ML17317B488

Annual Rept 1978

ML17317B488
Person / Time
Site:	Cook
Issue date:	12/31/1978
From:	AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED
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ML17317B487	List: ML17317B486 ML17317B488 ML17326A232
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NUDOCS 7908280676
Download: ML17317B488 (493)

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KQZKKK,~ZQ2.RQE8Q2'RQODEUM0K,K-No'ncE-THEATTACHEDFILESAREOFFICIALRECORDSOFTHEDIVISIONOFDOCUMENTCONTROL.THEYHAVEBEENCHARGEDTOYOUFORALIMITEDTIMEPERIODANDMUSTBERETURNEDTOTHERECORDSFACILITYBRANCH016.PLEASEDONOTSENDDOCUMENTS CHARGEDOUTTHROUGHTHEMAIL.REMOVALOFANYPAGE(S)FROMDOCUMENTFORREPRODUCTION MUSTBEREFERREDTOFILEPERSONNEL.

DEADLINERETURNDATEANNUALREPORTl978AMERICANELECTRICPOWERSYSTEMDecl<et++~~Cstree~~>>~'~

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<90628o47 TheCompany's AnnualReport(Form10-K)totheSecurities andExchangeCommission willbeavailable onoraboutMarch31,1979toshareowners upontheirwrittenrequestandatnocost.Pleaseaddresssuchrequeststo:Mr.H.D.PostAssistant Treasurer AmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation 2BroadwayNewYork,N.Y.10004TransferAgentofCumulative Prcfcrred StockMorganGuarantyTrustCompanyofNewYork30WestBroadway, NewYork,N.Y.10007Registrar ofCumulative Preferred StockIrvingTrustCompany1WallStreet,NewYork,N.Y.10015 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANY2101SpyRunAvenue,FortWayne,Indiana46801ContentsBackground oftheCompanyConsolidated SummaryofOperations Management's CommentsonConsolidated SummaryofOperations Auditors'pinion Consolidated Statement ofIncomeConsolidated BalanceSheetConsolidated Statement ofSourcesoffundsforPlantandPropertyAdditions Consolidated Statement ofRetainedEarningsNotestoConsolidated Financial Statements Operating Statistics andBalanceSheetData456-78~~~910-11121314-2324-25Directors andOfBcersoftheCompany.PriceRangeofCumulative Preferred Stock~~~~~26~~~~~~~~~~~~~~27 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANY2101SpyRunAvenue,FortWayne,Indiana46801Background oftheCompanyINDIANA&MtcHIGANELEGTRIcCoMPANY(theCompany)isasubsidiary ofAmericanElectricPowerCompany,Inc.(AEP)andisengagedinthegeneration,

purchase, transmission, anddistribu-tionof-electric power.TheCompanywasorganized underthelawsofIndianaonFebruary21,1925,andisalsoauthorized totransactbusinessinMichiganandWestVirginia.

Itsprincipal executive oAicesareinFortWayne,Indiana.Indiana&MichiganPowerCompany,thegenerating subsidiary oftheCompany,wasformedin1971toown,completetheconstruction of,andoperatetheDonaldC.CookNuclearPlant(theNuclearPlant).UnitNo.1oftheNuclearPlantwasplacedincommercial operation onAugust23,1975.UnitNo.2wasplacedincommercial operation onJuly1,1978.Thesubsidiary sellsalloftheplant'sgeneration totheparentfordistribution tothelatter'scustomers.

TheCompanyserves231communities andapproximately 437,000customers ina7,740-square-mile areaofnorthernandeasternIndianaandaportionofsouthwestern Michigan.

Thisareahasanestimated population of1,566,000.

Amongtheprincipal industries servedaremanufacturers ofautomobiles, trucks,automotive parts,aircraftparts,steel,ferrousandnonferrous

castings, farmmachinery, machinetools,electricmotors,electrictransformers, electricwireandcable,glass,textiles, rubberproducts, foodproductsandelectronic components.

Inaddition, theCompanysupplieswholesale electricpowertootherelectricutilities, municipalities, andcooperatives.

TheCompany's generating plantsandimportant loadcentersareinterconnected byahigh-voltagetransmission network.Thisnetworkinturnisinterconnected eitherdirectlyorindirectly withthefollowing otherAEPSystemcompanies toformasinglemajorintegrated powersystem:Appalachian PowerCompany,KentuckyPowerCompany,Kingsport PowerCompany,MichiganPowerCompany,OhioPowerCompany,andWheelingElectricCompany.TheCompanyisalsointerconnected withthefollowing otherutilities:

CentralIllinoisPublicServiceCompany,TheCincinnati Gas&ElectricCompany,Consumers PowerCompany,Commonwealth EdisonCom-pany,IllinoisPowerCompany,Indiana-Kentucky ElectricCorporation (asubsidiary ofOhioValleyElectricCorporation),

Indianapolis Power&LightCompany,NorthernIndianaPublicServiceCompany,andPublicServiceCompanyofIndiana,Inc.

INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUIISIDIARY Consolidated SummaryofOperations OPERATING REVENUES-ELECTRICYearEndedDecember31,19741978197719761975(InThousands)

..$603,480$512,824$416,193$363,355$287,606OPERATINGEXPBNSES:Operation:

FuelforElectricGeneration

............

125,277Purchased andInterchange Power(Net)...116,308Other.605001Maintenance 32,724Depreciation 59,844Taxes,OtherThanIncomeTaxes..~...~...26,432FederalandStateIncomeTaxes...........

23,060TotalOperating Expenses........443,646OPERATING INCOME159,834OTHERINCOMEANDDEDUCTIONS:

Allowance forFundsUsedDuringConstruction Allowance forOtherFundsUsedDuringCon-struction 27,974Miscellaneous Nonoperating IncomeLessDe-ductions1,040TotalOtherIncomeandDeductions 29,014INCOMEBEFOREINTERESTCHARGES.........

188,848INTERESTCHARGES:TotalInterestCharges..96,648Allowance forBorrowedFundsUsedDuringConstruction (Credit)................

(22,627)NetInterestCharges............

74,021CONSOLIDATED INCOMEBEFORECUMULATIVE EFFECTOFACCOUNTING CHANGES........114,827NON-RECURRING CUMULATIVE EFFECTOFAC-coUNTINGCHANGEs(Netof$603,000Appli-cableTaxes)CONSOLIDATED NBTINCOME.$114,82774,052144,83344,70628,45248,82423,40818,14970,127126,71240,25120,14047,85218,920(8,625)382,424315,377130,400100,81655,775121,19437,80017,07832,73414,0156,026284,62278,73355,216111,16127,95917,74724,85310,956(3,086)244,80642,80028,874(a) 45,482(a) 59,454(a) 26,88995227,84171813529,59245,6171,53760,991158,241130,40880,772(19,651)76,534124,35070,822103,79170,38861,12197,12076,53453,87470,82253,52870,38833,4038,151$97,120$53,874$53,528$41,554(a)Notreclassified intodebtand.equitycomponents sinceallocation basedonthenexistingcapitalstructure wouldnotnecessarily becomparable toallocation undertheFERCformulausedafter1976.

Management's CommentsonConsolidated SummaryofOperations TheamountsshownintheConsoHdated SummaryofOperations anddiscussed belowrefiectonlytheresultsofpastoperations andarenotintendedasanyrepresentation astotheresultsofoperations foranyfutureperiod.Reference ismadetotheconsolidated financial statements, relatednotes,andOperating Statistics andBalanceSheetDataforadditional infor-mationconcerning resultsofoperations.

Operating Revenues-ElectricElectricoperating revenuesincreased by$96,631,000 (23%)in1977over1976andby$90,656,000 (18%)in1978over1977.Factorsassociated withthein-creasesandrelatedestimated amountsareasfollows:CostofFuelConsumed..Generation LevelandFuelMix.............

OverallIncrease(Decrease)

CostofFuelConsumed..Generation LevelandFuelMix.............

OverallIncrease........Increase(Decrease) 1977vs.1976(InMillions)

CoalOilNuclearTotal$5.1$4.1$2.4$11.6(2.8)1.0(5.9)(7.7)$2.3$5.1$(3.5)$3.91978vs.1977(InMillions)

CoalOilNuclearTotal$23.7$4.4$3.3$31A(2.2)5.716.319.8$21.5$10.1$19.6$51.2Increase(Decrease) 1977vs.19761978vs.1977(InMillions)

BaseRatesandFuelCostAdjust-mcnts$109.3$53.8SalesVolume...................

(21.2)51.1SalesMix.8.2(14.2)OtherOperating Rcvenucs.......0.3OverallIncrease...$96.6$90.7Theincreaseinoperating revenuesin1977over1976wasprimarily attributable torateincreases placedineffectduring1976and1977andtotherecoveryofincreased fuelcostspursuanttotheCompany's fuel-adjustment clauses.Growthinoperating revenuesdur-ing1977waslimitedduetoa17%decreaseinkilowatt-hoursalesforresale.Theincreaseinoperating reven-uesin1978over1977reflected a29%increaseinkilowatt-hour salesforresale,therecoveryofincreased fuelcosts,andrateincreases placedineffectduring1977and1978.Conservation measuresbysomecus-tomershavetendedtolimitthegrowthofoperating revenuesinboth1977and1978.Operating ExpensesFuelforelectricgeneration increased in1977over1976by$3,925,000 (6'rc)andin1978over1977by$51,225,000 (69%).Factorsrelatingtotheseincreases andtherelatedestimated amountsareshownbelow:Thecostoffossilfuelconsumedincreased signifi-cantlyin1977and1978.Theincreasein1977wasaffectedbytherehavingbeenarefundofapproximately

$4,000,000 totheCompanyinsettlement oflitigation withasupplieroffueloil.(Suchamountwasrecordedasareduction tofuelforelectricgeneration for1976andisreflected intheincreaseshownaboveinthecostofoilin1977from1976.)Adecreaseinthequantityofnuclearfuelconsumedin1977wasrelatedtotheplannedoutageofUnitNo.1oftheNuclearPlantforrefueling.

Theincreasein1978alsoreflected theplacingofUnitNo.2oftheNuclearPlantincom-mercialoperation duringJuly.Theutilization oftherelatively moreexpensive fueloil(toconservecoalsupplies) togenerateelectricity duringthecoalminers'trike whichendedinMarch1978contributed totheincreasein1978over1977.Thepurchased andinterchange powerincreaseof$18,121,000 (14%)in1977anddecreaseof$28,525,000 (20%)in1978primarily refiecttheutilization oftheNuclearPlantasdescribed above.Otheroperation expenseincreased by$15,295,000 (34%)in1978over1977mainlyduetohighercostsoflabor,materials,

supplies, andservices, andwasalsoaffectedbytestgeneration priorto,andincreased generation dueto,placingofUnitNo.2oftheNuclearPlantintocommercial operation.

Theincreaseinmaintenance expensein1977over1976of$8,312,000 (41%)wasassociated withcer-INDIANAdcMICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY MANAGEMENT'S COMMENTSONCONSOLIDATED SUMMARYOFOPERATIONS (Concluded) tainincreased maintenance activityin1977whichhadpreviously beendeferredandwithhigherlaborcostandincreased costsofmaterials,

supplies, andservicesasregardspowerproduction maintenance.

Maintenance expenseincreased by$4,272,000 (15%)in1978over1977largelybecauseofincreasing costlevelsandincreased powerplant,transmission anddistribution maintenance activities.

Theincreaseindepreciation expensein1978over1977of$11,020,000 (23%)waschiellyduetotheplacingofUnitNo.2oftheNuclearPlantandcertainenvironmental protection facilities attheCompany's TannersCreekPlantincommercial operation.

Taxes,otherthanincometaxesincreased by$4,488,000 (24%)in1977.Thiswasduetoincreases inutilityplantinserviceandthecompletion in1976oftheamortization (approximating

$3,000,000 forthatyear)ofcertaindeferredcreditsassociated withpropertytaxeswhichhadbeendeferredpursuanttoregulatory authorization.

Theincreaseintaxes,otherthanincometaxesin1978over1977of$3,024,000 (13%)waslargelyattributable toincreased IndianaPropertyTaxresulting fromgreaterassessedvaluation ofproperty, increased IndianaGrossIncomeTaxat-tributable toincreased applicable

revenues, andtoMichiganSingleBusinessTaxpertaining totheGen-eratingSubsidiary.

Information concerning Federalincometaxes(in-cludingareconciliation ofactualFederalincometaxestosuchtaxescomputedatstatutory rates)isshowninNote3ofNotestoConsolidated Financial statements.

Allowance forFundsUsedDuringConstruction Theallowance forfundsusedduringconstruction (AFUDC),including theportionshownasacredittointerestcharges,increased by$17,666,000 (61%)in1977.Thisincreasewasrelatedtoanincreased amountinvestedinconstruction (including UnitNo.2oftheNuclearPlantandprecipitator installation projectsattwooftheCompany's plants)andtotheelfectoftheGenerating Subsidiary's compounding AFUDCbegin-ningin1977.InterestChargesIn1978,totalinterestchargesincreased by$15,876,000 (20%)over1977;thiswasrelatedtoad-ditionallong-term debtoutstanding.

Auditors'pinion TotheShareowners andtheBoardofDirectors ofIndiana&MichiganElectricCompanyWehaveexaminedthebalancesheetsofIndiana&MichiganElectricCompanyanditsgen-eratingsubsidiary, Indiana&MichiganPowerCompany,consolidated, asofDecember31,1978and1977andtherelatedstatements ofconsolidated income,retainedearningsandsourcesoffundsforplantandpropertyadditions fortherespective yearsthenended.Ourexaminations weremadeinaccordance withgenerally acceptedauditingstandards and,accordingly, includedsuchtestsoftheaccounting recordsandsuchotherauditingprocedures asweconsidered necessary inthecircumstances.

Asdiscussed inparagraphs threeandfiveofNote2ofNotestoConsolidated Financial State-ments,theCompanyiscollecting certainwholesale revenuessubjecttopossiblerefundandhasbeenincurring chargesforinterchange powersubjecttorefundbyitsaffiliated interchange powersuppliers.

Aninitialdecisionintheinterchange powerproceeding inFebruary1978,could,ifsustained, resultinsubstantial refundstotheCompany.Inaddition, theCompanyisinvolvedinantitrust mattersdiscussed inparagraphs threeandfiveofNote10ofN'otestoConsolidated Financial Statements.

Inouropinion,subjecttotheetfectonthefinancial statements identified aboveofsuchadjust-ments,ifany,asmighthavebeenrequiredhadtheoutcomeoftherateandantitrust mattersreferredtointhepreceding paragraph beenknown,suchfinancial statements presentfairlythefinancial positionoftheabovecompanies, consolidated, asofDecember31,1978and1977andtheresultsoftheiroperations andtheirsourcesoffundsforplantandpropertyadditions fortheyearsthenended,inconformity withgenerally acceptedaccounting principles appliedonaconsistent basis.NewYork,NewYorkFebruary19,1979(March2,1979astoparagraph fiveofNote10ofNotestoConsolidated Financial Statements)

INDIANA4t6MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statement ofIncomeOPERATING REYENUEs-ELEGTRIc(Notes1and2)....~......YearEndedDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

$603,480$512,824OPERATING EXPENSES:

Operation:

FuelforElectricGeneration

.Purchased andInterchange Power(Net)(Notes2and9)..OtherMaintenance (Note1).Depreciation (Note1).Taxes,OtherThanIncomeTaxes(Note9)..StateIncomeTaxes.FederalIncomeTaxes(Notes1and3).TotalOperating Expenses...OPERATING INCOME~~~~~~~125,277116,30860,00132,72459,84426,432(378)23,438443,646159,83474,052144,83344,70628,45248,82423,40870417,445382,424130,400OTHERINcoMEANDDBDUGTIGNs (Notes1and3):Allowance forOtherFundsUsedDuringConstruction

........Miscellaneous Nonoperating IncomeLessDeductions

........TotalOtherIncomeandDeductions

..............

INCOMEBEFOREINTERESTCHARGES.INTERESTCHARGES:InterestonLong-term DebtInterestonShort-term DebtMiscellaneous InterestCharges(Note1)TotalInterestChargesAllowance forBorrowedFundsUsedDuringConstruction (Credit)(Note1)NetInterestCharges.27,9741,04029,014188,84889,3975,9641,28796,648(22,627)74,02126,88995227,841158,24173,1886,69788780,772(19,651)61,121CGNsoLIDATBD NETINcoME$114,827$97,120SeeNotestoConsolidated Financial Statemenrs.

Consolidated BalanceSheetASSETSANDOTHERDEBITSDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

ELEGTRIcUTILITYPLANT(Note1):Production Transmission Distribution GeneralandMiscellaneous (includes NuclearFuel).Construction WorkinProgress.TotalElectricUtilityPlant.LessAccumulated Provision forDepreciation

.......ElectricUtilityPlant,LessProvision

.....OTHERPRQPERTYANDINYEsTMENTs (Notes1and4)$1,345,070 421,644257,18668,209305,1362,397,245 410,5201,986,725 170,299$864,902401,562244,10340,965555,5002,107,032 358,8261,748,206 137,421CURRENTASSETS:Cash(Note8)SpecialDepositsandWorkingFunds.Temporary CashInvestments (atcost,whichapproximates market)AccountsReceivable:

Customers Associated Companies Miscellaneous Accumulated Provision forUncollectible AccountsMaterials andSupplies(ataveragecostorless):Construction andOperation Materials andSuppliesFuelAccruedUtilityRevenues.Prepayments andOtherCurrentAssetsTotalCurrentAssets.21,2646,75046,2777,5114,498(299)12,78316,11213,8113,467132,17454,73524,0658,49438,0529,3824,968(221)11,46817,32018,1494,322190,734DEFERREDDEBITS:Unamortized DebtExpense(Note1).PropertyTaxesDeferredCollection ofFuelCosts(Note2)......OtherWorkinProgressOtherDeferredDebitsTotalDeferredDebits..................:......

3,1431,4221,5849,01045,60660,7652,1721,4501,655.4,78036,52146,578Total$2,349,963

$2,122,939 SeaNotestoConsolidated Financial Statements.

10 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY LIABILITIES ANDOTHERCREDITSCAPITALIZATION:

CoinmonStock-NoParValue(Note5):Authorized

-2,500,000 SharesOutstanding

-1,400,000 Shares.PremiumonCapitalStock(Note5).OtherPaid-inCapital(Note5)..'etained Earnings(Note6)TotalCommonShareowner's Equity..........

Cumulative Prefer'red Stock(Note7)Long-term Debt(lessportionduewithinoneyear)(Note8)TotalCapitalization (lesslong-term debtduewithinoneyear)CURRENTLIABILITIES:

December31,19781977(InThousands)

$56,584381470,228136,829664,022227,0001,043,090

$56,584381410,228104,566571,759187,000977,0621,934,112 1,735,821 Long-term DebtDueWithinOneYear(Note8).........

Short-term Debt(Note8):NotesPayabletoBanks.Commercial Paper.AccountsPayable:GeneralAssociated Companies Dividends Declared:

CommonStockCumulative Preferred StockCustomerDepositsTaxesAccrued.InterestAccruedOtherCurrentLiabilities TotalCurrentLiabilities CoMMITMENTs ANDCGNTINGENGIBs (Note10)DEFERREDCREDITSANDOPERATING RESERVES:

7,53669,49055,45050>46015,30514,2524,7541,90920,00518,33816,439273,93861,42149,65052,20019,65016,30611,3603,8541,73918,80419,04116,653270,678DeferredIncomeTaxes(Note1)DeferredInvestment TaxCredits(Notes1and3)........OtherDeferredCreditsandOperating Reserves..........

TotalDeferredCreditsandOperating Reserves.~Total.120,9218,50312,489141,913102,14310,7853,512116,440$2,349,963

$2,122,939 Consolidated Statement ofSourcesofFundsforPlantandPropertyAdditions FUNDSFROMOPERATIONS:

Consolidated NetIncome.Principal Non-fundCharges(Credits) toIncome:Depreciation Provision forDeferredIncomeTaxes(Net)............

DeferredInvestment TaxCredits(Net)................

Allowance forOtherFundsUsedDuringConstruction

....Other(Net)TotalFundsfromOperations

.FUNDsFRQMFINANGINGs:

Issuances andContributions:

Long-term Debt.Cumulative Preferred StockCapitalContributions fromParentCompany............

Short-term Debt(Net)TotalLess-Retirements:

Long-term Debt.Short-term Debt(Net)NetFundsfromFinancings

.DIVIDENDS ONCOMMONSTOCKDIVIDENDS ONCUMULATIVE PREFERRED STOCK..............

SALESOFPROPERTYOTHERCHANGES(NET)DEGREAsE(INGREAsE)

INWoRKINGCAPITAL(Excluding Short-termDebtandLong-term DebtDueWithinOneYear)(a)...TotalPLANTANDPROPERTYADDITIONS:

GrossAdditions toUtilityPlant.GrossOtherAdditions

.TotalGrossAdditions Allowance forOtherFundsUsedDuringConstruction

......Total(a)Represented bydecrease(increase) asfollows:CashandCashItemsAccountsReceivable Materials andSupplies.AccountsPayableTaxesAccruedOther(Net)$114,82759,85318,7793,423(27,974)506169,414$97,12048,83713,5355,038(26,889)72137,713369,83938,48660,00023,090491,415357,877133,538(62,692)(18,357)42,416(13,675)135,39138,12058,000231,51110,87346,163174,475(52,920)(14,041)97,311(4,523)92,615$343,259(61,061)$276,954$340,20931,024371,233(27,974)$343,259$272,43331,410303,843(26,889)$276,954$59,280(5,806)(107)29,8091,2018,238$(30,020)(3,534)(5,851)(11,096)(1,087)(9,473)YearEndedDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

$929615$(61,061)See/VotestoConsolidated Financial Statements.

l2 INDIANAdcMICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY Consolidated Statement ofRetainedEarningsBalanceatBeginning ofYearConsolidated NetIncomeTotalDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

$104,566$76,286114,82797,120219,393173,406~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Deductions:

CashDividends Declared:

CommonStockCumulative Preferred Stock:4'le%Series4.56%Series.4.12%Series7.08%Series.......7.76%Series8.68%Series12%Series$2.15Series.$2.25Series.TotalCashDividends DeclaredCapitalStockExpense.TotalDeductions

.BalanceatEndofYear(Note6)62,6924952731652,1242,7162,6043,6003,4402,94081,0491,51582,564$136,82952,9204952731652,1242,7162,6043,6002,06466,9611,87968,840$104,566SeeNotestoConsolidated Financial Statements.

NotestoConsolidated Financial Statements UtilityPlant,OtherPropertyandInvestments andDepreciation Electricutilityplantisstatedatoriginalcost.Gen-erally,theplantoftheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary issubjecttofirstmortgageliens.Thecompanies'capitalize, asaconstruction cost,anallowance forfundsusedduringconstruction, anitemnotrepresenting cashincome,whichisdefinedintheapplicable regulatory systemsofaccountsasthenetcostofborrowedfundsusedforconstruction purposesandareasonable rateonotherfundswhensoused.Thcrespective composite ratesusedbytheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary wereincreased to10.5%,and10.2%,respectively, during1978(effective Janu-ary1)from8.5%usedbybothcompanies in1977,(appliedbytheCompanyonanannualbasisandbytheGenerating Subsidiary onasemiannual compoundbasis).Thecompanies providefordepreciation onastraight-linebasisovertheestimated usefullivesoftheproperty.

Thecurrentprovisions aredetermined largelywiththeuseoffunctional composite ratesasfollows:Functional Composite ClassofAnnualPropertyRateProduction:

Steam-Nuclear.Steam-Fossil-fired Transmission

..Distribution

.General4.0%3.1%2.9%3.3%3.5%1.Significant Accounting Policies:

ThecommonstockoftheCompanyiswhollyownedbyAmericanElectricPowerCompany,Inc.(AEP).,Theconsolidated financial statements includetheac-countsoftheCompanyanditswhollyownedsubsidiary Indiana&MichiganPowerCompany(theGenerating Subsidiary).

TheGenerating Subsidiary wasformedtoown,completeconstruction ofandoperatetheDonaldC.CookNuclearPlant,thefirstunitofwhichhasbeenincommercial operation since1975andthesecondunitofwhichwasplacedincommercial operation duringJuly1978.Significant intercompany itemshavebeeneliminated inconsolidation.

Aminorinactivesubsidiary hasnotbeenconsolidated.

Theaccounting andratesoftheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary aresubjectincertainrespectstotherequirements ofstateregulatory bodiesandincer-tainrespectstotherequirements oftheFederalEnergyRegulatory Commission (FERC).Theconsolidated financial statements havebeenprepared, withfullres-ervationoflegalrights,onthebasisoftheaccountswhicharemaintained forFERCpurposes.

Incomeischargedwiththecostsoflabor,materials, supervision, andothercostsincurredinmaintaining theproperties.

Propertyaccountsarechargedwithcostsofbetterments andmajorreplacements ofproperty, andtheaccumulated provisions fordepreciation arechargedwithretirements, togetherwithremovalcostslesssalvage.Nonutility

property, otherpropertyinvestments, andotherinvestments aregenerally statedatcost.IncomeTaxesDeferredFederalincometaxes,reducedwhereap-plicablebyinvestment taxcredits,areprovidedbytheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary generally totheextentthatsuchamountsareallowedforrate-makingpurposes.

OnOctober1,1978,theCompanyanditsGenerating Subsidiary expandeddeferredtaxaccounting toadditional timingdifferences pursuanttoanorderofthePublicServiceCommission ofIndiana.TheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary prac-ticedeferralaccounting fortheeffectoftaxreductions resulting fromtheapplication ofinvestment taxcreditstoprovisions forcurrentandcertaindeferredFedeialincometaxes.Thedeferredinvestment taxcreditap-plicabletocurrentFederalincometaxespayableisamortized over30years.PensionPlanTheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary par-ticipatewithothercompanies intheAEPSysteminatrusteedplantoprovidepensionsforallemployees, subjecttocertaineligibility requirements.

Theplanwaspreviously contributory onthepartofemployees, butasofJanuary1,1978,requiredemployeecontributions wereeliminated astosubstantially allemployees.

ThepensionplanconformstotheEmployeeRetirement IncomeSecurityActof1974(ERISA).PensioncostsfortheyearsendedDecember31,1978and1977wereapproximately

$2,624,000 and$2,170,000, respectively, representing thecostofcur-rentlyaccruingbenefits.

TherewerenounfundedpriorservicecostsasofDecember31,1978.Effective Janu-ary1,1979,benefitsoftheplanweremodified.

Thechangeresultedinunfundedpriorservicecostsofapproximately

$1,970,000, whichwillbeamortized over30years.Theplanmaybemodifiedorterminated atanytime,subjecttolimitations oflaboragreements.

Employees SavingsPlanTheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary par-ticipatewithotherAEPSystemcompanies inatrusteedsavingsplanwhichbecameeffective January1,1978andisavailable toemployees whohavemeteligibility requirements.

Thesavingsplanconformstotheappli-cableprovisions ofERISA.Eachemployercontributes 14 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY 2.Operating RevenuesandOperating Expenses:

TheCompanyhascollected retailrevenuesunderfinalordersofthePublicServiceCommission ofIndi-anawhichbecameeffective inFebruary1977andSeptember 1978.The1977orderhasbeenappealedtoacourtofappealsandcertainpartieshaveinitiated proceedings lookingtowardanappealfromthe1978order.InSeptember 1978,FERCorderedthattheCom-panyrefundapproximately

$3,000,000 toamunicipal customer.

TheCompanyrecordedtherefundinthethirdquarterof1978.Theeffectofsuchrefundonpriorperiodswasnotmaterial.

Revenuescollected bytheCompanyfromwholesale rateincreases placedintoeffectsubjecttopossiblerefund(exclusive oftheamountrefundedasdescribed above)areestimated asfollows:19781977Priorto1977Total(InThousands)

$20,77716,4395,224$42,440SeeNote10forinformation withrespecttoananti-trustdecisionenjoining theCompanyfromchargingcertainwholesale rates.Commencing inJune1975,operating expensesin-cludetheeffectofchangesinrateschargedforinter-changepowertransactions" betweentheCompanyandothercompanies intheAEPSystem.TheeffectofsuchchangeswastoincreasethechargestotheCom-pany,subjecttopossiblerefundbyitsinterchange powersuppliers, bythefollowing estimated amounts:totheplananamountequalto50%ofitsemployee-participants'ontributions upto6%oftheirregularcompensation.

Benefitstoparticipating employees arebasedsolelyuponamountscontributed tothepartici-pants'ccounts.

Byitsnaturetheplanisfullyfundedatalltimes.ThecostoftheplanfortheyearendedDecember31,1978totaled$607,000.OrherTheCompanyaccruesunbilledrevenuesforservicesrenderedsubsequent tothelastbillingcyclethroughmonth-end.

Miscellaneous nonoperating incomefortheyearsendedDecember31,1978and1977includesgainsamounting to$261,000and$306,000,respectively, oncertainlong-term debtreacquired.

Debtdiscountorpremiumanddebtexpensearebeingamortized overthelivesoftherelateddebtissuesandtheamortization thereofisincludedwithinmiscel-laneousinterestcharges.(InThousands) 1978$24,981197727,968Priorto1977S0,368Total$103,317OnFebruary23,1978,anadministrative lawjudgeofFERCissuedaninitialdecisionorderingoneoftheaffiliated interchange powersuppliers tomakecertainrefunds,afterrecomputing interchange chargesfortheperiodsubsequent toJune1975onthebasisoftheinterconnection agreement ineffectprior'tothatdate,butexcluding fromsuchcalculations asmemberca-pacity,inthecaseoftheCompany,thecapacityownedbytheGenerating Subsidiary and,inthecaseofan-othermemberoftheSystem,thecapacityownedbyitsgenerating subsidiary.

IfthechangeisfinallyorderedbyFERC,theCompanycouldbecomeentitledtore-fundsinasubstantial amount.Certainintervenors haveurgedthatchangesbemadeintheinterconnection agreement, whichwouldhave1heoppositeeffect,in-creasingtheamountspayablebytheCompany.TheAEPSystemsubsidiaries, including theCompany,havefiledabriefwhichurgesthattheactionoftheadmin-istrative lawjudgeberevisedsoastosustaintheorigi-nalamountscharged,'but cannotpredictthefinalout-comeoftheproceeding ortheeffectthereofontheCompany.Operating revenuesderivedfromdomesticgovern-mentalentitiesrepresent approximately 8%and10%oftotaloperating revenuesfor1978and1977,respec-tively.Operating revenuesderivedfromacertainwholesale customerrepresent approximately 12%and7%oftotaloperating revenuesfor1978and1977,respectively.

In1978theCompanyreceivedapprovalofthePublicServiceCommission ofIndianatocollect,overafive-year periodendingin1983,substantially allofitsdeferredfuelcosts.3;FederalIncomeTaxes:ThedetailsofFederalincometaxesareasfollows:YearEndedDecember31,19781977Charged(Credited) toOperating (InThousands)

Expenses:

CurrentFederalIncomeTaxes(Nei).$1,357$(1,128)DeferredFederalIncomeTaxes(Net).18,65813,535DeferredInvestment TaxCredits(Nei)3,4235,038Total....................

23,43817,445ChargedtoOtherIncomeandDeductions

................

.936(a)537TotalFederalIncomeTaxes$24,374$17,982(a)Includesdeferredincometaxesof$121,000.15 NOTESTOCONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

Theconsolidated effective Federalincometaxrateswerelessthanthestatutory rates'ortheyears1978and1977.Thefollowing isareconciliation ofthedifferences betweentheamountofFederalincometaxexpensereportedintheConsolidated Statement ofIncomeandtheamountofFederalincometaxescomputedbymultiplying consolidated netincomebeforeFederalincometaxesbythestatutory taxrate.YearEndedDecember31,Consolidated NetIncomeFederalIncomeTaxesPre-TaxBookIncome.FederalIncomeTaxonPre-TaxBookIncomeatStatutory Rateof48%.......Increase(Decrease) inFederalIncomeTaxesResulting fromExcessofTaxoverBookDcprcciation

.Allowance forFundsUsedDuringConstruction andItemsCapitalized ontheBooksbutDeductedforTaxPurposes.MineDevclopmcnt andExploration Expense.Provision forRevenueRefundsAmortization ofPollution ControlFacilities

.Miscellaneous Items.FederalIncomeTaxonCunent-Year TaxableIncome(Separate-Return Basis).Reduction DuetoSystemConsolidation MinimumTaxonPreference Items.................................................................

Currently PayableAdjustments ofPrior-Year Accruals(Nct)Adjustments forTaxLosses(a):FederalIncomeTaxes.Investment TaxCredit.CurrentFederalIncomeTaxes(Net)DeferredFederalIncomeTaxes(NetofAmortization)

Resulting fromtheFollowing TimingDifferences:

Depreciation (Liberalized andAssetDepreciation Range).UnbilledRevcnucAccelerated Amortization ofEmergency Facilities (Amortization ofPrior-Year Provisions)

........Provision forRevenueRefunds.OtherInvestment TaxCreditApplicable toDeferredFederalIncomeTaxesonCertainTimingDitferences

~DeferredFederalIncomeTaxes(Net)DeferredInvestment TaxCredits(Net)......

TotalFederalIncomeTaxes..........................................................

(19,691)(16,080)(25,853)(4,680)(888)(4,080)10911,733(11,733)650650(276)(24,005)(1,962)(2,912)(1,609)(5,633)3,048(3,048)1818(774)7,503(5,705)2,1726897(591)17,439(1,221)(1,848)2,1882,22118,7793,423(c)$24,37413,9313,315(1,882)2,2131,154(5,196)13,5355,038$17,98219781977(InThousands)

$114,827$97,12024,37417,982$139,201$115,102$66,816$-55,249(a)TheAEPSystemallocates Federalincometaxescurrently payableinaccordance withSECregulations, whichrequirethatthebenefitoftaxlossesbeallocated totheAEPSystemcompanies withtaxableincome.Thebenefitsofthesetaxlosses,withoutaffecting taxespayable,arereallocated to.theAEPSy'temcompanies givingrisetosuchlosses,asitisexpectedthattheselosseswouldbeusableinsubsequent yearstoreducetaxespayableofthelosscompanies.

16 INDIANAh,MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY (b)Inaccordance withanorderoftheSECunderthePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935,ataxlossoftheGenerating Subsidiary istobefirstappliedtoreducethetaxableincomeoftheCompanyandanyunusedamountistobeallocated amongtheotherSystemcompanies includedintheconsolidated Federalincometaxreturn,butwiththeprovision thatanylossessoallocated tootherSystemcompanies shallbereallocated totheCompanyifusablebyitinsubsequent years.Theeffectoftaxlossesallocated toothercompanies wouldbeincludedinthereallocation referredtoin(a)above.(c)TheSystemconsolidated Federalincometaxreturnfor'1977, filedin1978,showedataxableincomewhichwaslessthanthatestimated fortheyear-endaccrual.Thedecreasewasprincipally attributable toadditional percentage repairallowance deductions oftheCompanyandaffiliated companies andminedevelopment expensedeductions oftheCompanyclaimedovertheestimated amountsutilizedinpre-paringthe1977year-endaccrual.Thesedifferences hadnosignificant effectontheamountofincometaxespayablefor1977becauseoftheeffectofinvestment taxcredits;however,totalSystemFederalincometaxesfor1977wouldhavebeenreducedduetotherelatedreversalofdeferredinvestment taxcredits.Theincreaseinincome($3,194,000) resulting fromthesedifferences inestimates wasrecordedbytheCompanyinthethirdquarterof1978.TheCompanyjoinsinthefilingofaconsolidated Federalincometaxreturnwithitsaffiliated companies intheAEPSystem.UnusedSysteminvestment taxcreditsatDecember31,1978aggregated approximately

$201,000,000, ofwhichapproximately

$21,300,000 maybecarriedforwardthrough1981,$52,800,000 through1982,$20,500,000 through1983,$27,400,000 through1984,and$79,000,000 through1985.Oftheseamounts,approximately

$26,000,000 hadbeenappliedas'areduction ofdeferredincometaxespriortoDecember31,1978andwillnotberefiected innetincomewhenrealizedinfutureyearsexceptasaf-fectedbychangesindeferredincometaxes.TheSystemconsolidated Federalincometaxre-turnsfortheyearspriorto1965havebeensettled.Thereturnsfortheyears1965through1969togetherwithcertainunrecorded refundclaimsrelatingtotheyears1965,1966and1967arecurrently beingsettledonthebasisofanetrefundfortheperiod,theamountofwhichtheSystemcompanies deemimmaterial.

Thereturnsfor=theyears1970through1973havebeenreviewedbytheInternalRevenueServiceandaddi-tionaltaxesforthoseyearshavebeenproposed, someofwhichtheSystemcompanies haveprotested.

IntheopinionoftheSystemcompanies, adequateprovision hasbeenmadeforsuchadditional taxes.4.OtherPropertyandInvestments:

Thefollowing isananalysisofotherpropertyandinvestments:

YearEndedDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

Nonutility PropertyandOtherPropertyInvestments:

WesternCoalLandsAcquiredasSourceofLow4ulfur Fuel...$149,713OtherCoalProperties andFuel-HandlingFacilities

..........

4,946Misccllancous (Nct)...........

15,495Subtotal...........,....

170,154OhioValleyElectricCorporation Sub-ordinated Notes..................

OtherInvestments

..................

145TotalOtherPropertyandInvestments

..'.............

$170,299$120,7993,69212,674137,16556200$137,4215.CommonStock,PremiumonCapitalStock,andOtherPaid>>lnCapital:Therewerenocommonstocktransactions andnotransactions affecting premiumoncapitalstockduringtheyears1978and1977.TheCompanyreceivedfromitsparentcashcapitalcontributions of$60,000,000 in1978and$58,000,000 in1977;suchcontributions werecreditedtootherpaid-incapital.6.RetainedEarnings:

Variousrestrictions ontheuseofretainedearningsforcashdividends oncommonstockandotherpur-posesarecontained inorresultfromcovenants inmortgageindentures, debenture andbankloanagree-ments,charterprovisions, andordersofregulatory authorities.

Approximately

$48,500,000 atDecember31,1978wassorestricted.

17 NOTESTOCONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) 7.Cumulative Preferred StockThefollowing isananalysisofcumulative Redemption CurrentRestricted SeriesCallPriceaPriortopreferred stockSharesOutstanding AmountParDecember31,()Value19781977(InThousands) 4Vs%$106.125$100120,000$12,000$12,0004.56%102.000100,60,000-6,0006,0004.12%102.72810040,0004,0004,0007.08%106.450100300,00030,00030,0007.76%107.320100350,00035,00035,0008.68%107.440100300,00030,00030,00012112.000(b) 9/I/80100300,00030,00030,000$2.1527.1505/I/82251,600,000 40,00040,000$2.2527.2503/I/83251,600,000 40,000TotalCumulative Preferred Stock.........$227,000$187,000(a)CallableattheoptionoftheCompany,atthepriceindicated plusaccrueddividends.

Theinvoluntary liquidation preference isparvalue.(b)Asinkingfundforthc12%seriesrequirestheCompanytoprovide,onorbeforeOctoberIofeachyear,beginning in1980,forthepurchase, orredemption at$100ashare,of15,000sharesofsuchseries.TheCompanyhastheright,oneachsinkingfunddate,toredeemanadditional 15,000shares.Unlessallsinkingfundprovisions havebeenmet,nodistribution maybemadeonthecommonstock.In1976shareowners authorized theissuanceofupto4,000,000 sharesof$25parvaluecumulative preferred stock(whichranksequallywiththe$100parvaluecumulative preferred stock)andin1978increased theauthori-zationto7,200,000 shares.In1977theCompanyissuedandsold1,600,000 sharesofthe$2.15seriesandin1978theCompanyissuedandsold1,600,000 sharesofthe$2.25series.AtDecember31,1978,authorized sharesofcumulative preferred stockwereasfollows:SharesParValueAuthorized

$100.2,250,000 25.7,200,000 18FirstMortgageBonds..............

SinkingFundDebentures

...........

NotesPayabletoBanks,due1980..Installment PurchaseContracts

......OtherLong-term Debt.........:...

Total(lessportionduewithinoneyear)$1,043,090

$977,062FirstmortgagebondsSeriesDue68%32sik%3V4%IOV4%3Ys%113Vs%10vs%103vs%4si4%4%%1978(a)......1978(b)......1980198219821983198319841984(c)(d)(e)

.1985(e)......198819881993outstanding wereasfollows:December31,19781977(InThousands)

$-$30,00024,17318,01518,01516,04616,04670,00070,00013,76213,76260,00060,00015,08215,08266,00070,50013,50014,25022,97422,97417,557.17,55742,90242,9028.Long-term Debt,Short-term Debt,LinesofCredit,andCompensating Balances:

Long-term debtbymajorcategorywasoutstanding asfollows(lessportionduewithinoneyear):December31,19781977'(InThousands)

$832,286$482,82624,08325,26082,000360,00099,84199,7504,8809,226December31,SeriesDue19781977(InThousands)

$35,000,$35,00050,00050,00040,00040,000255,000100,0007%19988vs%20008Vs%20039'%003(e) 9Vs%2008Unamortized DebtDiscount-Net(552)(262)835,286539,9993,00057,173$832,286$482,826LessPortiondueWithinOneYear..Total(a)RetiredFebruaryI,1978.(b)RetiredSeptember I,1978.(c)Guaranteed byAmericanElectricPowerCompany,Inc.(d)Thesebondsareobligations oftheGenerating Subsidiary.

Theunamortized discountamountedto$189,000and$221,000atDecember31,1978and1977,respectively.

(e)Sinkingfundpaymentsarerequiredasfollows:10%seriesdue1985-$750,000annuallyonMarch1.10ss%seriesdue1984-$2,250,000 annuallyonDecem-berI,through1983,withthenoncumulative electiontoredeemanadditional

$2,250,000 ineachyear.9'%eriesdue2003-$11,500,000 annuallyonJuneI,1980through1991and$13,500,000 annuallyonJuneI,1992through2002withthenoncumulative optiontoredeemanadditional amountineachofthespecified yearsfromaminimumof$100,000toamaximumequaltothescheduled requirement foreachyear,butwithamaximumootionalredemption, astoallyearsintheaggregate, of$75,000,000.

InJanuary1979,theCompanyissued$80,000,000 of10V4%firstmortgagebondsduein1987.The INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY 5Vs%Due19867V4%Due1998Unamortized DebtPremium.Total19781977(InThousands)

$12,076$12,49111,94112,69466'5$24,083$25,260Installment purchasecontracts oftheCompanywereasfollows:December31,CityofLawrcnceburg, Indiana:8Vi%Seriesdue2006......7%Seriesduc2006........6Fs%Seriesdue2006......CityofSullivan, Indiana:6os%Seriesdue2006......Unamortized DebtDiscount...Total19781977(InThousands)

$25,00040,00012,000$25,00040,00012,00025,000(2,159)$99,84125,000(2,250)$99.750Underthetermsofcertaininstallment purchasecon-tracts,theCompanyisrequiredtopaypurchasepriceinstallments inamountssufficient toenablethecitiestopayinterestonandtheprincipal (atstatedmaturi-tiesanduponmandatory redemption) ofrelatedpol-lutioncontrolrevenuebondsissuedtofinancethecon-struction ofpollution controlfacilities attheCompany's TannersCreekandBreedPlants.Otherlong-term debtofthe.Companyoutstanding consisted of:December31,Generating Subsidiary hasadelayed-delivery contracttosellanadditional

$45,000,000 ofitsfirstmortgagebonds,9th%Seriesdue2003,onMarch1,1979.Theindentures relatingtothefirstmortgagebondscontainimprovement, maintenance andreplacement provisions requiring thedepositofcashorbondswiththetrustee,orinlieuthereof,certification ofunfundedpropertyadditions.

TheCompanyhaselectedtouseunfundedpropertyadditions tomeettheseprovisions inthepast.Sinkingfunddebentures oftheCompanyoutstanding wereasfollows:December31,Consolidated long-term debtoutstanding atDecem-ber31,1978isdueasfollows:Principal Amount19791980198119821983LaterYears.Total(InThousands)

$7,536118,85915,032101,30489,035721,505$1,053,271 AtDecember31,1978and1977,theprincipal amountsofdebentures reacquired inanticipation ofsinkingfundrequirements were$2,183,000 and$1,815,000, respectively.

Thecompanies maymakeadditional debenture orfirstmortgagebondsinkingfundpaymentsofupto$3,050,000 annually($2,250,000 relatingtoGenerating Subsidiary)

~Theinterestrateonthelong-term notespayabletobanks(anaverageof12.2%at'December 31,1978and8.4%atDecember31,1977)dependsontheprimecommercial rateplusafractional percentage.

TheGenerating Subsidiary hasinformalarrangements withthebankstomaintainaveragecompensating bankbalancesequaltoapproximately 15%.ofcertainofthenotesoutstanding onanaveragebasisorsuchsmalleramountasthebanksconsiderappropriate inviewofotherbankingrelationships or,inlieuthereof,topayafee'nanydraw-down ofthecompensating balancesbasedontheapproximate effective interestcostoftherelatednotes,assumingthefullcompensating balanceshadbeenmaintained:

AtDecember31,1978and1977,thecompensating balancesunderthearrangements wereapproximately

$9,800,000 and$34,100,000, re-spectively.

Theeffective interestrate,representing theactualinterestratesonthenotesoutstanding adjustedfortheeffectofthecompensating balancerequire-ments,averaged13.9%atDecember31,1978andwasapproximately 9.6%atDecember31,1977.Short-term debtand'interest ratesthereonwereasfollows:Coalreserveobligations

-payableinequalannualinstallments through1980withinterestat8%..........

Notespayable-due1978through1985,6%-7%OtherLessportionduewithinoneyear...;..

Total19781977(InThousands) 9022629,4164,536$4,88093416213,4734,247$9,226$8,252$12,377Weightedaverageinterestratesfordebtoutstanding atendofyear:NotesPayabletoBanks............

Commercial Paper..................

Maximumamountofdebtoutstanding atanymonthwndduringtheyear:NotesPayabletoBanks............

Commercial Paper.............

~~...19781977(DollarsinThousands) 10.9%7.8%11.2%%uo7.4%$69,490'87,400$55,450$76,04219 NOTESTOCONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

TheCompanyhadunusedshort-term banklinesofcreditofapproximately

$144,000,000 and$208,000;000atDecember31,1978and1977,respectively, underwhichnotescouldbeissuedwithnomaturitymorethan270daysafterdateofissue.Theavailable linesofcreditaresubjecttowithdrawal atthebanks'ption, and$135,000,000 and$200,000,000, respec-tively,ofsuchlinesaresharedwithotherAEPSystemcompanies.

Inaccordance withinformalagreements withthebanks,compensating balancesofupto10%or,incertaininstances, equivalent feesarerequiredtomaintainthelinesofcredit,and,onanyamountsactuallyborrowed, generally eitheradditional compen-satingbalancesofupto10%aremaintained oradjust-mentsininterestratesaremade.Substantially allbankbalancesaremaintained bytheCompanytocompensate thebanksforservicesandforbothusedandavailable linesofcredit.9.Supplemental IncomeStatement Information andRelated-Party Transactions:

Electricoperating revenuesshownintheConsoli-datedStatement ofIncomeincludesalesofenergytoAEPSystemcompanies ofapproximately

$17,500,000 and$14,500,000 fortheyearsendedDecember31,1978and1977,respectively.

Operating expensesshownintheConsolidated State-mentofIncomeincludecertainitemsnotshownsepa-rately,asfollows:YearEndedDecember31Purchased Power(a)...........

Interchange Power(Net):AEPSystemElectricUtilities

.OtherCompanies (b)-.........

19781977(InThousands)

$6,241$2,96580,043140,95730,024911$116,308$144,83319781977(DollarsinThousands)

Weightedaverageinterestrateofdebtoutstanding duringtheyear(a):NotesPayabletoBanks............

9.4%6.6%Commercial Paper..................

9.1%6.6%%uoAverageamountofdebtoutstanding duringtheyear:NotesPayabletoBanks............

$31,862$39,457Commercial Paper..................

$36,211$58,716(a)Averageinterestratesarcdetermined bydividinginter-estexpensedfortheyearbyaveragemonth-cnd debt.Taxes,OtherThanIncomeTaxes:RealandPersonalPropertyTaxes..StateGrossSales,ExciseandFran-chiseTaxes,andMiscellaneous StateandLocalTaxes..........

SocialSecurityTaxes-FederalandStateYearEndedDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

$14,617$13,6099,8428,0781,9731,721326,432'23,40310.Commitments andContingencies:

Theconstruction budgetoftheCompanyandtheGenerating Subsidiary fortheyear1979isestimated at$241,000,000 and,inconnection therewith, com-mitmcntshavebeenmade.TheCompanyparticipates withitsparent,twoasso-ciatedutilitycompanies, severalunaffiliated utilitycompanies, andOhioValleyElectricCorporation (OVEC)insupplying theU.S.Department ofEnergy(POE)withthepowerrequirements ofitsplantnearPortsmouth, Ohio.TheproceedsfromthesalesofpowerbyOVECaredesignedtobesufficient forOVECtomeetitsoperating expensesandfixedcosts,including amortization oflong-term debtcapital(bal-anceapproximately

$43,300,000 asofDecember31,1978),overaperiodendingin1982,andtoprovideforanannualreturnonitsequitycapital.TheCom-pany,asaparticipant, isentitledtoreceivefromOVEC,andisobligated topayfor,7.6%ofthepowernotrequiredbyDOE.Thepoweragreement terminates (a)Includespowerpurchased fromOVECofapproximately

$1,558,000 in1978and$476,000in1977.(b)Includesinterchange powersoldtoOVECofapproxi-mately$908,000in1978and$956,000in1977.Chargestoincomeforroyalties andadvertising arelessthan1%ofgrossrevenuesineachcase.Salesandpurchases ofenergyandinterchange powertransactions areregulated bythevariouscommissions havingjurisdiction.

AmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation pro-videscertainservicestotheCompanyandtheaffiliate companies intheAEPSystem.Thecostsoftheser-vicesaredetermined bytheservicecompanyonadirect-charge basistotheextentpracticable andonreasonable basesofproration forindirectcosts.Thechargesforservicesaremadeonacostbasisbutin-eludenocompensation fortheuseofequitycapital,allofwhichisfurnished totheservicecompanybyAEP.Theservicecompanyissubjecttotheregulation oftheSecurities andExchangeCommission underthePublicUtilityHoldingCompanyActof1935.20 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY in1979butDOEhasnotifiedOVECofitsdesiretonegotiate anextension to1992.In1978,threecourtprbceedings broughtinrecentyearsbycertainmunicipalities inIndianaandMichigan, allwholesale customers oftheCompanywerecom-incdintoasingleconsolidated caseinaU.S.DistrictCourtandafourthactionwascommenced inthesamecourt.Atrialoftheconsolidated casewasheldandinCJanuary1979thecourtruledfortheplaintiffs thattheompany,itsparent,andAmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation haveviolatedtheantitrust laws,awardedthcmunicipalities damagesofapproximately

$12,100,000 whentrebled,placedlimitations ontheCompany's puttingintoeffectorchargingwholesale ratestotheplaintiffs andenjoinedtheCompanyfromcertainpractices.

Thefinancial statements atDecember31,1978donotincludeanyprovision forsuchdam-ages.Thecompanies areappealing thedecisionandprovisions ofthejudgmentawardingmonetarydam-ageshavebeenstayed.Inanotherproceeding, theCompanyisawaitingde-cisiononitsappealtoFERC,filedin1977,withre-specttoarulingbyanadministrative lawjudgeonacomplaint madetothe,commission bythesamegroupofmunicipalities.

Thatcomplaint, allegingthatthemunicipal electricsystemshadbeenthreatened withtermination ofwholesale electricservice,hadearlierbeenupheldbythcFERCjudge.InMarch1979,twoothermunicipal customers broughtaseparateactionagainsttheCompany,itsparentandtheServiceCorporation allegingviolations oftheantitrust lawsandseekingdamagesofatleast$7,000,000 beforetreblingandotherremedies.

Certainissuesinthecomplaint aresimilartothosetriedintheconsolidated casediscussed inthesecondpreceding paragraph.

Aspreviously

reported, theSecurities andExchangeCommission (SEC)hadcommenced aninvestigation, throughitsstaff,intocertainaspectsofthcAEPSys-tem'soperations, including itspromotion ofall-electric housingduringthe1960'sandtheacquisition andoperation ofcertaincoalandtransportation properties.

TheSECstaffhadmaintained thatcommission au-thorization shouldhavebeenobtainedforsomeofthetiansactions.

TheAEPSystemcompanies disagreed butdidagreetoanegotiated settlement inordertoavoidlonglitigation withtheSEC.Asaresult,theAEPSystemcompanies agreedtoaconsentorderinaU.S.DistrictCourtinwhichtheyneitheradmittednordeniedtheallegations.

Aspartoftheagreement, aspecialauditorwasappointed toreviewintercompany chargesandcostsassociated withthcprogramsandtransactions involvedintheinvestigation; theauditor's reportwasfiledinDecember1978.TheAEPSystemcompanies areengagedinacontinuing programforthe'rderly andeconomicdivestment ofalimitedamountofrealestate,acquiredinconnection withthehousingandindustrial development

programs, thatwassubjecttoquestion.

In1975,aninvestigation wascommenced undertheFederalPowerActconcerning thereasonableness andprudenceofthecoal-purchasing policiesandpractices ofmembersoftheAEPSystem,themannerinwhichwholesale fuel-adjustment clausesareimplemented bySystemmembers,andrelatedmatters.In1978theFERCstaffissuedapreliminary reportwhichallegedovercharges ofapproximately

$10,000,000 onthepartoftheentireAEPSystem,ofwhichonlyarelatively smallportionrelatestotheCompany's operations.

Thercportalsoquestioned certainaspectsoftheAEPSystem'sfuelpositions andpolicics.

TheAEPSystemcompanies arepreparing aresponsetotheseallegations.

In1976acable-television organization filedananti-trustsuitinaU.S.DistrictCourtallegingthattheCompany,withfivetelephone companies namedasco-conspirators, hadattempted tomonopolize com-munications byterminating contracts andincreasing chargesfortherentalofutilitypoles,andsoughtdam-ageswhichwhentrebledwouldaggregate morethan$150,000,000.

Inearly1979,thecourtenteredajudgmentdenyingdamagesandinjunctive relief.Thecompanies aresubjecttocertaindeveloping lawsandregulations withrespecttoairandwaterquality,landuse,andotherenvironmental matters.Whilethecompanies areunabletopredicttheultimateeffectofsuchlawsandregulations, itispossiblethattheymaybercquircdtopaypenalties forfailuretocomplyduringcertainperiodsorthatcompliance there-withmayrequirethecompanies toincursubstantial additional coststomodifyorreplaceexistingandpro-posedequipment andfacilities.

Otherhighlycomplexlitigation relatestotheDonaldC.CookNuclearPlant'sfuel-supply contracts.

Twocontractors, UnitedNuclearCorporation andGeneralAtomicCompany(GAC),arevariously obligated tosupplyuraniumconcentrates andsixfabricated nuclear-fuelreloadstotheCompany.Eachcontractor claims,amongotherthings,thatitisnotormaynotbeobli-gatedtomakedcliverics ofuraniumconcentrates orfab-ricatednuclear-fuel'reloads andthatitisentitledtoapricehigherthancontracted.

TheCompanyreceivedthefirsttworeloadsandassureddeliveryoftheremain-ingfourreloadsthroughrights-reserved agreements withGAC,whichwereincorporated intoinjunctive 21 NOTESTOCONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Concluded) ordersofthecourt.Undertheagreements, pendingthecourt'sjudgmentandwithoutprejudice totheultimaterightsoftheparties,thereloadsweretobesuppliedatahigherprovisional costtotheCompany.In1978,aU.S.DistrictCourtenteredjudgmentorderingGACtopaytheCompanydamagesofapproximately

$16,000,000 andtodelivertheremaining reloadsatthepricespecified inthecontract.

GAChasappealedthejudgment.

Astayofthemonetaryportionofthejudgmenthasbeengranted,butmotionstostaythespecific-performance portionofthejudgmenthavebeendenied.Thecompanies intendtoapplytoregulatory com-missionstoprovide,throughfutureincreased rates,forthecoststhatwillbeincurredtostorespentnuclearfuelandtodecommission theNuclearPlantattheendofitsservicelife.The,companies plantoeffectmodifi-cationstoincreasethepresentspent-fuel storageca-pacityoftheNuclearPlanttopermitnormaloperations throughthecarly1990's,atacostwhichisnotex-pect'edtocauseamaterialincreaseintheconstruction budget.Thecompanies arealsostudyingalternative methodsofdecommissioning theNuclearPlantbutcannotreasonably

estimate, atthistime,thefuturecoststhatwillbe.incurred.

ThePrice-Anderson Actlimitedthepublicliability ofalicenseeofanuclearplantto$560,000,000 forasinglenuclearincident, tobecoveredinpartbypri-vateinsurance withthebalancetobecoveredbyagree-mentsofindemnity withtheNuclearRegulatory Com-mission.TheGenerating Subsidiary haspurchased privateinsurance inthemaximumavailable amountof$140,000,000.

Intheeventofanuclearincidentin-volvinganycommercial nuclearfacilityinthecountry,theGenerating Subsidiary, togetherwithotherlicensees couldbeindividually assessed$5,000,000 perincidentforeachreactorowned(subjecttoamaximumof$10,000,000 inanyyearforeachreactorownedintheeventofmorethanoneincident).

ThePrice-Anderson indemnities havebeendecreased by'theaggregate amountwhichisassessable againstexistinglicensees andwillcontinuetodecreaseasnewoperating unitsarelicensed.

TheGenerating Subsidiary hasprocuredpropertyinsurance inthemaximumavailable amountof$220,-000,000fordamagetothenuclearplantfacilities andisaself-insurer foranypropertylossinexcessofthatamount.11.Leases:Thecompanies, aspartoftheiroperations, leaseproperty, plant,andequipment underleasesranginginGrossRentalsLessRentalRecoveries (including SubleaseRentals)(a).........

NetRentals(b)(a)Includesamountspaidfororcompanies.

19781977(InThousands)

$60,000$32,0001,0001,000$59,000$~31000reimbursed byassociated (b)Classified as:Operating Expenses...............

ClearingandMiscellaneous Accounts(portions ofwhicharechargedtoincome)$51,000$26,0008,0005,000$59000$31000Futureminimumleasepayments, byyearandintheaggregate, underthecompanies'apital leasesandnoncancelable operating leasesconsisted ofthefollow-ingatDecember31,1978:CapitalOperating Leases(a)

Leases19791980198119821983LaterYears.TotalFutureMinimumLeasePaymentsLessEstimated InterestElementIncludedTherein(b)..............

Estimated PresentValueofFutureMinimumLeasePayments.........

(InThousands)

$6,000$7,0006,0007,0006,0007,0006,0007,0005,0007,00074,00074,000103,000$109,00061,000$42,000(a)Excludesleasesofnuclearfuel,allofwhicharecapitalleases.Nuclearfuelrentalscomprisetheunamortized balanceofthelessor'scost(approximately

$99,000,000 atDecember31,1978and$93,000,000 atDecember31,1977),lesssalvagevalue,ifany,tobepaidovertheperiodofusageinproportion toheatproduced, andcarryingchargesonthelessor'sunrecov-eredcost.Itiscontemplated thatportionsofthepresently leasedmaterialwillbereplenished byadditional leasedmaterial.

(b)Interestratesusedrangefrom4.9%to12.1%.lengthfrom2to35years.Mostoftheleasesrequirethecompanies topayrelatedpropertytaxes,mainte-nancecosts,andothercostsofoperation.

Thecom-paniesexpectthatinthenormalcourseofbusiness, leaseswillgenerally berenewedorreplacedbyotherleases.Thegreatestpartoftherentalsisunderleaseshavingpurchaseoptionsorhavingrenewaloptionsforsubstantially alloftheeconomiclivesoftheproperties.

Rentalsareanalyzedasfollows:YearEndedDecember31,.22 INDIANAc%MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY NuclearFuelDecember31,19781977(InThousands)

$143,000$132,000Coal-Mining'nd Coal-Transportation Equipment

........................-

RealEstate.ElectricDistribution SystemPropertyOtherGrossProperties underCapitalLeasesLessAccumulated Provision forAmortization NetProperties underCapitalLeases..Obligations underCapitalLeases'(a)..15,00013,00012,00011,000194,00058,000$136,000$141,00017,00013,00012,00010,000184,00053,000$131,000$136,000(a)Including anestimated

$37,000,000 and$31,000,000, re-spectively, duewithinoneyear.Thefollowing isaproformaanalysisofleasedprop-ertiesundercapitalleasesandrelatedobligations, assumingthatsuchleaseswerecapitalized:

Quarterly PeriodsEndedOperating Operating NetRevenuesIncomeIncome(InThousands) 1978-Mar.31............

$41,553$32,196June30";..........

40,18334,491(a)

Sept.30............

40,74922,739(b)

Dec.31............

37,34925,401(a) 1977-Mar.31.................

128,25831,82123,191June30.................

118,07030,69822,871Sept.30.................

133,01633,81225,817Dec.31.................

133,48034,06925,241(a)Includesincreases inAFUDCofapproximately

$1,567,000 recordedinthesecondquarterand$3,372,000 recordedinthefourthquarterrelatingtochangesinAFUDCrates,appliedineachcaseeffective asofJanuary1,1978.(b)Includestheeffectofarevenuerefund(seeNote2),andachangeintaxestimate(seeNote3).$145,106~....157,958152,218148,19812.Vnaudited Quarterly Financial Informationt Thefollowing consolidated quarterly financial in-formation isunaudited but,intheopinionoftheCompany,includesalladjustments (consisting ofonlynormalrecurring accruals) necessary forafairpres-entationoftheamountsshown:'adcapitalleasesbeencapitalized, anyadditional netexpensewouldhavebeeninsignificant..The proformadatadonotgiverecognition tooffsetting ad-justments inallowable revenuesthatthecompanies believewouldnormallybeexpectedtooccurthroughtheregulatory rate-making process,iftherelatedleaseshadbeenc'apitalized.

Includedintheaboveanalysesoffutureminimumleasepaymentsandofproperties undercapitalleasesand'related obligations arecertainleasesastowhichportionsoftherelatedrentalsarepaidfororreim-bursedbyassociated companies intheAEPSystembasedontheirusageoftheleasedproperty.

TheCom-panycannotpredicttheextenttowhichorproportion inwhichtheassociated companies willutilizetheproperties undersuchleasesinthefuture.13.Vnauditcd Replacement-Cost Information:

Estimated replacement-cost andrelatedamountspertaining todepreciation, asofandfortheyearsendedDecember31,1978and1977,ofproductive capacity(asrepresented bypropertyinservice,ex-cludingnondepreciable itemssuchaslandandexclud-ingotheramountsforwhichreplacement-cost dataarenotrequiredtobecomputed) areconsiderably greaterthantherelatedoriginal-cost amountsreportedin,theconsolidated financial statements.

Aquantitative analy-sisofsuchunaudited replacement-cost information isincludedintheCompany's 1978AnnualReport(Form10-K)totheSecurities andExchangeCommis-sion.Reference ismadeelsewhere hereinforinforma-tionwithregardtoobtaining acopyofthcCompany's

'Form10-Kfortheyear1978.23 Operating Statistics andBalanceSheetDataOPERATING STATISTICS ELECTRICOPERATING REVENUES(Thousands):

FromKilowatt-hour Sales:Residential:

WithoutElectricHeating............

WithElectricHeating...............

TotalResidential Commercial:

Industrial SalesforResale:Municipalities Cooperatives OtherElectricUtilities

..............

TotalSalesforResale...........

Miscellaneous

.TotalfromKilowatt-hour Sales....OtherOperating Revenues...............

TotalElectricOperating Revenues..1978$96,62454067150,69196370121,34639,12117/732166441223,2947,729599,4304050$6034801977$90,83346,948137,78192,312109,35744,09115,619103,517163,2276,062508,7394,085$512,8241976$71,88837,447109,33572,52780,23326,84110,491110,382147,7142,573412,382.3,811$416,1931975$69,43833,493102,93169,17675,16722,5519,17875,887107,6164,650359,5403,815$363,3551974$53,26527,080"80,34550,55463,31423,4937,54855,99487,0353,389284,6372,969$287,606SGURGEsANDSALEsoPENERGY(Millions ofKilowatt-hours):

Sources:NetGenerated

-Steam:FossilFuelNuclearFuelNetGenerated

-Hydroelectric

........NetGenerated

-OtherSubtotalPurchased NetInterchange TotalSources.Less:Losses,CompanyUse,Etc.......

NetSources17,407301447522,1831,3402084312,1711827,92220,2751,270~19,0057,2317,31710,101(a) 4,78675687,7016,8097214,5822326,52321,3371,29020,04711,8023686,77818,9481,30517,6438,9026948,45118,0471,33516,7127,2558,8154,458(a)897314Sales:Residential:

WithoutElectricHeating....WithElectricHeating......TotalResidential

......Commercial Industrial

.SalesforResale:Municipalities Cooperatives OtherElectricUtilities

.~...TotalSalesforResale..Miscellaneous TotalSales.2,35216223974249843191,58581474689867185208432,4561,6054,0612,6714,4731,6427865,1957,62317719,0052,3841,5773,9612,5794,2091,5277546,8499,13016820,0472,3741,4513,8252,4643,8351,5226905,1527,36415517,6432,1811,4133,5942,1924,1341,8476514,1666;66412816,712(a)Includes691millionkilowatt-hours in1978and2,309millionkilowatt-hours in1975astestgeneration.

Thefuelcostassociated withsuchgeneration ischargedtootheroperation expense.24 INDIAIVAd'cMICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY AYERAGECosToFFUEI.CGNsUMED(a):CentsperMillionBtu:CoalFuelOil.NuclearOverallCentsperKilowatt-hour Generated:

CoalFuelOil.NuclearOverallRESIDENTIAL SERVICE-AVERAGES:

AnnualKwhUseperCustomer-TotalWithElectricHeating....AnnualElectricBill-TotalWithElectricHeating....PriceperKwh(Cents)-TotalWithElectricHeating....1978109.68229.6834.6571.161.112.40.38.7510)26022)067$389$7363.793.34197774.96168.8029.7259.12~73.1.88.33.6110,64122,830$361$6683.392.931976197565.8956.0976.72(b)190.4426.3427,.8346.47(b)65.56..63.54.84(b)2.11.28.30.47(b).5310,43910,30523,20022,1532.762.372.692.31$288$277$551$511197k51.68187.3869.51.491.'85.67,.10,52523,239$234$4392.221.89NUMBERoFELEGTRlcCUsToMERs

-Year-End:

Residential:

WithoutElectricHeating............

WithElectricHeating..........

~...TotalResidential

...............

Commercial Industrial SalesforResale:Municipalities Cooperatives OtherElectricUtilities

...............

TotalSalesforResale...........

Miscellaneous TotalElectricCustomers

........315,4727490039037242,10626892364201071331436605313,085.312,21172,05969,237310,95366;812385,14441,9072,500236i161001,304430,95523225958151897981,2801,259426,980422,996381,448377,76541,70341,4562,4522,418281,90464,233346,13737,5932,41623586871,167387,400BALANCESHEETDATA-Year-End(Millions)

UtilityPlant.Accumulated Provision forDepreciation

.......NetUtilityPlantTotalAssetsandOtherDebits...............

CommonStock,PremiumonCapitalStock,andOtherPaid-inCapitalRetainedEarnings.Cumulative Preferred Stock.Long-term Debt(c)$2,3974101,987-2)350527.1372271,051$2,1073591,74821234671051871,038$1,9333171,6161,91440976147914$1,7712751,4961,76436780147895$1,6302491,3811,54531871117739(a)Excludeseffectofdeferredcollection offuelcosts.(b)Includeseffectofrefundreceivedfromsupplieroffueloilresulting fromscttlcmcnt oflitigation concerning pricing.Withoutsuchrefund,theaveragecostoffueloilfor1976wouldhavebeen173.27centspcrmillionBtuand1.91centspcrkilowatt-hour gcncratcd, andtheoverallcostoffuelwouldhavebeen49.33centspcrmillionBtuand0.50centspcrkilowatt-hour generated.

(c)Including PortionDucWithinOneYear.25 INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYDirectors FRANKN.BIENW.A.BLAGK(f)LAWRENCER.BRUNKBRICHARDE.DISBROWJ.LEEFLANAGANE.W.HBRMANSEN G.,E.LEMAsTERs GERALDP.MALONEY(a)RICHARDC.MENGEJ.F.STARKJoHNTILLINGHAsT (m)W.S.WHITE,JR.RORERTO.WHITMAN(b)OfficersW.S.WHITE,JR.President J.F.STARK(g)Executive VicePresident W.A.BLAcK(f)Execulive VicePresident J.F.STARK(I1)SeniorVicePresident FRANKN.BIENVicePresident RICHARDE.DISBROWVicePresident JOHNE.DOLAN(I)VicePresident A.JosEPHDowDVicePresident GERALDP.MALONEYVicePresident RICHARDC.MENGEVicePresident JoHNTILLINGHAsT (m)VicePresident "JOHNR.BURTONSecretary RQBERTO.WHITMAN(c)Treasurer PETERJ.DBMARIA(d)Treasurer H.D.ANDERSON, JR.Assistant Secretary andAssistant Treasurer ALLENH.STUHLMANN Assistant Secretary andAssistant Treasurer JOHNF.DILORENZO, JR.Assislant Secretary CBDRICL.MAST(j)Assistant Secretary WARRENO.KELTNBR(IC)Assistant Secretary WILLIAME.OLSONAssistant Secretary PETERJ.DEMARIA(C),Assislant Treasurer WILLIAMN.D'ONOFRIO (I)Assistant Treasurer

~GERALDR.KNORR(1)Assistant Treasurer Tlteprincipal occupation ofeachoftheabovedirectors andofficersofIndiana&MichiganElectricCompany,withtenexceptions, isasanogicerofAmericanElectricPowerServiceCorporation ofNewYork,N.Y.Tlteexcep-tionsaretheMessrs.IY.A.Black,LawrenceR.Brunke,J.LeeFlanagan, E.IY.Hennansen, IYarrenO.Keltner,G.E.LeMasters, J.F.Starl,RichardC.Menge,AlienH.Stuhhnann, andCedricL.Mastwhoseprincipal occupations areasofficersofIndiana&MichiganElectricCompany,asindicated.

(a)ElectedApril25,1978(b)ResignedApril25,1978(c)ResignedApril27,1978(d)ElectedApril'27,1978(e)ResignedApril27,1978(f)ElectedJuly1,1978(g)ResignedJuly1,1978(h)ElectedJuly1,1978(i)ElectedJuly1,1978(I)ResignedJanuary1,1979(k)ElectedJanuary1,1979(I)ElectedMarch1,1979(m)ResignedMarch29,197926 INDIANA4MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYPriceRangeofCumulative Preferred StockByQuarters(1978and1977)1978-Quarters1977-QuartersCumulative Preferred Stock1st2lld3rd4th1st2lld3rd4th($100ParValue)4Ys%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(OTC)Ask(high/low)

Bid(high/low) 4.56%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerSharc(OTC)Ask(high/low)

Bid(high/low) 4.12%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrie'e-$PerShare(OTC)Ask(high/low)

Bid(high/low) 7.08%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low7.76%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low8.68%SeriesDividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low12%SeriesDividends PaidPcrShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low($25ParValue)$2.15Series~Dividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low$2.25Series'~Dividends PaidPerShareMarketPrice-$PerShare(NYSE)-High-Low40/4043th/43Yi

$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.14$1.03$1.03$1.03$1.03$1.03$1.03,46/45$1.03$1.0346/4645/4543/4345/4545/4446/44$1.77$1.77$1.77$1.77$1.77$1.77$1.77$1.7779Yi7476697/s77th69'7th64Y48176th81'7Ys83th77SOYi75$1.94$1.94$1.94$1.94$1.94$1.94$1.94$1.948580'/rs84Y475867/s7682748982th89th84th9186s/48984$2.17$2,17$2.17$2.17$2.17$2.17$2.17$2.179891Yi9382987/s83Yi94'h829994th99s/491101th96997/s94$3.00$3.00$3.00$3.00$3.00$3.00$3.00$3.00116111th113109113s/4108'/4112s/4103123117120s/s117123Y4118'h121113Y4$.5375$.5375$.5375$.5375$.215$.5375$.537523N22s/4227a20Y423th21Y4227/s19s/s25s/424Ys2523Y4$.7125~~~$.5625$.56252421'4~/s21s/424Ys20Ys$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125$1.03125OTC-Over-the-Counter NYSE-NewYorkStockExchange~IssuedinMay1977~~IssuedinMarch1978~~~Includespartialdividendforfirstquarter.Note-Theabovequotations bidandaskedrepresent pricesbetweendealersanddonotrepresent actualtransactions.

Marketquotations providedbyNationalQuotation Bureau,Inc.-Dashindicates quotation notavailable.

27 SouthHkvenLMLOrCOHSIAALIS tOWLSCCA0Kalamazoo 0BattleCreekJackson0ChicagoBentonHarbctrLakeSt.JosephJ'Ilicltigah DONALDC.COOKBUCA'Wnv;~rII~4m<CSLeBERRIENPRISONSTWINBRANCHIGANMlchi94nCity~LIHlOrIHtlnOAHAHAtVNICLtlYICI0GoryIII~~~~~~r~~,reerr///7IfrrSrr/frrit,r-r-AIrr,r/ACC/>>COHtANYlaPortePlymouthrrrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrr>>lretrAltttLh\4O~4LigonierKendhllvill erIbiA'4//LHScs$$1VICSCOAttANYIIButlereIHicksville RitrtItscCLORSOtCCOWOHMALIH SCISCHSaLenolHOIORNIHOIANAtvlUCSltvCOHtAHYLtnotnnckSILYICIMAANAFortW4YI"I..sttr\']Irrrrrrrrrrrrrrr+eMonroeville InIo!Z!I5ILMOtAVKtlsshgo+flL4Lafayette LMSOttVLVCNtrrtMLIHAttlo.OOr'g5j'4~>isoAIMDIAAcktulBerneJjtp~></r~~oMontpeierlggip~Portladt0HI0tt'HartfordCityIIIWinchest~~er TItUnionCityLMOtottotentsContANYeLynnLMCOLIYIATALNONrvntc$ctvtclconrANY~lONNAIOLO Htnll5VcteCOHtANYe~rrrrrrtspsecrrrr/rrrIndianapo isI'c'tt;CrrE>>Arertnrwee Q~LIIIICSttvctMCAHA4.Territory SolvedByINDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYILMCO!oteotowelconrAIHIIBREEDLmlOtI5IOWll5ICOHIAIHStMm.tkcnkr4nts Qttvc4orSeelTkctrkStoats00HydroI4ctrkrtontl 0rrlndttolCommvnttks servedKESTCLSAKOVoltTransmkdon UncsHLAOVAIiUrlIi>>sOther'otroeoTrammisslon LinesTronsnJssLM UncsunderComtr.otAvth.mrrrrrrrrrrrrr OtherComtntnks'ronsmtssLM Uncsto0to203050ttcsesltncmcMIARoASSetaoccontAIWIig..nŽCincinnati TANNERSCREEKQ~~OCAROORNLls.lCJ1HrrlesovsrstAltstto01AelNCAAtLtCsNCteelsscenesCcntoterten~15AOAOYA1,ILY.C.I-2INDIANA&MICHIGANELECTRICCOMPANYANDGENERATING SUBSIDIARY E)j(ONNUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 EXXONNUCLEARCOMPANYINC.FUELSTORAGERACKSCORROSION PROGRAM,BORAL-STAINLESS STEEL.CONTROLLED DISTRIBUTION LIST~CoNo.001-015016"017'18019020021022023024025-064065066067068069070Namef1.0.Bandeira(PSEKG)

J.E.BirchlerT.G.EckhartE.E.GarrettW.S.NechodomJ.H.NordahlJ.H.RiddleB.T.StilesDocument.Control-HR DocumentControl-RTC h1.0.Bandeira(PSE&G)T.G.EckhartW;E:FergusonDr.J.Weeks(BNL)Dr.A.B.Johnson(BNWL)W.H.Baker.(SRP)R.C.Karzmar(B8P)Use.reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation i~subjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

EONUCLEAR'N-NS-TP-009 FUELSTORAGERACKSCORROSION PROGRAM,BORAL-STAINLESS STEELNovember9,1978NOTICEThisdocumentcontains'information proprietary toExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.Itissubmitted inconfidence andistobeusedsolelyforthepurposeforwhichitisfurnished andreturneduponrequest.Thi,sdocumentandsuchinformation isnottobereproduced, transmitted, disclosed orusedotherwise, inwholeorinpart,withoutthewrittenauthorization ofExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveinformation Issub/acttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR405 I

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 IMPORTANT NOTICEREGARDING CONTENTSANDUSEOFTHISDOCUMENTExxonNuclearCompany's warranties andrepresentatives

-concerning'he subjectmatterofthisdocumentarethose.setforthintheAgreement betweenExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.andtheCustomerpursuanttowhichthisdocument'is issued.'ccordingly, exceptasotherwi"se expressly providedinsuchAgreement, neitherExxon,NuclearCompany,Inc.nor'nypersonactingonitsbehalfmakesanywarrantyorre-'resentation, expressed orimplied,withrespecttotheaccuracy, completeness, orusefulness oftheinformation

'contained inthisdocument, or'thattheuseofanyinformation, apparatus, methodorprocessdisclosed anyliabilities with'~respecttotheuseof,orfordamagesresulting fromtheuseofanyinformation, apparatus,.method orprocessdisclosed inthisdocument.

2.Theinformation contained hereinisforthesoleuseofCustomer.

3:Inordertoavoidimpairment ofrightsofExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.inpatentsorinventions whichmaybeincludedin'hein-formation contained inthisdocument, therecipient; byits'acceptance ofthis-documentagreesnot.topublishormakepublic'se (inthepatentsense'oftheterm)ofsuchinformatioA untilsoautho'rized inwriting:by ExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.,oruntilaftersix(6)monthsfollowing termination, orexpiration.,

ofthe.aforesaid Agreement andanyextension thereof,unlessotherwise expressly providedintheAgreement.

Norightsor'icensesinortoanypatentsareimpliedbythefurnishing.

ofthisdocument.

Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation lssubfecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR405 IIIIII XN-l5-IP-l)(8/NP VALIDATING SIGNATURES VALIDATING SIGNATURES'evision No.andDateRevisedSectionsRevisedPagesPreparedByDateProjectllanager/Ila7PConcurred ByDateiHtr.flechanical Engr.////6/7DateHgr.Licensing Compliance tlApprovedByDateNgr.StorageEngr.Servicesll[o/7g

EONUGLEARXN-NS-TP-009 TABLEOF CONTENTS~PaeABSTRACT1.0'NTRODUCTION 2.02.1-'2.22.3TESTPROGRAMDESCRIPTION SpecimenDescription-EnvironmentDescription InitialMeasurements r2-12-12-22-33.0SUf1f1ARY3-14.14.24.3'.44.54.5.14.5.24.5.3RESULTSInternalEnvironment ofEdge-Sealed andStorageCellSpecimens VisualAppearance WeightGainPitting'etallography Sur'faceCorrosion FilmsEdgeAttack'ulges 4-14-14-24-34-54-64-64-7LISTOFREFERENCES.

APPENDICES AppendixA-TestProgram(TablesandFigur'es)

AppendixB-DetailedTestResults(TablesandFigures)Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosuro ofthe'above Information lssubiecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteoithisdocument.

GR~5 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 ABSTRACTExxonNuclearCompany,Inc.hasconducted aBoral*-Stainless SteelCorrosion Programduringthepast18monthstoestablish additional performance information foruseofBoralplatesinspentfuelstor-ageapplications.

Theprogramconsisted ofadetailedreviewofrelatedliterature, anevaluation oftestprogramsconducted byothers,andadditional'corrosion testsperformed atExxonNuclearPfaci1ities.Theobjective oftheExxonNucleartestprogramwastoobtaincorrosion dataforBoral-304 stainl'ess steeltestspecimens insimulated PWRfuelpoolenvironments sothatreliablepredictions couldbemadeofwhatphysicalchangeswouldoccurinadefective,

,i.e.,junsealedspentfuelstoragecellaftera40-yearexposure.

TheExxonNucleartest'sindicatethatstoragecells,containing aleaksimulating hole,wi11sustainaluminumcorrosion ataratewhichcanbeexpectedtoconsume3.25to3.4percentofthealuminumin.theBoralcoreaftera40-yearexposure.

ShouldBoralplatesbeexposedtoatypicalPWRpoolenvironment, thematerialissubjected topitting,edgeattack,andinternalgaspressuri-zation;butnoeffectoncriticality safetyisexpectedoverthelifetimeofstoragecellsduetodislodgement of84Cparticles.

r*The,Boraltestsamplesdiscussed inthisreportareaneutronabsorbing, shielding materialmanufactured bytheBrooksandPerkinsCompany.TheBoralspecimens areacomposite.

materialconsisting ofboroncarbideevenlydispersed withinamatrixofaluminumandcladwithaluminum.

Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheabovefnformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009

1.0 INTRODUCTIOH

Priortodesigning racksutilizing stainless steelcladBoralplatesinPIJRpoolenvironments, ExxonNuclearinitiated, (during1976andearly1977),areviewofapplicable materialcorrosion literature andconducted analysesoftestresultsperformed byothers.1ExxonNuclear's reviewoftherelatedliterature*,

andperformance ofBoralinsimilarenvironments, indicated thatthereshouldbeno.adverseeffectonnuclearsafetyanalysesofstorageracksinaPj(Rpoolenvironment.

Toprovidefurtherassurance ofsatisfactory materialperformance, ExxonNuclearinitiated atestprograminFebruary, 1977toevaluateBoralcladinstainless steel304specimens inenviron-mentssimulating utilization inExxonNuclearPllRstoragerackapplications.

• Listofappropriate materialcontained inReference sectionofthisreport.Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosuro oftheabovoInformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthofirstortitlepageofthisdocurnont.

E)$('ONNUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009

2.0 TESTPROGRAMDESCRIPTION

.2.1SPECIMENDESCRIPTION ExxonNuclear's testprogramplacedemphasisoninvestigation ofBoral.utilized inconditions typicalofexpectedstoragecellsandPIERpoolwaterenvironments.

Consequently, storagecellcomponent sectionswerefabricated whichr'esembled thelarger,full-size storagecells.Specifically, thesereduced-sizestoragecellspecimens consisted ofinnerandouterstainless steel304shroudsintowhichfour(4)Boralplateswereinserted.

Theco'mplete assemblywassealedwelded,resulting in6"highx6"widetestspecimens.

Eachcompleted cellspecimenwasmadetosimulatealeakingcondition bydrill-ing1/16-inch'oles asdescribed inAppendixA.Inordertoseparately observeandmeasurevariouscorrosion andmaterialproperties duringthetest,additional testspecimens wereutilized.

Theseadditional specimens consisted of2"x2"couponsmadeasfollows:1)Open-edge Boral/stainless steelcomposite; 2.)Sealed-edge Boral/stainless steelcomposites withaleaksimulating hole;and,3)Unencapsulated Boralcoupons.2-1Use,reproduction, trensmittel ordisclosure oftheshoveInlormotion issub/ectto'therestriction onthefirstortitl~pegeofthisdocument.

GR405

E)gj('ONNUCLEARXH-NS-TP-,009

'02ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPTION Insulated nine(9)gallonpolyethylene tanks,'ith'fitted

'overs,wereusedfortheplainBoralandopen-edged Boral--stainless specimens.

Thirty(30)gallontanksofthesameconstruction wereusedfortheclosed-edge tests.Eachtankwasfittedwithastainless immersion heaterandstirring.mixer,whichwere,affixedthroughopeningsinthetankcovers.Astainless steelscreenwasusedtoholdthespecimens offthebottomofthetanksandpermitcirculation oftheenviron-mentonallsides.InordertoisolatetheplainBoral,speci-mensfromthestainless steelscreen,apedestalwasfashioned fromphenolicplastic.Theopen-edged composite samples,a2"x2"Boralpiecesandwiched betweentwo2"x2"stainless steelpieces,wereheldtogetherwithfour(4)flet-clip springs,onealongeachedge.Tjiesewereplacedonthestain-,lessscreenssothattheclips'held thespecimens inahori-zontalpositionoverthescreen.Theinitialenvironment ineachtankwasdeionized waterwithapHof5.85and.aconductivity of-0.75jimho'/cm..

Boricacid(H3803)andlithiumhydroxide (LiOHH20)additions weremadetoproducethe,following:

Environment A)Deionized waterplus13.3g/1BoricAcid(resulting in2300ppmBoronat150'f)..2-2Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oitheaboveIniormatlon Issubjecttotherestriction onthelirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5 IIII EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 Environment B)Deionized water,13.3g/1BoricAcid,0.0121g/1lithiumhydroxide Environment C)Deionized waterplus0.0121g/1lithiumhydroxide Thespecimens, wereimmersedineachenvironment onJuly1,1977.Theinitialtemperature andpHofeachenvironment weremeasuredasfollows:~H~F5.205.539.15146.4147.'2153.4Thetemperature andpHweremeasureddaily.Thetemperature showedsomefluctuations andvariacswereinstalled inordertogainbettertemperature control.ThepHintheboratedsolutions, 1and2,remainedconstantbutinthealkalinetank,C,itdroppedintothe7rangewithinfour(4)days.InordertokeepthesolutionpHinthealkalinerange,'ddi-tionaladditions oflithiumhydroxide weremade.2.3INITIALMEASUREMENTS AppendixAofthisreportcontainsdescriptions ofallBoralandstainless steelspecimens utilizedfor'hetestprogram.Theinitialmeasurements andcleaningprogramsarealsopro-videdinAppendixA.2-3Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosuro oftheaboveinformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

GR405 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 3.0SUMMARY.Nocorrosion, pitting,norstress-corrosion crackingwasobservedonanyofthestainless steelcoupons,orstoragecellspecimens usedinthisstudy.Theaustenitic stainless steelcanbeexpectedtowithstand exposureto'boratedfuelpoolenvironments forthepro-jectedforty-year lifeofspentfuelracks.Similarly, withouta,leakpaththroughthestainless steelliners,theinteriorBoralplateswouldnotbesubjecttodegradation asaresultofaqueouscorrosion.

Inthesituation ofaleakpaththroughthestainless linerswhichpermitstheinteriorspacetofillwiththepoolenviron-ments,ther".results ofthe2month,6month,and12monthexposurestudies,showthatBoralissubjecttogeneralcorrosion, pittingand,edgeattack,andcladdeformation duet'ointernalgaspressurization.

Tovariousdegrees,theseverityofeachofthesecorrosion effectsdependsontheparticular environment chemistry andthespecificgeometryoftheexposedmaterials.

Basedoncomparisons betweenthefour(4)specimentypesandthethree(3)environments usedinthisstudy,thefollowing summarycanbedrawnconcerning thecorrosion resistance ofBoralanditssuitability forusewhenexposedinstainless linedstoragecellstoboratedenvironments.

Thegeneralcorrosion rate,asdetermined byweightgainmeasurements,.

decreased significantly betweenthe2,6,and12monthexposuretimes.Whenallthestoragecellspecimendataareexaminedonasemi-'log plot,theamount'faluminumconsumedinconversion tooxideaftera40-yearexposure, ts:3.3percentforthelowpHand3.4percentforthehigherpHenvironments.

3-1Use,reproductiontrensmittal ordisclosure oftheebovelnforrnetion issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepegeofthisdocument.

GR~5

EONUCLEARXt>-nS-TP-oog Theweightgainswerelowestforthestoragecellspecimens ineachofthethree(3)environments, followedingeneralbytheplain,open-edged, andedge-sealed specimens.

Theweightgains,measuredfortheplainandopen-edged specimens, werenearlyidentical toeachotherinthethree(3)environments.

Thissimilarly indicates thatgalvaniccouplingbetweenthestainless steelintheopen-edgedspecimens doesnotaccelerate generalcorrosion intheBoral.Inallthree(3)environments, theedge-sealed specimens showedthegreatestweightgain.ThehighpHenvironment producesaslightlyhigheramountofcorro-sionand,ontheaverage,thehighestcorrosion ratesattheendofthetest.Thisappearstobeduetothelessprotective character oftheoxidefilmsformedinthehighpHenvironment.

PittingwasobservedontheexterioraluminumsurfacesoftheBoralafteronly18daysofexposure.

Pitswereobservedontheplainspecimens inareasbeneaththesupporting

'plasticpedestal, whichindicates adifferential aerationmechanism isoperating.

Pittingwasmoreextensive inthelowpHenvironment andinthoseregionsofthespecimens whereeaseofreplenishment withthebulksolutionwasgreatest.

Inthestoragecellspecimens, pittingwasconfinedonlytothoseareasneartheleaksimulating holes;alsothesespecimens showedtheleastnumberofpits.Thefrequency of'pitting didnotincreasesignificantly withincreased exposuretime.Thesizeanddepthofthepitscontinued toincrease, however.Themaximumpitdepth,after12months,was0.032".Aspittingprogresses intotheBoralsomealuminumbinderiscorrodedandtheB4Cparticles becomeembeddedincorrosion products.

Similarconsiderations applytoedgeattackoftheBoral.However,thedepthofedgeattackdidnotincreasesignificantly betweenthe3-2Use,reproduction, trensmlttel ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepetteofthisdocument.

GR405 IIIIII EONUCLEARXN-HS-TP-009 6and12monthexposure.

Thedeepestedgepenetration, 0.028",wasmeasuredontheopen-edged specimeninthelowpHenvironment..

Nomeasurable edgeattackwasobservedinthevicinityoftheleaksimulating holeintheBoralplatesofthestoragecellspecimens.

Gasgeneration, duetocorrosion ofthealuminuminBoral,has'beenobserved.intheedge-sealed specimens andthestoragecellspecimens.

Thisgashasbeenobservedtobubblefromtheupperholeineachofthestoragecells.Inseveralofthespecimens removedafter12months,bulgeswereobservedbetweenthealuminumcladdingandtheB4Caluminumcore.(SeeFigures4.2and4.3,AppendixB).Internalgasgenera'tion, blockedfromescapebythebuildupofcorrosion productsinconjunction withoccasional un-bonded layersoftheBoralmatrix,isbelievedtobethecauseofthesebulges.'heoccasional unbondedlayersoftheBoralmatrixoccurredrandomlyandwereobservedinconcentrated areasofverysmallB4Cparticles (i.e.,>150mesh).Ithasbeendetermined that,theBoral.specimens providedbyBrooksandPerkinsfortheENCcorrosion testprogramcon-tainedamuchhigherconcentration ofsmallB4Cparticles thanutilizedforproduction Boralplates.Accordingly, itispossiblethatthesmallbulgesobservedonthesealedspecimens maynotoccurinfinishedplateswhereimprovedB4CandaluminumbondingresultwithlargerB4Cparticles.

Theoccasional lackofbondingbetweenB4Candaluminumparticles alsoallowsasmallamountofwatertoentertheinnerportionsofthebulgedspecimens.

Normally, waterdoesnotpenetrate intowell-bonded Boral'platesandnointernalcorrosion canoccur.Thesmallbulgeshavenotbeenreportedorobservedinpriorrelatedcorrosion testprograms.

Theyappeartobea.self-limiting phenomenon>

3-3Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepegeofthisdocument.

GR~5 III EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 wherethegaseouscorrosion productbothcausesthebulgeanddis-placesthewatercausingthecorrosion.

Aninspection ofboththealuminumcladdingandinnerBoralmatrixdemonstrates thatnocladpittingordeterioration oftheinnerfaceofcladdingandBoralmaterialoccurrednearthebulgedareas.Consequently shouldrandomsmallbulgesoccur,anydislodgement ofB4Cparticles.

willbeofnosignificance onneutronshielding orattenuation properties.

3-4Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oltheaboveinformation Issubiecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepapeofthisdocument.

GR~5

fONVCLfARXN-NS-TP-009 4.0RESULTSOnJune30,1978,afteranominal12-monthexposure, theremaining three(3)plainBoralandthreeopen-edged Boral-stainless composite specimens, wereremovedfromthethree(3)heatedtanks.OnAugust10,1978,theedge-sealed, andstoragecell.specimens, wereremovedfromtheirenvironments.

Thesetwelve(12)samplesweresubjected tovisual,metallographic, weightgain,andpitdepthmeasurement analyses.

Thissectionofthereport-placesemphasisonthede-tailedresultsobtainedfromthestoragecellspecimens.

AppendixBpresentsadditional testresultsforotherspecimens andcontainsmostreferenced tablesandfiguresforinformation presented inthissection.Table4.1providesspecimenidentification numbersandexactlengthsofexposureforeachofthetwelve(12)specimens eval-uatedduringthefinalperiod.4;1InternalEnvironment OfEde-SealedAndStoraeCellSecimensThepHofthesolution, withintheedge-sealed andstoragecellspecimens, wasmeasuredusingindicator paperfortheformer,andaBeckmannpHmeterforthelatter.Approximately 2.5gramsofsolutionwascontained intheedge-sealed speci-mensand39gramsinthecellspecimens.

InTable4.2isasummaryoftheinteriorpHoftheedge-sealedandcellspecimens forthe2-,6-,and12-monthexposures.

4-1Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInlormation Issubjecttotherestriction onthelirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5 II EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009

.ForthehighpH'lithiumenvironment,.the interiorpHconsistently showsadecreaseinpHtowardaneutral.devalueforallexposure'times.AsimilartrendtowardamoreneutralpHis,exhibited fortheacidicenvironments forexposures upto6-months.

After12-months, theinteriorpHisthesameasthebulk'olution or,slightlymoreacidic.4.2VisualAearanceThestoragecellspecimens weredisassembled andcutopen-1toseparatetheBoralplatesfromthestainless liners.Avisualexamination ofeachBoralpiecewasconducted usingalowpowerstereo-microscope.

Thefollowing

'observations werenoted:StoraeCellSecimenjaj3S.C.S.-3tSurfaces'ere generally metallicincoloration.

Extracorrosion products',

andsome,pitting,wereseenonthefacesandalongtheedgeswheretheleaksimulating holesweredrilledthroughthestainless liners.StoraeCellSecimen0'6S.C:S.;6)

Specimens aredarkerthanSCS-3.Pittingismuchless.Rustexistedalongedgeswhereholesweredrilled.BulgeswereobservedinthedimpleareaofplateS.C.S.-6(l),.

,onboththe.outsideandinside.4-2Use,reproduction, trensmfttel ordisclosure oftheeboveinformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepegeofthisdocument.

GR~S IIIII EON-UCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 StoraeCellSecimenk9S.C.S.-9lSpecimens werewhiteincoloration withrustcoloreddepositsalongtheedgeswhereh'olesweredrilled.B4Cstringers wereevident,butnopitting.Plate.S.C.S.-9(4)

-hadal-l/4upurealuminumstripononeshortedge.4.3WeihtGainAfterthevisualanalysis, theappropriate Boralplatespecimens wereweighed,oven-dried, and*reweighed

'inordertodetermine theamountofabsorbedmoisture, inthecoreandthechangeinweightduetoexteriorandinte-riorcorrosion; The'specimens weredriedinstagesinanair-circulating ovenfortwo.(2)hoursat150,200,250'F,andfor24hoursat300'F.Theoriginalweight,theweightpriortooven-drying, andthedriedweightforeachspecimen, islistedinTable4.3.Asummaryofthemoistureabsorbedweightpercentages,

,forthe2-month,'6-month, and12-monthexposures,

'isgiveninTable4.4.Theoverallaverageforallspecimens, environments, andexposures, was0.47$.Thiscorresponds toaminimumaverageporositylevelintheBoralcoreofapproximately 1;5X.'heabsorbedmoisturedecreased between2-monthsand6-monthsandincreased between6-monthsandoneyear.Thismaybetheresultofaninitialdecreaseinporosityascorrosion productsweregenerated inthecorefollowedbyaporosityincrease asadditional corrosion enlargedthepores;Thegreatestmoistureabsorption occurredintheopen-edged specimens intheAenvironment.

This'pecimen alsoshowed-the greatestnumberofpitsandwould,therefore, containthegreatestamountofmaterialcapable4-.3Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubJecttotherestriction onthefirstorlitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5 III EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009

'fabsorbing moisture.

Theleastmoisture, ontheaverage,wasinthestoragecellBoralplates,whichmaybedueto,theirlargersizeandloweredgetovolumeratio.In'able4.5,thecorrosion weightgainpercentages aresummarized forallthespecimens testedintheprogram.Thevalues,in-brackets, havebeencorrected toaccountforthefactthatcertainofthe6"x4"Boralplatesinthecellspecimens containastripofsolidaluminumalongoneedge.Sincethisstripdidnotcontainthenormalporouscorestructure, itcouldcontribute weightgainonlybyexternalsurfacecorrosion.

Tomakevalidcomparisons, usingthesespecimens, theirweightwasre-ducedbyafactorcorresponding tothereducedcorevolume.Undertheassumption thattheweightgainper-centagesareanindication oftheextentofuniformcorrosion inthesespecimens, theresultspresented inTable4.5showthatthecorrosion rateshavedecreased withincreased exposuretime.Theresultsareplottedforeachspecimentypeasafunctionofenvironment inFigures4.4through4.6.The.weightgainsarelargestfortheedge-sealed

'specimens ineachenvironment.

Similarly, theyarethesmallestforthestoragecellspecimens.

Inbetween,withverysimilarresults,aretheplainandopen-edged specimens.

Thesimilarweightgains,experienced bythesetwo(2)specimentypes,showthatthegeneralcorrosion isnotaccelerated duetocouplingwithstainless steel.4-4Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation lssubJecttotherestriction ontheIirstortitlepageofthhdocument.

GR405 EONUGLEARXH-NS-TP-009 IJhentheweightgainvaluesforthestoragecellspeci-m'ensareconsidered onasemi-logarithmic scale,therelationship appearstobeamenabletoextrapolation, asshowninFigures4.7through4.9.Fromthesefigures,theextrapolated weightgainpercentage andthecalculated percentofaluminumconsumedafter40yearsexposure, are:4.44.54.5AlConsumed, I3.33.43.44.4~PittinToevaluatetheextentofpittinginthe12-monthexposurespecimens, thecorrosion productswereclean'edfromthesurfacesofaportionofoneofthefour(4).plates fromeachcellspecimen.

Asummaryofthepittingfrequency andpitdepth,for.the6-monthand12-monthexposures, isgiveninTable4.6.Thepitdiameterforthe12-month, specimens isalsogiveninthetable.,Table4.6showsthatthepittingcharacteristics after12-months wereverysimilartothoseafter6-months.

Thosespecimens andenvironment combinations whichdid,notpitorshowedlittlepittingtendencyafter6-months, showednoorfewpitsafter12-months, however,thosewithsignificant pitsafter6-monthshadalargenumberof'pitsafter12-months.

Increased pittingwasobservedintheplainspecimens intheAenvironment andintheedge-sealedspecimens intheAand8environments.

The'otherspecimens showednearlythesamenumberofpitsafter12-months asafter6-months.

Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation Issubjecttotherestrlctlon onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR405 IIIIIII EQNUCLEARNH-NS-TP-009 Thepitdepth,however,increased withtheextended12-monthexposure..

Insomecaseswherepitshadnotpene-tratedthealuminumcladin6-months, theyhaddonesoafter12months.4.5MetallorahSectionsofBoralfromeachspecimenweremountedandmetallographically polishedinordertoobservethethickness ofsurfaceoxidation films,thedepthofedgeattack,theundercutting arounddrilledholes,andthenatureofsurfacebulges.Sectionsweremadealonganedgefortheplain=andopen-edged specimens, andthroughthedrilledholeintheBoralfortheedge-sealed andstoragecellspecimens.

Inaddition, sectionsthroughbulgesinthe,specimens weremadetocharacterize thesestructures.

Thespecimens wereback-filled withepoxyundervacuumconditions toimpregnate surfaceporosity, thenroughpolishedonsilicon'arbide papersandfinal.polishedondi'amondusingautomatic vibratory equipment.

4.5.1SurfaceCorrosion FilmsThesurfacecorrosion filmsonseveralofthespecimens werethickenoughtomeasureusingafilareyepieceatamagnification of400.Thefilmthickness, asmeasu'red forthesespecimens, islistedinTable4.7.Thethickness fortheCenvironment specimens wasthickest, beingamaximumof8.2micronsfortheplainspecimen.

Hherethebulgeinthisspecimencausedthesurfacelayertobreakapart,thecorrosion filmsweremuchthicker.AppendixBcontainsphotographs showingthesurfacefilminoneareaawayfromabulgeand,forcomparison, onabulge.Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~S

~EONUCLEARXW-NS-TP-009 4.5.2EdeAttackTable4.7alsoshowsthedepthofcorrosive attackattheBoralcouponedgesintheplainandopen-edged specimens.

TheattackwasgreatestintheAenvironment andwassomewhatgreaterinthe'pen-edged specimenthanintheplainspecimen.

Onlyonespecimenofthesix(6)edge-sealedandstoragecelltypesshowedaccfslerated corrosion aroundthepartially drilledleaksimulating hole.Thiswastheedge-sealed specimenintheCenvironment.

Thesimilarity inedgeattackbetweentheplainandopen-edged

'pecimens againindicates alackofcorrosion acceleration duetogalvaniccoupling.

oftheBoraltostainless steel.4.5,3~Ou1esSeveralbulgeswereobservedonthe12-monthexposurespecimens.

Similarbulgeswerenotobservedonspecimens exposedfor2-or6'-months.

Table4.81'iststhenumberofbulgesobservedoneachspecimen.

Photographs, demonstrating bulgedareasareshownonFigures4.2and4.'3.Thebulgesareseparations betweenthealuminumcladandtheB4C-aluminum matrix.Theyappeartoresultfromgaspressurecausedbyinternalcorrosion.

Thecorrosion ofaluminumwouldgeneratehydrog'en gasfollowing thereaction2A1+3H20~A1203+3H.2'-7Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveinformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument..

GR~5 EQON,NUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 Suchgas.generation hasbeenobservedintheedge-sealed

'andstoragecellspecimens.

Togenerateabulgewouldrequiresealingoftheedgeswithcorrosion productsto'nabletheinternalgaspressuretoincreasesuffi.ciently toexpandthetenmilaluminumcladding.

Theedge-sealed'pecimens eachhadfour(4)bulges.Thesespecimens alsoshowedthelargestcorrosion weightgainswhichcouldresultinthesealingofedgesinthesespecimens.

4-8Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR.005 EONUCLEARXN-NS-Tf'-009 REFERENCES (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Corrosion DataSurveyFifthEdition,NACE1974,P.34.AGuideto.Corrosion.

Resistance, J.P.Polar,ClimaxMolybdenum Co.,P.54Corrosion andCorrosion ProductReleaseinNeutralFeedwater sE.G.Bru'shandM.L.Pearl,Corr.V.28,No.,4,April1972,Pp.129-136.StressCorrosion Crackin'g ProblemsandResearchinEnergySystemsProceedings ERDAMeeting2/24/75.ERDA76-98,EditedbyL.C.Janniello Corrosion Resistance ofMetalsandAlloys,F'.L.LangueandH.R.Copson,Chapter5,Corrosion Testing,P.136.(1963)ReinholdPublishing Corp.Fundamental AsectsofStress-Corrosion Crackin,NACE1969,Stress-Corrosion CrackingofIron-Nickel-Chromium Alloys,R.M.Latanision, R.M.Staehle,P.214.(7).(8)(9)(10)(12)(i3)(i4)(15)(17)Corrosion and'Corrosion Control-HerbertH.Uhlig,JohnWiley8Sons,NewYork1971,P.309."AqueousCorr.ofAluminumPartIBehaviour of1100Alloy"J.E.DraleyandM.E.Ruther,Corr.12441t1956.ReactorTechnolo-SelectedReviews1964USAECAluminumAlloys,J.E.Draleyandll.E.Ruther,P.215."Resistance toCorrosion andStressCorrosion,"

W.H.Binaer,E.H.Hollingsworth andD.0.Sprowls,inAluminumVol.1,ASM,Ohio,1967.AtlasofElectrochemical Equilibria inAqueousSolutions, MarcelPourbaixPergamonPress,NewYork(1966).AqueousCorrosion ofAluminumPartIBehaviorof1100Alloy,J.E.Draley'ndll.E.Ruther,Corr.1244lt',1956..'Observations ontheMechanisms andKineticsofAqueousAluminumCorrosion,"

VSH.Troutner, Corr.13595(1957)ASurveyofMaterials andCorrosion inDry'ooling Applications, A.B.Johnson,Jr.

D.P.PrattandG.E.Zima,BNlJL-1958, UC-121976.PrivateCommunication betweenR.McGoeyandB.C.Fryer.DynamicCorrosion StudiesfortheHighFluxIsotopeReactor,J.L.EnglishandJ.C.Griess,ORNL-TM-'1030 1966,,0ak RidgeNationalLaboratory.

GalvanicCorrosion ofAlAlloysIEffectofDissimilar Metal,F.Mansfeld, D.H.Hengstenberg andJ.V.KenkelCorr.Vol.30,No.10,"Oct.1974,P.343.Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisciosure oftheaboveInformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 APPENDIXABORALSPECIMENS Thirty(30)pie'cesofBoral,2"x2",werereceivedfromBrooksandPerkins.Twenty-seven (27)wereusedinthetestsandtheremain-ingheldforsparesandbasicmetallography.

TheBoralmaterialis0.078-i'nches thickwithanaluminumcladthickness of0.010-inches,.

andaB4'C-aluminum matrixthickness of0.058-inches.

Thecorecontainsaminimumof0.020grams,persquarecentimeters, ofB10Thesamples.tobeusedinthetestswerenumberedaccording toaControlled TestProcedure.

TheBoralpieceswerecleanedultrasonically for5minutesinreagentgradealcohol,rinsedinalcohol,andair-dried.

Thertwo(2)surfacesofeachpiecewerethenphotographed atamagni-ficationof1.5Xtorecordtheinitialmicroscipic condition.

Inordertodetermine theinitialweightofeachBoralsample,theyweredriedin,anovenat300'Fforonehour,cooledinadesicca-tor,andweighed.TheweightofeachpieceislistedinTable2.1..Specimens 19-27wereweighedaftera1/16uholehadbeendrilledinthecenterofonefacetoanapproximate depthof.040-'inches.

STAINLESS STEELSPECIMENS Thestainless steelsamples(T-304'2BStainless Sheet)werecleaned.andpassivated according tothefollowing schedule:

Ultrasonically cleanedindetergent waterfor30minutesandtapwaterrinsed,passivated inroomtemperature 15%nitricacidfor30minutes,rinsedindistilled water,andwipeddry.A-1Use,reproduction, trensmittel ordisclosure oftheeboveinformetlon lssubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepegeofthisdocument.

GR405 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 The'specimens werethenoven-dried at300'Fforonehour,cooledinadesiccator, andweighed.Thesamplenumber,size,andweightsaregiveninTable2.2.Specimens 19a-27awereweighedafter'1/16"holewasdrilledthroughthecenterofeach.EDGE-SEALED ANDSTORAGECELLSPECIMENS IThenine(9)edge-sealed specimens were-made ofa2"x2"Boralcouponsandwiched betweentwo(2)2-1/2"x2-1/2"stainless pieces.Theperimeter ofthesandwichwassealedwithRTVsealantinsuchawaythatagap,approximately 1/4"deep,existsbetweenthesealantandtheBoraledge.A1/16"holewasdrilledthroughoneofthestainless linersandintotheBoral,approximately

.040-inch deep,atthecenterofoneface.Thecouponswerefilledwiththe-appro-priatesolutionandingresstotheinterioroccurs,throughthecenterhole.Thedepthofthehole,ineachBoralcoupon,islistedinTable2.3.ThestoragecellsampleswerereceivedfromBrooksandPerkinsonJuly7,1977.Eachofthenine(9)'ellsampleswereweightedwiththefollowing results:'torage CellSecimenWei(ehtKq2.7542.7002.6942.7052.7162.7192.7252.7272.753Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInlormatfon issubjecttotherestriction onthellrstortitlepatteolthisdocument.

GR~5 IIIII EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 Three(3)1/16nholesweredrilledthroughthestainless steelshroudtoenabletheenvironment toentertheinterioroftheshroudtosimulatealeak.Two(2)holesweredrilledthroughthesteellineradjacenttothelongitudinal weldsonoppositesidesofthecellspecimen.

Theholeswerelocatedatthespacejustabov'etheBoralplatesatthetopandbottomofthesteelliner.Athirdholewasdrilledinthecenterofthefacewith'theexteriorlohgitudinal weldwhichpenetrated throughthestainless linerandpartially intotheBoralplate.A-3Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

G8405 EONUCLEAR.NN-NS-TP-009 TABLE2.1SecimenNo.123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627'leiht;ms.13.0753412.9286213.1561913.0148212.5005212.9403412.6563812.4560712.6776112.7893912.7394513.0419512.8398812.9778313.1617912.2549212.7060712.8814512.7369112.7690212.8124512.7453612.8216212.79287.12.3156713.0087712.74711A-4Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheshoveIniormstlon Issubjecttotheresttiction ontheilrstortitlepsgeofthisdocument.

GR405 III EONUCLEARXN-'NS-TP-009 TABLE2.2Ho.Size.~WiN;.N.'izelleiht,ms.10a2"x2"lobllalib12a12b13a13b,14a14br15a15b16a16b'7a17b18a18b,38.8959539.8252038.8908239.6880538.5319738.6825939.568293,8..4027840.0333039.9671238.8537438.6324738.8281438.7580638.6360538.4127539.0161138.7072219a'-1/2ux2-1/2" 19bII20a20b21a21b22a22b23a23b24a'24b'5a25b26a26b27a27b60.7932261.0540560.8441960.9446261.0303361.3963161.4147560.8514160.9097961.7917461'049361.0831260.9323560.8085260.8806860.7885460.7592160.78874A-5Uso,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheabovoInformation Issubjecttothorestriction onthefirstortitlOpageofthisdocument.

GR-005 I)II EONUCLEARXN-NS-TV-009 TABLE2.3SecimenNo.HoleDethInches~1.92021222324252627.047.035..035.035.039.047~047~051.047A-6Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosuro oithoaboveinformation Issubjecttotherostrlction ontherirstortitlopageoithisdocument.

GR-005 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 APPENDIX86Section4.0(TablesandFigures)6Supplemental TestResultsForOtherTestSpecimens Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-OO9 TABLE4.1SPECIMENIDENTIFICATION

'NUMBERANDEXPOSURETIME*Environment 11E~dddExosureDasA(Boron)B(BoronandLithium)C(Lithium) 28.121517364364364Environment StorageCell~d-E1dE~iExosureDas)A(,Boron)B(BoronandLithium)C(Lithium) 212427S.C.S.-3(1,2,3,4)

S.C.S.-6(1,2,3,4)

S.C.S.-9(1,2,3,4) 370370364Atotalof36specimens wereutilizedduringthetestprogram.Specimens notlistedabovewere.evaluated duringthe2-monthand6-,month'evaluation phases.**Valuesinparenthesis arethefour(4)individual Boralplates.contained withinthestoragecellspecimens.

B-2Use,reproduction, trensmlttelordisclosure oftheshoveinformation issubjecttotherestriction ontheilrstortitlepetreoithisdocument.

GR~S

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 TABLE4.2INTERIORSOLUTIONH~E~dkk~dd-11d~EC11A(Boron)2Ho.6Ho.12Ho.5.05.04.86.15.05.85.95.0B(BoronandLithium)2Ho.'6Ho.12Ho.5.65.75.66;55.06.05.95.2C(Lithium) 2Ho.6Ho.12Ho.8..59.29.67.57.07.97.87.8Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveinformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

GRM5 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 TABLE4.,312-MONTHEXPOSUREWEIGHTOFBORALPLATESFROMSTORAGECELLCell/'Original WeightAsPlate~Mt.msRemovedmsS.C.S.-3WeightAsDriedmssWhWCorr.OnDrinms~ms)(1)(4)(3).(2)76.897377.633578.316376.740779.2665478.,83673 80.5764378.9563978.8203579.4744780.1316678.61309"-0.44619+1.92305-0.36226+1.84097-0.44477+1.81536-0.34330+1.87239S.C.S.-6(2)-(3)(4)(1)76.561177.258376.759277.768378.8450579.3507978.1735880.4240278.5460379.1201278.0143580.09471-0.29902+1.98493-0.23067+1.86182-0.15923+1.25515-0.32931+2.32641S.C.S.-9(3)(4)(1)(2)78.097178.067277.101877.011380.7407380.44607, 80.1292779.9657579.47767.79.2242979.0811878.89541-0.25338-0.18577+2.12249'1.88411

-0.29466+2.34897-0.16352+1.89855B-4Use,reproduction, trsnsmittsl ordisclosure oftheshoveinformstion issutsiecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepsgeofthisdocument.

GR~S I

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWTABLE4.4MOISTUREABSORPTION-i<EIGHT PERCENTAGE SUMMARYZO0heihtLossPercentaeOnDrin444Doocn4o4~IIo3o0Z4aVI4~00oo0II44o<~044oo3>>044Co'SecimenTePlain2Mo.0.44Open-Edged 0,62Sealed-Edged 0.53.StorageCellSpecimen(4PlateAverage)0.294SpecimenAverage0.470.390.710.591.270.370.650.410.540.440"79AEnvironment 6Ho.12Ho.2Ho.0.400.300'.410.550.310.570.630.360.550.330.320.330.480.320.46BEnvironment 6Mo.12Ho.CEnvironment 2Mo.6Ho.12Ho.0.420.170.550.700.220.550.490.280.590.230.480.290.460.290.500<ICI)IICO 20TABLE4.5CORROSION WEIGHTGAINPERCENTAGE g)4D00.0Cn004OIQnn000Z%1n~000000Do4n00'C0n00n03O00VISecimenTeAEnvironment 2IIo.611o.Plain1.682.852.00Open-Edged 2.91Sealed-Edged 2.183.62StorageCellSpecimen(4PlateAverage)1.391.944SpecimenAverage1.812.83BEnvironment

.CEnvironment 2Ho.2tho.-6No.12Ho.2Ho.6Ho.12Ho.3.341.792.833.061.842.99,3.631.942.853.032.213.243.812.933.812.193.123.962.694.104.462.41'(1.49(2.00)~(2.54~(1.73~(1.982.663.101.832.723.122.123.08.3.64>CIIICDC)

EONUCLEARPTABLE4.6SUMMARYOFPITMEASUREMENTS AFTER6-MONTHAND12-MONT)l,EXPOSURE XN-NS-TP-009 Specimens andEnvironment TotalPit/Area~Exosure(f/s.in.ThruCladHax.PitPitPit/AreaDepthDiameterf/s.in.~in.~in.).Plain2(A)i(A)4(B)5(B)8(c)9(c)0en-Ededi2(A)io(A)i5(B)i3(B)i7(c)16(c)Sealed-Ed ed21(A)20(A)24(B)23(B).27(c)26(c)StoraeCellSS.C.S.-3(A)

S.C.S~-2(A)S.C.S.-6(B)

S.C.S.-5(B) s.c.s.-9(c) s.c.s.-8(c) 12Ho.6Mo.12Ho.6Mo.12Mo.6Ho.12'Ho.6Mo.12Mo.6Mo.12Mo.6Ho.12Mo.6Ho.12Mo.6Ho.12Mo.6Ho.ecimens12Ho.6Mo.12flo.6Mo.12Mo.6Mo.3.71.213311.82.52.93.83.03.95.20.30~20.70.90.10.32.30.510.05.11.50.62.20.30.70.90.20.10.20.10.0320.0150.0200.0190.0210.0130.0180.0110.0150.0190.0170.0140.0110.0120.160.190.07'0.130.06.0.040.07Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5

EONUCLEARXf<-NS-TP-009 TABLE4.7SURFACEOXIDETHICKNESS ANDDEPTHOFUNDERCUTTING SpecimenandEnvironment)

Undercutting AtEdeandHolein.OxideThickness Microns2(A)i2(A)21(A)S.C.S-3(A) 0.0200.028~NotMeasurable NotMeasurable 3'Notf1easurable 2.9Notf1easurable 4(B)i5(B)24(B)S.C.S-6(B) 0.0080.007NotMeasurable NotMeasurable 3.64.6NotMeasurable NotMeasurable 8(C)17(C)27(C)S.C.S.-9(C) 0.0050.0090.014Nott1easurable 8.2NotMeasurable 5.5NotI'1easurable B-8Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveinformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteojthisdocument.

GR~5 EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 TABLE4.8BULGESOBSERYEDON12-MONTHEXPOSURESPECIMENS

~Secimen3(1)3(2)3(3)3(4)6(1)6(1)6(1)6(1)6(1)6(2)6(3)6(4)9(1)9(2)9(3)9(4)21221212121415242424'488,172?2727,.27.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.,SAC.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S'.S.C.S.S.C.,S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.S.C.S.PlainOpen-Edge Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal PlainOpen-Edge Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal PlainPlainOpen-Edge Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Edge-Seal Heihtin..004.003.009.005.017.005.009.027.008..020.015.009.01.004.003.086.004.014,.026.027.010Diameterin..23.3.25.2.25.3.4.54.49.43.40.26.29.2.251.43.15.47.51.9.39Environment AAAABBBBBBBA.AAAAAB.~CCCCCCCB-9Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveinformation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepatteofthisdocument.

GR405 IIIII XN-NS-.TP-009 FIGURE4.1Photorah1PRETESTBORALSPECIMEN(With'LargeNumberofUnbondedAreas)F~$(~,IT()>><<jfI~JI~3'II'.>>IF.'e4h..r,pii-'g*gj'0h>>r<<:<>.'.:,>>.'I<<

P<<P,>>I>>.r*viF,<<~'F>>>><<YF>p~rr,:II'>>1)ie'>>pI.P~IC,B-10 IIIII Xfl-HS-TP-009 FIGURE4.1Photorah2PRETESTBORALSPECIMEN(With.FewAreasofUnbondedLayers))g<<fjP)4) 5).,h)$I<<>tg~(>fkjPPP&jt,~.t PyhjtfgjI(~

I'tt)l't'gf<<f'(gQL~>)jj<<fhfg~~

h.jg$k))<<g+'"jQ)g+)g$00')t..)<<,~i~~Kq')hrhlt't))),.yk:i~rr~hCQ/rrr6hhh.'4)>B).~w*Q)~lfh'.)tgl4,'l7j$';~))lihhl.,4<<,p*Cpry~h'hCjl8-10a lII XN-HS-TP-009 FIGURE4.2SIDEVIEWOFBULGEDBORALSPECIMENIIIiiI+4'hitch,grIt,h//I~ui//thf,t'1I))Itt\It't,u'~,~Iu'hht~Ihr~'ul4'.it/~II$j)ti>>IIII,.Ir'tItIr~IguI'I,a.(l~trtuNOVEMBER1978 IIIIII

Lxn-res-TV-OOg LLFIGURE4.3CLOSEUPVIEWOFBULGEDSPECIMEN*

LL,Ilgwu)4444)@glk'~q(,<tI4'A jf+t49Ill44I4PPgPi44IfI4'$,g5)I.+III,,:If xxpzPP],C4~I-I4';:'4<'4.44I:

4I.dj'~l4I.It4:,.I-I,4II4+gtI'44/g~~"""ky/I"l>4<<44".-

>>~q04PllaIf1'Pj'~p'99-"'3

"~~"~4"<'jV"<i~)*<<g44(PftI.4,(Qf.$4,I)QQ,~~,.,Pt)~I,,3),,P.et4.,g(@~II.,4I4.I)4~l)4IfP!g~~~(4)'4,.4IQQI

.gPj'(I>>gII4)t4g,i..,..:5~4,4/.

I4I$I444,4I'4II,.g)

Pf:ir',g'I4,k~4IL-O>>~~4Lfy4LLL'"AIIr4"-ME~'~pr~~~),)jan)g'(Itn.,'%iSNi@4484':~%.

44LL*t<otethelackof-innersurfacecorrosion orpittingonthealuminumcladdi.ng.

IB-12 IIIII WW%WWWWW%%W5.08PlainOpen-Edged EdgeSealedStorageCell4.0cv.CBGJ3.02.01.02I110ExposureTime,t1onthsFIGURE4.4HeightGainPercentage for"A"Environment Specimens.

5.08Plain"QOpenEdgedEIEdqeSaaledVStorageCell4;03.0cR~2.01.01046-8.Exposure Tisane,ttonthsAFIGURE'4.5

'Height.GainPercentage Ve'rsusTimeFor"8"Environment Specimens 5.08PlainQOpenEdgedHSealedEdgedStorageCell4.,03.02.01.0ExposureTime,HonthsFIGURE46':JeightGainPercentages VersusTimeFor"C"Environs)ent Specimens, 12

4.3512ExposureTime,months480(40yr.)OCIC/lIICDCDFIGURE4.7 Semi-LogPlotShoivingHeightGainPercentage For"A"ErvironmntStorageCellSpecimens, Extrapolated to40Years.

IIIIIIIII 4.5ExposureTime,fIonths480(40yr.)FIGURE4.8Semi-LogPlotShowing':IeightGainPercentage for"8"Environment StorageCellSpecimens, Extrapolated to40years.

l2ExposureTime,Months480(40yr.)FIGURE4.9Semi-LogPlotShoving!,"eightGainPercentage for"C"Environment StorageCellSpecimens, Extrapolated to40years.

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 12-MONTHEXPOSUREWEIGHTOFNON-STORAGE CELLBORALSPECIMENS Specimen8Environment OriginalWeightAsWeightAshW~Mt.msRemovedmsDriedmsOnDrin'mshWCorr.~ms2(A)4(8)8(C)i2(A)15(8)i7(C)21(A)24(8)27(C)I~12.9286213.0148212.4560713.0419513.1617912.7060713.4521413.4659812.9767313.5789313.63607'3,26022 12.8124513.3843012.7928713.3699412.74711-13.39136 13.3606113.4124612.9087313.4135813.5605713.1904713.3008313.3000813.31581-0.09153-0.05352-0.06800-0.16535-0.07550-0.06975-0.08347-0.06986-0.07555+0.43199+0.39764+0.45266+0.37163+0.39878+0.48440+0.48839+0.50721+0.568708-19Uso,reproduction, transmittal ordlsclosuro oftheshoveInformation Issubjecttothorestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

GR~5

EONUCLEARXN-NS-TP-009 SUPPLEMENTAL VISUALINSPECTION OBSERVATIONS

~5i52-5if1igh<<4g.Severalpitswereevidentunderthepedestalareaandtheedgeswerecompletely coveredwithwhitetancorrosion products.

ai4444-5ifdighiydhdksurfacecoating.Nopitsunderpedestalareaandtheedgeswereblackbutshowednocorrosion productsexceptafewrus'tstreaks.a4-21ighgy<<ftion.'hree (3)blackspots,oneabout1-inchindia-meter,corresponded toareaswherethesurfacecladhad'ulgedawayfromtheB<Caluminummatrix.Theblack'potsweremadeupofstripesandlookedasifthedefor-mationassociated withthebulgehadbrokentheprotec-tiveoxidefilm,allowingrapidcorrosion oftheunder-lyingmetal.Similarbulgeswereseenonsix(6)oftheotherspecimens andarediscussed inanothersectionofthisreport.~gi412-h'idhdgikg1g2dgThesurfacecoloration wasgreywithwhiteandbrowncorrosion productsas'intheplainspecimenfromtheAenvironment.

415-fh14dkhhAtankspecimenbutshowedlesspitting.8-20Use,reproduction, transmittal ordisclosure oliheaboveInlormation issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

I EON4UCLEARXN-NS-TP-009

~gi~411-Th11111gh2d.theexposededgeswerecoveredwithlooselyadherentwhitecorrosion products.

Somepitsnearedges.Figure2showstheedge-sealed specimens fromthethree(3)environments.

Thesurfacesarethosewheretheleaksimulating holewasdrilledthroughthestainless coverandpartially throughtheBoral.Thecoloration issimilartowhatwasobservedintheplainandopen-edged specimens.

Theamountofcorrosion productsonthespecimenedges,however,wasmuchless.421-hhd21d1daroundthecenterholeandsomewhitecorrosion onedges.Shallowpittingwasonsomeareasbutnopitsevidentthroughthecladding.

Asmallbulgeexistedonsideoppositehole.~di424-1.1.1dhh1d24Cstringers showingbutfew,ifany,deeppits.421-C111hh11'ghg(2)bulges,onelargeonholesideandone,smalloppo-sitee.Edgesareheavilycoveredwithwhitecorrosive products.

8-21Use,reoroduction, transmittal ordisclosure oftheaboveInformation Issubjecttotherestriction onthefirstortitlepageofthisdocument.

4GR~S I

ThisDocumentcontainsproprietary infor-mationandisnottobetransmitted orre-producedwithoutspecificwrittenapprovalfromCombustion Engineering, Inc.CopyNo.QfCALVERTCLIFFSUNITICYCLE4June,1980REPORT.OFPOWERDISTRIBUTION EPISODEOctober1979-May1980 SUMMARYTABLEOFCONTENTSPAGEII.NARRATIVE III.COREPARAMETER OBSERVATIONS ANDDIAGNOSTICS A.PhysicsAnalyses1.CoreFollowModelandResultsa.Reactivityb.AxialShapeIndexc.RadialPowerDistribution d.PowerCoefficients 2.BurnupDistributionPerturbation ModelandResults3.GeneralPhysicsConclusions 17IV.B.CoreDifferential PressureC.Temperature Distribution D.Postulated Mechanisms CHEMISTRY OBSERVATIONS, EVALUATIONS, ANDACTIONSA.RoutineWaterChemistry Surveillance Program1.ReactorCoolantSystem2.ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem3.MakeupDemineralized EpisodeChemistry B.PowerDistribution EpisodeChemistry 1.TrendsofSignificant Chemistry Parameters a-.pHb.Conductivity c.Lithium.23264053 IIIIII PAGEd.Suspended Solidse.Hydrogenf.Oxygeng.IodineActivityh.Ammonia2.Evaluations andActionsa.ReactorCoolantSystemLithiumConcentration b.Hydrazine AdditiontoReactorCoolantSystemc.OxygenIngresstoReactorCoolantSystemd.HydrogenPeroxideTreatment e.ReactorCoolantSystemCrudSamplesModifications toChemistry Surveillance PrognamC.Post-Episode Chemistry History144D.Permanent Modifications totheRoutineWaterChemistry 154Surveillance ProgramE.SectionIVAttachments F.SectionIVReferences Y.CONCLUSIONS ANDLESSONSLEARNED156171172APPENDIXAChemistry ResultsoftheUnit1HydrogenPeroxide174Treatment SUMMARYIn1ateOctober,1979,Ca1vertCliffsUnit1ReactorCorebegantoexhibitunpre'dieted behavior.

Thelocalpowerdistribution begantogrowasyometric axiallyandanabnormalshiftinpowertothecoreperiphery begantooccur.Theinitiation ofthecorepowerdistribution changeproceeded byabouttwoweeksthebeginning ofaslowincreaseindifferential pressureacrossthe,reactorcore.Theincreaseindifferential pressureacrossthereactorcorepeakedat1.8psid,13%abovenormal,.Thesupposition wasthattheincreaseindifferential pressurereflected deposition ofcrudoncoresurfaces.

Thecrudactedasaneutronabsorberand/orinsulator, thereby,forcingacorepowerredistribution.

Concernfortheeffectoftheanomalous corebehavioronthesafetyanalysisandthecrudlayeronfuelintegrity ledtosuccessive powerleveldecreases until50%wasreachedinearlyNovember.

Thecrudwaspostulated toconsistofcorrosion productsfromReactorCoolantSystem(RCS)surfaces.

Thehigherthannormalamountofcorrosion productswereprobablycausedbyanabnormally highingressofOxygenintotheRCS,Thesourceof=,thatingresswasfoundandisolatedinlateOctober.Bythistime,theaxialpowerimbalance hadreachedapeakofill.Thecanbination ofpowerleveldecreases andisolation oftheOxygensourcecoincided withaslowingandeventualreversalofthegrowthinaxialpowerimbalance.

However,coredifferential pressure(dp)remainedat1to1.8psidabovenormal.PlantSiteandCombustion Engineering TaskForceswereorgani,zed todetermine thecauseofanomalous corebehavior, toassessitseffectonplantsafety,andtoseekaresolution.

Acomprehensive diagnositic programwasimplemented including development ofamodelofthephenomenon.

TheTaskForceslaboredfromearlyNovemberthroughlateJanuary,1980.Meanwhile, thesituation" slowlycorrected itselfandbylateJanuary,allcoreparameters, withtheexception ofcoredp,werenearnormal.Coredpwasstill1.8psidabovenormal.

IIIII SUMMARY(cont'd)DuringacoldshutdowninlateJanuary,theRCSwastreatedwithhydrogenperoxide.

Significant crudreleaseswereobservedanduponreturntopoweroperation, coredpwasobservedtobenormal,Nofuelfailureswereobservedduringtheepisode.InlateMarch,theissuewasconsidered satisfactorily resolvedandtheTaskForcesweredisbanded.

TaskForceinvestigations resultedintheimplementation ofseveralpermanent changestoplantsurveillarice andoperating instructions.

Severalhardwaremodifications arealsobeingpursued.Inordertoassessanylastingeffectoftheepisodeonfuelintegrity, afuelinspection programwillbeperformed atthenextrefueling, currently scheduled forOctober,1980.InlateMay,1980,Unit1isoperating atfullpowerandallcoreandfuelperformance parameters arenormal.

III II.NARRATIVE Atapproximately 0800,October22,1979,thePlantNuclearEngineerobservedthat.theAxialShapeIndex(ASI),PlanarRadialPeakingFactor(F),andIntegrated RadialPeak(.F)hadbeensteadilyxy'ncreasing sincethepreviousweek.Azimuthal tilt(T).hadbeenqholdingsteadyatabout.006.Predictions indicated thatFandrFxshouldexperience averyslowdecreaseinmagnitude withcoreburnup.Duringthenextthreedays,ThePlantStaffincreased surveillance onthecriticalcoreparameters fromonceeveryeighthourstoonceeveryhourandpreparedlocalpowerdistribution mapsinordertoassessthedegreeoflocalchangeinpowerdistribution sinceOctober13.Inaddition, asystematic reviewofotherplantinformation wasbegun.Specifically, beginning withCycle4Startup,trendsofthefollowing parameters wereevaluated:

-HydrogenOverpressure intheVolumeControlTank-Differential pressureacrossReactorCoreandReactorCoolantPumps-Hydrogenconcentration intheReactorCoolantSystemOnOctober25apackageofrawcorepowerdistribution datawasforwarded toCombustion.

Engineering (CE)foranalysisinaccordance withastandardcoreverification programperformed forCalvertCliffsbyCE,Atabout0800onOctober25,themeasuredpeaklinearheatratewas10.7Kw/ft.,Fwas1.45,Fxwas1.56,Twasabout.007,andInternalAxialShapeIndexwas+7.6X.Outofaprecautionary concernforfuelintegrity, thePlantNuclearEngineerlimitedreactorpowersuchthatasummation ofmeasuredpowerlevelplustheAxialShapeIndexwouldnotexceed108K,Thiswasasimpletechnique formaintaining thepeaklinearheatrateatorbelowthatwhichhadbeensuccessfully experienced throughOctober25.OnOctober26,thePlantNuclearEngineerbeganaperiodictransmittal ofcoreparameter trenddatatoCE.SeeFiguresII,1andII.2.

Fh NARRATIVE (cont'd)OnOctober26,thePlantStaffsuspected thecauseoftheincreasing pressuredropacrossthereactorcorewasduetoanincreasing cruddeposition onfuelsurfacesandbeganasearchforsourcesofOxygenintotheReactorCoolantSystem.Duringthistime,itwasalsoobservedthattrenddataindicated alowerthannormalHydrogenconcentration intheVolumeControlTank.ByOctober29,thesourceofOxygenhadbeenidentified andisolated.

WhileNumber11Deborating IonExchanger wasinservice(SeeFigureII.3),itappearsthatairwasintroduced intothepurification systemviatheInstrument Airheader.Instrument airisnormallyusedtotransferspentresin.Apparently, two(2)valves(1-IA-234 andI-CVC-151) leakedbytheirseatsallowingairtobeintroduced intotheoutletoftheionexchanger, Whensampled,theionexchanger outlethadanOxygenconcentration of300ppb,Theionexchangers werebypassedandtheInstrument Airheaderdrainvalve(I-CVC-154) wasopenedandleftopentoensurethattheheaderremaineddepressurized; therebyprecluding introduction ofOxygenintotheReactorCoolantSystem.OnOctober27,CEverifiedthepowerredistribution observedbythePlantNuclearEngineer.

Thecorewasexperiencing aslowlyincreasing rollofpowertowardthecorecenterandtowardthecorebottom.Whereasprediction didindicateaslowrollinpowertothecorecenter,themeasuredrollwasgreaterthantheprediction.

Theprediction didnotindicatearollinpowertowardthecorebottom.EarlytheweekofOctober29,thePlantStaffandCEconcluded thatthecauseofthepowerredistribution wasacrudbuilduponthefuelrodsurfaces, preferentially tothetopofthecore.Thecrudwouldcontainironandotheroxidizedconstituents ofstainless steelwhichwouldactasamildpoisontothefissionreaction; andinaddition, thecrudmaychangetheheattransfercharacteristics acrossthefuelrodresulting inanincreasing Dopplerfeedbackeffect,Thisconclusion wasalsoconsistent withasmallreactivity anomalyevidentinatrendofmeasuredversuspredicted boronconcentration intheReactorCoolantSystem.SeeFigureII.4.

IIIIIIII NARRATIVE

(.cont'd)

/OnNovemberI,thePlantStaffandCEbeganadiscussion ofstrategies forremovingcrudfromthefuelrods,Inaddition, thePlantStaffbegananalyzing forHydrogenataReactorCoolantSystemhotlegsamplepoint.Atnotimepriortoandduringtheobservation ofthecorepowerredistribution wasOxygenobservedintheReactorCoolantSystem(RCS).However,asaprecaution, theHydrogenconcentration intheVolumeControlTankwasincreased resulting inacorresponding increaseinHydrogenconcentration intheReactorCoolantSystem.OnNovember2,thePlantNuclearEngineerdirectedCEtobeginacorrelation ofcrudthickness andothercharacteristics withreactorpowerredistribution aswellasaquantitative evaluation ofitseffectonthesafetyanalysis.

OnNovember3,thePlantChiefEngineerorganized aPowerDistribution TaskFoicechairedbythePlantNuclearEngineerandconsisting ofthePlantRadiation-Chemistry EngineerandthePlantOperations Engineer.

OnNovember5,theISERegionalOfficewasinformedofthePowerDistri-butionEpisodebytheShiftSupervisor andalsobythePlantChiefEngineer.

Inaddition, thePlantNuclearEngineerresponded toaqueryfromtheNRCProjectManagerforCalvertCliffs.Atthistime,noplanttechnical specifications hadbeenexceeded.

Theparameter closesttoalimitwasFwhichwasmeasuredat1.64.Limitis1.66.TOnNovember6,CEinformedtheTaskForcethatCE'spreliminary evaluation revealedthepossibility oflithiumconcentration inthepresenceoflocalboilingintheporosities ofthecrudlayer.Therefore, CErecommended adecreaseto805powerinordertoalleviate thatconcernandtogainmoremargin.TheTaskForceconcurred andreactorpowerwasdecreased to805.

II NARRATIVE (cont'd)ByNovember7,thestrategyforremovingcrudhadbeendeveloped.

Lithiumconcentration wouldbeincreased slightlyfromlessthanIppmtoabout2ppmintheReactorCoolantSystem,therebyraisingpHandcreatinganenvironment forslowdissolution ofthecrudlayer.Atthistime,CEhadcompleted theirevaluation anddetermined thattheappropriate powerlevelforprecluding localboilingincrudporosities atthehottestpointinthecorewas50K.CErecommended thattheincreaseinlithiumconcentration intheRCStakeplaceatthatpowerlevel..TheTaskForceconcurred.

Inadditiontodeterming thecauseofandresolving thepowermal-distribution, achargetotheTaskForcewastokeepthePlantandOffsiteSafetyComnittees informed.

Beginning November5,thePlantSafetyCommittee wasbriefedperiodically andonNovember8theTaskForcemadeawrittenreporttotheOffsiteSafetyCommittee.

ByNovember8,,thereactorhadbeenstabilized at50%powerandlithiumadditions totheRCShadbeguninordertogainandmaintaintheconcentration intheRCSatabout2ppm.Thepurification ionexchanger wasputbackinservice.Also,CEformedaTaskForceconsisting ofmemberswithphysics,thermo-hydraulics, materials, andchemistry backgrounds..

OnNovember,9, Brookhaven NationalLaboratory (BNL)beganinvestigation oftheanomalyattherequestofNRCstaff.PlantdatawasprovidedBNLviaCEengineers whowerediagnosing theanomalyanddeveloping amodel.ByNovemberl7potential causesfortheanomalyotherthancrudhadbeenreviewedanddiscarded including:

brokenCEAfinger,mechanical flowblockage, pressurizer heaterinsulation, andbuildupofisotope(s) withhighneutroncrosssections.

AlsoonNovember17,thefirstinalongseriesofreactivity (temperature andpressureaswellaspower)coefficient measurements weremade.Ityieldedalargerthannormalpowercoefficient.

Theothercoefficients werenormal.

IIII NARRATIVE

(,cont'd)

ByNovember19,coreparameters (ASI-andF)hadstabilized towellxywithintechnical specification limitsandcoredpwassteadyat14.7psid.CErecommended apowerincreaseto60Ãforfurtherevaluation ofcoreparameter trends.TheTaskForceconcurred andpowerwasincreased to60%onNovember21afterperformance ofanotherpowercoefficient measurement.

Duringthenexttendays,CEcompleted areviewoftheeffectofthepowerredistribution andreactivity anomalies onthesafetyanalysisandconcluded thataconservative evaluation ofthedatawouldallowoperation at70Kpower.Aslongascoredpremainedlessthan15.0psidwithnodiscernable upwardtrendandothercoreparameters (ASI,F)remainedsteadyorimproved, concernforfuelintegrity atxy70Kpowerwasminimal.OnNovember30,CErecommended apowerincreaseto705.Fxwas1.49(downfromahighof1.64onNovember6)anddecreasing, ASIwassteadyandcoredpwas14.6psid.TheTaskForceconcurred intheCErecommendation andonNovember30powerwasincreased to70Kforthepurposeofadditional observations andmeasurements athigherpowerlevel.OnDecember5,anotherpowercoefficient measurement wasperformed andindicated animproving, trendbutastillsignificantly higherthannormalvalue.Afiftylitermillipore crudsamplewasalsocollected andsenttoCEforanalysisofitsconstituents.

Duringthefollowing week,contingency planswererefinedforaHydrogenPeroxidetreatment toremovecrudandforafuelinspection (visualandzirc-oxide layerthickness measurements).

OnDecember8,9,and10aseriesofpressure, temperature andpowercoefficient measurements wereperformed.

Thepurposeofthepressure(void)coefficient measurement wastodetectthepresenceofvoidingintheporosities oftheinferredcrudlayer.Nonewasevident.However,ASIandFxvalueshadshownsignificant andunpredicted increases overthosevaluesexistingatthe60Kpowerplateau.Therefore, whendatacollection wascompleted onDecember10,powerwasreducedto50K.

IIII NARRATIVE (cont')Duringthenext10days,planswerelaidandprocedures preparedforaHydrogenPeroxidetreatment.

RCSlithiumconcentration wasallowedtodrifttowardzeroinanticipation ofacoldshutdownforthetreatment.

Meanwhile CEwasevaluating thedatafromthe70Ãpowerplateauaswellasthatfromreactivity coefficient measurements madeonDecember13,14,16and17.Severalpowercoefficient measurements wereperformed onUnit2forcomparison withUnit1coefficients.

Unit2'smeasuredresultswerenormalandaspredicted.

OnDecember20,itwasconcluded thatanunexplainable increasing trendincoredpoverthelasttendays(14.6to15.5psid)probablyreflected anoxidizing mediumintheRCS.Anoxidizing mediumwouldmaketheHydrogenPeroxidetreatment ineffective.

Consequently, beginning December20,hydrazine additions weremadetoRCSmakeupwaterateveryadditionofmakeupwatertotheVolumeControlTank.Also,CEwasnotyetabletoadequately modeltheburnupandpowerdependent behaviorofthepowermaldistribution.

Thephenomenon wasobviously morecomplicated thanthat.explained byanysinglepostulated mechanism (neutroncrosssectionofcrud,insulating effectofcrud/zircoxide,boronconcentration incrudporosities, etc.).Consequently, eventhoughFwasslowlydecreasing andASIwasstable,apowerincreasewaspremature.

OnDecember22,itwasconcluded thattheincreaseincoredpwasprobablyduetoacombination ofaeratedRCSmakeupwaterandshortterminjections ofairintopurification ionexchangers duringresintransfer.

Procedures werechangedtoremoveallinservice ionexchangers fromserviceduringaresintransferanywhereinthesystem.Thisaction,incombination withthehydrazine

addition, coincided withastabilization ofcoredpat15.5psid.

IIII NARRATIVE (cont'd)Powercoefficient measurements onDecember27andJanuary2,1980continued toshowanimproving trend.Othercoreparameters aswellascoredpwerestillstableorimproving.

Basedonthisencouraging

evidence, CErecommended anincreaseto60%powerinordertodetectanychangeinthepowerdependent behaviorofthemaldistribution.

TheTaskForceconcurred withtheCErecommendation andpowerwasincreased to60KonJanuary3.OnJanuary5,apowercoefficient measurement at60Kpowerconfirmed animproving trend.Inaddition, thepowerdependence ofthecoreparameters continued toapproachnormal.Coredpunexplainably steppedupto15.6psidonDecember4butstabilized there.OnJanuary7,thisencouraging trendpromptedaCErecommendation toincreasepowerto70Kforfurthermeasuremeqts andobservation ofthepowerdependence ofcoreparameters.

TheTaskForceconcurred andpowerwasincreased to70K.Asacontingency, workonafullcorereplacement optionwasbegun;thecorereplacement toconsistofabouthalfnewfuelandhalfpreviously discharged fuel.Theresultsofpowercoefficient measurements onJanuary11and14aswellasobservation ofanearnormalpowerdependence ofcoreparameters atthe70Kpowerplateauwereencouraging.

However,coredpwasstillabout15.5psid;1.8psidabovenormal.Forthisreason,powerwasdecreased to50%onJanuary15andremainedthereuntiltheUnitwasputincoldshutdownonJanuary26forTMIrelatedmodifications.

Powercoefficient measurements onJanuary17,18,and19addedtotheexpanding databaseandcontinued toconfirmimproving trends.However,coredpdidnotbudgefrom15.6psid.

IIII

,NARRATIYE

(,cont'd)

OnJanuary22NRCstaffwasbriefedontheepisodebyBG&EandCEatameetinginBethesda.

AtthepreviousrequestofNRCstaffBGSEalsoexplained theprocedure forHydrogenPeroxidetreatment.

NRCstaffdeclinedtobeanimpediment toperformance ofaHydrogenPeroxidetreatment ortobeanadvocateofafuelinspection.

OnJanuary26,coincident withthestartofcoldshutdown, HydrogenPeroxidetreatment ofRCSwasinitiated.

ThreeHydrogenPeroxideinjections weremadeonJanuary27.Encouraging crudreleaseswereobserved.

CleanupoftheRCSviapurification ionexchangers continued untillateJanuary29.Calibration ofthecoredpsensingdevicewasconfirmed.

Effectoncoredpwasambiguous untiltheplantwasreturnedtoahotshutdowncondition onFebruary10atwhichtimecoredpwasmeasuredat14.0psid.Thisimprovment exceededthemostoptimistic predictions.

Therefore, contingency plansforcontinuing thedecrudding processbyraisingLithiumconcentration intheRCSto15ppmwhileremaining inhotshutdownweredelayed,FromFebruary10through11,ashortpost-shutdown zeropowertestprogramincluding acriticalboronconcentration measurement, iso-thermaltemperature coefficient measurement andaworthmeasurement ofCEA5-1wasperformed.

Measureddataagreedwithpredictions.

Basedonthisevidence, nearnormalvaluesofcoreparameters.

andanearnormalcoredp,powerwasincreased tothe505testplateauonFebruary12.Duringthenextweek,coredpslowlydecreased to13.8psid,Apowercoefficient measurement onFebruary15yieldednearnormalresults.Othercoreparameters werenearnormal.Basedonthisencouraging Devidence, powerwasincreased to70KonFebruary19.

IIIII NARRATIVE (cont'd)Powercoefficient measurements onFebruary21and22continued toshowimprovement.

Othercoreparameters andcoredp'werenormal,Therewasstillnoevidenceoffuelfailuresassociated withtheepisode,Aconservative treatment oftheeffectoftheepisodeonthesafetyanalysis~justified 100%poweroperation.

Outofaconcernforanylingering effectsoftheepisodeonfuelintegrity powerwasincreased to85'lonFebruary23foraninterimperiodandthento1005onMarch6,Aftertwoweeksat1005andwithallsymptomsofthepowerdistribution episodegone,onMarch21theTaskForceconcluded withCE'sconcurrence thatspecialsurveillance ineffectduringtheepisodecouldberelaxedtowardnormal.Inaddition, workonacorereplacement optionwasterminated andLithiumconcentration intheRCSwasallowedtodriftdowntonormaloperating range.Lessonslearnedwereincorporated intoplantprocedures andtheTaskForcewasdisbanded.

OnMarch21,coreparameters including coredpwereaspredicted foranunperturbed core.PowerLevel2700NWthCoredp13,7psid,steadyFx1.425,slowlydecreasing ASI+,01,steady(,unrodded core)LocalPowerDistribution

-normalReactivity Anomaly-nearzeroppmboronThefuelperformance indicators werealsonormal.I131I133~.00~cca.034/cc I

NARRATIVE (cont'd)OnMay27thenominalvaluesofthosesameparameters were:PowerLevel2700MWthCoredp13.6psid,steadyFxy1,415,slowlydecreasing ASI+.Ol,steady(.unrodded core)LocalPowerDistribution

-normal'eactivity Anomaly-nearzeroppmboronI-133I-133~.003~cc~,03~/ccFiguresII.5andII.6trendpower1evel,coredp,FandASIfromSeptember 1979throughMay1980.10 27xylo2.500+32,gooSZ.zoo2400!X/ooVe~.~"~!"~'~~~~'"WWWjt~'r.I~@r.acee.a><<e6I!mlijjlSCQIIIICllIIIIICIIIIIIIIIl Attill.iljltj(Ii!IFIGUREII.1COREPARAMETERS UNIT-i.CYCLE4~~~~~~~~~I~t/oQ3b+0Co0/4.Cl.a/g.oIf~lt~~Iil,aI~II~Ilit~~~~~~IN~II:'I~~eIl~~~~~I~~~I~~~1\;tie~I~~~I/4bt::elIIiI'ieitI~~~II~~II~~~Ie~I/.coI~~I~t~~I~~~III~g~~II:.I~~~~tt~~~~~~~I~Iei)tt~Itt~I~I~ill:~i+.>ii<<'llI)eIH!I~Ile~~Itl~~Ia)tt~I~Ill!I~~~)Iflie'.el::~~I~II~eeS.oC.g+,og+.0e~iilaei~leIIiii;alI~II'It IIII e-...-%..

e...tti}I,....%K, Hfp,~tree<<IosII<<AIIFIGUREII,2COREPAAMETERSUNIT-1.CYCLE4~~t~Ifili~<<<<ttto~I~~~~f!~~~/+00//00gzOEe)It)~'~IIt,et~I.eI>>I'>>!il}':ili!II'el!Ilo~Iel/00?fH}II,ll!If!Itl!i!Itie)!I!I>>}i]/0/g.Slg~6j.4f~IILoI.55I50>>I:o.tflif".:fli:ii1..~ettttoI~leI~~IoIili~~olleo~tt~\I~.I>>}tl~!II~~lo,~~~~~~~~It~I~o~ifit:,>>I~~~)~IIII~~I~i!itt:~'I~ol(~If'i!IitlliI1~IIoI~MI)Iolel~)o~~1I~e.oL~~~IWII~~II~I~oofI~:Le~~ly'Sdl<>>>IIrestrr>>rt7rrC/iirr6lryll6IP+Ii/fII6rrrrrere'rre.rrl6rrp'rsrl6<<r7% FROMRCSLETDOWNFIGUREII.3No.11Deborating IonExchanger No.12Purificatio IonExchanger No.11Purificatio IonExchanger TOVOLUMECONTROLTANKDEMINERALIZED WATER1-CVC-151 INSTRUMENT AIR1-IA-2344:.1-CVC-154 WWPwwwwwwFIGUREII.41.488~~lIee'lT'1QRNCAlVERT.'CLiFFSUNk,:'~ou~THcvcL~i~~~ui3~-e~'~0~tSOWALI2FQ PRO'ECTED-P~gSOSSQ2<<80~I; 88851>~="~IIjeo+4'o.~*e~II~eeIIj-e~~ei:.i"~-~---*I:681888NUP~-= WW%&W&&&W.&W.WW~rFIGUREII.5~~'~~Disa~DlND4CYCLEt~~II~.I.It"DHIICCL12mCI.'SOPH::.tI~CI1II~i~'C--IDD515,14,13.5VlI1.65"Ci.LL-.C1.68ii'-~'.55I1.581.45CtA~I'.Cti1.48";II8.1I~gKI;.D:.CI:.Cti'-C.tj.lL.Dr----NOTE-SharpSjctngslnAS1AreOueToCEAMovejaent And/OrPojcerLevelChangesIf;J,!.j;~'".CD!1,Cj.;i!JiJJJSJTJJ4ic4HIJlelallarrarttaaJJJ4 c4ic4lalrwlararDrrraaarraca4 c4lolaldlalr rcaartaaal sccJ4Q4ltclrl4callalar&laJc41c~lac4lacJJDaaa4ra ~~eeC.f979.,'4TOO4'4'- HbY&l65+be'e4artfeJL ~Muaity19jtoFEeftjjiay III FIGUREII.6TH:-"1CHEN1CALTIIiOuTIe1/81BS~1/M1i!.RE3'.bRAHKTERS

gH~ICYCI,K:.Dd16.0DD15.14DP~I~f.l.65l.68Il.55l.58l.45l.48KlI~lOATk1'1-iIATI;I=I-NOTE-I.i.,SharpSwings1nAS1Are-OueToCEAHovementAnd/OrPowerLevelChanges~I!1I",.!.'.i1g4!IIleIzl4IItlsae xaaess<e3Vlela/414lit2eeaaseZ+at8lOleI@ISlaaeaat44taaJO 0S4Sf8lefalel4vaa4l.Ofoiel4laleeeaoe4aose+gAl1uAay198O

=FeamAIayAPR! IIIII III.COREPARAMETER OBSERVATIONS ANDDIAGNOSTICS A.PhsicsAnalsesTwotypesofphysicsanalysesofthiseventwereconducted. Thefirstanalysiswasasimulation ofthespatialperturbation requiredItoproducetheobservedeffects.Thesecondanalysisinvolvedcorefollowusingathree-demensional ROCSmodeltoquantifythedeparture ofvariouscoreparameters fromtheirexpectedvaluesandispresented below.1.CoreFollowModelsandResultsAthreedimensional coarsemeshnodalmodel(ROCS)wasusedforallanalyses. Twosetsofcross-sections wereused.OnesetwasbasedontheCEPAKspectrumcodeandhadbeenpreviously usedinthedesignofthisreactorcycle.Theothe'etwasbasedontheassemblyintegraltransport codeDIT.Thislattermodelbetterpredictsreactivity levelsandradialpowerdistributions andwasusedmoreextensively inthisanalysis. Eachmajorparameter characterizing thecoreisdescribed, andcomparisons betweenmeasuredandcalculated valuesisgiven.a.Reactivity Ameasureofthecorereactivity isgivenbythesolubleboronconcentration. Astheanomalyprogressed, thecorereactivity decreased, requiring areduction inthesolubleboronconcentration ofabout40ppmatfullpower.Ifthisreducedboronconcentration isinputtoacalculational modelwhichdoesnotcontainanyadditional poison,thecalculated reactivity willbehighbyanamountequalandoppositetotheadditional poisonworth.17 Theresultsofsuchcalculations aregiveninFigureIII.l.Priortotheevent,13valuesofboronconcentration takenatfullpowerwereusedtodefinetheunperturbed reactivity level.Duringtheevent(10/24/79 to12/3/79)astrongpowerdependence ofthereactivity canbeseen,Translated intoapowercoefficientt, hisbiasisequaltof-.85x10ao/XP)whichisalmostasbigastheunperturbed powercoefficient itself.Sincethemeasuredboronconcentrations aretakenafter2-3daysofsteadypoweroperation, onemustattribute atimeconstantoflessthanorequalto1day(3timeconstants toreachequilibrium) tothepowerdependence. After12/23thereactivity levelreturnedtonormal.b.AxialShapeIndexThemeasuredaxialshapeindex(ASI)isdisplayed asafunctionofpowerlevelinFigureIII.2.Following anincreaseoftheASIduring1005poweroperation between10/10andll/6,alinearvariation withpowercanbeseen,exceptforasmalldisplacement following afourpumplossofflowincidenton11/12/79. Duringrecovery, theASIbecamestronglynegative. Thisisaconsequence ofhavingaccumulated moreburnupinthebottomhalfofthecoreduringtheprevioustwomonths,thusshiftingthepowertothetopafterrecovery, Thedifference betweenmeasuredandcalculated ASIisgiveninFigureIII.3.Againalineardependence oftheperturbation withpowerlevelcanbeseen.Thedifference inASIduringrecoveryissomewhatmisleading becausethecorefollowmodeldoesnotaccountforthedistorted burnupdistribution. Never-theless,thechangeinASIbetween12/3and12/23isanindica-tionofpartialrecovery. c.RadialPowerDistribution Thepowerdistribution distortion duringtheeventwascharacterized byashifttothebottomofthecoreaswellasashifttothecorecenter.Theamplitude oftheradialshiftwasmonotonic withcoreheightsuggesting thatmostofthereactivity defectwasassociated withtheupper,outerregionofthecore.Therefore, themaximumradialpeakingfactorswerelocatednearthetop,intheregioncoveredbythefourthlevelofRhodiumdetectors. Twoquantities wereusedtocharacterize theradialdistri-bution,i.e.,planarradialpeakingfactor,F,andgrossxy'adialshiftamplitude. Theevolution ofFversuspowerlevelisgiveninFigureIII.4.ThecommentsmadeaboutASI'lsoapplytoFxyThemeasureofthegrossradialshiftisdipictedbytheratioRofpredicted tomeasuredpowerintheninecentralassemblies. ThusI-Rrepresents thefractional difference betweenmeasuredandpredicted poweratthecorecenter.If1-Rispositive, themeasuredpowerishigherthanpredicted inthecentralregion.Theevolution of1-Risshownat80Kand20Kofcoreelevation inFiguresIII.5andIII.6,respectively. Attheupperelevation, valuesaslargeas12Kcanbeseen.Thereisalsoapositivecorrelation withpowerlevel.Atthelowerelevation, thetrendsaretoosmalltobesignificant, indicating noradialperturbation atthefirstlevelofRhodiumdetectors. 19 IIIIII d.PowerCoefficients Measuredandpredicted powercoefficients aregiveninFigureIII.7.Duringtheevent,themeasuredcoefficients wereabout0.30to0.40x10ap/XPlargerthanthepredicted values,whichfurtherconfirmed theanomalyinpowerdependent reactivity. Thedifference betweenpredicted andmeasuredpowercoefficients isgiveninFigure111.8,togetherwiththebiasanduncertainty bandsdefinedforthisparameter fromtheanalysisofabroaderdatabase.DuringNovemberandearlyDecember, thedifference wassubstantially largerthantheone-sigma uncertainty, andmarginally largerthantheK-sigmauncertainty. Adeviation inpowerdefectof0.175Khpisobtainedbyintegrating theaverageerrorinpowercoefficient (.35x10hp/%P)between50and100Kpower.Thiserrorisabout45%ofthereactivity defectdisplayed inFigureIII.l(0.4%ap)basedonsteadystateboronconcentrations atvariouspowerlevels.Thus,thepowercoefficients confirmthedirection, butnotthemagnitude, ofthereactivity anomaly.Twoscenarios canbeproposed. (1)Thepowercoefficient isaffectedbyaphenomenon havingaveryshorttimeconstant, andinadditionthesteadystatereactivity isalsoaffectedbyaphenomenon havingalongertimeconstant(days).(2)Bothpowercoefficients andsteadystatereactivities areaffectedbythesamephenomenon, whichhasatimeconstantofaboutonehour.Thepowercoefficient measurement, beingperformed overaperiodofhalfanhour,istakenduringthereactivity transient andisonlyaffectedbyabouthalfofthereactivityshift.20 IIII Benchmark measurements werealsoperformed onCalvertCliffsUnit2,Cycle3toestablish thevalueofthepowercoefficient inanunperturbed coreundersimilarconditions ofburnupandpowerlevel.Theseresults,giveninFiguresIII.7andIII.B,shownosignificant departure fromtheprediction. 2.BurnupDistribution Perturbation ModelandResultsAsaresultofoperation withadistorted powerdistribution, thebottomofthecoreaccumulated moreexposureandthetoplessthanwouldhaveoccurredundernormaloperating conditions. Afterreturntonormaloperation, theASIwasexpectedtobemoretoppeakedbecauseofthereducedburnupinthisregion-than wouldhavebeenthecasewithoutthepowerdistribution anomaly.Thiseffectwasassessedinordertodetermine whatconstituted "normaloperation". Inordertomodeltheeffectoftheactualfuelburnupdistribution, theROCSburnupandfuelisotopics wereadjustedtobeconsistent withthemeasuredburnupdistribution at4120NWD/T(,12/25/79), thedateatwhichthecoreseemedtohaverecovered fromtheanomaly.Thisadjustment wasmadeasfollows:Foreachincremental burnupvalue',onecancalculate thechangeinanyisotopicconcentration N.Inotherwords,thequantityzNBBUwascalculated foreachdepletable isotopeforeachnodeintheROCS.model.Thisderivative termwasmultiplied bythedifference inaccumulated burnupoverCycle4betweenCECORandROCS.Foreachisotopeateachnodeanincremental concentration wascalculated by:21 aNN=-((Bu-Bu(BOC)CECOR(Bu-Bu(BOC)ROCS'BUinwhich(Bu-Bu(BOC)CECORisthenodewiseburnupaccumulated duringCycle4inCECORand(Bu-Bu(BOC)CSisthesamequantityforROCS.hNwasthenaddedtotheROCSconcentration file.Thecorrection wasequivalent toabout-300MMD/Tforthetophalfofthecoreand+300MMD/Tforthebottomhalfofthecore.Usingthismodifiedconcentration file,thecorefollowdepletion wasrepeatedfortheperiodof12/23/79toI/24/80.Asexpected, thequantitymostsensitive tothischangewastheASIwhichbecame0.07morenegative. Thedifference betweenthemeasuredshapeindexandtheshapeindexcalculated usingtheupdatedburnupdistribution isgiveninFigureIII.9.Adifference of.05betweenmeasuredandpredicted ASIisnowobtained, whichmightsuggestthatthepower-dependence oftheperturbation haddisappeared by1/24/80,butthataresidualfixedperturbation remained. Onemustalsoconsiderthatthecorrection totheburnupdistribution assumesthatCECORhasaccumulated thecorrectexposureoverCycle4.Thiscorrection didnottakeintoaccountCECORmeasurement uncertainties ininstrumented assemblies ofCECORsynthesis uncertainties inuninstrumented assemblies, Theeffectofthemodifiedburnupdistribution ontheradialpowerdistribution isnotasstrong.Atthe80Kcoreelevation, itproduceda1Xchangeinradialshift(FigureIII.5)andat20Kcoreelevation, theeffectwasnegligible. Thiscorrection totheburnupdistribution shouldbeconsidered asgivingamorequalitative ratherthanquantitative assessment ofthepost-event powerdistribution. Anassessment astowhetherthecorehasrecovered shouldnotbebasedontheASIalone,butupontheentirerangeofmeasureddata.22 I1Il 3.GeneralPhysicsConclusions Inconclusion, astrongperturbation tookplacebetweenSeptember andDecember, 1979,whichaffectedmanyphysicsparameters ofthecore.AfteraslowbuildupduringOctober,astrongpowerdependence oftheperturbation wasobservedinNovember. Thispowerdependence hasatimeconstantnogreaterthanafewhoursasevidenced bytherapidchangesinpowerdistributions following achangeinpowerlevelandbytheincreased measuredpowercoefficients. InmidDecemberastrongrecoveryofal,lthephysicsparameters discussed abovetookplace,leavingonlyaresidualbiastotheASIandthepowercoefficient. B.CoreDifferential PressureThecoredifferential pressure(dp)historyfrom9/21/79to1/22/80isillustrated inFigureIII.10.Ingeneral,thedataareconsistent withalternating periodsofincreasing anddecreasing flowresistance whichmaybetheresultofcrudformation, migration orchangesinsurfaceroughness inboththereactorcoreandinthesteamgenerators. Thecoredpremainedelevatedaboveanormalvalueofabout13.8psidbyasmuchas1;8psiduringtheSeptember toJanuaryperiod,and,exceptfordownward"spikes"inearlyandlate.October,thegeneraltrendwasoneofincreasing coredpthroughout theperiod.Twopointsshouldbeemphasized: (1}Duringthepeakofthephysicsanomalies (roughlytheperiodfromlateOctobertoearlyDecember) thecoredpanomalywasatitsminimumvalue,runningabout0.8to1.0psiabovenormal;however,asdpincreased duringDecemberandJanuarytoamaximumvalueof1.8psiabovenormal,thephysicsanomalies wereapparently disappearing. 23 IIIIllI Althoughitistruethatcoredpmayberelatedtofrictional characteristics ofthecrudsurfaceaswellastotheamountofcrud,theopposingtrendsofdpandphysicsanomalies mustberegardedasevidenceagainstareactivity effectmodelwhichdependsdirectlyonthethickness ofacrudlayer.(2)Theinitialriseindp,fromabout9/21/79to10/8/79wasquiterapidrelativetosomecrudformation mechanisms whicharethoughttorequiremonths.ThisinitialriseindpwasequaltothemaximumdpanomalyobservedatanytimeduringtheSeptember-hnuaryperiod.TemeratureDistribution In-corethermocouple (T/C)indications havebeenexaminedforseveralperiodsforanyevidenceofcruddingeffects.TypicalresultsareshowninFiguresIII.11andIII.12sincepowerlevelsandpowerdistributions werequitedifferent fromdaytodayduringtheanomaly,temperature risesindicated bytheT/C'sarenormalized bythepredicted temperature risesintheassemblies inwhichtheT/C'swerelocated.Thefiguresshowdifferences inthisnormalized parameter betweenseveralselectedpairsofdates.Examination ofotherT/Cdatasimilartothatillustrated inFiguresIII.11andIII.12indicates thattherewasacharacteristic changeinT/Cbehaviorbetween9/7and9/14andthatthischangedbehaviorpersisted toatleast1/5/80.Temperature distributions obtainedonorafter9/14wereessentially invariant. However,whentemperature distributions priorto9/14arecomparedtodistributions obtainedonorafterthatdate,thelattertemperatures areseentobesystematically higher,typically by5to15KoftheassemblyaT.Thisincreasewasconsistent withareduction inguidetubeflowintheinstrumented fuelassemblies, presumably duetocrudformation. A-smallfractionofthetemperature anomalyhaddisappeared by1/25/80.Following theHydrogenPeroxidetreatment, furtherimprovement, butnotareturntonormal,wasnoted.24 ~'e, Severalpointsshouldbeemphasized withrespecttoT/Cindications: (1)TheT/Cindications evidencing crudincreased inadvanceofeithercoredporphysicsindications ofcrud,thatis,inlateAugustasopposedtoSeptember orOctober;thisisevidencethatcrudwasformingatthisearlydate.(2)Theredoesnotappeartobeanysystematic distribution oftemperature increaseordecreasewithinthecorewhichwouldindicatepreferential crudformation ineithertheperiphery orthecenter;thisisprobablyevidencethatasmallamountofcrudinguidetubesand/orinstrument thimblesisenoughtocausethemaximumobservedATchange,witha"saturation" effectapplyingtoanyfurthercrudformation.(3)TheT/Creadings, likethecoredpindications, appeartobelargerafterthepeakofthephysicsanomaly,i.e.,fromearlyDecembertoearlyJanuary.Thisisprobablyevidenceoffurthercrudshiftinginthecoreatthislatertime.(4)T/C'sintheCalvertCliffsUnitshavebeenunreliable duringnormaloperation inthesensethatabsolutevaluesarenotpredictable fromaknowledge ofthecoreoperating conditions only,Significant biasesdue-tounknowncausesapparently exist.Thus,T/Cevidencemustonlybeinterpreted asindication ofatrend.25 IIII'III D.Postulated Mechanisms Manypotential mechanisms wereevaluated. Itwasconcluded thattheprimarycontributions maycomefromthepoisoning effectofcrudandboron,withacontribution fromDopplerduetoanincreaseinfueltemperature, A11thesemechanisms assumethatcruddeposition occurredpreferentially intheupperperipheral regionofthecore,Cruddeposition mayinducelocalboiling,increasecladoxidation rate,increasefueltemperatures andincreaselocalconcentrations ofboron.Thephysicscalculations definedtheorderofmagnitude oftheeffectsrequiredtomatchtheobservedcorepowerdistribution duringtheanomaly.Itwasconcluded thatthepoisoning effectwasgreatestintheoutermost regionofthecoreandamaximumintheupperportionofthatregion.Inordertoexplainthephysicsobservations at100%power,itisnecessary toinvokepoisonconcentrations atthisaxiallocationofatleast+80mg/cmofcrud(,25KNi,485Fe,27K0)onthecladdingoraplatingofmorethan0.05mgBt/cmonthenatcladdingoranincreaseofmorethan1800Finthefuelaveragetemperature, orsomecombination ofthesemechanisms, Themainconclusions reachedwere:Theobservedphysicsanomalies werealmostcertainly relatedtothepresenceofanabnormalamountortypeofcrudinthecore,Thisissupported bythemeasuredhighcoredifferential pressure. Itisveryunlikelythatthephysicsanomalies werecausedsolelyorevenpredominantly byfuelheatupandassociated Dopplereffects,Itisdifficult toconceiveofamechanism whichsubstantially increases thefueltemperature withoutanassociated increaseincladdingtemperature. Claddingtemperature increasesoftherequiredmagnitude wouldhavecausedthefuelrodstofailthroughexcessive oxidation, yetnofailureswereobserved. 26 1II Acombination ofcrud-related mechanisms whichcouldhaveproducedtheobservedanomalies includesthepoisoning effectofcruditself,borondeposition inthecrudbothunderboilingandnon-boiling conditions, fuelheatupduetooxideformation, andthethermalinsulating effectofcrud.Inthepostulated scenarioboronconcentration inthecrudprovidesthemajorcontribution tothephysicsanomaly.However,thisrequiresveryrapidboronmigration intoandoutofporouscrud.Thereisnoknownindependent evidenceforsuchaphenomenon. Similarneutronics effectshavebeenobservedinotherreactors. Theseanomalies wereascribedtoamechanism involving crud(butnotboron)bywhichthepower-reactivity relationship wasaffected. Thedetailsofthismechanism areunknown.27 I 0~RSRSraaaraaararat 11II I5FI~)E~~>~slt~I~~ 4 I~1Io~l~rI~0 l14 ~~~C'o~pt~o~1~01~~ a.llli1ll1 0~~~ a1Ea,5jll CI'jI)85Rt~~I\I0r~~~~ 1!Cl'Ill' tIlle0lt8t4~'r~t lIl~~~~~~~~~~ji 0000 1Jl~il~IL'S I4l...'aI~I~I,'--II,',~.l~)~fr(sjgveII4a~4~II~I4::i'-'IjaII;lliIII>{;';4e)('tv.8>>f8)>)'t. 4.0',QgdlVQ~CO'LICgsf) i;II4Illi"I:'s1(:"l-i"'l")'"I"I"~'siIvI~~~Ijf.r'r"f~~r:~..l..f..:,~a>4))~%Iis%~4I~g4,I~Ia>')'I~i:II','.0$~iI-IH~-!Ii:4I'~>I'>'.Q'~l>;,~)I:I"~'~IIsIIi'Ia~~Ifi'~~~I)",':i}ifi,i~~a4IaIIv4j:;ill)':, 4Iuf')mq,tccov0g.;,.',!K.-..~!.&<ah.~~a.~'...': ~aa~I>IIIIIII4l-',";e;II~~'III~'~'.'.I'II'):I'ill>)ifIv~I')a>I>i,.-.Nf.,:.l.koV'20IIC.Ii,>>~04'lg~I.I~III'.-':II:i:)I~~4>ff(~~IIIIII',"i(s',Ii>i,i>>Il(~III'}Ii:'>'I)'<<4I"'IL~~).r~iil~I.,!j!~~,IIII~lIf,>If~~l'iiiI'ilIji'I",'"I.al(I{I'II~l"'~;(,)I.).-IaI~4~lsss4}1!).I>l4-l-;f.Pi'e-".e}'ii"I.'ii>iaIII;v(IIaa~l'i~;,IIa~~~~~I~~44a4"',iI,(li:I,:!~44444I4IIvsI3gg~II4sQA)rsaQO,>ass,i(IaJJ+)avs,gIIi~l!)I'i*'I4I>(,>'j~~aI~jIPo',,%'I,36...!;;f,i)ij.!i>I.!i~44 MIl~ II'I4)i'IIM)R~RR~RRRRRW~SFIR~Rfi5)IS~55%~WSIRrrki/55%~~~IRS~SS~~ ~~~~~~55RSHS~~~

k~0i~~a0RRRRalsaawww-.gggg.,gag g,eg.54+eggj~<ggg~pggggggggmph'gy~."".l4@URSTASWIRG ~~@~jq,8-A%I%5fag~.g'WllWRWK<:RiggWRRWHawwwwa: ewwwmw..gs'L4%%UUl855445855s~< .Kgs~<';ipseggQ-geggUS%wewmWARS ll(~ k0i00g0SRSRoallassai'WSUHml%SR.W65siwwww~~ raw.,WRIUURWS.. &=<Sl.RPeIWl%8WS ..'QE%,@WlRWWWHUR RSg8%1%WWUWW8%$ K+.WWKlWKlSWRlWRQR>~ U8URRWSRSRSWPIgePWSl5l5'~.'RZ'"8HRsWWSR.K!8SR8SRGWhlRRRRWWR l IV.Chemistry Observations andEvaluations A.RoutineWaterChemistry Surveillance ProgramThewaterchemistry programatCalvertCliffsisoutlinedinadefinitive setofprocedures contained inCalvertCliffsInstruction ¹406(Attachment-(la-d). Collectively, thissetofchemistry andradiochemistry procedures formsthenucleusofadetailed, rigidlycharacterized systemfortheanalysisofsignificant parameters todetermine, trendsandidentifyabnormalconditions. Thebasisforthechemistry surveillance programatCalvertCliffsisformedfromtheCombustion Engineering (CE)PowerSystemNuclearSteamSupplySystemChemistry Manual(CENPD-28)(Reference 1).Theanalytical methodologies, samplinglocations, samplingfrequencies andparameter specifications recommended intheCEChemistry Manualhavebeenstrictlyincorporated intothesitespecificCalvertCliffschemistry program.InsofarastheCalvertCliffsUnitIPowerDistribution Episodeisconcerned, thechemistry controlofthefollowing systems'need beevaluated: l.ReactorCoolantSystem(RCS)2.ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem(CVCS)3.MakeupDemineralized WaterSystem(RCM/U)40

1.ReactorCoolantSystemAdetaileddiscussion oftheReactorCoolantSystemchemistry monitoring programiscontained inChemistry Procedure 1-202(Reference 2).Table1ofRCP1-202(Attachment 2a-b),characterizes theprocedures/ specifications/frequencies associated withsignificant parameters intheRCS.Thisisasitespecificprocedure whichincorporates therecommendations ofCENPD-28asregardsRCSchemistry. Specification Sheet5'-3(Attachments 3a,b,candd),outlinestheCErecomnended samplinglocation, frequencies, specifications andcorrective actionsfortheanalysisspecified. Asregardsthepowerdistribution episodethefollowing RCSchemistry parameters areofsignificance: (a)pH,(b)conductivity, (c)lithium,(d)suspended solids,(e)hydrogen, (f)iodine131/133,(g)iodineratio,(h)ammonia.NominalRCSwaterchemistry isillustrated inFigureslA-Hfortheperiodoftime07/01/80to07/31/80. Itisreadilyapparentfromanexamination ofthefiguresthatthewaterchemistry parameters werecontrolled tovalueswellwithinboththeCEandsitespecificlimits.TableIV.A.1summarizes thenominalobservedchemistry valuesobtainedfromexamination ofthefigurestogetherwithboththeCErecommended andsitespecificguidelines. 41

TABLEIV.A.1Parameters (Units)NominalObservedCERecommended ValueSiteSpecific(a)pH(Standard} Unitat25Co5.0to7.04.5to10.24.5to10.2(b)SpecificConductivity (smho/cm)0.0to20.0Consistent withconcentration ofadditives Consistent (C)LithiUAl(ppm}0.0to1.00.2to1.01ppAlmaxlAlUAl (d)Suspended Solidss/s(ppb)0.0to250500or2000(4hrs.)500maximum*(e)Hydrogen(cc/kg)(f)Oxygen(ppb)10to60<1010to50~10010to50~100(g)Activity?131/?133N/ANotSpecified NotSpecified (h)Ammonia(ppb)(500NotSpecified

• ItshouldbenotedthattheCErecommended analysismethodforRCShydrogenconcentration isbymeansofvolumecontroltankcalculations.

42

FIGURElAIIISECTIONIV.'A=IIlnIPP~t'7/81-'7-35/1'979 '"~--~~..-7~~I~~iI'IIiIi4III~IIi1-3IIIt~\~-~iI~II~~.=--~*\

cFIGURE1BI*:~I<<~t~I,-SECTI-N-I~-$-=~--:--I-CO)DUCTEV 'lIt\~IIlI}ECc'~i18II~IlIIi=-I~~I~I~:IiII~~~IIIIjI~-~~~~~-~=~~~-~~"~=~--~I~,i++,.~-=-~~~~~~='~~4'~~~-~~'-~..~ ~sa FIGURE1Ci!,-4'*-,--,SECT&MGV;4-I'f'ItI1I4iI-.i~t4tIr!II=I=tI~f31II1~**~I~~*~=-4~4!~tm

FIGURE1D$7/SI:--87-.31/.1979--[ I~"(I'-SECT-NN -Bf;-A--.--- I:6SPENDED-'SPLH3S:- 4I~I~~IIIII~I2.L~~~--.t-2ttI~~;l-"~~~~~I~=

t~IIBHetI~~-~4~.I'FIGURElE~~='.HVORti'eIe':68II*~iIIe-~~-}lIlIIe>~.~Ie~~Iij~~S4~~4..t~e~~~*I--~I*~~e~=4-Hl~'e~t~-~-\=-4~-*et~=-.e==it'e~ I FIGURE1F~~-~IIt.LI~~.t.l4Lti4QVt4aiI"Il4II-.~->>t44L4t4'I~~l~.RE4'i-.S-t*'III44l=IJ-~ I (f"t4>X".rrI:S'!VIa('98.8-I87781-87k'3IFIGURE1G7-SECT.EGN--IV.-A.;=- -aao-rwEwwf-a3. -:.1/-1479'--- -.8.7.I=-~=W-II~-I.858If.i-*~I~I~'IlI~=~-=~"I~~~I~I!"~I~"~-

FIGURE1~~4~e~~'I1\4It4~~~~TI1IItIi~-~e~~i~' lI 2.ChemicalandVolumeControlSystemAdetaileddiscussion oftheCVCSchemistry monitoring programiscontained inChemistry Procedure 1-215(Attachment 4)whichcharacterizes theprocedures/specifications andfrequencies associated withparameters ofacriticalnatureintheCVCS.Thisisasitespecificprocedure whichincorporates therecommendations ofCENPD-28(Reference 1).Insofarasthepowerdistribution episodeisconcerned theparameter ofsignificance isthevolumecontroltank(VCT)hydrogen, over-pressure. Therecommended hydrogenoverpressureof9-45psiacorresponds toVCTcalculated hydrogenconcentrations of10-50cc/kg.Thisisdependent uponestablishing nominalvaluesforvapor1phasehydrogenconcentrations. VCThydrogenconcentrations areillustrated inAttachement 1E.Inspection ofthedatademonstrates thatVCToverpressure(calculated RCShydrogenconcentration)was withinspecification duringroutineoperations. 3.MakeupDemineralized WaterSystemAcomprehensive explanation ofthereactorcoolantmakeupwatersystem(RCM/U)chemistry monitoring programislocatedinchemistry Procedure 1-201(Reference 4).TableIofRCP1-201(Attachment 5)describes theprocedures/ specifications andfrequencies associated withthereactorcoolantsystem.Thisisasitespecificprocedure whichincorporates therecommendations ofCENPD-28(Reference 1).Therecomnended chemistry guidelines ofCENPD-28asregardsRCM/Uareillustrated intableformasspecification Sheet2-1(Attachment 6a-b).Examination oftheoperational chemistry datalogsheets (Reference 5)verifiedthatroutinechemistry valueswerewithintheguidelines ofboththesitespecificandCE,specifications. TableIV.A.2illustrates thenominalobservedvaluesobtainedforsignificant parameters togetherwiththerecommended specifications. 51

w-/TABLEIV.A.2~Parameter UnitsNominalObservedCESiteSpecificValueSecificationsSecifications(1)pH925C(Standard Units)6.06.0-8.05.8-8.0(2)SpecificConductivity mhos/cm)0.52.0maximum2.0maximum(3)Chloride(ppm)(.080.15maximum0.15maximum(4)Sodium(ppb)C1.0NotSpecified 10maximum(5)Silica(ppm)0.02maximum0.02maximum(6)Flourides (ppm)<0.050.1maximum0.1Naximum.!52 IIII B.PowerDistribution EpisodeChemistry 1.TrendsofSignificant Chemistry Parameters a.pH(FiguresB.1-8)Duringtheperiod08/04/70to03/31/80including theperiodofthepowerdistribution episode,thepHoftheRCSwascontrolled withintherange5.0-8.0(measured at25C).Thisrangeofvaluesisconsistent withthenormaloperating guidelines established byCEintheReactorPlantChemistry Manualandincorporated intoRCP1-202.TableIV.A.1illustrates thispoint.AnominalvalueforpHduringthepowerdistribution episodewouldbe6.5.~'3~0a.Hg'4)~-}t.eyeIkyye>kagO I->III FIGUREB.liij\*I~J*It-=~/l97I~4~T~.~=~IiI~:==--~-*IIIII'.~~1~-~41-..4~=--~i~~====~*.~~~=~.-~4t--=~hatt~=~wt~~~=~=I4>>1~w~=~*~' II~~Il tI'I;i4)E=.44:>I'Cf4KI4B44ElER 4$SOi4c.'4~~-SEC-T-Q~"-assai89/PS/)4'Tl4t~:--~=-~*~~-"~~~--~~=-=:.~.~t'I-~.~-t= I FIGUREB.3t~ItNMV.Wt:;l/19979.~jI\~ilt-~*l1~~I~tI=-~~~i~~"~-W~-jiIf'~III*t~-~=-=~=~'~=-~~-~==-~*I~i:~"=t"~-It~=~W~-~*~-t~t*~W~~ IIII tfI~III'IIawertroivIMl~I=I=-I~IiFIGURE8.4~~+-~'=1I~~*--~~~~~~~4t"~,-.=t4\-=-~~'~~'"~~--~~I~I4~~l~=-~4.:*t--~-~'~~~~==~~=~~4t--+'r4~--~~~~=+~~'\=~4~I4~--~r~4I-.~~.4~4-=~:=4'~=.~t~-~r~~~4.4[4-~--~\~44'~<<~\44444~4~- Il II!12/Hi*)=4=l-~~iI2tI~I"~*"i'744I'!~-*I~-I7="2IIiII'ItIII~.*4~-42--2-iI4~~-~I4IIti.~I.I~=~~--~4~4L'I=~~*t4~~=I'*=-~=~'e~~4"~~=.!~:4~=~-4~-~-~4~=--~4-~22~~-I Itl MaStella"ttIhatt*'0T81etelltVVtk A$8CI4((FIGURE8.6~1t---SEh-.r-xo --~-t-.=1~~1I'et~~1'i\Ie="~~~-=~~~-~~'tI=-~-~t4-IIIII FIGUREB.7SE~~XO~~I~~eIeIiI~~e.}iIII-=I-t~~I~eee'".~I.II~=4~~=e~~~'~-".~~e~~~~~~"*ee~'~te~r~w-.~t"eeee~~~e*e=I~ II~IIIlII FIGURE8.8I0ttJi4>>~~I-'-.-.--"-ECT+'bx-;Itt'I00'I'1~4*0II;>>.lI44~I04~=0-:*0~-0~-II'04'0t10+~~~"~~~I~'t4~\.!t.0~-=~0~-~"0'~=t=~-0..!.~~it..4~=..t.*.=~-=-4'~-.1t~ IIIllllI b.Conductivity (Fig'ures B.9-16)/Thespecification regarding RCSconductivity isthatthevaluesbeconsistent withcoolantadditives, Undernormaloperating conditions, thereactorcoolantcontainsonlyboricacidandlithiumhydroxide chemicaladditives insignificant concentrations. Ouringtheinitialstagesofthepowerdistribution episodeRCScondictivity wascontrolled towithinthespecification notedinTableIV.A.linthatconductivity wasconsistent withpHandboronconcentration. Inresponse" toaCErecommendation, hydrazine injection totheRCSwasinitiated duringnormaloperation. Whereasconductivity previously rangedfrom10-20~mhos/cm ,newdatapointswereinagreement withtheconcentration ofchemicaladditives intheRCS.Theincreaseinbaselineconductivity causedbyammoniadecomposition productsofhydrazine wasanticipated. Therewereseveraloccasions duringthepowerdistribution episodewheresignificarit conductivity increases intheRCSwereinitiated bytheinjection ofexcessive quantities ofNHintotheCVCS.Theseout-of-trend conductivity values(i.e.1/10/79conductivity-160 mhos/cm)arediscussed inSectionIV.B.2.6. Itshouldbenotedthatconductivity wasatalltimesconsistent withtheconcentration ofchemicaladditives (boricacid,lithiumhydroxide, andhydrazine) intheRCSandthattheintroduction ofimpurities wasnotaproblemduringthepowerdistribution. -62 IIIl5N 178VV.~8f~*~~-COOUCI~t*~~~tt~tIttItI~II'I:I~~I-~~.ittf~f~e~~et~\t~=~=~~e78eI~~~:lP68*'*=~*~--~I~"~"'~-'t~~~=--~-~~~e-~e\='~=e=~-~~*~I'ei-~=~=.~~-=~~I-~-~=~0~Ie~.e EIl 1I~=-'=t~~ttI'I=~IGT.)I~tY.'-B'IGURE B.10I~"~t~-~IwarnfIMoUM98.IIII~IIt-~5II~I-~,I.It.=~I~5~=~-~I~t.~ML.=~5*~I-~t~~i.5:I=-~t-~~=-~~'-~--~~=-~.~~~~--~."~~t*~"~-~*-55.. SSlII 0kek51IIII.'tI3$t0ITTEIIIIIVI,I ISIIII;:.FIGUREB.l1)78',.'I4168i-'58i48.SECTIO,-4ITIII444 II~~'2'flilyi~=!~--~IiHSVlIIII4iI-~*~=-~:8~~I68!'-I~~~="-.~.i~:-~~=~~~~I~t~~~~~=-~LII:~I~-I~~~II:"3iI=~~-~-I*e*~rt4W~"-~ ll lllllf'II14f4flf41%TTTffffR llilll44IIt*-SECTIONIV-TB158=~'I~~~~128II1't*~IiIt~~I~4=~~IggiI4~MS~I-~Ie~MLP4~I'I-~~44'~~*~4I~I~~~~~'*'I~~4~~~~I"~*~=I'I~01-~'004~I~~*~>>e~~ f5I t~~TIQNt.-~tt~'I~I~~~=-=t=tI~"tt'~*t-~~-~~"~I~"~I-~-~~'t'*.~ SS,1 FIGUREB.14178158.sEcrroNr0.Ili--=~88I~~=-II~=-=~lt148--....t..---. ~Ill138~tl~~~'.~-.-~188OlCOU.9~aII~~llitI-~7IttW'~~~=~t~l.;5$II'-=~-~-'~.-It~~t~t~tW lfiIP fgg~l8($$'jjt'."t'5lCtijjjjsjjtt!:$ $a$$jjji78.~I~I~FIGUREB.15I~*i88.j158.=148..138~~~~4~Ij=~I~~j,-~t"Iil~:t~;988jjI.8844~tI'I'I~Ii'"ij4j~jjIlI~~I4*'I~--I~.ej~~j44I4~"I'j~:("i%8.~I-*--lt-~==444-~<<~~~~=--4~4!++~~~~:~It4~.t~~4~-=~-te~4-~.~4~-~4=-~---~~~-44-~4~*~~44'o:j4eej~~~.=j b'1 FIGUREB.16178168SECT>Nkllg'Btl4~i~.II'!15/148I1i.=~t4-cItNOUt!Tt tt/4II-4-~R~=--i138128!RI'~v;188iii~j~=-t--~=-i~+~-.~4*~R78~,~,~~t~=-~*t*=~'4$:1:I~*~-~-~-~I3$~=*~'28."~~44-~=~-j-!fg~\~~~~~4+~~-8!t ~~ c.Lithium(FiguresB.17-24)Inaccordance withCEguidelines, thesitespecificlimitation forlithiumintheRCSis1.0ppmmaximum(Reference TableIV,A.1).Duringtheinitialportionofthepowerdistribution episode,thelithiumconcentration wasmaintained withinthisguideline (FiguresB.17,B.18andB.19).However,inearlyNovemberthelithiumconcentration wasincreased toapproximately

2.0 ppmpursuanttoaCErecommendation

tomaintainlithiumconcentration ashighaspossiblebutlessthan2.2ppm.Withthenoticeable exception ofJanuary10,1980,thelithiumconcentration wascontrolled toapproximately theCEguidelines. TheRCSlithiumconcentration increaseofJanuary10,1980isdiscussed inSectionIV.B.2.a. 71

fieff!".il!'0I44jl!I!Q%jtjt!Hj A$llll=jtt((FIGURES.17*~III4j--.'SEdTJ+'-A~~~I4I4III~I44!-88('Sll)alia~,4!lII,N'i~~~'I~~"~=-~-~~I'I-~i4II~I~-4~-~='I~~iILr.=jr.r~j~~4~*--~*"~-~~-~~=4~*~~.~j~~~=-~I:-~*~4'\i~-=~-~~~4~\~I-~"j Sl ($6"',<t!lutIClO!itV%'W'.ttt ttttttaIIFIGURE8.18~t~-~!=SECTI!ON $II71~~II~-I~=I~~II,~=I-I!-~Kj~-~-tI~III~~*~.=II~~ItI>>t-~-~=-~t!i=~.~~:~===~~=~.=~=I~=-'4~=I~=~~-=~*.~=~~.'-~~-=l>>"~=t.~--t=~=-~=~=~=~==+~--~ 1 et((<<~HttlftttIt9jSill0!Wt!IVt't1 414ttttWt('.SETKQMI.8..L~~FIGUREB.19I~~tI4t<<~IIII~ji4IWff'<<Ift~~I5W4f:-lt~I~-44I~iffI==-at==~--t~-~*4~-I~~-4I~~~-44~==tIWt4t4~-4~=.~=I4'=~44~-~~4~1'~4I-'t~~44~<<-~-4~~.:,f:r4~~~I-~t~~~-~~~4

PP-~~-~--~t*I=~~-~--=~=~=~=--t-~.~!~-'~~"*!=~~=~~-~~P~--*!! Ee (Kttd!',:I',ItdJIVECtanrttttt >Id!id-I: FIGUREB.2l~~t444~-="~I===SECTXO¹ II"II1~~j~I-4iIIJ~~'I~-.~I~~~~~4"!::i*=~tt-t~~II~-=-~4*~~=~~-*~=~I~~~~=~-

e$:.'l4tQ!l)t0CHCEXKIH!!it ASSI!llI,FIGUREB.22---SEC+.B!!+III!'SB/81lI~I=~-~a~a4~IafI=~'-~~*~~\~~-=~aI~~-"!a-:~t=~-=~~aI~=>>'~~"=~

mkMEIR.'9IISf4id'lbtilll,'0 lS8S'llCFIGURE8.23lt-~I'~l4-~44I~414~:~~~I4~~44\*44~=-44"~'f4I4~.-~-~4af~C~==-'.!=~~'-t~Ift~~I=~4=~"~~~4~=~~~~4-~t=~-=~4-t~~=-=~.-~-=.t--~~-4~4~4$~- l (ttttttl;X'.1rttatCtIttl<tttt tttttt:tt FIGURE8.24IIl'l['~ll~-.~*-.=~0I~tt-g3/31/1t~gI5=I*~t-.I~Il.I~l*~~~l0-~.i"-~0Ilj*--il0Ii'1i0Ii'0~~~~~~.iI0r.-"=-'-.-0~I'~II~t0-~~j~"t-'-~0-!-.~..~0~:-~='~-:--~--.~i-'--"-~-~00- ~Rl Suspended Solids(,Figures B.25-32)FiguresB.25throughB.32presenttheconcentrations-ofsuspended solids(s/s)foundinthereactorcoolantduringthemonthsofAugust1979throughMarch1980.Thedataindicates thatfortheperiod08/01/79to11/ll/?9(Figures8.25,B.26,B.27andB.28)thelevelswerewellwithintheCEandsitespecificguidelines ofa500ppbmaximumfornormaloperation.'alues obtainedweregenerally lessthan25ppb.On11/08/78thesamplingfrequency wasincreased fromweeklytodaily.Exceptforspikesattributable toplantpowertransients, suspended solidsremainedlow(average~50ppb)untilearlyOecember(FigureB.29).Atthistime,levelsincreased andbecameerratic,rangingfrom100,to500ppb.Theseincreases wereattributed tothespallingofcrudoffthecore,apparently asaresultofchemistry actionstakeninearlyNovember. CoredpbegantoriseduringthesecondweekofOecember, possiblyasaconsequence ofanincreaseintheroughness oftheremaining corecruddepositsduetospalling. Concurrently, thereactivity andpowerdistribution anomalies appearedtorecede,asdiscussed onSectionIII.Theverylargespikeof1/10/80followedaninadvertent over-addition ofhydrazine, andisdiscussed inSectionIV,B.2.b, TheadditionofhydrogenperoxidetotheRCSduringcoldshutdownon1/27producedalargeincreaseonsuspended solids,asexpected. Thehydrogenperioxide tieatmentisfurtherdiscussed inSectionIV.B.2,d. It' 4~I4,480@j-i~iI~jap'lB/02!IIIIIi=~-~*I4jmeji~~~~4~"I=~III4~'~1II4~~~-I.'I'.388t~--~~"\~-=~>>~-.I*~~=4'~4=-~4'-~~~--~=4-~~-44et\4

FIGUREB.264tt.tf'!iI44~-WI44~~.II!4'tII44~!~~~44~-!=4'~44~-"!-rI4'44'4ft4=-~4~--=~f-4~.-~-4~--~~"I--~"44:tt*t'~-"-~~'-"*'4~~-:-

FIGURE9.27i':Itt~=~-4tSM.iIIt~=tt~fIt/3%i~4~.-~4II~j~=I*<<~t~<<~~~~~~II~8..IIfI4~~I'~=-~~~I4t=~I=-~,3M'P~-t~~~*~'~~'tI.f~-~=~-.\=-~=4-~tI~~~4.~-=-~~-PP4-~~~-=~~~~-4=~\tt~\*ttttt4~t4+t+~= It FIGUREB.28f~-,)~-=II~-.ILmm.~1~-~I\fll~=~-ji--iIIII'~"I~=-=~=~~=j~.~=~-~~I~-P~~=I'~I~I=~.IffI~f=~~.-I:.1~"-~g~-I*\-~~.~:-.*~'%70 ~5 FIGUREB.29ijGit-t-tt-.B; ~I~tfIBl9SPENBE

12/01'--'-=12RC

..~'I,lI~tt~-*tIItIIt~~iI~ttiI~l-(~->>I~-~'=If~~i~tI'I~-f~~=~=I'"~-.t*~-f~~~~~~ Ic~-5I~~~ ~~&00letIi.iI~~II"I-~I}tI=~-~~~-I~-=rIt~'~-I-~T--~-~=-:f~='I-~-=~'~~'*~-+~=~~=-.~=~IYDROEgP,-~t=~+~~~~~\~ I FIGUREi--SECT-I.O SPRYe1~~\IItt.!-Le~~emI-~=Ie~'1H~=mt~--~~-*.~m=~~-e.t~'I-m=~rm=-~*\*~-e~~~-~1f*-~r-~h'-'m-~m~re-~~-mt--'= I S".IPiltIIOIOIIECit!.'ilE'ER ltttlttl'.324~~'III'I~--I~r~=~4=~~f""==I3/Big-9Q44'~-'~I-i44444-I4=-~I~~!!~~III~"I4I4\1j-~4t=.~4ij4-~*~4~~I~!~4-~t"~t~~IeI'=~-.i-~~--~=~-~t4=~*E-~~r4t~+-Rl.-~-:"44*\~4I~I I e.Hydrogen(FiguresB.33-40)Examination ofFiguresB.33throughB.40illustrate thefollowingpoints:(1)Duringtheperiod08/01/79toll/1/79hydrogenintheRCSwascontrolled withintheguidelines ofboth'Eandsitespecificspecifications (Reference TableIV,A.l).Allsamplesobtainedduringthisperiodwereintherangeof10-50cc/kg.NotethattheanalysismethodforRCShydrogenisperformed utilizing VCTvaporphasehydrogenconcentration. (2)Subsequently thehydrogen concentration intheRCSwasincreased toanominalrangeof50-80cc/kg.Thismodification tothechemistry programwaspromptedbyaCErecommendation toincreaseRCShydrogeninventory. 89 l FIGUREB.33EQj:.ii.eiiJ~i!~t~-~~DTiLAHBT-~e~I-~~-I=~e~~~~=~~I.~tI.~1~'I=~e=-=~-=~~--~~+-~tet~=I='I~~~~~11~ee~~--.~e~e1eeee-~~~t II FIGUREB.34'.:j0I~$-C'LC)~~0=-t~~-i*It04I.j}jj~-~-I~~~-~*~~II-~~~It~"0.-~~~4-~I-~~=I.~='~~--~-~-~I~~t*-~-=~~-.~44'~'~-II0I\~~<<4~=~~~I=-~4~=tt444~II~0000t044~Imk~W~I4~~044t4~00~tW-~~~~0*~'I-~

FIGUREB.3Stt~gIBII~I--.~,~<<-t-.H~4.80ENiITI1IIEET,.CLCtlLATEO: 4I~I=Ittii=~.=~.-..'<<.'--4@ii4I~-*'III~t~~.i=-~=~-~~I=~*I=-~"~-~t~-t4-~-~~=~~-I~-===~~~*~'I~~~~-04-~"~~I4444 IIIII W&W&WW((Ijjtli15'Itjt0It!II'tllv!t!I FIGUREB.36I~-~'IfM:~\-W~~'-I-.~ItfI=~-.-~-I-~>>iy"'I,t'rtf=.fI'I~ffiiII(~f~-4....JjTf4I=~iI~jLCULATI4I~==-~="~=~~=-~-=.~.~:~~~t==~'\~-=-~I~~I-~~44t>>~4-~~~~~4~~44~I~44~4~I I'4Il FIGUREB.372t\~--~--t*HYY.REN-It7.'~.~=2I~<<-~-'sm:2Ijff~~-~2t:4I'tjII~.YCTLCLM';EO;'*I-~~'."-:-.-:i-.:2 2....f~'-ff"~4~~-~=~4~.-->>t2~'-~-~'-~==2~-4~-t22~'~~\~>>=2""~~~=~~4~>>44~=~4~4LL=~tI~~~I~Itt*441~4~4::2'2-.-.2=4~~I24~~ I mmm((M'FIGUREB.38I*I88i5I'.v,.9'.~=-III5.HYEN.~.-5=-S-t~5LATED.... VCT,C!LCuOT-tGI~-5I'II-~-~IfI-5-5II5t4~~i4ttiII.)pe~.iII45i5'I~II~I---~iIs...t+-:I4f--~-~4L~i~I'~5'~~~~-fs~~4~--~\-~4~--.--j-:.ii"..)*'.4I*4=-~~--~I~~-~I~~M4~~I'~I~~5~=.-4 I ($HIII!'411!':I1'4!"('Ills!I!7 1$!4,4c(FIGUREB.39I'1~1...BETjlN'%x"4,=:,i-.4-~-44~-0IjVCT:CALCULAT0OT'~~=-~t4+~L-41II.~-~III!44"~'-~=~=~~4f=4jf~~4I4-~--"~t"-==~4i:-~~~~~-4ft'~=1~=~~~'44I'.~4~~-~-~~=<<\~tr*-=~4~44~"~=44~--tt~WW(~~4~ttt E~III FIGURE8.40~~EV'P~=JIIIPIIIII~-~-I----iPP-VCTCALCULATED 6--II~.--j--=-~IP-iPII~-kPItI+-~~IlIIi~I~.~'I~I'~'~~~-I.~~"-*I~'-P=-iP--~~~.~=-I-~~--PPP1=~P~~*IPJ~~I~~ f.Oxygen(FiguresB.41-48)AdetailedstudyofFiguresB.41throughB.48generatethefollowing pointsofinterest: (1)RCSoxygenconcentrations undernormaloperating conditions wereatalltimeswithintheCEandsite'specific guidelines (Reference TableIV.A.1}.Anominalvalueforoxygendatapointswas<10ppb.(2)InearlyNovember1979,plantstaffroutinely analyzedtheoxygenconcentration intheVCT(baseduponachargingpumpdischarge samplepoint).Althoughnotrecommended bybyReference 1thisactionwaspromptedbyasubsequent CErecommendation toinvestigate sourcesofoxygeningresstotheRCS.NominalvaluesforVCToxygenwerelessthan100ppb.However,onseveraloccasions (i.e.December20,1979,800ppb)thereweresignificant increases inoxygenvalues.Sourcesofoxygeningressweredetermined tobeviatheresintransfersystemandfrompartialaerationduringstorageofthenormallydeaeratedmakhup water.OxygeningresstotheRCSisdiscussed inSectionIV.B.2.c. (3)InlateDecemberhydrazine injection totheCVCSwasestablished asanormaloperation. Thepurposeforthehydrazine additionwastocompensate foroxygenconcentrations intheRCSmakeupwaterduetoairabsorption inthedemineralized waterstoragetank.PursuanttoaCErecommenda-tionhydrazine wasinjectedatarateandconcentration sufficient toestablish anapproximately 10:1hydrazine to,oxygenratio.Theratiowaslatermodifiedto5:1inresponsetosubsequent CErecommendations. Furtherdiscussion ofthehydrazine/oxygen conqgntration iscontained inSectionIV.B.2.b. 1*~-".-""~:v" ll~lI.I FIGUREg4)~-~iI~~~~-~IIi--~I~a~~~I~4-~l-~I~~~-~~--~*=~'~-~~'~~I~=l~~~~-' ll5I'lI FIGURES.42~~--=-4I'm.SEC'T(E~j-~I~~tI!~~4I=~-~1~4~.!:44~~~~*~~..i".':..-:*-~4~-~--4~--~I-~~"~+~~~-t'I~-ji=+4~I~~"'-~4~~~~-.4~=~-t=-4~-4I~*~*~*-~~-'+=~=~~--I~~*~\~\'A~~ttt.00 51I se5'ttE;Erx.8rortECE~rrrtEEEt tsttttc.FIGURE~-43Pt-~P..lPP~"~,BEEi-6gI~-LS-Hl--tTWIN-WI.~~~79-~*~'*~='Ifil~I=~058=~~L~I*-~~=~~~~---~--tW~~P-r=~W==~*~-~~.-==~=~-~=~.EEIE=~~~"~~-~~~-I"-~1~~'t'0~<<\ 5lI FIGUREB.44i.j~~j.Ii~Iit:i-~~iII--QNE~==~t~~~~=~~II*~~~-I-,.;'=~'~4~~~"-~~=-~-I*-~~1-~~-~=~-~\~=~=~~=~-~:Ih~~=~t*tt~=="~~<<~~=-~*6f07~=~~1~I\t~-. I FIGURE8.45~~l~*11~~!ht*t!!'7!pt'It-.:t'~=-~I~~I~I=1It1It~I4'lIII..t!1: )~1~~fi-!-~.-5Ttl~14~I~~IIl.!Cs)~~~.--I8..48:=-~I~=-tI~t-*~"IWh-~-~~I~1~~~jIII~~~~'*~~-I4~-=-~~-~'fthmJI=~~=~II-~I-~~==-~-~1",18=if!..~W-~~~-=~~==~.~4 ll55ll FIGUREB.46~~\~I~-5-I'"l<<~-~~-~~'~~*~\*I>>~'I~W~4t~I~I.4~4~W~~~-~.~~~~4~~~I~I04-~W\\~'0I~WI'*"-~~1~t;i!i.i!.j"I~~II'"i'W<<W-~=~~4~I~~-~I~--~W~~'\I.~~~I4-'~~I-~~t<<..I~~We~~~I+014~=~t~i~~~~t~~~\I~I"~'04=4-~!~I44~-f---I~<<0I.-:SN.;It'I*4d'-:e~~:-I~lSS::lld~~~~~~~~1*II<<=~4~~~~*t<<I'414<<0~40~I-~"~~~-=~--le~'~4t~~t-"-0I<<~*:-<<li4>>1-~~WI~~-WI~tt0~<<W+~~W~~<<~I\>>4IF00<<tet~~-~~IJeWfWe~~I~~~~f~'*<<=t"!.4-00'.~4~~-~~~<<~'=e~I~g>>~~tW~~'~t4t404~~10~\~I-~I~~0W-WWI~~\~0t~00~'tWI0t<<et0I~~*te~ttewe~I~~4~4\~~~I>>44~we~~I~W~04~*~e<<*44\4<<t~<<Wt~~00~~I~t~~44~f41~we '5I VtltttDZlt1??tilECital??E?tt AS-lilt-iFIGUREB.47'I?'~~=\I~*-*4I=.~e-?e~etttd-*.:i': =-~-~*=?t-"~*:.-jbt=~44*~=:=3?=~4~.~4~~~~"-4<<=~tOaI 5ll5~ 4FIGUREB.484lIi~~~14...i4~-=I~~~-~+~>>--4II*~'-I~.~-~.*-==t=~"~.--~-~1.~I~-"~=~~=t~=~==44=~'e~=~~=~"=~~=--'--~-'--t=~=~4*~I*~~~"--~~4~-~~<<~\==~41*~4.~~1~1~Wt'41~>>ettt'I~ettrt>>44tt4 I ,g.'odine Activity(Figures8.49-64)Figures8.49through8.64depictiodineactivityvaluesobtainedduringthepowerdistribution episode.Valuesobtainedfortheradio-nuclides Iodine-131 andIodine-133, aswellas'theratioofI-131toI-133showednormalvariation withplantconditions. Fluctuations duetopowertransients andoperation ofthepurification systemwereasexpected. 107 5 FIGURE6.49l.th~:=e~IlIII0maIII~--~h'IIiI"I-i~fhheII88/81'-'8/3i/1tIht~eter~e~~'\~IeCOhheeI~/hhe~(Ie"~eIhIIeh-~eI~~~-I/:I,-~'-~II'h~t-~-~~~e~--~-~t~-**reee=~e~~trh~the'*ttte*~eh~et~t~~-I~:~ 51lIlII 8.,89FIGUREB.508.-88--=--~:-I"j!-iGag89/MfI'09/tttlI4'.-SECTI.'ON Iv.8I448..87--II~Ie-I=\It=-~-=I8=86-4It~~il.-1-L),-8.85..1't~fgI4I4~~I./I44~'I44~'83~---tI-~~--*~=-~iitIM4~tt44~I44=~I4~--~4-4-~--~4~**--.~~~~-4~-~'M~-~-"~MtMeTtt~-4=-~4~-I~-i*I=~~.*'~==~44~4,,=t-4" ~SlI ($Ã}a}!0}}5}5}f}!$}1;4'}}l}}1 }$}}II}r(0FIGUREB.514N',:IV;B~ ~'---I8884'79'~'-~I=-~i}}~~4tl'~=~je=.~~44o}I~'-l~e4~f~-0'.}=-++4~~4g4--~0ma4}I~IIjI~I44~~~~~~\4~"4~~-44-~4~-=-=~~=~~~~<<-~-~=-~~Q"~7*~4~44<<~-=-~-~"-=~~=~-t"4-~= ]l FIGUREB.52IISEcTEO:M,MO(t/!t!1~LV;4!!lI~!ifiII,4=~~'=4I1tIIIi~.I~.II=~I4e:1Ii!~~t~Q-*-~1.~~t4I=~4~I4I!'iji.l*I*ll~Iftri-'!-~4~~~'~=~=-.4-~~*4~--e~~+l-~e4-~=-=~=~--.~~~4=~\-~--=t~-~-~=-t~~4~=n-e~~4~t 5 lli~ISECTS'.i.-e:FIGURE~ttI--~-II~~4'~tll~~tI~-}lliIIst~I-~lj--I-)~~~~'Il(t=tI.==~!=.'r<~~t~=}LE&~-~-~==~*'I~.=~-~-~*-}* gl 8..89888.'IIt*:SECTION,766&f:Stl~81/~f1/IP88o~FIGUREB.54~=~IIkL86eIIIltPP~f~-~""P~~=~~~'*t.".I*t'IJ=.t~-*~1t~=-':!..:. PI~II~.~~.~~~~~-~>>~-~*t

8.89...FIGUREB.558..88.'48.337.~,~~IIIItP2/0144t~~444.SEexreM822iV)t1eam4-~44II~~I.I~~~...t-t8.$6.4I44I41IItt44~'4-"I.4.4~-=-i.-.-~It=t~-~t44tI~-~~~~4i~-~j.:f~"~-~=4-~'~~4-~'-*~44~~~=4*~t=44*,t"t~~=*1t'~=4~*h~,*I=~.4~'~~~~ttt~4* Illl~~~It, 8JN8MBi-4-f"-e4IIIt.I'e'I',SECTEONIV!a-'-----'-=SOfB.-'.Bg/Bla-,3\I---*-IFIGUREB.56I-t-897III~tiII-=--I~-==~I~I~~I'I----*-l~~~IlIlI)4-"!-.-~-t:fbi"~~IzLevIat~~-~III~~~=-.~""-*~=I1~-~=*1*II'I~**~ PI (.4GUREB.57~II-SECTEGN-& ~~~~8-'$~DtI-~i8/81iilI-J*~jI~*WIf~~~-I=-~I-t~---~I=~=<<=~=~~~-~=I~~~--==~I*~-~~-==\~-~~-==~-~i-=f-~-~n Ii 0.90.FIGUREB.580m@~=~-.~~I0..70IhII~-~liMSIIt.=~~='~I'It~t~'Itl~e=.i~-I:~I.~.~~.=~-I-~"~-~-~-~=:~.-~I-~=~-*~~e~~~~=I~=*~-t=~~~t---~=~~~I==~--"f 5~liII$II (e-tttttafIaI)lsjtjbM~tjtlfIIV'898.H.8H.78.I4j46..:18/0:1I--'-I/3)./t~~i..tI4i'.i-+--=-sE6~6xoN-4 8iI79ii=~~--~*tFIGUREg59*aI4~~*~~iIiII~~~-..=~~fii\I---~-~-~t~+4a.=It4i44-~t4~~I~~44I~a1;i4IIfI++~II44"~t4~=IIU4~~4*~'I--~I"~~--~~~~."~=\4~f=l4t~-~-j-~~=~4>>~~~I~\I~==*~'~.~4~=~ l~II FIGURE86P~~TI~==RECT;IGH, IVrBI-I~~~IIH&)44E-~~5l'1\II~I~~~-*~~'~~I~I~~~-~-~~~.'~=~"-~-~:~~*I-+~~=t~~-I*.-1;~~~-~~lf~I ~~I IS/I(rI".-'ll'IlI3'$IIItflINflfl IIIIIlFIGUREB.61j1IIIi~I42f3i~III~-~tLI1~=-=-.,~--1111II1t*~-hlI-~I'I1~hj'~=-~=-~~-tt1.~~~h~~~--~~"~==~~-t~1--:~1:~~=*~-*=t~h=~~W.~==~~~ CrI ($,'ttt3lfldifttt'33333EHt ltddld;" (FIGUREB.623I'ECTa%NMV-. 4-.Skf81,'--$1-/.2/=-1t1II.33-W3'=~3'-j~<<~I4i--j-3-'"34~-4~-~-3,3\~~="t~--~3~=-~~~'~=.~4-*3-'=-~=~~=~-4-3=~~~~.-'3~-W:4=-~-~~==~-*~~- ll '4(.Ef.:iS[faX'C10B!tlfllW8!C iS!slyMF>GUREB.63444sIj'lt-~4444I-~t4~~~-t~~f44f4i:i4i~~-*-::i.-~=~-lU8M8tIl~-~*~l44=i-.'~~".~~+=~-=t-*ll4~'-:j~i=\-.~=44(=~-~=--=t4~H-~4=44~~~=4-:~t=4~=4~4444t4~*=~I~~~~4 I~~aI FIGUREB64~I4I=j~~Ijjj-li+-r.=s=~~~iIII+~0M!=~iI4i.i',"i,jj"j'lfj~P4II4l*I'tt~'~**~i4-83W44~-"*'IjI~~~-~i=--~.~-~=~t"~~-'-~-~-=-~t~-~-==~-~~.*-~-~-~- IIIIII Ih.Ammonia(FiguresB.65-72)Examination ofdataregarding RCSamnoniaconcentration generates thefollowing observations (1)Priortotheinjection ofhydrazine totheCVCSviaRCSmakeupwater,theRCSarmoniaconcentration wasmaintained towithintheCErecommended levelof500ppb(TableIV.A.l).Nominalvalueswere<100ppb.(2)Subsequent tothehydrazine injections, RCSammoniaconcentrations wereafunctionoftheinjection levelsandionexchanger mediacondition. Thoseinstances of'excessive RCSammoniaconcentrations werearesultofincreased. hydrazine injection concentrations (.i.e.January10,1980,14ppm). IIII tlltIE:I120IOttlttttttvttll AtttttIFIGUREB.65.,48=15II44~-'I~iECTt.jiJ88/Sl;24~44I,4~..14*-~4~-1IE..:~~-W-I~I.=2~~II"-I.-'II-'~I4-~I~~~~I44~=:-~-~-~~~'~-~=41-*;I-t=*~"~'4*~~-I*-I4~~~>>=I'i.*~~4*~=.~~'~~I4~'-~Ii-.I.I~"2tt-~=~I-~~4'~~~~===-I~==".~+~-'4412=~4~~~tjj=~.=~'224~~1*~++~tt~4~~~4 II1II FIGUREB.664!ION-I-V-Btt4t-.I-SECT-I'IItt44Iii44=~I'~~=--Itit4fII--I444ttP~~~~-"~444~'~444=444t~-~~~-~-.~~~"~444~~'~.~-f~'~=4"~4W4~~~~t<<~-~=~~4t'4=~"e-I"=.~==~.-k~444 I WWW&WWWWWW&W&WWW(($"..JlilPIIIt0JIIII'IIIJ!!ltt l$VIJ"17.7=JI4IFIGURE8.67II,44~IIIfS/82I--::1/31-iS~-~'~1~t~-4}J13:*I-~~j\II~~~1.J-'4I'-"~~~~-~-I4-~I~~~I-I-~=~-~=-~~--II4~:~4*~=~-~~=~4I==~~~.~'..Ji.=I~*-~==\~4~1*~~~~1~"~~tI>>~;I~= IP~II 44WWW(FIGURE8.68174j*'I*~---"--.SEGT-4Il~aalu.III4-,tI-11/81---ki/79'44I414'44=:j'4aI4I44~44I~4i44II~~44t44liL.CO44~~44jL:=~t~~=4-4~44t44~~I4~===~~-~=44444~at~-~=*~~--+~~~*~~==-=~V~~~4*=~4~"I.~*4~==':lV~a=a~.~=~4~44~~=~-~>>~\44~'-"--~~t=at~4 IIIIII W&WMmmQamw-WwmSvJllt0!!.*!Gl<fCik!iv!,'!l !S!!!4.t(FIGURE8.69-17..;..-.'!li=--t-'15'iiIIII!It!y~tI!=I*~-=~4*~=~!i'ti1A'.II-.---.---.:.13if12i~Ii~~a.j-~l:iII-~=~t;-~T~~'ItI~~II=~tIi~~~i.~-~-\~-~:-=~=~~~=.~-=-~.4-=-~I=~~=-t~="~~~i-~ )II WW(W(IXI54~(N555!5~5lt5C55'!(!'55lU!5!t 5$54ii'.)17.5I5--SECT%a Ii45'=FIGUREB.70=~4414=3M3,.12'I~=~I~'5~=--~~~-555O11i*=54~-5~--~Ii-5II-i*4*~5..55-~:Q.5='IL.5'I==~I55-=~t=~~~54~I~"I=~-~-~~=4~*.-;5554I~-*~-4\~~~-4="-~54*~::l55;L.-*~i=~~=44\~*4

FIGURE8.71Tj,.g~I""I~Itf~=~-~\T~'82/f-'829C-988---'-t~".~I~.1=~~'~~=~~--~~~~~*-.~~~I~-~-~*I Il) VtltttttiIt8'llCl'ltiIttflt AStttttFIGUREB.72I*IIt;t4IIt32~ttlitmIjjt~tCd~-~I*~I~~I'IIl*~-'IIt*I*ml..jH=~~~.~-*+~-tI~-"~=~I:-=~=~~~\km:-;=~.-'dttI*~~t~:-.~~~I~~ II'E1l 2.Evaluations andActionsa.ReactorCoolantSystemLithiumConcentration Asdiscussed previously, RCSlithiumconcentration isnormallymaintained atlessthan1.0ppm,Asaresultofunexpected increases onaxialshapeindex,radialpeakingfactors,reactorvesseldifferential pressureandabnormalpowerdistributions, onll/08/79CErecommended thatRCSlithiumconcentration beincreased toamaximumof2.2ppm(Reference 6).Theressonfortherecommendation wastoincreasecrudsolubility inanattempttotransferitfromcoresurfaces. Asevidenced fromexamination ofthelithiumplots,plantstaffimplemented therecommendation aspartofneartermcorrective action.Lithiumconcentration intheRCSremainedattheprescribed leveluntilCE'srecommendation of03/07/80toreducethechemicalparameters tooriginalspecifications (Reference 7).Itshouldbenotedthatonseveraloccasions RCSlithiumconcentrations driftedslightlyabovethelithiumconcentration guideline. Thesedeviations werecausedbynodalchemistry controlproblemsassociated withplantoperation andwerenotconsideredsignificant. Forinstance, on03/Ol/80, anaberrantepisodeinlithiumconcentration occurred(Reference 8)overathreedayperiod.Themaximumlithiumconcentration observedwas2.4ppmat2000hrs.on03/04/80foraperiodoflessthan10hours.Thenominallithiumrangeof(1.8-2.2) wasexceededforapproximately 30hours.Theapparentcauseoftheperturbation wastheremovalofanionexchanger fromservicefollowing aplannedpowertransient. Lithiumhydroxide monohydrate (liOH.H20) additions totheRCSwerenotcoordinated withthepurification systemlineup.Asaresult,obersvedlithiumconcentrations wasinexcessofanticipated values.Investigation intothecauseoftheanomalyresultedintheionexchanger beingplacedinservicewithsubsequent RCSlithiumconcentration reducedtowithinthenominaloperating band.Theincidentisdisplayed indetailinFigureIV.B.2.a.l. Nosignificant effectsonthepoweranomalywereobservedduetotheminorexcursions fromnormallithiumconcentrations experienced duringthisandassociated incidents. 133 5 ro,gel$r(A~,feIa~Jl'L5I!~...Iill}f.Ieraorf~SfPoh.XII:='/S,:S/g4.r~'esf~~I~ei~I.!oi,';~~iaslll'I~~I~~1~i!e~~~I~}gI~l'l~~~~I~fwjI't~NII~~:!l,'5o~~}.'tf,afi~~I~~I"~~}lI"I'.!IIIŽ!Ii'I'listllI~~~~~:Itif~~~~'~I~~f~~s~~e~~~I'~Ir~I~a~~~~~~~~~I!Il~I~~II~~4~~I~I~~I~~I~'II~~~I~oi~Iif~~II~~I~~~~\}t'}~:;tsI:~\~11~~++ai~~~~~I~~~~~~~~~I~~11~~oI~I~,~~f~~I~I~s~~I~~~I~I:i".II~rIIIijlollI~~~I~I~~~I~ItIl~~I~r~itt}I;!>>~I~~~~jl:-I'~eI~~IIej-'.Ir~~III~I~~~~s~I'.sll~sl'~rl~:Ia~I~~I~II'tr~~t~~tr=:I:~I~~I~~~~!I\~r~~~~II~~~'I-~I~It~IO~~I~o~i~}i}!~II"~la~I~rr~I~I'~I~~I'~~~~r~~~~~~~~~If~~~III~I~tetI:~~~~~~~~Il~'I~~I!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I~Il~~I~~~I'II:seiI~111~~I~~I~~~'~I~~Ie~~I~I}~~tf~'el~I~~~.I~'~~;I!IllIs~~o~~~~~I'sf~~~I~~(rga)1~Is~o~~~~~~I~I~I~r~~~I~~~r~~~~I~~II~'I'~~I~~i~s~~~f~s~}~~I~~~~}~~~~rI~~o~'-'Ie!I~~I'II~~~I~.~r4~(r.'~:.III~r~I~~~s~\~~eQ~~aI'llir~~~'.:,~~1~'::1:!I~f~~I~~~I~I~~~~II~Iag~~~~~~~~.~~I~~I~~s~II~~I~~'~.1~~~rI~I~~~~I'l~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~s.L~illI~~~eaI~~~t:fs\~I~~li~~~~~r~,11'r..Il~~I<<1Ill~II.I~l.~~~I~II.sil-'.I'I~~~~~If~r~If~I~I'I~I~~II~Ie~~~~~I~~~I~eI~~~~~Ia.'~~~~'tateliltl,:..i~I~\~.~I~~~~rf~I~~t~~~~~~~~~II~II~e~~~~III(loe}}>s.IIo4~gtt~wI~IV~1~I~rleI~a~~~~1~::I'.~~~~~a.ILI~~I11~It~~+sa~'I~ti~i'r~'~I.,e~lell~I~~~feI~~I~~I~I~~I~'I~I~~I~~II'~II'II~~~IsIIIII~~~II~~~~I~~I::iI'~.~I~~~I'tI~~rI~~II~~~~'~ar~s~a~~rI'~I'r}is,o,lsI::i~l~~~~I~I~'If};ss~I~~(I~I~~I:sI}~~Ir~)~~I~~r~I~~I~II~,~~I~~~~~I~~I~~~srI~~'sIls~islsl~ss~~'::.!jig&/ 3//+v/s,'.s/c~~~IliII~~ISI1~I'IIs~I~:II,,'slFIGUREIV.B.2.a.1,-I~~~~II~~I~eS~r:stari~I~~J~ItI~~II~~i;EE!;!~.'.elr~Io~s~\r~I~~~If~s~I~I~Ir~I~I~~,laiseI~~~~~I~~~~~~If~II.':elf~IIIii:I}::si~I~I~litjetIsai~I~~~I~~~I~Ifr~~~It~e~I~I~'I~Il'~~~I~::I:~~I~~~I~~I:--'~~I~~~~~~~~I~~I~I~I~,~~I~~II~I~~~~~I~~'ll~~I~,~II~I~:!I:l:I~r~~eleI:IIer~I~I~l~III~:rl'~~'~sI:~IIIeg~IIrl'I~~~~~~~~I~~~as~~~~~~~~~o~~II~ll~Irr~if~~II~~~~I~~I~Ior~~~~~~~~~~li.sI"-I~r~~~~~\~I~f'I're~t>t~~:Il:~~I~~~I~~1.~tI~'I~I:11:~IIs~~~~~~I~~7~~~~Ia~~I~~~~II~~~I~~~~~r~~~s~~I}~~I~~~~~~f~~sI,':oI~I<<(~~~~I::~~~~I~~~l'I~l~rl~~~f~~IIIII~~~~I~'I~~~-;;El.~~I~~::}:I'I~II~'flI~~~~~~Ii.~If~r~~~~~~I~I~~frI~~~~~:~~.~~I~\~~I~~':~I~Ile~'.III~I~~t~~~I~~~~~~~~s~~~I~arf.'~~I~~~I~I~IoIIs~~~~~~~~oIS~~~I~I~~~~~~~~~~~~"~Ie~~~o~ Ig5g5gil b.Hydrazine AdditiontoReactorCoolantSystemBasedonaconcernforpotential airingressintotheRCSon12/11/79, CErecommended thathydrazine beaddedtotheVCTi'nquantities whichwerebasedonanalysisofoxygeninthemakeupwater(Reference 9).Afteranevaluation oftherecommendation toinsurethattherewouldbenoeffectonoverallRCSchemistry, plantstaffinitiated continuous injection ofhydrazine totheRCmakeuppumpdischarge duringnormaloperation. Thehydrazine wasinjectedatarateandconcentration thatwouldprovideanexcessofhydrazine totheRCS.Plantstaffwasconcerned thathydrazine additions wouldsignificantly increaseRCSammoniaconcentrations. Examination ofFigures8.65throughB.72illustrates thatbaselineammonialevelintheRCSincreased whenhydrazine wasinjectedintothemakeupwater.Onseveraloccasions, excessive levelsofhydrazine intheRCmakeupresultedinsignificant increases inRCSamnoniaandconductivity levels.Theinitialincidentoccurredon1/10/80andwasaccompanied byarapid"decrease incotedifferential

pressure, Theeventwascausedbytheinadvertent additionof15gallonsof35wtXhydrazine tothechemicaladditionmeteringtalk.Hydrazine injection totheRCSmakeupoccurredfrom2000on1/9/80to0730on1/10/80,whentheinjection wasterminated andaninvestigation conducted.

Samplingatthechargingpumpdischarge showedahydrazine levelof3.2ppmcomparedtoanominalvalueofapproximately 300ppb.Theexcessive ammonialevelwhichresultedfromhydrazine, decomposition causedreleaseoflithiumfromthein-service ionexchanger duetoan'upsetintheequilibrium concentration. 135

Lithiumincreased toapproximately 3.8ppmasadirectresultofthisincident(Reference 10),Itwaspostulated byCEthatthecauseofthecoredifferential pressuredropwasduetotheammoniaforcinglithiumfromtheresinbed.Thesuddenhighlithiumconcentration causedcrudremovalfromthecore.Subsequent hydrazine levelsoutsidethenominalbandhavebeenobservedintheCVCSasaresultofoperational difficulties withthetemporary injection system.136 N c.OyygenIngresstoReactorCoolantSystemAsaresultofconcernsregarding theintroduction ofairintotheRCSviathe.RCmakeupwaterthefollowing modifications tochemistry procedures wereinitiated: (1)VCThydrogenadditionrateswererecordedandmonitored todetermine ifconsumption wasexcessive andsamplesweretakentoestablish abaselineforoxygenenteringtheRCSthroughthepurification systemundernormalconditions. (2)Initialquantification ofoxygeningresswasaccomplished byperforming dailyoxygenanalysisdownstream ofthechargingpumps.Theseanalyseswereperformed atthefollowing conditions duringnormalpoweroperations: (a)JustpriortoaddingmakeuptotheYCT;atthelowextremeofthenormaloperating band.(b)Within15-30minutesafteraddingmakeuptotheVCT;at'hehighextremeofthenormaloperating band,(3)Ifoxygenatthechargingpumpdischarge wasmeasuredatgreaterthan5ppb,samplesweretakenatthefollowing locations todetermine possiblesourcesofairingress:(a)Chargingpumpsuction(b)Volumecontroltank(VCT)(c)Reactor(primary) waterstoragetank,(d)Letdownsystemionexchanger inletandoutlet1374'~(p'V6'Qy$g4-'-4~~ N~ Inaddition, thefollowing modifications tooperating procedures andhardwareweremadetopreventoxygeningressfromtheresintransfersystemtominimizeairingressfromtheRCmakeupwaterandtoincreasesolubility ofcrudintheRCS.(1)Hydrazine leavingtheVCTwascontrolled tostoichiometric quantities basedonanalysisof02inthemakeupwaterenteringthe'CT.(2)Hydrogenoverpressur eintheVCTwasincreased toalevelsufficient toincreaseH2dissolved intheRCSto40cc/kg.(3)Nitrogeninsteadofairwasusedtotransferresin.(4)Twoleakingvalvesintheresintransfersystemwererepaired. (5)Theleakingpoweroperatedreliefvalvewasrepaired. Evaluation ofFigures8.41through8.48describing oxygenlevelsintheRCSandVCTrevealsthatthecombinedcorrective actionrecommended byCE(References 12,13)andimplemented byplantstaffwaseffective inminimizing oxygeningress.138. ! d.HydrogenPeroxideTreatment Thehydrogenperoxidetreatment, initiated onJanuary27,1980,wasverysuccessful inreturning coredifferential pressurebacktopre-episode levels.Acompleteanddetaileddocumentation ofthechemistry andradiochemistry aspectsoftheadditioniscontained inAppendixA.Thefollowing isasummaryoftheresultsofthehydrogenperoxidetreatment: 1.Thehydrogenperoxidechemicaltreatement combinedwiththeplantcolddown/heat uptemperature shockreducedcoredifferential pressurefrom15.6psitothepre-episode valueof13.8psi.2.Atotalvolumeof15.1litersofhydrogenperoxidewasaddedtotheRCSinthreeseparateinjections. 3.Increases intotalCo-58activityandsuspended solidsindicated thehydrogenperoxidetreatment producedasignificant crudrelease.4.Basedonacomparison ofdatacollected herewiththeresultsofanEPRIstudy,reactorcoredepositsappeartobethemajorsourceofactivityreleased. 5.Approximately 600CuriesofCo-58wasremovedfromthecoolantduringandfollowing thehydrogenperoxidetreatment. 6.Hydrogenperoxideadditions didnotcauseunexpected changesinshutdownradiation fields.139 IlI 8.ReactorCoolantSystemCrudSamplesAspartoftheassessment ofthepowerdistribution episode,twosamplesofcirculating crudweretakenfromthereactorcoolantandsubmitted toCE'sNuclearLaboratory foranalyses. Thefollowing isasummaryofanalysesperformed andresultsobtained: ~Samle¹1wastakenonDecember6.1979nearthepeakofthecorephysicsanomaly,withtheplantat70%power.Itwashopedthatthesamplewouldprovidecluesastothecauseoftheanomaly.~Samle¹2wastakenonJanuary28,1980;withtheplantatcoldshutdown, duringacrudburstgenerated bytheadditionofhydrogenperoxide. ThissamplewastakentosatisfyanNRCrequestforinformation onthecomposition ofcrudreleasedduetohydrogenperoxide. Thefollowing analyseswereperformed onthesamples:visualexamination and(.forSample¹2)dryingandweighingmountingforX-Rayfluorescence v-spectroscopy (forSample¹1)X-Rayfluorescence todetermine elemental composition (atomicnumber12-magnesium) X-Raydiffraction todetermine crystalline compounds for(Sample¹1)digestion inoxidizing acidstoprovideliquidsolutionforatomicabsorption andemissionspectroscopy elemental analysesbyatomicabsorption -Sample¹1:Li,Be,Na,Mg,Ca-Sample¹2:Li,Na,Mg,Ca,Cr,Fe,Niemissionspectroscopy forboron140 I Sample81wasfoundtobenickel-rich, withasubstantial concentration ofnickelmetal.Thereactorcoolantsystemhadapparently beenchemically reducingatthetimethesamplewastaken.Theoverallcomposition wasconsistent withcorrosion productreleaseexpectedfromthemajorsystemmaterials. Mostofthematerialoriginally camefromthesteamgenerator tubing(Inconel-600}. Theimmediate sourceofthecrud(in-coreorout-of-core surfaces) couldnotbeestablished. Nothingwasfoundwhichcouldberelatedtotheanomaly.SampleA'2contained ironandnickelinaboutequalproportions. Thiscomposition wasconsistent withobservations thatperoxideadditions favorthedissolution ofnickelrelativetoironoxides.Thecnudappearedtohavebeenreleasedfromcoresurfaces. Nothingwasfoundineithersamplewhichwouldraiseconcernsrelativetoaccelerated corrosion offuelcladdingduetothedeposition ofthesematerials. h141

f,.Modification toChemistry Surveillance ProgramOuringthepowerdistrubtion episode,periodicadjustments inthechemistry surveillance programwereimplemented. Forthemostpart,thesechangeswerepromptedbyrecommendations fromCEfollowedbyevaluation byplantstafftoassessimpactonoverallchemistry management priortoimplementation. Thefollowing modifications totheroutinechemistry surveillance programwereinstituted (.Reference 16,17):(1)Thefollowing parameters arenowanalyzedinaccordance withthepredetermined samplingfrequencies andtheresultsrecordedinagraphicforminordertorevealanytrendsthatmaydevelop.Theparameters ofinterestareRCSoxygenandhydrogenconcentra-tions,andtheIodine131/133ratio.'2) Hydrogeninventory requirements intheprimarysystemarerecorded/graphed/evaluated. Thisinformation isdisplayed inagraphicforminconjunction withItem(1)above.(3)VolumeControlTank(VCT)hydrogenconsumption ratesarerecorded/ graphed/reviewed todetermine ifexcessive consumption istakingplace..(4)Abaselinelevelforoxygenconcentration intheeffluentoftheRCSionexchanger's undernormaloperating conditions (steadystatepower-noabnormalplantevolutions) wasestablished; (5)OxygeningressintotheRCSwasquantified byperforming ananalysisonsamplestakenatthechargingpumpdischarge. Adailysamplemustmeetoneofthefollowing criteria: 142 lll SampleobtainedjustpriortoaddingmakeuptotheVCT.(Lowendofnormaloperating band).Sampleobtainedwithin15-30minutesafteraddingmakeuptotheVCT.(Highendofnormaloperating band).Ifthissampleindicates ahigherthanexpectedoxygenconcentration, thenadditional samplesaretakenatotherpotential airingresspoints,e.g.:Chargingpump,suctionVCTRCSmakeuptotheVCTReactorwaterstoragetankPurification systemionexchanger 143 %~5l C.POST-EPISODE CHEMISTRY HISTORYAnexamination ofpost-episode trendsofsignificant chemistry parameters generates thefollowing observations: (1)pH(FigureC.l)wascontrolled withinthenormalpre-episode quidelinesestablished byCENPD-28. (t)~tdtiit(Figt.d)ititlt"tofchemicaladditives. Newbaselinelevelwasincreased abovepre-episode concentration duetothepresenceofhydrazine intheRCmakeupwater.(3)Lithium(FigureC.3}wasreducedtopre-episode levelsoflessthan1.0ppmtowardtheendofMarch1980.(d)~gdd)id(Figt.d)tiidittid-didlevelslessthan25ppbandwellwithintheguidelines ofbothCEandsitespecificguidelines oflessthan500ppb.(5)~Hdroen(FigureC.5)wascontrolled withintheupperportionoftheallowable bandtoensureanadequatehydrogeninventory intheRCS.(6)OxenHdrazine(FigureC.6)Hydrazine wasmaintained wellinexcessofmeasuredoxygenlevelsinaccordance withCEguidelines. RCSoxygenvaluescontinued toremainwithinthepre-episode recomended specifications. (7)Iodine131133Activities (FiguresC.7,8)Reflectsnoadverseeffectofthepowerdistribution episodeonfuelperformance. (8)Ammonia(FigureC.9)isconsistent withtheconcentration ofhydrazine injectedintotheRCS.ObservedlevelswerewithintheCEguidelines. 144

FIGUREC.1I~I;tt=I-04i':Sk'=:~~-t.1ioi*f'f~~I1'i.ii~1~i*~-ij~I-~II~~=I+~~'.~~-~O\t-~~=~~I'\~---.~;.'-.-~=~-~=~*~...I~.O--.~1~~t~*'~*~Of'I~~I-~~et-~\ooI*~Of~t~11~I* ll~ jtjjEnjXjj0jjECttIjltjtjtj jjjjjjFIGUREC.2Ij-~"-~i;;j-~8,138.Ij-,jIIjtiI-j~I~~-~j*)~tI.~-~4~=~~=-~Ir~I4tIiI't:~jtI-~4~=-=~=~~*=~<<4=-~-.I~~~==~-~*~-~-t~~~=4"-=rl~-I'=444-L-=I*.~~=--~-=-~*~~~<<4~t4~-~~~~I44t4*~*-4~~~I~jtjjt<<~4>>4<<4 III FIGUREC.3~-~"IIt~~~4~-~I4.=e}-,f444~~4~-I~=0gjeIe~"i-'It:~"~~-I4~~ee4l=~~-\~--~etL-~=4I=~.~-I4~=t-=~--~~.-4=--~~~l*-~=*t**=-~4~-=--~I~*4~tt~=.~~~I~4~~~"el'4 ~~II 'e-~=e-'IIRECT/Ieee~.=It~~Hjt/0)-eIe70jjle~=~~ItjI*-:~~IeAHULLIIII~I*~ee.~ejl*IiIeee~~=~e'=~e~~e*'I"~"'et.e~'--~e~:e'-e=~=--~e=~~~ee-~~"t-~e-~--~e~TO.:-=~e~~e~e=~-~* II~wI FIGUREC.5~~IokItI.~i-'i==.lIIIT-~~-~~-:.tt,*~=*~-~~=~~=~-~"':i-~'-'=~~+~lwo~=~~=T"~~~~W!~~~1Wt~tt~tt~W'WW~tttt~tW 4Il FIGUREC.6~i~"-I'mh-II~~<<--N~-~=t~IIj~~"fNINI[~-~IN~-I~~"~I1I~=~I=~~--~I-~~'M-~+~-~T~T-~If~~ II WIR)rr!i)r'ITOrtRRNTwa(RrSI)rcIIRL89.0HS=ilr.i-::ifir-skcT-t-'.-04iai--ioNixi.c--38/'.98FIGUREC.7*l.i-~t~-a..azl..aas~-~-4ttfj'f:(--I.rt'~~I;Itt0iIt0gg~IBW3))I,i1t)U~r1.;I.4..-)'iN)i)I"i~Ii~ij-=t**ttt*~=-t~'~t~--~~=~-~~~'~-8..8~~~I*t~~t~t~>>~rt III W(W(FIGUREC.84'I~=-~~'I~I~~i~I=4IItI~~-,~~4-~~.i~-I~=~4;='4t,h~-iitii-l4~~"I'.:~~"~"~*~~--4-~"-~4~--~~IIW-~4~~t~~W~4WW~W~~~W=Wh~~tWhi IIlI FIGUREC.9I.~ttI-.1--~I~~~4ZSiI~"~~t"~*t.~II'*\I*"I*ItI1tI1I-kI~~=~==~~~~~L~;z~=~="~.~~~:~I=.1.~~.~-~*--:t=.~~=~tt~*~~~--~~=w~jt.~=--~~~~--jt~*-' I D.PERMANENT MODIFICATIONS TOTHEROUTINEWATERCHEMISTRY SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMThesignificant changesincorporated intotheroutinewatersurveillance chemistry programaresummarized below:(1)Modifications tothefrequency andsurveillance locationforRCShydrogen. (2)Increased surveillance frequency foranalytical methodology associated withmonitoring forfuelperformance (iodineactivities). (3)Incorporation ofacorrection factorfortheRCShotleghydrogendetermination tocompensate fortheinefficiency ofthegaspurgingevolution atthedegassing station,(4)Maintenance ofVCTphysicalparameters atlevelsthatwillensureadequatehydrogenconcentrations aremaintained intheVCTandtherefore, intheRCS.(5)Increased Control/Analysis forCVCShydrazine/oxygen tominimizeoxygeningressintotheRCS.(6)Detailedprocedures fortheinjection ofhydrazine intotheCVCStominimizecontrolproblems. Inaddition, thefeasibility ofinstalling apermanent deaerator intheeffluentofthedemineralized waterstoragetahkisbeingevaluated. Itisprojected thattheinstallation ofthedeaerator willminimizeoxygeningressintotheRCSandeliminate operational problemsassociated withinjection oftheoxygenscavenger, hydrazine, andthesubsequent RCSchemistry perturbations (ammonia, resinequlibrium). 154 I~(II Thetablebelowliststhenominalvaluesobtainedforsignificant chemistry following thepowerdistribution episodecomparedtopre-episode values.Italsoliststhepost-episode specifications. Parameters 1)pH825C(Standard Units)2)Conductivity Qmhos/cm) 3)Lithium.'(ppm)4)Suspended Solids(ppb)5)Hydrogen(cc/kg)6)Oxygen/Hydrazine 7)Oxygen(ppb)8)Ammonia(ppb)9)FuelPerformance Parameters Pre-Episode NominalValue5.0to7.00.0to20.00.0to1.000to25010-30N/A(1010N/APost-Episode NominalValue6.5to7.510.0to40.00.0to1.0425ppb50-705:1ratioZ101000N/APost-Episode Specification 4.5to10.2Consistent w/additives 1.0ppmmaximum500ppbmaximumbasedonVCTHydrogenConsistent w/over-pressure&concentration inVCT5:1ratioZ100'otSpecified N/A155 II E.SECTIONIVATTACHMENTS (la-d)(2a-b)(3a-d)(4)(5)(6a-b)CalvertCliffsInstruction 8406,IndexofRad-ChemProcedures. RCP-1-202. Specifications andSurveillance. ReactorCoolantSystem.Tablel.ReactorCoolantSystem-Operating Chemistry Specification Sheet83-3.CENPD-28. RCP-1-215. Specifications andSurveillance ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem.Table1.RCP-1-201. Specifications andSurveillance MakeupDemineralized WaterSystem.Tablel.MakeupWaterSystem-Operating Chemistry Specification Sheet0'2-1.CENPD-28. 156 IIIIIl CURRENTREV.RCP1<<1001-101"Series-GeneralInformation IIMethodsforRevisingandChangingRad-ChemProcedures 1-102"Records1-103QCProcedure 1-104StandardSafetyPrecautions RCP1-200,1-201"Specification &.Surveillance ScopeofSection200Make-upDemineralized Water1-202"ReactorCoolantSystem1-203"Companent Cooling/Service WaterSystem1-204%Refueling &SpentFuelPoolSystem1-205"SafetyInfection System206+207%LiquidWasteReleasesBoricAcidStorageTanks1-208"BoricAcidStorageTanks1-209DomesticWaterSystem01-210"'.SteamGenerators 1-211+'1<<212Condensate, Feedvater andMainSteamSystemSewageTreatment Plant213"Neutralizing Tank214Auxiliary Boilers1-215"CVCSSystems--1-216"StatorCoolingSystem6-0217"218Diesel.Gen.JacketCoolingUnmonitored Discharge Surveillance Program"Required POSRCRevievCh.13157 I)'ll AIMMINtNI(IbCHEMISTRY ANDRADIOCHEMISTRY PROCEDURES MANUAL-RCP1RCP1-300Series-(futureuse)CUEGKNTREV.RCP1-400Series-(futureuse)RCP1--500Series-SamplingRequirements 1-501"SamplingTechniques 1-502>>SamplingofCasesforActivity1-503>>Post-Accident SamplingofReactorCoolanthContainment Conditions 0RCP1-600Series-(futureuse)RCP1-700Series-(futureuse)RCP1,-800Series-(futureuse)RCP1-900Series-WaterChemistry Procedure 1-901Determination ofConductivity 1-902Determination ofpH1-903'etermination ofBoron1-904'-905.1-906Determination ofGasesDetermination ofDissolved OxygenDetermination ofChloride1-907Determination ofFluoride1-9081-9091-9101-911Determination ofLithiumandSodiumDetermination ofAmmoniaDetermination ofHydrazine Determination ofSuspended, Dissolved andTotalSolids21-9121-913Determination ofTotalHardnessDetermination ofAlkalinity 0"Required POSRCReviev158Ch.14 l' (~ATTACHMENT lcI~EXOFWATERCEEYISTRY AHDRADIOCEE!&STRY ,reeRCP1-914..Determination ofPhosphate ~tt~1-915Determination ofChromatePROCEDURES MANUAL-RCP1CURRZnaZV.801916Determination ofSolubleSilica3.-917DeterMnation ofNicke3.1-918Determination ofTotalIron21-9191,-,9201-'921.Determination ofCopperDetermination ofSulfiteDetermination ofFreeHydroxide 0001-922'-923'etermination ofResidualChlorineDetermination ofMorpholine Determination ofSevageTreatment PlantChemistry 1-9241-925Determination ofTurbidity 1-926.Determination ofChromiumyet~y1-927Determination ofChliformPopulations inDomesticand'Waste.Water.'-.1-928Determination ofOi1and,Grease5~~eRCP1-1000~Series-Radiochemistry Procedures '1-1001+Determination ofGrossBeta-Gamma (Alpha)DegassedActivity1-1002.".,Determination ofGaseousActivity-.' -'"10D3:;-Pete ccettoieooof Zo~eA'cttvity =.-~~-.'"=:.-,D.-.'.3.004.-.-..Radiochemical:Analysis forRadioactive CesiumA~'1=1005"Determination ofBariumand.Lanthanum 1-'006Determination ofStrontium Activitye1-1007>>Determination ofTritiumActivityy~~1-.1008Determination ofCorrosion ProductActivityt~~~'\,:--':=.- 'Reauired POSRCReviev15900000Ch.9 ll 'ATTACHMENT 1dINDEXOFMATERCHEMISTRY A1G)RADIOCHEMISTRY PROCEDURES MAIAJAL-RCP1CURRENTmr.f1-1009Determination ofERCP1-1100Series-PurchaseSpecification 1-1101PlantChemicals P1-1102Resins0RCP1-1200Series-SpecialProcedures 1-1201Auxiliary Boilers1-1202Determination ofMaterandSedimentinFuelOils1-1203"Determination oftheAbilityofTSPtoDissolve001-12041-12051-1206<Observation WellDepthRecorder5WellWaterUsageRecordsSpecialProcedure forNuclearGradeResinSurveillance SpecialProcedure forReactorCoolantSystemHydrogenPeroxideTreatment 0"Required POSRCRevievCh.14160a>~ S:4gl4' ATTACHMENT (Za)RCP1-202Rev.8Page2SPECIFICATIONS ANDSURVEILLANCE REACTORCOOIANTSYSTEMTABLEIHOTLEG(ORLETDOWNSX6458)ANALYSIS/PROCEDURE 1.+H625C/9022.Secificconductivit /9013.Boron/903 (TechSec3.1.153.9.1)4.Lithium/908 5Chloride/906 (TechSec347)SPECIFICATION 4.5-lo.2Consistent withconc.ofadditives Variable(max)(3)O.15m(:~)A(1)5/w5/w/tr(2)5/w1/72hr.FREQUENCY B(1)3/w3/W/24hrs.1/72hrs.6.Fluoride/907 (TechSec3.4.7)0.15m(max)1/72hrs.1/72hrs.7.SusendedSolids/911 o.5(max)1/W1/Wdraxine/910 9.Ammonia/909 (5)1/w1.5xmeasured0conc.(4)NoneNoneO.0en/905(TechSec347)1.droen/904O.1Om(M~)(6)10-50cc/k (7)1/72hrs.1/WNoneNone2.Nitroen/904Notsnecified sReiASREQUIRED3.TotalActivit(TechSec3.4.8)100/EuCi/(max)(8)>1/72hrs. /W14.I13'DoseEuivalent(TechSec3.4.8)5.Geosl(DsedAtielt6.GrossAlehaActivit/10017.I131/I133 Ratio/1003 '8Tr'tium/1007 15.CrudActivit/1008(TechSpec.EDetermination/1009 Table4.4-4)lIod'neisotopicana~sis(TechSpec3.4.8)1uCi/(8)NotsecifiedNotsnecified NotsecifiedNotsecifiedNotsnecified Notsaecified Notspecified 1/14das1/W1/W1/W1/M1/6mths.(9)None1/Wdelt1/MNone(9)161e 45C CATTACHMENT 2b)SPECIFICATIONS A'/DSURVZILZAiCE REACTORCOOLAIlTSYST&fTABLEIRCP1-202Rev.7.Page3NOTES(1)Frequency A=Modes1,2,,3,4Frequency B=Modes5,6(2)Required1/24hrs.toverifyshutdownmarginperTech.Spec.3.1.1.inModeInMode6,1/72hrs.a"perTeen.Spec.3.9.1.(3)Normalrange0.2to1.0ppm.Lithiumshouldbemaintained 0.2-0.5whenQ~50ppm.0(4)Priortoexceeding 150F.Tnepresenceofhydrazine willbeverifiedfollowing anychemicaladditionofhydrazine tothecoolant.(5)Normalconcentration about1.0ppm.(6)Mustbewithinspecification priortoheatupM50F.(7)Hydrogenmustbemaintained <<ithintheselimitsforallplantoperation above1M'.Lessthen5ccH2/hgH20(STP)isrequiredforopeningthereactorcoolantsystemtoatmosphere. (8)Ifthetotalactivitypl00/EuCi/gor01.0uCi/gdoseequivalent I-131performanalysis821ofthisprocedure 1/4hrs.untiltheactivityisreturnedtowithin~~~,specification. (9)Thisanalyst.s shallbeperformed according tothefollowing schedule: a)Onceper4hours,wheneverthedoseequivalent I131exceeds1.0uCi/gram(untiltheRCSspecificactivityisrestoredwithinitslimits),andb)Onesamplebetween2and6hoursfollowing athermalpowerchangeexceeding 15Koftheratedthermalpowerwithinaonehourperiod.162' 4IIj ATTACHMENT (3aTABLE3-3SUMMARYOFREACTORCOOLANTCHEMISTRY SPECIFICATIONS AnalsispH977'FConductivity Hydrazine ArenoniaDissolved GasPrecore9.0-10.4Note130-50ppm<50ppm~CLdi4.5-10.2'ote130-50ppm<50ppm0eratin4.5-10.2Note11.5XOxygenppm(max.20ppm)<0.5ppm<10cmSTPkgH20priortoadepressur-izationshu'tdown OxygenSuspended SolidsChlorideFluorideBoronLithiumHydrooenIodine-131 TritiumReactorCoolantLiquidActivity<0.1ppm<0.5ppm2.0ppmmax.<0.15ppm<O.lppm1to2ppm(Note2)<0.1ppm<0.5ppm2.0ppmmax.<0.15ppm<O.lppm<O.lppm<0.5ppm2.0ppmmax.<0.15ppm<O.lppm0.2-1.0'pm(Note3)0.2-1.0ppm10-50cmSTPkgH20(Note4)Note5Note5Note5Note5Refueling .Concentration <4400ppmNOTE1:NOTE2:NOTE3:NOTE-4:NOTE5:Consistent withconcentration ofadditives. RefertoSection3.3.2.1forthelengthoftimethisspecification willbeinforce.Ifthepurification ionexchanger isbeingsaturated insituwithLimaintain1-2ppmLiuntilsaturation isrene/ed(indicated byLibreakthrough), thenrevertto0.2-1.0ppmLi.Saturation shouldbeac~omplished priortocriticality. <5cm(STP)/kg(H 0)beforesecuringthereactorcoolantpumps.SeeFSAR,Techni/al Specifications. Revision2163

ajaamasseSPECIFICATION SHEETNO.3-3SYSTEMREACTORCOOLANT-OPERATING Analysis'pH(Measured at25'C)OxygenSampleLocation1.HotLegLooporPurifica-tionFilterInlet(PFInlet)2'urification IonExchanger Outlet(IXOutlet)ReactorMakeupWaterTank1.HotLegLoop2.Reactor MakeupWaterTankSamplingFrequency Specifications 4.5to.10.2(6.0-8.0Lessthan0.1ppmCorrective Action1.Confirm value.2.Perform 0Hpandlithiflmanalysistodetermine cause.3.ValveinstandbycolumnifhighpHduetohiqhlithium.4.AddLi-7iftoolow.5.IfpHchangeduetohigh0,followcorrective actionunderthatheading.1.Confirm value..2.Drainandrefillifreq'd.1.Resample toconfirmvalue.2.Ifduringhqatup,addhydrazine(c> to1.5times02concentra-tion.3.PerformHpanalysisifatpower,addHpasrequired. 4.IfpHandHpalsolowout-of-spec, addN2H4.Notesa)Frequency Code1=1/week2=2/week5=5/week2Y=2/yearS=Duringshut-downsandstartupsAR=Asrequiredb)ThepHlimitof10.2mustnotbeexceeded; seeSection3.3.2forfurtherdiscussion. c)Hydrazine isaddedtorecirculatingreactorcoolantduringheatupifrequiredtoremoveexcess02.Thesystemcannotexceed150'Funtilthe02operating limitorahydra-zineresidualisestablished. HydrogenHotLegLoop'/otalDissolved HotLegLoop.Gas2AR10to50cm(STPHp/KgH20<10cm(STP)/kgH20priortoshutdown1.AddHpasrequired. 2.Degasasrequired. 1.Degasasrequired. <5cm(STP)/kgH0beforesecurifgreactorcoolantum l .SPECIFICATION SHEETNO.3-3'YSTEMREACTORCOOLANT-OPERATING (Continued) AnalysisAtanoniaLithiumSampleLocationHotLegLooporPFInlet1.HotLegLooporPFInlet2.IXOutletSplngFrequency Daily;afteradditions; andAR;(Note1)1Specifications LessThan0.5ppmNH30.2to1.0ppmCorrective Action1.Initiateorincreasepur~f~cat>on flow.2.0rreduceNpcontentofReactorCoolant,asapplicable.'.Initiate flowtode-lithiating bedifhigh.2.AddLi-7ifLow.Notes(d)Amnoniaisduetohydrazine decomposi-ntionorradiolytic combination ofN2andH2.(e)Todetermine whenwhenbedsaturation takesplaceduringlithiation. X7A)(tlat~Wo0BoronChlorideFluoride1.PFInletorHotLegLoop2.Reactor MakeupWaterTank3.VolumeControlTankLiquid4.Refueling MateTank5.IXOutlet(whedeborating) 6.Pressurizer 1.PFInletorHotLegLoo2.IXOutlet3.Reactor MakeupWaterTank4.VolumeControlTankLiquidZeroAddboricacidormakeupasrequired. ILessThanQ.lppm2.Initiateorincreasepurification flow.3.CheckReactorWaterMakeupTankandbleedandfeed,asrequired. 4.Isolate andshiftcolumns.5.Replace resinbed,asreuired.(f)(f)(f)LessThan0.15ppm1.CheckIXOutlet(f)Boronconcentration varieswithburn-up.Thepredicted concentration isfoundintheFinalSafetyAnalysisReportofeachplant.NOTE1:Atleastevery4hoursduringborationordilutionoperations. Priortoandafterboration/dilution, operations, unless-thesearepartofacasualty, thensamplingshouldbeASAP. l4 SPECIFICATION SHEETNO.3-3SYSTEMREACTORCOOLANT-OPERATING (Continued) AnalysisSampleSamplingLocationFrequency .Specifications Corrective ActionNotesSolids:1.Concentra-tionofSuspended Solids(Crud)2.TotalSolids3.Activity ofSus-pendedSolids(i)1.HotLegLoop2.PFInletReactorPlantMakeupTank1.HotLegLoop2.PFInlet3.IXInlet4.IXOutlet(n) 1,S1,S1,S1,SLessThan0.5ppm(max.of2.0ppm)LessThan0.5ppmAsitrelatestoE(g)1.InitiateorIncreasePurification Flow.2.Bleedandfeedifnoextrapurification isavailable. 3.Ifmaximumlimitof2.0ppmisexceeded, anorderlyshutdownisrequired. BleedandFeedorre-placewatertoreducesolidslevel.Initiateorincreasepurification flow.(l)Theabnormalcondition of0.5to2.0ppmispermitted forupto4hourstoallowforcrudburstconditions. (m)Suspended solidslevelmustnotexceed2.0ppm,thedesignlimitofmostmajorprimarycomponents. (n)ThesewillindicatetheabilityofthefilterandIXbedtoremovethesolids.Tritium1.PFInletor1HotLegLoop(g)2.Reactor MakeupWaterTank2YConcerning Wastedisposal 4 ATTACHMENT 4SPECIFICATION.". ANDSURVEILLANCE CVC.",SYSTEMSRCP1-215REV.6PAGE3TABLElAnalysisProcedure/Method A.IonExchanmrs 1.Conductivity/901 2.3~pH625oC/902Boron/903 4.Chloride/906 5.6.F1uoride/907 Lithium/908 Quantitative GammaActivity8.DoseRate,VesselContactSecification DF=2(min)(2.)(~)0.15ppm(max)0.1ppm(max)DF=10(min)(2)avgN.S.F~reeu'ene ASREQUIREDASREQUIREDASREQUIREDASREQUIREDASREQUIREDASREQUIRED1/M1/MB.Filters1.Suspended Solids/911 eDF=10(min)1/MC.YCT'.'ydrogen/904 9-45psia3/W(1)Shouldbeconsistent vithconcentrations ofchemicaladditives. (2)DF=influent/effluent. (3)Whendeborating ionexchanger isoperating. 167 'g'5 CALVERTCLtFFSNUCLEARPOWERPLANT(i<PELP-tWE=lYIrr~mmr~m~~SPEClPICATIOHS Pi<DSt.G<VE"LLNtCEPJKEUFDBIXgEFALIZZD dATEFAdhJP~BI4RSCEDtC..~N$L'jPOSRC=---- lh>cii%a'@sf'TTACHMENT 5TABLE1ReactorCoolantekeUpPumpsDischarge Anal/sisProcedure/Method 1pHg25aC/9022.Conductivity/901 3,Chioide/9064.Sodium/@gal Secification 5.8to8.02.0umho/cm3(max)0~5pX(~~)10ppbCw<~)Freuen1)5/y5/w5.Silica/916 0.02ppm(m~)I"1.Samplesmaybecollected fromeitherunitsractorcoolantmakeuppumporothersuitablesamplepointofftheDerineralized vatersystem.168 1 I'PECIFICATION SHEETNO.2-1liSYSTEMMAKEUPWATERAnalysisSampleLocationSamplingFrequency NormalAbnormalSecifications Corrective ActionNotesonductivitypHMakeupWaterSystem-De-mineralizer Effluent(MWSDemin.Effluent) MWSDemin.Effluent1.Continuous InLineMonitor2.DailyGrabSample3.Priortoput-tingtrainonlinel.Daily2.Priortoputtingtrainonline(1.0pmho/cm6.0-8.01.0-2.0(') gmhos/cm6.0)-b)8.01.Isolateoffending train.2.Perform pH,ClandConductivity ongrabsamplesfromeffluentlinandfromtankthaitfeeds.3.Commence ResinRegeneration ifout-of-spec con-ditionverified(otherwise, cleancells).4.Checkperformance ofentiretrainiwatervolumesinelastregeneration islow.1.Isolate offending train.2.Checkperformance ofentiretrainifwatervolumesincelastregen-eration.is low.Cdrrectasnecessary. 3.IfC02isnottheproblem,commenceregeneration. (a)SeeSection2.3.2forfurtherdiscus-sionoftheout-of-speccondition. Makeupwaterthatexceeds20ymhos/cmisunacceptable foruse.(b)ApHaslowas5.8isacceptable onlyifcausedbyC02absorp-tion.Boilsampleaccording toSection6.4.13;Remeasure pH.(c)'SeeSection2.3.3forfurtherdiscus-sionoftheOut-of-Speccondition. f SPECIFICATION SHEETNO.2-1SYSTEM.MAKEUPWATER(Continued) AnalysisChlorideFluorideSampleLocationMWSDemin.EffluentMWSDemin.EffluentSamplingFrequency 1.DailyGrabSample2.PriortoputtingtraionlineAsrequiredfor.PrimarymakeupNormal<0.15ppmAbnormal0.15()ppm<0.1ppm.Secifications Corrective Action1.IsolateOffendingtrain.2.Checkperformance ofentiretrainifwatervolumesincelastregen-erationislow.3.Cmmence resinregeneration ifchloridelevelverified. Notesd)SeeSection2.3.4fordiscussion oftheOut-of-Spec condition. Si02MWSDemin.Effluent1.DailyGrabSamples<0.01ppm0.0-.021.IsolateOffending train,2.Ifanalysiscon-firmed,reduceflowthroughtrain.3.Followcorrective actionoutlined>Section2.3.5.e)Thisfrequency shouldberevisedatendofpreservice period.f)SeeSection2.3.5fordiscussion oftheOut-of-Spec condi-tion. if F.SECTIONIVREFERENCES Combustion Engineering Power"Systems. Nuclea}SteamSupplySystemChemistry ManualCENPD-28. Revision¹2.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.12.13.14.15.'6.17."RCP-1-202. Specifications andSurveillance.React'orCoolantSystemRCP-1-215. Specifications andSurveillance. ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem.RCP-1-201. Specifications aridSurveillance. MakeupDemineralized Water.RCP-1-102. Records.ChemicalLog1-102-2.07/Ol/80to07/31/80. Letterdated11/08/79. BG&E-10276-70, P.W.KrusetoL.B,Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitIPowerDistribution AnomalyLetterdatedll/19/79. BG&E-10276-75, P.W.KrusetoL.B.Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitIPower,Distribution AnomalyLetterdated03/07/80. BG&E-10276-99, P.W.KrusetoL.B,Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitIPowerEscalation ProgramMemorandum dated03/11/80. R.F.EhertstoPDTF

Subject:

UnitIPowerAnomalyLetterdated12/ll/79. BG&E-10276-8, P.W.KrusetoL.B.Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitIPowerDistribution AnomalyMemorandum datedOl/15/80. A.J.KaupatoPDTF

Subject:

Hydrazine AdditionLetterdated01/15/80. BG&E-10276-88. P.W.KrusetoL..B,Russell

Subject:

RCSHydrazine AdditionLetterdated02/15/80. BG&E-10276-93, P.W.KrusetoL.B.Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitICrudAnomalyLetterdated12/ll/79. BG&E-10276-87, K.W.KrusetoL,B.Russell

Subject:

CalvertCliffsUnitIPowerDistribution AnomalyLetterdated01/19/80. BG&E-10276-87, P.W.KrusetoL.B.Russell

Subject:

VolumeControlTankLevelMemorandum dated01/04/80. R.F.EhertstoPDTF

Subject:

Discussions withD.Morgan,Combustion Engineering Memorandum dated02/26/80. R.F.EhertstoJ.R.Speciale/PDTF

Subject:

UnitIRCSChemistry Memorandum dated02/26/80. R.F.EhertstoJ.R.Speciale/PDTF

Subject:

UnitIPowerAnomaly171.

V.CONCLUSTIONS ANDLESSONSLEARNEDAlthoughtheevidenceiscircumstantial, itisreasonable toinferthatthereactivity andpowerdistribution anomalies were'caused bytheslowbuildupofcrudonthecoresurfaces. Thedeposition ofcrudwaspreferential tothecoretopandperiphery, Thecrudwasaproductofthecorrosion ofRCSsurfacesbyslightlyhigherthannormalOxygenlevelsintheRCS,ThesourceoftheOxygenwasinstrument airfromanionexchanger resinflushsystem.Twoinserviesvaluesleakedpasttheirseatsandincreased theOxygenconcentration inthewaterofthepurification sectionoftheCVCStoapproximately 300ppbforseveralweeks.Althoughthisconcen-,trationwasfurtherdilutedpriortoinjection backintotheRCS,itwasapparently enoughtooverpower thescavenging effectoftheHydrogenintheRCS.Oncetheconditions foroxidation ofRCSsurfaceshadbeenestablished, thenormalOxygenconcentration levelsinRCSmakeupwaterwereenoughtomaintainthatoxidation stateeventhoughtheoriginalabnormalsourceofOxygenhadbeenisolated. InordertomitigatetheeffectofOxygeningressduringthisepisodeandtoprecludeitfromreoccurring inthefuture,thefollowing shortandlongtermactionshavebeenorarebeingtaken:(I)Theleakingresinflushvalveswererepaired. (2)Theresinflushmediumhasbeenchangedfromairtonitrogen. (3)TheRCSmakeupratehasbeenreducedbytheactionofrebuilding apoweroperatedpressurizer reliefvalvewhichwasasignificant sourceofleakagefromtheRCS.(4)Chemistry procedures havebeenmodifiedtotightensurveillance atpotential sourcesofairingressintotheRCS.(5)Gaugeshavebeenaddedwhichallowmonitoring ofanypressurebuildupinthenitrogenheadersupplying theionexchangers, Althoughitisnotexpectedthattheintroduction ofnitrogentotheRCSwouldresultinananomalysuchasthatcausedbyOxygen,themonitoring ofheaderpressureprovidesanextrameasureofconservatism topreventtheinadvertant introduction ofinsoluble gastotheRCS.172 Jl (6)Hydrazine instochiometric concentrations ismeteredintotheRCSmakeupwateratthepointofitsinjection intotheCVCS.Acontrolschemeisbeingdeveloped toautomatethisprocess.(7)Pertinent coreandfuelperformance parameters arebeingtrendedandthesurveillance andevaluation frequency hasbeenincreased. (8)Thefeasibility ofdeaerating theRCSmakeupwaterisbeinginvestigated. (9)Afuelinpsection programforthepurposeofdocumenting anylastingeffectsoftheepisodeisbeingdeveloped forperformance atthenextrefueling. 173 'yfyl' J'~.(IAPPENDIXACHEMISTRY RESULTSOFTHEUNIT1HYDROGENPEROXIDETREATMENT DISCUSSION OnJanuary27,1980,hydrogenperoxidewasaddedtotheUnit1reactorcoolantsystemandvariouschemistry parameters weremonitored inordertodetermine theeffectiveness oftheex-pectedchemicalshocktothesystem.Hydrogenperoxidehasbeenaddedtoanumberofothernuclearfacilities andanEPRIreporthasbeenpublished whichdocuments thefindingsofalimitedsur-veyofutilityexperience andtheresultsoftwointensive testprograms(reference 1).Thepertinent findingsofthatreportwele:l.Greaterthan90$oftheCo-58activityintheprimarycoolantisnonfilterable subsequent totheperoxideinjection oroxy-genation. 2.In-coredepositsarethemajorsourceoftheactivityreleaseddupingshutdownwithorwithoutperoxideinjection. 3.Peroxideoroxygenadditionhadnomajorimpactonprimarysystemshutdownradiation fields.4.Oxygenation andhydrogenperoxideadditionproducesimilareffectson'hereleaseofCo-58.Thisresultsfromthein-terrelationship ofoxygenandhydrogenperoxidecausedbyradiolytic effectsinthecore,5.SinceCo-58ispresentpredominantly asanonfilterable speciessubsequent tooxygenation ortheadditionofhydrogenperoxide, neitherdropoutnorthehighradiation fieldsassociated withdropoutwouldbeexpectedtooccur.Themainpurposeforperforming thehydrogenperoxidetreatment osUnit1wastoaffectachemicalshocktosuchadegreethatanim-provement incoredifferential pressurewouldbemanifested. ItshouldbepointedoutthattheEPRIreportconcluded thatthehydrogenperoxidetechnique, "canbeofsignificant valueineliminating theoccurrence ofsignificant releaseswhenpurification toreducere-fuelingplatformmanpowerexposures wouldimpactontherefueling outageschedule". AlthoughFt.Calhounobservedimprovement inreac-torcoolantflowasanapparentresultofthehydrogenperoxidetech-nique(reference 2),theEPRIworkdidnotaddressanyeffectsrela-tivetopossiblecoreparameter improvements. Thereis,therefore, nootherevidencethatthehydrogenperoxidetreatment willresultinadecreaseincoredifferential pressure. PLANTPROCEDURE FORHYDROGENPEROXIDEADDITIONAplantprocedure waspreparedforthehydrogenperoxidetreatment (reference 3).Theprocedure delineated theinitialconditions 174

required, thecollection ofbaselinedata,theadditionoftheperoxideandthesampling/surveillance programneededtomonitortheeffectiveness oftheadditiononthereactorcoolantsystemchemistry.

Ofcrucialimportance wastheperformance of.thechem-icalandvolumecontrolionexchangers. Theionexchangers wereneededtocontroltheexpectedhighcoolantactivitywhichwouldresultfromthesolubilization oftheCo-58isotopeandalsocontrolothercorrosion products. Inordertodetermine theendpointofthehydrogenperoxideadditioncertainchemistry parameters neededtobemonitored carefully aftereachaddition. TheplantsintheEPRIstudyappearedtomonitorCo-58activityincreases afterperoxideadditions asaprimarypara-meter.Inaddition, oxygenandhydrogenperoxidelevelswereconsid-eredusefulindetermining theendpoint. Thedecisionwasmadetoterminate hydrogenperoxideinjections whentherewasaninability toproducean"effective" chemicalshockasdetermined bysuspended solids,oxygen,andCo-58activity. Therefore, acombination oftheseparameters wouldbeutilizedtodetermine theendpointfortheadditions. Anotheraspectoftheprocedure considered important wastheoperation ofthereactorcoolantpumps.Itwasdecidedthattheperoxidewouldfirstbeaddedtotheloopfromwhichletdownwasbeingwithdrawn. Therefore, 12Aand12Bpumpswouldremaininserviceduringandfol-lowingthefirstadditionandthentheotherloopwouldbeflushedbyswitching toonepumpperloopoperation. Byoperating thepumpsinthismannerflushingofthecoreandsteamgenerator surfaceswouldbemoreeffective andpurification couldthenbeemployedforremovalof'soluble andinsoluble crud.III.RESOLTSA.ChronoloofEventsTable1consistsofachronology ofeventsbefore,during,andaftertheperoxideaddition. Ofparticular noteistheventingandrepressurization ofthevolumecontroltank(VCT)withnitrogenpriortoshutdowninordertoreducethehydrogeninthecoolanttoalevelcorresponding tothelowerendofthe.normaloperating concentration, (i.e.,10-50cchydrogen/kg water).Following

shutdown, degassification continued untilhydrogenwaslessthan5cchydrogen/kg water.Theincreased ratebywhichthehydrogenwassuccessfully loweredmaybeattributed toaloweringofthenormaloperating bandoftheVCTwaterlevel.Thisincreased theefficiency ofgasstripping intheVCTvapor.Also'ofnotefromTableIaretheperiodicchangesinthereactorcoolantpumpoperation.

Asmentioned earlierthiswasaccomplished intentionally inordertoinsureahi.ghdegreeofeffectiveness fromtheperoxideadditions. 175

B.PeroxideAdditions Atotalof15.1litersofhydrogenperoxidewasaddedtothereactorcoolantsystemwithinapproximately 9hours.Table2liststheperoxideadditions andgivesacomparison oftheroe-ticallycalculated oxygenlevelswithobservedoxygenlevelsbasedontheoveralldecomposition reaction2H0~2H0+0Thedatashowsthatthelastperoxideadditionresultedinclosetopredicted oxygenlevelsindicating thatequilbrium hadbeenreached.C.EffectsonChemistrFigure1isaplotoftheCo-58activity, Co-60activity, andCo-58/Co-60 ratioduringtheperoxideadditions. Figure2isaplotofotherchemistry datacollected. Theperoxideadditions arehighlighted byarrowsatthetimestheadditionwascompleted. Theadditionofthehydrogenperoxideresultedinsignificant changesinthechemistry ofthereactorcoolantsystem.Ofparticular noteweretheincreases ofCo-58totalactivityandsuspended solids.Asexpected, theincreaseinsolubility. ofcobaltandnickeloxidespresentinthecrudcausedhighdissolved Co-58activitylevelsandthesuddenshockonconverting thechemistry fromareducingenvironment toanoxidizing environ-"mentcausedcrudtospalloffsystemsurfacesasindicated bytheincreaseincrudlevels.Theresulting oxygenlevelsre-flecttheadditionoftheperoxideandappeartoshowthatcon-sumptionoftheoxygenoccurredwhileconversion oftheoxidestosolubleformstookplace.I'hecriteriafortermination ofthehydrogenperoxideadditiontothereactorcoolantsystemwasbasedonseveralparameters. Oneofthecriticalparameters monitored wastheoxygenlevelinthereactorcoolantsystem.Theoxygenlevelshowedadecreaseinashorttimefollowing thefirstadditionshowingthatthesystemhadnotyet,cometoanequilibrium. At2040hrs.,following thesecondaddition, theoxygenlevelwas.25ppm,whilethenextorfinalinjection broughttheoxygenlevelupto1ppm.Thislevelwasclosetopredicted andindicated thatoxygenwasessentially atequil'ibrium (Table'); ~Thenextsampleat2400hrs.showedaconstantlevelofoxygenof1ppm.inadditiontotheoxygenparameter, suspended s'olidsandCo-58levelshadpeakedearlierandshowedaslightdecreasing trendwhichwasexpectedbecauseofthesmallpurification flowrateof40gallonsperminute.Peroxideadditions weretherefore terminated at0020hrs.on1/28/80.176

~'IdgoReference (1)concluded thatin-coredepositswerethemajorsourceoftheactivityreleasedduringshutdown. TheadditionofhydrogenperoxidetoUnit1appeartoconfirmthatcon-clusion.Reference (1)showedthattheaverageCo-58/Co-60 ratioofcruddeposited onsteamgenerator diaphragms wassignificantly lowerthantheratioobservedduringthereleaseofcrudfollowing peroxideaddition. Thiswasattributed toincreasing solubility ofcrudoncoresurfacesviceout-of-coresurfaces. Table3showstheresultsofsmearstakenfromUnit1andUnit2steamgenerator diaphragms. Figure1showstheratio'ofCo-58toCo-60duringandfollowing theperoxideadditions. ThedatashowsthatCo-58/Co-60 ratiofollowing theperoxideadditionwasabout'00whe'reasthesteamgenerator ~diaphragm typicalratioisconsiderably lower.Theseresultsappeartoconfirmthatthemajorityofthecrudobservedinthereactorcoolantsystemfollowing the.peroxide additiontoUnit1camefromin-coresurfaces. ReactorCoolantSstemCleanuDuringtheadditionofperoxideletdownflowwasapproximately 40gpm.At1400hrs.on1/28/80,flowwasincreased toanom-inal120gpmtomorerapidlyaffectcleanup.Duringtheseperiodstwopurification ionexchangers wereinservice.Theyconsisted ofacationremovalionexchanger andamixedbed(cationandanionremoval)ionexchanger. Bothionexchangers wereutilizedinseriesoperation. Table4showstheCo-58decontamination factors(DF's)determined acrosstheionexchangers atvarioustimes.Cleanupofthereactorcoolantsystemwhileutilizing reactorcoolantpumpoperation continued untilabout2000hrs.on1/29/80whendrainingofthesystemwasstarted.Afterthattimetheshutdowncoolingsystemremainedin-service tocoatinuetoremovesolubleCo-58andsuspended solids.Duringtheperoxideaddition, Co-58levelsincreased to2yCi/ccasopposedtothebaselinedataof6x10-apCi/ccandthenormalshutdownlevelsof4x10~to8x10-~pCi/cc.Thesystemwasnotallowedtobeopenedordraineddowninordertoallowajcleanupofthesystemtobaselinelevels.Thiswastoinsurethattheradiation levelsofthesystemcomponents wouldnotbehigherthannormalduetoapossibleredistribution ofthecrud.Purification wasmaintained untiltheCo-58levelsreturnedtonormalshutdowncoolinglevelsandthesystemwasnotexperiencing additional crudreleaseswhilealternating reactorcoolantpumpoperation. Thedecreasing trendinsuspended solids,exceptforasmallcrudreleaseandcorresponding increaseinCo-58activitylevelsat0800on1/29/80,indicated thatcleanupwaseffective. The12hourperiodon1/29/80from0800to2000hrs.indicated thatthesystemchemistry wascontinuing totrenddowntonormalshutdownlevels.Therefore normalshutdownconditions hadbeenachievedandthedrainingofthesystemcouldbegin.Inaddition, shutdownradiation .levelswereshowingacontinuing downwardtrendtowardsnormalshutdownlevels.177 git~ Ithasbeenestimated thatfromtheperiod1510hrs.on1/27/80thru1400hrs.on1/28/80,282curiesofCo-58wereremovedfromthecoolant.Thisassumedanominalflowrateof40gpm.From1400hrs.on1/28/80thru2000hrs.on1/29/80,291curiesofCo-58wereremovedatanominalflowrateof120gpm.Therefore thetotalCo-58activityremovedfromthecoolantstartingwiththeperoxideadditionuntildrainingofthecoolantwasinitiated was573Curies.EffectsonShutdownRadiation LevelsDuringandfollowing theperoxideadditionseveralareaswereselectediiitheplantforintensive radiation levelmonitoring. Thefollowing locations wereselected: l.812Purification IonExchanger '.Valve1-SI-306(Outletflowcontrolvalveonsafetyinjection) 3.Illand012ShutdownCooling(SDC)HeatExchanger: 4.,bllAand~11BColdLeg012Purifichtion IonExchanger wasmonitored inordertodeter-minewhenitshouldberemovedfromservicesincetheradiation levelisacriticalparameter withrespecttouseofshippingcasksforultimatedisposaloftheresin.Theionexchanger reachedapeakradiation levelof600-900R/hrabout14daysfollowing thelastperoxideadditionanditwasthenremovedfromservice.Theradiation levelsattheotherlocations areshowninFigure3.Theradiation levelsmonitored atSI-306andtheSDCheatexchangers showmaximumreadingsnearthetimesoftheperoxideadditions. Thisappearstoreflectthecrudreleasewhichoccurredatthattime.Theradiation levelsat811Aand~llBcoldlegdonotappeartoreflectthecrudrelease,however,thereisagradualdecreaseinradiation levelsatthoselocations andmaybeanindication oftheclean-upofthesystem.Historical dataregarding previousradiation levelsattheselocations appea~tosupportthefactthatthedoseratesshowninFigure3existedbeforewithouttheperoxidetreat-ment.Doseratesupto350mR/hrontheSDCheatexchangers havebeenexperienced duringpreviousshutdowns aswellasdoseratesofabout150mR/hron811Acoldleg.SI-306doserateshavegenerally averagedabout60mR/hrduringpreviousshutdowns whichisclosetotheaveragedoserateexperienced following theperoxidetreatment. 178 E F.EffectsonCoreDifferential PressureTheadditionofhydrogenperoxidetotheUnit1reactorcoolantsystemappearstoberesponsible forthereduction ofthecoredi'fferential pressureobservedfollowing heat-uponFebruaryll,1980.Figure4showsthevariouscoreparameters monitored andtheirrespective valuespriortoandafterthe"hydrogen peroxidechemicalshock.Coreapdroppedfrom15.7psito13.8psiorabouta12Kreduction. Basedontheresultsofthehydrogenperoxidetreatment thefollowing summaryisgiven:1.Thehydrogenperoxidechemicalshockappearstohavereducedcoredifferential pressureby12%.2.Atotalvolumeof15.1litersofhydrogenperoxidewasaddedtotheRCSinthreeseparateinjections. 3.Increases intotalCo-58activityandsuspended solidsindicatethehydrogenperoxideproducedasignificant crudrelease.4.Basedonacomparison ofdatacollected herewiththeresultsoftheEPRIstudy,in-coredepositsappearedtobethemajorsourceofactivityreleased. 5.Approximately 600CuriesofCo-58wasremovedfromthecoolantduringandfollowing thehydrogenperoxidetreatment. 6.'eroxide additions didnotcauseunexpected changesinshutdownradiation fields.179 TABLE1CHRONOLOGY OFEVENTSFORH~OTREATMENT OFU-1RCS1/25/800830hrs.2000210521202357RCSHydrogen18.2ccH/kgH0VentedERepressurized VCTw/N2Vented5Repressurized VCT4timesw/NCommenced ReducingPowerforShutdownOpenedTGOutput1/26/800110hrs.0150020002450400044606000700092009250936121513431720Stop12AE12BRCPCommenced CooldownRCSHydrogen13.5ccH/kgH022Started12BRCPStop11BRCPRCSHydrogen7.8ccH/kgH022InMode4RCSHydrogen4.5ccH/kgH022SecuredDegassing VCT;Filled8Vented4timesStop11A512BRCP'sStart'SDC withllLPSIRestartllA512BRCP'sInMode5StartLPSIPumponSDCCompleted Press5VentVCT1/27/800220hrs.06350854Removedrllpurifionexchanger fromservice,812-purif intoserviceIlldeborating inserviceStart12ARCPStop11ARCPStop12BRCPStart11BRCP180 TABLE1(CONT'0)1/27/801035.12251250'4151736174618161835205821102155Stop12ARCPStart12BRCPStop118RCPStart12ARCPStartedadditionof9.1LitersofHydrogenPeroxideCompleted addofHydrogenPeroxidetoRCSStop12ARCP,StartllBRCPStartedAdditionof2.0LitersHydrogenPeroxi.de toRCSStop12BRCPStart12ARCPCompleted addofHydrogenPeroxideStop11BRCPStart12BRCPIStartedAdditionof4.0LitersHydrogenPeroxidetoRCSCompleted addofHydrogenPeroxidetoRCS1/28/80103013151335140015301830Stop12ARCPStart11BRCPStart13ChargingPump(llAlreadyRunning)Start12ChargingPumpIncreased Puri.Flowto~120gpmCompleted Collection ofSuspended SolidsSampleforChemicalAnalysisStop11BRCPStart12ARCP1/29/800230103011251151Started11BRCPStop12ARCPStart12ARCPStop11BRCP'emovel2purifIX'from.serviceandplaced11Deborating IX&11PurifIXInSeriesStopallRCP's181

TABLE1(CONT'D)1/29/801/30/801248125218252150215522002220223302000630Start11BRCPStart12ARCPStart12BRCPStop11BRCPStop12A8BRCPStopSDCFlowThruIXStop12513ChargingPumpStop11ChargingPumpStart11ChargingPumpStop11LPSIPurification onSDC182 TABLE2THEORETICAL VERSUSOBSERVEDOXYGENLEVELSFOLLOWING HYDROGENPEROXIDEADDITIONS ADDITIONTIME141518352155VOLUMEADDED(LITERS9.122.04.0.THEORETICAL OXYGEN(PPM) '.570.76I.52OBSERVEDOXYGENPPM)0.1000.2501.00RATIOTHEORETICAL/OBSERVED 15.73.041.52183

TABLE3TYPICALCo-58/Co-60 RATIOSFROMSTEAMGENERATOR DIAPHRAGMS UNIT1Outage82Outagef3Co-58/Co-60 ACTIVITY(uCi )2.38E-1/1.30E-15.26E-1/1.29E-l Co-58/Co-60 RATIO4.1UNIT2Outage01Outage826.89E-1/7.48E-27.44E-1/8.78E-29.28.5I/184 TABLE4Co-58DECONTAMINATION FACTORSCo-58Activity(pCi/ml)DATE1/271/271/281/281/281/281/291/291/29TIME0247180008001600.20002400080011452000INLET4.7E-11.541.178.1E-14.5E-13.3E-11.2E-12.3E-11.3E-1OUTLET6.6E-48.5E-44.3E-42.3E-33.5E-37.8E-32.8E-31.3E-34.9E-3,DECONTAMI NATIONFACTORSi71218122720352128177226~>Decontamination factorsweretakenacross~12purifi'cation ionexchanger (cation)andIlldeborating ionexchanger (mixedbed)inseriesoperation 2812purification ionexchanger removedfromserviceandIllpurification ionexchanger (cation)placedinserviceat1125hrs.on1/29/80,185 I REFERENCES 1.EPRIReportHP-692,"EffectsofHydrogenPeroxideAdditions onShutdownChemistry .Transients atPressurized MaterReactors", April19782."FortCalhoun-l, ReactorCoolantSystemPeroxideTreatment 11/10/74toll/13/74", Principal Investigator-D. J.Horgan3.RCP1-1206"ReactorCoolantSystemHydrogenPeroxideTreatment" Revision0,January9,1980186

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