gas Releases For 1973 From Westinghouse Designed Operating Reactors Table 11.3-4 Bases Used In Calculating Expected System Activities and Releases From The GWPS
11-vi List of Tables WATTS BAR WBNP-76 LIST OF TABLES Section Title Table 11.3-5 Process Parameters And Expected Activities In Gaseous Waste System (Concentrations In Ci/Gm)
Table 11.3-5 PROCESS PARAMETERS AND EXPECTED ACTIVITIES IN GAS-EOUS WASTE SYSTEM (CONCENTRATIONS IN Ci/gm) (Cont'd)
Table 11.3-6 Expected Annual Releases From The GWPS - Per Reactor Unit Table 11.3-7 Deleted by Amendment 77 Table 11.3-8 Radioactive Gaseous Effluent Parameters Table 11.3-9 Radioactive Releases (Curies/Year/Reactor)
Table 11.3-9a Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Gas Releases Concentration/(Effluent Concentration Limit)
Table 11.3-10 Data On Points Of Interest Near Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Table 11.3-11 Deleted By Amendment 77 Table 11.3-12 Projected 2040 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles Of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Population Within Each Sector Element Distance From Site (Miles)
Table 11.3-13 Watts Bar Nuclear Plant-Individual Doses From Gaseous Effluents (For 2 Units)
Table 11.3-14 Summary Of Population Doses Table 11.4-1 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors - Liquid Media Table 11.4-2 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors Table 11.4-3 Locations For Gaseous Process And Effluent Radiation Monitor Indica-tors, Recorders, And Annunciators Table 11.4-4 Deleted by Amendment 49 Table 11.4-5 Process Monitors Check Source Description Table 11.5-1 Maximum Anticipated Annual Solid Radwaste To Be Processed Table 11.5-2 Estimated Major Nuclide Composition Table 11A.1-1 Tritium Sources In A Typical Wnes 4 Loop Reactor Operating At A Power Level Of 3582 MW(th) Curies/12 Full-Power Months At A 0.8 Load Factor Table 11A.1-2 Tritium Release For 1972 From Westinghouse Designed Operating Re-actors
List of Figures 11-vii WATTS BAR WBNP-91 LIST OF FIGURES Section Title Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Auxiliary Bldg & Reactor Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1)
Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 3)
Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 4)
Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Auxiliary & Cond Demin Waste Evaporator Bldg Units 1
& 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 6)
Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux & Cond Deminerlizer Waste Evaporator Bldg Units 1
& 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 7)
Figure 11.2-2 Process Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System Figure 11.3-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1 )
Figure 11.3-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1)
Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Sampling & Water Quality System (Sheet 3)
Figure 11.5-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System
11-viii List of Figures WATTS BAR WBNP-91 LIST OF FIGURES Section Title THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 11.0 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT 11.1 SOURCE TERMS The fission product inventory in the reactor core and the diffusion to the fuel pellet/cladding gap are presented in Section 15.1.7.
11.1.1 Historical Design Model for Radioactivities in Systems and Components This section and associated Tables 11.1-1 through 11.1-5 present results of the original Westinghouse Design Calculations using methodology in References [2] and
[3]. The results are presented as background and are superseded by calculations described in Section 11.1.2 and Tables 11.1-6 and 11.1-7.
11.1.1.1 Reactor Coolant Historical Design Activity The parameters used in the calculation of the reactor coolant fission product design inventories together with the pertinent information concerning the design reactor coolant cleanup flow rate and demineralizer effectiveness, are summarized in Table 11.1-1. The results of the calculations are presented in Tables 11.1-2 through 11.1-4.
In these calculations the defective fuel rods are assumed to be present at the initial core loading and to be uniformly distributed throughout the core; thus, the fission product escape rate coefficient are based upon average fuel temperature.
For fuel failure and burnup experience, see Section 4.2.1.3.3.
The fission product activities in the reactor coolant during operation with small cladding defects (fuel rods containing pin-holes or fine cracks) are computed using the following differential equations:
for parent nuclides in the coolant:
for daughter nuclides in the coolant:
symbols:
N = nuclide concentration D = clad defects, as a fraction of rated core thermal power being generated by rods with clad defects R = purification flow, coolant system volumes per sec.
Bo = initial boron concentration, ppm dNwi dt DviNci i
Ri B'
Bo t'B
+
+
Nwi
=
dNwj dt DvjNcj
Rj B'
Bo tB'
+
+
Nwj iNwi
+
=
11.1-2 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 B' = boron concentration reduction rate by feed and bleed, ppm per sec.
= removal efficiency of purification cycle for nuclide
= radioactive decay constant v = escape rate coefficient for diffusion into coolant t = elapsed time (seconds) since the beginning of cycle subscripts:
C = refers to core w = refers to coolant i = refers to parent nuclide j = refers to daughter 11.1.1.2 Volume Control Tank Historical Design Activity Table 11.1-3 lists the activities in the volume control tank using the assumptions summarized in Table 11.1-1.
11.1.1.3 Pressurizer Historical Design Activity The activities in the pressurizer are separated between the liquid and the steam phase and the results obtained are given in Table 11.1-4 using the assumptions summarized in Table 11.1-1.
11.1.1.4 Gaseous Waste Processing System Historical Design Activities The activities to be found in the Gaseous Waste Processing System are given in Table 11.1-5.
11.1.1.5 Secondary Coolant Historical Design Activities The secondary cleanup system design activities used for shielding design calculations are discussed in Subsection 12.2.1.5.
11.1.2 Realistic Model for Radioactivities in Systems and Components This section and associated Tables 11.1-6 and 11.1-7 present results which supersede the calculations in the previous sections. The Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rods (TPBARs) are designed and fabricated to retain all the tritium produced within the TPBAR. Since the TPBAR produced tritium is chemically bonded within the TPBAR, virtually no tritium is available in a form that could permeate through the TPBAR cladding. However, it is assumed that while operating with a Tritium Production Core (TPC), some of the tritium inventory in the TPBARs may permeate the cladding
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 material and be released to the primary coolant. The design goal for this permeation process is less than 1000 Ci per 1000 TPBARs per year. Thus a single TPBAR may release more than 1 Ci/year, but the total release for 1,000 TPBARs will be less than 1000 Ci/year. As the TPC will contain up to 2,304 TPBARs at WBN (Unit 1 only), the total design basis tritium input from the maximum number of TPBARs is 2,304 Ci/year into the Reactor Coolant System.
The parameters used to describe Watts Bar are given in Table 11.1-6 together with the nominal values given in ANS-18.1-1984. In order to obtain primary coolant activities, the correction formula from ANSI/ANS-18.1-1984 [1], was applied to the activities listed in Reference [1]. Secondary side water and steam activities were similarly obtained from the values given in Reference [1].
The specific activities for primary and secondary sides are calculated by ANSI/ANS-18.1-1984 [1] methodology and given in Table 11.1-7.
11.1.3 Plant Leakage As a necessary part of the effort to reduce effluent of radioactive liquid wastes, Westinghouse has been surveying various PWR facilities which are in operation, to identify design and operating problems influencing reactor coolant and nonreactor grade leakage and hence the load on a waste processing system. Liquid leakage sources have been identified primarily in connection with pump shaft seals and valve stem leakage.
Where packed glands are provided, leakage may be anticipated, while mechanical shaft seals provide essentially zero leakage. Valve stem leakage was experienced where the originally specified packing was used. A combination of a graphite filament yarn packing sandwiched with asbestos sheet packing is used with improved results in several plants. For Watts Bar the majority of the valves used are diaphragm valves.
This type of valve provides positive control stem leakage and is suitable for use as an isolation valve as well as a throttling valve.
Expected leakage rates of liquids to be treated in the liquid waste processing system are summarized in Table 11.2-1.
Total plant liquid and gaseous releases are discussed in Subsections 11.2.6 and 11.3.7, respectively.
11.1.4 Additional Sources During normal operation, the sources of radioactive material not normally considered part of the radioactive waste system are as follows:
(1)
Containment Purging System (2)
Turbine Gland Sealing System (3)
Main Condenser Evacuation System
11.1-4 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 (4)
Auxiliary Building Ventilation System (5)
Turbine Building Ventilation System (6)
Steam Generator Blowdown System Estimates for the release of radioactive materials from source: 1 through 5 (above) are presented in Section 11.3.7. The Turbine Gland Sealing System and the Turbine Building Ventilation System are released from a common vent and are thus considered as a single release. The release paths and transport mechanism for these sources of radioactive material are also presented in Section 11.3.8.
The Steam Generator Blowdown System (SGBS) is another source of liquid radioactive material that is not normally considered part of the radioactive waste system. The system description, release paths, and flow rates are presented in Section 11.2 and in Section 10.4.8. The release path that is of concern in evaluating the radiological consequences of liquid releases from steam generator blowdowns is the path to the river via the cooling tower blowdown line. This route is used primarily during startups, when non-radioactive impurity levels are higher than normal and when SGBS is bypassing the condensate demineralizers. The normal route for the blowdown liquid is to the Turbine Building, where it is cooled, and then routed to either the condensate system upstream of the condensate demineralizers or cooling tower blowdown lines or condenser hotwell. The discharge to the river will be monitored for radioactivity as specified in Section 11.4. An alarm in the Main Control Room will alert the operator of an increasing radioactivity level in the discharge. If the radiation setpoint is exceeded, the blowdown discharge will be automatically diverted to the condensate demineralizers. The basis for the setpoint is presented in Section 11.4.
References (1)
ANSI/ANS-18.1-1984, "Radioactive Source Term For Normal Operation of Light Water Reactors," December 31, 1984.
(2)
WCAP-8253, "Source Term Data for Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactors", Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230, April 1974.
(3)
WCAP-7664, R1 "Radiation Analysis Design Manual Loop Plant",
October 1972.
(4)
Westinghouse Electric Company, Evaluation of Waste Management Issues for Operation with a Tritium Production Core (TPC), October 2000.
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.1-1 Parameters Used In The Calculation of Reactor Coolant Fission and Corrosion Product Historical Design Activities (Page 1 of 2) 1.
Core thermal power, MWt
- 2. Clad defects, as a percent of rated core thermal power being generated by rods with clad defects
- 3. Reactor coolant liquid volume, ft3
- 4. Reactor coolant full power average temperature, °F
- 5. Purification flow rate (normal) gpm
- 6. Effective cation demineralizer flow, gpm
- 7. Volume control tank volumes a.Vapor, ft3 b.Liquid, ft3
- 8. Fission product escape rate coefficients:*
a.Noble gas isotopes, sec-1 b.Br, I and Cs isotopes, sec-1 c.Te isotopes, sec-1 d.Mo isotopes, sec-1 e.Sr and Ba isotopes, sec-1 f.Y, La, Ce, Pr isotopes, sec -1
- 9. Mixed bed demineralizer decontamination factors:
a.Noble gases and Cs-134, 136, 137 Y-90, 91 and Mo-99 b.All other isotopes including corrosion products
- 10. Cation bed demineralized decontamination factor for Cs-134, 136, 137, Y-90, 91, Mo-99 3565 1.0 11,781 588 75 7.5 240 160 6.5 x 10-8 1.3 x 10-8 1.0 x 10-9 2.0 x 10-9 1.0 x 10-11 1.6 x 10-12 1.0 10.0 10.0 Escape rate coefficients are based on fuel defect tests performed at the Saxton Reactor.
Experience at two plants operating with fuel rod defects has verified the listed escape rate coefficients.
11.1-6 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- 11. Volume control tank noble gas stripping fractions Stripping Fraction Isotope Kr-85 Kr-85m Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133 Xe-133m Xe-135 Xe-135m Xe-138 2.3 X 10-5 2.7 X 10-1 6.0 X 10-1 4.3 X 10-1 7.1 X 10-3 1.6 X 10-2 3.7 X 10-2 1.8 X 10-1 8.0 X 10-1 1.0
- 12. Boron concentration and reduction rates a.
Bo (initial cycle)
B' (initial cycle) b.
Bo (equilibrium cycle)
B' (equilibrium cycle) 860 3.0 ppm/day 1200 ppm 4.0 ppm/day
- 13. Pressurizer volumes a.
Vapor b.
Liquid 720 ft3 1080 ft3
- 14. Spray line flow 1.0 gpm
- 15. Pressurizer stripping fractions a.
Noble gases b.
All other elements 1.0 0
Table 11.1-1 Parameters Used In The Calculation of Reactor Coolant Fission and Corrosion Product Historical Design Activities (Page 2 of 2)
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-7 WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- Corrosion Product activities based on activity levels measured at operating reactors.
Table 11.1-2 Reactor Coolant Equilibrium Fission And Corrosion Product Historical Design Activities Isotope Activity Ci/gm Br-84 Rb-88 Rb-89 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-90 Y-91 Y-92 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Te-132 Te-134 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Cs-138 Ba-140 La-140 Ce-144 Pr-144 Kr-85 Kr-85m Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133 Xe-133m Xe-135 Xe-135m Xe-138 Mn-54*
Mn-56*
Co-58*
Co-60*
Fe-59*
Cr-51*
4.2 x 10-2 3.7 1.0 x 10-1 3.8 x 10-3 1.1 x 10-4 1.9 x 10-3 1.3 x 10-4 5.5 x 10-3 7.3 x 10-4 6.7 x 10-4 6.4 x 10-4 5.3 2.5 9.0 x 10-1 4.0 5.6 x 10-1 2.2 2.6 x 10-1 2.9 x 10-2 2.1 x 10-1 1.4 x 10-1 1.0 9.5 x 10-1 4.2 x 10-3 1.5 x 10-3 2.7 x 10-4 2.7 x 10-4 4.7 (Peak) 2.2 1.2 3.7 1.9 2.88 x 102 3.2 6.3 1.9 x 10-1 6.8 x 10-1 7.7 x 10-4 2.9 x 10-2 2.5 x 10-2 7.4 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-3 9.3 x 10-4
11.1-8 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.1-3 Equilibrium Volume Control Tank Historical Design Activities (Based on parameters given in Table 11.1-1)
Isotope Vapor activity (Curies)
Kr-85 Kr-85m Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133 Xe-133m Xe-135 Xe-135m Xe-138 7.6 5.6 x 101 2.2 x 101 1.1 x 102 8.8 x 101 1.4 x 104 1.5 x 102 2.5 x 102 less than 1 4.6 Liquid activity (Curies)
I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 1.1 0.41 1.8 0.26 1.0
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-9 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.1-4 Pressurizer Historical Design Activities Isotope Vapor activity
( Ci/cc)
Kr-85 Kr-85m Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133 Xe-133m Xe-135 Xe-135m Xe-138 5.1 x 101 1.0 x 10-1 1.8 x 10-2 1.2 x 10-1 4.7 3.6 x 102 1.8 6.5 x 10-1 5.0 x 10-4 2.2 x 10-3 Liquid activity
( Ci/gm)
Rb-88 Mo-99 I-131 I-132 I-133 1.1 x 10-2 2.2 1.6 2.0 x 10-2 0.7 I-134 I-135 Cs-137 Cs-138 5.5 x 10-3 0.14 1.3 5.5 x 10-3
11.1-10 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- For two units, the activities are doubled
- Represents the inventory of Kr-85 released to the reactor coolant during one year of full power operation. The remaining isotopes are equilibrium values.
Table 11.1-5 Historical Design Inventory In The Gaseous Waste Processing System Single Unit Isotope Activity*
(Curies)
Kr-85 Kr-85m Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133 Xe-133m Xe-135 Xe-135m Xe-138 4.4 x 103**
6.2 x 102 3.3 x 102 1.1 x 103 5.7 x 102 8.7 x 104 9.7 x 102 1.9 x 103 4.8 x 101 1.8 x 102
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-11 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.1-6 Parameters Used To Describe The Reactor Coolant System Realistic Basis Symbol Units Nominal ANS-18.1-1984 Asumption WBN Analysis Assumption Thermal power P
MWt 3400 3582 Steam flow rate FS lb/hr 1.5E+07 1.5E+07 Weight of water in all reactor coolant system WP lb 5.5E+05 5.4E+05 Weight of water in all steam generators WS lb 4.50E+05 3.48E+05 Reactor coolant letdown flow rate (purification)
FD lb/hr 3.7E+04 3.7E+04 Reactor coolant letdown flow rate (yearly average for boron control)
FB lb/hr 500 845 Steam generator blowdown flow (average total)
FBD lb/hr 7.50E+04 3.00E+04 Fraction of radioactivity in blowdown stream which is not returned to the secondary coolant system NBD 1.0 1.0 Flow through the purification system cation demineralizer FA lb/hr 3.7E+03 3.7E+03 Ratio of condensate demineralizer flow rate to the total steam flow rate NC 0.0 0.55 Fraction of the noble gas activity in the letdown stream which is not returned to the reactor coolant system (not including the boron recovery system)
Y 0.0 0.0
11.1-12 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.1-7 Specific Activities In Principal Fluid Streams Realistic Basis (Ci/gm)
(Page 1 of 2)
Reactor Secondary Coolant Isotope Coolant Water Steam Class 1 Noble Gases Kr-85m Kr-85 Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133m Xe-133 Xe-135m Xe-135 Xe-137 Xe-138 1.71E-01 2.66E-01 1.61E-01 3.00E-01 6.54E-01 7.17E-02 2.53E+00 1.39E-01 9.04E-01 3.65E-02 1.29E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.63E-08 5.51E-08 3.22E-08 6.31E-08 1.34E-07 1.54E-08 5.25E-07 2.90E-08 1.91E-07 7.62E-09 2.68E-08 Class 2 Halogens Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 1.72E-02 4.77E-02 2.25E-01 1.49E-01 3.64E-01 2.78E-01 9.56E-08 1.41E-06 3.37E-06 4.03E-06 2.93E-06 6.19E-06 9.56E-10 1.41E-08 3.37E-08 4.03E-08 2.93E-08 6.19E-08 Class 3 Cs, Rb Rb-88 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 2.04E-01 7.39E-03 9.08E-04 9.79E-03 7.36E-07 4.58E-07 5.56E-08 6.11E-07 3.61E-09 2.36E-09 2.78E-10 3.05E-09 Class 4 Water Activation Products N-16 4.00E+01 1.29E-06 1.29E-07 Class 5 Tritium H-3 1.00E+00 1.00E-03 1.00E-03
SOURCE TERMS 11.1-13 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Class 6 Other Isotopes Na-24 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Zn-65 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-90 Y-91m Y-91 Y-93 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 Tc-99m Ru-103 Ru-106 Rh-103 Rh-106 Ag-110m Te-129m Te-129 Te-131m Te-131 Te-132 Ba-137m Ba-140 La-140 Ce-141 Ce-143 Ce-144 Pr-143 Pr-144 W-187 Np-239 4.99E-02 3.26E-03 1.68E-03 1.26E-03 3.16E-04 4.84E-03 5.58E-04 5.37E-04 1.47E-04 1.26E-05 1.02E-03 1.26E-05 4.93E-04 5.47E-06 4.46E-03 4.10E-04 2.95E-04 6.75E-03 5.01E-03 7.89E-03 9.47E-02 7.89E-03 9.47E-02 1.37E-03 2.00E-04 2.57E-02 1.59E-03 8.26E-03 1.79E-03 9.79E-03 1.37E-02 2.64E-02 1.58E-04 2.96E-03 4.21E-03 2.96E-03 4.21E-03 2.65E-03 2.32E-03 1.86E-06 1.56E-07 7.80E-08 5.88E-08 1.44E-08 2.28E-07 2.64E-08 2.52E-08 6.84E-09 5.88E-10 3.52E-08 5.88E-10 4.34E-09 2.52E-10 1.50E-07 1.92E-08 1.32E-08 3.03E-07 1.40E-07 3.72E-07 4.44E-06 3.72E-07 4.44E-06 6.36E-08 9.36E-09 2.96E-07 6.60E-08 3.97E-08 7.98E-08 6.11E-07 6.25E-07 1.13E-06 7.32E-09 1.22E-07 1.92E-07 1.22E-07 1.92E-07 1.07E-07 1.02E-07 9.30E-09 7.56E-10 3.96E-10 3.00E-10 7.32E-11 1.13E-09 1.32E-10 1.20E-10 3.48E-11 3.00E-12 1.76E-10 3.00E-12 2.17E-11 1.32E-12 7.65E-10 9.48E-11 6.84E-11 1.45E-09 7.27E-10 1.92E-09 2.16E-08 1.92E-09 2.16E-08 3.24E-10 4.68E-11 1.48E-09 3.30E-10 2.05E-10 3.99E-10 3.05E-09 3.12E-09 5.60E-09 3.72E-11 6.23E-10 9.83E-10 6.23E-10 9.83E-10 5.40E-10 5.09E-10 Table 11.1-7 Specific Activities In Principal Fluid Streams Realistic Basis (Ci/gm)
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11.1-14 SOURCE TERMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 11.2 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES The Liquid Waste Processing System is designed to receive, segregate, process, and discharge liquid wastes. The system design considers potential personnel exposure and assures that quantities of radioactive releases to the environment are as low as reasonably achievable. Under normal plant operation, the activity from radionuclides leaving the cooling tower blowdown line is a fraction of the limits in 10 CFR Parts 20 and 50.
The plant is designed to stay within 10 CFR 20 radiological criteria during normal operation, even assuming equipment faults which could occur with moderate frequency, including fuel cladding defects and failure of up to two TPBARs (Unit 1 only) in combination with such occurrences as:
(1)
Steam Generator tube leaks (2)
Malfunction in Liquid Waste Processing System (3)
Excessive leakage in Reactor Coolant System Equipment (4)
Excessive leakage in Auxiliary System Equipment The expected annual activity releases (by isotope) are presented in Subsection 11.2.6, and the estimated doses are presented in Subsection 11.2.9.
11.2.2 SYSTEMS DESCRIPTIONS The Liquid Waste Processing System collects and processes potentially radioactive wastes for release to the river. Provisions are made to sample and analyze fluids before they are discharged. Based on the laboratory analysis, these wastes are either released under controlled conditions via the cooling tower blowdown or retained for further processing. A permanent record of liquid releases is provided by analyses of known volumes of waste. The system is shown on the Mechanical Flow Diagram (Figure 11.2-1.)
The bulk of the radioactive liquids discharged from the Reactor Coolant System are processed by either the Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS) holdup tanks or Tritiated Drain Collector Tank (TDCT) Expected volumes to be processed by the Waste Processing System are given in Table 11.2-1.
The liquid Waste Processing System (WPS) consists of two main sub-systems processing tritiated and non-tritiated water. A system is provided for handling laboratory samples which may be tritiated and may contain chemicals. Capability for handling and storage of spent demineralizer resins is also provided.
Much of the system is controlled or monitored from a central panel in the Auxiliary Building. Malfunction of the system actuates an alarm in the Auxiliary Building. All
11.2-2 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 system equipment is located in or near the Auxiliary Building, except for the reactor coolant drain tank and drain tank pumps; containment pit sump and pumps; Reactor Building floor and equipment drain sump and pumps; Reactor Building floor and equipment drain pocket sump and pumps, which are located in the Reactor Building.
A mobile demineralizer system is located and operated in the waste packaging area.
Fluid is sampled and analyzed in the respective segregated systems to determine quantities of radioactivity, with an isotopic breakdown, if necessary, before processing or disposal is attempted.
At least two valves must be manually opened to permit discharge of liquid to the environment. One of these valves is normally locked closed. A control valve trips closed on a high effluent radioactivity level signal. Controls are provided to prevent discharge without adequate dilution.
The liquid waste processing system is partly shared by the two units. However, except for its containment isolation function, the system serves no primary safety function and the safety of either unit is not affected by such sharing.
The Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator (CDWE) package is not required for the operation of Unit 1; however, the package is installed and connected to the waste disposal system. System description, function and interfaces are contained herein.
Liquid waste is processed, as necessary, through the mobile demineralizer until such time that the CDWE becomes a necessary or desirable option for processing liquid radioactive wastes.
The Liquid Waste Processing System components that are not shared consist of one reactor coolant drain tank with two pumps, the containment pit sump with one pump, the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain pocket sump with two pumps, and the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain sump with two pumps. All of this equipment is located inside the containment of each unit.
Shared Components The following shared equipment is located inside the Auxiliary Building: one tritiated drain collector tank with two pumps and one filter, one floor drain collector tank with two pumps and one filter; three waste condensate tanks and two pumps; a chemical drain tank and pump; two laundry and hot shower tanks and pump; a spent resin storage tank; a cask decontamination collector tank with two pumps and two filters; CVCS monitor tank with two pumps; Auxiliary Building floor and equipment drain sump and pumps; one tritiated equipment drain sump with two pumps; Auxiliary Building passive sump; a mobile demineralizer system, and the associated piping, valves and instrumentation.
The following shared components are located in the Turbine Building for receiving, processing, and transferring wastes from the regeneration of condensate demineralizers: high crud tanks, pumps and filter, a neutralization tank and pumps, and a non-reclaimable waste tank and pumps.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 The following shared components are located in the Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator (CDWE) building (the CDWE is not required for Unit 1 operation) for processing of condensate demineralizer regeneration waste: condensate demineralizer waste evaporator package and two distillate tanks.
The following shared components are located in the waste packaging area for receiving and processing liquid radwaste from the floor drain and tritiated drain collector tanks: a mobile demineralizer system, including cation and anion ion exchange resins, prefilter, associated pumps, a vendor supplied mobile demineralizer spent resin storage container, and associated piping and valves.
Separation of Tritiated and Non-Tritiated Liquids Waste liquids are normally separated into tritiated and non-tritiated liquids. Waste liquids which are high in tritium content (reactor coolant leakoff/leakage) are routed to the tritiated drain collector tank, while liquids low in tritium content (non-reactor coolant/raw water) are routed to the floor drain collector tank. The tritiated and non-tritiated liquids are processed for release to the river.
Tritiated Water Processing Tritiated water is processed for discharge to the river. The water enters the liquid waste disposal system from equipment leaks and drains, valve leakoffs, pump seal leakoffs, tank overflows, and other tritiated and aerated water sources.
The equipment provided in this subsystem consists of a tritiated drain collector tank, pumps and filter, mobile demineralizer, reactor coolant drain tank and pumps; the containment pit sump and pump; the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain sump and pumps; the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain pocket sump; tritiated equipment drain sump, pumps and filter, and condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (CDWE). The primary function of the tritiated drain collector tank is to provide sufficient surge capacity for the waste processing equipment. The waste is primarily processed by the mobile demineralizer system or can be processed by the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation).
Non-Tritiated Water Processing Non-tritiated water is processed for discharge to the river. The sources include floor drains, equipment drains containing non-tritiated water, certain sample room and radiochemical laboratory drains, laundry and hot shower drains and other non-tritiated sources. The equipment provided in this subsystem consists of a floor drain collector tank, pumps and filter; laundry and hot shower tanks and pump; laundry tank basket strainer; waste condensate tanks, pumps and filter; mobile demineralizer; chemical drain tank and pump; cask decontamination collector tank, pump and filters; the Auxiliary Building floor and equipment drain sump and pumps; the Additional Equipment Building floor and equipment drain sump and pumps (at each unit); and condensate demineralizer waste evaporator.
Liquids entering the floor drain collector tank are normally from low activity sources and are normally processed through a mobile demineralizer system or can be processed
11.2-4 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-90 through the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for unit 1 operation).
The laundry and hot shower drains normally need no treatment for removal of radioactivity. This water is collected in the laundry and hot shower drain tanks. The inventory of these tanks may be discharged directly to the cooling tower blowdown via the laundry tank strainer or may be transferred to either the waste condensate tanks or the cask decontamination collector tank via the laundry tank strainer and waste condensate tank filter before discharge to the cooling tower blowdown. Prior to discharge, a sample is taken and analyzed in accordance with plant procedures that implement the ODCM requirements, and the water is discharged if the activity level is below acceptable limits.
The blowdown from the steam generators is routed to the condensate demineralizer or the hotwell (refer to Subsection 10.4.8) or discharged directly to the cooling tower blowdown line.
Spent regenerant waste from the condensate polishing demineralizers is processed through the neutralization and non-reclaimable waste tanks or the high crud tanks.
From any of these tanks it is either released to the river via the cooling tower blowdown line, processed by a vendor, or concentrated by the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for unit 1 operation). The CDWE evaporator bottoms are solidified by a vendor located in the railroad access bay. Following solidification, the material is prepared for shipment to a burial site. The distillate is routed to the respective distillate test tanks. When one tank is filled, it is isolated and sampled for radionuclide analysis while the other tank(s) are in service. Analysis confirms that the activity level in the distillate is suitable for discharge. If unsuitable, the liquid is returned to the floor drain collector tank for processing or to the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator.
Mobile Demineralizer System Processing of Tritiated and Non-Tritiated Waste Flow from both the tritiated and nontritiated tanks is routed to a Mobile Demineralizer System by use of the floor drain collector tank pumps, tritiated drain collector tank pumps, and gas stripper feed pumps.
Processed water from the system is routed to either the CVCS monitor tank or the cask decontamination collector tank. The contents of these tanks are discharged as described in the two previous sections or processed further, as necessary, to meet ODCM limits. The Mobile Demineralizer System removes most soluble and suspended radioactive materials from the waste stream via ion exchange and filtration.
Once the resin and filter media is expended, the resin is sluiced to a vendor supplied container to accumulate enough resin for off-site disposal. The filters are stored in an appropriate container. The spent resin is then sluiced to the railroad bay where it is dewatered to meet the disposal site criteria for spent resins.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Laboratory Sample Waste Processing The chemical drain tank receives inputs from the laboratory and the decontamination room. If the radioactivity level is low and the chemical content is suitable for release, the tank contents can be discharged to the cooling tower blowdown line for release to the environment. In the event that the radioactivity level is high and analysis shows that there are no chemicals present which would be harmful to the demineralizer, the liquid is sent to the floor drain collector tank for processing. The tank contents may also be sent directly to the mobile demineralizer if required.
Processing of Waste from Regeneration of Condensate Polishing Demineralizer Wastes produced in the regeneration of the condensate polishing demineralizers are processed for discharge or reuse. High crud, low conductivity waste (contains no regenerative chemicals) is filtered and discharged when the radioactive level does not exceed discharge limits. When limits are exceeded, the high crud waste is processed by a vendor or in the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (CDWE) (not required for Unit 1 operation). Low crud, high conductivity waste is neutralized. If it contains radioactive material above discharge limits, it is processed by a vendor or in the CDWE. Distillate is discharged or recycled to the condensate system. Evaporator bottoms are solidified.
Spent Resin Processing Spent resins are processed in accordance with Section 11.5.
11.2.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 11.2.3.1 Component Design A summary of principal design parameters are given in Table 11.2-3. Design codes for the components of the Liquid Waste Processing System are given in Chapter 3.
Materials of the Liquid Waste Processing System are selected to meet the material requirements of the system and applicable codes. Parts of components in contact with borated water are normally fabricated or clad with austenitic stainless steel. In addition pumps are normally provided with vent and drain connections. The mobile waste demineralizer system is constructed to the applicable parts of Regulatory Guide 1.143, Revision 1, 1979.
Reactor Coolant Drain Tank (RCDT) and Pumps The reactor coolant drain tank (one tank per unit) collects reusable clean reactor coolant type water from inside the reactor containment. Two pumps per unit are provided to transfer the liquid from the drain tank to the Chemical and Volume Control System holdup tanks and to transfer water from the refueling canal to the refueling water storage tank or tritiated drain collector tank. The maximum load on the pumps occurs when the pressurizer relief tank drains and the excess letdown flow are imposed simultaneously or when the refueling canal is being drained. The normal load on the pumps is a small quantity, mainly from leakoffs, although the excess letdown flow can be expected for relatively long periods of time during plant heatup. Pump A
11.2-6 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 is sized for 50 gpm and is used for normal operation; Pump B is sized for 150 gpm and is used for peak loads.
Chemical Drain Tank and Pump The shared chemical drain tank receives radioactive wastes from the radiochemical laboratory drains and from the decontamination room. The pump is provided to transfer the tank contents to the mobile demineralizer, the cooling tower blowdown line, or the floor drain collector tank.
Tritiated Equipment Drain Sump and Pumps Tritiated Equipment Drain Sump and Pumps collect and transport tritiated liquid wastes from equipment and lower elevation drains, which cannot drain by gravity to the tritiated drain collector tank. Two pumps are furnished to transfer the liquid collected to the tritiated drain collector tank. The sump vents to the building exhaust system.
Tritiated Drain Collector Tank (TDCT) and Pumps The shared tank collects radioactive liquids from the primary plant which may contain tritiated water, boric acid and fission products. The primary function of the tank is to provide sufficient surge capacity for the waste processing system. Pump A is provided to transfer the tank contents to the mobile waste demineralizer system or condensate demineralizer waste evaporator. Pump B is provided, as a spare, to also transfer the tank contents.
Floor Drain Collector Tank (FDCT) and Pumps The tank retains primarily non-reactor grade type fluids and some non-recyclable reactor grade water from certain drains in the Auxiliary Building. The tank is equipped with three pumps - one rated at 20 gallons per minute (GPM), one rated at 100 GPM, and one, the CDWE Feed Pump, rated at 30 GPM. Following analysis to confirm acceptable low activity levels, the tank contents are sent through the FDCT discharge filters. The liquids are either processed through the mobile waste demineralizers or the CDWE and then collected in either the cask decontamination collector tank (CDCT) or the CVCS monitor tank. After the liquids are collected in one of these tanks, the contents are recirculated, mixed, sampled, and analyzed. If the radioactive and chemical level is within the discharge limits, the liquids are routed to the cooling tower blowdown for discharge.
Laundry and Hot Shower Tanks and Pump The laundry and hot shower tanks collect wastes from the radiologically controlled access area drains and hot shower drains. A pump is used to transfer the liquid. A recirculation line is provided to permit mixing the contents of the isolated tank before taking samples for activity analysis if the tank is to be discharged directly to the CBT.
If the activity level is within discharge limits, the contents may be routed through the laundry basket strainer and discharged via the CTB or the CDCT. If the activity level is above discharge limits, the contents are routed to the FDCT for routing to the mobile waste demineralizer for processing.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-7 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Spent Resin Storage Tank This tank is supplied for the storage of used demineralizer resins. Resin is held in this tank to allow for decay of short-lived isotopes and to allow accumulation of enough resin for shipment. A layer of water is maintained over the resins to prevent degradation due to decay heat (see Section 11.5).
Filters Table 11.2-3 lists the standard filters required, their nominal ratings, and the material of the filter media.
The methods employed to change filters and screens are dependent on activity levels.
If the radiation level of the filter is low enough, it is changed manually. If activity levels do not permit manual change, the spent cartridge is removed remotely with temporary shielding to reduce personnel exposure. The spent cartridge is placed in a shielded container for transport and storage prior to packaging for shipment.
Tritiated Drain Collector Tank (TDCT) and Floor Drain Collector Tank (FDCT)
Discharge Filters Filters are provided to remove particulate matter from the discharge of the TDCT and FDCT. Each filter vessel is constructed of austenitic stainless steel.
Laundry Tank Basket Strainer The laundry tank basket strainer is a perforated stainless steel sheet within a stainless steel casing. It is designed to prevent large particles from entering the waste collection system.
Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator Package (Not required for Unit 1 operation)
A 30 gpm evaporator package is provided for concentrating radioactive spent regenerant solutions from the condensate demineralizer system. It is also capable of concentrating wastes from the liquid radwaste system. The evaporator package consists of a vapor body, entrainment separator, heater, recirculation pump, condenser, subcooler, vent gas cooler, condensate pumps, distillate pumps, concentrate pumps, chemical pumps optional, slurry holdup tank, chemical mixing tank, two distillate test tanks, and associated piping, valving, and instrumentation.
Portions of the evaporator that are wetted with concentrate are constructed of Inconel 625, except the circulating pump, which is cast alloy 20. Portions wetted by feed and by distillate are constructed of 316L stainless steel. Portions wetted by steam, condensate, or cooling water may be carbon steel.
Cask Decontamination Collector Tank The cask decontamination collector tank (CDCT) is used as a release tank for liquid disposal. The CDCT receives processed liquid from either the floor drain collector tank, the tritiated drain collector tank, or the CVCS hold up tanks via the mobile demineralizer or directly from the laundry and hot shower tanks.
11.2-8 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 The cask decontamination collector tank also receives water used in the decontamination of the spent fuel shipping cask. The contents are pumped to the cooling tower discharge line via the radwaste line if the activity is sufficiently low, and to the floor drain collector tank or returned to the mobile demineralizer for processing if the activity is too high for discharge.
Cask Decontamination Pump Two 100 gpm pumps are provided to recirculate and pump liquid from the cask decontamination collector tank through the cask decontamination filter to the waste discharge line. Normally, only one pump is used.
Cask Decontamination Filter Two filters are provided to remove particulate matter larger than 5 microns from the cask decontamination waste. The vessels are constructed of stainless steel and the replaceable filter elements are nylon. Normally, only one filter is used.
Waste Condensate Tanks The waste condensate tanks are available for additional capacity to process effluent liquid from the laundry and hot shower drain tanks and the chemical drain tank. Each of three tanks have a capacity of 1500 gallons and discharge to the waste condensate pumps.
Waste Condensate Pumps Two waste condensate pumps are available to receive liquid from the waste condensate tanks. Each pump has a 20 gpm capacity and discharges to the CVCS monitor tank pump discharge header. The discharge can be recirculated back to the waste condensate tanks, to the CVCS monitor tank, the cask decontamination collector tank, or to the mobile demineralizer for processing.
Condensate Polishing Demineralizer Waste Processing Equipment High Crud (HC) Tanks These tanks collect high crud, low conductivity waste produced during the backwash phase of condensate polishing demineralizer regeneration. The waste is filtered and is normally discharged to the cooling tower blowdown, processed to the Turbine Building sump or waste disposal, by a vendor, or through the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation). The discharge (after filtration) is very near condensate quality and is discharged only if permissible discharge concentrations are not exceeded.
High Crud Pumps Two 150 gpm pumps are provided to circulate the contents of the high crud tanks for sampling, and to pump the tank contents through the high crud pre-filter and high crud filters. Normally, only one pump is used.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-9 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 High Crud Pre-Filters Three bag filters are arranged in parallel upstream of the high crud filter to filter the discharge stream, thus reducing the loading and clogging of the high crud filters. The vessels are constructed of stainless steel with replaceable filter elements. During normal operation two filters are in service. The third filter which is on standby and isolated may be placed in service while changing out the clogged filters. Each vessel has pressure gauges upstream and downstream of the filters.
High Crud Filters A filter is provided to remove particulate matter from the high crud waste resulting from condensate polishing demineralizer regeneration. The filter is constructed of stainless steel.
Neutralization Tank This tank collects spent regenerant chemicals and rinses from condensate polishing demineralizer regeneration (low crud, high conductivity waste), miscellaneous waste from the condensate polishing demineralizer sump and has the capability to receive and neutralize waste from the cation and anion regeneration tanks. Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide is typically added to adjust the pH to a value between 6.0 and 9.0.
The tank contents are circulated during pH adjustment. After neutralization to the desired pH value, the tank contents are either processed to the non-reclaimable waste tank or discharged to the environment.
Neutralization Tank Pumps Two 100 gpm pumps are provided to circulate the contents of the neutralization tanks and to transfer the contents to the non-reclaimable waste tank or pump them to the environment. Normally, only one pump is used.
Non-Reclaimable Waste Tank This tank receives neutralized waste from the neutralization tank. The tank contents are routed to discharge if the radioactivity content is sufficiently low. If not, the contents are pumped for a vendor to process or to the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation).
Non-Reclaimable Waste Pumps Two 30 gpm pumps are provided to pump contents of the non-reclaimable waste tank to discharge, to a vendor for processing, or to the Turbine Building sump or Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation).
Liquid Waste Processing System Valves The design code for the valves is ASME III Class 3 for ANS Safety Class 2b or 3 or Class 2 for ANS Safety Class 2a and ANSI B31.1, ANSI B16.5 or MSS-SP-66 for Non-Nuclear Safety (NNS) valves. The valves in the liquid waste processing system are stainless steel. The majority of the valves involved are diaphragm valves. This type of valve provides positive control of stem leakage and is suitable for use as an isolation
11.2-10 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 valve or in throttling service. In several instances, globe valves are substituted for diaphragm valves because of their ability to control flow over a wider range.
Valves are supplied for isolation of each major equipment item for maintenance, to direct and control the flow of waste through the system and for isolation of tanks for decay.
For the purpose of containment isolation, trip valves are installed.
Liquid Waste Disposal Piping The piping design code is ASME III Class 3 for ANS Safety Class 2b or 3 or Class 2 for ANS Safety Class 2a and ANSI B31.1 for NNS. The piping is austenitic stainless steel and the piping joints are welded, except where flanged connections are used at pump, valve and instrument connections to facilitate removal for maintenance.
Facilities for Venting and Draining Provisions have been made for venting and draining equipment which may require maintenance during the plant life. Vents and drains are provided either on the components themselves or in the pipe lines between the isolation valves. In general, each pipe line and component vent and drain is provided with a valve plus a back-up leakage barrier of either a blank flange or a threaded screw cap.
Mobile Waste Demineralization System The mobile waste demineralization system (MWDS), which can process 140 gpm, consists of several vessels with an associated pumping skid and level control system.
The vessel headers have influent and effluent isolation valves and all piping is welded with long radius bends. Demineralizer vessels are operated inside shielding in the waste packaging area with a remote control panel to insure that the dose to personnel is within acceptable limits. The system is designed to the applicable portions of Regulatory Guide 1.143, Revision 1, 1979.
The MWDS provides in-line processing of liquid radwaste through filtration and demineralization. The MWDS receives both tritiated liquid (the tritiated drain collector tank, non-reclaimable waste tanks, high crud filter discharge, and CVCS holdup tank) and nontritiated liquids (the floor drain collector tank). Processed water from the MWDS is sent to either the CVCS monitor tank or the CDCT for release to the river.
The waste condensate tanks are available for additional capacity if necessary to process effluent liquid; however, these tanks are not normally used for Unit 1 operation.
The liquid radwaste is processed through ion exchange and filtration which remove soluble and suspended radioactive materials from the waste streams. The first vessel is normally loaded with a filter media, such as activated carbon, to provide initial filtration of the radwaste. This filter medium removes solids, cobalt isotopes, existing in the form of colloidal-sized suspended solids and cleaning agents, and other chemicals that can be removed by absorption of the activated carbon. A mechanical
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-11 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 filter loaded with filter cartridges can be used for filtration. This conditions the radwaste for treatment in the subsequent tanks.
The subsequent demineralizer tanks contain beds (anions and cations) of ion-exchange resins, which remove the soluble constituents of the waste stream. Once the resin and filter media is expended, the resin is removed from the MWDS vessels to a vendor supplied spent resin storage container to accumulate enough resin for off-site disposal, and the filters are placed in a shielded container for transport and storage prior to off-site disposal.
Since the equipment for the MWDS is supplied by a vendor and the selected vendor may change from time to time, a detailed description of the system is not possible. The specific treatment steps and equipment used can also vary somewhat from vendor to vendor.
11.2.3.2 Instrumentation Design The system instrumentation is depicted in Table 11.2-5.
The instrumentation readout is located mainly on the Waste Processing System panel in the Auxiliary Building. Some instruments are read where the equipment is located.
Alarms are shown separately on the WPS panel and/or waste disposal recycle control and CRT panel.
Most pumps are protected against loss of suction pressure by a control setpoint on the level instrumentation for the respective vessels feeding the pumps.
Pressure indicators upstream and downstream of filters provide local indications of pressure drops across each component. Radioactive releases to the environment are monitored for radioactivity by effluent radiation monitors. This instrumentation is further described in Section 11.4.
11.2.4 Operating Procedure The equipment installed to reduce the activity of radioactive effluents is maintained in good operating order and is operated to as low as reasonably achievable criteria, as stated in the ODCM. In order to assure that these conditions are met, administrative controls are exercised on overall operation of the system; preventive maintenance is utilized to ensure equipment is in optimum condition; and applicable industry experience and vendor information available is used in planning for operation at Watts Bar Nuclear Plant.
Administrative controls are exercised through the use of instructions covering such areas as valve alignment for various operations, equipment operating instructions, and other instructions pertinent to the proper operation of the processing equipment.
Discharge permits are utilized to assure proper procedures are followed in sampling and analyzing any radioactive liquid to be discharged and in assuring proper valve
11.2-12 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 alignments and other operating conditions before a release. These permits are signed and verified by those personnel performing the analysis and approving the release.
Preventive maintenance is performed in accordance with approved plant maintenance program procedures developed, considering applicable operating and maintenance experience as well as vendor information.
Operation of the Liquid Waste Processing System is essentially the same during all phases of normal reactor plant operation; the only differences are in the load on the system. The following sections discuss the operation of the system in performing its various functions. In this discussion, the term 'normal operation' should be taken to mean all phases of operation except operation under emergency or accident conditions. The Liquid Waste Processing System's only primary safety function is containment isolation.
Liquid Waste Processing Normal Operation During normal plant operation the system processes liquid from the following sources:
(1)
Equipment drains and leaks (2)
Radioactive chemical laboratory drains (3)
Radioactive laundry and shower drains (4)
Decontamination area drains (5)
Demineralizer flushing, backwashing and regeneration of resin (6)
Sampling system The system also collects and transfers liquids from the following sources directly to the reactor coolant drain tank for processing in the CVCS.
(1)
Reactor coolant loops (2)
Pressurizer relief tank (3)
Reactor coolant pump secondary seals (4)
Excess letdown during startup (5)
Accumulators (6)
Valve and reactor vessel flange leakoffs (7)
Refueling canal drains
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-13 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 The liquid flows to the reactor coolant drain tank and is discharged directly to the CVCS holdup tanks by the reactor coolant drain pumps which are operated automatically by a level controller in the tank. These pumps can also return water from the refueling cavity to the refueling water storage tank. There is one reactor coolant drain tank with two reactor coolant drain pumps located inside the containment of each unit.
Normally, the reactor coolant drain pumps are operated in the automatic mode, which allows pump operation and reactor coolant drain tank level to be controlled. The pumps can also be operated manually to control the tank level.
Where possible, waste liquids drain to the waste disposal system flow and tritiated drain collector tanks by gravity flow.
Separation of Tritiated and Non-tritiated Liquids Waste liquids which are high in tritium content are routed to the tritiated drain collector tank, while liquids low in tritium content are routed to the floor drain collector tank. The tritiated and non-tritiated liquids are processed for release to the river.
Tritiated Water Tritiated water enters the liquid waste disposal system via equipment leaks and drains, valve leakoffs, pump seal leakoffs, tank overflows, and other tritiated and aerated water sources.
The tritiated liquids from equipment leaks and drains, and valve leak-offs which are below the tritiated drain collector tank, are drained to the sump and are pumped from there to the tritiated drain collector tank. Normally, the sump pumps are operated in the automatic mode, which allows tank level to be controlled. The pumps can also be operated manually.
The liquid collected in the tritiated drain collector tank contains boric acid and fission product activity. The liquid collected is normally demineralized by the mobile waste demineralizer or can be evaporated in the CDWE (not required for Unit 1 operation) and is then analyzed and discharged to the river.
Non-Tritiated Water Non-tritiated water sources include floor drains, equipment drains containing non-tritiated water, certain sample room and radiochemical laboratory drains, laundry and hot shower drains and other non-tritiated sources.
The liquids entering the floor drain collector tank are primarily from low activity sources.
The liquid collected is normally demineralized by the mobile waste demineralizer or can be evaporated in the CDWE (not required for Unit 1 operation) and is then analyzed and discharged to the river.
Laundry and Hot Shower Drains One of the two laundry and hot shower tanks is valved to receive waste at all times.
When one tank is filled, it is valved out and the other tank is valved in. The full tank is
11.2-14 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-90 then aligned with the laundry pump to mix the waste by recirculation. A sample is taken (if required) from a local sample connection to determine what subsequent handling of the waste liquid is required. Normally no treatment is required for removal of radioactivity. This water is transferred to either CTB or FDCT or to CDCT. A sample is taken and, after analysis, the water is discharged in accordance with the ODCM limits.
Laboratory Samples Laboratory samples which contain chemicals used in analysis are normally discarded in a fume hood sink which drains to the chemical drain tank.
The operation of the chemical drain tank pump and control of the tank level is manual, with the exception that the pump is shut off automatically on low tank level.
Low activity drains from the laboratory, such as flush water, are normally routed to the floor drain collector tank. Excess tritiated samples not contaminated by chemicals during analysis are normally directed to the tritiated drain collector tank.
Shipping Cask Decontamination Drains Liquid used to decontaminate the spent fuel shipping cask is drained to the 15,000 gallon cask decontamination collector tank. The liquid is expected to be low enough in radioactivity content that it can be discharged without processing other than by filtration. Following analysis, the liquid is pumped through the cask decontamination filter and is discharged. In the unlikely event that the radioactivity level is such that further processing is required, the liquid is transferred to the floor drain collector tank for processing through the Mobile Waste Demineralizer System or the Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator.
Condensate Polishing Demineralizer Waste The condensate polishing demineralizer system (CPDS) is described in Section 10.4.6. Section 10.4.6 includes a discussion of the regeneration process. Treatment of regeneration wastes is described in this section.
The CPDS regeneration subsystem is designed to separate wastes into two fractions
- one, a high-crud, low-conductivity liquid; and the other, a low-crud, high-conductivity liquid. These fractions are collected in separate tanks. The first fraction results from backwash which precedes chemical regeneration and from rinses which follow chemical regeneration. The second fraction consists of neutralized chemical regenerants plus displacement water. At each regeneration, the volume of the first fraction is about 23,000 gallons, and that of the second fraction is about 10,000 gallons.
Treatment of High-Crud, Low Conductivity (HCLC) Waste The high-crud waste is normally low in conductivity. This waste is processed in equipment located in the Turbine Building. The slurry is filtered in the HC pre-filter or HC filter. The filtrate radioactivity is low enough to achieve adequate dilution in the
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-15 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 cooling tower blowdown, in accordance with the ODCM, and is normally discharged.
If the waste can not be properly diluted, it can be routed to the waste disposal for further processing. Following a filter run in the HC filter, the filter is backwashed and the liquid is routed to the HC tank.
Treatment of Low-Crud, High-Conductivity (LCHC) Waste The LCHC wastes, consisting of the spent regeneration chemicals is neutralized in a neutralizer tank and is normally transferred to a non-reclaimable waste tank. The liquid is normally processed by the condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation). Alternatively, it may be transferred to the floor drain collector tank for processing with other radwaste or to vendor supplied equipment for further processing. However, the liquid is circulated and sampled prior to processing. If the radioactivity level is below permissible discharge levels, it may be discharged directly without further treatment.
Discharge of Regeneration Wastes Waste liquids from the condensate polishing demineralizer regeneration that are to be discharged are first sampled and analyzed to ensure that the activity level complies with requirements stated in the ODCM. The discharge line from the Turbine Building extends to the cooling tower blowdown line, and includes a locked-closed valve, a radiation monitor, and a radiation-controlled valve. The latter is arranged to close on a high radiation signal from the monitor. It is closed also by a signal from the flow meter in the cooling tower blowdown line on low flow, indicating inadequate dilution flow.
Spent Resin Handling This portion of the system sluices resin from the demineralizers and transports resin from the spent resin storage tank to the railroad access bay to be dewatered or solidified by an offsite contractor.
CVCS Resin Sluicing Spent resins are initially fluidized by backflushing with primary water. The backflush water is routed to the tritiated drain collector tank.
The resin is then drained and flushed to the spent resin storage tank. Fresh resin is then added and the demineralizer is filled with water, as a cover, over the resin. The valves are then realigned for normal process operation. A negligible amount, if any, of resin is expected to remain in a demineralizer after flushing, as the demineralizers are completely flushable.
Refueling Operation of the Liquid Waste Processing System is the same during refueling as during normal operation. When refueling is complete, the water remaining in the refueling canal following normal drain-down by the Residual Heat Removal System is drained to the reactor coolant drain tank and pumped back to the refueling water storage tank with the reactor coolant drain tank pumps. The pumps normally operate in the automatic mode during this operation. Since there is oxygen in the refueling
11.2-16 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-88 water, the drain tank is isolated from the vent header during this transfer and the tank is vented to the containment atmosphere. It is necessary to purge the tank with nitrogen before connecting it back to the vent header.
Faults of Moderate Frequency The system is designed to handle the occurrence of equipment faults of moderate frequency such as:
(1)
Malfunction in the Liquid Waste Processing System Malfunction in this system could include such things as pump or valve failures or evaporator failure. Because of pump standardization throughout the system, a spare pump can be used to replace most pumps in the system.
There is sufficient surge capacity in the system to accommodate waste until the failures can be fixed and normal plant operation resumed.
(2)
Excessive Leakage in Reactor Coolant System Equipment The system is designed to handle a one gpm reactor coolant leak in addition to the expected leakage during normal operation. Operation of the system is almost the same as for normal operation except the load on the system is increased. A one gpm leak into the reactor coolant drain tank is handled automatically but will increase the load factor of the boric acid evaporator (BAE) (not required for Unit 1 operation). If the one gpm leak enters the tritiated drain collector tank, operation is the same as normal except for the increased load on the system. Abnormal liquid volumes of reactor coolant resulting from excessive reactor coolant or auxiliary building equipment leakage (1 gpm) can also be accommodated by the floor drain collector tank and processed by the non-tritiated system. Valve and pump leakoffs are all processed through the tritiated drain collector tank and non-reusable reactor coolant entering the floor drain collector tank is processed for release to the river.
(3)
Excessive Leakage in Auxiliary System Equipment Leakage of this type could include water from steam side leaks inside the containment which are collected in the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain sump. Although the sump pump discharge is normally routed to the tritiated drain collector tank, the flow can be diverted to the floor drain collector tank upon discovery of a leak that is low in tritium. Other sources could be component cooling water leaks, service water leaks, and secondary side leaks. This water enters the floor drain collector tank and will be processed and discharged as during normal operation.
(4)
Steam Generator Tube Leaks
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-17 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 During periods of operation with fuel defects, coincident with steam generator tube leaks, radioactive liquid is discharged via the steam generator blowdown system. The releases from the secondary side will be within the ODCM limits.
Releases of Waste Release of radioactive liquid out of the Liquid Waste Processing System is from the waste condensate tanks, cask decontamination collector tank, CVCS monitor tank, chemical drain tank, and laundry and hot shower tank to the blowdown line from the cooling towers. The cooling tower blowdown line discharges into the river through the diffuser pipes. Liquid wastes from the condensate polishing demineralizer system are released from the high-crud tanks, the non-reclaimable waste tank, and condensate demineralizer waste evaporator distillate tanks (not required for Unit 1 operation).
The condenser circulating water system operates in the closed cycle mode. Water is recirculated between the cooling towers and the condenser. The cooling towers blowdown flows to the diffuser in order to maintain the solids in the water at an acceptable level.
Release of the radioactive liquids from the liquid waste system is made only after laboratory analysis of the tank contents. If the activity is not below ODCM limits, the liquid waste streams are returned to waste disposal system for further processing by the mobile demineralizer. Once the fluids are sampled, they are pumped to the discharge pipe through a normally locked closed manual valve and a remotely operated control valve, interlocked with a radiation monitor and a flow element in the cooling tower blowdown line. This assures that sufficient dilution flow is available for the discharge of radioactive liquids. The minimum dilution flow required for discharge of radioactivity into the cooling tower blowdown lines (CTBL) is 20,000 gpm.
A similar arrangement is provided for wastes discharged from the condensate polishing demineralizer waste system. A radiation monitor on this system and a flow element on the cooling tower blowdown are interlocked with a flow control valve in the system discharge line. Release of wastes is automatically stopped by either a high radiation signal or a signal which indicates that inadequate dilution flow is available.
The steam generator blowdown system also may discharge radioactive liquid. Liquid waste from this system is not collected in tanks for treatment, but is continuously monitored for radioactivity and may discharge to the cooling tower blowdown, or recirculated to the condensate system upstream of the condensate demineralizers.
Refer to Section 10.4.8 for a description of the steam generator blowdown system operation and/or 11.4.2.1.4 for a description of its monitoring system.
The turbine building sump collects liquid entering the turbine building floor drain system. When the sump is nearly full (approximate usable capacity of 30,000 gallons),
the liquid is pumped to either the low volume waste treatment (LVWT) pond or the yard holding pond. Water in the ponds overflows and drains by gravity to the river via the cooling tower blowdown line to the diffusers. If high concentrations of chemicals are present, it may be pumped to the lined or unlined metal cleaning waste ponds for treatment before release per the NPDES Permit.
11.2-18 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Station Blackout The Liquid Waste Processing System (except for containment isolation) does not normally operate during a blackout. If necessary, equipment can be manually connected to the emergency power sources when they become available.
Loss-of-Coolant Accident The Liquid Waste Processing System (except for containment isolation) does not operate during, or immediately following, a loss-of-coolant accident. As in the case of a station blackout, equipment may be started manually as required when electrical power becomes available.
Operating Experience Demineralizers Operational data on demineralizer decontamination factors are derived from NUREG-0017, R1 [10].
11.2.5 PERFORMANCE TESTS Initial performance tests are performed to verify the operability of the components, instrumentation and control equipment and applicable alarms and control setpoints.
The specific objectives are to demonstrate the following:
(1)
Pumps are capable of producing flow rate and head as required.
(2)
Waste filters are capable of passing required flow rate.
(3)
Instrumentation, controllers, and alarms operate satisfactorily to maintain levels, pressures, and flow rates and indicates, records, and alarms, as required.
(4)
All sampling points are available for sampling.
During reactor operation, the system is used at all times and hence is under continuous surveillance. Data is taken periodically for use in determining decontamination factors of demineralizers and evaporators.
11.2.6 ESTIMATED RELEASES 11.2.6.1 NRC Requirements The following documents have been issued to provide regulations and guidelines for release of radioactive liquids:
(1) 10 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation.
(2) 10 CFR 50, Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-19 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 11.2.6.2 Westinghouse PWR Release Experience The liquid releases are highly dependent upon administrative activities which control the use of water for decontamination, equipment and floor rinsing and other uses in the controlled areas.
Operating plants have reported liquid discharges as shown in Table 11.2-6.
11.2.6.3 Expected Liquid Waste Processing System Releases The quantities and isotopic concentration in liquids assumed discharged to the liquid waste processing system, and hence the releases to the environment, are highly dependent upon the operation of the plant. The radionuclide concentrations and calculated doses are the principal focus of treatment activities. Volume released is a secondary focus. The analysis for Watts Bar is based on engineering judgement, with respect to the operation of the plant and the liquid waste processing system, and realistic estimation of the potential input sources. Hence, the results are representative of typical releases from the Watts Bar liquid waste processing system.
The input sources, the computational data and assumptions are summarized in Table 11.2-1. The isotopic composition of reactor coolant (RC) is based on ANSI/ANS-18.1-1984 and includes the projected tritium permeation from 2,304 TPBARs (Unit 1 only).
The associated releases in curies per year per nuclide are given in Table 11.2-4.
The liquid waste processing system is assumed to operate as described in Subsection 11.2.4.
11.2.6.4 Turbine Building (TB) Drains 11.2.6.4.1 Purpose The TB drainage system is designed to remove all liquid drainage in the Turbine Building.
11.2.6.4.2 Description The TB drains are not normally radioactive.
The Turbine Building drainage consists of the following categories:
(a)
Condensate Polishing Demineralizer System Drains (b)
Other TB drainage (c)
Oil and oily water drainage.
11.2.6.4.2.1 Condensate Polishing Demineralizer System Drains The Condensate Polishing Demineralizer System (CPDS) area is serviced by separate floor and equipment drains. The drains for CPDS are routed to the Condensate Demineralizer sump where they are pumped to the Neutralization Tank (NT). These drains have a potential to be low-level radioactive during periods of primary to
11.2-20 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 secondary leakage. The NT is provided with the capability of adjusting pH, and if the inventory is not radioactive or less than the dischargeable limit, it is normally discharged with a batch release to the CTBL. The NT is normally processed to the Mobile Demineralizer if the inventory is above dischargeable limits. Any radioactive discharge from this release point is handled in accordance with the ODCM. This is not considered a significant release pathway and therefore, is not addressed in Table 11.2-7. Section 10.4.6 discusses the CPDS, and Chapter 11 discusses the wastes from the system and their disposal under radioactive and non-radioactive conditions.
11.2.6.4.2.2 Other Turbine Building Drainage All drainage from the Turbine Building areas other than the CPDS area is directed to the yard holding pond, normally, via the low volume waste treatment (LVWT) pond.
Floor and equipment drainage in Turbine Building is first collected in the Turbine Building Station sump and is then pumped to the yard holding pond, normally, via the LVWT pond. Roof drainage flows by gravity directly to the yard holding pond.
11.2.6.4.2.3 Oil and Oily Water Drainage Oil is drained directly to drums or tank trucks for reuse or removal from the plant. Oily water drains are furnished in the Turbine Building and are routed to the oil sump which is located in the low point of the Turbine Building. Oil may be accumulated in the sump until a sufficient amount is collected to be pumped into tank trucks for offsite disposal.
11.2.6.5 Estimated Total Liquid Releases The potential releases have been evaluated as indicated in above sections. The expected liquid releases from Watts Bar are well below the limits prescribed in 10 CFR 20 Appendix B as shown by the values given in Table 11.2-7. Hence, the releases from the plant are in accordance with the design objectives as outlined in Section 11.2.1 and the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual.
11.2.7 RELEASE POINTS All radioactive liquid wastes are released from the plant through the cooling tower blowdown line. The discharge points from the waste disposal system are shown in Figure 11.2-1 and 11.2-2. The connection to the cooling tower blowdown line is shown in Figure 10.4-5.
11.2.8 DILUTION FACTORS The dosimetry calculations for drinking water are based on the assumption that the liquid effluent will be mixed with 10% of the river flow between the point of discharge and Tennessee River Mile (TRM) 510.0, where 100% dilution is assumed to occur.
Further discussion of these calculations and dilution flows used is presented in section 11.2.9.1.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-21 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 11.2.9 ESTIMATED DOSES FROM RADIONUCLIDES IN LIQUID EFFLUENTS Doses from the ingestion of water, from the consumption of fish, and from shoreline recreation are calculated for exposures to radionuclides routinely released in liquid effluents.
11.2.9.1 Assumptions and Calculational Methods Internal doses are calculated using methods outlined in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109, Revision 1, October 1977. This model is used for estimating the doses to bone, gastro-intestinal (G.I.) tract, thyroid, liver, kidney, lung, skin, and total body of man from ingestion of water, consumption of fish, and from external exposures due to recreational activities. Population doses are estimated for the year 2040 based on the populations given in Tables 2.1-12 and 2.1-15b.
(1)
Doses to Man from the Ingestion of Water Data listed in Table 11.2-10 for public water supplies is used to calculate dose commitments from the consumption of Tennessee River water. The 2040 populations for the water supplies are estimated by multiplying the 1990 populations by a population growth factor of 1.24. This factor is the ratio of the 2040 population (Table 2.1-12) to the 1990 population (Table 2.1-15b). It is assumed that the plant effluent is mixed with one-tenth of the river flow in the 18-mile reach between the nuclear plant site and TRM 510.0. Although natural water turbulence will continue to increase the dispersion downstream, it is assumed that one-tenth dilution is maintained as far as TRM 510.0, where full-dilution is assumed.
Dilution is calculated using average annual flow data for the Tennessee River as measured during the 69-year period 1899-1968. The average flow past the site is approximately 28,000 ft3/sec.
Radioactive decay between the time of intake in a water system and the time of consumption is handled in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.109.
Maximum and average consumption rates are those recommended by Regulatory Guide 1.109.
Due to a lack of definitive data, no credit is taken for removal of activity from the water through absorption on solids and sedimentation, by deposition in the biomass, or by processing within water treatment systems.
Internal doses, D, for an organ for a single radionuclide are calculated using the relation D = DCF x I (1) where:
DCF = the dose commitment factor for the organ from the radionuclide (mrem/pCi).
11.2-22 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Values used are from Regulatory Guide 1.109.
I = the activity of the radionuclide taken into the body annually via ingestion, (pCi).
(2)
Dose to Man from the Consumption of Fish Current estimates of the Tennessee River fish harvest are 3.04 lb/acre/year.
It is assumed that the rates will increase with the population expansion, so the dose calculations are based on harvests of 3.77 lb/acre of fish in the year 2040. This is determined by multiplying the 1990 harvest by the population growth factor. The Tennessee River, within 50 miles downstream of WBN, is segmented into 4 regions (Table 11.2-10) in order to facilitate the calculations of fish harvests and radioactivity concentrations. The radioactivity levels in the fish from each region are estimated by the product of an average activity concentration in the reach and a concentration factor for each radionuclide.
The population dose is calculated using the assumption that all of the 3.77 lb/acre of fish caught is edible weight, and that the total harvest from each portion of the river is consumed by humans.
Dose commitments are calculated with Equation 1, which is discussed for water ingestion in the previous section.
Calculations indicate that there would be no significant radiological impact from human utilization of shellfish. Shellfish are not currently being harvested commercially in the Tennessee River; and consumption of shellfish by humans is assumed to be negligible.
(3)
Doses to Man due to Shoreline Recreation Estimates of the doses from shoreline recreation along the Tennessee River are calculated for each radionuclide using the following equation:
D = RDCF x C x T (mrem),
where:
RDCF = The shoreline recreation dose commitment factor, mrem/hour per pCi/m2, from Regulatory Guide 1.109, Table E-6.
T = exposure time, hours.
C = Concentration of the radionuclide in the sediment, pCi/m2; calculated using NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109 methodology. A shoreline width factor of 0.2 is used.
Doses to the population are calculated using estimates for shoreline visits (1990 values) multiplied by the population growth factor.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-23 WATTS BAR WBNP-88 11.2.9.2 Summary of Dose from Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents Radiation doses calculated for releases of radionuclides in liquid effluents during normal operation of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant are summarized in Table 11.2-11.
Liver tissues are expected to receive the greatest doses for the maximum individual; however, the thyroid tissues are expected to receive the greatest dose for the Tennessee Valley population.
REFERENCES (1)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (2)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (3)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (4)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (5)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (6)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (7)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (8)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (9)
Deleted by Amendment 77 (10) NUREG-0017, R1, "Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from Pressurized Water Reactors," a PWR-GALE Code, Published April, 1985.
11.2-24 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.2-1 Liquid Waste Processing System Calculation Basis (Page 1 of 2) 1.0 Inputs (2 Units) 1.1 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Tank Volume: 350 gal/unit Input: 40 gpd 14,600 gal/yr Activity: 0.1 PCA Collection Time: 24 hrs Processing Time: neglected 1.2 Tritiated Drain Collector Tank Tank Volume: 24,700 gal Input:
2,980 gpd 1,087,000 gal/yr Activity: See Section 3.0 Collection Time: 24 hrs Processing Time: 6 hrs 1.3 Floor Drain Collector Tank Tank Volume: 23,000 gal Input: 3,200 gpd 1,168,000 gal/yr Activity: See Section 3.0 Collection Time: 24 hrs Processing Time: 6 hrs 1.4 CVCS Letdown Input:
4,863 gpd 1,775,107 gal/yr Activity: 1.0 PCA Collection Time:24 hrs Processing Time:6 hrs 1.5 Chemical Drain Tank & Laundry and Hot Shower Tank Input: 1080 gal/day (NUREG-0017 Table 1-3) 394,200 gal/yr Activity: NUREG-0017 Table 2-27 Released without processing or decay 1.6 Condensate Polisher Regeneration Waste Input: 6,800 gpd of waste (NUREG-0017 Table 1-3) 2,482,000 gal/yr Activity: See Section 3.0 1.7 Steam Generator Blowdown Input: 60,000 lb/hr (365 days)
Activity: See Section 3.0 1.8 Gaseous Activity All noble gases vent to gaseous waste processing system. All halogens remain in liquid.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-25 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 2.0 Processing 2.1 Decontamination Factors except mobile demineralizer system based on NUREG-0017 Rev 1; Table 1-4 2.2 CVCS letdown first processed through CVCS mixed bed and cation demineralizers DF = 20 for Cs & Rb DF = 100 for all others 2.3 All processing through mobile demineralizer system DF = 1000 for all isotopes except Cobalt 58 based on five (5) beds. The first is loaded with ion specific filtration media/activated carbon, followed by another ion specific media, a cation bed, and then two (2) mixed beds in series.
Flow rate: 40 gpm DF = 100 for Co58 3.0 Leakage1 a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
g) h)
i) j)
k) l)
1.
2.
3.
Reactor coolant pump seal leakage, 20 gal/day @ 0.1 PCA Reactor containment cooling system, 500 gal/day @ 0.001 PCA2 Other leaks and drains, 10 gal/day @ 1.67 PCA2 Primary coolant equipment drains, 80 gal/day @ 1.0 PCA2 Reactor coolant sampling, 200 gal/day @ 0.05 PCA2 Spent fuel pit liner drains, 700 gal/day @ 0.001 PCA2 Auxiliary Building floor drains, 200 gal/day @ 0.1 PCA3 Secondary system sampling, 1400 gal/day @ 1 PCA(of SSC)(Note: NUREG-0017 uses 1E-4 PCA (RC), this calculation uses actual SSC activities, therefore PCA = 1 SSC)3 CVCS letdown (via holdup tanks), 845 lb/hr (2431.654 gal/day) @ 1 PCA[5]
Input into the condensate resin regeneration waste (with resin DF=2 for Cs, Rb, and DF=10 for others) collected over a 6-day time period consisting of:
1)
SGBD blowdown = 3E4 lb/hr (86330.93 gal/day) @ 1 PCA (of SSC)[5]
2)
Condensate flow = 1.5E7 lb/hr (steam flow)*0.55(flow split)=8.25E6 lb/hr @ 1 PCA (of SSS)
Turbine Building floor drains, 7200 gal/day @ 1 PCA (of SSC) (Note: no reactor coolant in Turbine Building).
LHST release taken directly from NUREG-0017 Table 2-27.
The leakage values are for 1 Unit.
Normally processed to TDCT.
Normally processed to FDCT.
Table 11.2-1 Liquid Waste Processing System Calculation Basis (Page 2 of 2)
11.2-26 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.2-2 Deleted by Amendment 89
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-27 WATTS BAR WBNP-91 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 1 of 7)
Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Number per unit Type Volume, gal Design pressure, internal, psig Design pressure, external, psig Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure, range, psig Normal operating temperature range, EF Material of construction 1
Horizontal 350 25 60 267 0.5-2.0 50-200 Austenitic SS Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Pumps Number per unit Type Design flow rate, gpm Pump A Pump B Design head, ft Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Required NPSH at design flow, ft Pump A Pump B Material, wetted surfaces 2
open face horizontal, centrifugal 50 150 175 150 300 6
6 Austenitic SS Chemical Drain Tank Number (shared)
Type Volume, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure Normal operating temperature, EF Material of construction 1
Vertical 600 Atmospheric 180 Atmospheric 50-140 Austenitic SS
- For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2
11.2-28 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-91 Chemical Drain Pump Number (shared)
Type Design flow rate, gpm Design head, ft Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Required NPSH at design flow, ft Material 1
Horizontal, centrifugal, mechanical seal 20 100 150 180 5
Austenitic SS Tritiated Drain Collector Tank Number (shared)
Type Volume, gal Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure Normal operating temperature, EF Material of construction 1
Horizontal 24,700 Atmospheric 180 Atmospheric 50-140 Austenitic SS Tritiated Drain Collector Tank Pumps Number (shared)
Type 2
Horizontal, centrifugal, mechanical seal Pump A Pump B Design flowrate, gpm Design head, ft Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Required NPSH at design flow, ft Material 100 100 150 180 20 Austenitic SS 20 100 150 180 5
Floor Drain Collector Tank Number (shared)
Type Volume, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure Normal operating temperature, EF Material of construction 1
Horizontal 23,000 Atmospheric 180 Atmospheric 50-140 Austenitic SS
- For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 2 of 7)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-29 WATTS BAR WBNP-91 Floor Drain Collector Tank Pumps Number (shared)
Type 2
Horizontal, centrifugal, mechanical seal Pump A Pump B Design flow rate, gpm Design head, ft Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Required NPSH at design flow, ft Material 100 110 150 180 15 Austenitic SS 20 100 150 180 5
Waste Condensate Tanks Number (shared)
Type Volume, each, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure Material 3
Vertical 1500 Atmospheric 180 Atmospheric Austenitic SS Waste Condensate Pumps Number (shared)
Type Design flow rate, gpm Design head, ft Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material, wetted surfaces 2
Horizontal, centrifugal 20 100 150 180 Austenitic SS Laundry and Hot Shower Tanks Number (shared)
Type Design temperature, EF Design pressure Volume, gal Material 2
Vertical 180 Atmospheric 600 Stainless steel Laundry and Hot Shower Pump Number (shared)
Design temperature, EF Design pressure, psig 1
180 150
- For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 3 of 7)
11.2-30 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-91 Laundry & Hot Shower Pump (Cont'd)
Design head, ft Design flow, gpm Material contacting fluid Type 100 20 Stainless steel Horizontal, centri-fugal, mechanical seal Cask Decontamination Collector Tank Number (shared)
Volume, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Material 1
15,000 Atmospheric 180 Carbon steel Cask Decontamination Collector Tank Pumps Number (shared)
Flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material 2
100 150 180 Stainless steel Cask Decontamination Collector Tank Filters Number (shared)
Flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material 2
40 200 250 304 stainless steel Spent Resin Storage Tank Number (shared)
Type Volume, each, ft3 Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure, psig Normal operating temperature Material of construction 1
Vertical 300 100 180 0.5 - 15 Ambient Austenitic SS
- For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 4 of 7)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-31 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 TDCT and FDCT Discharge Filters, Waste Condensate Tank Filter, and Waste Condenser Filter**
Number (shared)
Type Design pressure, psig 1
Disposable synthetic cartridge 200 Design temperature, EF Flow rate, gpm Pressure drop at 20 gpm, clean filter, psi Maximum differential pressure, 100%
fouled, psi Retention for 25-micron particles, %
Materials Housing Filter element 250 35 5
20 98 Stainless steel Nylon Laundry Tank Basket Strainer Number (shared)
Type Design flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Diameter of perforation, in.
Pressure drop at design flow when clean, psi Radiation levels outside Material, wetted surfaces 1
Perforated stainless steel sheet 20 150 180 1/16 0.5 Negligible Austenitic SS FDCT Discharge Pumps Strainer Number Design flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Diameter of perforation, in.
Pressure drop at design flow when clean, psi Material Safety class 1
100 150 180 3/16 2
Stainless steel G
For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2
- Other filter media are allowed per vendor technical manual if they are equal or finer.
Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 5 of 7)
11.2-32 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Condensate Demineralizer Waste Evaporator Package (Not required for unit 1 operation)
Number (shared)
Type Design capacity net, gpm Steam supply, psia Material 1
Forced recirculation 30 65 Inconel 625 and Austenitic SS High-Crud, Low-Conductivity Tanks Number (shared)
Volume of each tank, gal.
Design pressure Design temperature, EF Material 2
19,000 Atmospheric 120 Rubber lined carbon steel High-Crud, Low-Conductivity Pumps Number (shared)
Flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material Head, ft. water 2
150 150 120 Stainless steel 330 High-Crud Pre-Filters Number Type Design pressure, psig Design Temperature, EF Flow rate, gpm Material 3
Bag Filter 220 120 150 304 Stainless steel High-Crud, Low-Conductivity Filter Number (shared)
Type Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Flow rate, gpm Filter Area, A2 (in2.)
Maximum differential pressure, 100% fouled, psi Maximum suspended solids in liquid effluent, mg/l Materials 1
Votator/Schenk Pressure Precoat 150 120 100 (dirty) 106 75 5
Stainless steel Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 6 of 7)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-33 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Neutralization Tank Number (shared)
Volume, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Material Neutralization Pumps Number (shared)
Flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material Head, ft. water 1
20,000 Atmospheric 120 Rubber lined carbon steel 2
100 150 120 Stainless steel 135 Non-Reclaimable Waste Tank Number (shared)
Volume, gal Design pressure Design temperature, EF Material 1
10,000 Atmospheric 120 Rubber lined carbon steel Non-Reclaimable Waste Pumps Number (shared)
Flow rate, gpm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Material Head, ft. water 2
30 150 120 Stainless steel 220
- For design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2 Table 11.2-3 Component Design Parameters*
(Page 7 of 7)
11.2-34 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.2-4 Deleted by Amendment 77
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-35 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 1 of 5)
F - Flow P - Pressure L - Level T - Temperature Co-Conductivity R - Radiation I - Indication C - Control A - Alarm Flow Instrumentation Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Design Press. PSIG Design Temp. (EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout FI-1064 (FI-77-42)
Waste Condensate Pumps Discharge 150 180 0-150 gpm NA NA WPS Panel FI-1068 (FI-77-44A, 44B)
Spent Resin Storage Tank Water Inlet 150 180 0-200 gpm NA NA WBS Panel and Drumming Room Pressure Instrumentation PIA-1004 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank 150 267 0-40 psig Hi, 10 psig NA WPS panel PIA-1006 Spent Resin Storage Tank 150 180 0-100 psig Hi, 90 psig Lo, 5 psig NA WPS panel PI-1016 Waste Condensate Tank Filter Inlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1017 Waste Condensate Tank Filter Outlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local
11.2-36 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Design Press. PSIG Design Temp. (EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout Pressure Instrumentation (Contd)
PI-1018A Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Pump Discharge 150 180 0-200 psig NA NA Local PI-1018B Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Pump Discharge 150 180 0-200 psig NA NA Local PI-1018C Laundry Pump Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1018D Chemical Drain Pump Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1018G Waste Condensate Pump A Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1018H Waste Condensate Pump B Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1018K Waste Condensate Pump A Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1018L Waste Condensate Pump B Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1018M Chemical Drain Pump Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1019A Tritiated Waste Feed Pump A Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1019B Tritiated Waste Feed Pump B Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1019C Tritiated Waste Feed Pump A Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1019D Tritiated Waste Feed Pump B Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 2 of 5)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-37 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Design Press. PSIG Design Temp. (EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout Pressure Instrumentation (Contd)
PI-1020 Tritiated Waste Feed Filter Outlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1075 Waste Condensate Filter Inlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1076 Waste Condensate Filter Outlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Press.
(PSIG)
Temp.
(EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout PI-1078A Floor Drain Waste Feed Pump A Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1078B Floor Drain Waste Feed Pump B Discharge 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1079 Floor Drain Waste Filter Outlet 150 180 0-100 psig NA NA Local PI-1080 Laundry Pump Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1090A Floor Drain Waste Feed Pump A Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local PI-1090B Floor Drain Waste Feed Pump B Suction 150 180 0-15 psig NA NA Local Level Instrumentation LICA-1001 Tritiated Drain Collector Tank 150 140 0-122 in.
Hi, 110 in.
Lo, 6 in.
Lo, 12 in.
Local &
WPS panel LICA-1002 Chemical Drain Tank 150 140 0-69 in.
Hi, 63 in.
Lo, 7 in.
Lo, 14 in.
Local &
WPS panel Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 3 of 5)
11.2-38 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 LICA-1003 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank 150 140 0-28 in.
Hi, 22 in.
Lo, 3 in.
Hi, 18 in.
14 in.
Lo, 5 in.
WPS panel LIA XIA-77-48 (0-LT-77-48)
Spent Resin Storage Tank 150 140 0-52 in.
Hi, 45 in.
Lo, 5 in.
NA
- 1) Waste Disposal Recycle Control Panel
- 2) Spent Resin Transfer Control Terminal -
Local Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Press.
(PSIG)
Temp.
(EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout LICA-1010 Laundry and Hot Shower Tank A 150 140 0-69 in.
Hi, 63 in.
Lo, 7 in.
NA WPS panel LICA-1011 Laundry and Hot Shower Tank B 150 140 0-69 in.
Hi, 63 in.
Lo, 7 in.
NA WPS panel LICA-1012 Waste Condensate Tank A
150 140 0-59 in.
Hi, 54 in.
Lo, 6 in.
NA WPS panel LICA-1013 Waste Condensate Tank B
150 140 0-59 in.
Hi, 54 in.
Lo, 6 in.
NA WPS panel LICA-1014 Waste Condensate Tank C
150 140 0-59 in.
Hi, 54 in.
Lo, 6 in.
NA WPS panel LICA-1077 Floor Drain Collector Tank 150 140 0-122 in.
Hi, 110 in.
Lo, 6 in.
NA WPS panel Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 4 of 5)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-39 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 LICA-XIA 48 (0-LT-77-140)
Cask Decontamination Collector tank 150 140 0-180 in.
Hi,136.4 in.
Lo, 21.0 in.
Lo, 24 in.
- 1) Waste Disposal Recycle Control and CRT Panel
- 2) Waste Disposal Recycle Control Terminal -
Local Temperature Instrumentation TIA-1058 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank 150 200 50-250EF Hi, 190EF NA WPS panel Conductivity Instrumentation COIA-1063 Demineralizer Flush Water Return Pipe NA NA NA Lo, 3.0 mho/cm NA WPS panel Radiation Instrumentation RICA-018 Liquid Waste Plant Disposal Pipe NA NA 10-107 cpm 10-3 ci/cc Variable WPS & Main Plant panel Table 11.2-5 Liquid Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 5 of 5)
11.2-40 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.2-6 Radioactive Liquid Releases From Westinghouse Designed PWR Plants Plant Year Cladding Average 2 Fuel Defects Total Released Curies Avg. Discharge Concentration Ci/ml Fraction 10 CFR 20 Concentration Yankee Rowe 1970 1971 1972 Stainless Steel Neg.
0.001 0.036 0.0034 0.0013 1.5 x 10-10 1.25 x 10-12 4.7 x 10-12 1.5 x 10-3 1.25 x 10-5 4.71 x 10-5 Connecticut 1970 Stainless Steel 0.01 29.5 4.02 x 10-8 4.02 x 10-1 Yankee 1971 1972 0.03 5.85 12.26 7.75 x 10-9 1.61 x 10-8 7.75 x 10-2 1.61 x 10-1 San Onofre 1970 1971 1972 Stainless Steel 0.007 0.015 3.41 9.21 28.5 6.1 x 10-9 1.34 x 10-8 4.11 x 10-8 6.1 x 10-2 1.34 x 10-1 4.1 x 10-1 R. E. Ginna 1970 1971 1972 Zircaloy 0.4 0.26 9.35 0.96 0.38 1.43 x 10-8 1.45 x 10-9 5.69 x 10-10 1.43 x 10-1 1.45 x 10-2 5.7 x 10-3 H. B. Robinson 2 1970 1971 1972 Zircaloy 0.001 0.74 0.39 1.01 x 10-9 5.57 x 10-10 1.01 x 10-2 5.6 x 10-3 Point Beach 1970 1971 1972 Zircaloy 0.01 0.14 1.53 2.48 x 10-10 2.68 x 10-9 2.48 x 10-3 2.7 x 10-2
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-41 WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- One unit operation. These values do not include Boron Recovery and CDWE.
Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System* Prior to Treatment (Sheet 1of 3)
Combined Tanks (Aux. Bldg)
CVCS LHST (Ci/yr)
Con. Demin.
TB Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Rb-88 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Na-24 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Zn-65 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-91m Y-91 Y-93 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 Tc-99m Ru-103 Ru-106 Te-129m Te-129 Te-131m Te-131 Te-132 Ba-140 La-140 Ce-141 Ce-143 Ce-144 Np-239 Total 0.09825 8.21 5.778 18.39 3.439 18.21 0.6522 1.325 0.1586 1.756 5.408 0.5775 0.301 0.2259 0.05624 0.8639 0.1001 0.09618 0.02619 0.00226 0.08633 0.05313 0.001647 0.3921 0.07314 0.05311 1.071 0.9414 1.403 16.97 0.03551 0.3423 0.2189 0.07575 0.2891 2.392 4.315 0.02804 0.417 0.7542 0.3604 95.94 1.84 153.7 108.2 344.4 64.41 340.9 12.22 24.8 2.969 32.87 101.2 10.81 5.634 4.229 1.053 16.17 1.873 1.8 0.4902 0.0423 1.616 0.9947 0.03083 7.341 1.369 0.9941 20.04 17.62 26.26 317.7 0.6646 6.411 4.098 1.418 5.412 44.78 80.78 0.5249 7.806 14.12 6.746 1796.34 0.0016 0.011 0.00037 0.016 0.0047 0.0038 0.0072 0.0022 0.0079 0.014 0.000088 0.000013 0.000084 0.0011 0.0019 0.00006 0.00029 0.0089 0.00091 0.00023 0.0039 0.086 2.043E-04 4.449E-01 4.232E-02 3.352E-01 1.036E-02 1.650E-01 3.065E-04 6.586E-02 6.740E-03 8.647E-02 7.115E-02 3.626E-02 1.992E-02 1.513E-02 3.538E-03 5.616E-02 6.721E-03 6.193E-03 1.691E-03 1.516E-04 8.539E-04 5.010E-04 1.172E-04 3.913E-03 4.704E-03 3.509E-03 3.889E-02 3.534E-02 9.169E-02 1.108E+00 2.244E-03 2.288E-03 4.875E-03 9.200E-04 1.147E-02 1.359E-01 1.946E-01 1.768E-03 9.902E-03 4.925E-02 1.217E-02 3.09 3.028E-05 1.346E-02 5.213E-03 2.758E-02 1.535E-03 2.248E-02 1.305E-04 4.551E-03 5.382E-04 6.074E-03 1.117E-02 1.532E-03 7.746E-04 5.843E-04 1.421E-04 2.256E-03 2.624E-04 2.502E-04 6.753E-05 5.845E-06 1.652E-04 9.537E-05 3.705E-06 7.310E-04 1.898E-04 1.318E-04 2.664E-03 2.056E-03 3.666E-03 4.410E-02 9.210E-05 2.597E-04 5.036E-04 9.882E-05 7.144E-04 6.048E-03 1.031E-02 7.200E-05 9.526E-04 1.906E-03 8.781E-04 0.17
11.2-42 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System*
Annual Discharge (Ci) After Processing - One Unit Operation (Sheet 2 of 3)
Total Release***
demin. proc by Mob Demin w/cond.
demin. proc by Mob Demin Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Rb-88 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Na-24 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-55 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Zn-65 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-91m Y-91 Y-93 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 Tc-99m Ru-103 Ru-106 Te-129m Te-129 Te-131m Te-131 Te-132 Ba-140 La-140 Ce-141 Ce-143 Ce-144 Np-239 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 100*
1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 50 50 50 50 50 50 2
2 2
2 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 0.0003696 0.471244 0.055475 0.388058 0.0166222 0.212508 0.0071992 0.095136 0.0092913 0.126735 0.089752 0.0432857 0.0249082 0.0232247 0.0059574 0.078189 0.0211209 0.0065753 0.0018825 0.0001735 0.0011377 0.0006693 0.0002071 0.0051829 0.0060943 0.0056137 0.0430858 0.0386898 0.0975742 1.184324 0.0023849 0.0030182 0.0056794 0.0011229 0.0125817 0.1461456 0.2108406 0.0021085 0.0114277 0.0560926 0.0135434 0.0001655 0.0267889 0.0131973 0.0531932 0.0062725 0.047673 0.0068930 0.0293418 0.0025580 0.0403514 0.0186731 0.0070619 0.0050082 0.0081099 0.0024229 0.0225906 0.0144066 0.0003885 0.0001932 0.0000221 0.0002847 0.0001688 0.0000900 0.0012738 0.0013950 0.0021083 0.0042346 0.0033851 0.0059758 0.077432 0.0001431 0.0007325 0.0008093 0.0002038 0.0011232 0.0103815 0.0164352 0.0003423 0.0015356 0.0068918 0.0013855
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-43 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Note: The 0.16 Ci/yr is the unplanned release.
MD - Mobile Demineralizer (Processes Tanks, CVCS)
DF - Decontamination Factor CVCS DF - Decontamination Factor of CVCS prior to treatment with MD.
Cond. demin. - condensate demineralizer regeneration waste Total Release - [Tank + CVCS ]/MD DF + LHST + TB + cond. demin/MD DF CVCS DF Table 11.2-7 Total Annual Discharge Liquid Waste Processing System*
Annual Discharge (Ci) After Processing - One Unit Operation (Sheet 3 of 2)
Total Release***
demin. proc by Mob Demin w/cond.
demin. proc by Mob Demin H-3 unplanned total (w/o H3) w/unplanned total (w/H3) w/unplanned 1
1 1289.52 0.16 3.5252327 3.685 1293.0452 1293.205 1289.52 0.16 0.4416449 0.602 1289.962 1290.122
11.2-44 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Note: The above numbers are based on one unit operation.
Table 11.2-7a Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Liquid Releases Concentration/ (Effluent Concentration Limit)
No Processing Of Condensate Resin Regeneration Waste By Mobile Demineralizers Exp. Rel.
Ci/yr Des/Exp Ratio Design Ci/yr Design uCi/cc 10CFR20 ECL C/ECL Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Rb-88 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-91 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 Te-132 Ba-140 La-140 Ce-144 H-3 0.0003696 0.471244 0.055475 0.388058 0.0166222 0.212508 0.0071992 0.095136 0.0092913 0.126735 0.0432857 0.0249082 0.0059574 0.078189 0.0211209 0.0018825 0.0001735 0.0011377 0.0002071 0.0060943 0.0056137 0.0430858 0.0125817 0.1461456 0.2108406 0.0560926 1289.52 2.44 52.41 4.00 26.85 1.54 7.91 18.14 28.42 154.19 102.15 0.29 0.46 3.16 5.17 1.33 25.85 8.73 1.86 1005.48 1.63 2.17 785.19 145.25 0.31 0.06 0.06 1
0.000902 24.69832 0.2219 10.41766 0.025572 1.681717 0.130573 2.703458 1.432579 12.94598 0.012348 0.011416 0.018852 0.403868 0.028009 0.048663 0.001515 0.002119 0.208304 0.009959 0.012179 33.83033 1.827515 0.044803 0.011979 0.003597 1289.52 2.27E-11 6.21E-07 5.58E-09 2.62E-07 6.43E-10 4.23E-08 3.28E-09 6.79E-08 3.60E-08 3.25E-07 3.10E-10 2.87E-10 4.74E-10 1.02E-08 7.04E-10 1.22E-09 3.81E-11 5.33E-11 5.24E-09 2.50E-10 3.06E-10 8.50E-07 4.59E-08 1.13E-09 3.01E-10 9.04E-11 3.24E-05 4.0E-04 1.0E-06 1.0E-04 7.0E-06 4.0E-04 3.0E-05 4.0E-04 9.0E-07 6.0E-06 1.0E-06 5.0E-04 3.0E-05 1.0E-05 2.0E-05 3.0E-06 8.0E-06 5.0E-07 2.0E-05 8.0E-06 2.0E-05 3.0E-05 2.0E-05 9.0E-06 8.0E-06 9.0E-06 3.0E-06 1.0E-03 0.000000 0.620739 0.000055 0.037403 0.000001 0.001408 0.000008 0.075495 0.006000 0.325369 0.000000 0.000009 0.000047 0.000507 0.000234 0.000152 0.000076 0.000002 0.000654 0.000012 0.000010 0.042512 0.005103 0.000140 0.000033 0.000030 0.032409 1.148421
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-45 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Note: The above calculations are for 1 unit operation.
Table 11.2-7b Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Liquid Releases Concentration/ (Effluent Concentration Limit)
Condensate Resin Regeneration Waste Produced By Mobile Demineralizers Exp. Rel.
Ci/yr Des/Exp Ratio Design Ci/yr Design uCi/cc 10CFR20 ECL C/ECL Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Rb-88 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Y-91 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 Te-132 Ba-140 La-140 Ce-144 H-3 0.0001655 0.0267889 0.0131973 0.0531932 0.0062725 0.047673 0.0068930 0.0293418 0.0025580 0.0403514 0.0070619 0.0050082 0.0024229 0.0225906 0.0144066 0.0001932 0.0000221 0.0002847 0.0000900 0.0013950 0.0021083 0.0042346 0.0011232 0.0103815 0.0164352 0.0068918 1289.52 2.44 52.41 4.00 26.85 1.54 7.91 18.14 28.42 154.19 102.15 0.29 0.46 3.16 5.17 1.33 25.85 8.73 1.86 1005.48 1.63 2.17 785.19 145.25 0.31 0.06 0.06 1
0.000404 1.404030 0.052789 1.428005 0.009650 0.377268 0.125020 0.833801 0.394411 4.121902 0.002014 0.002295 0.007667 0.116686 0.019105 0.004994 0.000192 0.000530 0.090579 0.002279 0.004573 3.325015 0.163147 0.003182 0.000933 0.000441 1289.52 1.02E-11 3.53E-08 1.33E-09 3.59E-08 2.43E-10 9.48E-09 3.14E-09 2.10E-08 9.91E-09 1.04E-07 5.06E-11 5.77E-11 1.93E-10 2.93E-09 4.80E-10 1.26E-10 4.85E-12 1.33E-11 2.28E-09 5.73E-11 1.15E-10 8.36E-08 4.10E-09 8.00E-11 2.35E-11 1.11E-11 3.24E-05 4.0E-04 1.0E-06 1.0E-04 7.0E-06 4.0E-04 3.0E-05 4.0E-04 9.0E-07 6.0E-06 1.0E-06 5.0E-04 3.0E-05 1.0E-05 2.0E-05 3.0E-06 8.0E-06 5.0E-07 2.0E-05 8.0E-06 2.0E-05 3.0E-05 2.0E-05 9.0E-06 8.0E-06 9.0E-06 3.0E-06 1.0E-03 0.000000 0.035287 0.000013 0.005127 0.000000 0.000316 0.000007 0.023284 0.001652 0.103595 0.000000 0.000001 0.000019 0.000146 0.000160 0.000015 0.000009 0.000000 0.000284 0.000002 0.000003 0.004178 0.000455 0.000009 0.000002 0.000003 0.032409 0.206988
11.2-46 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-42 Table 11.2-8 Table Deleted By Amendment 42
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-47 WATTS BAR WBNP-42 Table 11.2-9 Table Deleted By Amendment 42
11.2-48 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-42 TRM - Tennessee River Mile 1100% Mixing Point Table 11.2-10 Tennessee River Reaches Within 50 Mile Radius Downstream of WBN Name Beginning TRM Ending TRM Size (acres)
Recreation visits/y Chickamauga Lake below WBN 528.0 510.01 4799 85,200 Chickamauga Lake above Sequoyah Nuclear Plant 510.03 484.0 22101 914,000 Chickamauga Lake below Sequoyah Nuclear Plant 484.0 471.0 9889 5,226,700 Nickajack Lake (Part 1) 471.0 460.0 1799 200,000 Public Water Supplies Within 50 Mile Radius Downstream of WBN Name TRM 1994 Population Dayton, TN 503.7 13,500 East Side Utility, TN 473.0 35,000 Chattanooga, TN 465.3 167,500
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-49 WATTS BAR WBNP-42 Table 11.2-11 Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Doses From Liquid Effluents For Year 2040 Individual Dose (mrem)
Adult Total Body 0.72 Bone 0.57 GI Tract 0.19 Thyroid 0.72 Liver 0.96 Kidney 0.36 Lung 0.14 Skin 0.038 Teen Total Body 0.43 Bone 0.60 GI Tract 0.15 Thyroid 0.67 Liver 0.98 Kidney 0.36 Lung 0.16 Skin 0.038 Child Total Body 0.20 Bone 0.74 GI Tract 0.093 Thyroid 0.77 Liver 0.87 Kidney 0.32 Lung 0.14 Skin 0.038 Infant Total Body 0.043 Bone 0.047 GI Tract 0.049 Thyroid 0.23 Liver 0.047 Kidney 0.045 Lung 0.043 Skin 0.038 Population Dose (Person-rem)
Total Body 1.98 Bone 2.11 GI Tract 2.98 Thyroid 9.67 Liver 2.36 Kidney 1.86 Lung 1.49 Skin 0.533
11.2-50 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-42 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-51 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Auxiliary Bldg & Reactor Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1)
11.2-52 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-53 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 3)
11.2-54 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 4)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-55 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Auxiliary & Cond Demin Waste Evaporator Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 6)
11.2-56 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Figure 11.2-1 Powerhouse Aux & Cond Deminerlizer Waste Evaporator Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 7)
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS 11.2-57 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Figure 11.2-2 Process Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System
11.2-58 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 11.3 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3.1 Design Bases The Gaseous Waste Processing System (GWPS) is designed to remove fission product gases from the Nuclear Steam Supply System and to permit operation with periodic discharges of small quantities of fission gases through the monitored plant vent. This is accomplished by internal recirculation of radioactive gases and holdup in the nine waste gas decay tanks to reduce the concentration of radioisotopes in the released gases.
The plant gaseous effluent releases during normal operation of the plant are limited at the site boundary not to exceed 10 CFR 50 Appendix I and 40 CFR 190 limits as specified in the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM).
Although plant operating procedures, equipment inspection, and preventive maintenance are performed during plant operations to minimize equipment malfunction, overall radioactive release limits have been established as a basis for controlling plant discharges during operation with the occurrence of a combination of equipment faults. A combination of equipment faults which include operation with fuel defects and failure of up to two TPBARs (Unit 1) in combination with such occurrences as:
(1)
Steam generator tube leaks.
(2)
Leakage in Liquid Waste Processing System.
(3)
Leakage of Gaseous Waste Processing System.
(4)
Leakage in Reactor Coolant System equipment.
(5)
Leakage in auxiliary system equipment.
The radioactive releases from the plant resulting from equipment faults of moderate frequency are within 10 CFR 50 Appendix I and 40 CFR 190 limits as specified in the ODCM.
11.3.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS The Gaseous Waste Processing System (GWPS) consists of two waste gas compressor packages, nine waste gas decay tanks, and the associated piping, valves and instrumentation. The equipment serves both units. The system is shown on the Process Flow and Electrical Control Diagrams, Figure 11.3-1 and Figure 11.3-2.
Table 11.3-5 gives process parameters and system activities for key locations in the system.
Table 11.3-6 gives the expected annual gaseous releases from the GWPS.
11.3-2 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-90 The bases used for estimating the system activities and gaseous releases are given in Table 11.3-4.
Gaseous wastes are received from the following: degassing of the reactor coolant and purging of the volume control tank prior to a cold shutdown, displacing of cover gases caused by liquid accumulation in the tanks connected to the vent header, purging of some equipment, sampling and gas analyzer operation, and boron recycle process (not required for Unit 1 operation) operation.
Auxiliary Services The auxiliary services portion of the GWPS consists of two automatic gas analyzers and its instrumentation, valves, and tubing, a nitrogen and a hydrogen supply manifold and the necessary instrumentation, valves, and piping.
One automatic sequential gas analyzer determines the quantity of oxygen and hydrogen in the gas space of the volume control tank, pressurizer relief tank, holdup tanks, evaporators, gas decay tanks, reactor coolant drain tank, and spent resin storage tank and provides a local and main control room (MCR) alarm on 2% oxygen concentration (hi-alarm), and 4% concentration (hi-hi alarm). A second oxygen monitor is installed to continuously sample the discharge of the operating gas compressor. This monitor sounds an alarm at 2% oxygen (hi-alarm) and 4% oxygen (hi-hi alarm) in the MCR. Operator action is relied upon to prevent the formation of a combustible gas mixture. In the waste gas holdup system, this is accomplished by reducing oxygen concentrations on a hi-alarm and suspending additions to the waste gas system and reducing oxygen concentrations on a hi-hi alarm. For the sequential analyzer on a hi-alarm, the operator determines the source of the high oxygen and reduces the oxygen concentration. For a sequential analyzer hi-hi alarm, the operator minimizes an increase in vent header pressure, suspends additions to the waste gas system, and reduces oxygen concentration.
As protection against an uncontrolled release of radioactive materials from the GWPS, grab sampling and analysis is performed when either the waste disposal system waste gas sequential or continuous oxygen analyzer is inoperable.
The nitrogen and hydrogen supply packages are designed to provide a supply of gas to the Nuclear Steam Supply System. Two headers are provided for each package:
one for operation and one for backup. The pressure regulator in the backup header is set slightly lower than that in the operating header. When the operating header is exhausted, its discharge pressure falls below the set pressure of the backup header, which comes into service automatically to ensure a continuous supply of gas. An alarm alerts the operator that one header is exhausted.
Nitrogen is supplied for the following: spent resin storage tank, reactor coolant drain tank, pressurizer relief tank, volume control tank, gas stripper (not required for Unit 1 operation), boric acid evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation), waste gas decay tanks, and holdup tanks. In addition, there is a truck fill connection in the nitrogen supply header for the direct filling of the safety injection system accumulators. Makeup
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 nitrogen for the accumulators is supplied from the package. Hydrogen is supplied for the volume control tank.
The design and material of valves and manifolds are the same as for the main gaseous waste processing system (GWPS).
11.3.3 SYSTEM DESIGN 11.3.3.1 Component Design The GWPS equipment parameters are given in Table 11.3-1. For further information on design codes and safety classes see Section 3.2.
Waste Gas Compressors The two waste gas compressors are provided for continuous removal of gases discharging to the vent header. One unit is supplied for normal operation and is capable of handling the gas from a holdup tank which is receiving letdown flow at the maximum rate. The second unit is provided for backup during peak load conditions, such as when degassing the reactor coolant or for service when the first unit is down for maintenance. Operation of the backup unit can be controlled manually or automatically by vent header pressure. Each unit is sized for 40 CFM. The compressors are of the water sealed centrifugal type and are provided with mechanical seals to minimize leakage. Construction is of cast iron external and bronze internals with a stainless steel shaft.
Gas Decay Tanks Nine tanks are provided to hold radioactive waste gases for decay. This arrangement is adequate for a plant operating with one percent fuel defects. Nine tanks are provided so that during normal operation, a minimum of 60 days are available for decay.
The tanks are vertical cylindrical type and are constructed of carbon steel.
Valves The valves handling gases are carbon steel, Saunders-patent diaphragm type, which minimize stem leakage.
Piping The piping for gaseous waste is carbon steel. All piping joints are welded except where flanged connections are necessary for maintenance.
11.3.3.2 Instrumentation Design The main system instrumentation is described in Table 11.3-2 and shown on Flow Diagrams and Electrical Control Diagrams, Figures 11.3-1 and 11.3-2.
The instrumentation readout is located mainly on the Waste Processing System panel in the Auxiliary Building. Some instruments have local readout at the equipment location.
11.3-4 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-90 Most alarms are shown separately on the WPS panel and further relayed to one common WPS annunciator on the waste disposal panel (O-L-2). An oxygen analyzer alarm on the waste gas compressor discharge is in the main control room. The continuous oxygen analyzer on the waste gas compressor is provided to alert the operator that oxygen is present, and to stop processing and manually switch to the standby gas decay tank.
A multipoint automatic gas analyzer is provided to monitor hydrogen and oxygen concentrations in the nitrogen atmosphere. The analyzer records the oxygen and hydrogen concentrations and alarms at high oxygen level. The instrumentation diagram and sample collection points are shown in Figure 11.3-2.
11.3.4 Operating Procedure Equipment installed to reduce radioactive effluents to the minimum practicable level will be maintained in good operating order and will be operated to the maximum extent practicable. In order to assure that these conditions are met, administrative controls are exercised on overall operation of the system; preventive maintenance is utilized to maintain equipment in optimum condition; and experience available from similar plants is used in planning for operation at Watts Bar Nuclear Plant.
Administrative controls are exercised through the use of instructions covering such areas as valve alignment for various operations, equipment operating instructions, and other instructions pertinent to the proper operation of the processing equipment.
Discharge permit forms are utilized to assure proper procedures are followed and in assuring proper valve alignments and other operating conditions before a release.
These forms are signed and verified by those personnel performing the analysis and approving the release.
Preventive maintenance is carried out on all equipment as described in the plant's maintenance program.
Gaseous wastes consists primarily of hydrogen stripped from the reactor coolant during boron recycle (not required for Unit 1 operation) and degassing operations and nitrogen from the closed cover gas system. The components connected to the vent header are limited to those which normally contain no air or aerated liquids to prevent formation of a combustible mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
Waste gases discharged to the vent header are pumped to a waste gas decay tank by one of the two waste gas compressors which operates continuously.
The standby compressor is started automatically when high pressure occurs in the vent header. The standby compressor can be started manually. The compressors may also be used to transfer gas between gas decay tanks.
To compress gas into the gas decay tanks, the operator selects two tanks at the auxiliary control panel, one to receive gas, and one for standby. When the tank in service is pressurized to 100 psig, flow is automatically switched to the standby tank and an alarm alerts the operator to select a new standby tank.
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 The decay tank being filled is sampled automatically by the gas analyzer and an alarm alerts the operator to a high oxygen content. On high oxygen signal, the tank must be isolated and operator action is required to direct flow to the standby tank and to select a new standby tank.
If it should become necessary to transfer gas from one decay tank to another, the tank to be emptied is discharged to the holdup tank return line. The tank to receive gas is opened to the inlet header and the return line pressure regulator setpoint is raised to above 1.8 psig. The return line isolation valve is closed and the crossover between the return line and the compressor suction is opened. With this arrangement, gas is transferred by the compressor which is in service.
As the Chemical and Volume Control System holdup tanks' liquid is withdrawn for processing by the boric acid evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation), gas from the gas decay tanks is returned to the holdup tanks. The gas decay tank selected to supply the returning cover gas is attached to the return header from the auxiliary control board by manually opening the appropriate valve.
To maximize residence time for decay in the decay tanks, the last tank filled is the first tank attached to the header. A backup supply of gas for the holdup tanks is provided by the nitrogen header.
Before a gas decay tank is discharged to the atmosphere via the plant vent, a gas sample is taken to determine activity concentration of the gas and total activity inventory in the tank. The sample is taken by inserting a sample vessel in the gas analyzer's vent bypass line. Flow through the vessel is established by manually actuating the gas decay tank "manual select" sample station. When sufficient time has elapsed for a volume to be collected the gas analyzer is returned to normal alignment and the sample is removed for analysis. Total tank activity inventory is determined from the activity concentration and pressure in the tank.
To release the gas, the appropriate local manual stop valve is opened to the plant vent and the gas discharge modulating valve is opened at the auxiliary control panel. The plant vent activity level is also indicated on the panel to aid in setting the valve properly.
If there should be a high activity level in the vent during release, the modulating valve closes.
Refueling When preparing the plant for a cold shutdown prior to re-fueling, it is necessary to degas the reactor coolant to reduce the hydrogen concentration to 5 cc/kg and the activity concentration of Xe-133 to 1 Ci/cc. At the start of the de-gassing operation, the volume control tank gas space contains H2 and traces of fission gases. This atmosphere is replaced with nitrogen by raising and lowering the tank liquid level while venting and introducing nitrogen, until the above hydrogen and Xe-133 limits above are met.
Gas evolved from the volume control tank during this operation is pumped by the waste-gas compressors to the gas-decay tanks.
11.3-6 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Operation of the gaseous side of the Gaseous Waste Processing System is the same during the actual refueling operation as during normal operation.
Auxiliary Services During normal operation the Gaseous Waste Processing System supplies nitrogen and hydrogen from standard cylinders to primary plant components. Two headers are provided, one for operation and one for backup. The pressure regulator in the operating header is set for 100 psig and an alarm alerts the operator when the pressure falls below 100 psig. The standby header comes into service automatically at 90 psig to ensure a continuous supply of gas. After the exhausted header has been replaced, the operator manually sets the operating pressure back to 100 psig and the backup pressure at 90 psig. This operation is identical for both the nitrogen supply and the hydrogen supply.
11.3.5 Performance Tests Initial performance tests are performed to verify the operability of the components, instrumentation and control equipment.
During reactor operation the system is used at all times and hence is under continuous surveillance.
11.3.6 Deleted by Amendment 77 11.3.7 Radioactive Releases 11.3.7.1 NRC Requirements The following documents have been issued by the NRC to provide regulations and guidelines for radioactive releases:
(1) 10 CFR 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation (2) 10 CFR 50, Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities The total plant gaseous releases meet these regulations by providing assurance that the exposures to individuals in unrestricted areas are as low as reasonably achievable during normal plant operation and during anticipated operational occurrences.
11.3.7.2 Westinghouse PWR Experience Releases A survey has been performed of gaseous discharges from different Westinghouse PWR plants for one calendar year. The results are presented in Table 11.3-3.
11.3.7.3 Expected Gaseous Waste Processing System Releases Gaseous wastes consist of nitrogen and hydrogen gases purged from the Chemical Volume and Control System volume control tank when degassing the reactor coolant, and from the closed gas blanketing system. The gas decay tank capacity permits at least 60 days decay for waste gases before discharge during normal operation.
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-7 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 The quantities and isotopic concentration of gases discharged from the GWPS have been estimated. The analysis is based on input sources to the GWPS per NUREG-0017, modified to reflect WBN plant-specific parameters.
The associated releases in curies per year per reactor unit are given in Table 11.3-6.
11.3.7.4 Releases from Ventilation Systems A detailed review of the entire plant has been made to ascertain those items that could possibly contribute to airborne radioactive releases.
During normal plant operations, airborne noble gases and/or iodines can originate from reactor coolant leakage, equipment drains, venting and sampling, secondary side leakage, condenser air ejector and gland seal condenser exhausts, and GWPS leakage.
The assumptions used to estimate the annual quantity of radioactive gaseous effluents are given in Table 11.3-7. These assumptions are in accordance with NUREG-0017.
The noble gases and iodines discharged from the various sources are entered in Section 11.3.10.
11.3.7.5 Estimated Total Releases The estimated releases listed in Table 11.3-8 have been used in calculating the site boundary doses as shown in Section 11.3.10.
The dose calculations, based on the estimated total plant releases, show that the releases are in accordance with the design objectives in Section 11.3.1 and meet the regulations as outlined in Section 11.3.7.1. Further, the total plant releases are within the ODCM limits.
11.3.8 Release Points Gaseous radioactive wastes are released to the atmosphere through vents located on the Shield Building, Auxiliary Building, Turbine Building, and Service Building. A brief description, including function and location of each type vent, is presented below.
Shield Building Vent Waste gases from containment purge and the waste gas decay tanks are discharged to the environment through a Shield Building vent. Each Shield Building has one vent.
The vent is of rectangular cross section (dimension - 2 feet by 7 feet 6 inches) and discharges approximately 130 feet above ground level. The location of the Reactor Building vents is shown in the equipment layout drawings, Figure 1.2-1. The location of the Shield Building in relation to the site is shown on the main plant general plan, Figure 2.1-5. All gases released from the Shield Building vent are passed through HEPA filters and charcoal adsorbers prior to release. The effluent discharge rate through the vent is variable; occasionally, during containment purge, the rate may approach the maximum value which is listed in Figure 9.4-28. The flow path for waste gases exhausted through the vent from the waste gas decay tanks is shown in Figure 11.3-1.
11.3-8 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-90 Auxiliary Building Vent Waste gases in the Auxiliary Building are discharged through the Auxiliary Building exhaust vent. The vent is of the chimney type having a rectangular cross section of 10 by 30 feet. The top of the vent is located atop the Auxiliary Building and discharges approximately 106 feet above grade. Under normal operating conditions, gases are continuously discharged through the vent. Effluent flow rates can be near 224,000 cfm when two Auxiliary Building general exhaust fans and one fuel-handling area exhaust fan are operating at full capacity. Under accident conditions, the Auxiliary Building is isolated, and the Auxiliary Building gas treatment system (ABGTS) is used to treat gaseous effluents. When in service, the ABGTS discharges to the shield building exhaust vent. The location of the auxiliary building exhaust vent is shown in the equipment layout diagram, Figure 1.2-1. The Auxiliary Building is shown on the main plant general plan, Figure 2.1-5.
Turbine Building Vents Ventilation air is exhausted from the Turbine Building through the Turbine Building vents. There are eighteen vents at the 755-foot level and twenty vents at the 824-foot level (roof level). The effluent flow rates vary for each type of vent. Generally, the flow rates through a typical vent at the 755-foot level will not exceed 23,000 cfm and the flow rates through typical vent at the 824-foot level will not exceed 36,000 cfm. The general arrangement of vents on the turbine building is shown on Figure 1.2-1. The turbine building is shown on the main plant general plan, Figure 2.1-5.
Condenser Vacuum Exhaust Vent Gaseous wastes from the condenser are discharged through the condenser vacuum exhaust vent. The vent, which is a 12-inch diameter pipe, is located on the Turbine Building roof and discharges approximately 32 feet above grade. Under normal operating conditions the discharge flow rate will typically be less than 45 cfm.
Service Building Vent Radiologically monitored potentially radioactive waste gases from the radiochemical laboratory, the titration room, and the protective clothing decontamination facility and ventilation room are exhausted through HEPA filters via a common duct which discharges to the common Service Building roof exhaust plenum. Exhaust air from the machine shop, which is HEPA filtered, the small tool and equipment decontamination area, and the general area discharge to the common Service Building roof exhaust plenum. Separate vents from the common roof exhaust plenum discharge to atmosphere approximately 24 feet above grade. The Service Building is shown on the site plot plan, Figure 2.1-5.
11.3.9 Atmospheric Dilution Calculations of atmospheric transport, dispersion, and ground deposition are based on the straight-line airflow model discussed in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.111 (Revision 1, July 1977). All releases are assumed to be continuous. Releases known to be periodic, e.g., those during containment purging and waste gas decay tank venting, are treated as continuous releases.
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-9 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Releases from the Shield Building, Turbine Building (TB), and Auxiliary Building (AB) vents are treated as ground level. The ground level joint frequency distribution (JFD) is given in Section 2.3. Air concentrations and deposition rates were calculated considering radioactive decay and buildup during transit. Plume depletion was calculated using the figures provided in Regulatory Guide 1.111.
Estimates of normalized concentrations (X/Q) and normalized deposition rates (D/Q) for gaseous releases at points where potential dose pathways exist are listed in Table 11.3-9.
11.3.10 Estimated Doses from Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents Individuals are exposed to gaseous effluents via the following pathways: (1) external radiation from radioactivity in the air and on the ground; (2) inhalation; and (3) ingestion of beef, vegetables, and milk. No other additional exposure pathway has been identified which would contribute 10 percent or more to either individual or population doses.
11.3.10.1 Assumptions and Calculational Methods External air exposures are evaluated at points of potential maximum exposure (i.e.,
points at the unrestricted area boundary). External skin and total body exposures are evaluated at nearby residences. The dose to the critical organ from radioiodines, tritium (Unit 1 only) and particulates is calculated for real pathways existing at the site during a land use survey conducted in 1994.
To evaluate the potential critical organ dose, milk animals and nearest gardens were identified by a detailed survey within five miles of the plant (Table 11.3-9). Information on grazing seasons and feeding regimes are reflected in the feeding factor. The feeding factor is the fraction of the year an animal grazes on pasture. During the 1994 land use survey, there was one milk cow location identified in which information regarding the feeding regime for the animals, and the ages of onsite consumers of the milk could not be established. Because no specific information is known, it is conservatively assumed that the feeding factor for that location is equal to the worst-case feeding factor identified during the 1994 land use census for any real cow location (i.e., 70% pasture feeding) and that all four age groups are present. Since specific data on beef animals were not available, the nearest beef animal was assumed to be at the point of maximum offsite exposure. Milk ingestion is the critical pathway.
TVA assumes that enough fresh vegetables are produced at each residence to supply annual consumption by all members of that household. TVA assumes that enough meat is produced in each sector annulus to supply the needs of that region. Watts Bar projected population distribution for the year 2040 is given in Table 11.3-10.
Doses are calculated using the dose factors and methodology contained in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109 with certain exceptions as follows:
(1)
Inhalation doses are based on the average individuals inhalation rates found in ICRP Publication 23 of 1,400; 5,500; 8,000; and 8,100 m3/year for infant, child, teen, and adult, respectively.
11.3-10 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-92 (2)
The milk ingestion pathway has been modeled to include specific information on grazing periods for milk animals obtained from a detailed farm survey. A feeding factor (FF) has been defined as that fraction of total feed intake a dairy animal consumes that is from fresh forage. The remaining portion of feed (1-FF) is assumed to be from stored feed. Doses calculated from milk produced by animals consuming fresh forage are multiplied by these factors.
Concentrations of radioactivity in stored feed are adjusted to reflect radioactive decay during the maximum assumed storage period of 180 days by the factor:
This factor replaces the factor exp (-i th) in equation C-10 of Regulatory Guide 1.109.
(3)
The stored vegetable and beef ingestion pathways have been modeled to reflect more accurately the actual dietary characteristics of individuals. For stored vegetables the assumption is made that home grown stored vegetables are consumed when fresh vegetables are not available, i.e.,
during the 9 months of fall, winter, and spring. Rather than use a constant storage period of 60 days, radioactive decay is accounted for explicitly during the 275-day consumption period. The radioactive decay correction is calculated by:
This replaces the term exp (-ith) in Equation C-5 of Regulatory Guide 1.109.
1 180 exp it
(
) t d
0 180
1 i180
(
)
exp 180i
=
1 275 it
(
)
exp t
d 0
275
1 i275
(
)
exp 275i
=
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-11 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 (4)
The beef consumption pathways can be divided into either commercial sales or home use pathways. Dose calculations are made for individuals consuming meat produced for home use. The normal processing route is for an individual to slaughter the beef animal, package and freeze the meat, and then consume the meat during the next 3-month period. Radioactive decay is calculated during the 3-month period by The term is multiplied into Equation C-12 in Regulatory Guide 1.109. If the beef animals are sold commercially, then individuals would not be exposed continuously to meat containing radioactivity from the same farm. It is expected that this pathway will not cause significant individual exposures.
Population doses were based on the current U.S. Population distribution of:
- e.g., someone who is 1 year, 11 months is an infant, while someone who is exactly two years old is a child.
Tables 11.3-13 and 11.3-14 provide the doses estimated for individuals and the population within 50 miles of the plant site.
11.3.10.2 Summary of Annual Population Doses TVA has estimated the radiological impact to regional population groups in the year 2040 from the normal operation of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant. Table 11.3-14 summarizes these population doses. The total body dose from background to individuals within the United States ranges from approximately 100 mrem to 250 mrem per year. The annual total body dose due to background for a population of about 1,100,000 persons expected to live within a 50 mile radius of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant in the year 2040 is calculated to be approximately 154,000 man-rem assuming 140 mrem/year/individual. By comparison, the same population (excluding onsite Category Ages (A)*
Fraction Infant A<2 0.015 Child 2<A<13 0.167 Teen 13<A<19 0.153 Adult 19<A 0.665 1
90 it
(
)
exp t
1 i 90
(
)
exp 90 i
=
d 0
90
11.3-12 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 radiation workers) will receive a total body dose of approximately 3.85 man-rem from effluents. Based on these results, TVA concludes that the normal operation of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant will present minimal risk to the health and safety of the public.
REFERENCES Deleted by Amendment 77
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-13 WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- For design codes and safety classes, see Section 3.2.
Table 11.3-1 Gaseous Waste Processing System Component Data*
Waste Gas Compressors Number Type Design flow rate, N2 (at 140EF, 2 psig) cfm Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure, psig Suction Discharge Normal operating temperature, EF 2
Water Sealed Centrifugal 40 150 180 0.5 - 2.0 0 - 100 70 - 130 Gas Decay Tanks Number Volume, each, ft3 Design pressure, psig Design temperature, EF Normal operating pressure, psig Normal operating temperatures, EF Material of construction Type 9
600 150 180 0 - 110 50 - 140 Carbon steel Vertical Cylindrical Automatic Gas Analyzer Oxygen Hydrogen Automatic stepping switch Recorded Readout Temperature, EF Number (Shared)
By Paramagnetic, 0 - 5%
02 in N2 By Thermal Conductivity, 0 - 100% H2 16 steps 16 points 120 1
11.3-14 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-2 Gaseous Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 1 of 2)
F - Flow P - Pressure L - Level T - Temperature R - Radiation I - Indication C - Control A - Alarm Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Design Press. (PSIG)
Design Temp. (EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout Pressure Instrumentation PICA-1025 Vent Header 100 180 0 - 5 psig Hi, 2.0 psig Lo, 0.5 psig 2.0 psig 0.5 psig WPS panel PICA-1036 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 1 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS panel PICA-1037 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 2 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS panel PICA-1038 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 3 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS panel PICA-1039 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 4 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS panel PI-1047 Nitrogen Header 150 180 0 - 30 psig NA*
NA Local PICA-1052 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 5 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS panel
- NA - Not Applicable
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-15 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Channel Number Location of Primary Sensor Design Press. (PSIG)
Design Temp. (EF)
Range Alarm Setpoint Control Setpoint Location of Readout Pressure Instrumentation PICA-1053 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 6 150 180 0 - 150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS Panel PICA-1054 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 7 150 180 0-150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS Panel PICA-1055 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 8 150 180 0-150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS Panel PICA-1056 Waste Gas Decay Tank No. 9 150 180 0-150 psig Hi, 135 psig 100 psig WPS Panel PIA-1065 Hydrogen Header 150 180 50-150 psig Hi, 85 psig Lo, 65 psig NA WPS Panel PIA-1066 Nitrogen Header 150 180 50-150 psig Hi, 110 psig Lo, 90 psig NA WPS Panel Level Instrumentation LIA-1030 Waste Gas Compressor No. 1 0-28 in. H20 Hi, 15 in. H20 Lo, 1 in. H20 NA LIA-1032 Waste Gas Compressor No. 2 0-28 in. H20 Lo, 1 in. H20 Hi, 15 in. H20 Lo, 1 in. H20 NA Radiation Instrumentation RICA-014 Plant Vent See Section 11.4.
Table 11.3-2 Gaseous Waste Processing System Instrumentation Design Parameters (Page 2 of 2)
11.3-16 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-0 oly Table 11.3-3 Airborne Radioactive Noble Gas Releases For 1973 From Westinghouse Designed Operating Reactors Plant Total Released Curies 1.
Yankee Rowe 3.5 x 101 2.
Connecticut Yankee (Haddam Neck) 3.2 x 101 3.
San Onofre 1.1 x 104 4.
R. E. Ginna 5.76 x 102 5.
H. B. Robinson 3.1 x 103 6.
Point Beach Units 1 and 2 5.75 x 103
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-17 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-4 Bases Used In Calculating Expected System Activities and Releases From The GWPS A.
EXPECTED SYSTEM ACTIVITY 1.
The major inputs to the gas system during normal operation are vents on the BRS Holdup Tanks (HT), Reactor Coolant Drain Tanks (RCDT) and BRS evaporators. Inputs from the gas analyzer sampling system and CVCS volume control tank are assumed to be negligible.
2.
Reactor coolant gaseous activities are based on NUREG-0017 as modified to reflect Watts Bar plant parameters.
3.
Twenty-five percent of dissolved radiogases in the reactor coolant entering the RCDT's and HT's leave solution and enter the vapor space.
4.
Radioactive decay was assumed while the BRS HT's (not required for Unit 1 operation),
RCDT's and gas decay tanks were filling. No additional decay was assumed in the evaporator.
5.
The BRS HT (not required for Unit 1 operation) is assumed to be filled to 80% capacity before processing by the BRS evaporator. The RCDT's are assumed to be filled to 300 gallons before draining.
6.
Values for liquid flow rates to the tanks were based on estimates of annual average flows.
BRS HT flow (not required for Unit 1 operation) 4 gpm (2 gpm per unit)
RCDT flow BRS Evaporator flow 300 gpd 4 gpm (per each unit)
(2 gpm/evaporator from BRS HT's) 7.
Plant capacity factor 0.8 8.
Iodine partition coefficient in the RCDT's and BRS HT was 7.5 x 10-3 Ci/cc in vapor(Based on NUREG-0017)
Ci/cc in liquid 9.
Hydrogen concentration in the primary coolant was assumed 35 cc/kg.
B.
ANNUAL RELEASES Per NUREG-0017, the following assumptions were used in calculating expected annual releases 1.
173 ft3/day (at STP) of reactor coolant offgas is input into the waste gas disposal system.
2.
WGDT inventory is assumed to be at RCS coolant concentrations, after correcting for standard temperature and pressure (273.2EK and 14.7 psia) 3.
RCS coolant is at 588.2EF and 2250 psia.
4.
GWPS releases are based on a 60 day hold-up time.
5.
Particulate releases are taken from Table 2-17 of NUREG-0017.
11.3-18 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-5 Process Parameters And Expected Activities In Gaseous Waste System (Concentrations In Ci/Gm)
(Sheet 1 of 2)
Pressu re (PSIG)
Flow Temp.
(EF)
Rate (cc/day)
KR83M KR85M KR85 KR87 KR88 KR89 XE131M XE133M XE133 XE135M
- 1.
Unit 1 RCDT Vent 1.5 170 max.
1.14(+6) 0.0E+06 1.5E-03 3.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.3E-02 0.0E+00 7.3E-02 3.9E-04 2.9E-01 7.5E-04
- 2.
Unit 2 RCDT Vent 1.5 170 max.
1.14(+6) 0.0E+06 1.5E-03 3.2E-02 1.4E-02 1.3E-02 0.0E+00 7.3E-02 3.9E-04 2.9E-01 7.5E-04
- 3.
Sampling System VCT Vent Unit 1 1.5 115 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 4.
Sampling System VCT Vent Unit 2 1.5 115 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 5.
BRS HT Vent 2.18(+7) 0.0E+00 9.0E-05 2.9E-02 2.3E-03 1.0E-03 0.0E+00 5.6E-02 2.4E-05 1.7E-01 4.6E-05
- 6.
Gas Analyzer 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 7.
Waste Disposal System SRST Vent 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 8.
BRS Evaporator Unit 1 Vent 1.5 155 3.82(+5) 0.0E+00 6.0E-03 5.8E+00 1.7E-01 6.9E-02 0.0E+00 8.9E+00 1.6E-03 2.3E+01 3.0E-03
- 9.
BRS Evaporator Unit 2 Vent 1.5 155 3.82(+5) 0.0E+00 6.0E-03 5.8E+00 1.7E-01 6.9E-02 0.0E+00 8.9E+00 1.6E+03 2.3E+01 3.0E-03 10.
CVCS VCT Vent Unit 1 1.5 115 0
0.0E+00 4.1E-01 3.5E+00 1.4E-01 5.3E-01 0.0E+00 5.3E-00 4.8E-01 2.0E+01 2.5E-02
0.0E+00 4.1E-01 3.5E+00 1.4E-01 5.3E-01 0.0E+00 5.3E-00 4.8E-01 2.0E+01 2.5E-02
- 12. Combination of Normal 1/p to WPS(G) 1.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.0E-01 8.5E-03 4.2E-03 0.0E+00 3.3E-01 1.0E-04 8.8E-01 2.0E-04
- 13. Compressor Recirculation Line 1.5 140 0
0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.0E-01 8.5E-03 4.2E-03 0.0E+00 3.3E-01 1.0E-04 8.8E-01 2.0E-04
- 14. Compressor Inlet 1.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.0E-01 8.5E-03 4.2E-03 0.0E+00 3.3E-01 1.0E-04 8.8E-01 2.0E-04
- 15. Compressor Inlet 0.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.0E-01 8.5E-03 4.2E-03 0.0E+00 3.3E-01 1.0E-04 8.8E-01 2.0E-04
- 16. Downstream of Compressor 100 140 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 9.6E-01 4.0E-02 2.0E-02 0.0E+00 1.6E+00 4.8E-04 4.1E+00 1.0E-03
- 17. Compressor Outlet to GDT's 0
2.3E-04 2.6E-04 7.0E-02 3.4E-03 2.8E-03 1.7E-06 4.1E-02 2.6E-04 4.9E+00 2.2E-05
- 18. Inlets to Filling GDT's 100 140 2.48(+7) 2.3E-04 2.6E-04 7.0E-02 3.4E-03 2.8E-03 1.7E-06 4.1E-02 2.6E-04 4.9E+00 2.2E-05
- 19. Line to GDT Header 100 AMB VAR 0.0E+00 1.0E-05 9.6E-01 6.0E-03 6.5E-04 0.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E-06 3.1E+00 3.0E-06
- 20. Discharge Line 20 AMB VAR 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.6E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.1E-02 0.0E+00 5.6E-04 0.0E+00
- 21. Discharge Line 1
AMB VAR 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.9E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.1E-03 0.0E+00 1.3E-03 0.0E+00
- 22. Gas Analyzer 2
AMB 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 23. From GDT's to Compressor Inlet 100 AMB 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 1.0E-05 9.6E-01 6.0E-03 6.5E-04 0.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E-06 3.1E+00 3.0E-06
- 24. From GDT's to BRS HT's 3
AMB 2.48(+7) 0.0E+00 1.0E-05 9.6E-01 6.0E-03 6.5E-04 0.0E+00 1.4E+00 1.5E-06 3.1E+00 3.0E-06
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-19 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-5 PROCESS PARAMETERS AND EXPECTED ACTIVITIES IN GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM (CONCENTRATIONS IN Ci/gm) (Cont'd)
(Sheet 2 of 2)
Pressur e
(PSIG)
Temp.
(EF)
Flow Rate (cc/day)
XE135 XE137 XE138 I130 I131 I132 I133 I134 I135
- 1.
Unit 1 RCDT Vent 1.5 170 max.
1.14(+6) 7.0E-02 5.0E-05 7.5E-04 0.0E+00 3.4E-04 3.8E-04 8.9E-04 2.7E-04 1.0E-03
- 2.
Unit 2 RCDT Vent 1.5 170 max.
1.14(+6) 7.0E-02 5.0E-05 7.5E-04 0.0E+00 3.4E-04 3.8E-04 8.9E-04 2.7E-04 1.0E-03
- 3.
Sampling System VCT Vent Unit 1 1.5 115 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 4.
Sampling System VCT Vent Unit 2 1.5 115 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 5.
BRS HT Vent 2.18(+7) 9.7E-03 3.0E-06 4.7E-05 0.0E+00 2.4E-05 2.8E-06 1.7E-05 1.8E-06 1.0E-05
- 6.
Gas Analyzer 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 7.
Waste Disposal System SRST Vent 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 8.
BRS Evaporator Unit 1 Vent 1.5 155 3.82(+5) 6.8E-01 1.9E-04 3.1E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 9.
BRS Evaporator Unit 2 Vent 1.5 155 3.82(+5) 6.8E-01 1.9E-04 3.1E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
3.2E+00 1.7E-03 2.5E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
3.2E+00 1.7E-03 2.5E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 12. Combination of Normal 1/p to WPS(G) 1.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 3.9E-02 1.3E-05 2.0E-04 0.0E+00 5.3E-05 3.8E-05 4.6E-05 2.5E-05 1.0E-04
- 13. Compressor Recirculation Line 1.5 140 0
3.5E-02 1.3E-05 2.0E-04 0.0E+00 5.3E-05 3.8E-05 9.6E-05 2.5E-05 1.0E-04
- 14. Compressor Inlet 1.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 3.5E-02 1.3E-05 2.0E-04 0.0E+00 5.3E-05 3.8E-05 9.6E-05 2.5E-05 1.0E-04
- 15. Compressor Inlet 0.5 VAR 2.48(+7) 3.5E-02 1.3E-05 2.0E-04 0.0E+00 5.3E-05 3.8E-05 9.6E-05 2.5E-05 1.0E-04
- 16. Downstream of Compressor 100 140 2.48(+7) 1.7E-01 6.1E-05 9.6E-04 0.0E+00 2.6E-04 1.8E-04 4.4E-04 1.2E-04 4.9E-04
- 17. Compressor Outlet to GDT's 0
1.7E-01 6.1E-05 9.6E-04 0.0E+00 2.6E-04 1.8E-04 4.4E-04 1.2E-04 4.9E-04
- 18. Inlet to Filling GDT's 100 140 2.48(+7) 1.7E-01 6.1E-05 9.6E-04 0.0E+00 2.6E-04 1.8E-04 4.4E-04 1.2E-04 4.9E-04
- 19. Line to GDT Header 100 AMB VAR 1.8E-02 3.1E-08 3.1E-06 0.0E+00 2.0E-04 4.8E-06 1.1E-04 1.3E-06 3.9E-05
- 20. Discharge Line 20 AMB VAR 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.0E-07 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 21. Discharge Line 1
AMB VAR 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.0E-07 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 22. Gas Analyzer 2
AMB 0
0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00
- 23. From GDT's to Compressor Inlet 100 AMB 2.48(+7) 1.8E-03 3.1E-08 3.1E-06 0.0E+00 2.0E-04 4.8E-06 1.1E-04 1.3E-06 3.9E-05
- 24. From GDT's to BRS HT's 3
AMB 2.48(+7) 1.8E-02 3.1E-08 3.1E-06 0.0E+06 2.0E-04 4.8E-06 1.1E-04 1.3E-06 3.9E-05
11.3-20 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-6 Expected Annual Releases From The GWPS - Per Reactor Unit GWPS Gas release (Ci/Yr)
Kr-85m Kr-85 Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131M Xe-133M Xe-133 Xe-135M Xe-135 Xe-137 Xe-138 Ar-41 Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 H-3 Cr-51 Mn-54 Co-57 Co-58 Co-60 Fe-59 Sr-89 Sr-90 Zr-95 Nb-95 Ru-103 Ru-106 Sb-125 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Ba-140 Ce-141 C-14 0.00E+00 4.63E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 3.52E-01 1.14E-08 1.72E-02 0.00E+00 6.01E-47 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 1.44E-03 0.00E+00 1.16E-21 0.00E+00 4.08E-66 0.00E+00 1.40E-07 2.10E-08 0.00E+00 8.70E-08 1.40E-07 1.80E-08 4.40E-07 1.70E-07 4.80E-08 3.70E-08 3.20E-08 2.70E-08 0.00E+00 3.30E-07 5.30E-08 7.70E-07 2.30E-07 2.20E-08 1.20E+00
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-21 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-7 Deleted by Amendment 77
11.3-22 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-8 Radioactive Gaseous Effluent Parameters 1.
Thermal Power Rating is 3582 MWt. (Tritium releases based on 3425 MWt) 2.
Primary and secondary side coolant and steam activities are given in Table 11.1-7 and are based on NUREG-0017.
3.
RCS water parameters:
Volume = 11,375 ft3 Press. = 2250 psia Temp. = 588.2 °F Spec. Vol. = 0.02265 ft3/lb 4.
Containment releases, including the GWPS inputs, are filtered through a HEPA and charcoal filter with filtration efficiencies of 99% and 70%, respectively.
5.
Containment gaseous source terms are based on a 3%/day (noble gas) and 8.0E-4%/day (iodines) release of RCS coolant into the containment airborne atmosphere.
6.
Auxiliary Building (AB) ventilation noble gas source terms are based on a 160 lb/day release of RCS coolant activity into the AB atmosphere.
7.
AB ventilation iodine releases are based on 1.85 Ci/yr per Ci/gm of RCS for 300 days and 6.8 Ci/yr per Ci/gm for 65 days.
8.
Refueling Area iodine releases are based on 0.16 Ci/yr per Ci/gm of RCS for 300 days and 0.3 Ci/yr per Ci/gm for 65 days.
9.
Turbine Building (TB) ventilation noble gas source terms are based on a 1700 lb/hr release of secondary steam into the TB atmosphere.
10.
TB ventilation iodine source terms are based on 8500 Ci/yr per Ci/gm of secondary steam for 300 days and 1400 Ci/yr per Ci/gm for 65 days.
11.
Condenser vacuum exhaust noble gas source terms are based on a steam flowrate to the condenser of 8.5E6 lb/hr at secondary steam activities.
12.
Condenser vacuum exhaust iodine source terms are based on a 3500 Ci/yr per Ci/gm of secondary steam released to the condenser vacuum exhaust.
13.
Steam generator blowdown flash tank source terms are based on a maximum steam generator blowdown flow of 12.5 gpm/steam generator. Iodines are further reduced in the offgases by applying a 0.05 partition factor. There are no noble gas releases from this path as there are no noble gas source terms in the secondary coolant.
14.
Ar-41 releases are 34 Ci/yr.
15.
Total tritium releases are based on 0.4 Ci/yr per MWt, with 10% of that available for release via gaseous pathways.
16.
Total particulate releases are taken directly from Table 2-17 of NUREG-0017. Since these values are prior to treatment, the releases from the Containment Building are reduced by applying a HEPA filtration factor of 0.01 (99% efficiency).
- 17. C-14 releases are 1.6 Ci/yr from containment, 4.5 Ci/yr from the AB, and 1.2 Ci/yr from the GWPS for a total of 7.3 Ci/yr.
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-23 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 (1) Includes release from GWPS (2) 4.28E+02 = 4.28 X 102 Table 11.3-9 Radioactive Releases (Curies/Year/Reactor)
(Table to be updated at a later date to reflect two unit operation when the data becomes available)
Nuclide Contain.(1)
Building Aux.
Building Turbine Building Total Kr-85m Kr-85 Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133m Xe-133 Xe-135m Xe-135 Xe-137 Xe-138 Ar-41 Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 H-3 Cr-51 Mn-54 Co-57 Co-58 Co-60 Fe-59 Sr-89 Sr-90 Zr-95 Nb-95 Ru-103 Ru-106 Sb-125 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Ba-140 Ce-141 C-14 1.99E+01 6.90E+02 1.09E+01 2.83E+01 1.17E+03 4.63E+01 3.12E+03 3.85E+00 1.55E+02 3.18E-01 3.32E+00 3.40E+01 6.00E-05 7.29E-03 1.60E-03 3.55E-03 1.66E-03 3.16E-03 1.37E+02 9.21E-05 5.30E-05 8.20E-06 2.50E-04 2.61E-05 2.70E-05 1.30E-04 5.22E-05 4.80E-08 1.80E-05 1.60E-05 2.70E-08 0.00E+00 2.53E-05 3.21E-05 5.58E-05 2.30E-07 1.30E-05 2.80E+00 4.53E+00 7.05E+00 4.27E+00 7.95E+00 1.73E+01 1.90E+00 6.70E+01 3.68E+00 2.40E+01 9.67E-01 3.42E+00 0.00E+00 5.02E-02 1.39E-01 6.56E-01 4.35E-01 1.06E+00 8.10E-01 0.00E+00 5.00E-04 3.78E-04 0.00E+00 2.29E-02 8.71E-03 5.00E-05 2.85E-03 1.09E-03 1.00E-03 2.43E-03 6.10E-05 7.50E-05 6.09E-05 2.24E-03 4.80E-05 3.42E-03 4.00E-04 2.64E-05 4.50E+00 1.23E+00 1.86E+00 1.09E+00 2.13E+00 4.53E+00 5.21E-01 1.77E+01 9.80E-01 6.46E+00 2.58E-01 9.06E-01 0.00E+00 4.81E-04 7.08E-03 1.70E-02 2.03E-02 1.47E-02 3.13E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.57E+01 6.99E+02 1.62E+01 3.84E+01 1.19E+03 4.88E+01 3.20E+03 8.51E+00 1.85E+02 1.54E+00 7.65E+00 3.40E+01 5.07E-02 1.53E-01 6.74E-01 4.58E-01 1.08E+00 8.45E-01 1.37E+02 5.92E-04 4.31E-04 8.20E-06 2.32E-02 8.74E-03 7.70E-05 2.98E-03 1.14E-03 1.00E-03 2.45E-03 7.70E-05 7.50E-05 6.09E-05 2.27E-03 8.01E-05 3.48E-03 4.00E-04 3.95E-05 7.30E+00
11.3-24 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Note: The above calculation is for one unit operation.
Table 11.3-9a Design (For 1% Failed Fuel) Gas Releases Concentration/(Effluent Concentration Limit)
Exp. Rel.
Ci/yr Des/Exp Ratio Design Ci/yr Design uCi/cc 10CFR20 ECL C/ECL Kr-85m Kr-85 Kr-87 Kr-88 Xe-131m Xe-133m Xe-133 Xe-135m Xe-135 Xe-138 Br-84 I-131 I-132 I-133 I-134 I-135 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-59 Co-58 Co-60 Sr-89 Sr-90 Zr-95 Nb-95 Ba-140 H-3 C-14 Ar-41 2.57E+01 6.99E+02 1.62E+01 3.84E+01 1.19E+03 4.88E+01 3.20E+03 8.51E+00 1.85E+02 7.65E+00 5.07E-02 1.53E-01 6.74E-01 4.58E-01 1.08E+00 8.45E-01 2.27E-03 8.01E-05 3.48E-03 5.92E-04 4.31E-04 7.70E-05 2.32E-02 8.74E-03 2.98E-03 1.14E-03 1.00E-03 2.45E-03 4.00E-04 1.37E+02 7.30E+00 3.40E+01 12.87 17.67 7.45 12.33 2.91 44.63 113.83 1.37 6.97 5.27 2.44 52.41 4.00 26.85 1.54 7.91 28.42 154.19 102.15 0.29 0.46 3.16 5.17 1.33 25.85 8.73 1.63 2.17 0.31 1
1 1
3.31E+02 1.23E+04 1.21E+02 4.74E+02 3.45E+03 2.18E+03 3.64E+05 1.16E+01 1.29E+03 4.03E+01 1.24E-01 8.03E+00 2.70E+00 1.23E+01 1.66E+00 6.69E+00 6.44E-02 1.23E-02 3.55E-01 1.72E-04 1.98E-04 2.44E-04 1.20E-01 1.16E-02 7.70E-02 9.97E-03 1.64E-03 5.31E-03 1.23E-04 1.37E+02 7.30E+00 3.40E+01 1.14E-10 4.27E-09 4.18E-11 1.64E-10 1.19E-09 7.52E-10 1.26E-07 4.02E-12 4.46E-10 1.39E-11 4.28E-14 2.77E-12 9.32E-13 4.25E-12 5.73E-13 2.31E-12 2.22E-14 4.27E-15 1.23E-13 5.84E-17 6.83E-17 8.42E-17 4.13E-14 4.00E-15 2.66E-14 3.45E-15 5.67E-16 1.84E-15 4.24E-17 4.74E-11 2.52E-12 1.18E-11 1.0E-07 7.0E-07 2.0E-08 9.0E-09 2.0E-06 6.0E-07 5.0E-07 4.0E-08 7.0E-08 2.0E-08 8.0E-08 2.0E-10 2.0E-08 1.0E-09 6.0E-08 6.0E-09 2.0E-10 9.0E-10 2.0E-10 3.0E-08 1.0E-09 5.0E-10 1.0E-09 5.0E-11 1.0E-09 6.0E-12 4.0E-10 2.0E-09 2.0E-09 1.0E-07 3.0E-09 1.0E-08 Total 0.001142 0.006095 0.002090 0.018188 0.000597 0.001253 0.251787 0.000100 0.006374 0.000696 0.000000 0.013874 0.000046 0.004253 0.000009 0.000385 0.000111 0.000004 0.000613 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000041 0.000080 0.000026 0.000574 0.000001 0.000000 0.000000 0.000473 0.000841 0.001175 0.310841
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-25 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-10 Data On Points Of Interest Near Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (Page 1 of 2)
Sector Distance (Meters)
Chi-over-Q (s/m^3)
D-over-Q (1/m^2)
Terrain Adjustment Factor Milk Feeding Factor Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Unrestricted Area Boundary Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden N
NNE NE ENE E
WNW NW NNW N
NNE NE ENE E
WNW NW NNW N
NNE NE ENE E
1550 1980 1580 1370 1280 1250 1250 1250 1340 1550 1670 1430 1460 1400 1400 1460 2134 3656 3353 2926 3139 4700 1400 1524 1585 2100 4300 2100 2900 1500 3000 4400 4572 3962 3810 2896 3139 4633 7620 1676 1829 4.99E-06 5.20E-06 7.34E-06 8.68E-06 9.48E-06 1.02E-05 1.09E-05 6.57E-06 5.22E-06 4.35E-06 4.53E-06 7.15E-06 2.82E-06 2.37E-06 2.45E-06 3.40E-06 2.77E-06 2.14E-06 2.65E-06 3.33E-06 2.68E-06 1.61E-06 9.27E-06 4.57E-06 3.84E-06 2.67E-06 1.15E-06 3.91E-06 9.80E-07 2.31E-06 5.35E-07 4.45E-07 9.33E-07 1.91E-06 2.22E-06 3.38E-06 2.68E-06 1.64E-06 6.69E-07 4.27E-06 3.30E-06 8.31E-09 1.22E-08 9.16E-09 7.64E-09 8.65E-09 9.76E-09 1.02E-08 8.49E-09 1.08E-08 1.09E-08 7.60E-09 8.13E-09 2.89E-09 2.38E-09 2.52E-09 3.99E-09 4.31E-09 4.26E-09 2.69E-09 2.40E-09 1.93E-09 1.04E-09 8.47E-09 5.74E-09 7.76E-09 6.23E-09 1.44E-09 4.07E-09 8.40E-10 2.30E-09 4.56E-10 3.82E-10 1.16E-09 3.71E-09 2.15E-09 2.44E-09 1.93E-09 1.07E-09 3.34E-10 5.28E-09 6.49E-09 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.2 2.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.1 2.7 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.9
11.3-26 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Garden Milk Cow (Child)
Milk Cow (Adult)
Milk Cow (Adult)
Milk Cow (Adult)
Milk Cow (Unknown)
Milk Cow (Child)
Milk Cow (Adult)
Milk Goat (Adult)
WNW NW NNW E
ESE ESE ESE SSW SSW WNW WSW 2073 8100 2743 3200 1584 3170 4572 8839 5791 6553 7620 2438 2073 7925 6553 2.72E-06 4.37E-07 2.70E-06 8.56E-07 2.28E-06 4.97E-07 4.21E-07 4.59E-07 1.22E-06 9.74E-07 7.49E-07 2.15E-06 2.72E-06 8.46E-08 6.32E-07 6.37E-09 4.18E-10 2.59E-09 7.09E-10 2.26E-09 4.14E-10 3.58E-10 2.13E-10 7.16E-10 5.41E-10 3.88E-10 4.83E-09 6.37E-09 4.77E-11 4.28E-10 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.1 2.9 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.3 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.50 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.67 Table 11.3-10 Data On Points Of Interest Near Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (Page 2 of 2)
Sector Distance (Meters)
Chi-over-Q (s/m^3)
D-over-Q (1/m^2)
Terrain Adjustment Factor Milk Feeding Factor
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-27 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11.3-11 Deleted By Amendment 77
11.3-28 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-12 Projected 2040 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles Of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant Population Within Each Sector Element Distance From Site (Miles)
N NNE NE ENE E
WNW NW NNW Total 0-1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
12 0
0 0
0 2
5 0
0 19 1-2 111 25 0
2 2
2 0
23 54 34 0
10 5
30 10 0
308 2-3 32 25 130 55 7
4 16 3
14 7
5 40 19 10 111 62 540 3-4 47 76 208 53 53 47 35 27 24 19 2
38 59 140 113 87 1028 4-5 135 43 130 78 38 58 29 24 257 32 0
30 65 121 387 98 1525 5-10 893 796 861 252 482 591 505 714 1368 739 519 1281 837 244 2279 2081 14442 10-20 2071 8591 3381 2445 9716 4514 17835 4018 1141 5653 6490 10369 965 1461 314 874 79838 20-30 2166 19187 19210 9497 8837 12085 10818 8056 34699 17523 9411 2091 5337 2925 7266 18279 187387 30-40 3453 9342 30623 38457 10649 3420 3969 3899 40812 25829 68565 7134 2839 3440 7004 4784 264219 Total 40-50 4040 1194 54111 136395 17404 300 3756 6362 11522 117868 125338 6571 2035 17598 9802 2983 517279 1066585
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS 11.3-29 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-13 Watts Bar Nuclear Plant-Individual Doses From Gaseous Effluents (For 2 Units)
Effluent Pathway Guideline*
Location Dose Noble Gases Air dose 10 mrad Maximum Exposed Individual1 1.7 mrad/yr Air dose 20 mrad Maximum Exposed Individual1 4.7 mrad/yr Total body 5 mrem Maximum Residence2,3 1.2 mrem/yr Iodines/
Particulates Skin Thyroid (critical organ) 10 mrem 15 mrem Maximum Residence2,3 Maximum Real Pathway4 3.4 mrem/yr 15.0 mrem/yr Breakdown of Iodine/Particulate Doses (mrem/yr)
Cow Milk with Feeding Factor of 0.7 14.0 Inhalation 0.6 Ground Contamination 0.2 Submersion Beef Ingestion1 Total 0.2 0.0 15.0 mrem/yr
- Guidelines are defined in Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50.
1Maximum exposure point is at 1250 meters in the SE sector.
2Dose from air submersion.
3Maximum exposed residence is at 1400 meters in the SE sector.
4Maximum exposed individual is an infant at 2438 meters in the SSW sector.
11.3-30 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEMS WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.3-14 Summary Of Population Doses Table 11.3-14 THYROID Submersion Ground Inhalation Cow Milk Ingestion Beef Ingestion Vegetable Ingestion Total man-rem Infant 8.28E-03 1.56E-03 3.73E-02 2.05E-01 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 2.52E-01 Child 9.28E-02 1.74E-02 6.96E-01 9.92E-01 1.76E-01 5.92E-01 2.57E+00 Teen 8.45E-02 1.59E-02 3.73E-01 4.21E-01 8.85E-02 2.38E-01 1.22E+00 Adult 3.67E-01 6.90E-02 1.32E+00 7.98E-01 4.47E-01 6.28E-01 3.63E+00 Total 5.53E-01 1.04E-01 2.43E+00 2.42E+00 7.11E-01 1.46E+00 7.67E+00 TOTAL BODY Submersion Ground Inhalation Cow Milk Ingestion Beef Ingestion Vegetable Ingestion Total man-rem Infant 8.28E-03 1.56E-03 2.15E-03 5.72E-02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 6.92E-02 Child 9.28E-02 1.74E-02 5.73E-02 3.15E-01 1.68E-01 5.98E-01 1.25E+00 Teen 8.45E-02 1.59E-02 3.62E-02 1.20E-01 8.43E-02 2.54E-01 5.95E-01 Adult 3.67E-01 6.90E-02 1.50E-01 2.13E-01 4.26E-01 7.08E-01 1.93E+00 Total 5.53E-01 1.04E-01 2.46E-01 7.05E-01 6.79E-01 1.56E+00 3.85E+00
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM 11.3-31 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.3-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1 )
11.3-32 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.3-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM 11.3-33 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 1)
11.3-34 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Waste Disposal System (Sheet 2)
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM 11.3-35 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Figure 11.3-2 Powerhouse Units 1 & 2 Electrical Control Diagram Sampling & Water Quality System (Sheet 3)
11.3-36 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-92 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 11.4 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM Means are provided for monitoring the following during normal operation including anticipated operational occurrences: the reactor containment atmosphere, the spent fuel pool, various process streams, process effluent and ventilation flow discharge paths, and control room ventilation intake air. Some of the monitors, including the monitors on the control room air intake, perform a function during accident conditions.
Methodologies associated with measuring, evaluating, and reporting radioactivity in releases of radioactive materials (as discussed in RG 1.21) are addressed in the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM).
11.4.1 Design Objectives The process and effluent radiological monitoring systems are designed to perform these basic functions:
(1)
Give warning of a condition which might lead to radioactivity releases that could result in exceeding the limits set forth in 10 CFR 20 and 10 CFR 50.
(2)
Warn plant personnel of increasing radiation levels which might result in a radiation health hazard.
(3)
Rapidly provide information on fuel clad and equipment failures or malfunctions.
(4)
Provide a means of radioactive fluid leakage detection.
(5)
Perform, during accident conditions, the functions detailed below. All of the monitoring systems provided to meet these objectives function during normal operation.
Several of the monitors have a function during LOCA conditions. Two of the monitors provide redundant isolation of the purge system. If environmental conditions inside the containment during accident conditions permit, the containment particulate and radiogas detector units may be placed on line to monitor the containment atmosphere activity levels. Component Cooling System (CCS) water, which removes heat from the recirculation water, is monitored during normal and accident conditions. The Main Control Room (MCR) air inlet monitors have a function described in Section 6.4 assuring compliance with GDC 19.
All monitors which initiate isolation functions that are essential for mitigating accident conditions are seismically qualified. All process monitors are either indicated, recorded, and annunciated locally or in the MCR. All monitors have instrument malfunction and high radiation visual and audible annunciation in the MCR.
11.4-2 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-90 11.4.2 Continuous Monitors The process monitors and operational characteristics are listed in Table 11.4-1 (liquid monitors) and Table 11.4-2 (gaseous monitors). The operational characteristics listed include detector type and range.
11.4.2.1 Liquid Monitors All process liquid monitors, except steam generator blowdown liquid sample monitors (not used for Unit 1 operation) and Turbine Building sump discharge monitors, indicate and record activity on MCR Panel O-M-12. All monitors initiate visual (annunciator window) and audible alarms on high radiation and instrument malfunction in the MCR.
All monitors have individual power supplies compatible with detector voltage requirements. The steam generator blowdown liquid sample monitors (not used for Unit 1 operation) and the Turbine Building sump discharge monitor have local indication of activity. The detector location and type, monitor sensitivity and range, etc., of each off-line liquid process monitor are listed in Table 11.4-1.
11.4.2.1.1 Waste Disposal System Liquid Effluent Monitor This monitor continuously monitors batch releases from the waste disposal liquid released from the plant from the three waste condensate tanks, cask decontamination collection tank, chemical drain tank, two laundry tanks, CVCS monitor tank, two distillate tanks, (not required for Unit 1 operation) and condensate demineralizer waste evaporator (not required for Unit 1 operation) blowdown tank. This effluent line is not in continuous service. The monitor assembly consists of a gamma scintillation detector and preamplifier; a sample pump; and appropriate flow instrumentation. In the event of a high-radiation or instrument malfunction signal, automatic closure of the effluent discharge valve is initiated to prevent release to the environment.
The waste disposal system liquid effluent monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM).
11.4.2.1.2 Essential Raw Cooling Water Effluent Monitors Essential raw cooling water effluent is continuously monitored to ensure radioactivity is not released to the cooling tower basin. These monitors serve as accident monitors to detect leakage from either the component cooling heat exchangers or containment spray heat exchangers (during accident). Each monitor assembly consists of a sample pump, two gamma scintillation detectors and preamplifiers measuring the same range, and appropriate flow instrumentation. Significant activity in the ERCW is indicated by an alarm in the MCR, at which time the operator will determine appropriate action. The setpoint is based on background levels, identified leakage, and maximum limits. Each monitor assembly is supplied from separate trained Class 1E power supply.
Setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
11.4.2.1.3 Component Cooling System Liquid Effluent Monitors Each monitor continuously monitors downstream of its respective component cooling heat exchanger for activity levels indicative of a reactor coolant leak from either the
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 RCS or RHR systems. Each monitor assembly consists of a gamma scintillation detector and preamplifier, and appropriate flow instrumentation. In the event of a high radiation signal, automatic closure of the component cooling surge tank vent line from each surge tank is initiated to prevent gaseous activity release. Significant activity in the component cooling water is indicated by an alarm in the MCR. The setpoint is based on background levels and maximum limits.
11.4.2.1.4 Steam Generator Blowdown Liquid Sample Monitor The steam generator blowdown liquid sample monitor (2-RE-90-124) described below is not used for Unit 1 operation. This monitor may be used to determine which steam generator is leaking after a leak is initially detected. The leaking steam generator is also identified by changes in steam generator level, and by process fluid sampling for each steam generator.
A sample line is taken at the outlet of each steam generator. Lines are merged to form a common header. The monitor assembly consists of a recirculation pump; a gamma scintillation detector and preamplifier; a log ratemeter; and appropriate control valves, indicators, and instrumentation. A high radiation signal initiates annunciation in the Main Control Room. Each steam generator is then sampled for radioactivity by manually closing the sample isolation valves in three sample lines and monitoring the fourth, and repeating until the leak is located. Monitor setpoints are based on laboratory analysis of blowdown samples.
11.4.2.1.5 Steam Generator Blowdown Effluent Monitor This monitor samples the steam generator blowdown. A high activity level is indicative of a primary to secondary leak. The monitor assembly consists of a sample pump; two gamma scintillation detectors and preamplifiers measuring the same range; and appropriate flow instrumentation. A high radiation signal from either detector diverts flow from the cooling tower blowdown line to the condensate demineralizer system.
Monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM).
11.4.2.1.6 Condensate Demineralizer Regenerant Effluent Monitor Two kinds of wastes are produced in the process of regeneration of condensate demineralizer resins. There are (1) high crud, low conductivity wastes, and (2) low crud, high conductivity wastes. The two kinds of wastes are segregated by collecting each kind in separate tanks. Each tank is sampled before discharge to determine whether release of the tank contents will result in acceptable concentrations of particulates and radioactivity in the cooling tower blowdown. The discharge paths of the two types of wastes are combined before discharge into the cooling tower blowdown.
The combined discharge flow is monitored with the Condensate Demineralizer Regenerant Effluent Monitor. The monitor assembly consists of a sample pump, a gamma scintillation detector, preamplifier, and appropriate flow instrumentation.
11.4-4 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM. If the monitor setpoint is reached, the discharge is automatically stopped.
11.4.2.1.7 Boric Acid Evaporator Condensate Monitor (Not required for Unit 1 operation)
This monitor continuously monitors the evaporator condensate water to ensure that significant radioactivity is not released to the primary makeup water system. The monitor assembly consists of a gamma scintillation detector and preamplifier; appropriate control valves, indicators and instrumentation. A high radiation signal initiates closure of a diversion valve in the evaporator condensate line to prevent release of activity to the primary makeup water storage tank.
11.4.2.1.8 Deleted by Amendment 77 11.4.2.1.9 Deleted by Amendment 89 11.4.2.1.10 Turbine Building Sump Effluent Monitor The turbine building sump effluent monitor continuously monitors the turbine building sump water. The monitor assembly consists of a sample pump, a gamma scintillation detector, preamplifier, and appropriate flow instrumentation.
The monitor output is indicated and recorded at the sample skid. Detection of a high radiation or instrument malfunction condition is annunciated in the main control room and indicated at the sample skid. Monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
11.4.2.2 Gaseous Monitors The range, location, and type of each monitor are listed in Table 11.4-2. The location of indications, recordings, and alarm annunciators for each monitor is given in Table 11.4-3.
11.4.2.2.1 Waste Gas Holdup System Effluent Monitor This in-line monitor (beta scintillation detector and preamplifier) continuously monitors the gaseous release from the waste gas decay tanks and initiates closure of the gas decay tank vent on a high activity signal.
Gas decay tanks are sampled and analyzed in accordance with the ODCM prior to release. The maximum release rates and monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
11.4.2.2.2 Condenser Vacuum Air Exhaust Monitors Two monitors providing one low-range channel, one mid-range channel, and one high-range channel with overlapping ranges and a particulate and iodine sampler are used. These monitors continuously sample the condenser vacuum pump exhaust to monitor radioactive gas concentrations and to provide an indication of primary to secondary leakage. The monitor containing the low-range channel consists of a
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 sample pump; beta scintillation detector and preamplifier; and appropriate control valves, indicators, and instrumentation. The monitor containing the mid-range and high-range channels consist of a noble gas pallet assembly containing two shielded GM-tube detectors, a sample pump and a data acquisition module microprocessor.
The low-range monitor will detect very low levels of primary-to-secondary leakage.
Low-range monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
Representative samples for the condenser vacuum pump exhaust are obtained via sampling manifolds that extend completely across the 12-inch-diameter exhaust duct.
The gas sample enters the manifold through four upstream facing holes that are uniformly spaced along the cylindrical surface of the manifold. The particulate and iodine sample probe consists of two nozzles appropriately spaced in the duct to draw a representative sample.
The particulate and iodine sampling system continuously collects samples of the effluent allowing determination by laboratory analysis of the particulate and iodine activity released via this release path. The sampling system consists of particulate and iodine collecting media in series, a sample pump and appropriate flow instrumentation.
The monitors indicate, annunciate, and record in the main control room.
11.4.2.2.3 Spent Fuel Pool Accident Radiation Monitors These monitors continuously monitor the fuel pool area. Two Geiger-Mueller tubes with preamplifiers are mounted above the fuel pool. A high radiation signal initiates auxiliary building ventilation isolation. The two fuel pool monitors are supplied from separate Class 1E power supplies.
The monitor setpoint is selected to prevent exceeding a significant fraction of the 10 CFR 100 limits subsequent to a fuel handling accident in the Auxiliary Building. It will allow an ample factor for this contribution to the total exposure rate from other sources in the spent fuel pit. These monitors are safety related.
11.4.2.2.4 Ventilation Monitors and Containment Atmosphere Monitors Containment Building Lower Compartment Air Monitor and Containment Building Upper Compartment Air Monitor During normal operation one monitor assembly continuously samples the upper compartment while the other monitor assembly continuously samples the lower compartment of the reactor containment. Redundant isolation valves are provided on the intake and discharge lines for containment isolation. The two monitor assemblies are powered from separate trains of Class 1E power and are interconnected by stainless steel tubing outside of containment through a normally closed manual isolation valve to allow continuous containment monitoring in case one monitor assembly malfunctions. These monitor assemblies also serve as a part of the leakage detection system (see Section 5.2.7). Each monitor assembly contains a particulate, a gas, and an iodine detector channel. The gas and particulate channel setpoints are
11.4-6 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 based on a leak of 1% reactor coolant mass per day for 6 months. The iodine channel setpoint is set high to avoid spurious alarms.
Expected concentrations in the containment building lower compartment are given in Table 12.2-19.
Shield Building Exhaust Monitor The Shield Building Vent Wide Range Gas Monitor (WRGM) continuously samples the exhaust from the shield building vent to measure radionuclide release concentrations.
The effluent stream is sampled by an isokinetic sampling probe assembly. The nozzles are arranged so that a representative sample of the effluent stream is taken.
The WRGM sample detection skid consists of two sampling flow paths: high-flow-rate in the low-activity range and low-flow-rate path in the high-activity range. The low-range path contains a single low-range detector while the high-range path contains two detectors, one for mid-range and another for high-range. The three detector channels each have a 6 decade span. The three channels provide 12 decades of range with overlap between channels.
The WRGM has a sample conditioning skid installed upstream of the sample detection skid. This skid provides representative particulate and iodine grab samples for laboratory analysis and filters out large concentrations of radioiodines and particulates to prevent contamination of the gas monitor. Sample flow through the filters and grab samplers may be started and stopped locally or at the sample control assembly in the main control room.
Controls, indication, and trend recording for the WRGM are provided at the control and indication assembly in the Main Control Room. Trend recording is provided for low, mid, and high-range activity levels, as well as total effluent release rate.
The sample flow to the WRGM is controlled by the Shield Building vent flow monitoring equipment. This equipment consists of thermal dispersion array flow elements mounted in each of the process ducts feeding into the shield building stack. The individual flow rates are totaled and the sample flow to the WRGM is controlled to remain isokinetic to the Shield Building stack flow in the normal operating range of 7,200 to 14,000 scfm. The total flow value is provided to the WRGM to allow the calculation of effluent release rate, which is trended in the Main Control Room.
Typical concentrations in the lower compartment and instrumentation room are given in Tables 12.2-19 and 12.2-22. The noble gas values in these tables are typical of concentrations that will be monitored by the gas detector of the Shield Building vent monitoring system.
Low range gas channel monitor setpoints are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-7 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Auxiliary Building Vent Monitor The Auxiliary Building vent monitor assembly continuously monitors the Auxiliary Building Vent stack exhaust for radioactivity. The effluent stream is sampled by an isokinetic sampling probe assembly fitted with 72 sample nozzles. The nozzles are arranged such that a representative sample of the effluent stream is taken. The monitor consists of a particulate, gas, and iodine channel. The monitor noble gas and particulate detectors are beta scintillators. The iodine detector is a gamma scintillator.
Particulate and iodine filters are available for laboratory analysis.
Expected concentrations are given in Table 12.2-21. Monitor setpoints for the gas channel are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM. Setpoints for the particulate and iodine channels will be based on plant personnel protection requirements.
Service Building Ventilation Monitor The Service Building Vent monitor assembly continuously monitors the Service Building ventilation exhaust for the presence of radioactivity. The effluent stream is sampled by a probe assembly fitted with 8 sample nozzles. The nozzles are arranged such that a representative sample of the effluent stream is taken. The monitor consists of a particulate, gas, and iodine channel. The monitor noble gas and particulate detectors are beta scintillators. The iodine detector is a gamma scintillator. Particulate and iodine filters are available for laboratory analysis.
Activity concentrations in the Service Building ventilation flow are expected to normally be well below detectable levels.
Monitor setpoints for the gas channel are established using the methodology provided in the ODCM. Particulate and iodine real time monitoring is not required.
11.4.2.2.5 Main Control Room Air Intake Monitors Two redundant safety-related monitor assemblies continuously monitor the normal intake air to the Main Control Room for an indication of abnormal airborne activity. The monitor assemblies are powered from separate Class 1E power trains. In the event of an alarm condition in the normal intake, the monitors initiate Main Control Room isolation and the Control Room HVAC cleanup unit. Two redundant safety-related monitor assemblies are installed to monitor radiation levels in the Main Control Room Emergency Air Intake. The operator can select the cleanest air flow path by comparing indications from the normal and emergency air intake monitors. Each monitor assembly consists of a sample pump, beta scintillation detector and preamplifier, and appropriate valves and flow instrumentation. The activity is indicated, recorded, and annunciated (instrument malfunction or high radiation) in the Main Control Room.
The monitor setpoint for control room isolation is based on a steam generator tube rupture event. This is more limiting than a fuel handling accident or a LOCA.
11.4-8 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 11.4.2.2.6 Containment Purge Air Exhaust Monitors These monitor assemblies continuously monitor the containment purge air exhaust for an indication of abnormal containment airborne radioactivity. Redundant monitor assemblies are provided and are powered from separate Class 1E power trains. In the event of an alarm condition, the monitors initiate containment ventilation isolation.
Each monitor assembly consists of a sample pump, beta scintillation detector and preamplifier, appropriate valves and indicators, and a log ratemeter. The activity is indicated at the monitor assembly and annunciated (instrument malfunction or high activity) in the Main Control Room.
Setpoint limits for these monitors are provided in plant Technical Specifications. The setpoints are established within the limits using the methodology provided in the ODCM.
11.4.2.2.7 Main Steamline Radiation Monitors An online radiation monitor is provided for each steam generator which continuously monitors the radioactivity level in the steam lines for detection of significant primary to secondary leakage. The detectors are located adjacent to the main steam lines inside the main steam valve vaults, upstream of the safety valve headers, allowing measurement of the exposure rate of steam released through the safety valves and pressure operated relief valves (PORVs). The detectors are ion chambers and are housed in lead shields which have a single opening facing the main steam lines thus providing a collimated field of view. The detector is shielded in all other directions with a minimum of three inches of lead.
The monitors indicate and annunciate in the MCR. They will measure exposure rates from radionuclides in the main steam lines. This is convertible to a specific activity range which encompasses that specified in Regulatory Guide 1.97, Rev. 2.
11.4.2.2.8 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Monitors These monitors, which use Geiger-Mueller tube detectors continuously monitor the dose rate in the reactor coolant drain tank pump discharge. Upon detection of high radiation, the monitors initiate a signal to isolate the pump discharge and produce audible and visible alarms locally and in the main control room. The radiation dose rate levels are indicated locally and indicated and recorded in the Main Control Room.
11.4.2.2.9 Reactor Building Floor and Equipment Drain Sump Monitors These monitors, which use Geiger-Mueller tube detectors continuously monitor the dose rate in the Reactor Building floor and equipment drain sump pump discharge.
Upon detection of high radiation, the monitors initiate a signal to isolate the pump discharge and produce audible and visible alarms locally and in the main control room.
The radiation dose rate levels are indicated locally and indicated and recorded in the Main Control Room.
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-9 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 11.4.2.2.10 RHR Post Accident Monitors These monitors, which use low range Geiger-Mueller tubes and high range ion chambers continuously monitor the RHR lines. Upon detection of high radiation, the monitors produce audible and visible alarms locally and in the main control room. The radiation levels are indicated locally and indicated and recorded in the Main Control Room.
11.4.3 SAMPLING The points subject to periodic sampling are those liquid and gaseous effluent release points expected to contribute a significant portion of the total release and/or dose to a member of the public for the site. A continuous tritium sampler is installed to monitor tritium released through the Auxilliary Building vent stack. The Auxiliary Building tritium sampler is listed in Table 11.4-2. Continuous tritium samplers are installed to monitor tritium released through the Unit 1 and 2 Shield Building vent stacks. The Unit 1 and 2 Shield building tritium samplers are listed in Table 11.4-2. Continuous tritium samplers (Unit 1 and 2 Shield Buildings) collect gaseous effluent tritium samples from the isokinetic sampling probes. These samples are collected for laboratory analysis.
These sampling points are defined in the ODCM. The sampling tables in the ODCM list the type of samples required, the frequency and the analysis required for each release point. Radioanalytical sampling instrumentation, sampling frequencies, sampling procedures and lower limits of detection are established to provide assurance that 10 CFR 50 Appendix I, 10 CFR 20, and 40 CFR 190 limits are not exceeded.
11.4.4 CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE The calibration and maintenance procedures for the process monitors are discussed below.
Each detector and/or its associated electronics has a built in mechanism for checking operability. Built-in check sources can be remotely actuated from its ratemeter mounted either locally or in the MCR. The radioactive checksource materials for the normal range gaseous and liquid monitors are listed in Table 11.4-5.
Response checks, calibration checks, and electronic calibration are performed periodically, per the ODCM, Technical Specifications, or maintenance instructions as appropriate. The maximum interval for a complete calibration and performance check for any monitor is 22.5 months (18 months plus 25%).
Maintenance is performed, as necessary, if abnormalities are detected during any of the above checks. Unscheduled maintenance is performed, as required.
11.4-10 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-90 Table 11.4-1 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors - Liquid Media (Page 1 of 2)
Monitor TVA Instrument No.
Seis.
Clas Location Amb.
Background*
mR/hr Detector Type Nuclide Range Fl.Elev Bldg.
Min.Det(1)
Conc.
Ci/cc Max.Det(1
)
Conc.
Ci/cc Scale cpm Waste Disposal System Liquid Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-122 I(L) 692.0 Aux.
1.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 I-131 9.6(-7) 1.8(-6) 1.5(-6) 1.6(-2) 2.8(-2) 2.4(-2)10-107 Essential Raw (3)
Cooling Water Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-133 0-RE-90-134 0-RE-90-140 0-RE-90-141 I
692.0 Aux.
1.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 I-131 9.6(-7) 1.8(-6) 1.5(-6) 1.6(-2) 2.8(-2) 2.4(-2)10-107 Component Cooling (3)
System Liquid Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-123 1-RE-90-123 2-RE-90-123 I(L) 737.0 Aux.
1.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 I-131 9.6(-7) 1.8(-6) 1.5(-6) 1.6(-2) 2.8(-2) 2.4(-2)10-107 Steam Generator Blowdown Liquid Sample Monitor 2-RE-90-124(2)
I(L) 713.0 Aux.
5.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 Ba-133 6.1(-8) 1.2(-7) 1.2(-7) 1.5(-2) 2.9(-2) 2.8(-2)10-107 Boric Acid Evaporator Condensate Monitor 1-RE-90-170(2) 2-RE-90-170(2)
I(L) 713.0 Aux.
10.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 I-131 1.7(-7) 3.2(-7) 2.6(-7) 1.6(-2) 2.8(-2) 2.4(-2)10-107 Condensate Demineralizer Regenerant Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-225 None 708.0 Turbine Bldg.
5.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 Ba-133 6.1(-8) 1.2(-7) 1.2(-7) 1.5(-2) 2.9(-2) 2.8(-2)10-107
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-11 WATTS BAR WBNP-90
- External Background at which the tabulated minimum detectable concentrations were determined.
(1)MDC values are based on manufacturer's sensitivity and readout scale under laboratory conditions at the ambient background specified.
Refer to Watts Bar specific calculations for actual demonstrated range. [9.6(-7) is read 9.6 x 10-7]
(2)Not required for Unit 1 operation.
(3)These monitors perform process monitoring for detection of inleakage.
Steam Generator Blowdown Effluent Monitor 1-RE-90-120 2-RE-90-120(2) 1-RE-90-121 2-RE-90-121(2)
None 708.0 Turbine Bldg.
1.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 I-131 9.6(-7) 1.8(-6) 1.5(-6) 1.6(-2) 2.8(-2) 2.4(-2)10-107 Turbine Building Sump Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-212 None 685.0 Turbine Bldg.
5.0 Gamma Scint.
Co-60 Cs-137 Ba-133 6.8(-8) 1.2(-7) 1.2(-7) 1.5(-2) 2.9(-2) 2.8(-2)10-107 Table 11.4-1 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors - Liquid Media (Page 2 of 2)
Monitor TVA Instrument No.
Seis.
Clas Location Amb.
Background*
mR/hr Detector Type Nuclide Range Fl.Elev Bldg.
Min.Det(1)
Conc.
Ci/cc Max.Det(1
)
Conc.
Ci/cc Scale cpm
11.4-12 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-91 Table 11.4-2 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors (Page 1 of 3)
Monitor TVA Instrument No.
Seis.
Class Location Fl. Elev. Bldg.
Amb.
Exp. Rate*
mR/hr Detector10 Type Nuclide Range Max.Det.(5)
Sens.(5) Conc. Scale Ci/cc Ci/cc cpm Containment Building Lower and Upper Compartment 1-RE-90-106 1-RE-90-112 2-RE-90-106(6) 2-RE-90-112(6)
I 737.0 Aux.
10.0 Beta Scint.
Beta Scint.
(Part.)
Xe-133 Kr-85 Co-60 2.4(-6) 8.8(-7) 1.5(-10) 4.4(-1) 1.6(-1) 2.3(-5)10-107 10-107 Shield Building Exhaust Low and High Range Effluent Monitor 1-RE-90-400 1-RE-90-402 2-RE-90-400 2-RE-90-402 I(L) 729.5 Aux.
10.0 Note (7)
Xe-133 5.0(-8)(4) 4.61(4)(4)
Digital Service Building Ventilation Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-132 None 741.0 Serv.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Xe-133 Kr-85 1.0(-6) 3.8(-7) 4.4(-1) 1.6(-1)10-107 Auxiliary Building Ventilation Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-101 I(L) 786.0 Aux.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Beta Scint.
(Part)
Gamma Scint. (Iodine)
Xe-133 Kr-85 Co-60 I-131 1.0(-6) 3.8(-7) 5.6(-11) 2.3(-3)Ci 4.4(-1) 1.6(-1) 2.3(-5) 3.7(2)Ci 10-107 10-107 10-107 Main Control Room Air Intake Monitors 0-RE-90-125 0-RE-90-126 0-RE-90-205 0-RE-90-206 I
755.0 Cont.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Xe-133 Kr-85 3.5(-7) 1.3(-7) 4.4(-1) 1.6(-1)10-107 Waste Gas Holdup System Gas Effluent Monitor 0-RE-90-118 I(L) 692.0 Aux.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Kr-85 4.4(-4) 2.1(2)10-107 Waste Gas effluent(6)
Part. & Iodine 0-RE-90-128 I(L) 692 Aux.
N/A Sampler NA NA NA NA
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-13 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 Condenser Vacuum Low Range Air Exhaust Effluent Monitor 1-RE-90-119 2-RE-90-119(6)
None 708.0 Turb.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Xe-133 Kr-85 3.5(-7) 1.3(-7) 4.4(-1) 1.6(-1)10-107 Condenser Vacuum Mid Range Air Exhaust Effluent Monitor 2-RE-90-99(6)
None 708.0 Turb.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Xe-133 Kr-85 3.9(-5) 1.4(-5) 3.9(1) 1.4(1)10-107 Condenser Vacuum Air Exhaust Post Accident Effluent Monitor 1-RE-90-404 2-RE-90-404(6)
None 708.0 Turb.
1.0 Geiger-Mueller Tubes Xe-133 Kr-85 1.3(-4) 8.3(-4) 1.4(5) 5.2(5)
Digital Condenser Vacuum Pump Exhaust Effluent Monitor 1-RE-090-129 2-RE-090-129(6)
None 729.0 Turb.
NA Sampler NA NA NA NA Containment Purge Air Exhaust Effluent Monitor 1-RE-90-130 1-RE-90-131 2-RE-90-130(6) 2-RE-90-131(6)
I 713.0 Aux.
1.0 Beta Scint.
Xe-133 Kr-85 9.7(-6) 3.6(-6) 1.0(1) 3.7(0)10-107 Main Steamline Radiation Monitors 1-RE-90-421 1-RE-90-422 1-RE-90-423 1-RE-90-424 2-RE-90-421(6) 2-RE-90-422(6) 2-RE-90-423(6) 2-RE-90-424(6)
I(L) 729.0 Aux.
Ion Chamber Total gas 7.3(-2)(4,8)
Ci/cc 1.35(4)(4,9
)
Ci/cc Digital Fuel Pool Radiation Monitor 0-RE-90-102 0-RE-90-103 I
757.0 Aux.
10.0 Geiger-Mueller Tube 10-1 mR/hr 104 mR/hr 1.0(-1)-
1.0(4) mR/hr Table 11.4-2 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors (Page 2 of 3)
Monitor TVA Instrument No.
Seis.
Class Location Fl. Elev. Bldg.
Amb.
Exp. Rate*
mR/hr Detector10 Type Nuclide Range Max.Det.(5)
Sens.(5) Conc. Scale Ci/cc Ci/cc cpm
11.4-14 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-90 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank 1-RE-90-275 2-RE-90-275(6) 1-RE-90-276 2-RE-90-276(6)
I 713.0 Aux.
Geiger-Mueller Tube 100 mR/hr 105 mR/hr 100-105 mR/hr Reactor Bldg. Floor and Equipment Drain 1-RE-90-277 2-RE-90-277(6) 1-RE-90-278 2-RE-90-278(6)
I 713.0 Aux.
Geiger-Mueller Tube 100 mR/hr 105 mR/hr 100-105 mR/hr RHR Post Accident Monitors 1-RE-90-290 2-RE-90-290(6) 1-RE-90-291 2-RE-90-291(6) 1-RE-90-292 2-RE-90-292(6) 1-RE-90-293 2-RE-90-293(6)
I 676.0 Aux.
Geiger-Mueller Tube (Low range),
Ion Chamber (High range) 10-1 mR/hr 103 mR/hr 10-1 mR/hr 103 mR/hr 104 mR/hr 1011 mR/hr 104 mR/hr 1011 mR/hr 10-1-104 mR/hr 103-1011 mR/hr 10-1-104 mR/hr 103-1011 mR/hr Table 11.4-2 Process And Effluent Radiation Monitors (Page 3 of 3)
Monitor TVA Instrument No.
Seis.
Class Location Fl. Elev. Bldg.
Amb.
Exp. Rate*
mR/hr Detector10 Type Nuclide Range Max.Det.(5)
Sens.(5) Conc. Scale Ci/cc Ci/cc cpm
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-15 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 NOTES (1)Deleted (2)Deleted (3)Deleted (4)WBN-APS3-048 (5)With the exception of monitors RE-90-421 through -424, Sens. and MDC values are based on manufacturer's sensitivity and readout scale under laboratory conditions at the ambient background specified. Refer to Watts Bar specific calculations for actual demonstrated range.
[1.3(-10) is read 1.3 x 10-10]. Units are Ci/cc except where specifically indicated as mR/Hr.
(6)Not required for Unit 1 operation (7)1,2-RE-90-400 use a beta scintillation and CdTe (Ci) detectors. 1,2-RE-90-402 are samplers and require no detectors.
(8)Pre-shutdown normal (9)Post accident (10)Detector types, nuclides, and ranges are for gas detectors unless noted otherwise.
- External background at which the tabulated minimum detectable concentrations were determined.
11.4-16 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.4-3 Locations For Gaseous Process And Effluent Radiation Monitor Indicators, Recorders, And Annunciators Alarm Annunciation Visual Audible Monitor TVA Inst.
Number Indicator Recorder High Rad.
Instr. Fail High Rad.
Instr.Fail Containment Building Lower and Upper Compartment 1-RE-90-106 1-RE-90-112 2-RE-90-106(1) 2-RE-90-112(1) 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Shield Building Vent Normal Range 1-RE-90-400 2-RE-90-400(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 Service Building Vent Monitor 0-RE-90-132 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Auxiliary Building Vent Monitor 0-RE-90-101 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Main Control Room Air Intake Monitors 0-RE-90-125 0-RE-90-126 0-RE-90-205 0-RE-90-206 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Waste Gas Holdup System Gas Effluent 0-RE-90-118 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Condenser Vacuum Pump Low-range Air Exhaust 1-RE-90-119 2-RE-90-119(1) 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Condenser Vacuum Vent Mid-range Air Exhaust 2-RE-90-99(1) 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Condenser Vacuum Vent Post-Accident 1-RE-90-404 2-RE-90-404(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-17 WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Containment Purge Air Exhaust 1-RE-90-130 1-RE-90-131 2-RE-90-130(1) 2-RE-90-131(1)
Local None 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Fuel Pool Accident Radiation Monitor 0-RE-90-102 0-RE-90-103 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 0-M-12 Main Steamline Radiation Monitors 1-RE-90-421 1-RE-90-422 1-RE-90-423 1-RE-90-424 2-RE-90-421(1) 2-RE-90-422(1) 2-RE-90-423(1) 2-RE-90-424(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 Reactor Coolant Drain Tank Monitors 1-RE-90-275 2-RE-90-275(1) 1-RE-90-276 2-RE-90-276(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 Reactor Building Floor and Equipment Drain Monitors 1-RE-90-277 2-RE-90-277(1) 1-RE-90-278 2-RE-90-278(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 Table 11.4-3 Locations For Gaseous Process And Effluent Radiation Monitor Indicators, Recorders, And Annunciators Alarm Annunciation Visual Audible Monitor TVA Inst.
Number Indicator Recorder High Rad.
Instr. Fail High Rad.
Instr.Fail
11.4-18 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 (1) Not required for Unit 1 operation.
RHR Post Accident Monitors 1-RE-90-290 2-RE-90-290(1) 1-RE-90-291 2-RE-90-291(1) 1-RE-90-292 2-RE-90-292(1) 1-RE-90-293 2-RE-90-293(1) 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-31 2-M-31 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 1-M-30 2-M-30 Table 11.4-3 Locations For Gaseous Process And Effluent Radiation Monitor Indicators, Recorders, And Annunciators Alarm Annunciation Visual Audible Monitor TVA Inst.
Number Indicator Recorder High Rad.
Instr. Fail High Rad.
Instr.Fail
PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM 11.4-19 WATTS BAR WBNP-49 Table 11.4-4 Deleted by Amendment 49
11.4-20 PROCESS AND EFFLUENT RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND SAMPLING SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89
- High sensitivity monitors 0-RE-90-125, -126, -205, -206, and 1,2-RE-90-119 use a LED check source.
Table 11.4-5 Process Monitors Check Source Description Type of Monitor Source Manufacturer Source Material Off-Line Liquid Monitor Gulf Electronic Systems Cs-137 Off-Line and In-Line Gas Monitors*
Gulf Electronic Systems Eberline Eberline Cl-36 Cs-137 Sr-90 Area Monitors (Geiger-Mueller Detectors)
Gulf Electronic Systems Cl-36 Wide Range Gas Monitor Sorrento Electronics Cl-36 Cs-137
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 11.5 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5.1 Design Objectives The slurries and solid radwaste (including resin waste) produced by WBN Units 1 and 2 is prepared for shipment or for temporary onsite storage in compliance with the requirements in 10 CFR 61, 10 CFR 71, and 49 CFR 171, 172, 173, 177, and 178.
Solid wastes are processed by the solid waste system (SWS) which is located in a seismic Category I structure. The waste packaging area, divided into three sections by thick concrete walls is composed of the mobile demineralizer (MD) area, an area for high level storage and the MD storage container, and an area for low level dry active wastes (DAW). Radiological monitoring is provided for the waste packaging area as described in Chapter 12.
For further information on design codes and safety classes, see Section 3.2.
11.5.2 System Inputs Waste inputs are divided into two categories: (1) Dry Active Waste (DAW) and (2) Wet Active Waste (WAW). DAW and WAW are products of the plant operation and maintenance. DAWs are further subdivided into compactible and noncompactible wastes. Solid compactible wastes include paper, clothing, rags, mop heads, rubber boots, and plastic. Non-compactible wastes include tools, mop handles, lumber, glassware, pumps, motors, valves, and piping.
Wet active wastes are primarily composed of spent resins. The sources for spent resins are the spent resin storage tank, the mobile demineralizer, and Condensate Polisher Demineralizer System (CPDS).
A list of inputs and expected yearly volumes of solid wastes are provided in Table 11.5-1. Table 11.5-2 provides a list of major nuclides activity to be shipped on a yearly basis.
11.5.3 Systems Description 11.5.3.1 Wet Active Waste Handling Spent Resin Processing A system for packaging and dewatering bulk quantities of spent resin for shipment is shown in Figure 11.5-1. The shipping container consists of an inner disposable High integrity container (HIC) with an outer returnable shield. Filter elements are mounted inside the HIC near the bottom and are connected to a hose connection outside the shield to facilitate dewatering spent resins. The container also has fill and vent connections.
Several types of shipping casks may be used. Most of these are vertical cylinders, having capacities of 120 ft3 to 215 ft3. If spent resins are classified as low-specific activity (LSA) material as defined in Federal Regulations 10 CFR Part 71 and is
11.5-2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-90 transported as exclusive use, the spent resins may be shipped in a container/cask that is not licensed by NRC. The shipping container/cask for LSA material shall meet the requirements of Federal Regulations 49 CFR Parts 171-178. If the spent resins do not meet the LSA material requirements, the shipping container/cask shall be licensed by NRC in accordance with Federal Regulations 10 CFR Part 71.
The SRST may be processed to either a cask or a Rad-Vault. Loading is accomplished with the cask mounted on a truck or trailer bed. The truck or trailer or Rad-Vault is located in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. The cask or Rad-Vault with HIC is filled from the spent resin tank. The spent resin storage tank is pressurized with nitrogen, and the resin slurry is sluiced to the HIC using water from the primary makeup water (PMW) System. Water is removed from the HIC through the internal filters, and is collected in the tritiated drain collector tank. A pump is used as required to aid the dewatering process. Additional slurry is added to the HIC, and the fill-and-dewatering process is repeated until the level indicator shows that the desired amount of resin has been transferred. The waste is dewatered to meet the free-standing water limitations at licensed disposal facilities, and the liquid effluent is discharged to the tritiated drain collector tank. If the Rad-Vault is used for temporary storage, the HIC will be transferred to the cask prior to shipment off site. Flush connections are provided from the PMW System to flush the resin slurry lines back to the spent resin storage tank.
The resins are sampled for waste characterization per 10 CFR 61. The high integrity containers (HIC) are capped and may be temporarily stored at the site prior to shipment. Temporary onsite storage is provided in the yard east of the CDWE Building and in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. Primary spent resins are stored only in a shielded container if stored in the yard.
In the event that the HIC were to overflow during the filling process, the overflow would take place through the vent line and the liquid would drain to the tritiated drain collector tank. The strainer in the vent line would prevent overflow of resin.
In certain cases spent resins may be stabilized rather than packaged in a HIC. Resins are stabilized by transfer to a commercial portable solidification unit for solidification (see Section 11.5.4.2).
Spent Resin Inventory The level indicating system in the spent resin storage tank is a thermal disposition type level probe which measures resin and water level independently. Since the level probe indicates the resin/water interface, the inventory of spent resins in the tank can be determined.
Mobile Demineralizer Resin Processing Spent resins from the mobile demineralizer system are stored in a vendor-supplied container to accumulate sufficient resins for disposal off-site. Loading is accomplished with the cask mounted on a truck or trailer bed located in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. The cask with the disposable liner/HIC is filled from the vendor furnished storage containers. Resin slurry is sluiced to the liner using water. Water removed from the
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 liner through the internal filters is discharged to the tritiated drain collector tank, and a pump is used as necessary to aid the dewatering process. Additional slurry is added to the container, and the fill-and-dewatering process is repeated until the level indicator shows that the desired amount of resin has been transfered. The waste is dewatered to meet the free-standing water limitations at licensed disposal facilities.
The resins are sampled for waste characterization per 10 CFR 61. The liners/HICs are capped and may be temporarily stored at the site prior to shipment. Temporary onsite storage is provided in the yard east of the CDWE Building and in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. Spent mobile demineralizer resins are stored only in a shielded container if stored in the yard.
Condensate Polishing Demineralizer Resin Processing Contaminated spent resins from the condensate polishing demineralizer system are transferred directly from the storage tank to a disposal liner located on a trailer in the Turbine Building railroad bay. The resin storage tank is pressurized with air, and the resin slurry is sluiced to the liner using water from the condensate system. Water is removed from the liner through internal filters, and is collected in the high crud tanks.
Additional slurry is added to the container, and the fill-and-dewatering process is repeated until the level indicator shows that the desired amount of resin has been transferred. The waste is dewatered to meet the free-standing water limitations at licensed disposal facilities or licensed waste processors. The resins are sampled for waste characterization per 10 CFR 61. The liner is capped and may be temporarily stored at the site prior to shipment. Temporary onsite storage is provided in the yard east of the CDWE Building and in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. Yard storage is permitted provided the resins are in the final disposal/shipping containers.
11.5.3.2 Dry Active Waste Handling Dry active waste (DAW) is separated into two types of waste. The two types of waste are those that can be incinerated (incinerable), and those that cannot be incinerated (non-incinerable). DAW is collected throughout the plant and is brought to the waste packaging area. Here DAW is sorted and temporary stored prior to shipment offsite.
Incinerable Waste Incinerable waste like paper, clothing, rags, plastic, mop handles, lumber, etc., are collected and then transferred to a Sealand type container for processing by offsite vendor and disposal.
Non-incinerable Waste Non-incinerable waste such as tools, valves, motors, etc., are collected and packaged in containers, and are temporary stored. This waste is then sent for processing by an offsite vendor for volume reduction, and disposal or recycle.
11.5-4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-90 11.5.3.3 Miscellaneous Waste Handling Air and gas filter and prefilter elements and glassware are placed in appropriate containers. Wet radioactive plant filters are packaged, when necessary, in high integrity containers.
If radiation levels of containers are high enough to require shielding, they are loaded into and transported in shielded truck trailers or a cask similar to those used to transport liners containing bulk quantities of dewatered resins.
11.5.4 Equipment Operation 11.5.4.1 Deleted 11.5.4.2 Mobile Solidification System (MSS)
The MSS is a portable solidification unit provided by a vendor service contract. The MSS combines and mixes radioactive wastes (resins, concentrates and liquid wastes) with solidification agents and needed additives to solidify the waste. The solidification is done in accordance with a Process Control Program to ensure that each batch of waste is properly solidified. Only solidification agents (such as cement) which have been approved by licensed disposal facilities are used. The waste is solidified in a disposable liner and prepared for shipment or temporary onsite storage. The disposable liners are equipped with internal mixers to provide uniform mixing. The mobile solidification system is located in the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. Necessary connections have been provided in the railroad bay to support the mobile solidification system as shown by Figure 11.5-1.
11.5.5 Storage Facilities 11.5.5.1 Inplant Storage Area Packaged wastes and unpackaged dry active wastes are stored in designated storage areas until shipment. Designated inplant storage areas include the waste packaging area and the Auxiliary Building railroad bay. The indoor storage for processed wastes and unprocessed DAW provides greater than 30-day storage at expected generation rates. The annual DAW volume for compactible and non-compactible trash as shown in Table 11.5-1 is expected to have an 11.4 curie content. For unprocessed wet wastes the following storage containers are provided:
Spent Resin Storage Tank 300 ft3 Mobile Demineralizer Storage Container 267 ft3 CPDS Storage Tank 441 ft3 Filter HIC/shielding 96 ft3 The above unprocessed storage capacities provide greater than 30 days storage at expected generation rates.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-90 11.5.5.2 Outside Radwaste Storage Operational considerations make it necessary to temporarily store containers of radioactive materials and radioactive wastes in designated areas such as the east yard outside of the CDWE. Liners of dewatered resin are stored the same as other containers such as drums or boxes. Drums, boxes, and liners of radioactive materials or wastes may be stored in outside storage areas after being packaged for shipment or storage. The outside storage yard provides sufficient storage to accommodate one full shipment of DAW or radioactive materials. The contact dose for containers stored outside is in accordance with 49 CFR 173.441.
11.5.6 Shipment Waste is shipped to a commercial disposal site according to federal regulations and disposal site criteria. Waste may also be shipped to a broker/processor to meet federal regulations and disposal site criteria. Drums and boxes containing radwaste are transported to the disposal facility in a sole-use van-type or flatbed truck trailer.
Dewatered resins and solidified resins are packaged in liners or HICs and transported in a transportation cask when required. Radioactive waste is packaged and transported in accordance with federal, state and TVA regulations.
11.5-6 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-89 Table 11.5-1 Maximum Anticipated Annual Solid Radwaste To Be Processed Waste Type Volume (ft3)
Spent Resins and Other Miscellaneous Wastes 2,530 Filter Cartridges 190 Compactible and Non-compactible Trash 30,000 (Uncompacted)
Contaminated Oil 100 Total 32,820
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 11.5-7 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Table 11.5-2 Estimated Major Nuclide Composition (Table to be updated at a later date to reflect two unit operation when the data becomes available)
Spent Resins and Other Miscellaneous Wastes NUCLIDE NUCLIDE COMPOSITION Curies/Yr Manganese-54 Iron-55 Cobalt-58 Cobalt-60 Nickel-63 Cesium-134 Cesium-137 Nickel-59 42 216.9 547.3 259 329 171.5 214.2 16.1 Filter Cartridges NUCLIDE NUCLIDE COMPOSITION Curies/Yr Iron-55 Cobalt-58 Cobalt-60 Nickel-63 5.71 3.12 9.11 4.64
11.5-8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WATTS BAR WBNP-92 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 11.5-9 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Figure 11.5-1 Powerhouse Aux Bldg Units 1 & 2 Mechanical Flow Diagram Waste Disposal System
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Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program 11.6-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 11.6 Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program The preoperational environmental monitoring program has established a baseline of data on the distribution of natural and manmade radioactivity in the environment near the plant site. With this background information, it is possible to determine what contribution, if any, the plant is making to the environment. The preoperational environmental monitoring program was initiated in the Winter of 1976. The operational program is conducted in accordance with the plant Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM).
In 1986, the operational monitoring program was instituted in anticipation of fuel load at WBN. Fuel load was delayed but the operational monitoring program continued in effect. In 1988, additional delays were announced in the scheduled fuel load date.
Consequently, the radiological environmental program was curtailed to a minimum for approximately one year (1989). In 1990, the monitoring program was expanded to include requirements which met or exceeded an operational phase program. The current monitoring program at WBN meets or exceeds the requirements of the ODCM.
Evaluations are made on the basis of the baselines established in the preoperational program, considering geography and the time of the year where these factors are applicable, and by comparisons to control stations where the radioactivity from the station is expected to be negligible. In those cases where a statistically-significant increase in the radioactivity level is seen in a particular sampling vector but not in the control station, meteorology and specific nuclide analysis are used to identify the source of the increase.
The planned sampling frequencies are designed to detect changes in environmental radioactivity. The vectors which would first indicate increases in radioactivity are sampled most frequently. Those which are less affected by transient changes but show long-term accumulations are sampled less frequently. However, specific sampling dates are not crucial and adverse weather conditions or equipment failure may on occasion prevent collection of specific samples.
The capability of the environmental monitoring program to detect design level releases from plant effluents is uncertain because the quantities which will be released will be very small. The program provides the capability of detecting any significant buildup of radioactive material in the environment above and beyond that which is already present. Those vectors which are most sensitive to reconcentration of specific isotopes are sampled. If any increase in radioactivity levels is detected in these vectors, the program is evaluated and broadened if deemed necessary.
From the data obtained from the radioanalytical and radiochemical analyses of the vectors sampled, dose estimates can be made for an individual or the population living near the plant site.
11.6-2 Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program WATTS BAR WBNP-77 11.6.1 Expected Background For a number of years measurements of background radiation have been made at various locations throughout the Tennessee Valley Region. TVA has conducted environmental monitoring programs in the vicinity of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant near Athens, Alabama, Sequoyah Nuclear Plant near Soddy Daisy, Tennessee, and near Watts Bar Nuclear Plant. Over periods of not less than two years, the measurements made in these areas have indicated only very slight variations from location to location. The measurements obtained utilizing film badges or thermoluminescent dosimeters have revealed the following background radiation levels: Oak Ridge 110 mR/year, Browns Ferry, Sequoyah, and Watts Bar Nuclear Plants 60-80 mR/year. It could, therefore, be estimated that the expected background levels in the vicinity of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant will be between 60 and 110 mR/year.
Concentrations of radioactive materials in the atmospheric pathway are essentially background. In general, only naturally occurring radioisotopes have been identified in these media, except following the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons and following the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station. Concentrations in the terrestrial pathway, including milk, soil and vegetables, have likewise consisted primarily of naturally occurring radionuclides with small amounts of Cs-137 and Sr-90.
Levels of Cs-137 and Sr-90 are consistent with levels of these isotopes resulting from fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.
Results from the analysis of aquatic media have indicated the presence of radioactive materials slightly in excess of levels expected from fallout. While increased levels have not been identified in water samples, concentrations of Cs-137 in sediment and fish samples collected above Watts Bar Dam are generally higher than concentrations from samples taken below the dam. In addition, the presence of the activation product Co-60 has been identified in samples from the vicinity of WBN, with the higher concentrations reported in samples taken above Watts Bar Dam. This indicates the presence of radioactive materials in the vicinity of WBN that are the result of other nuclear operations upstream from the plant.
11.6.2 Critical Pathways to Man Although the amounts of radioactivity added to the environment from plant operation are small, critical exposure pathways to man have been identified in order to estimate the maximum dose to the individual and to establish the sampling requirements for the environmental radioactivity monitoring program. The six principal pathways which can result in radiation exposure to man are:
(1)
External exposures to gaseous releases.
(2)
Drinking water from the Tennessee River and wells in the immediate vicinity of the plant.
(3)
Recreation along the Tennessee River.
(4)
Eating fish from the Tennessee River.
Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program 11.6-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 (5)
Consuming milk produced near the plant.
(6)
Eating foods grown in areas adjacent to the plant site affected by the gaseous releases.
The radiological environmental monitoring program, as outlined in the ODCM, is designed to sample media from these critical pathways. Should increased levels of radioactive materials be identified, efforts will be made to identify the reason for the increases. These efforts may include attempts to correlate measured environmental concentrations with concentrations predicted from effluent models or with activities of other nuclear operations in the area.
Environmental concentrations of radioactivity due to releases to unrestricted areas from the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant may be unmeasurable with present techniques.
Therefore, methods to calculate the potential exposure to man have been derived for both gaseous and liquid releases.
11.6.2.1 Doses from Gaseous Effluents The following doses to humans living in the vicinity of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant are calculated for the releases of radioactive gases:
(1)
External beta doses (2)
External gamma doses (3)
Organ doses (inhalation pathway)
(4)
Organ doses (ingestion pathways)
The basic assumptions and calculational methods used in computing these doses are described in Subsection 11.3.10.1.
11.6.2.2 Internal Doses from Liquid Effluents The following doses are calculated for exposures to radionuclides routinely released in liquid effluents:
(1)
Internal doses from the ingestion of water (2)
Internal doses from the consumption of fish (3)
External doses from water sports A detailed description of the basic assumptions and calculational methods used in calculating the doses is given in Subsection 11.2.9.1.
The dose models employed are updated as needed in light of the data resulting from the offsite monitoring program to ensure that all significant pathways are included in the calculations and to ensure that the actual doses received by individuals and the
11.6-4 Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program WATTS BAR WBNP-92 population as a whole remain as low as reasonably achievable and within the applicable Federal Regulations.
11.6.3 Sampling Media, Locations, and Frequency The operational environmental radiological monitoring program is outlined in the ODCM. The media selected were chosen on two bases: First, those vectors which would readily indicate releases from the plant, and secondly, those vectors which would indicate long-term buildup of radioactivity. Consideration was also given to the pathways which would result in exposure to man, such as milk and food crops.
Locations for sampling stations were chosen after considering meteorological factors and population density around the site. Frequencies for sampling the various vectors were established so that seasonal variation in radioactivity levels might be determined.
In addition, samples are collected during the season in which the major growth occurs to ascertain radioactivity uptake by the vectors during their most susceptible period of growth.
11.6.4 Analytical Sensitivity Samples are collected routinely following established procedures so that uniformity in sampling methods is assured. The samples are transported to a central laboratory facility for preparation and processing. All the radioanalytical and radiochemical analyses are conducted in the central laboratory.
The detection capabilities for environmental sample analyses given as the nominal Lower Limits of Detection (LLD) are listed in the plant ODCM.
11.6.5 Data Analysis and Presentation TVA participates in an Interlaboratory Comparison Program. This program provides periodic cross-check samples of the type and radionuclide composition normally analyzed in an environmental monitoring program. The results obtained in the monitoring program and the cross-check program are reported annually to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
11.6.6 Program Statistical Sensitivity As previously noted, because of the small quantities of radioactive material which will be released to the environment from the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, it is uncertain as to what extent the results from the environmental monitoring program can be used to estimate the probable radiation exposure to man. Only if the radioactive waste releases from the plant cause statistically measurable increases of radiation in the environment can dose correlations be made.
Calculations are performed utilizing the more concentrated effluent release data and the models given in Subsections 11.2.9 and 11.3.10 to estimate the possible exposure to man. Because of the conservative assumptions applied in these models, the estimated dose to the population should be higher than that actually received.
However, TVA, even using the conservative assumptions, will control the releases of radioactive materials to the environment such that the releases will be less than the limits described in Title 10 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 20 and 50.
Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program 11.6-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 REFERENCES None
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SYSTEM SOURCES 11A.1-1 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 11A TRITIUM CONTROL This section discusses the reduced tritium production in the plant as a result of employing zircaloy clad fuel and Boron-Carbide (B4C) control rods.
11A.1 SYSTEM SOURCES The principal contributors to tritium production within the PWR System are: the ternary fission source, the dissolved boron in the reactor coolant, and Li7 in the reactor water.
Additional small contributions are made by Li6 and deuterium in the reactor water.
Tritium production from different sources is shown in Table 11A-1.
11A.1.1 The Fission Source This tritium is formed within the fuel material and may:
(1)
Remain in the fuel rod uranium matrix, (2)
Diffuse into the cladding and become hydrided and fixed there, (3)
Diffuse through the clad for release into the primary coolant, (4)
Release to the coolant through macroscopic cracks or failures in the fuel cladding.
Previous Westinghouse design has conservatively assumed that the ratio of fission tritium released into the coolant to the total fission tritium formed was approximately 0.30 for zircaloy clad fuel. The operating experience at the R.E. Ginna Plant of the Rochester Gas and Electric Company, and at other operating reactors using zircaloy clad fuel has shown that the tritium release through the zircaloy fuel cladding is substantially less than the earlier estimates predicted. Consequently, the release fraction may be revised downward from 30 percent to 10 percent based on this data (Reference 1).
11A.1.2 Control Rod Source The full length control rods for this plant are Boron-Carbide (B4C) with silver-indium-cadmium tips. The amount of tritium produced by the B4C is less than 3 Ci/yr.
11A.1.3 Boric Acid Source A direct contribution to the reactor coolant tritium concentration is made by neutron reaction with the boron in solution. The concentration of boric acid varies with core life and load follow so that this is a steadily decreasing source during core life. The principal boron reactions are the B10 (n, 2a) H3 and B10 (n, a) Li7 (n, na) H3 reactions.
The Li7 (n, na) H3 reaction occurs also with lithium added for pH control. This reaction is controlled by limiting the overall lithium concentration to 7.6 ppm during operation.
Li6 is essentially excluded from the system by utilizing 99.9 percent Li7.
11A.2-2 Tritium Releases WATTS BAR WBNP-77 11A.1.4 Burnable Shim Rod Source These rods are typically present in the core and represent a potential tritium contribution.
11A.2 Tritium Releases For a leakage from the primary coolant system into the containment of fifty pounds per day, with an assumed tritium concentration in the coolant of 1.0 Ci/cc (no containment ventilation purge), the tritium concentration in the atmosphere of the containment would be low enough to permit access without protective equipment by plant maintenance personnel for an average of two hours per week.
Leakage into the containment atmosphere is based on leakages from equipment such as pumps and valves. Abnormal leakages in excess of the design estimate have occurred in operating plants. The leaking components have been identified and corrective measures have been taken. For example, at Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, bellows and diaphragm sealed valves are being used to limit leakages.
The total activity which would be released from the containment purge during refueling operations would amount to approximately 110 curies. This activity from evaporative losses will be discharged from the plant as gaseous waste. Similarly, any radioactive gases in the containment would be discharged. Evaporation of tritium from the refueling pool has been considered in evaluating the consequences of tritium on both operators and environmental releases. This indicates maximum tritium concentration in the containment consistent with forty hours per week occupancy and total tritium release of about thirty curies per refueling. Since there is no forced mixing between refueling water and the spent fuel pool, and tritium-free water is used for makeup, evaporative tritium losses from the spent fuel pool should be minimal.
In-plant tritium concentration levels are held to a value consistent with safe personnel radiation exposure per 10 CFR 20. Tritiated water releases will be made to the Tennessee River at concentration levels below limits established by 10 CFR 20 and the ODCM.
11A.3 Design Bases The design intent is to reduce the tritium sources in the Reactor Coolant System to a practical minimum in order to permit longer retention of the reactor coolant within the plant, without adversely affecting occupational radiation exposure.
11A.4 Design Evaluation Table 11A-1 is a comparison of a typical design basis tritium production which is utilized to establish system and operational requirements of the plant (Reference 1). It will be noted that there are two principle contributors to the tritium production: ternary fission source and the dissolved boron in the reactor coolant. Of these sources it will be noted that the thirty percent release of ternary fission through the cladding was the predominant contributor in past design considerations.
Tritium Lead Test Assembly (This section to be provided at a later date) 11A.5-3 WATTS BAR WBNP-92 Because of the importance of this source on the operation of the plant, Westinghouse has been closely following operating plant data. Table 11A-2 represents tritium releases during one calendar year for different Westinghouse PWR plants. Further, a program is being conducted at the R. E. Ginna Plant to follow this in detail. The R.E.
Ginna Plant has a zircaloy clad core with silver-indium-cadmium control rods. The operating levels of boron concentration during the startup of the Ginna plant are approximately 1100 to 1200 ppm of boron. In addition, burnable poison rods in the core contain boron which contributed some tritium to the coolant, but only during the first cycle. Data during the operation of the Ginna plant has indicated very clearly that the present design sources were indeed conservative. The tritium released is essentially from the boron dissolved in the coolant and a ternary fission source which is less than one percent. In addition to this data, other operating plants with zircaloy clad cores have also reported very low tritium concentrations in the Reactor Coolant System after considerable longer operation.
Based on the above, the following conclusions have been reached:
(1)
The tritium levels in plants operating with zircaloy clad cores will be substantially lower than previous design predictions.
(2)
Containment access during power operation and refueling will become the limiting factor at about the 8th year in the life of the facility with all tritium retained and stored in the plant.
(3)
The tritium in the containment purge and the containment ventilation air during refueling will be discharged.
11A.5 Tritium Lead Test Assembly (This section to be provided at a later date) 11A.6 Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR) Source (Unit 1 Only)
Beginning with Cycle 5, WBN will produce tritium to fulfill an Interagency Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The tritium will be produced by the irradiation of Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rods (TPBARs). Based on tritium production needs, WBN may irradiate up to 2304 TPBARs in a given cycle. The discussion above is supplemented for tritium production by the following.
TPBARs are designed to mimic in many ways a standard burnable absorber. However, instead of using boron as the neutron absorbing material, TPBARs use 6Li to purposely generate tritium, which is then captured in the TPBAR internal components. The primary reaction in the TPBAR is 6Li (n, a T + 4He). A full description of the TPBARs and tritium production is found in References 5 and 6.
TPBARs are designed and fabricated to retain as much tritium as possible within the TPBAR. Since the TPBAR produced tritium is chemically bonded within the TPBAR, virtually no titium is available in a form that could escape through the TPBAR cladding.
However, it is assumed that while operating with a Tritium Production Core (TPC) some of the tritium inventory in the TPBARs will permeate the cladding material and be released to the primary coolant. The design goal for this permeation process is less
11A.6-4 Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR) Source (Unit 1 Only)
WATTS BAR WBNP-92 than 1,000 Ci per 1,000 TPBARs per year as a core average. Thus a single TPBAR may release more than 1 Ci/year, but the total release for 1,000 TPBARs will be less than 1,000 Ci/year. As the TPC will contain up to 2,304 TPBARs, the total design basis tritium input from the maximum number of TPBARs is 2,304 Ci/year into the RCS.
In addition to the maximum design basis TPBAR permeation release, a potential release scenario is the failure of one or more of the TPBARs. It has been assumed that two TPBARs under irradiation would fail and the entire inventory of tritium would be released to the primary coolant. At the end of an operating cycle, the maximum available tritium in a single TPBAR is calculated to be about 11,600 Ci. While the occurrence of one or two failed TPBARs is considered to be beyond that associated with reasonable design basis considerations, it is assumed for the safety analysis. The logic for the assumption of two failed TPBARs is documented in Reference 7.
The tritium which permeates the cladding or is released from the TPBAR as a result of a cladding failure will be treated with other plant generated tritium as discussed in the preceding sections.
REFERENCES (1)
Locante, J., and Malinowski, D. D., "Tritium in Pressurized Water Reactors,"
American Nuclear Society Transactions, Vol.14, No. 1, 1971.
(2)
NUREG-0498 Supplement No. 1., Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2 April 1995, U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
(3)
PNNL-11419 UC-731, Report on the Evaluation of the Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod Lead Test Assembly, Revision 1, March 1997, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
(4)
TTWP-6-003, Information Supplementing PNNL-11419, Revision 1, July 1997.
(5)
NDP-98-181, Rev. 1, Tritium Production Core (TPC) Topical Report, February 8, 1999.
(6)
Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Unit 1 - Revision of Boron Concentration Limits and Reactor Core Limitations for Tritium Production Cores (TPC) -
Technical Specification Change No. TVA-WBN-TS-00-105, dated August 20, 2001.
(7)
DOE/EIS-0288, March 1999, Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Production of Tritium in a Commercial Light Water Reactor.
Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR) Source (Unit 1 Only) 11A.6-5 WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Table 11A.1-1 Tritium Sources In A Typical Wnes 4 Loop Reactor Operating At A Power Level Of 3582 MW(th) Curies/12 Full-Power Months At A 0.8 Load Factor Tritium Source Total Produced (Ci)
Release to the Coolant (Ci)
Ternary Fissions 10,500 1,050 Burnable Poison Rods(1) 1,520 152 Control Rodsb 3
3 Soluble Poison Boron (Initial Cycle) (2) 222 222 (Equilibrium Cycle) (3) 309 309 Li-7 and Deuterium Reactions 110 110 Total (Initial Cycle) 12,400 1,540 Total (Equilibrium Cycle) 10,900 1,470 (1) Weight of B203= 221 (B1O - 13.58 lb)
(2) Initial boron (hot, full power, equilibrium xenon) = 860 ppm (3) Initial boron (hot, full power, equilibrium xenon) = 1,200 ppm
11A.6-6 Tritium Producing Burnable Absorber Rod (TPBAR) Source (Unit 1 Only)
WATTS BAR WBNP-77 Watts Bar FSAR Section 11.0 Radioactive Waste Management Watts Bar FSAR Section 11.0 Radioactive Waste Management Table 11A.1-2 Tritium Release For 1972 From Westinghouse Designed Operating Reactors Plant Total Released Curies Avg. Discharge Concentration Ci/cc Fraction(3) 10CFR20 Limit Yankee Rowe(1) 803 5.0 x 10-6 1.7 x 10-3 Connecticut Yankee(1) 5,890 7.6 x 10-6 2.5 x 10-3 San Onofre(l) 3,480 5.99 x 10-6 2.0 x 10-3 Ginna(2) 119 1.6 x 10-7 5.5 x 10-5 H. B. Robinson No. 2(2) 405 1.88 x 10-7 6.3 x 10-5 Point Beach No. 1 and 2(2) 563 1.13 x 10-6 3.8 x 10-4 (1) Stainless Steel Clad (2) Zircaloy Clad (3) 10 CFR 20 Limit is 3 x 10-3 Ci/cc