ML072060572

Fws/Usace - Species Profile: Striped Bass

ML072060572
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Site:	Oyster Creek
Issue date:	12/01/1989
From:	Jonathan Evans, Hill J, Moran D, Vandenavyle M Univ of Georgia, US Dept of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, US Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835
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TR EL-82-4 82(11.118)
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Do Not Remove from the Library U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Center rationn! Wetlands Research I II II I

-,, ,--*., r m,* Rou*evard TR EL-82-4 Biological Report 82(11.118)

December 1989 Lafayette. Louisiana 70506 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (South Atlantic)

STRIPED BASS Coastal Ecology Group Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fws IbOk ljý4(,< M9ý

Biological Report 82(11.118)

TR EL-82-4 December 1989 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (South Atlantic)

STRIPED BASS by Jennifer Hill School of Forest Resources University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 James W. Evans and Michael J. Van Den Avyle Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit School of Forest Resources University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 Project Officer David Moran U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 Performed for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Ecology Group Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, MS 39180 and U.S Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research and Development National Wetlands Research Center Washington, DC 20240

This series may be referenced as follows:

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983-19. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Riol. Rep. 82(11). U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-82-4.

This profile may be cited as follows:

Hill, J., J.W. Evans, and M.J. Van Den Avyle. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environ-mental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (South Atlantic)-striped bass. U.S.

Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.118). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-82-4. 35 pp.

PREFACE This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three-ring binder is used for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared. This project is jointly planned and financed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to one of the following addresses.

Information Transfer Specialist U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 or U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Attention: WESER-C Post Office Box 631 Vicksburg, MS 39180 iii

CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S. Customary Multiply By To Obtain millimeters (mm) 0.03937 inches centimeters (cm) 0.3937 inches meters (in) 3.281 feet meters 0.5468 fathoms kilometers (km) 0.6214 statute miles kilometers 0.5396 nautical miles square meters (in 2 ) 2 10.76 square feet square kilometers (kmi) 0.3861 square miles hectares (ha) 2.471 acres liters (L) 0.2642 gallons cubic meters (mi) 35.31 cubic feet cubic meters 0.0008110 acre-feet milligrams (mg) 0.00003527 ounces grams (g) 0.03527 ounces kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds metric tons (t) 2205.0 pounds metric tons 1.102 short tons kilocalories (kcal) 3.968 British thermal units Celsius degrees (0 C) 1.8 ( QC) + 32 Fahrenheit degrees U.S. Customary to Metric inches 25.40 millimeters inches 2.54 centimeters feet (ft) 0.3048 meters fathoms 1.829 meters statute miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers nautical miles (nmi) 1.852 kilometers square feet (ft2) 2 0.0929 square meters square miles (mi) 2.590 square kilometers acres 0.4047 hectares gallons (gal) 3 3.785 liters cubic feet (ft) 0.02831 cubic meters acre-feet 1233.0 cubic meters ounces (oz) 28350.0 milligrams ounces 28.35 grams pounds (lb) 0.4536 kilograms p unds 0.00045 metric tons short tons (ton) 0.9072 metric tons British thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 kilocalories Fahrenheit degrees (0 F) 0.5556 ( F - 32) Celsius degrees iv

CONTENTS Page PREFA CE .................................................................... 1i CONVERSION TABLE................................................................ I.............. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................ vi NOMENCLATURE/ TAXONOMY! RANGE..................................................... 1 MORPHOLOGY/ IDENTIFICATION AIDS.........I.............................................. 3 REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES...............e............................................ 4 LIFE HISTORY ....................................................................................... 4 Spawning ............................................................................................. 4 Eggs.......................I............................................................................ 6 Larvae................................................................................................ 8 Juveniles .............................................................................................. 9 Adults ...... ...... ................................ .... 9 GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS.................................................................10 t G row th R ates .............................................................. 10 Length-Weight Relations........................................................................... 10 THE FISHERY........................................................................................ 10 Sport and Commercial Trends ..................................................................... 10 Sex and Age Structure.............................................................................. 12 Mortality Rates.....................................................................................13 Abundance and Population Status................................................................. 13 Population Characteristics and Models ........................................................... 13 Stock Identification ................................................................................ 14 ECOLOGICAL ROLE............................................................................... 14 Food and Feeding Behavior ................ .................. I..................................... 14 Predators, Competitors, Diseases, and Parasites................................................. 15 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS........................................................... 15 Substrate ...... ...... *...-*....... *........ .................. 15 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen ............................................................. .15 Salinity ............................................................................................... 16 Current Velocity .................................................................................... 16 Other Environmental Factors ...................................................................... 17 Habitat Alterations.................................................................................. 17 Environmental Contaminants...................................................................... 18 REFERENCES......................................................................................... 19 v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Doug Facey, University of Georgia, Reginal Harrell, Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, Roger Rulifson, East Carolina University, and Robert Stevens, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for reviewing the manuscript and Sue Anthony and Tam Fields, University of Georgia, for editing and typing it.

vi

Figure 1. Striped bass (Setzler et al. 1980).

STRIPED BASS NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE coastal tributaries of the Gulf of Mexico from western Florida to Louisiana Scientific name .......... Morone saxatilis (Merriman 1941; Raney 1952; Brown Preferred common name ....... Striped bass 1965). Striped bass may ascend rivers as far (Figure 1) as 300 km (Farley 1966); in coastal areas, Other common names ........ striper, rock, they are typically found within 6 km of rockfish, greenhead, squidhound, linesider, shore (Raney 1954). Populations along the roller (Westin and Rogers 1978) Pacific Coast, where the species was introduced in 1879, occur in certain rivers Class ...................... Osteichthyes from British Columbia southward to Order ...................... Perciformes Ensenada, Mexico (Forrester et al. 1972).

Family ................... Percichthyidae Striped bass have been widely introduced to establish recreational fisheries in many Geographic range: The native range of the river and reservoir systems throughout the striped bass includes coastal, estuarine, and United States, especially in Southeastern riverine habitats along the, east coast of States (Rulifson et al. 1982a). The sp~cies North America from the St. Lawrence River has also been introduced into the USSR in Quebec southward to the St. Johns River (Doroshev 1970), France, and Portugal in northern Florida (Figure 2), and in the (Setzler et al. 1980).

1

1\ý TAR R.

ROANOKE R.

SOUTH CAROLINA CHAR LESTON SAVANNAH ATLANTIC OCEAN JACKSONVILLE MILES 0 50 100 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Figure 2. Coastal distribution of known striped bass populations in the South Atlantic Region.

2

MORPHOLOGYAIDENTIFICATION AIDS separated on the basis of counts of soft rays in the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins, and Information describing meristic and enumeration of scales along the lateral line morphometric characteristics of striped bass in (Vladykov and Wallace 1952; Raney and U.S. waters was summarized by Merriman Woolcott 1955; Barkuloo 1967). Lewis (1957)

(1941), Kerby (1972), Smith and Wells (1977), found gill raker counts useful in separating Hardy (1978), Westin and Rogers (1978), populations, but Vladykov and Wallace (1952)

Setzler et a!. (1980), and Harrell (1984), and in did not. Raney and Woolcott (1955) and Lund Canadian waters was summarized by Scott and (1957) also found differences in body depth Crossman (1966). and caudal peduncle depth in different populations. Strains may also be separated The body of the striped bass is elongate and using mitochondrial DNA analysis (Robert moderately compressed. The lower jaw Chapman, Johns Hopkins University; pers.

protrudes and extends posteriorly to the comm.)

middle of the orbit. Color dorsally ranges from shades of green to steel blue or almost The striped bass is sympatric with native or black. Laterally, striped bass are silver with 7 introduced populations of other Morone or 8 dark, more or less continuous horizontal species throughout much of the South Atlantic stripes, one of which always follows the lateral Region, but the species are easily line, and only one is below the pectoral fins; distinguished. The white bass (M. chrysops) is ventrally, the fish are. white to silver with smaller than the striped bass and has a brassy iridescence. They have two dorsal fins, relatively high-arched back and flat body; one spiny and one soft, separated at the base body stripes are generally indistinct (Williams and about equal in length. Two sharp spines 1975). The white perch (M. americana) can on the posterior edge of the operculum are be distinguished from striped bass by their another distinguishing feature. Striped bass ungraduated anal spines, lower and upper jaws have small teeth in two distinct parallel of equal length, and lack of distinct horizontal patches on the tongue and in bands on the lines on the sides (Werner 1980). Osteological vomer and palatines (Hardy 1978). differences are also evident in the three species (Woolcott 1957; Harrell 1984).

Striped bass have 8-10 (usually 9) first dorsal fin spines, 10-13 (usually 11-12) second Hatchery-reared hybrids of striped bass and dorsal fin rays, 10-12 (usually 11) anal fin white bass have been widely stocked in the rays, and 3 anal spines that increase in length South Atlantic region. These hybrids can be posteriorly. There are usually 25 vertebrae distinguished from pure strains by electropho-(12, 13), although some individuals have only retic examination (Avise and Van Den Avyle

24. The number of gill rakers on the first arch 1984) or by meristic characterization ranges from 19 to 29 (Raney and Woolcott (Williams 1975). Bayless (1968) and Kerby et 1955; Hardy 1978). Vertebral counts and al. (1971) determined that the number of scale numbers of dorsal spines do not appear to vary rows above the lateral line is greater in the among populations of striped bass (Vladykov hybrid (range 10-12) than in either parent and Wallace 1952); however, races have been species (7-9). The hybrid has two patches of 3

teeth on the tongue (as in striped bass), as LIFE HISTORY opposed to one patch in white bass, but the hybrid is more similar to white bass in ratios Spawning of fork length and head length to body depth.

Generally, the hybrid has the shape of white Striped bass spawn in fresh water or nearly bass and the coloration and dentition of striped freshwater portions of Atlantic coastal rivers bass (Kerby et al. 1971; Williams 1975). from mid-February in Florida (Barkuloo 1970) to June or July in the St. Lawrence River (Raney 1952; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES Scott and Crossman 1966). Preferred areas are shallow (0.3-6.1 m) and often turbid, The striped bass is a wide-ranging and extending from the tidal zone upstream as far adaptable species having commercial and as 320 km (Hardy 1978). The tributaries of recreational importance. Found in riverine, the Chesapeake Bay constitute the principal estuarine, and coastal habitats, it has supported spawning areas for striped bass along the a variety of fisheries and has been the subject Middle Atlantic coast (Merriman 1941; Raney of many scientific investigations. Striped bass 1957; Kernehan et al. 1981). Other major use rivers, tidally influenced fresh waters, and areas are the Hudson River (Merriman 1941; estuaries for spawning and nursery grounds, Raney 1957; Lawler et al. 1974) and the making them vulnerable to habitat destruction Roanoke River (Trent 1962; Hassler et al.

over a broad geographical area. Such destruc- 1966; Hassler and Hill 1981; Rulifson et al.

1982a, 1982b, 1986a, 1986b).

tion has particularly affected fish of the Hudson River, Chesapeake Bay, and Spawning may be triggered by increased Albemarle Sound stocks, which declined water temperature; time of peak activity varies drastically in abundance in the mid-20th among years (Neal 1967). In the South century. Atlantic Region, spawning begins as early as mid-February in Florida and sometimes Striped bass populations along the South continues through early June (Table 1).

Atlantic coast of the United States are Spawning has been noted over a range of primarily endemic and riverine and apparently 12-24 °C in the region, but most occurs at do not undertake the extensive coastal 18-21 *C. In the Savannah River, Dudley et al.

migrations that are typical of stocks in the (1977) and Larson (1985) found that spawning Middle and North Atlantic. Striped bass began at about 14 °C in March and ended after require waters having suitable flows, salinities, temperatures exceeded 21 *C in May. During temperatures, and other aspects of habitat this interval, major spawning peaks occurred when river water temperatures increased to quality, which make the species particularly about 17 'C.

vulnerable to river alterations (Rulifson et al.

1982b). Such alterations have eliminated the Spawning sites in the South Atlantic Region native Gulf of Mexico striped bass from most are often in downstream portions of river of its original range (Wooley et al. 1981). systems, typically in reaches within 60 km of 4

Table 1. Temperature ranges and spawning seasons for striped bass in the South Atlantic Region (after Rulifson et al. 1982a).

State and Temperature river system Season Cc) Source North Carolina Neuse River Late March to late May 13.5-24; Hawkins 1979 April to mid-May peak 20-21.5 Baker 1968 Roanoke River April 15 to June 13.0-21.7 Shannon and Smith peak May 10-20 peak 16.7-19.4 1968; Shannon 1970;Street 1975 Northeast Cape Fear River April to early May 14-22; peak 19 Sholar1977 Cape Fear Mid-April to mid-May peak 18-19 Sholar 1977; River Fischer 1980 South Carolina Waccamaw - Mid-April peak 15.6-21.2 Crochet et al.

Pee Dee System 1976 Congaree River April 23 to June 5 lowest 15.5 May and Fuller 1965 Cooper River April 1 to May 15 lowest 19.4; Scruggs 1957 peak 21.7 Wateree River April 23 to June 5 May and Fuller 1965 Georgia Ogeechee River March to late May 17-23 Smith 1973 Savannah River Mid-March to late May 17-23 Smith 1973; Dudley et al.

1977; Larson 1985 Florida St. Johns River Mid-February - April Barkuloo 1970 5

the coast (Table 2). Some of these sites diameters range from 1.25 to 1.80 mm for include tidally-influenced freshwater areas, as eggs that have not yet water-hardened in the Savannah River, whereas others are (Pearson 1938; Raney 1952; Mansueti and further upstream, as in the Tar-Pamlico Mansueti 1955; Mansueti 1964) and 1.3 to 4.6 system. Upriver spawning runs occur in some mm for eggs that are water-hardened (Albrecht rivers near the fall line or below dams, in 1964; Murawski 1969). Average wet weight addition to the more common downriver runs of water- hardened, fertilized eggs is about 280 (Raney and Woolcott 1955; Lund 1957; mg (Eldridge et al. 1977); dry weight is about Setzler et al. 1980). 0.3 mg (Westin and Rogers 1978).

Spawning behavior is characterized by brief Fecundity estimates range from 15,000 eggs peaks of surface activity (Fish and McCoy in small fish (Mansueti and Hollis 1963) to 1959). A female is often surrounded by 40.5 million eggs in a 14.5-kg fish (Jackson several males (Merriman 1941), and eggs are and Tiller 1952). The number of mature ova broadcast loosely into the water, where (Y) has been estimated by the formula:

fertilization occurs. Spawning by a given female is probably completed within a few Y = 555,182 + 75,858 (X-7.3),

hours (Lewis and Bonner 1966).

where X is the female's weight in pounds Eggs (Lewis and Bonner 1966).

Egg development in the ovaries of striped Hatching time varies from about 30 hours3.472222e-4 days <br />0.00833 hours <br />4.960317e-5 weeks <br />1.1415e-5 months <br /> at bass occurs slowly throughout the summer and 22 *C to about 80 hours9.259259e-4 days <br />0.0222 hours <br />1.322751e-4 weeks <br />3.044e-5 months <br /> at 11 C. Polgar et al.

fall, but is faster as the spawning season (1976) defined the relation between incubation approaches (Setzler et al. 1980). Substantial time (I, in hours) and temperature (T, in C) as variation in the stage of development in eggs I = 131.6 - 4.6 (T).

in the ovaries of a given female has led to the suggestion that eggs that will be spawned over Because water-hardened eggs are semi-as many as three consecutive years are present buoyant, specific current velocities are in a single ovary (DeArmon 1948). Mature required to suspend eggs in the water column eggs are 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter (Woodhull during incubation. Minimum water velocities 1947; Raney 1952; Lewis 1962). of about 30 cm/sec are generally required (Albrecht 1964), but differences in egg After eggs are spawned, they may remain buoyancy among spawning stocks may reflect viable for about 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> before fertilization different current requirements. Variability in (Stevens 1966). Fertilized eggs are spherical, the size of the oil globule in the egg (Eldridge non-adhesive, semi-buoyant, and nearly trans- et al. 1977) probably reflects adaptation to parent; they are characterized by a single large flow regimes in different river systems. For oil globule, a lightly granulated yolk mass, a example, striped bass eggs from the wide perivitelline space, and a clear, tough low-velocity St. Johns River in Florida have a chorion (Setzler et al. 1980). Hardening relatively large oil globule, which makes the occurs in 1-2 hours at 18 °C (Mansueti 1958); eggs more buoyant than those from many 6

Table 2. Spawning sites of striped bass in the South Atlantic Region.

State and river system Major spawning site" Source North Carolina Tar-Pamlico 90-238 river km, 75% within Humphries 1966 a 60-km reach Neuse River N.C. Hwy. 55 to SR 1915 bridge Hawkins 1979 Northeast Cape Downstream from Lands Ferry Sholar 1977 Fear River South Carolina Waccamaw-Pee Pee Dee River or Intercoastal Crochet et al. 1976 Dee System Waterway Pee Dee River Upstream from U.S. Hwy. 301 bridge White and Curtis 1969 Black River Upstream from U.S. Hwy. 701 bridge White and Curtis 1969 Wateree River At or downstream from 51 river km May and Fuller 1965 Congaree River 8-85 river km, most near 60 May and Fuller 1965 river km Lynches River Upstream from Hwy. 41 bridge White and Curtis 1969 Cooper River Vicinity of the lower end of Cadieu and Bayless 1968 Tail Race Canal Ashley River Near 55 river km Curtis 1970a, cited in Ulrich et al. 1979 Combabee River Between U.S. Hwy. 17 and 17-A Curtis 1970b, cited in bridges Ulrich et al. 1979 Georgia Savannah River 30-40 river km McBay 1968; Smith 1970; Dudley et al. 1977 Ogeechee River 47-55 river km McBay 1970 Altamaha River 16 river km Smith 1970 Florida St. Johns River Oklawaha River, Wekiva River, Barkuloo (1970)

Black Creek, and Dunn's Creek aRiver km denotes the distance (kilometers) upriver from the mouth.

7

other populations (Setzler et al. 1980). Similar aquaria, 2-day-old yolk-sac larvae remained adaptations may occur in stocks that spawn in sedentary near the surface or bottom tidally influenced areas, where eggs are (Mansueti 1958). Larvae 4-5 days old swim buoyed by the ebb and flood of tidal currents. horizontally and are positively phototactic In the absence of sufficient current velocities, (McGill 1967). In natural waters, yolk-sac eggs settle to the bottom and may be larvae apparently sink between efforts to swim smothered by sediment. Bayless (1968) found to the surface (Pearson 1938; Mansueti 1958; that settled eggs could hatch, provided that the Dickson 1958), and turbulence may be needed substrate was relatively coarse. Hatching to keep them suspended in some waters success in experimental systems was 36% for (Barkuloo 1970). Under extreme high flow coarse sand, 13% for silt, 3% for silty clay, conditions, larvae may be flushed from natal and 0% for mud-detritus. Additional rivers, reducing chances of survival; however, information on flow and substrate food availability may limit larval survival even requirements of eggs is presented in the under conditions of low flow (Rulifson et al.

Environmental Requirements section. 1986a).

Larvae Studies of larval distribution have provided varied results. Diurnal migrations of larvae The larval development of striped bass is (7- 14 mm TL) into the water column begin in usually regarded as having three stages. Yolk- July on the Hudson River; yolk-sac larvae sac larvae are 5-8 mm in total length (TL) and occur in open waters, but form schools and rely on yolk material as an energy source for 7 migrate inshore at 13-14 mm TL (Raney 1952; to 14 days (Doroshev 1970). Fin fold larvae Texas Instruments Inc. 1974). In the (8&-12 mm TL) have fully developed mouth Chesapeake Bay vicinity, fin fold and larger parts; this period lasts about 10-13 days larvae were collected in mid-channel areas (Polgar et al. 1975). Post fin fold larvae attain near the bottom (Kemehan et al. 1981).

lengths up to about 30 mm in 20-30 days Boynton et al. (1977) found that the density of (Mihursky et al. 1976; Boynton et al. 1977). yolk-sac larvae varied significantly with time Rogers et al. (1977) found developmental of day and depth in the Potomac River.

times of larval striped bass to be as follows: Several studies have demonstrated a 68 days at 15 °C, 33 days at 18 °C, 24 days at downstream movement of early larval stages 21 °C, and 23 days at 24 *C. Detailed (Texas Instruments, Inc. 1974; Polgar et al.

descriptions of early developmental stages of 1975; Mihursky et al. 1976), but it is not striped bass were published by Pearson (1938), known if this is passive drift or a directed Bigelow and Schroeder (1953), Albrecht migration. Other studies have indicated either (1964), Doroshev (1970), Bason (1971), little movement from the spawning area or an Eldridge et al. (1977), Rogers et al. (1977), upstream migration (Setzler-Hamilton et al.

Hardy (1978), Westin and Rogers (1978), and 1981). Mihursky et al. (1976) noted that fin Harrell (1984). fold larvae moved downriver, whereas older larvae were better able to maintain their Little is known about behavior or micro- position by swimming. The continual habitat requirements of larvae in the wild. In upstream migration of spawning fish, 8

prolonged spawning periods, and different Adults mortality rates among early life stages may explain the inconsistencies in reported results Information on rates of maturation is (Polgar et al. 1976). generally not available for populations in the South Atlantic Region. Research in Middle Juveniles Atlantic waters has indicated that the develop-ment of striped bass differs with sex; males Most striped bass enter the juvenile stage at mature at about 300 mm TL (age 2 or 3 years) about 30 mm TL; the fins are then. fully and females mature at about 500 mm TL (age formed, and the external morphology of the 4 or 5 years) (Westin and Rogers 1978).

young is similar to that of adults. Little is Populations from Cape Hatteras, North known about the movements and distribution Carolina, northward to New England typically of juveniles, especially in rivers of the are migratory and move north during summer Southeastern United States. and south during winter (Vladykov and Wallace 1938, 1952; Merriman 1941; Young striped bass are often found in Chapoton and Sykes 1961; Clark 1968).

schools of as many as several thousand fish; However, the extent of migration varies the location of the schools varies considerably between sexes, among different populations, with age of the fish (Westin and Rogers 1978). and among individuals within a population Juveniles apparently prefer clean sandy (Setzler et al. 1980). Most offshore bottoms but have been found over gravel movements are not associated with spawning beaches, rock bottoms, and soft mud (Merriman 1937, 1941).

(Merriman 1937; Raney 1952, 1954; Rathjen and Miller 1957; Woolcott 1962; Smith 1971). Striped bass from the southern extreme of the range are predominantly riverine and non-The nature of juvenile migrations is known migratory (Raney 1952). Populations along only in broad outline and varies with locality the South Atlantic Region are probably (Setzler et al. 1980). In Virginia, Markle and riverine but distributional patterns are not Grant (1970) reported a downstream migration well-known (Rulifson et al. 1982a). One to higher salinities during the first summer of exception is a portion of the Middle Atlantic life. Juveniles in the Potomac River left migratory stock that overwinters offshore spawning areas at about 70 mm TL (Mihursky between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout, et al. 1976). Young-of-the-year from the North Carolina (Holland and Yelverton 1973).

Hudson River began to move offshore in fall (Carlson and McCann 1969; Texas Migratory and non-migratory stocks of Instruments, Inc. 1974), but no fall or winter striped bass occur in the north. Some fish in movement of tagged young was evident in the the Hudson River stock are non-migratory Patuxent River (Ritchie and Koo 1968). (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Whitworth et Major nursery areas along the South Atlantic al. 1968; Clark 1968). However, other fish coast include tidally influenced fresh waters tagged in the Hudson River were recaptured in and estuaries associated with spawning rivers Nova Scotia in 1987 (R. Rulifson, East (Rulifson et al. 1982a). Carolina University; pers. comm.); some were 9

caught as far north as Maine in 1986. Fish taken from mid-body, just above the lateral tagged in the Bay of Fundy have been line (Seltzer et al. 1980). Formulas for recaptured as far south as North Carolina conversion between standard, fork, and total (Dadswell et al. 1986). lengths were given by Mansueti (1961) and Trent (1962). The size composition of striped bass in the South Atlantic Region is GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS summarized in Table 3. Stevens (1958) found that annual growth rates decreased with Growth Rates increasing age in the Santee-Cooper system; however, no trends in annual growth rates Growth of striped bass during the first were evident in the Pamlico, Cooper, or Cape summer varies with several environmental Fear Rivers (Marshall 1976; Curtis 1978; characteristics, including temperature, salinity, Fischer 1980).

and dissolved oxygen. Compensatory growth rates decrease the size variance within age Length-Weight Relations classes as age increases (Tiller 1943; Nicholson 1964). Growth rates increase along Length-weight relations have been a north to south gradient as growing seasons determined for few striped bass populations in become progressively longer (Seltzer et al. the South Atlantic Region. Trent (1962) 1980). In Florida, the young grow fastest established the following relation for during the cooler months (Ware 1971). first-summer growth of striped bass in Studies by Otwell and Merriner (1975) Albemarle Sound:

showed greater growth at the intermediate salinity of 12 ppt than at either 4 or 20 ppt. Y = 1.84615 + 2.91977X, Growth rates may be affected by population size in some areas (Shearer et al. 1962; where Y is log weight (mg) and X is log total Coutant 1985). Several studies have indicated length (cm). After maturity, the weight of that adult striped bass may be restricted in male striped bass is generally less than that of summer to areas having relatively low females of the same length (Merriman 1941; temperatures (18-25 C) and dissolved oxygen Mansueti 1961). Condition factors for striped levels of at least 2 or 3 mg/L (Coutant 1985; bass (> 450 mm standard length) from Florida Cheek et al. 1985; Moss 1985; Matthews et al. ranged from 1.658 to '2.540 (Wigfall and 1985). Overcrowding in these areas may lead Barkuloo 1975).

to diminished growth.

Striped bass can be aged by counting THE FISHERY growth bands on scales, otoliths, and opercles.

The growth rate of striped bass up to 4 years Sport and CommercialTrends of age can be calculated using scales (Merriman 1941). Descriptions of scales were Small commercial fisheries for striped bass given by Scofield (1931), Merriman (1941), have existed along the South Atlantic coast and Tiller (1943). Scales for aging are usually from the late 1800's until recently in some 10

Table 3. Mean length (fork length in mm) at age for striped bass in South Atlantic coastal rivers. Notation for sexes is F = females, M = males, and C = combined. (Taken from Rulifson et al. 1982a.)

River system, Age group year, and source Sex I H III IV V VI VII VIll IX X XI Pamlico River 1978 (Hawkins 1979) C -- 367 419 468 544 567 -- 743 Neuse-Trent System 1976, fall (Marshall 1977) C 370 424 465 629 -- 630 .. .. .. ..

1977, spring (Marshall 1977) C -- 362 427 456 516 583 558 -- 660 .. ...

1977, fall (Hawkins 1979) C .. ... -- 542 580 ...-- --.. .

1978, spring (Hawkins 1979) C -- . . 485 533 587 625 748 745 895 785 White Oak River 1975 (Sholar 1975) F ... .. 398 712 .. .. .. ..

Cape Fear River 1976 (Sholar 1977) M -- 275 346 340 560 564 -- .. .. .. ..

1976 (Sholar 1977) F .-.-- 471 589 -- 752 .. .. .. ..

Cape Fear River 1978-79 (Fischer 1980) C .. .. 378 490 590 657 730 850 Cooper Rivera 1977-78 (Curtis 1978) C 173 284 396 493 561 660 780 aValues are total length in millimeters.

areas (Mcflwain 1980). Following trends Striped bass are classified as game fish in noted along the entire Atlantic coast, catches South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and their have generally declined (Setzler et al. 1980) sale is prohibited; the sale of striped bass from and have been only sporadic in the South inland waters of North Carolina is also Atlantic Region since the early 1900's. The prohibited (Setzler et al. 1980). Other sport formerly large runs of striped bass in the fishing regulations vary among states. There Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, and St. are no seasonal restrictions, and minimum size Mary's Rivers were reduced to remnants limits range from none in South Carolina to during the 1960's (Whaley et al. 1969, 1970). 381 mm (fork length) in Georgia and Florida.

Commercial fishermen harvested 5.9 metric In the coastal waters of North Carolina, there tons (t) in Georgia in 1889. More recent catch is no limit on the commercial harvest, statistics show landings of 0.9 t in South although the season is restricted from Carolina in 1968, 0.2 t in Georgia in 1978, and November to March 31; the sport creel limit is 0.2 t in Florida in 1960 (Mcllwain 1980). three per day in inland and joint waters, but no Only a limited commercial fishery remains seasonal restrictions are imposed. Sport within the region south of Cape Hatteras to fishing effort is concentrated in fall and spring northern Florida; this fishery is limited to in Georgia, where the catch per unit effort is North Carolina along the Tar, Pamlico, Neuse, highest from October through mid-April, Northeast Cape Fear, and Cape Fear Rivers peaking between November and mid-March (Rulifson et al. 1982a). A major commercial (Ulrich et al. 1979).

fishery continues in Albemarle Sound, which has been exempted from the 55% mandatory Sex andAge Structure harvest reduction by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Gear used in North Sex ratios in samples from striped bass Carolina commercial fishery is restricted only populations may vary with season, location, in length and placement of gill nets. fishing pressure, migration of females, and other factors (Kohlenstein 1981). This may Most major South Atlantic coastal rivers occur because males and females have support a recreational fishery for striped bass. different movement patterns. For example, Recreational fishermen along the Atlantic striped bass migrating offshore during the coast caught an estimated 33,200 t of striped summer and fall are about 90% female in the bass in 1970 (Deuel 1973); only 86 t were Middle Atlantic Region (Bigelow and caught in the South Atlantic Region (Setzler et Schroeder 1953; Holland and Yelverton 1973; al. 1980). In 1985, the estimated recreational Oviatt 1977). Males may remain longer on the catch was 53,000 fish in the South Atlantic spawning grounds (Chadwick 1967). Because States (National Marine Fisheries Service striped bass in the South Atlantic have less 1986). Georgia sport fishermen harvested an propensity to migrate (Coutant 1985), the estimated 2.7 t in 1973 (Westin and Rogers extent of the effect of differences of 1978), but few catch statistics are available for movements between males and females is other areas. unknown.

12

The age structure of commercial landings olds, and 11,000 older fish (Hornsby and Hall reflects variable year class strength (Fay et al. 1981).

1983). Catch records indicate that dominant year classes were produced in Middle Atlantic PopulationCharacteristicsand Models waters in 1934, 1940, 1958, 1964, and 1970 (Merriman 1941; Tiller 1950; Mansueti and The occurrence of dominant year classes at Hollis 1963; Koo 1970; Schaefer 1972). widely dispersed intervals is a characteristic of Atlantic striped bass populations (Bain and Mortality Rates Bain 1982). No compensatory behavior relative to variations in natural reproduction Few data on mortality rates are available for has been noted (Ulanowicz and Polgar 1980; striped bass in the South Atlantic Region. Cooper and Polgar 1981). In general, Mortality from fishing ranges from about 25% year-class success appears to be determined to 40% in the Middle Atlantic Region (Hassler during the first 2 months of life (Chadwick et et al. 1966; Holland and Yelverton 1973; al. 1977), and may be correlated with Kohlenstein 1981), but probably is lower in environmental conditions during larval stages the South Atlantic because commercial fishing (Bain and Bain 1982).

is limited. A total exploitation rate of 8% was estimated for the Ogeechee River, Georgia, Population regulation appeared to be from March 1977 to February 1978; natural density-independent in California waters mortality was estimated to be 42% (Hornsby (Chadwick 1974) and in the Potomac River and Hall 1981). A natural mortality rate of (Polgar et al. 1975). A few late-spawning fish 24% and fishing mortality rate of 35% were were responsible for the mid-summer density reported by Holland and Yelverton (1973) for of young-of-the-year (Chadwick 1974).

North Carolina waters. Fishing mortality rates Successful year classes have been observed to from 1956 to 1980 in Albemarle Sound and follow severe winters (Merriman 1941; Heinle the Roanoke River were 2%-28% (Hassler and et al. 1976) and periods of high (Van Cleve Hill 1981). 1945) and regular (Hassler 1958) waterflows.

Severe winters may increase estuarine detritus, Abundance and PopulationStatus thereby increasing productivity at all trophic levels (Heinle et al. 1976).

The status of striped bass populations in the South Atlantic Region was summarized by Predictive models have been used to Rulifson et al. (1982b); many populations are evaluate the effects of power plant operations declining. Recent improvement has been on striped bass populations (Setzler et al.

noted only in the Tar-Pamlico system of North 1980). Swartzman et al. (1977) reviewed Carolina and in the St. Johns River of Florida; seven models simulating entrainment of early Gulf State populations are also increasing life stages; six models used a modified Leslie because of stocking (Rulifson et al. 1982b). matrix to predict long-term effects on the adult The striped bass population in the Ogeechee population. The accuracy of each model River, Georgia, in fall 1976 was estimated to depended, however, on the validity of be 95,000 to 264,000 yearlings, 29,000 2-year mortality rates and other variables used at 13

different times and locations. Interpretations class (Kemehan et al. 1981; Setzler-Hamilton drawn from modeling should be considered in et al. 1981; Martin et al. 1985). As striped this light (Setzler et al. 1980). bass grow, their diet includes larger aquatic invertebrates and small fishes (Shapovalov Stock Identification 1936; Ware 1971). Striped bass are opportunistic feeders; specific food types A number of discrete striped bass depend on the size of the fish, habitat, and the populations have been described on the basis season (Rulifson et al. 1982a). First feeding of fin ray counts, morphometric characters, larvae in Roanoke River and western and electrophoretic differences (Setzler et al. Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, consumed 1980). Generally, South Atlantic striped bass beetle larvae, copepodids, Daphnia spp,, and populations are riverine and endemic to Bosmina spp; older larvae ate larger food individual river systems (Mcllwain 1980). For items, such as Daphnia spp., copepodids, adult example, lateral line counts indicate that the copepods, and fish, including Morone spp.

Cooper, Cape Fear, and Satilla-St. Johns larvae (Rulifson et al. 1986a).

populations are each distinct (Murawski 1958). In addition, counts of the number of Larvae feed by aiming and rushing at prey fin rays, measures of body and caudal (Doroshev 1970). Strike efficiency at first_

peduncle depths, and tagging studies have feeding is only 2.0%-2.6% (Miller 1977). In indicated that striped bass in the lower river Florida waters, the diet of striped bass51-152 and estuarine portions of the Santee and mm TL was dominated by mosquito fish Cooper River systems are distinct from (Gambusia affinis), mollies (Mollienisia spp.)

populations above Pinopolis Dam (Raney and and freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.),

Woolcott 1955; Lund 1957) and those in other whereas that of fish 153-483 mm TL was coastal stocks (Scruggs and Fuller 1955). dominated by threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense) (Ware 1971). Juveniles begin to school while foraging (Bowles 1976). Adult.

ECOLOGICAL ROLE striped bass feed primarily on schooling prey species, especially clupeids (Scofield 1928).

Foodand FeedingBehavior Clupeid fishes are also the dominant prey of adult striped bass in the Santee-Cooper Striped bass undergo an ontogenetic shift in system, although nymphs of burrowing diet. The mouth is formed at 2-5 days mayflies (Hexagenia bilineata) were the (Mansueti 1958; Tatum et al. 1966; Doroshev predominant food source from April to June 1970; Bayless 1972)--the age at which the (Stevens 1958). In general, when a variety of yolk sac is absorbed and exogenous feeding prey types are available, adult striped bass begins (Doroshev 1970; Bayless 1972; Rogers seem to prefer soft-rayed fishes (Stevens 1958; et al. 1977; Hardy 1978). Larval striped bass Ware 1971; Manooch 1973). Adults feed feed primarily on mobile planktonic actively throughout the year (Hollis 1952; invertebrates (Doroshev 1970; Markle and Holland and Yelverton 1973), primarily just Grant 1970; Bason 1971), and availability of after dark and just before dawn (Raney 1952),

this prey may determine the success of a year although they may not eat just before and 14

during spawning (Hollis 1952; Stevens 1966; ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS Trent and Hassler 1966; Manooch 1973; Woodhull 1947; Hassler and Hill 1981). Substrate Predators, Competitors, Diseases, and Juvenile striped bass prefer shallow areas Parasites (Woolcott 1962) with substrates ranging from sand to rock (Merriman 1937, 1941; Raney Any sympatric piscivorous fish may be a 1952, 1954; Rathjen and Miller 1957; predator of young striped bass. Aquatic Woolcott 1962; Smith 1971). They rarely invertebrates, such as Chaoborus spp. and inhabit areas with soft mud substrates (Rathjen Cyclops bicuspidatus, also eat sac fry and and Miller 1957). Adult populations in larvae (Tatum et al. 1966; Smith and Kemehan inshore areas use a wide range of substrates, 1981). Because adult striped bass share forage including rock, boulder, gravel, sand, detritus, grass, moss, and mussel beds (Rulifson et al.

species with other piscivores, they are 1982a).

potential competitors (Setzler et al. 1980).

Young striped bass may also compete with TemperatureandDissolved Oxygen other fishes for food. Similar nursery areas and food habits show a potential for A sudden rise in temperature may cause the competition between young white perch and onset of spawning (Farley 1966), and a sudden striped bass (Mihursky et al. 1976). The drop may cause its cessation (Calhoun et al.

young may also compete with the species of 1950; Mansueti and Hollis 1963; Boynton et clupeids that they later eat when they become al. 1977). Temperatures at which spawning adults (Hollis 1967). has been observed in the South Atlantic Region have been ,as low as 14 'C and as high Some outbreaks of parasitic infections have as 24 *C (Scruggs 1957; May and Fuller 1965; occurred in the South Atlantic Region. For Smith 1973; Barkuloo 1967). In general, the example, a parasitic nematode (Goezia sp.) has temperatures associated with spawning caused mortality in populations in Florida increase progressively southward, from North lakes and reservoirs (Ware 1971; Gaines and Carolina to Florida.

Rogers 1972; Deardorff and Overstreet 1980). Normal development and hatching of The parasitic copepod (Lernaea sp.) also striped bass eggs requires dissolved oxygen caused an outbreak in Black Creek, Florida levels of at least 3-5 mg/L (Turner and Farley (Barkuloo 1972). However, infections rarely 1971; Harrell and Bayless 1982). Larvae cause mortalities in wild populations unless require 5-6 mg/L, and the optimum range for the fish are under severe stress (Westin and juveniles is probably 6-12 mg/L (Bogdanov et Rogers 1978). Lists of diseases and parasites al. 1967). Adult striped bass become restless of striped bass were given by Smith and Wells at levels approaching 3 mg/L, followed by inactivity, loss of equilibrium, and death (1977), Westin and Rogers (1978), and Setzler (Chittenden 1971b).

et al. (1980).

15

Studies have indicated that larval striped Salinity bass tolerate temperatures of 12-23 *C, with an optimal range of 16-19 °C (Tagatz 1961; As might be expected for a species that is Regan et al. 1968); these values coincide with anadromous throughout much of its range, temperatures of areas where larvae were tolerance for salinity varies with age. Low spawned. The optimal temperature for salinities (0-3 ppt) enhance the survival of juveniles lies between 24 and .26 °C; however, eggs and larvae (Mansueti 1958; Dovel 1971),

as striped bass age and grow, they undergo a and moderate salinites (8-9 ppt) are apparently shift in thermal preference towards cooler not detrimental (Albrecht 1964; Morgan and temperatures (Coutant 1985). In the southern Rasin 1973). Larvae appear to survive and limits of their range, striped bass juveniles grow faster at low salinities than in fresh water grow well, but condition factors decrease and (Bayless 1972); however, salinities above mortality increases in adults unless cool areas, 21-28 ppt may decrease survival. As striped such as springs, spring-fed streams, or bass increase in age, the range of salinity tailwaters from dams are available (Ware tolerances and optima generally expand 1971). (Tagatz 1961; Bogdanov et al. 1967; Regan et al. 1968). Adults and juveniles tolerate transfer Growth and survival of adults in reservoirs from fresh water to sea water, but the reverse appear to be limited by the presence of thermal transfer may cause a shock reaction (Loeber and oxygen refuges during summer (Axon and 1951). Combinations of high salinity and low Whitehurst 1985; Coutant 1985; Cheek et al. temperature cause the greatest mortality in 1985; Moss 1985; Matthews et al. 1985). young striped bass (Otwell and Merriner During stratification, the hypolimnion 1975). Morgan et al. (1981) observed greatest becomes anoxic, forcing the fish to limited survival of newly hatched larvae at a areas within their temperature and oxygen temperature-salinity combination of 10 ppt at tolerances. This limitation often leads to 18 *C.

overcrowding in refuges, which may cause decreased growth, increased susceptibility to CurrentVelocity disease, and heavy fishing mortality. Lethal limits for temperature and dissolved oxygen Adequate current velocity is a key factor vary with geographic range and acclimation influencing the survival of striped bass eggs conditions, but adults generally avoid (Mansueti 1958; Albrecht 1964; Regan et al.

dissolved oxygen below 2-3 mg/L (Chittenden 1968). A velocity of 30.5 cm/s maintains the 1971a; Meldrim et al. 1974) and temperatures eggs in suspension (Albrecht 1964). At lower above 25 C (Merriman 1941; Wooley and velocities, eggs may settle onto the bottom Crateau 1983; Matthews et al. 1985). substrate and suffocate. Although moderate Excessively warm ocean waters (27-30 °C) flows are required for egg suspension, during the summer may limit seaward excessive turbulence or irregular flows may migration from the Savannah River (Dudley et reduce survival by preventing larvae from al. 1977) and possibly from other South reaching nursery areas (Turner and Chadwick Atlantic coastal rivers. 1972; Skinner 1974; Chadwick et al. 1977; Stevens et al. 1985). High flows may flush 16

eggs and larvae out of rivers into unfavorable was lethal to larvae 25 mm TL (Tatum et al.

estuarine waters before hatching and initial 1965).

feeding can occur (Rulifson et al. 1986a, 1986b). In addition, water diversions may HabitatAlterations affect larval growth and survival indirectly by influencing productivity, and hence larval food Impingement. The susceptibility of the abundance, in nursery areas. Spawning fish early life stages of striped bass to industrial are reportedly attracted to velocities above 156 water intakes has been intensively cm/s (Fish and McCoy 1959) and tend to investigated. The survival rates of young that avoid areas of high turbulence (Kerr 1953). are impinged or trapped on the traveling screens of water intake structures depend on OtherEnvironmentalFactors the life stage and impingement time (Rulifson et al.. 1982a). The survival time for impinged Striped bass are generally well adapted to eggs may be up to 6 miin at an intake rate of 24 turbid conditions (Mansueti 1962; Talbot cm/s, but survival and hatching success are 1966) although different life stages vary variable (Skinner 1974). Kerr (1953) found considerably in tolerance. Eggs can hatch that 80% of striped bass larvae (19-38 mm successfully at suspended sediment long) were able to avoid impingement at 30.5 concentrations as high as 2.3 g/L, but cm/s, but 95% were impinged at 43 cm/s.

development rate slows at levels exceeding 1.5 Impingement of striped bass of this size led to g/L (Morgan et al. 1973). In yolk-sac larvae, total mortality. Juveniles were able to resist which are more sensitive than eggs, survival impingement at much higher velocities, up to rates are reduced at suspended solid 61 cm/s* (Kerr 1953). An alternative to concentrations exceeding 0.5 g/L (Auld and screening fish from passage through a power Schubel 1978). Exposure to 3.4 g/L facility is to allow the fish to pass through the suspended clay and silt for 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> caused facility. Survival in young striped bass that 50% mortality of larvae (Morgan et al. 1973). have passed through a power plant condensor Larvae consumed significantly fewer prey in tube can be greater than survival of impinged highly turbid water (0.2-0.5 g/L of suspended fish (Kerr 1953). Mortalities associated with solids) than in clearer water (0-0.075 g/L) passage through a facility are due to thermal when presented with predominantly copepods. shock, rather than to direct mechanical damage Turbidity had no effect on size of prey eaten in (Coutant and Kedl 1975).

this experiment. When larvae were presented with cladocerans, turbidity up to 0.5 g/L did Thermal pollution. Striped bass are often not reduce number or size of prey eaten exposed to heated waters discharged from (Breitburg 1988). power plants. The fast change in temperature can lead to thermal shock, depending on the Tolerance of acidity also is age-dependent. acclimation temperature, the magnitude of Striped bass eggs hatch normally at pH 6.6- temperature change (AT), and life stage 9.0, whereas juveniles tolerate the slightly (Schubel et al. 1976; Meldrim and Gift 1971).

wider range 'of pH 6-10 at 22-29 *C (Bowker Eggs are most susceptible to mortality from et al. 1969). Exposure to pH 5.3 for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> high temperatures early in their development 17 I, I -

(Lauer et al. 1974). Larvae and juveniles EnvironmentalContaminants generally show decreasing susceptibility to temperature shock with increasing age (Lauer Interest in chemical toxicities to striped et al. 1974). For larger striped bass, a direct bass has been focused on residual chlorine, relationship exists between ambient and upper chlorinated hydrocarbons, and monocyclic avoidance temperatures (Meldrim and Gift aromatic hydrocarbons (Fay et al. 1983). The 1971). Generally, mortality of adults does not total residual chlorine that causes 50%

exceed 50% at any AT or exposure time until mortality is 0.22 ppm for eggs < 13 h old and water temperatures reach 32 *C. Minimization 0.20 ppm (at salinities of 2.8 +/- 0.9 ppt) for of thermal shock requires that maximum water larvae 24-70 h old (Morgan and Prince 1977).

temperatures be kept below 30 °C (Chadwick 1974). Although the warm water in power plant discharge canals may attract fish and Exposure to sublethal levels of benzene for provide winter sport fishing in some areas, 24 h increases the respiratory rate of juvenile striped bass generally avoid high-temperature striped bass; exposure for longer periods pro-effluents (Hall et al. 1984). duces a reversible narcosis (Brocksen and Bailey 1973). Benville and Kom (1977)

Dams, channelization, and land reported that exposure to 6.9 ppm benzene for reclamation. Burns (1887) first noted the 24 h resulted in 50% mortality of juvenile decline of South Carolina striped bass striped bass.

populations and- attributed the decline to muddy water. The effects of human-induced Studies of the toxicity of heavy metals changes on this species are not well indicate a sensitivity of yolk-sac larvae to understood (Ulrich et al. 1979). Several copper (O'Rear 1973) and zinc (Tatum et al.

authors have suggested that channelization of 1965); eggs are somewhat less affected.

coastal streams in the 1940's and 1950's Exposure of juvenile striped bass to cadmium resulted in the low population levels observed (30-90 days at 0.5, 2.5, and 5.0 ppb) and in many areas (Merriman 1937; Chittenden mercury (30-120 days at 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 197 la). Water diversion projects have affected ppb) caused lesions in gill tissue and impaired other streams (Chadwick et al. 1977). In many respiration (Dawson et al. 1977). Exposure to low pH, (5.5) and high aluminum (680 Itg coastal regions, up to 50% of the original A13+/L) severely altered epidermal estuarine areas important to striped bass have microridge structure in larvae (Rulifson et al.

been lost to filling (with dredged material), 1986b). Data on 24-, 48-, and 96-h tolerance road construction, and real estate development limits for other heavy metals have been (Clark 1967). In the South Atlantic Region, reported by Rehwoldt et al. (1971).

dam construction has restricted upstream migrations on the Roanoke, Tar, Neuse, and A concentration of 10 ppm of oil spill Pee Dee Rivers, among others (Baker 1968). eradicator was toxic to striped bass after 48 h, Rulifson et al. (1982b) documented changes in although no stress was observed at 5 ppm rivers in the South Atlantic Region which may (Chadwick 1960). Low tides and high affect these fisheries. temperatures may elevate hydrogen sulfide 18

concentrations to toxic levels in some and pH were correlated with acute toxicity of a localities (Silvey and Irwin 1969). The mixture of contaminants to young fish toxicity of 61 pesticides, heavy metals, and (Palawski et al. 1985). Toxicity of aluminum pharmaceuticals to young-of-the-year striped to young striped bass increases with increasing bass was established by Bonn et al. (1976). acidity. Levels of pH of 5.0 to 6.5 in the Inasmuch as temperature and salinity may absence of contaminants caused significant affect toxicity of chemicals, differences in mortality to 11- to 13-day-old fish, and a pH these factors may intensify or reduce potential of 5.5 was toxic to 159-day-old fish but not to toxic effects. No significant mortality 195-day-old striped bass (Buckler et al. 1987).

occurred after acute exposure (96 h) of young Similarly, chronic exposure (30 to 90 days) of striped bass to a mixture of 13 organic young striped bass to a mixture of organic and contaminants presented in high concentrations. inorganic contaminants resulted in a high Water quality (hardness, alkalinity, salinity, mortality rate in fresh water, a lower mortality and pH) greatly influenced toxicity after acute rate in water of 2 ppt salinity, and the lowest exposure (96 h) of young fish to cadmium, mortality rate in water of 5 ppt (Mehrle et al.

zinc, copper, and nickel. Decreases in water 1987).

hardness and associated decreases in alkalinity 19

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factors associated with survival of striped No. F-10-R. 24 pp.

bass eggs and larvae. Calif. Fish Game 50:100-113. Barkuloo, J.M. 1970. Taxonomic status and reproduction of striped bass (Morone Auld, A.H., and J.R. Schubel. 1978. Effects saxatilis) in Florida. U.S. Bur. Sport Fish.

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Genetic analysis of reproduction of hybrid No. F-10-R. 24 pp.

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Baker, W.D. 1968. A reconnaissance of Dep. 135 pp.

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21

Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Breitburg, D.L. 1988. Effects of turbidity on Striped bAss Roccus saxatilis (Walbaum) prey consumption by striped bass larvae.

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Talbot, G.B. 1966. Estuarine environmental Trent, L., and W.H. Hassler. 1966. Feeding requirements and limiting factors for striped behavior of adult striped bass, Roccus bass. Pages 37-49 in A symposium on saxatilis, in relation to stages of sexual estuarine fisheries. Am. Fish. Soc., Spec. maturity. Chesapeake Sci. 7:189-192.

Publ. 3.

Tatum, B.L., J.D. Bayless, E.G. McCoy, and Turner, J.L., and H.K. Chadwick. 1972.

W.B. Smith. 1965. Preliminary Distribution and abundance of young-of-the-experiments in the artificial propagation of year striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in striped bass, Roccus saxatilis. N.C. Wildl. relation to river flow in the Sacramento-San Res.Comm., Div. Inland Fisheries. 14 pp. Joaquin estuary. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.

101:442-452.

Tatum, B.L., J.D. Bayless, E.G. McCoy, and Turner, JL., and T.C. Farley. 1971. Effects W.B. Smith. 1966. Preliminary of temperature, salinity, and dissolved experiments in the artificial propagation of oxygen on the survival of striped bass eggs striped bass, Roccus saxatilis. Proc. Annu. and larvae. Calif. Fish Game 57:268-273.

Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm.

19:374-389. Ulanowicz, R.E., and T.T. Polgar. 1980.

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research and management efforts by the State Game and Fish Commission. The Woolcott, W.S. 1957. Comparative osteology Striped Bass Subcommittee of the House of of serranid fishes of the genus Roccus Representatives. 9 pp. (Mitchill). Copeia 1957:1-10.

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the striped bass (rockfish) in Georgia to the 1970 House of Representatives. The Wooley, C.M., and E.J. Crateau. 1983.

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34

Wooley, C.M., E.J. Crateau, and P.A. Moon. manuscript, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Office 1981. Observations of Gulf of Mexico of Fishery Assistance, Panama City, Fla. 11 sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus desotoi) in pp.

the Apalachicola River, Florida. Unpubl.

35

50272-101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION 1. REPORT NO. 2. Flectip R Acces Ion No.

PAGE Biological Report 82011.118)*

4. TIs. and SubtItle & Iapodt Ds" Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes December 1989 and Invertebrates (South Atlantic)--Striped Bass &

7. Authons) g. Performing OrganIzaion Ai. No.

J. Hill, J.W. Evans, and M.J. Van Den Avyle

0. Perforning OranlOtIon, Namne mnd Addres 10. ProjecTilTsklWork UnitNo.

Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit School of Forest Resources 11. Contr*cgc) orOrant(G) No.

(C)

University of Georgia (G)

Athens, GA 30602

12. Sponeoring Organ*zalton Name endAddres 13.fype of Report & Period Covered U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station National Wetlands Research Center P.O. Box 631 14.

Washington, DC 20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180 IS. Supplementaty Ntes

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4.

16. Abatran (Unmt: 200 wod.s)

Species profiles provide literature reviews of the taxonomy, morphology, range, life history, ecology, and environmental requirements of coastal aquatic species. They are designed to help individuals understand the basic biology of these organisms and to assist in impact assessment. Striped bass are native to coastal rivers and nearshore areas. Populations along the South Atlantic coast are primarily riverine. Spawning begins as early as February and peaks at temperatures of 18-21 *C. Spawning usually occurs in downstream portions of river systems having appropriate waterflow, salinity, temperature, and other water quality characteristics.

Striped bass populations have declined since the early 1900's, but enough fish have survived or been restored to support commercial fishing in Albemarle Sound and recreational fishing in most major rivers along the South Atlantic coastline. Striped bass are predators and prey on many sympatric invertebrates and fishes.

Larval striped bass feed on aquatic invertebrates and switch to feed on small fish as juveniles and adults.

17. Document Anelyss s. Osescrptors Rivers Growth Fishes Feeding bt. Idertflars/Op*n-Ended Terms Striped bass Temperature requirements Morone saxatilis Spawning Life history Salinity requirements

c. COSATlI FieldGroup

19. Availabhi~tyStatement, 10.Security Class (Tith Report) 21. No.of Pages Unclassified vi + 35

20. Security Class (This Page) 22. PrCe Unlimited distribution Unclassified (See ANSI-Z39.18) OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)

(Formerly NTIS-35)

Department of Commerce

As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoy-ment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Depart-ment also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S.

administration.

,V1Or U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE TAKE PRIDE in America UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE National Wetlands Research Center NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell. LA 70458