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{{#Wiki_filter:Akb&WR qc DNR Water Appropriation Permits nits - By F 6/23/2005 Resource Resource *- - Permitted - - | |||
Permittee Use County Watershed PWI ID Code Name C:OWA, FRrwdr -0 - 9 1- - 3 -Ml£Sl£EIPPI "AGISI11 RI-- | |||
Acres 10-_7 GPM MGY 405 4 36 A;-9 CL NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 2 223 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 10750 - | |||
HOULTON FARMS PA CV I1 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 135 800 '32 DECHENE CORP 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 115 560 8 NADEAU, LAWRENCE 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 20 600 6 EWING & SONS, VERLE 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 35 500 10 RIVERSIDE FARMS 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 23 400 4 HOULTON FARMS 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 30 600 3 | |||
\W aJ GREAT RIVER ENERGY S4eoRA 222 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER . | |||
Lj 50000 18000 EWING &SONS, DERALD '290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER 40 800 13 GOENNER, EDWARD E [290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER 54 450 9 ST CLOUD, CITY OF c -.211 | |||
&-vv 73 17 3 MISSISSIPPI s'5 1)ji0 00 00 2<1 IMM fl I T - -- 1'r sS5?- | |||
^ | |||
==SUMMARY== | ==SUMMARY== | ||
........................................... | ........................................... l1 Table I-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened and Impaired Waters - Rivers . ................................. 3 Table I-2. Individual Use Support Summary - Rivers .4 Table I-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Rivers .5 Table I-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Rivers .5 Table 1-5. Individual Use Support Summary - Lakes .6 Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories -Lakes .6 Table I-7. Review of 305(b) Assessed Lakes in ADB and their Categorization ........... 7 Part II. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGY . . 8 A. Types of Monitoring .8 B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives .9 C. Condition Monitoring Strategy .9 D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy .10 E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy .1 F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators .1 G. Monitoring Planning Database . 1 Part III. ASSESSMENT TOOLS ................................................... 12 A. Water Quality Standards Program ..................................................... 12 B. Assessment Units ..................................................... 15 C. Data Management ...................................................... 17 Part IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS . .................................. | ||
l1 Table I-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened and Impaired Waters -Rivers .................................. | 18 A. Integrated Assessment Methodology ..................................................... 18 Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards .................. 19 Table IV-2. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Narrative Standards ........... 20-21 Figure IV-1. Example of Professional Judgment Group Transparency Form for Assessed Streams ...................................................... 23 Figure IV-2. Flowchart of Non-Impaired Waters, Impaired Waters and TMDL Listed Waters ...................................................... 24 B. Impaired Waters List ............. 25 iii | ||
3 Table I-2. Individual Use Support Summary -Rivers .4 Table I-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories | |||
-Rivers .5 Table I-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters -Rivers .5 Table 1-5. Individual Use Support Summary -Lakes .6 Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories -Lakes .6 Table I-7. Review of 305(b) Assessed Lakes in ADB and their Categorization | Page Part V. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TMDLs ......................... 25 A. TMDL Studies ..................................................... 25 B. Strategies the MPCA Employs in Developing the Restoration Process ....... 26 Part VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES .................................................... 29 A. Phosphorus Strategy ................ 29 B.' Stormwater Program Development ........................... ; 31 Part VII. ECONOMIC COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ................................ 32 Part VIII. LITERATURE CITED ......................... . 35 Part IX. APPENDIXES | ||
........... | 'Appendix A (includes Tables 1, 2 and 3, below) | ||
7 Part II. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGY ..8 A. Types of Monitoring | Table 1 - Current Minnesota Condition Monitoring Efforts Table 2 -Problem Investigation Monitoring Designs and Indicators Table 3 - Effectiveness Monitoring Designs Appendix B TMDL List iv | ||
.8 B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives | |||
.9 C. Condition Monitoring Strategy .9 D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy .10 E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy .1 F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators | I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE | ||
.1 G. Monitoring Planning Database .1 Part III. ASSESSMENT TOOLS ................................................... | |||
12 A. Water Quality Standards Program ..................................................... | |||
12 B. Assessment Units ..................................................... | |||
15 C. Data Management | |||
...................................................... | |||
17 Part IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS ................................... | |||
18 A. Integrated Assessment Methodology | |||
..................................................... | |||
18 Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards | |||
.................. | |||
19 Table IV-2. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Narrative Standards | |||
........... | |||
20-21 Figure IV-1. Example of Professional Judgment Group Transparency Form for Assessed Streams ...................................................... | |||
23 Figure IV-2. Flowchart of Non-Impaired Waters, Impaired Waters and TMDL Listed Waters ...................................................... | |||
24 B. Impaired Waters List ............. | |||
25 iii Page Part V. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TMDLs ......................... | |||
25 A. TMDL Studies ..................................................... | |||
25 B. Strategies the MPCA Employs in Developing the Restoration Process ....... 26 Part VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES | |||
.................................................... | |||
29 A. Phosphorus Strategy ................ | |||
29 B.' Stormwater Program Development | |||
........................... | |||
; | |||
32 Part VIII. LITERATURE CITED ......................... | |||
.35 Part IX. APPENDIXES | |||
'Appendix A (includes Tables 1, 2 and 3, below)Table 1 -Current Minnesota Condition Monitoring Efforts Table 2 -Problem Investigation Monitoring Designs and Indicators Table 3 -Effectiveness Monitoring Designs Appendix B TMDL List iv I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE | |||
==SUMMARY== | ==SUMMARY== | ||
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) currently conducts a variety of surface and ground water monitoring activities that support our overall mission of helping Minnesotans protect the environment. | |||
To be successful preventing and addressing problems, decision-makers need good information about the status of the resources, potential and actual threats, options for addressing the threats, and data on how effective management actions have been. The MPCA's monitoring efforts are focused on providing that critical information. | The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) currently conducts a variety of surface and ground water monitoring activities that support our overall mission of helping Minnesotans protect the environment. To be successful preventing and addressing problems, decision-makers need good information about the status of the resources, potential and actual threats, options for addressing the threats, and data on how effective management actions have been. The MPCA's monitoring efforts are focused on providing that critical information. Overall, the MPCA is striving to provide information to assess - and ultimately to restore or protect - the integrity of Minnesota's waters. | ||
Overall, the MPCA is striving to provide information to assess -and ultimately to restore or protect -the integrity of Minnesota's waters.Sections 305b and 303d of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) both call for states to report on their waters to help measure progress toward the national goals of fishable and swimmable waters. The MPCA is using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology (CALM) for its 2004 Integrated Report.CALM integrates the 305(b) Report with the 303(d) Impaired Waters List. It provides a framework for states and other jurisdictions to document how they collect and use water quality data and information for environmental decision making. The primary purposes of these data analyses are to determine the extent that all waters are attaining water quality standards, to identify waters that are impaired and need to be added to the 303(d) list, and to identify waters that can be removed from the list because they are attaining standards. | Sections 305b and 303d of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) both call for states to report on their waters to help measure progress toward the national goals of fishable and swimmable waters. The MPCA is using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology (CALM) for its 2004 Integrated Report. | ||
The CALM requires States to create several new requirements or approaches to enable the Report and List to be blended:* delineation of water quality assessment units (AUs) based on the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD);* status of and progress toward achieving comprehensive assessments of all waters;* water quality standard attainment status for every AU;* basis for the water quality standard attainment determinations for every AU;* additional monitoring that may be needed to determine water quality standard attainment status and, if necessary, to support development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for each pollutant/AU combination; | CALM integrates the 305(b) Report with the 303(d) Impaired Waters List. It provides a framework for states and other jurisdictions to document how they collect and use water quality data and information for environmental decision making. The primary purposes of these data analyses are to determine the extent that all waters are attaining water quality standards, to identify waters that are impaired and need to be added to the 303(d) list, and to identify waters that can be removed from the list because they are attaining standards. | ||
* schedules for additional monitoring planned for AUs;* pollutant/AU combinations still requiring TMDLs; and* TMDL development schedules reflecting the priority ranking of each pollutant/AU combination. | The CALM requires States to create several new requirements or approaches to enable the Report and List to be blended: | ||
One significant aspect is that all water bodies must be placed into one, and only one, of five categories. | * delineation of water quality assessment units (AUs) based on the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD); | ||
The EPA website has a significant amount of information on CALM and how it was developed at: http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/calm.html I | * status of and progress toward achieving comprehensive assessments of all waters; | ||
The five categories in CALM are as follows: Category 1: all designated uses are meeting water quality standards Category 2: some uses are meeting water quality standards and there are insufficient data to assess other uses -Category 3: there are insufficient data to assess any uses Category 4: at least one use is impaired, but a TMDL is not required fttegowr& | * water quality standard attainment status for every AU; | ||
*basis for the water quality standard attainment determinations for every AU; | |||
For example, if a reach is impaired for one pollutant but the other uses are being met, and a TMDL is required, that reach would be placed into Category 5. Furthermore, if the reach is impaired for more than one pollutant, the reach must stay in Category 5 until ALL pollutants have EPA-approved TMDL plans.Water Quality Assessments for Rivers and Lakes Presented below are the summary tables for statewide river and lake assessments, using information from the Assessment Database (ADB). An electronic update of the entire ADB is also being submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). ;Waterbody specific information will be posted on the MPCA Web site, http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/index.html. | * additional monitoring that may be needed to determine water quality standard attainment status and, if necessary, to support development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for each pollutant/AU combination; | ||
The methodology for determining these assessments is presented in Part IV, A. of this report.<A~~~ | * schedules for additional monitoring planned for AUs; | ||
Oinr1&i i~i~hUAnstj | *pollutant/AU combinations still requiring TMDLs; and | ||
<te eotl 'i'se frbt 15 .dS gi~<'3i3 teimardwtrsJsigeg c~ot~C~LTeU, ng opna1rtcin A.ec EA hsreu2e ta tf' bi rprgntg2Bp t, n imsf is14iie firs iE4gin odos.<<x > 7' e 2 Table 1-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters -Rivers Degrees of Use Support Monitored Miles Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses -Category 1 0 Miles Fully Supporting at Least One Use & None Threatened or Impaired -.Category 2 2171,4 Miles Impaired for One or More Uses -Categories 4 & 5 7219.82 Miles Reviewed but Not Assessed 1011.94 3 Table 1-2. Individual Use Support Summary -Rivers Miles Fully Miles Miles Miles Fully Supporting but Partially Miles Not Miles Not Goals Use Reviewed Supporting Threatened Supporting Supporting Assessed Protect & Enhance Ecosystems Aquatic Life 10403.16 3743.34 0 477.63 2587.04 3595.15 Fish Consumption 10403.16 0 0 0 4823.65 5579.51 Protect & Enhance Public Health Swimming 10403.16 1023.86 0 477.72 743.8 8157.78 4 Table 1-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories | *TMDL development schedules reflecting the priority ranking of each pollutant/AU combination. | ||
-Rivers Integrated 2004 Assessed Reporting Miles Cause/Stressor Category Miles Impaired -Impaired*PCBs 62.85 1053.47 Ammonia 0 168.86 Chlorine 14.26 47.13 pH 0 45.8 Organic enrichment/Low DO 230.96 808.32 Pathogen Indicators 337.66 1591.62 Mercury 218.43 5227.96 Biology (Fish) 504.9 1609.29 Biology (Invertebrates) 188.39 188.39 Turbidity 438.82 1824.66 Temperature 0 8.27 DDT 0 18.86 Dieldrin 0 18.86 Dioxin 0 12.62 Toxaphene 0 12.62* Integrated Reporting Miles reflects causes of impairment from all data in the Assessment Database including data brought forward from previous TMDL lists.Table 1-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters -Lakes Assessments Total Assessed Degree of Use Support Evaluated Monitored Acres Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses 224041 -1030753 1254794 Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses, but threatened for at least One Use 0 0 0 Acres Impaired for One or More Uses 307169 982460 1289629 Acres Not Attainable for Any Use and Not Included in the Line Items Above 0 0 0 5 Table 1-5. Individual Use Su port Summar (2004 Only) -Lakes --Acres..Fully: Acres Supportln Acres: -:Acres Fully g but .Partially | One significant aspect is that all water bodies must be placed into one, and only one, of five categories. The EPA website has a significant amount of information on CALM and how it was developed at: http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/calm.html I | ||
'Acres Not Assesse, Supportin Threatene Supportin Supportin Acres Not Goals Uses d a d a a Attainable Protect and Enhance Ecosystems | |||
.l Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic -Health Recreation 2544423 1254794 0 872779 416850 0 Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic Health Consumption 12516 0 0 0 12516 0 Social and Economic .Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories | The five categories in CALM are as follows: | ||
-Lakes Acres of Waters by Contribution to Impairment CauselStressor Category 2004 Only Integ rated Nutrients 20992 94542 Mercury Fish Consumption Advisories 12516 3696719.5 PCBs 0 1640218.5 6 Table 1-7. Review of 305b assessed lakes in ADB and their categorization | Category 1: all designated uses are meeting water quality standards Category 2: some uses are meeting water quality standards and there are insufficient data to assess other uses - | ||
_ _ X _ _ _ _ Evaluated Monitored Total Numbers: Total number of lakes assessed for 305b below. 1048 1745 2793 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 568 921 1489 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 142 130 272 v Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 338 694 1032 Acres: Total lake acres assessed for 305b below: 531210 2013213 2544423 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 224041 1030753 1254794 1254794 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 222242 650537 872779 872779 Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 84927 331923 416850 416850 307169 982460 1289629 2544423 Categorization of 305b Lake Assessments (Acres): _ | Category 3: there are insufficient data to assess any uses Category 4: at least one use is impaired, but a TMDL is not required fttegowr& WOSas____ | ||
Category Category Category Category Category | As noted above, a reach can only be placed into one Category. For example, if a reach is impaired for one pollutant but the other uses are being met, and a TMDL is required, that reach would be placed into Category 5. Furthermore, if the reach is impaired for more than one pollutant, the reach must stay in Category 5 until ALL pollutants have EPA-approved TMDL plans. | ||
This type of monitoring is used to identify overall environmental status and trends by examining the condition of individual waterbodies or aquifers in terms of their ability to meet established standards and criteria. | Water Quality Assessments for Rivers and Lakes Presented below are the summary tables for statewide river and lake assessments, using information from the Assessment Database (ADB). An electronic update of the entire ADB is also being submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). ; | ||
Condition monitoring may include chemical, physical or biological measures. | Waterbody specific information will be posted on the MPCA Web site, http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/index.html. The methodology for determining these assessments is presented in Part IV, A. of this report. | ||
The focus of condition monitoring is on understanding the status of the resource, identifying changes over time, and identifying and defining problems at the overall system level. Examples include routine surface water monitoring, basin monitoring, Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) listing activities, and the ambient ground water network.* Problem | <A~~~ | ||
This monitoring involves investigating specific problems or protection concerns to allow for the development of a management approach to protect or improve the resource. | bu Noet__ edr 4 -G S > 1y:,'' | ||
Problem investigation monitoring is used to determine the specific causes of impairments to water or ground water and to quantify inputs/loads from various sources. It is also used to determine the actions needed to return a resource to a condition that meets standards or goals. Examples include Clean Water Partnership (CWP) and Section 319 (319) projects, TMDL development, site assessment, and investigation of specific ground water issues, such as pesticides. | Thsbinia geoto qm rd ne CogesoitecnAiino h aer iteSaei Seto bofhClaWarAt(C) Oinr1&i i~i~hUAnstj prvdnG nitgatd<oibii <te eotl 'i'se frbt 15 .dS gi~<' | ||
* Effectiveness Monitoring: | 3i3 teimardwtrsJsigeg c~ot~C~LTeU, ng opna1rtcin A.ec EA hsreu2e ta tf' bi rprgntg2Bp t, n imsf is14iie firs iE4gin odos.< | ||
This is used to determine the effectiveness of specific regulatory or voluntary management actions taken to remediate contaminated water. Effectiveness monitoring allows for the evaluation and refinement of the management approach to ensure it is ultimately successful. | <x > 7' e 2 | ||
Examples include environmental monitoring associated with a permitted facility, implementation monitoring for TMDLs, CWPs and 319 projects, drinking water system monitoring, and monitoring associated with a particular best management practice. | |||
Another example of effectiveness monitoring is effluent monitoring done to assess the compliance of a facility with a permit, rule or statute (i.e. compliance tracking) and to provide information on the effect of regulatory actions on inputs to water bodies (not the effects on the water body itself).While there are similarities among the three monitoring types and the definitions are not meant to be exclusive and rigid, the definitions do help to distinguish between the various purposes for monitoring. | Table 1-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Rivers Degrees of Use Support Monitored Miles Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses - Category 1 0 Miles Fully Supporting at Least One Use & None Threatened or Impaired - . | ||
Perhaps the greatest area of overlap is found between effectiveness and condition monitoring. | Category 2 2171,4 Miles Impaired for One or More Uses - Categories 4 & 5 7219.82 Miles Reviewed but Not Assessed 1011.94 3 | ||
In this case, the difference between the two is largely a matter of scale.Effectiveness monitoring is done at the management scale, to evaluate particular management actions. In contrast, condition monitoring can be used to track the system-wide effectiveness of environmental protection efforts. In discussing the elements of the monitoring program strategy, it will be important to distinguish among the three types of monitoring, since many elements are different depending on the type of monitoring. | |||
8 B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives Minnesota has several sets of goals and objectives related to monitoring. | Table 1-2. Individual Use Support Summary - Rivers Miles Fully Miles Miles Miles Fully Supporting but Partially Miles Not Miles Not Goals Use Reviewed Supporting Threatened Supporting Supporting Assessed Protect & Enhance Ecosystems Aquatic Life 10403.16 3743.34 0 477.63 2587.04 3595.15 Fish Consumption 10403.16 0 0 0 4823.65 5579.51 Protect & Enhance Public Health Swimming 10403.16 1023.86 0 477.72 743.8 8157.78 4 | ||
MPCA has adopted three strategic goals to drive its water quality protection and restoration efforts (both point and nonpoint) and achieve its vision of clean, fishable and swimmable surface waters. For nonpoint source pollution, a consortium of federal, state and local organizations have adopted water monitoring'goals, as part of the 319 planning process.MPCA'S STRATEGIC GOALS FOR WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION | |||
* Goal W. 1. Assess the chemical, physical and biological integrity of lakes, streams and wetlands to identify if designated uses are being met, and to provide information on the condition of waters.* Goal W.2. Maintain and enhance the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands so that water quality standards and designated uses are met and degradation is prevented. | Table 1-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Rivers Integrated 2004 Assessed Reporting Miles Cause/Stressor Category Miles Impaired - Impaired* | ||
* Goal W.3. Restore the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands that do not support designated uses.Each of the goals contains several specific, measurable objectives to set direction for all of the agency's surface water quality work, including monitoring. | PCBs 62.85 1053.47 Ammonia 0 168.86 Chlorine 14.26 47.13 pH 0 45.8 Organic enrichment/Low DO 230.96 808.32 Pathogen Indicators 337.66 1591.62 Mercury 218.43 5227.96 Biology (Fish) 504.9 1609.29 Biology (Invertebrates) 188.39 188.39 Turbidity 438.82 1824.66 Temperature 0 8.27 DDT 0 18.86 Dieldrin 0 18.86 Dioxin 0 12.62 Toxaphene 0 12.62 | ||
While the monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1 are clearly articulated, the monitoring components of the other two goals are implied.Monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1. are as follows.Obj. Wla) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and increase assessment of streams to 33 percent.Obj. Wlb) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and assess 100 percent of the lakes /larger than 500 acres.Obj. Wlc) By December 31, 2014, gather data and increase assessment to 25 percent of the state's depressional wetlands.C. Condition Monitoring Strategy LAKES AND STREAMS Minnesota's statewide surface water quality assessment strategy has four data collection components | * Integrated Reporting Miles reflects causes of impairment from all data in the Assessment Database including data brought forward from previous TMDL lists. | ||
: 1. MPCA stream and lake monitoring; | Table 1-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Lakes Assessments Total Assessed Degree of Use Support Evaluated Monitored Acres Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses 224041 -1030753 1254794 Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses, but threatened for at least One Use 0 0 0 Acres Impaired for One or More Uses 307169 982460 1289629 Acres Not Attainable for Any Use and Not Included in the Line Items Above 0 0 0 5 | ||
Table 1-5. Individual Use Su port Summar (2004 Only) - Lakes - - | |||
Each of these components contributes important data to the system that results in both geographic coverage and data confidence. | Acres | ||
9 For both lakes and streams, the MPCA considers this four component strategy of data collection to be sufficient for fully assessing streams and lakes in Minnesota over a 10-year cycle. This strategy is considered complete, in that it builds on a foundation of citizen monitoring, remote sensing, and other information to direct attention to waters that may be changing or indicating impairment for further assessment. | . .Fully | ||
Further details on the condition monitoring strategy can be found in Minnesota's Monitoring Program Strategy (now in draft).Condition monitoring on streams conducted by MPCA staff includes long-term monitoring at fixed sites, integrated stream monitoring, river nutrient monitoring and monitoring for trace metals. n Statistically Based Monitoring Program The MPCA's "integrated, statistically based" stream-monitoring program uses a random-site approach to gain a statistically valid representation of overall water quality in a given area. Fifty to 60 sites are chosen within a basin, using EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) random site-selection protocol. | : Acres Supportln Acres | ||
The monitoring focuses on biological measures, with the sites being examined for fish, macroinvertebrates and habitat, plus flow and basic water chemistry. | : - :Acres Fully g but . Partially 'Acres Not Assesse, Supportin Threatene Supportin Supportin Acres Not Goals Uses d a d a a Attainable Protect and Enhance Ecosystems . l Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic - | ||
Additional sites are monitored as reference sites to develop the necessary ecoregion-specific biocriteria for assessing stream health.By eliminating the bias that can result from selectively targeting sites, the design achieves a representative sample that allows extrapolation from a relatively small number of sites to the entire population of rivers and streams within the basin. (The same concept is used in political polling, where the results of a small number of randomly selected interviews can represent the opinions of a much larger population.) | Health Recreation 2544423 1254794 0 872779 416850 0 Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic Health Consumption 12516 0 0 0 12516 0 Social and Economic . | ||
Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Lakes Acres of Waters by Contribution to Impairment CauselStressor Category 2004 Only Integ rated Nutrients 20992 94542 Mercury Fish Consumption Advisories 12516 3696719.5 PCBs 0 1640218.5 6 | |||
Table 1-7. Review of 305b assessed lakes in ADB and their categorization | |||
_ _ X _ _ _ _ Evaluated Monitored Total Numbers: Total number of lakes assessed for 305b below. 1048 1745 2793 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 568 921 1489 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 142 130 272 v Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 338 694 1032 Acres: Total lake acres assessed for 305b below: 531210 2013213 2544423 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 224041 1030753 1254794 1254794 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 222242 650537 872779 872779 Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 84927 331923 416850 416850 307169 982460 1289629 2544423 Categorization of 305b Lake Assessments (Acres): _ X Category Category Category Category Category | |||
; 2 3A 3B 5A 5C Total Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Evaluated) 68157 0 0 4403 151481 224041 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Monitored) 174732 0 0 5968 850053 1030753 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Evaluated) 0 0 22309 0 199933 222242 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 33129 410 616998 650537 Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Evaluated) 0 24 54475 0 30428 84927 | |||
_ Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 137881 36119 157923 331923 | |||
-_ 2544423 Categorization of 305b Lake Assessments (Numbers):_ | |||
Category Category Category Category Category | |||
_ __3A = 2 3B 5A 5C Total Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Evaluated) 417 0 0 8 142 567 | |||
_ Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Monitored) 619 0 0 7 295 921 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Evaluated) 0 0 110 0 32 142 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 94 1 35 130 | |||
________ LAssessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Evaluated) 0 1 268 0 69 338 | |||
_Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 451 45 199 695 2793 7 | |||
II. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGY A. Types of Monitoring The MPCA categorizes its environmental monitoring efforts by the purpose for the monitoring and how the information is assessed and used. In general, water monitoring efforts can be grouped into three "use" categories as follows: | |||
* Condition monitoring: This type of monitoring is used to identify overall environmental status and trends by examining the condition of individual waterbodies or aquifers in terms of their ability to meet established standards and criteria. Condition monitoring may include chemical, physical or biological measures. The focus of condition monitoring is on understanding the status of the resource, identifying changes over time, and identifying and defining problems at the overall system level. Examples include routine surface water monitoring, basin monitoring, Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) listing activities, and the ambient ground water network. | |||
* Problem InvestigationMonitoring: This monitoring involves investigating specific problems or protection concerns to allow for the development of a management approach to protect or improve the resource. Problem investigation monitoring is used to determine the specific causes of impairments to water or ground water and to quantify inputs/loads from various sources. It is also used to determine the actions needed to return a resource to a condition that meets standards or goals. Examples include Clean Water Partnership (CWP) and Section 319 (319) projects, TMDL development, site assessment, and investigation of specific ground water issues, such as pesticides. | |||
* Effectiveness Monitoring: This is used to determine the effectiveness of specific regulatory or voluntary management actions taken to remediate contaminated water. Effectiveness monitoring allows for the evaluation and refinement of the management approach to ensure it is ultimately successful. Examples include environmental monitoring associated with a permitted facility, implementation monitoring for TMDLs, CWPs and 319 projects, drinking water system monitoring, and monitoring associated with a particular best management practice. Another example of effectiveness monitoring is effluent monitoring done to assess the compliance of a facility with a permit, rule or statute (i.e. compliance tracking) and to provide information on the effect of regulatory actions on inputs to water bodies (not the effects on the water body itself). | |||
While there are similarities among the three monitoring types and the definitions are not meant to be exclusive and rigid, the definitions do help to distinguish between the various purposes for monitoring. Perhaps the greatest area of overlap is found between effectiveness and condition monitoring. In this case, the difference between the two is largely a matter of scale. | |||
Effectiveness monitoring is done at the management scale, to evaluate particular management actions. In contrast, condition monitoring can be used to track the system-wide effectiveness of environmental protection efforts. In discussing the elements of the monitoring program strategy, it will be important to distinguish among the three types of monitoring, since many elements are different depending on the type of monitoring. | |||
8 | |||
B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives Minnesota has several sets of goals and objectives related to monitoring. MPCA has adopted three strategic goals to drive its water quality protection and restoration efforts (both point and nonpoint) and achieve its vision of clean, fishable and swimmable surface waters. For nonpoint source pollution, a consortium of federal, state and local organizations have adopted water monitoring'goals, as part of the 319 planning process. | |||
MPCA'S STRATEGIC GOALS FOR WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION | |||
* Goal W. 1. Assess the chemical, physical and biological integrity of lakes, streams and wetlands to identify if designated uses are being met, and to provide information on the condition of waters. | |||
* Goal W.2. Maintain and enhance the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands so that water quality standards and designated uses are met and degradation is prevented. | |||
* Goal W.3. Restore the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands that do not support designated uses. | |||
Each of the goals contains several specific, measurable objectives to set direction for all of the agency's surface water quality work, including monitoring. While the monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1 are clearly articulated, the monitoring components of the other two goals are implied. | |||
Monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1. are as follows. | |||
Obj. Wla) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and increase assessment of streams to 33 percent. | |||
Obj. Wlb) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and assess 100 percent of the lakes /larger than 500 acres. | |||
Obj. Wlc) By December 31, 2014, gather data and increase assessment to 25 percent of the state's depressional wetlands. | |||
C. Condition Monitoring Strategy LAKES AND STREAMS Minnesota's statewide surface water quality assessment strategy has four data collection components: 1. MPCA stream and lake monitoring; 2. stream and lake data collected by other organizations; 3. remote sensing; and 4. citizen monitoring. Each of these components contributes important data to the system that results in both geographic coverage and data confidence. | |||
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For both lakes and streams, the MPCA considers this four component strategy of data collection to be sufficient for fully assessing streams and lakes in Minnesota over a 10-year cycle. This strategy is considered complete, in that it builds on a foundation of citizen monitoring, remote sensing, and other information to direct attention to waters that may be changing or indicating impairment for further assessment. | |||
Further details on the condition monitoring strategy can be found in Minnesota's Monitoring Program Strategy (now in draft). | |||
Condition monitoring on streams conducted by MPCA staff includes long-term monitoring at fixed sites, integrated stream monitoring, river nutrient monitoring and monitoring for trace metals. n Statistically Based Monitoring Program The MPCA's "integrated, statistically based" stream-monitoring program uses a random-site approach to gain a statistically valid representation of overall water quality in a given area. Fifty to 60 sites are chosen within a basin, using EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) random site-selection protocol. The monitoring focuses on biological measures, with the sites being examined for fish, macroinvertebrates and habitat, plus flow and basic water chemistry. Additional sites are monitored as reference sites to develop the necessary ecoregion-specific biocriteria for assessing stream health. | |||
By eliminating the bias that can result from selectively targeting sites, the design achieves a representative sample that allows extrapolation from a relatively small number of sites to the entire population of rivers and streams within the basin. (The same concept is used in political polling, where the results of a small number of randomly selected interviews can represent the opinions of a much larger population.) | |||
Fieldwork has been done in the St. Croix, Lake Superior, Upper Mississippi, and Minnesota River basins; analysis of the data has been done and reported for the St. Croix basin, with analysis for the others in preparation. | Fieldwork has been done in the St. Croix, Lake Superior, Upper Mississippi, and Minnesota River basins; analysis of the data has been done and reported for the St. Croix basin, with analysis for the others in preparation. | ||
In upcoming years the program will cover all the basins of the state, providing for the first time an unbiased assessment of overall stream and river water quality for the state as a whole.D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy Minnesota's problem investigation monitoring strategy is built on two cornerstones | In upcoming years the program will cover all the basins of the state, providing for the first time an unbiased assessment of overall stream and river water quality for the state as a whole. | ||
-the impaired waters program and the basin management planning process -and includes monitoring by a variety of entities, depending on the purpose.10 Within these two cornerstones | D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy Minnesota's problem investigation monitoring strategy is built on two cornerstones - the impaired waters program and the basin management planning process - and includes monitoring by a variety of entities, depending on the purpose. | ||
-the impaired waters program and the basin management process-the problem investigation monitoring work is accomplished. | 10 | ||
Minnesota's strategy relies on a variety of partners to conduct problem investigation monitoring: | |||
* monitoring by regulated parties for most of its regulatory programs [National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)],* a mix of MPCA and MPCA-contracted monitoring for its TMDL studies,* local monitoring for locally-identified problems or protection concerns (through CWP, county water planning, local lake associations, etc.),* MPCA monitoring to fill gaps and for special projects (fish kills, wasteloads, etc.), and* monitoring by other organizations for additional needs [U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Metropolitan Council Environmental Services]. | Within these two cornerstones - the impaired waters program and the basin management process | ||
E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy Much like problem investigation monitoring, the state's effectiveness monitoring strategy relies on monitoring activities by a variety of parties. On a project scale, regulated parties, local implementers, MPCA contractors, other organizations and MPCA conduct effectiveness monitoring to evaluate specific management practices or groups of practices in a specific area.And, as in problem investigation monitoring, project-scale effectiveness monitoring will be targeted to the priorities of Minnesota's impaired waters list, as those projects are implemented. | - the problem investigation monitoring work is accomplished. Minnesota's strategy relies on a variety of partners to conduct problem investigation monitoring: | ||
F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators Tables 1, 2 and 3 (see Appendix A) describe current Condition, Problem Investigation and'Effectiveness monitoring activities, respectively. | * monitoring by regulated parties for most of its regulatory programs [National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)], | ||
Each table provides information on the -monitoring activity: | * a mix of MPCA and MPCA-contracted monitoring for its TMDL studies, | ||
activity start date, purpose, description of monitoring with an indication of the type of monitoring design to meet the specific monitoring purpose, and indicators. | * local monitoring for locally-identified problems or protection concerns (through CWP, county water planning, local lake associations, etc.), | ||
G. Monitoring Planning Database In 2002, MPCA conducted a comprehensive evaluation of all of its monitoring programs. | * MPCA monitoring to fill gaps and for special projects (fish kills, wasteloads, etc.), and | ||
The report assessed MPCA's monitoring projects to identify needs and gaps, opportunities and ways to make the projects more efficient and effective. | * monitoring by other organizations for additional needs [U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), | ||
The report included a series of recommendations that applied across the media and recommendations for surface water monitoring. | Metropolitan Council Environmental Services]. | ||
A primary need identified in the monitoring evaluation (and the evaluation's first recommendation) was the need for an annual planning process for identifying and coordinating monitoring efforts and needs. The Monitoring Leadership Team (supervisors and managers involved in all three types of monitoring, responsible for coordinating surface water monitoring at a strategic level) has authorized development of a prototype database for use in annual monitoring planning. | E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy Much like problem investigation monitoring, the state's effectiveness monitoring strategy relies on monitoring activities by a variety of parties. On a project scale, regulated parties, local implementers, MPCA contractors, other organizations and MPCA conduct effectiveness monitoring to evaluate specific management practices or groups of practices in a specific area. | ||
Monitoring staff will enter their monitoring plans into the database annually, which then will be available to staff and management for planning and coordination purposes. | And, as in problem investigation monitoring, project-scale effectiveness monitoring will be targeted to the priorities of Minnesota's impaired waters list, as those projects are implemented. | ||
This will serve as a first step in establishing an annual planning process, and will be evaluated for effectiveness. | F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators Tables 1, 2 and 3 (see Appendix A) describe current Condition, Problem Investigation and' Effectiveness monitoring activities, respectively. Each table provides information on the - | ||
11 M. ASSESSMENT TOOLS A. Water Quality Standards Program INTRODUCTION | monitoring activity: activity start date, purpose, description of monitoring with an indication of the type of monitoring design to meet the specific monitoring purpose, and indicators. | ||
G. Monitoring Planning Database In 2002, MPCA conducted a comprehensive evaluation of all of its monitoring programs. The report assessed MPCA's monitoring projects to identify needs and gaps, opportunities and ways to make the projects more efficient and effective. The report included a series of recommendations that applied across the media and recommendations for surface water monitoring. | |||
WQS have been adopted into Minnesota's administrative rules, principally Minn. R. chs. 7050 and 7052.BENEFICIAL USE CLASSES FOR SURFACE WATERS The beneficial use classification system adopted into Minnesota's water quality rules in the late 1960s is essentially unchanged, except that limited resource value waters (Class 7) were added in 1980. In the Minnesota system, all surface waters are classified and protected for fisheries and recreation, unless they are classified as limited resource value waters. Also, all surface waters are protected for multiple beneficial uses (Minn. R. pts. 7050.0400 | A primary need identified in the monitoring evaluation (and the evaluation's first recommendation) was the need for an annual planning process for identifying and coordinating monitoring efforts and needs. The Monitoring Leadership Team (supervisors and managers involved in all three types of monitoring, responsible for coordinating surface water monitoring at a strategic level) has authorized development of a prototype database for use in annual monitoring planning. Monitoring staff will enter their monitoring plans into the database annually, which then will be available to staff and management for planning and coordination purposes. This will serve as a first step in establishing an annual planning process, and will be evaluated for effectiveness. | ||
-7050.0470). | 11 | ||
Surface waters include lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, temporary pools, and man-made as well as natural water bodies.Minnesota R. ch. 7050 identifies seven'beneficial uses as listed below. The use class numbers 1-7 are not intended to imply a priority rank to the uses.Use Class Class 1 Class 2 | |||
Industrial use and cooling Agricultural use, irrigation Agricultural use, livestock and wildlife watering Aesthetics and navigation Other uses Limited resource value waters (not fully protected for aquatic life due to lack of water, lack of habitat or extensive physical alterations) | M. ASSESSMENT TOOLS A. Water Quality Standards Program INTRODUCTION = | ||
Class 1 through 3 waters have further been divided into subclasses. | At the heart of the assessment process are the beneficial uses we derive from our water resources and the water quality standards (WQS) that protect these uses. WQS are the fundamental benchmarks by which the quality of surface waters is measured. WQS have been adopted into Minnesota's administrative rules, principally Minn. R. chs. 7050 and 7052. | ||
Since the goal of the CWA is 'fishable and swimmable' waters, Minnesota assesses waters with respect to Class 2 subclasses as follows: Class 2A | BENEFICIAL USE CLASSES FOR SURFACE WATERS The beneficial use classification system adopted into Minnesota's water quality rules in the late 1960s is essentially unchanged, except that limited resource value waters (Class 7) were added in 1980. In the Minnesota system, all surface waters are classified and protected for fisheries and recreation, unless they are classified as limited resource value waters. Also, all surface waters are protected for multiple beneficial uses (Minn. R. pts. 7050.0400 - 7050.0470). Surface waters include lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, temporary pools, and man-made as well as natural water bodies. | ||
This is consistent with the goal in the CWA that the nation's waters should be "fishable and swimmable" wherever attainable. | Minnesota R. ch. 7050 identifies seven'beneficial uses as listed below. The use class numbers 1-7 are not intended to imply a priority rank to the uses. | ||
Class 7 waters are not able to support a fishery due to lack of water, habitat and extensive alterations; most are headwater channelized ditches. About one percent (approximately 900-950 miles) of Minnesota's 92,000 miles of rivers and streams are limited resource value waters.Both Class 2 and Class 7 waters, i.e., all surface waters of the state, are also protected for industrial (Class 3), agricultural (Class 4A&B), aesthetics and navigation (Class 5), and other uses (Class 6). For example, the St. Croix River from the dam in Taylors Falls to its mouth is classified as IC, 2Bd, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6; and is therefore protected for all uses defined by these use classes (Minn. R. pt. 7050.0470, subp. 6). If a pollutant has numerical standards in more than one beneficial use class, the most stringent applies.All ground waters, but only selected surface waters, such as the St. Croix example cited above, are protected as a source of drinking water (Class 1). The federal drinking water standards apply to these waters.Drinking Water Assessments At the present time the MPCA does not assess surface waters of the state for drinking water;however, discussions have been held with the Minnesota Department of Health on the subject.The agencies are investigating the possibility of making such assessments, and staffs have attended source water protection meetings with the municipal water suppliers for the major metropolitan cities of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and St. Cloud, Minnesota. | Use Class Beneficial Use Class 1 Drinking water Class 2 Aquatic life and recreation (swimming) | ||
These three cities all use surface waters in their municipal supplies and provide drinking water to a large portion of the state's population. | Class 3 Industrial use and cooling Class 4A Agricultural use, irrigation Class 4B Agricultural use, livestock and wildlife watering Class 5 Aesthetics and navigation Class 6 Other uses Class 7 Limited resource value waters (not fully protected for aquatic life due to lack of water, lack of habitat or extensive physical alterations) | ||
They have helped the state agencies to identify some of their contaminants of concern in intake waters that presently fall within current monitoring strategies and others which are not currently being monitored. | Class 1 through 3 waters have further been divided into subclasses. Since the goal of the CWA is 'fishable and swimmable' waters, Minnesota assesses waters with respect to Class 2 subclasses as follows: | ||
These initial steps will be followed by a more statewide review of contaminants of concern for present municipal water suppliers who use surface waters.NUMERICAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A numerical water quality standard (WQS) is a safe concentration of a pollutant in water, associated with a specific beneficial use. Numerical standards are associated with all use classes except Class 6 (other uses). Ideally, if the standard is not exceeded, the use will be protected. | Class 2A Cold water fisheries, trout waters Class 2Bd Cool and warm water fisheries, in addition these waters are protected as a source of drinking waters - | ||
However,-nature is extremely complex and variable, and the MPCA must use a variety of tools in addition to numerical standards, such as biological monitoring, to fully assess beneficial uses.Surface waters are assessed for this Report only with respect to Class 2 standards. | Class 2B Cool and warm water fisheries (not protected for drinking water) | ||
However, compliance with the Class 2 standards will, with some exceptions, protect the usually less sensitive Class 3, 4, 5 and 6 beneficial uses.13 All Class 2 standards for toxic pollutants have three parts'.* Chronic standard* Maximum standard, and* Final Acute Value (FAV)The chronic standard is the highest concentration of a toxicant to which aquatic organisms can be exposed indefinitely with no harmful effects to the organism itself, or to human or wildlife consumers of aquatic organisms. | Class 2C Indigenous fish and associated aquatic community Class 2D Wetlands 12 | ||
The maximum standard protects aquatic organisms from potential lethal effects of a short-term "spike" in toxicant concentrations. | |||
The maximum standard is always equal to one half the Final Acute Value (FAV). The FAV is most often used as an "end-of-pipe" effluent limit to prevent an acutely toxic condition in the effluent or the mixing zone.Class 2 chronic standards are based on one of three "end points", as listed below.* Toxicity-based. | Protection of aquatic life and recreation means the maintenance of healthy, diverse and successfully reproducing populations of aquatic organisms; and the maintenance of conditions suitable and safe for swimming and other forms of water recreation. This is consistent with the goal in the CWA that the nation's waters should be "fishable and swimmable" wherever attainable. Class 7 waters are not able to support a fishery due to lack of water, habitat and extensive alterations; most are headwater channelized ditches. About one percent (approximately 900-950 miles) of Minnesota's 92,000 miles of rivers and streams are limited resource value waters. | ||
The chronic standard is based on the direct toxicity of the toxicant to fish and other aquatic life.* Human Health-based. | Both Class 2 and Class 7 waters, i.e., all surface waters of the state, are also protected for industrial (Class 3), agricultural (Class 4A&B), aesthetics and navigation (Class 5), and other uses (Class 6). For example, the St. Croix River from the dam in Taylors Falls to its mouth is classified as IC, 2Bd, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6; and is therefore protected for all uses defined by these use classes (Minn. R. pt. 7050.0470, subp. 6). If a pollutant has numerical standards in more than one beneficial use class, the most stringent applies. | ||
The chronic standard is based on the protection of people that eat fish from Minnesota waters (and drink the water, if the surface water is also a Class 1 water).Wildlife-based. | All ground waters, but only selected surface waters, such as the St. Croix example cited above, are protected as a source of drinking water (Class 1). The federal drinking water standards apply to these waters. | ||
The chronic standard is based on the protection of wildlife species that eat aquatic organisms (Minn. R. ch. 7052 has four wildlife-based standards, Minn. R. ch.7050 has none).Both toxicity-based and human health-based criterions are calculated by the MPCA, and the more restrictive of the two is adopted into Minn. R. ch. 7050 as the applicable chronic standard.Wildlife-based criteria have not been calculated outside of those adopted in Minn. R. ch. 7052.Minn. R. ch. 7052 is the Great Lakes Initiative Rule, applicable only to the Lake Superior basin.Maximum standards and FAVs are always toxicity-based, never human health or wildlife-based. | Drinking Water Assessments At the present time the MPCA does not assess surface waters of the state for drinking water; however, discussions have been held with the Minnesota Department of Health on the subject. | ||
Most of Minnesota's aquatic life (Class 2) standards are based on EPA aquatic life criteria. | The agencies are investigating the possibility of making such assessments, and staffs have attended source water protection meetings with the municipal water suppliers for the major metropolitan cities of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and St. Cloud, Minnesota. These three cities all use surface waters in their municipal supplies and provide drinking water to a large portion of the state's population. They have helped the state agencies to identify some of their contaminants of concern in intake waters that presently fall within current monitoring strategies and others which are not currently being monitored. These initial steps will be followed by a more statewide review of contaminants of concern for present municipal water suppliers who use surface waters. | ||
The EPA develops and publishes aquatic life criteria as required by Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act.NARRATIVE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A narrative water quality standard (WQS) is a standard that prohibits unacceptable conditions in or upon the water, such as floating solids, scums, visible oil film, or nuisance algae blooms.Narrative standards are sometimes called "free froms" because they help keep surface waters free from very fundamental and basic forms of water pollution. | NUMERICAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A numerical water quality standard (WQS) is a safe concentration of a pollutant in water, associated with a specific beneficial use. Numerical standards are associated with all use classes except Class 6 (other uses). Ideally, if the standard is not exceeded, the use will be protected. | ||
The association between the standard and beneficial use is less well defined for narrative standards than it is for numerical standards; however, most narrative standards protect aesthetic or aquatic life beneficial uses.Because narrative standards are not quantitative, the determination that one has been exceeded typically requires a "weight of evidence" approach to data analysis showing a consistent pattern of violations. | However,-nature is extremely complex and variable, and the MPCA must use a variety of tools in addition to numerical standards, such as biological monitoring, to fully assess beneficial uses. | ||
There is an unavoidable element of professional judgment involved in using Un-ionized ammonia, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride have only a chronic standard and no maximum standard or final acute value.14 narrative standards to determine impairment. | Surface waters are assessed for this Report only with respect to Class 2 standards. However, compliance with the Class 2 standards will, with some exceptions, protect the usually less sensitive Class 3, 4, 5 and 6 beneficial uses. | ||
The narrative standards most relevant to 305(b)assessments are found in Minn. R. pts. 7050.0150 and 7050.0222 subp. 7. These standards protect surface waters and aquatic biota from:* Eutrophication (particularly lakes)* Impairment of the biological community* Impairment of fish for human consumption NONDEGRADATION Nondegradation (equivalent to the federal term, antidegradation) is a third element of water quality standards, in addition to (1) numeric or narrative'standards and (2) the beneficial uses.The fundamental concept of nondegradation is the protection of water bodies whose quality is better than the applicable standards, so that the existing high quality is maintained and not allowed to degrade down to the level of the WQS.Federal guidance establishes three levels or tiers of nondegradation. | 13 | ||
The first level is, at a minimum, waters should be in compliance with WQS, and that beneficial uses should be protected. | |||
Level two is the protection of waters that have quality better than standards so the existing high quality is maintained, unless there is a social and economic need to degrade the waters down to the level of the standards (Minn. R. 7050.0185). | All Class 2 standards for toxic pollutants have three parts'. | ||
The third level, which provides the highest level of protection from pollution, are waters designated as outstanding, very sensitive or unique resources (Minn. R. 7050.0180). | * Chronic standard | ||
The MPCA has specifically designated a number of waters that are special for a variety of reasons. In Minnesota these special waters are called Outstanding Resource Value Waters (ORVW). There are two categories of ORVWs,"prohibited" and "restricted". | * Maximum standard, and | ||
New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are entirely prohibited to the first category (examples are waters in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Voyagers National Park). New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are prohibited to the restricted category unless the discharger can demonstrate there is no "prudent or feasible alternative" to allowing the increased pollutant loading (examples in the restricted category are Lake Superior and federal and state designated scenic and recreational river segments such as the St. Croix River). In addition to designated ORVWs, which are located statewide, all surface waters in the Lake Superior basin are designated as Outstanding International Resource Waters (OIRW) (Minn. R. 7052.0300)., Implementation of nondegradation for OIRW waters focuses on reducing the loading of bioaccumulative pollutants to the Lake Superior basin because of the sensitivity of the Lake Superior ecosystem to these pollutants. | * Final Acute Value (FAV) | ||
B. Assessment Units Assessments of use support in Minnesota are made for individual water bodies. The water body unit used for river system assessments is the river reach or "assessment reach". A river reach extends from one significant tributary river to another and is typically less than 20 miles in length. The reach may be further divided into two or more assessment reaches when there is a change in the use classification (as defined in Minn. R. ch. 7050), or when there is a significant morphological feature such as a dam, or a lake within the reach. In the past, Minnesota used EPA's Reach File 1 to define reaches. Many of our current assessment reaches are Reach File I 15 reaches, or subsegments of Reach File 1 reaches. MPCA is now using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to identify stream segment locations because it provides a much more complete accounting of all the streams in the State. All of our assessment reaches will be indexed to the NHD. Each water body is identified by a unique water body identifier code, comprised of the USGS eight digit hydrologic unit code plus the three digit assessment reach. It is for these specific reaches that the data are evaluated for potential use impairment. | The chronic standard is the highest concentration of a toxicant to which aquatic organisms can be exposed indefinitely with no harmful effects to the organism itself, or to human or wildlife consumers of aquatic organisms. The maximum standard protects aquatic organisms from potential lethal effects of a short-term "spike" in toxicant concentrations. The maximum standard is always equal to one half the Final Acute Value (FAV). The FAV is most often used as an "end-of-pipe" effluent limit to prevent an acutely toxic condition in the effluent or the mixing zone. | ||
The MPCA has routinely relied on Bulletin 25 [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) 1968] as the primary basis for identifying lakes and reservoirs. | Class 2 chronic standards are based on one of three "end points", as listed below. | ||
However, some "lakes" listed in Bulletin 25 are really wetlands. | * Toxicity-based. The chronic standard is based on the direct toxicity of the toxicant to fish and other aquatic life. | ||
If a "lake" basin in Bulletin 25 is listed as a wetland on the MDNR Public Waters Inventory, it will be considered a Class 2D wetland, and it will be protected for the maintenance of a healthy aquatic community and for boating and other forms of aquatic recreation for which they are suitable. | * Human Health-based. The chronic standard is based on the protection of people that eat fish from Minnesota waters (and drink the water, if the surface water is also a Class 1 water). | ||
This may exclude swimming because the shallow water, soft bottom substrates and plentiful vegetation make many wetlands unattractive for swimming.Also, to help define reservoirs for assessment of the impacts of excess nutrients the MPCA will use a minimum hydraulic residence time of 14 days. Reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days will not be assessed as lakes. For this purpose, residence times are usually determined under conditions of low flow.2 The MPCA may establish a minimum residence time of less than 14 days on a site-specific basis if credible scientific evidence shows that a shorter residence time is appropriate for that reservoir. | Wildlife-based. The chronic standard is based on the protection of wildlife species that eat aquatic organisms (Minn. R. ch. 7052 has four wildlife-based standards, Minn. R. ch. | ||
The 14-day residence time was originally established as part of the "Phosphorus Strategy" to guide the MPCA in the application of the 1 mg/L phosphorus effluent limit in Minn. R. pt. 7050.0211 (MPCA 2000). The 14-day residence time is consistent with EPA's current guidance, which recommends that reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days be included with rivers for the purposes of nutrient criteria development (EPA 2000a, Kennedy 2001).The application of residence time is relevant in the assessment of eutrophication described here, since the nutrient impairment threshold values are applied to lakes and reservoirs rather than rivers. The eutrophication of rivers is a concern, but the assessment of rivers will require the development of separate river-specific eutrophication thresholds. | 7050 has none). | ||
The professional judgment teams will consider residence time as part of their "weight of evidence" review.Bulletin 25 provides unique identification numbers for all lakes greater than 10 acres in size in Minnesota (15,291 listed). The Bulletin 25 numbers serve as the EPA's water quality data Storage and Retrieval System (STORET) station numbers; for example, 27-0104 is Medicine Lake in Hennepin County. In addition to the 6-digit numbers, a 2-digit suffix may be added as a basis for defining distinct bays in a lake (e.g., 27-0133-01 | Both toxicity-based and human health-based criterions are calculated by the MPCA, and the more restrictive of the two is adopted into Minn. R. ch. 7050 as the applicable chronic standard. | ||
= Grays Bay in Lake Minnetonka). | Wildlife-based criteria have not been calculated outside of those adopted in Minn. R. ch. 7052. | ||
The bay suffixes are assigned consecutively, starting with the most downstream-(outlet) bay as" " and so on.2 A mean flow for the four-month summer season (June-September) with a once in ten-year recurrence interval is normally used.16 Bulletin 25 also provides surface acreage and location information for each lake listed. Lake acreage used by MPCA in lake assessments are drawn from Bulletin 25 or bathymetric maps, whichever source is most current at the time the lake sampling station is established in STORET.The MDNR public waters inventory, which encompasses Bulletin 25, is an additional source of identification numbers and is updated routinely as new water bodies are identified (e.g., mine pit lakes). While the Public Waters Inventory may include water bodies less than 10 acres in size, MPCA assessments for the 303(d) list will only consider lakes of 10 acres or greater.Typically, the listing of impaired waters is by individual NHD reach or individual lake. The major exception to this is the listing of river reaches for contaminants in fish tissue. Over the time it takes fish, particularly game fish, to grow to "catchable" size and accumulate pollutants to unacceptable levels there is a good chance some have moved considerable distance from the site where they were sampled. The impaired reach is defined by the location of significant barriers to fish movement such as dams upstream and downstream of the sampled reach. Thus, the impaired reaches often include several NHD reaches.The state of Minnesota uses the figure of 91,944 stream miles. This figure is from a 1981 report from the MDNR Office of Planning. | Minn. R. ch. 7052 is the Great Lakes Initiative Rule, applicable only to the Lake Superior basin. | ||
That report references a total of 37,793 watercourses, or some 147,930 kilometers (91,944 miles) of streams, rivers and ditches indexed in the MDNR Stream Inventory and Data Retrieval Systems Program (SIDRS). The database contains the center trace of most of the watercourses shown on the large scale (1:24,000 or 1:62,500)topographic maps covering Minnesota. | Maximum standards and FAVs are always toxicity-based, never human health or wildlife-based. | ||
The 77,456 stream miles figure in the NHD is based on the 1:100,000 scale NHD linework. | Most of Minnesota's aquatic life (Class 2) standards are based on EPA aquatic life criteria. The EPA develops and publishes aquatic life criteria as required by Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act. | ||
MPCA and MDNR staff agree that the discrepancies come in the forms of fewer intermittent stream/rivers, fewer ditches, and less sinuosity due to the larger, less detailed NHD scale.C. Data Management The MPCA stores surface water monitoring data in EPA's STORET system. In the last few years, STORET has undergone an extensive modernization process led by the EPA.It is MPCA policy that all water quality monitoring data required or paid for by MPCA be entered into STORET. Projects funded by MPCA include 319 projects, CWP projects, and more recently, TMDL projects.It is also MPCA policy to use all credible and relevant monitoring data collected by others for its assessment activities. | NARRATIVE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A narrative water quality standard (WQS) is a standard that prohibits unacceptable conditions in or upon the water, such as floating solids, scums, visible oil film, or nuisance algae blooms. | ||
Because of this policy, many local projects not funded by MPCA choose to submit data to the Agency in STORET-ready format. These projects will then also have their data accessible to a variety of users through the MPCA's Environmental Data Access Initiative. | Narrative standards are sometimes called "free froms" because they help keep surface waters free from very fundamental and basic forms of water pollution. The association between the standard and beneficial use is less well defined for narrative standards than it is for numerical standards; however, most narrative standards protect aesthetic or aquatic life beneficial uses. | ||
In fall, 2002, a call for data was sent out to agencies and organizations that either collected water monitoring data or used data collected by others, asking if they would be interested in submitting their data to the MPCA.17 IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS A. Integrated Assessment Methodology. | Because narrative standards are not quantitative, the determination that one has been exceeded typically requires a "weight of evidence" approach to data analysis showing a consistent pattern of violations. There is an unavoidable element of professional judgment involved in using Un-ionized ammonia, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride have only a chronic standard and no maximum standard or final acute value. | ||
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the fundamental data and information requirements for 305(b) and 303(d) use-support and impairment determinations for all categories of pollutants. | 14 | ||
Pre-assessments are made automatically following the methodology reflected in Tables 1 and 2. As reflected in these tables, there are some water bodies for which a 305(b) assessment will indicate impairments but for which there is insufficient data to determinea TMDL impairment. | |||
18 Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards. | narrative standards to determine impairment. The narrative standards most relevant to 305(b) assessments are found in Minn. R. pts. 7050.0150 and 7050.0222 subp. 7. These standards protect surface waters and aquatic biota from: | ||
I -Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds: | * Eutrophication (particularly lakes) | ||
* Impairment of the biological community | |||
* Impairment of fish for human consumption NONDEGRADATION Nondegradation (equivalent to the federal term, antidegradation) is a third element of water quality standards, in addition to (1) numeric or narrative'standards and (2) the beneficial uses. | |||
The fundamental concept of nondegradation is the protection of water bodies whose quality is better than the applicable standards, so that the existing high quality is maintained and not allowed to degrade down to the level of the WQS. | |||
Federal guidance establishes three levels or tiers of nondegradation. The first level is, at a minimum, waters should be in compliance with WQS, and that beneficial uses should be protected. Level two is the protection of waters that have quality better than standards so the existing high quality is maintained, unless there is a social and economic need to degrade the waters down to the level of the standards (Minn. R. 7050.0185). The third level, which provides the highest level of protection from pollution, are waters designated as outstanding, very sensitive or unique resources (Minn. R. 7050.0180). The MPCA has specifically designated a number of waters that are special for a variety of reasons. In Minnesota these special waters are called Outstanding Resource Value Waters (ORVW). There are two categories of ORVWs, "prohibited" and "restricted". New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are entirely prohibited to the first category (examples are waters in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Voyagers National Park). New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are prohibited to the restricted category unless the discharger can demonstrate there is no "prudent or feasible alternative" to allowing the increased pollutant loading (examples in the restricted category are Lake Superior and federal and state designated scenic and recreational river segments such as the St. Croix River). In addition to designated ORVWs, which are located statewide, all surface waters in the Lake Superior basin are designated as Outstanding International Resource Waters (OIRW) (Minn. R. 7052.0300)., Implementation of nondegradation for OIRW waters focuses on reducing the loading of bioaccumulative pollutants to the Lake Superior basin because of the sensitivity of the Lake Superior ecosystem to these pollutants. | |||
B. Assessment Units Assessments of use support in Minnesota are made for individual water bodies. The water body unit used for river system assessments is the river reach or "assessment reach". A river reach extends from one significant tributary river to another and is typically less than 20 miles in length. The reach may be further divided into two or more assessment reaches when there is a change in the use classification (as defined in Minn. R. ch. 7050), or when there is a significant morphological feature such as a dam, or a lake within the reach. In the past, Minnesota used EPA's Reach File 1 to define reaches. Many of our current assessment reaches are Reach File I 15 | |||
reaches, or subsegments of Reach File 1 reaches. MPCA is now using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to identify stream segment locations because it provides a much more complete accounting of all the streams in the State. All of our assessment reaches will be indexed to the NHD. Each water body is identified by a unique water body identifier code, comprised of the USGS eight digit hydrologic unit code plus the three digit assessment reach. It is for these specific reaches that the data are evaluated for potential use impairment. | |||
The MPCA has routinely relied on Bulletin 25 [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) 1968] as the primary basis for identifying lakes and reservoirs. However, some "lakes" listed in Bulletin 25 are really wetlands. If a "lake" basin in Bulletin 25 is listed as a wetland on the MDNR Public Waters Inventory, it will be considered a Class 2D wetland, and it will be protected for the maintenance of a healthy aquatic community and for boating and other forms of aquatic recreation for which they are suitable. This may exclude swimming because the shallow water, soft bottom substrates and plentiful vegetation make many wetlands unattractive for swimming. | |||
Also, to help define reservoirs for assessment of the impacts of excess nutrients the MPCA will use a minimum hydraulic residence time of 14 days. Reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days will not be assessed as lakes. For this purpose, residence times are usually determined under conditions of low flow. 2 The MPCA may establish a minimum residence time of less than 14 days on a site-specific basis if credible scientific evidence shows that a shorter residence time is appropriate for that reservoir. The 14-day residence time was originally established as part of the "Phosphorus Strategy" to guide the MPCA in the application of the 1 mg/L phosphorus effluent limit in Minn. R. pt. 7050.0211 (MPCA 2000). The 14-day residence time is consistent with EPA's current guidance, which recommends that reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days be included with rivers for the purposes of nutrient criteria development (EPA 2000a, Kennedy 2001). | |||
The application of residence time is relevant in the assessment of eutrophication described here, since the nutrient impairment threshold values are applied to lakes and reservoirs rather than rivers. The eutrophication of rivers is a concern, but the assessment of rivers will require the development of separate river-specific eutrophication thresholds. The professional judgment teams will consider residence time as part of their "weight of evidence" review. | |||
Bulletin 25 provides unique identification numbers for all lakes greater than 10 acres in size in Minnesota (15,291 listed). The Bulletin 25 numbers serve as the EPA's water quality data Storage and Retrieval System (STORET) station numbers; for example, 27-0104 is Medicine Lake in Hennepin County. In addition to the 6-digit numbers, a 2-digit suffix may be added as a basis for defining distinct bays in a lake (e.g., 27-0133-01 = Grays Bay in Lake Minnetonka). | |||
The bay suffixes are assigned consecutively, starting with the most downstream-(outlet) bay as | |||
" " and so on. | |||
2 A mean flow for the four-month summer season (June-September) with a once in ten-year recurrence interval is normally used. | |||
16 | |||
Bulletin 25 also provides surface acreage and location information for each lake listed. Lake acreage used by MPCA in lake assessments are drawn from Bulletin 25 or bathymetric maps, whichever source is most current at the time the lake sampling station is established in STORET. | |||
The MDNR public waters inventory, which encompasses Bulletin 25, is an additional source of identification numbers and is updated routinely as new water bodies are identified (e.g., mine pit lakes). While the Public Waters Inventory may include water bodies less than 10 acres in size, MPCA assessments for the 303(d) list will only consider lakes of 10 acres or greater. | |||
Typically, the listing of impaired waters is by individual NHD reach or individual lake. The major exception to this is the listing of river reaches for contaminants in fish tissue. Over the time it takes fish, particularly game fish, to grow to "catchable" size and accumulate pollutants to unacceptable levels there is a good chance some have moved considerable distance from the site where they were sampled. The impaired reach is defined by the location of significant barriers to fish movement such as dams upstream and downstream of the sampled reach. Thus, the impaired reaches often include several NHD reaches. | |||
The state of Minnesota uses the figure of 91,944 stream miles. This figure is from a 1981 report from the MDNR Office of Planning. That report references a total of 37,793 watercourses, or some 147,930 kilometers (91,944 miles) of streams, rivers and ditches indexed in the MDNR Stream Inventory and Data Retrieval Systems Program (SIDRS). The database contains the center trace of most of the watercourses shown on the large scale (1:24,000 or 1:62,500) topographic maps covering Minnesota. The 77,456 stream miles figure in the NHD is based on the 1:100,000 scale NHD linework. MPCA and MDNR staff agree that the discrepancies come in the forms of fewer intermittent stream/rivers, fewer ditches, and less sinuosity due to the larger, less detailed NHD scale. | |||
C. Data Management The MPCA stores surface water monitoring data in EPA's STORET system. In the last few years, STORET has undergone an extensive modernization process led by the EPA. | |||
It is MPCA policy that all water quality monitoring data required or paid for by MPCA be entered into STORET. Projects funded by MPCA include 319 projects, CWP projects, and more recently, TMDL projects. | |||
It is also MPCA policy to use all credible and relevant monitoring data collected by others for its assessment activities. Because of this policy, many local projects not funded by MPCA choose to submit data to the Agency in STORET-ready format. These projects will then also have their data accessible to a variety of users through the MPCA's Environmental Data Access Initiative. | |||
In fall, 2002, a call for data was sent out to agencies and organizations that either collected water monitoring data or used data collected by others, asking if they would be interested in submitting their data to the MPCA. | |||
17 | |||
IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS A. Integrated Assessment Methodology. | |||
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the fundamental data and information requirements for 305(b) and 303(d) use-support and impairment determinations for all categories of pollutants. Pre-assessments are made automatically following the methodology reflected in Tables 1 and 2. As reflected in these tables, there are some water bodies for which a 305(b) assessment will indicate impairments but for which there is insufficient data to determinea TMDL impairment. | |||
18 | |||
Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards. I - | |||
Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds: | |||
Values*, and Data | Values*, and Data | ||
* Number or Percent Exceedances of Chronic Standards 305(b) Report, or' Treatment 303(d) List .Use S pport or Listing Category stand,, ds ~305(b) 5 values | * Number or Percent Exceedances of Chronic Standards 305(b) Report, or' Treatment 303(d) List . Use S pport or Listing Category stand,, ds ~ | ||
.70()10 values in 10 years -Not listed Listed .Listed | 305(b) 5 values in3 years Fully t"N supportin | ||
.05(b) .5 | @ AA ' g Ifik na | ||
-each month _________________ | -~ . Not supporting 30()5 values in 3 years Not listed - na . Listed 2 | ||
303(d) : Geometric mean of 5 Not listed Listed Listed: .~values over 10 years for .:.___ _ _, __ _ _. _ each | a~nd~ater~ulit}e i, 305(b) - values in 3 years Not assessed for. na Not assessed for | ||
: _ _ _ _ ec1ofrnSp1 | |||
_ _ _ _ _ eenxcqq | |||
_ _ _ _ _ _ n~4 | |||
_ _ *10 305(b . 10A-S . 305(b)__ | |||
.- 303(d). - 5 values in 3 years Not listed z', XYMXi na Listed e305(b) | |||
FeaKoiom tp2 I{me fhodshj6nnh X 10 values in 10 years J | |||
Fully supporting o~~ts Prilysupporting | |||
>2oth Not supporting | |||
. 70()10 values in 10 years -Not listed Listed .Listed 305(b) 10 values in 10 years Fully supporting Step 2 na 303(d) 10 values in 10 years Not listed Ste 2 na 305(b) Geometric mean of 5 Full supporting Partially supporting Not supporting | |||
. 05(b) . values 5 over 10 years for . - . | |||
_______________ - each month _________________ | |||
303(d) : Geometric mean of 5 Not listed Listed Listed | |||
: . .k . . | |||
~values over 10 years for .:A ,1 | |||
.___ _ _, __ _ _. _ each month __ _ =.__ | |||
305(b) 10 values in 10 years Full supporting Partially supporting Not supporting 303(d) 10 values in 10 years Not listed Listed Listed | |||
* -Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise. | |||
na = not applicable. | na = not applicable. | ||
There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | ||
19 | |||
Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds: | |||
Table IV-2. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Narrative Standards. | |||
Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds: | |||
Values*, and Data | Values*, and Data | ||
* Eutrophication Guideline values Treatment I IBI Scores 305 (b) Report, or | * Eutrophication Guideline values Treatment I IBI Scores 305 (b) Report, or | ||
* Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 303(d) List Use Support or Listing Category : Etutioph c-ation (lakes) Toaghslou-. | * Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 303(d) List Use Support or Listing Category : | ||
<0~gL3-5 ~ >5jt/Nohern Lakes and | Etutioph c-ation (lakes) Toaghslou-. <0~gL3-5 ~ >5jt/ | ||
-* <10 | Nohern Lakes and Chlorophllyg/L -* <10, 10412 .'/! , >1.2 ts ,oreion ,ch Sec i-diski k6etr -etrs 11h4m'-' s<'4meer ^ | ||
<- ~ 40 jCg/L ) 40 45 pRW 4 " orhetaHa .dwA. ~ Chlorophyll-a-- | ;305(b) I total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk . - Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list Eutrphication (lake so . Total'posphoru's <- ~ 40 jCg/L ) 40 45 pRW Ž4 " | ||
.*I | orhetaHa .dwA. | ||
SFor~ests Ecoregion6z~ | |||
<<7 ,gL '7-y<9-0' | ~ Chlorophyll-a-- | ||
<<e4te 5, ,:>90i~ K'.Nortenglcatdlins Ch> pylAdz*Sa | Secchi disk3 -fi | ||
. *I Xgp'g/LS D,X | |||
^^. '7-'-24 32iJ-i'''. | Ž1.2 mneters | ||
i''"2g.d We o Belt, t metr .305(b) I total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list* Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise. | § '; 5-8gWL' 2 1, -i^ 'I meter r> | ||
** Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. | s><: | ||
There is no"partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step I of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | 18g/ | ||
20 Table IV-2. | <1. metes'-.< | ||
-F 305(b) 1 total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list Eiti~ojdiatiou (lke)' ota phosphoriis-4 <<7 ,gL '7-y<9-0' <<e4te 5, ,:>90i~ K' | |||
.Nortenglcatdlins Ch> pylAdz*Sa ,24x4g/L.' ^^. | |||
'7-'-24 32iJ-i'''. i''"2g | |||
.d We o Belt, t metr . | |||
305(b) I total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list | |||
* Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise. | |||
** Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step I of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | |||
20 | |||
Table IV-2. continuescl II I Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds: | |||
Values*, and Data | Values*, and Data | ||
* IBI Scores Treatment | * IBI Scores Treatment | ||
* Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 305 (b) Report, or Use Support or Listing Category 303(d) Llst .-Reau mgi ,xc~lnt n lror, ter`y!5 coe BI,ai-D-screpant 4' | * Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 305 (b) Report, or Use Support or Listing Category 303(d) Llst .- | ||
** Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. | Reau mgi ,xc~lnt n lror, ter`y | ||
There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | !5 coe BI*,ai-D-screpant I j ten 4'Uhehl ZBI < l 1 BI, 114n See Section IX.B. Fully Partially Not | ||
These pre-assessments are then reviewed by professional judgment teams, as part of 305(b) and 303(d) efforts. Incorporation of professional judgment teams recognizes the value and necessity of including professional judgment as a "formal" step in assessments. | . supporting supporting supporting See Section IX.B Not listed Listed Listed Water bodies with fish Information na Information consumption advice I mean concentration, by Not listed na Listed lake by species by size, over most recent 5-year period having data | ||
No assessment guidance and protocol, no matter how detailed, can address all the unforeseen aspects of the multi-step assessment process. Under the process, a professional judgment team is formed for each basin.The team is made up, for example, of regional MPCA basin coordinators knowledgeable about local water quality issues, WPCA monitoring and data assessment staff, and staff from organizations outside the MPCA whose data were used in the assessments, if appropriate. | * Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise. | ||
The professional judgment teams meet to review how the data were used arid interpreted, and whether outside data were used appropriately. | ** Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments. | ||
They determine whether the data (possibly data combined from more than one source) are adequate and appropriate for making statements about use-support and about causes of impairment (such as low dissolved oxygen or high phosphorus, etc.).21 MPCA staff and a professional judgment team compare monitoring data from all sources to the WQSs for a specific stream reach or lake to assess protection of beneficial uses. If data are available to assess more than one type of standard that protect the same beneficial use, exceedance of any applicable standard normally indicates impairment. | These pre-assessments are then reviewed by professional judgment teams, as part of 305(b) and 303(d) efforts. Incorporation of professional judgment teams recognizes the value and necessity of including professional judgment as a "formal" step in assessments. No assessment guidance and protocol, no matter how detailed, can address all the unforeseen aspects of the multi-step assessment process. Under the process, a professional judgment team is formed for each basin. | ||
This concept is called"independent application." In general, independent application means that a water body should meet multiple assessment tests (standards) to be considered un-impaired for a given use. This is consistent with the national and state -goal to protect the "chemical, physical and biological integrity" of surface waters, and it is consistent with EPA guidance. | The team is made up, for example, of regional MPCA basin coordinators knowledgeable about local water quality issues, WPCA monitoring and data assessment staff, and staff from organizations outside the MPCA whose data were used in the assessments, if appropriate. The professional judgment teams meet to review how the data were used arid interpreted, and whether outside data were used appropriately. They determine whether the data (possibly data combined from more than one source) are adequate and appropriate for making statements about use-support and about causes of impairment (such as low dissolved oxygen or high phosphorus, etc.). | ||
EPA's discussion of independent application is the integration of assessments of, 1) chemical-specific data, 2) biological assessments, and 3) whole effluent toxicity testing (EPA 1991). The independent tests must apply to the same beneficial use. Independent application does not apply when assessing different uses, such as aquatic life (toxicity), fish consumption (human health), swimming or aesthetics.. | 21 | ||
Assessments for different uses are carried out separately. | |||
The professional judgment team's first step in making impairment decisions is to review the results of an "automated" pre-assessment of the available chemical and biological data. The pre-assessment is a computerized screening of the data which identifies water bodies meeting minimum data requirements, appropriate periods of record, and showing the necessary exceedances of impairment thresholds. | MPCA staff and a professional judgment team compare monitoring data from all sources to the WQSs for a specific stream reach or lake to assess protection of beneficial uses. If data are available to assess more than one type of standard that protect the same beneficial use, exceedance of any applicable standard normally indicates impairment. This concept is called "independent application." In general, independent application means that a water body should meet multiple assessment tests (standards) to be considered un-impaired for a given use. This is consistent with the national and state -goal to protect the "chemical, physical and biological integrity" of surface waters, and it is consistent with EPA guidance. EPA's discussion of independent application is the integration of assessments of, 1) chemical-specific data, | ||
Following a review of the pre-assessment results, the team considers a wide range of factors that can affect water quality, and use impairment. | : 2) biological assessments, and 3) whole effluent toxicity testing (EPA 1991). The independent tests must apply to the same beneficial use. Independent application does not apply when assessing different uses, such as aquatic life (toxicity), fish consumption (human health), | ||
For examples the team may consider:* The quality and quantity of all available data,* The magnitude, duration and frequency of exceedances,* Timing of exceedances,* Naturally occurring conditions that affect pollutant concentrations and toxicity,* Weather and flow conditions,* Consistency of the preliminary assessment with information on other numeric or narrative WQSs,* Known influences on water quality in the watershed, and* Any changes in the watershed that have changed water quality.The MPCA assembles the professional judgment teams and chairs the meetings; and the MPCA takes responsibility for all team decisions regarding impairment. | swimming or aesthetics.. Assessments for different uses are carried out separately. | ||
While consensus on impairment decisions is the goal, and is normally achieved, if consensus can't be obtained, the MPCA will make the final decision. | The professional judgment team's first step in making impairment decisions is to review the results of an "automated" pre-assessment of the available chemical and biological data. The pre-assessment is a computerized screening of the data which identifies water bodies meeting minimum data requirements, appropriate periods of record, and showing the necessary exceedances of impairment thresholds. Following a review of the pre-assessment results, the team considers a wide range of factors that can affect water quality, and use impairment. For examples the team may consider: | ||
All professional judgment decisions are recorded on a professional judgment group "transparency" form for assessed streams (see Figure IV- 1), so that readers can understand how the decision was reached.Each water body is assigned to an integrated assessment report category, as shown in the flow chart in Figure IV-2.22 Figure IV-1.Example HUC AUID Seg Miles ReachName Reach Description 07010103 503 131 2.85 Mississippi R Grand Rapids dam to Prairie R Aquatic life-preliminary assessment PS Final assessment PS Based on Dissolved Oxygen AQL assessment quality (Excellent, good, fair, poor) Excellent Factors used, please describe A. Timing of exceedances B. Magnitude of exceedances C. Seasonality of exceedances D. Naturally occurring conditions_ | * The quality and quantity of all available data, | ||
E. Combination of narrative and numeric standards F. Known point and nonpoint influences | * The magnitude, duration and frequency of exceedances, | ||
G. Additional data _being collected by PCA-Brainerd staff to confirm validity of impairment | * Timing of exceedances, | ||
Fish consumption use | * Naturally occurring conditions that affect pollutant concentrations and toxicity, | ||
Which pollutants | * Weather and flow conditions, | ||
DO, Mercur j | * Consistency of the preliminary assessment with information on other numeric or narrative WQSs, | ||
IAR category 5 Additional Comments Recommend additional DO measurements during similar flow and dam setting conditions as original exceedances. | * Known influences on water quality in the watershed, and | ||
23 Figure IV-2 Assessment units (AUs)linked to the NHD reaches I Is data available to support attainment decision for at least one use? | * Any changes in the watershed that have changed water quality. | ||
Nto Are some uses attained, none threatened and | The MPCA assembles the professional judgment teams and chairs the meetings; and the MPCA takes responsibility for all team decisions regarding impairment. While consensus on impairment decisions is the goal, and is normally achieved, if consensus can't be obtained, the MPCA will make the final decision. All professional judgment decisions are recorded on a professional judgment group "transparency" form for assessed streams (see Figure IV- 1), so that readers can understand how the decision was reached. | ||
Each water body is assigned to an integrated assessment report category, as shown in the flow chart in Figure IV-2. | |||
22 | |||
Impaired or threatened for one or more | |||
Figure IV-1. | |||
Example HUC AUID Seg Miles ReachName Reach Description 07010103 503 131 2.85 Mississippi R Grand Rapids dam to Prairie R Aquatic life-preliminary assessment PS Final assessment PS Based on Dissolved Oxygen AQL assessment quality (Excellent, good, fair, poor) Excellent Factors used, please describe A. Timing of exceedances B. Magnitude of exceedances C. Seasonality of exceedances D. Naturally occurring conditions_ | |||
E. Combination of narrative and numeric standards F. Known point and nonpoint influences inthe watershed_ | |||
G. Additional data _being collected by PCA-Brainerd staff to confirm validity of impairment listing_ | |||
Aquatic recreation use-preliminary assessment FS Final assessment FS_ | |||
Aquatic recreation assessment quality (Excellent, good, fair, poor) Poor________ | |||
Fish consumption use NS_ | |||
1998 TMDL listing (Y/N)_Y__ Which pollutants DO_ | |||
2002 TMDL listing (Y/N) Y_ Which pollutants DO, Mercury FCA 2004 Impairment (4 or 5) (Y/N)__ Which pollutants_ DO, Mercur FCA j Delisting status (if applicable) | |||
IAR category 5 Additional Comments Recommend additional DO measurements during similar flow and dam setting conditions as original exceedances. | |||
23 | |||
Figure IV-2 Assessment units (AUs) linked to the NHD reaches I | |||
Is data available to insufficient or no data and information support attainment L.No ctgyto determine if any designated decision for at least one use? | |||
use is attained. | |||
Non-impaired Yes Waters: | |||
Is the water quality Attaining the water quality standard s. I I standard attained and no use threatened? | |||
Nto | |||
-Yea and no use is threatened. | |||
Are some uses attained, Attaining some of the designated uses; none threatened and sCategory no use is threatened; and insufficient or y s2 no data and information is available to insufficient data for others? determine if the remaining uses are attained or threatened. | |||
No 4I Are all impairments and Impaired or threatened for one or more threats not caused by a - Yes Categoy designated uses but does not require 4 / the development of a TMDL because pollutant? impairment is not caused by a pollutant. | |||
No . . | |||
I Impaired or threatened for one or more i | |||
Has a TMDL been designated uses but does not require completed for each | |||
- Yea Category the development of a TMDL because the pollutant causing or threatening impairment? | |||
TMDL has been completed. | |||
: : Impaired Waters No Impaired or threatened for one or more . | |||
designated uses but does not require . . | |||
F. | |||
the development of a TMDL because Is the AU expected to meet Iwater quality standards in a reasonable time? | |||
I No Yes (ategO 4b other pollution control requirements are reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard in the near future. | |||
* i Does TMDL screening process indicate YaThCategory The water quality standard is not attained. | |||
Go.Te AU is impaired or threatened for one TMDL Listed Waters impairment? 5 or more designated uses by a pollutant(s), | |||
\and requires a TMDL. 1303(d) list] | |||
24 | |||
B. IMPAIRED WATERS LIST CURRENT STATUS The table below contains the pollutants listed in the MPCA's draft 2004 Impaired Waters List (Appendix B) and the number of impairments in streams and lakes caused by each. Only nine percent of river miles and 14 percent of lakes in Minnesota have sufficient data for the-MPCA to determine whether they are impaired. | |||
Bioaccumulative toxics include mercury, PCBs, DDT, dieldrin, dioxin and toxaphene. | |||
Impairments due to mercury in water and fish tissues account for 92 percent of the bioaccumulative total and 65 percent of all the impairments on the 2004 draft impaired waters list. | |||
Pollutant # impairments Ammonia 13 Bioaccumulative toxics 1367 Chlorides '3 Excess nutrients 153 Fecal coliform 102 Impaired biota 112 Low dissolved oxygen 45 pH 2 Temperature 1 Turbidity 118 A separate 303d impaired waters list is being submitted to EPA, but it is MPCA's intent to use version 2.X of the EPA Assessment Database (ADB) for integrated reporting. The category 5 assessment units in the ADB will match with the submitted impaired waters list. | |||
PUBLIC PROCESS FOR THE IMPAIRED WATERS LIST A series of informational public meetings throughout the state were scheduled two months before the draft list was due. At the same time, notice of the availability of a draft list for review and comment was placed in the State Register (for January 12, 2003), plus letters were again mailed to more than 300 individuals and groups. | |||
V. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TMDLs A. TMDL Studies In most cases, TMDL project schedules priorities for the 303(d) impaired waters list are set by the MPCA in consultation with external basin teams' that help develop basin plans. They consider several criteria, including: environmental factors (severity and designated beneficial use); readiness/capacity to participate in or lead the project, project complexity; opportunities for 25 | |||
efficiencies (watershed or regional projects); coordination with other existing or planned watershed efforts, and permitting schedules. | |||
WHAT IS A TMDL STUDY? | |||
For each pollutant that causes a water body to fail to meet applicable water quality standards, the Clean Water Act requires the states to conduct a study called a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Study. | |||
A TMDL study identifies both point and nonpoint sources of each pollutant that violates standards. Water quality sampling and computer modeling determine how much each pollutant source is contributing to the problem. An allocation process involving stakeholders determines how much each source must reduce its contribution to assure the standards are again met. | |||
An impaired water body may have several TMDL studies, each one determining reductions for a different pollutant. | |||
B. Strategies the MPCA Employs in Developing the Impaired Waters Restoration Process POLICY DISCUSSIONS WITH STAKEHOLDERS The MPCA has conducted policy discussions with stakeholders, and will continue to do so. | |||
Responsibility for keeping our water resources healthy resides with individual citizens, businesses, and a number of state and local government agencies, including the MPCA, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, the Board of Water and Soil Resources, counties, cities, soil and water conservation districts, and watershed districts. | |||
Despite all these players in the game, water quality improvements are not happening rapidly enough. All of these entities must come together to meet the challenge of impaired waters. The good news is a diverse advisory group, facilitated by the Minnesota Environmental Initiative, along with the Clean Water Cabinet (created as part of Governor Pawlenty's Clean Water Initiative), are taking steps to get us there. The Stakeholder Group recommended a design for a state impaired waters program to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and identified the partnerships that will be required for implementing the program. Topics such as funding options, a plan for priority setting, and strategies for identifying and restoring impaired waters were addressed. | Despite all these players in the game, water quality improvements are not happening rapidly enough. All of these entities must come together to meet the challenge of impaired waters. The good news is a diverse advisory group, facilitated by the Minnesota Environmental Initiative, along with the Clean Water Cabinet (created as part of Governor Pawlenty's Clean Water Initiative), are taking steps to get us there. The Stakeholder Group recommended a design for a state impaired waters program to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and identified the partnerships that will be required for implementing the program. Topics such as funding options, a plan for priority setting, and strategies for identifying and restoring impaired waters were addressed. | ||
PARTNERING WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT Local units of government | PARTNERING WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT Local units of government - cities, counties, soil and water conservation districts, and watershed management organizations - play a large and growing role in nonpoint source pollution abatement across the state. | ||
-cities, counties, soil and water conservation districts, and watershed management organizations | 26 | ||
-play a large and growing role in nonpoint source pollution abatement across the state.26 WATERSHED AND REGIONAL APPROACHES TO TMDL STUDIES AND RESTORATION ACTIVITIES Collaborating with local government, the MPCA has planned several TMDL projects that will cover multiple impairments within an entire watershed (several stream reaches or lakes) or across an entire region (several watersheds or an entire basin).USING PRIVATE CONSULTANTS The MPCA uses private consultants to perform specific steps of TMDL studies when appropriate, necessary and desirable. | |||
Consultants are helpful in supplementing MPCA staff resources, particularly for technical work. Many local governments also hire consultants to help them with technical aspects of TMDLs.The MPCA normally hires consultants through a state master contract. | WATERSHED AND REGIONAL APPROACHES TO TMDL STUDIES AND RESTORATION ACTIVITIES Collaborating with local government, the MPCA has planned several TMDL projects that will cover multiple impairments within an entire watershed (several stream reaches or lakes) or across an entire region (several watersheds or an entire basin). | ||
However, the agency also has used contractors hired and funded by the EPA, and will continue to partner with EPA in this way as needed, particularly when national expertise is needed for particularly complex TMDL studies and projects where impaired waters are shared with tribes, Canada or other states.STRATEGIES FOR WATERS IMPAIRED BY MERCURY AND OTHER TOXIC POLLUTANTS Mercury can be carried great distances on wind currents before it eventually falls on our land and water bodies. In fact, about 90 percent of the mercury deposited from the air in Minnesota comes from other states and countries. | USING PRIVATE CONSULTANTS The MPCA uses private consultants to perform specific steps of TMDL studies when appropriate, necessary and desirable. Consultants are helpful in supplementing MPCA staff resources, particularly for technical work. Many local governments also hire consultants to help them with technical aspects of TMDLs. | ||
Therefore, the traditional TMDL approach to addressing impairments will not work for mercury, as Minnesota can't control the many sources of this toxic pollutant outside our borders. The MPCA is working nationally with other states and EPA to address mercury by developing alternatives to traditional TMDLs for individual water bodies.The agency is also open to other suggested approaches from external stakeholders. | The MPCA normally hires consultants through a state master contract. However, the agency also has used contractors hired and funded by the EPA, and will continue to partner with EPA in this way as needed, particularly when national expertise is needed for particularly complex TMDL studies and projects where impaired waters are shared with tribes, Canada or other states. | ||
STRATEGIES FOR WATERS IMPAIRED BY MERCURY AND OTHER TOXIC POLLUTANTS Mercury can be carried great distances on wind currents before it eventually falls on our land and water bodies. In fact, about 90 percent of the mercury deposited from the air in Minnesota comes from other states and countries. Therefore, the traditional TMDL approach to addressing impairments will not work for mercury, as Minnesota can't control the many sources of this toxic pollutant outside our borders. The MPCA is working nationally with other states and EPA to address mercury by developing alternatives to traditional TMDLs for individual water bodies. | |||
The agency is also open to other suggested approaches from external stakeholders. | |||
STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCIES AND EFFECTIVENESS Given the growing number of TMDL studies, limited staffing, and available funding, the MPCA is developing plans to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its impaired waters activities, including: | STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCIES AND EFFECTIVENESS Given the growing number of TMDL studies, limited staffing, and available funding, the MPCA is developing plans to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its impaired waters activities, including: | ||
Grouping multiple impairments. | Grouping multiple impairments. The MPCA is striving to increase the number of impairments that can be addressed in a single project by looking at options to expand the regional and watershed approaches discussed above. Here are two examples: | ||
The MPCA is striving to increase the number of impairments that can be addressed in a single project by looking at options to expand the regional and watershed approaches discussed above. Here are two examples:-Regional TMDL studies for lakes: The 2002 impaired waters list includes about 100 lakes that are currently being planned for individual TMDL projects. | - Regional TMDL studies for lakes: The 2002 impaired waters list includes about 100 lakes that are currently being planned for individual TMDL projects. The MPCA will be analyzing ways to create a regional approach to lakes that have similar problems (e.g., | ||
The MPCA will be analyzing ways to create a regional approach to lakes that have similar problems (e.g., excess nutrients causing algal blooms) and natural characteristics, in order to combine several lakes in a single project.27 | excess nutrients causing algal blooms) and natural characteristics, in order to combine several lakes in a single project. | ||
-Single-entry watershed projects: | 27 | ||
This approach, similar to that employed by the state of Washington and other states, is designed to study and restore all of a watershed's impairments in a single, comprehensive project* Specialized technical teams. The agency needs to better provide technical expertise to regional staff on technical work related to TMDLs and restoration projects. | |||
Technical teams could look toward developing more routine or "cookbook" approaches to conducting projects for impaired biota, turbidity, excess nutrients in lakes, and some toxic pollutants. | - Single-entry watershed projects: This approach, similar to that employed by the state of Washington and other states, is designed to study and restore all of a watershed's impairments in a single, comprehensive project | ||
Doing so will require more research using benchmarking, professional judgment and research to train such teams. The agency will look to the experience of other states and consider assistance from consultants.- | * Specialized technical teams. The agency needs to better provide technical expertise to regional staff on technical work related to TMDLs and restoration projects. Technical teams could look toward developing more routine or "cookbook" approaches to conducting projects for impaired biota, turbidity, excess nutrients in lakes, and some toxic pollutants. Doing so will require more research using benchmarking, professional judgment and research to train such teams. The agency will look to the experience of other states and consider assistance from consultants.- | ||
* Improved coordination with state and federal agencies. | * Improved coordination with state and federal agencies. Given the daunting and growing size of Minnesota's impaired waters workload, the MPCA will need assistance from a wide range of other agencies. | ||
Given the daunting and growing size of Minnesota's impaired waters workload, the MPCA will need assistance from a wide range of other agencies.On the federal level, the MPCA is negotiating with EPA for potentially direct assistance on some TMDLs, particularly for those impaired waters that Minnesota shares-with tribes, other states and Canada. In addition, the MPCA has contracted with the USGS to do monitoring work on studies in the Red River basin, and we will continue to rely heavily on the many funding programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to address nonpoint source pollution. | On the federal level, the MPCA is negotiating with EPA for potentially direct assistance on some TMDLs, particularly for those impaired waters that Minnesota shares-with tribes, other states and Canada. In addition, the MPCA has contracted with the USGS to do monitoring work on studies in the Red River basin, and we will continue to rely heavily on the many funding programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to address nonpoint source pollution. | ||
The MPCA will also look to the expertise of other states to facilitate coordination of state, federal and local programs. | The MPCA will also look to the expertise of other states to facilitate coordination of state, federal and local programs. For example, the state of Wisconsin has recently adopted new regulations that create financial incentives and prioritization for watershed assessment and restoration, while at the same time improving coordination of public agencies during every phase of the process. | ||
For example, the state of Wisconsin has recently adopted new regulations that create financial incentives and prioritization for watershed assessment and restoration, while at the same time improving coordination of public agencies during every phase of the process.GOAL SETTING AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT The MPCA is in the early stages of implementing its impaired waters effort. Working with stakeholders, the agency will set measurable goals for this implementation, based on both shorter-term administrative (e.g., productivity and cost effectiveness) targets and longer-term environmental outcomes. | GOAL SETTING AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT The MPCA is in the early stages of implementing its impaired waters effort. Working with stakeholders, the agency will set measurable goals for this implementation, based on both shorter-term administrative (e.g., productivity and cost effectiveness) targets and longer-term environmental outcomes. We will be evaluating our program on an annual basis to measure progress against these goals. | ||
We will be evaluating our program on an annual basis to measure progress against these goals.The cost to restore waters impaired by nonpoint sources on the 2002 list is estimated at$600 million to $3 billion. This does not include costs to upgrade point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment facilities.. | The cost to restore waters impaired by nonpoint sources on the 2002 list is estimated at | ||
The MPCA has $1.1 million per year in dedicated funding for restoration activities related to nonpoint sources. 'To meet current estimates, an additional | $600 million to $3 billion. This does not include costs to upgrade point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment facilities.. The MPCA has $1.1 million per year in dedicated funding for restoration activities related to nonpoint sources. 'To meet current estimates, an additional $45 million to $230 million per year would be needed, some of which may be available through aligning resources at MPCA and with other state and federal agencies. Local governments will play a leading role in restoration. The MPCA believes that additional funds will need to be allocated to enhance local government's capacity to restore impaired waters. | ||
$45 million to $230 million per year would be needed, some of which may be available through aligning resources at MPCA and with other state and federal agencies. | 28 | ||
Local governments will play a leading role in restoration. | |||
The MPCA believes that additional funds will need to be allocated to enhance local government's capacity to restore impaired waters.28 VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES A. Phosphorus Strategy Introduction Phosphorus is the primary pollutant associated with the eutrophication of Minnesota's surface waters, a condition in which excess nutrients cause proliferation of algae and other aquatic vegetation. | VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES A. Phosphorus Strategy Introduction Phosphorus is the primary pollutant associated with the eutrophication of Minnesota's surface waters, a condition in which excess nutrients cause proliferation of algae and other aquatic vegetation. Excess phosphorus results in nuisance algal blooms and reduced transparency, making waters unsuitable for swimming or other activities. This problem tends to persist as the phosphorus moves downstream, making it a pollutant of regional, statewide and national concern. Phosphorus is an increasingly important area of environmental regulation. | ||
Excess phosphorus results in nuisance algal blooms and reduced transparency, making waters unsuitable for swimming or other activities. | |||
This problem tends to persist as the phosphorus moves downstream, making it a pollutant of regional, statewide and national concern. Phosphorus is an increasingly important area of environmental regulation. | |||
===Background=== | ===Background=== | ||
Phosphorous in lakes and streams comes from both point and nonpoint sources (NPSs). Point sources of phosphorus (e.g., wastewater-treatment facilities) are most significant during periods of low precipitation and below-average stream flow, while NPSs (e.g., runoff from farms and cities) are most significant during periods of high precipitation and above-average stream flow.Minnesota has a long history of point-source'phosphorus controls. | Phosphorous in lakes and streams comes from both point and nonpoint sources (NPSs). Point sources of phosphorus (e.g., wastewater-treatment facilities) are most significant during periods of low precipitation and below-average stream flow, while NPSs (e.g., runoff from farms and cities) are most significant during periods of high precipitation and above-average stream flow. | ||
Since the early 1970s, MPCA rules have required phosphorus limits of 1 milligram per liter at all wastewater facilities discharging directly to or affecting a lake or reservoir, This rule primarily focused on impacts of phosphorus to individual lakes.Phosphorus Strategy As land uses have changed and population continues to increase, concern over excess phosphorus in our surface waters also has increased. | Minnesota has a long history of point-source'phosphorus controls. Since the early 1970s, MPCA rules have required phosphorus limits of 1 milligram per liter at all wastewater facilities discharging directly to or affecting a lake or reservoir, This rule primarily focused on impacts of phosphorus to individual lakes. | ||
Recognizing this, the MPCA formed a team to develop a phosphorus strategy. | Phosphorus Strategy As land uses have changed and population continues to increase, concern over excess phosphorus in our surface waters also has increased. Recognizing this, the MPCA formed a team to develop a phosphorus strategy. The team developed six action steps, which are in various stages of implementation: These action steps form the MPCA's strategy for dealing with phosphorus pollution from both point and NPS. | ||
The team developed six action steps, which are in various stages of implementation: | Many presentations have been made and discussions held with stakeholder groups over the past year. This is an on-going activity of the MPCA. | ||
These action steps form the MPCA's strategy for dealing with phosphorus pollution from both point and NPS.Many presentations have been made and discussions held with stakeholder groups over the past year. This is an on-going activity of the MPCA.1. Co- | : 1. Co-sponsorbasin-wide phosphorusforum(s). Various forums and discussion on affects of phosphorus have been held in conjunction with basin planning efforts. | ||
Various forums and discussion on affects of phosphorus have been held in conjunction with basin planning efforts.2. Use basin management as the | : 2. Use basin management as the mainpolicy contextfor implementing the phosphorusstrategy. | ||
The MPCA will be applying part of its phosphorus rule ("affects a lake or reservoir") | Basin information documents and cooperators for the Minnesota, St. Croix, Upper Mississippi, Lower Mississippi and Red River basins have or are addressing phosphorus as a pollutant of concern for each basin. Individual responses range from proposed reductions in phosphorus loads'(Minnesota River), "no net increase" in phosphorus loads (St. Croix), to considerations of downstream impacts on Lake Winnipeg (Red River). In addition, the 29 | ||
more broadly to reflect basin-wide loading, rather than solely on individual source loading, where there are TMDLs or related concerns regarding excess nutrients. | |||
This approach, which addresses the cumulative effects of phosphorus, has been used in permits on the St. Croix, Crow, Minnesota and Lower Mississippi rivers. Also, major wastewater-treatment plants are encouraged to have phosphorus-management plans to reduce or control phosphorus discharges. | Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities has proposed that all its wastewater-treatment facilities will control phosphorus to 1 milligram per liter or lower by 2008. The Metro plant achieved concentrations of 1 mg/L or lower as of early in 2004. d | ||
PMPs and phosphorus effluent monitoring are now a routine part of re-issued NPDES permits. This relates back to the adoption of the "Phosphorus Strategy" by MPCA Management and Board in March 2000 and is now being implemented. | : 3. Broadly implement Minnesota'spoint source phosphorus controls. The MPCA will be applying part of its phosphorus rule ("affects a lake or reservoir") more broadly to reflect basin-wide loading, rather than solely on individual source loading, where there are TMDLs or related concerns regarding excess nutrients. This approach, which addresses the cumulative effects of phosphorus, has been used in permits on the St. Croix, Crow, Minnesota and Lower Mississippi rivers. Also, major wastewater-treatment plants are encouraged to have phosphorus-management plans to reduce or control phosphorus discharges. PMPs and phosphorus effluent monitoring are now a routine part of re-issued NPDES permits. This relates back to the adoption of the "Phosphorus Strategy" by MPCA Management and Board in March 2000 and is now being implemented. | ||
: 4. Broadly promote lake- | : 4. Broadly promote lake-protectioninitiatives. MPCA's in-lake phosphorus criteria provide a basis for setting goals in lake projects and for prioritizing protection efforts. Controlling NPSs is essential to lake protection, and is managed by many regional, state and federal agencies. The MPCA works with citizen groups, local governments, watershed organizations, state and federal agencies and other organizations to reduce NPS pollution. | ||
MPCA's in-lake phosphorus criteria provide a basis for setting goals in lake projects and for prioritizing protection efforts. Controlling NPSs is essential to lake protection, and is managed by many regional, state and federal agencies. | Lake protection was emphasized in the state's NPS strategy that was be revised in 2000. It continues to be emphasized with the listing of nutrient -impaired lakes on the 2002 303(d) list. Lake nutrient criteria are now under development as a part of the triennial standards review process with adoption anticipated for 2005. | ||
The MPCA works with citizen groups, local governments, watershed organizations, state and federal agencies and other organizations to reduce NPS pollution. | : 5. Address phosphorus impacts on rivers. Studies from around North America document the links between phosphorus and in-stream algal concentrations. The MPCA conducted sampling in several river basins in 1998 and 1999 to improve our understanding of the effects of phosphorus in Minnesota streams. A USEPA grant is helping to fund similar work in 2000. This work will contribute to national efforts to develop nutrient criteria for rivers. A paper documenting relationships between nutrients, algal abundance, and biochemical oxygen demand was published in December 2001, in Lake and Reservoir Management. A subsequent paper on this topic made further connections among nutrients, diurnal dissolved oxygen fluctuation, and fish and invertebrate IBIs. | ||
Lake protection was emphasized in the state's NPS strategy that was be revised in 2000. It continues to be emphasized with the listing of nutrient -impaired lakes on the 2002 303(d)list. Lake nutrient criteria are now under development as a part of the triennial standards review process with adoption anticipated for 2005.5. Address phosphorus impacts on rivers. Studies from around North America document the links between phosphorus and in-stream algal concentrations. | : 6. Modify WQ standardsif necessary. Regulatory-related activities the MPCA is involved in or is considering include: | ||
The MPCA conducted sampling in several river basins in 1998 and 1999 to improve our understanding of the effects of phosphorus in Minnesota streams. A USEPA grant is helping to fund similar work in 2000. This work will contribute to national efforts to develop nutrient criteria for rivers. A paper documenting relationships between nutrients, algal abundance, and biochemical oxygen demand was published in December 2001, in Lake and Reservoir Management. | - Participating in USEPA regional and national work groups which are developing nutrient criteria as part of the federal Clean Water Action Plan. As stated above rulemaking is currently underway for lakes. | ||
A subsequent paper on this topic made further connections among nutrients, diurnal dissolved oxygen fluctuation, and fish and invertebrate IBIs.6. Modify WQ | - Revising Minnesota rules to allow wastewater facilities to meet annual-average phosphorus limits (where appropriate), rather than monthly-average limits. This will encourage the use of new technologies for phosphorous removal. This provision was included in the 2000 triennial revision of Minnesota's WQS. Further refinements of this rule are under consideration for the current rulemaking. | ||
Regulatory-related activities the MPCA is involved in or is considering include:-Participating in USEPA regional and national work groups which are developing nutrient criteria as part of the federal Clean Water Action Plan. As stated above rulemaking is currently underway for lakes.-Revising Minnesota rules to allow wastewater facilities to meet annual-average phosphorus limits (where appropriate), rather than monthly-average limits. This will encourage the use of new technologies for phosphorous removal. This provision was included in the 2000 triennial revision of Minnesota's WQS. Further refinements of this rule are under consideration for the current rulemaking. | 30 | ||
30 | |||
-A major study of the sources of phosphorus in the various river basins in Minnesota was commissioned by the Legislature. | - A major study of the sources of phosphorus in the various river basins in Minnesota was commissioned by the Legislature. That study, completed early in 2004, will provide an improved basis for evaluating sources and solutions for nutrient pollution. | ||
That study, completed early in 2004, will provide an improved basis for evaluating sources and solutions for nutrient pollution. | B. Storm Water Program Development In implementing the Phase II Stormwater federal requirements, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has been challenged to address Minnesota nondegradation rules stemming from federal antidegradation policy under 40 CFR 131.12, and providing public comment on individual permittee's plans in a general permit setting. | ||
B. Storm Water Program Development In implementing the Phase II Stormwater federal requirements, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has been challenged to address Minnesota nondegradation rules stemming from federal antidegradation policy under 40 CFR 131.12, and providing public comment on individual permittee's plans in a general permit setting.Minnesota's nondegradation rules include distinct rules for discharges to all waters of the state, ORVWs, and wetland. These rules were written in a traditional point source setting and application to stormwater discharges have proven difficult, including court challenges. | Minnesota's nondegradation rules include distinct rules for discharges to all waters of the state, ORVWs, and wetland. These rules were written in a traditional point source setting and application to stormwater discharges have proven difficult, including court challenges. The 2003 Legislature provided time for the agency to rewrite these rules to better address stormwater discharges by 2007. | ||
The 2003 Legislature provided time for the agency to rewrite these rules to better address stormwater discharges by 2007.Minnesota and other states have had courts remand the general permit for small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems,(MS4s) on the issue of public process within a general permit structure, among other issues. At issue was how the public could comment on a communities permit when most of the substantive best management practices chosen by the community were within the applications, which were not open to public comment.The MPCA formed a Stormwater Design Team during the fall of 2003 due in part to 1) the importance of stormwater pollution in Minnesota, 2) the implementation of Phase II, 3) the large contentious policy issues, 4) the future issues with impaired waters, and 5) the need to work more closely with various partners to have an effective program to reach down to the individual citizen and smaller/more numerous regulated parties. This team will continue from 2004-2006 at a minimum and will shape stormwater policy for the state of Minnesota. | Minnesota and other states have had courts remand the general permit for small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems,(MS4s) on the issue of public process within a general permit structure, among other issues. At issue was how the public could comment on a communities permit when most of the substantive best management practices chosen by the community were within the applications, which were not open to public comment. | ||
Construction Stormwater The MPCA issued a revised construction stormwater general permit on August 1, 2003 for use of all construction activity over 1 acre of disturbance incorporating the Phase II requirements. | The MPCA formed a Stormwater Design Team during the fall of 2003 due in part to 1) the importance of stormwater pollution in Minnesota, 2) the implementation of Phase II, 3) the large contentious policy issues, 4) the future issues with impaired waters, and 5) the need to work more closely with various partners to have an effective program to reach down to the individual citizen and smaller/more numerous regulated parties. This team will continue from 2004-2006 at a minimum and will shape stormwater policy for the state of Minnesota. | ||
This permit provides additional environmental protection for the states ORVWs and wetlands, better regulates those actually doing soil -disturbances within subdivisions, and provides more options for post construction BMPs than the previous permit. The permit also addresses impaired waters.Municipal Stormwater The MPCA Citizen's Board authorized issuance of the small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems (MS4s) general permit in June of 2002. The Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy appealed the decision and the Minnesota Court of Appeals remanded the permit to the agency to address nondegradation, public process, and other-issues. | Construction Stormwater The MPCA issued a revised construction stormwater general permit on August 1, 2003 for use of all construction activity over 1 acre of disturbance incorporating the Phase II requirements. This permit provides additional environmental protection for the states ORVWs and wetlands, better regulates those actually doing soil -disturbances within subdivisions, and provides more options for post construction BMPs than the previous permit. The permit also addresses impaired waters. | ||
The regulated small MS4s are currently following the appealed permit until these issues can be 31 resolved and a new permit reissued. | Municipal Stormwater The MPCA Citizen's Board authorized issuance of the small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems (MS4s) general permit in June of 2002. The Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy appealed the decision and the Minnesota Court of Appeals remanded the permit to the agency to address nondegradation, public process, and other-issues. The regulated small MS4s are currently following the appealed permit until these issues can be 31 | ||
This permit also addresses impaired waters and ORVWs.The reissued permit will also address nondegradation of all waters.Industrial Stormwater Comments received during the public comment period for the Industrial Stormwater general permit included addressing nondegradation and other issues. The MPCA is currently working on policy on these issues to reissue the draft permit. Phase I regulated permittees are currently regulated under an expired general permit. Phase II regulated parties have submitted applications to the agency awaiting permit issuance.Stormwater Rules The MCPA is currently drafting a new stormwater rules chapter which will incorporate the Phase II federal regulations. | |||
Stakeholder meetings are being held through the winter of 2004 for feedback on issues including | resolved and a new permit reissued. This permit also addresses impaired waters and ORVWs. | ||
: 1) designation of additional small MS4s for permit coverage, 2) conditional exclusion from permit coverage for certain restoration projects following compliance with rule requirements, and 3) requirements for utility installation. | The reissued permit will also address nondegradation of all waters. | ||
Rules for nondegradation as it relates to stormwater will be addressed in a future rulemaking effort.VII. ECONOMIC COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS Underlying the nation's water pollution control efforts is the assumption that the overall cost of those efforts, while considerable, is out-weighed by the resulting benefit. -Cost-benefit analysis is an attempt to make this assumption explicit and testable. | Industrial Stormwater Comments received during the public comment period for the Industrial Stormwater general permit included addressing nondegradation and other issues. The MPCA is currently working on policy on these issues to reissue the draft permit. Phase I regulated permittees are currently regulated under an expired general permit. Phase II regulated parties have submitted applications to the agency awaiting permit issuance. | ||
However, the benefits associated with environmental programs (and, to a certain extent, even the costs) are not well quantified at present. Environmental amenities, for the most part, are not traded in the market place, and prices, in the normal sense, are not attached to benefits such as clean water, healthy aquatic communities, or even the well-being that comes with good health. While various attempts have been made to put dollar figures on some of these, their value remains largely intangible. | Stormwater Rules The MCPA is currently drafting a new stormwater rules chapter which will incorporate the Phase II federal regulations. Stakeholder meetings are being held through the winter of 2004 for feedback on issues including: 1) designation of additional small MS4s for permit coverage, | ||
As a result, environmental policy decisions are inevitably, and perhaps best, made through the political process, rather than through the strict application of a quantitative cost-benefit analysis which would necessarily be incomplete and of debatable accuracy.Nevertheless, the underlying purpose of cost-benefit analysis -the assurance that the public's dollars are well spent -lies at the heart of the MPCA's considerable efforts at cost control and program effectiveness. | : 2) conditional exclusion from permit coverage for certain restoration projects following compliance with rule requirements, and 3) requirements for utility installation. Rules for nondegradation as it relates to stormwater will be addressed in a future rulemaking effort. | ||
In a time of decreased funding countered by increased demand for environmental services, the Agency has done a great deal to ensure that its programs are directed towards the most important environmental problems and that those programs are conducted as cost-effectively as possible. | VII. ECONOMIC COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS Underlying the nation's water pollution control efforts is the assumption that the overall cost of those efforts, while considerable, is out-weighed by the resulting benefit. - | ||
The ongoing Six Sigma analysis of the efficiency of various Agency process and the Environmental Information Report -An Assessment of Stressors Facing Minnesota's Environment, a tool used by the MPCA to help prioritize the environmental problems currently faced by Minnesota, are only two examples of this continuing effort.32 At the same time, even if complete figures are lacking, a partial accounting | Cost-benefit analysis is an attempt to make this assumption explicit and testable. However, the benefits associated with environmental programs (and, to a certain extent, even the costs) are not well quantified at present. Environmental amenities, for the most part, are not traded in the market place, and prices, in the normal sense, are not attached to benefits such as clean water, healthy aquatic communities, or even the well-being that comes with good health. While various attempts have been made to put dollar figures on some of these, their value remains largely intangible. | ||
-partly quantitative, partly descriptive | As a result, environmental policy decisions are inevitably, and perhaps best, made through the political process, rather than through the strict application of a quantitative cost-benefit analysis which would necessarily be incomplete and of debatable accuracy. | ||
-can be given of some of the costs and benefits associated with Minnesota's water quality programs.Costs The primary water quality programs at the state level are those of the MPCA and the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources. | Nevertheless, the underlying purpose of cost-benefit analysis - the assurance that the public's dollars are well spent - lies at the heart of the MPCA's considerable efforts at cost control and program effectiveness. In a time of decreased funding countered by increased demand for environmental services, the Agency has done a great deal to ensure that its programs are directed towards the most important environmental problems and that those programs are conducted as cost-effectively as possible. The ongoing Six Sigma analysis of the efficiency of various Agency process and the Environmental Information Report - An Assessment of Stressors Facing Minnesota's Environment, a tool used by the MPCA to help prioritize the environmental problems currently faced by Minnesota, are only two examples of this continuing effort. | ||
Including local assistance, the water quality budget of the former is approximately | 32 | ||
$25 million per year and of the latter approximately | |||
$15 million per year. Other costs'are incurred at the local level in the regulation of land-use, feedlots, and on-site sewage-disposal systems. It should be noted also that other environmental programs, such as air quality, solid waste, hazardous waste, and agricultural pesticide regulation have direct effects on the quality of the state's surface and ground waters. The MPCA, which has primary jurisdiction for the first three of these, has an overall budget of approximately | At the same time, even if complete figures are lacking, a partial accounting - partly quantitative, partly descriptive - can be given of some of the costs and benefits associated with Minnesota's water quality programs. | ||
$115 million per year.Regarding the actual implementation of point-source water pollution controls, close to $2 billion in federal, state, and local funds have been spent since the enactment of the Clean Water Act for the construction of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in the state, including the separation of combined sewers. Operating costs for Minnesota municipal sewer utilities are estimated at more than $200 million per year. At this point, no similar figures exist regarding industrial water-pollution-control costs. 'It should be noted, however, that municipal facilities treat industrial as well as municipal wastes and that industrial contributions thus represent a significant portion of the above figures.Regarding the implementation of nonpoint-source water pollution controls, the overall costs are both more diffuse and more difficult to calculate than are those for point-source programs.Current estimates, however, are that it will take between $600 million and $3 billion to restore Minnesota waters on the 2002 303(d) list that are impaired by nonpoint sources.Benefits If the comprehensive costs of water pollution control efforts are not yet fully calculated, the benefits are even less precisely measured. | Costs The primary water quality programs at the state level are those of the MPCA and the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources. Including local assistance, the water quality budget of the former is approximately $25 million per year and of the latter approximately $15 million per year. Other costs'are incurred at the local level in the regulation of land-use, feedlots, and on-site sewage-disposal systems. It should be noted also that other environmental programs, such as air quality, solid waste, hazardous waste, and agricultural pesticide regulation have direct effects on the quality of the state's surface and ground waters. The MPCA, which has primary jurisdiction for the first three of these, has an overall budget of approximately $115 million per year. | ||
Theoretical models for translating water quality improvement into economically measured benefits do exist, but no attempts have been made to do this for the state'as a whole.For point source programs, even if dollar figures are not readily available, benefits can be illustrated in descriptive terms. Significant improvements in state water quality have occurred over the past several decades, especially since the passage of the Clean Water Act. While only 20 percent of the state's sewered population was served by facilities capable of at least secondary treatment in 1952, fully 99.9 percent are so served at present. In a similar vein, rates of regulatory compliance for municipal and industrial facilities are at a high level, with more than 95% of major water quality permittees meeting their effluent limits.33 Even more striking are the indications of water quality improvements associated with improvements in specific major wastewater treatment facilities. | Regarding the actual implementation of point-source water pollution controls, close to $2 billion in federal, state, and local funds have been spent since the enactment of the Clean Water Act for the construction of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in the state, including the separation of combined sewers. Operating costs for Minnesota municipal sewer utilities are estimated at more than $200 million per year. At this point, no similar figures exist regarding industrial water-pollution-control costs. 'It should be noted, however, that municipal facilities treat industrial as well as municipal wastes and that industrial contributions thus represent a significant portion of the above figures. | ||
On the Mississippi River below the Twin Cities, both the elimination of floating mats of sludge and the return of the mayfly are evidence of cleaner water conditions that followed massive treatment facility construction and storm water separation. | Regarding the implementation of nonpoint-source water pollution controls, the overall costs are both more diffuse and more difficult to calculate than are those for point-source programs. | ||
Parks are being developed up and down the river's shores and recreational boat use has increased significantly. | Current estimates, however, are that it will take between $600 million and $3 billion to restore Minnesota waters on the 2002 303(d) list that are impaired by nonpoint sources. | ||
In the St. Louis River Bay, while sediment and fish tissue contamination problems remain, facility construction by the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District has led to noticeably cleaner water and return to use of the river as a walleye fishery. Similar results have been achieved on the Rainy River below International Falls.While the nonpoint source program is considerably younger than that for point sources, similar benefits are beginning to be shown. Water quality projects implemented through local cooperators have led to significant improvements in specifically targeted problem areas.Improved water quality in Lake Bemidji and Lake Shokatan are examples of this. Perhaps even more impressive is the water quality improvements for the Minnesota River, with a 25 percent reduction in sediment carried by the river during typical flow conditions. | Benefits If the comprehensive costs of water pollution control efforts are not yet fully calculated, the benefits are even less precisely measured. Theoretical models for translating water quality improvement into economically measured benefits do exist, but no attempts have been made to do this for the state'as a whole. | ||
Increased use of agricultural soil-conservation practices in recent years appears to be the main reason behind the reductions, and is a large step towards meeting the ultimate goal of a 40 percent reduction in sediment originating from cropland in the basin. Similar improvements have been seen for phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations in the river.As a result of both point-source and nonpoint-source programs, water quality improvements in the state have been significant. | For point source programs, even if dollar figures are not readily available, benefits can be illustrated in descriptive terms. Significant improvements in state water quality have occurred over the past several decades, especially since the passage of the Clean Water Act. While only 20 percent of the state's sewered population was served by facilities capable of at least secondary treatment in 1952, fully 99.9 percent are so served at present. In a similar vein, rates of regulatory compliance for municipal and industrial facilities are at a high level, with more than 95% of major water quality permittees meeting their effluent limits. | ||
Over the last three decades, the large majority of regularly monitored streams show a decreasing pollutant trend for BOD (89% of sites), fecal coliform bacteria (82%), ammonia (83%), and total phosphorus (78%). (On the other hand, only 42% of the sites show a decreasing trend for total suspended solids, and fully 75% of the sites show an, increasing trend for nitrite/nitrate.) | 33 | ||
Indicative of both the value of clean water and the success of Minnesota's clean water programs is the large total revenue of the state's tourism industry. | |||
At approximately | Even more striking are the indications of water quality improvements associated with improvements in specific major wastewater treatment facilities. On the Mississippi River below the Twin Cities, both the elimination of floating mats of sludge and the return of the mayfly are evidence of cleaner water conditions that followed massive treatment facility construction and storm water separation. Parks are being developed up and down the river's shores and recreational boat use has increased significantly. In the St. Louis River Bay, while sediment and fish tissue contamination problems remain, facility construction by the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District has led to noticeably cleaner water and return to use of the river as a walleye fishery. Similar results have been achieved on the Rainy River below International Falls. | ||
$10 billion per year, the economic importance to the state is considerable; water is one of the state's greatest attractions and plays a critical role in those dollars. Similarly, a recent study by Bemidji State University on the socioeconomic value of Minnesota lakes found a strong relationship between water clarity and lake property values, with an increase (or decrease) of one meter in clarity leading to changes of tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars for given individual lakes.This matches with the results of studies elsewhere in the United States demonstrating and quantifying the benefits of water quality protection and improvement. | While the nonpoint source program is considerably younger than that for point sources, similar benefits are beginning to be shown. Water quality projects implemented through local cooperators have led to significant improvements in specifically targeted problem areas. | ||
Improved water quality in Lake Bemidji and Lake Shokatan are examples of this. Perhaps even more impressive is the water quality improvements for the Minnesota River, with a 25 percent reduction in sediment carried by the river during typical flow conditions. Increased use of agricultural soil-conservation practices in recent years appears to be the main reason behind the reductions, and is a large step towards meeting the ultimate goal of a 40 percent reduction in sediment originating from cropland in the basin. Similar improvements have been seen for phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations in the river. | |||
As a result of both point-source and nonpoint-source programs, water quality improvements in the state have been significant. Over the last three decades, the large majority of regularly monitored streams show a decreasing pollutant trend for BOD (89% of sites), fecal coliform bacteria (82%), ammonia (83%), and total phosphorus (78%). (On the other hand, only 42% of the sites show a decreasing trend for total suspended solids, and fully 75% of the sites show an, increasing trend for nitrite/nitrate.) | |||
Indicative of both the value of clean water and the success of Minnesota's clean water programs is the large total revenue of the state's tourism industry. At approximately $10 billion per year, the economic importance to the state is considerable; water is one of the state's greatest attractions and plays a critical role in those dollars. Similarly, a recent study by Bemidji State University on the socioeconomic value of Minnesota lakes found a strong relationship between water clarity and lake property values, with an increase (or decrease) of one meter in clarity leading to changes of tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars for given individual lakes. | |||
This matches with the results of studies elsewhere in the United States demonstrating and quantifying the benefits of water quality protection and improvement. | |||
An accounting of some of the key results regarding the MPCA's environmental programs can be found at www.departmentresults.state.mn.us. | An accounting of some of the key results regarding the MPCA's environmental programs can be found at www.departmentresults.state.mn.us. | ||
34:}} | 34:}} | ||
Latest revision as of 05:41, 23 March 2020
| ML061390225 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Monticello  |
| Issue date: | 06/08/2005 |
| From: | State of MN |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Ricks, Olivia NRR/DLR/RLRA 301-415-1183 | |
| References | |
| FOIA/PA-2010-0209, NUREG-1437, TAC MC6441 | |
| Download: ML061390225 (145) | |
Text
Akb&WR qc DNR Water Appropriation Permits nits - By F 6/23/2005 Resource Resource *- - Permitted - -
Permittee Use County Watershed PWI ID Code Name C:OWA, FRrwdr -0 - 9 1- - 3 -Ml£Sl£EIPPI "AGISI11 RI--
Acres 10-_7 GPM MGY 405 4 36 A;-9 CL NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 2 223 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 10750 -
HOULTON FARMS PA CV I1 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 135 800 '32 DECHENE CORP 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 115 560 8 NADEAU, LAWRENCE 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 20 600 6 EWING & SONS, VERLE 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 35 500 10 RIVERSIDE FARMS 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 23 400 4 HOULTON FARMS 290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 30 600 3
\W aJ GREAT RIVER ENERGY S4eoRA 222 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER .
Lj 50000 18000 EWING &SONS, DERALD '290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER 40 800 13 GOENNER, EDWARD E [290 71 17 3 MISSISSIPPI RIVER 54 450 9 ST CLOUD, CITY OF c -.211
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MISSISSIPPI :] -ln ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 283 73 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 7 100 5 KLAVERKAMP, KEITH & ROBERT 290 73 17 3 MISSISSIPPI 188 650 31 ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 283 73 17 3 MISSISSIPPi RIVER 7 170 6 fM_
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DNR Water Appropriation Permits Reported Pumping Permittee 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO 3,698.0 3,521.6 3,794.9 3,874.0 3,429.0 3,393.2 3,324.6 3,375.6 3,494.8 3,381.1 3,311.1 SOWADA, FRANK NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 7,886.0 8,356.1 10,169.5 8,049.7 7,592.3 7,747.1 7,424.9 7,254.3 7,430.0 8,044.6 HOULTON FARMS 24.7 5.3 4.6 3.4 6.0 2.9 8.0 3.6 9.4 5.8 8.1 DECHENE CORP 39.0 30.0 15.0 6.5 NADEAU, LAWRENCE 5.4 3.9 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.1 EWING &SONS, VERLE 8.7 5.5 6.6 RIVERSIDE FARMS 4.8 3.6 2.2 0.6 2.3 0.3 1.7 2.2 2.2 2.4 HOULTON FARMS 1.2 GREAT RIVER ENERGY 12.3 8,574.1 15,553.2 12,705.4 16,226.3 17,499.0 16,305.3 15,822.3 13,455.1 12,982.5 14,032.5 EWING &SONS, DERALD GOENNER, EDWARD E 9.9 45.6 5.7 16.7 1.4 1.4 1.0 ST CLOUD, CITY OF 2,049.0 2,035.9 1,929.9 2,042.1 2,212.8 2,000.2 5,229.9 2,107.8 2,276.0 2,289.5 2,496.1 IND SCHOOL DISTRICT 748 23.2 12.5 11.2 7.6 12.9 24.3 27.5 9.4 12.5 6.2 7.7 ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 0.8 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.8 1.2 KLAVERKAMP, KEITH & ROBERT 35.1 48.5 2.5 2.4 6.2 1.5 ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.8 1.1 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.7 4.4 NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 129,675.9 94,406.7 128,961.3 111,169.4 143,449.4 118,653.8 113,494.3 123,242.7 111,824.2 104,278.3 122,821.4 ROCKFORD TOWNSHIP
DNR Water Appropriation Permits Permittee 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Status INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO 3,409.0 3,493.4 3,482.4 3,533.5 3,714.7 3,577.4 1 SOWADA, FRANK 2.3 5.7 8.0 1 NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 7,608.6 7,852.4 7,375.6 7,701.1 7,150.9 6,740.3 1 HOULTON FARMS DECHENE CORP 1 NADEAU, LAWRENCE 0.7 10.0 1 EWING & SONS, VERLE 1 RIVERSIDE FARMS 1.0 3.9 3.1 1.6 1.4 2.5 1 HOULTON FARMS 1 GREAT RIVER ENERGY 12,899.0 13,884.3 12,838.3 11,280.0 12,933.0 12,675.9 1 EWING &SONS, DERALD I GOENNER, EDWARD E 1.6 4.8 2.5 5.2 1 ST CLOUD, CITY OF 2,489.5 2,657.8 2,713.7 2,582.6 2,751.5 2,690.2 1 IND SCHOOL DISTRICT 748 4.5 7.1 8.1 3.7 8.2 4.8 1 ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 1.2 2.5 2.0 0.6 1.5 1.9 1 E KLAVERKAMP, KEITH & ROBERT I ST CLOUD STATE UNIVERSITY 3.7 4.5 8.3 0.2 1 E NSP CO DBA XCEL ENERGY 126,735.8 117,723.5 107,417.8 125,015.1 116,220.6 126,510.1 1 ROCKFORD TOWNSHIP 0.0 0.0 1
-;)-6 0 5-
- U.S. Geological Survey
- National Water Information System
- Retrieved: 2005-08-16 18:21:18 EDT
- This file contains published daily mean streamflow data.
- Further Descriptions of the dvcd column can be found at:
- This information includes the following fields:
- agencycd Agency Code
- siteno USGS station number
- dvdt date of daily mean streamflow
- dvva daily mean streamflow value, in cubic-feet per-second
- dvcd daily mean streamflow value qualification code
- Sites in this file include:
- USGS 05270700 MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT ST. CLOUD, MN agencycd siteno dv dt dvva dv cd 5s 15s I 2Od 12n 3s USGS 5270700 8/25/1988 4710 USGS 5270700 8/26/1988 4490 USGS 5270700 8/27/1988 4390 USGS 5270700 8/28/1988 4560 USGS 5270700 8/29/1988 4830 USGS 5270700 8/30/1988 4750 USGS 5270700 8/31/1988 4500 USGS 5270700 9/1/1988 4710 USGS 5270700 9/2/1988 4630 USGS 5270700 9/3/1988 4820 USGS 5270700 9/4/1988 4760 USGS 5270700 9/5/1988 4580 USGS 5270700 9/6/1988 4520 USGS 5270700 9/7/1988 4970 USGS 5270700 9/8/1988 5060 USGS 5270700 9/9/1988 4910 USGS 5270700 9/10/1988 4940 USGS 5270700 9/11/1988 5010 USGS 5270700 9/12/1988 5760 USGS 5270700 9/13/1988 5190 USGS 5270700 9/14/1988 5800 USGS 5270700 9/15/1988 5610 USGS 5270700 9/16/1988 8070 USGS 5270700 9/17/1988 11000 USGS 5270700 9/18/1988 8920 USGS 5270700 9/19/1988 9950 i ' 1 USGS 5270700 9/20/1988 9950 USGS 5270700 9/21/1988 9890 USGS 5270700 9/22/1988 8260 USGS 5270700 9/23/1988 8470 USGS 5270700 9/24/1988 9200 USGS 5270700 9/25/1988 10500 USGS 5270700 9/26/1988 11100
USGS 5270700 9/27/1988 10100 USGS 5270700 9/28/1988 9530 USGS 5270700 9/29/1988 10200 USGS 5270700 9/30/1988 10400 USGS 5270700 10/1/1988 5470 USGS 5270700 10/2/1988 5680 USGS 5270700 10/3/1988 5690 USGS 5270700 10/4/1988 5460 USGS 5270700 10/5/1988 5150 USGS 5270700 10/6/1988 4770 USGS 5270700 10/7/1988 4420 USGS 5270700 10/8/1988 4380 USGS 5270700 10/9/1988 4210 USGS 5270700 10/10/1988 3730 USGS 5270700 10/11/1988 3630 USGS 5270700 10/12/1988 3400 USGS 5270700 10/13/1988 3760 USGS 5270700 10/14/1988 3360 USGS 5270700 10/15/1988 3270 USGS 5270700 10/16/1988 3220 USGS 5270700 10/17/1988 3160 USGS 5270700 10/18/1988 2960 USGS 5270700 10/19/1988 2860 USGS 5270700 10/20/1988 3180 USGS 5270700 10/21/1988 3080 USGS 5270700 10/22/1988 3000 USGS 5270700 10/23/1988 3000 USGS 5270700 10/24/1988 3000 USGS 5270700 10/25/1988 2930 USGS 5270700 10/26/1988 2860 USGS 5270700 10/27/1988 2760 USGS 5270700 10/28/1988 2880 USGS 5270700 10/29/1988 3120 USGS 5270700 10/30/1988 2960 USGS 5270700 10/31/1988 2640 USGS 5270700 11/1/1988 2870 USGS 5270700 11/2/1988 2970 USGS 5270700 11/3/1988 2900 USGS 5270700 11/4/1988 2890 USGS 5270700 11/5/1988 2900 USGS 5270700 11/6/1988 2890 USGS 5270700 11/7/1988 2530 USGS 5270700 11/8/1988 2620 USGS 5270700 11/9/1988 2840 USGS 5270700 11/10/1988 2930 USGS 5270700 11/11/1988 2850 USGS 5270700 11/12/1988 2720 USGS 5270700 11/13/1988 2770 USGS 5270700 11/14/1988 2770 USGS 5270700 11/15/1988 2950 USGS 5270700 11/16/1988 3090 USGS 5270700 11/17/1988 3050 USGS 5270700 11/18/1988 2620 USGS 5270700 11/19/1988 2640 USGS 5270700 11/20/1988 2860 USGS 5270700 11/21/1988 2960 USGS 5270700 11/22/1988 2760 USGS 5270700 11/23/1988 2840
USGS 5270700 11/24/1988 2940 USGS 5270700 11/25/1988 3290 USGS 5270700 11/26/1988 3960 USGS 5270700 11/27/1988 4040 USGS 5270700 11/28/1988 3540 USGS 5270700 11/29/1988 2700 USGS 5270700 11/30/1988 2890 USGS 5270700 12/1/1988 2690 USGS 5270700 12/2/1988 2740 USGS 5270700 12/3/1988 2800 USGS 5270700 12/4/1988 2860 USGS 5270700 12/5/1988 2910 USGS 5270700 12/6/1988 2960 USGS 5270700 12/7/1988 3020 USGS 5270700 12/8/1988 3080 USGS 5270700 12/9/1988 3000 USGS 5270700 12/10/1988 2900 USGS 5270700 12/11/1988 2800 USGS 5270700 12/12/1988 2800 USGS 5270700 12/13/1988 2800 USGS 5270700 12/14/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/15/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/16/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/17/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/18/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/19/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/20/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/21/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/22/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/23/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/24/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/25/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/26/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/27/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/28/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/29/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/30/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 12/31/1988 2780 USGS 5270700 1/1/1989 2770 USGS 5270700 1/2/1989 2770 USGS 5270700 1/3/1989 2770 USGS 5270700 1/4/1989 2770 USGS 5270700 1/5/1989 2770 USGS 5270700 1/6/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/7/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/8/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/9/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/10/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/11/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/12/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/13/1989 2780 USGS 5270700 1/14/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/15/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/16/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/17/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/18/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/19/1989 2790 USGS 5270700 1/20/1989 2790
USGS 5270700 1/21/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/22/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/23/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/24/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/25/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/26/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/27/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/28/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/29/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/30/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 1/31/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/1/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 212/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/3/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/4/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/5/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/6/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/7/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/8/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 2/9/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 2/10/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 2/11/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 2/12/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 2/13/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 2/14/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/15/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/16/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/17/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/18/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/19/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/20/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/21/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/22/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 2/23/1989 3100 USGS 5270700 2/24/1989 3100 USGS 5270700 2/25/1989 3100 USGS 5270700 2/26/1989 3100 USGS 5270700 2/27/1989 3100 USGS 5270700 2/28/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 3/1/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 3/2/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 3/3/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 3/4/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 3/5/1989 3300 USGS 5270700 3/6/1989 3300 USGS 5270700 3/7/1989 3400 USGS 5270700 3/8/1989 3400 USGS 5270700 3/9/1989 3350 USGS 5270700 3/10/1989 3350 USGS 5270700 3/11/1989 3300 USGS 5270700 3/12/1989 3300 USGS 5270700 3/13/1989 3350 USGS 5270700 3/14/1989 3400 USGS 5270700 3/15/1989 3400 USGS 5270700 3/16/1989 3350 USGS 5270700 3/17/1989 3350 USGS 5270700 3/18/1989 3400 USGS 5270700 3/19/1989 3450
USGS 5270700 3/20/1989 3500 USGS 5270700 3/21/1989 3500 USGS 5270700 3/22/1989 3500 USGS 5270700 3/23/1989 3500 USGS 5270700 3/24/1989 3600 USGS 5270700 3/25/1989 3750 USGS 5270700 3/26/1989 4000 USGS 5270700 3/27/1989 4500 USGS 5270700 3/28/1989 5200 USGS 5270700 3/29/1989 6000 USGS 5270700 3/30/1989 7000 USGS 5270700 3/31/1989 8400 USGS 5270700 4/1/1989 9500 USGS 5270700 4/2/1989 10300 USGS 5270700 4/3/1989 12000 USGS 5270700 4/4/1989 13300 USGS 5270700 4/5/1989 14300 USGS 5270700 4/6/1989 15300 USGS 5270700 4/7/1989 17200 USGS 5270700 4/8/1989 18100 USGS 5270700 4/9/1989 18600 USGS 5270700 4/10/1989 18900 USGS 5270700 4/11/1989 18500 USGS 5270700 4/12/1989 18200 USGS 5270700 4/13/1989 18300 USGS 5270700 4/14/1989 18100 USGS 5270700 4/15/1989 18600 USGS 5270700 4/16/1989 18300 USGS 5270700 4/17/1989 17700 USGS 5270700 4/18/1989 16800 USGS 5270700 4/19/1989 17100 USGS 5270700 4/20/1989 16900 USGS 5270700 4/21/1989 15900 USGS 5270700 4/22/1989 15000 USGS 5270700 4/23/1989 14800 USGS 5270700 4/24/1989 15100 USGS 5270700 4/25/1989 14800 USGS 5270700 4/26/1989 14500 USGS 5270700 4/27/1989 14100 USGS 5270700 4/28/1989 13900 USGS 5270700 4/29/1989 14500 USGS 5270700 4/30/1989 14300 USGS 5270700 5/1/1989 14500 USGS 5270700 5/2/1989 14400 USGS 5270700 5/3/1989 14500 USGS 5270700 5/4/1989 13900 USGS 5270700 5/5/1989 13500 USGS 5270700 5/6/1989 13000 USGS 5270700 5/7/1989 13100 USGS 5270700 5/8/1989 13200 USGS 5270700 5/9/1989 13200 USGS 5270700 5/10/1989 13500 USGS 5270700 5/11/1989 13500 USGS 5270700 5/12/1989 12600 USGS 5270700 5/13/1989 11800 USGS 5270700 5/14/1989 11300 USGS 5270700 5/15/1989 10200 USGS 5270700 5/16/1989 9640
USGS 5270700 5/17/1989 8790 USGS 5270700 5/18/1989 9160 USGS 5270700 5/19/1989 6500 USGS 5270700 5/20/1989 7030 USGS 5270700 5/21/1989 7330 USGS 5270700 5/22/1989 7250 USGS 5270700 5/23/1989 7140 USGS 5270700 5/24/1989 7010 USGS 5270700 5/25/1989 7730 USGS 5270700 5/26/1989 8280 USGS 5270700 5/27/1989 9230 USGS 5270700 5/28/1989 9620 USGS 5270700 5/29/1989 9550 USGS 5270700 5/30/1989 9080 USGS 5270700 5/31/1989 8780 USGS 5270700 6/1/1989 8490 USGS 5270700 6/2/1989 7990 USGS 5270700 6/3/1989 7760 USGS 5270700 6/4/1989 7340 USGS 5270700 6/5/1989 6460 USGS 5270700 6/6/1989 6170 USGS 5270700 6/7/1989 5640 USGS 5270700 6/8/1989 5740 USGS 5270700 6/9/1989 5300 USGS 5270700 6/10/1989 4930 USGS 5270700 6/11/1989 4650 USGS 5270700 6/12/1989 5030 USGS 5270700 6/13/1989 5250 USGS 5270700 6/14/1989 4910 USGS 5270700 6/15/1989 4750 USGS 5270700 6/16/1989 4680 USGS 5270700 6/17/1989 4900 USGS 5270700 6/18/1989 5550 USGS 5270700 6/19/1989 4660 USGS 5270700 6/20/1989 4710 USGS 5270700 6/21/1989 5460 USGS 5270700 6/22/1989 4840 USGS 5270700 6/23/1989 5290 USGS 5270700 6/24/1989 6450 USGS 5270700 6/25/1989 6470 USGS 5270700 6/26/1989 7370 USGS 5270700 6/27/1989 6510 USGS 5270700 6/28/1989 6490 USGS 5270700 6/29/1989 5760 USGS 5270700 6/30/1989 5680 USGS 5270700 7/1/1989 5370 USGS 5270700 7/2/1989 5540 USGS 5270700 7/3/1989 5480 USGS 5270700 7/4/1989 5500 USGS 5270700 7/5/1989 5160 USGS 5270700 7/6/1989 5320 USGS 5270700 7/7/1989 5270 USGS 5270700 7/8/1989 4750 USGS 5270700 7/9/1989 4610 USGS 5270700 7/10/1989 4710 USGS 5270700 7/11/1989 4150 USGS 5270700 7/12/1989 3900 USGS 5270700 7/13/1989 4310
USGS 5270700 7/14/1989 3880 USGS 5270700 7/15/1989 3720 USGS 5270700 7/16/1989 3960 USGS 5270700 7/17/1989 3620 USGS 5270700 7/18/1989 3800 USGS 5270700 7/19/1989 3740 USGS 5270700 7/20/1989 3550 USGS 5270700 7/21/1989 3520 USGS 5270700 7/22/1989 3020 USGS 5270700 7/23/1989 3310 USGS 5270700 7/24/1989 3070 USGS 5270700 7/25/1989 2530 USGS 5270700 7/26/1989 3160 USGS 5270700 7/27/1989 2520 USGS 5270700 7/28/1989 2620 USGS 5270700 7/29/1989 2390 USGS 5270700 7/30/1989 2720 USGS 5270700 7/31/1989 2620 USGS 5270700 8/1/1989 2180 USGS 5270700 8/2/1989 2010 USGS 5270700 8/3/1989 1930 USGS 5270700 8/4/1989 2020 USGS 5270700 8/5/1989 1870 USGS 5270700 8/6/1989 1580 USGS 5270700 8/7/1989 1720 USGS 5270700 8/8/1989 1490 USGS 5270700 8/9/1989 1630 USGS 5270700 8/10/1989 1680 USGS 5270700 8/11/1989 1660 USGS 5270700 8/12/1989 1610 USGS 5270700 8/13/1989 1310 USGS 5270700 8/14/1989 1160 USGS 5270700 8/15/1989 1460 USGS 5270700 8/16/1989 1250 USGS 5270700 8/17/1989 1180 USGS 5270700 8/18/1989 1100 USGS 5270700 8/19/1989 1310 USGS 5270700 8/20/1989 1740 USGS 5270700 8/21/1989 1150 USGS 5270700 8/22/1989 1490 USGS 5270700 8/23/1989 1260 USGS 5270700 8/24/1989 1010 USGS 5270700 8/25/1989 1050 USGS 5270700 8/26/1989 1530 USGS 5270700 8/27/1989 1450 USGS 5270700 8/28/1989 1680 USGS 5270700 8/29/1989 1670 USGS 5270700 8/30/1989 1630 USGS 5270700 8/31/1989 1760 USGS 5270700 9/1/1989 2980 USGS 5270700 9/2/1989 2370 USGS 5270700 9/3/1989 3060 USGS 5270700 9/4/1989 4690 USGS 5270700 9/5/1989 4850 USGS 5270700 9/6/1989 4200 USGS 5270700 9/7/1989 4120 USGS 5270700 9/8/1989 4880 USGS 5270700 9/9/1989 4930
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USGS 5270700 11/7/1989 3900 USGS 5270700 11/8/1989 4050 USGS 5270700 11/9/1989 4250 USGS 5270700 11/10/1989 3810 USGS 5270700 11/11/1989 3840 USGS 5270700 11/12/1989 3700 USGS 5270700 11/13/1989 3960 USGS 5270700 11/14/1989 3770 USGS 5270700 11/15/1989 3550 USGS 5270700 11/16/1989 3310 USGS 5270700 11/17/1989 2510 USGS 5270700 11/18/1989 1990 USGS 5270700 11/19/1989 1700 USGS 5270700 11/20/1989 2600 USGS 5270700 11/21/1989 3000 USGS 5270700 11/22/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 11/23/1989 2580 USGS 5270700 11/24/1989 2510 USGS 5270700 11/25/1989 2500 USGS 5270700 11/26/1989 2600 USGS 5270700 11/27/1989 2550 USGS 5270700 11/28/1989 2340 USGS 5270700 11/29/1989 2600 USGS 5270700 11/30/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 12/1/1989 2850 USGS 5270700 12/2/1989 2750 USGS 5270700 12/3/1989 2700 USGS 5270700 12/4/1989 2730 USGS 5270700 12/5/1989 3200 USGS 5270700 12/6/1989 3150 USGS 5270700 12/7/1989 2900 USGS 5270700 12/8/1989 2850 USGS 5270700 12/9/1989 2800 USGS 5270700 12/10/1989 2700 USGS 5270700 12/11/1989 2450 USGS 5270700 12/12/1989 2530 USGS 5270700 12/13/1989 2450 USGS 5270700 12/14/1989 2430 USGS 5270700 12/15/1989 2380 USGS 5270700 12/16/1989 2280 USGS 5270700 12/17/1989 2200 USGS 5270700 12/18/1989 2160 USGS 5270700 12/19/1989 2100 USGS 5270700 12/20/1989 2010 USGS 5270700 12/21/1989 1950 USGS 5270700: 12/22/1989 2160 USGS 5270700 12/23/1989 1940 USGS 5270700 12/24/1989 1860 USGS 5270700 12/25/1989 2140 USGS 5270700 12/26/1989 1760 USGS 5270700 12/27/1989 1940 USGS 5270700 12/28/1989 2150 USGS 5270700 12/29/1989 2020 USGS 5270700 12/30/1989 2020 USGS 5270700 12/31/1989 2360 USGS 5270700 1/1/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/2/1990 2000 USGS 5270700 1/3/1990 1880
USGS 5270700 1/4/1990 1980 USGS 5270700 1/5/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/6/1990 2360 USGS 5270700 1/7/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 1/8/1990 2230 USGS 5270700 1/9/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/10/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 1/11/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/12/1990 2080 USGS 5270700 1/13/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/14/1990 2280 USGS 5270700 1/15/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/16/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/17/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 1/18/1990 2190 USGS 5270700 1/19/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 1/20/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 1/21/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 1/22/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 1/23/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 1/24/1990 2260 USGS 5270700 1/25/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 1/26/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 1/27/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 1/28/1990 1820 USGS 5270700 1/29/1990 2370 USGS 5270700 1/30/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 1/31/1990 1960 USGS 5270700 2/1/1990 2040 USGS 5270700 2/2/1990 1880 USGS 5270700 2/3/1990 1800 USGS 5270700 2/4/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 2/5/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 2/6/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 2/7/1990 1760 USGS 5270700 2/8/1990 1800 USGS 5270700 2/9/1990 1820 USGS 5270700 2/10/1990 2010 USGS 5270700 2/11/1990 2010 USGS 5270700 2/12/1990 1880 USGS 5270700 2/13/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 2/14/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 2/15/1990 2040 USGS 5270700 2/16/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 2/17/1990 1770 USGS 5270700 2/18/1990 2040 USGS 5270700 2/19/1990 1640 USGS 5270700 2/20/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 2/21/1990 1690 USGS 5270700 2/22/1990 1690 USGS 5270700 2/23/1990 1630 1, . I USGS 5270700 2/24/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 2/25/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 2/26/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 2/27/1990 1670 USGS 5270700 2/28/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 3/1/1990 1840 USGS 5270700 3/2/1990 1840
USGS 5270700 3/3/1990 1840 USGS 5270700 3/4/1990 1860 USGS 5270700 3/5/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 3/6/1990 1900 USGS 5270700 3/7/1990 1950 USGS 5270700 3/8/1990 1980 USGS 5270700 3/9/1990 2100 USGS 5270700 3/10/1990 2600 USGS 5270700 3/11/1990 4000 USGS 5270700 3/12/1990 7000 USGS 5270700 3/13/1990 10000 USGS 5270700 3/14/1990 10400 USGS 5270700 3/15/1990 11900 USGS 5270700 3/16/1990 13300 USGS 5270700 3/17/1990 14100 USGS 5270700 3/18/1990 13800 USGS 5270700 3/19/1990 13900 USGS 5270700 3/20/1990 13700 USGS 5270700 3/21/1990 12800 USGS 5270700 3/22/1990 11300 USGS 5270700 3/23/1990 10100 USGS 5270700 3/24/1990 10400 USGS 5270700 3/25/1990 9330 USGS 5270700 3/26/1990 8850 USGS 5270700 3/27/1990 8440 USGS 5270700 3/28/1990 8160 USGS 5270700 3/29/1990 8260 USGS 5270700 3/30/1990 7690 USGS 5270700 3/31/1990 7050 USGS 5270700 4/1/1990 7440 USGS 5270700 4/2/1990 7310 USGS 5270700 4/3/1990 6950 USGS 5270700 4/4/1990 7630 USGS 5270700 4/5/1990 7820 USGS 5270700 4/6/1990 8450 USGS 5270700 4/7/1 990 7690 USGS 5270700 4/8/1990 7960 USGS 5270700 4/9/1990 8330 USGS 5270700 4/10/1990 7260 .: f .
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USGS 5270700 6/27/1990 7930 USGS 5270700 6/28/1990 7970 USGS 5270700 6/29/1990 8410 USGS 5270700 6/30/1990 7840 USGS 5270700 7/1/1990 7280 USGS 5270700 7/2/1990 6760 USGS 5270700 7/3/1990 6030 USGS 5270700 7/4/1990 5820 USGS 5270700 7/5/1990 5520 USGS 5270700 7/6/1990 4950 USGS 5270700 7/7/1990 4580 USGS 5270700 7/8/1990 5630 USGS 5270700 7/9/1990 5090 USGS 5270700 7/10/1990 4810 USGS 5270700 7/11/1990 5480 USGS 5270700 7/12/1990 5750 USGS 5270700 7/13/1990 5240 USGS 5270700 7/14/1990 5070 USGS 5270700 7/15/1990 5180 USGS 5270700 7/16/1990 5000 USGS 5270700 7/17/1990 4500 USGS 5270700 7/18/1990 4770 USGS 5270700 7/19/1990 4510 USGS 5270700 7/20/1990 4110 USGS 5270700 7/21/1990 3880 USGS 5270700 7/22/1990 4110 USGS 5270700 7/23/1990 3640 USGS 5270700 7/24/1990 3630 USGS 5270700 7/25/1990 3970 USGS 5270700 7/26/1990 4100 USGS 5270700 7/27/1990 3890 USGS 5270700 7/28/1990 4020 USGS 5270700 7/29/1990 3760 USGS 5270700 7/30/1990 3430 USGS 5270700 7/31/1990 3390 USGS 5270700 8/1/1990 3370 USGS 5270700 8/2/1990 3150 USGS 5270700 8/3/1990 2980 USGS 5270700 8/4/1990 3460 USGS 5270700 8/5/1990 2430 USGS 5270700 8/6/1990 2560 USGS 5270700 8/7/1990 2520 USGS 5270700 8/8/1990 2190 USGS 5270700 8/9/1990 2180 USGS 5270700 8/10/1990 1980 USGS 5270700 8/11/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 8/12/1990 1330 USGS 5270700 8/13/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 8/14/1990 1910 USGS 5270700 8/15/1990 1910 USGS 5270700 8/16/1990 1380 USGS 5270700 8/17/1990 1720 USGS 5270700 8/18/1990 2200 USGS 5270700 8/19/1990 2190 USGS 5270700 8/20/1990 1810 USGS 5270700 8/21/1990 1380 USGS 5270700 8/22/1990 1730 USGS 5270700 8/23/1990 1870
USGS 5270700 8/24/1990 1750 USGS 5270700 8/25/1990 2060 USGS 5270700 8/26/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 8/27/1990 2230 USGS 5270700 8/28/1990 2010 USGS 5270700 8/29/1990 2150 USGS 5270700 8/30/1990 1470 USGS 5270700 8/31/1990 1660 USGS 5270700 9/1/1990 1980 USGS 5270700 9/2/1990 1830 USGS 5270700 9/3/1990 1530 USGS 5270700 9/4/1990 1890 USGS 5270700 9/5/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 9/6/1990 2010 USGS 5270700 9/7/1990 2060 USGS 5270700 9/8/1990 1340 USGS 5270700 9/9/1990 1790 USGS 5270700 9/10/1990 3430 USGS 5270700 9/11/1990 3870 USGS 5270700 9/12/1990 3010 USGS 5270700 9/13/1990 3290 USGS 5270700 9/14/1990 2110 USGS 5270700 9/15/1990 2160 USGS 5270700 9/16/1990 1830 USGS 5270700 9/17/1990 1850 USGS 5270700 9/18/1990 2150 USGS 5270700 9/19/1990 2140 USGS 5270700 9/20/1990 2170 USGS 5270700 9/21/1990 2640 USGS 5270700 9/22/1990 2200 USGS 5270700 9/23/1990 2630 USGS 5270700 9/24/1990 2120 USGS 5270700 9/25/1990 2310 USGS 5270700 9/26/1990 2660 USGS 5270700 9/27/1990 2920 USGS 5270700 9/28/1990 2520 USGS 5270700 9/29/1990 2660 USGS 5270700 9/30/1990 2180 USGS 5270700 10/1/1990 2080 USGS 5270700 10/2/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 10/3/1990 3270 USGS 5270700 10/4/1990 2890 USGS 5270700' 10/5/1990 2830 USGS 5270700 10/6/1990 3290 USGS 5270700 10/7/1990 2960 USGS 5270700 10/8/1990 3600 USGS 5270700 10/9/1990 3720 USGS 5270700 10/10/1990 3880 USGS 5270700 10/11/1990 3990 USGS 5270700 10/12/1990 3650 USGS 5270700 10/13/1990 3520 USGS 5270700 10/14/1990 3580 USGS 5270700 10/15/1990 3320 USGS 5270700 10/16/1990 3370 USGS 5270700 10/17/1990 3890 USGS 5270700 10/18/1990 3870 USGS 5270700 10/19/1990 3990 USGS 5270700 10/20/1990 4030
USGS 5270700 10/21/1990 4160 USGS 5270700 10/22/1990 5400 USGS 5270700 10/23/1990 5730 USGS 5270700 10/24/1990 5890 USGS 5270700 10/25/1990 6110 USGS 5270700 10/26/1990 6130 USGS 5270700 10/27/1990 5570 USGS 5270700 10/28/1990 5680 USGS 5270700 10/29/1990 5870 USGS 5270700 10/30/1990 5680 USGS 5270700 10/31/1990 5500 USGS 5270700 11/1/1990 5500 USGS 5270700 11/2/1990 5500 USGS 5270700 11/3/1990 5040 USGS 5270700 11/4/1990 4580 USGS 5270700 11/5/1990 4840 USGS 5270700 11/6/1990 4900 USGS 5270700 11/7/1990 4780 USGS 5270700 11/8/1990 5040 USGS 5270700 11/9/1990 4180 USGS 5270700 11/10/1990 4010 USGS 5270700 11/11/1990 4420 USGS 5270700 11/12/1990 3700 USGS 5270700 11/13/1990 4260 USGS 5270700 11/14/1990 4160 USGS 5270700 11/15/1990 4470 USGS 5270700 11/16/1990 3700 USGS 5270700 11/17/1990 4070 USGS 5270700 11/18/1990 3880 USGS 5270700 11/19/1990 3700 USGS 5270700 11/20/1990 3870 USGS 5270700 11/21/1990 3510 USGS 5270700 11/22/1990 3880 USGS 5270700 11/23/1990 3780 USGS 5270700 11/24/1990 3880 USGS 5270700 11/25/1990 2920 USGS 5270700 11/26/1990 2950 USGS 5270700 11/27/1990 2760 USGS 5270700 11/28/1990 2010 USGS 5270700 11/29/1990 1950 USGS 5270700 11/30/1990 2170 USGS 5270700 12/1/1990 2230 USGS 5270700 12/2/1990 2470 USGS 5270700 12/3/1990 2530 USGS 5270700 12/4/1990 2310 USGS 5270700 12/5/1990 2360 USGS 5270700 12/6/1990 2610 USGS 5270700 12/7/1990 2940 USGS 5270700 12/8/1990 2890 USGS 5270700 12/9/1990 2710 USGS 5270700 12/10/1990 3250 USGS 5270700 12/11/1990 2710 USGS 5270700 12/12/1990 2460 USGS 5270700 12/13/1990 2120 USGS 5270700 12/14/1990 2410 USGS 5270700 12/15/1990 2460 USGS 5270700 12/16/1990 2290 USGS 5270700 12/17/1990 2350
USGS 5270700 12/18/1990 1940 USGS 5270700 12/19/1990 1630 USGS 5270700 12/20/1990 1500 USGS 5270700 12/21/1990 1490 USGS 5270700 12/22/1990 1880 USGS 5270700 12/23/1990 2020 USGS 5270700 12/24/1990 2060 USGS 5270700 12/25/1990 2060 USGS 5270700 12/26/1990 2060 USGS 5270700 12/27/1990 2170 USGS 5270700 12/28/1990 2730 USGS 5270700 12/29/1990 2520 USGS 5270700 12/3011990 2410 USGS 5270700 12/31/1990 2050 USGS 5270700 1/1/1991 2510 USGS 5270700 1/2/1991 2110 USGS 5270700 1/3/1991 1780 USGS 5270700 1/4/1991 2110 USGS 5270700 1/5/1991 2170 USGS 5270700 1/6/1991 2170 USGS 5270700 1/7/1991 2050 USGS 5270700 1/8/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/9/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/10/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/11/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/12/1991 1870 USGS 5270700 1/13/1991 1990 USGS 5270700 1/14/1991 1870 USGS 5270700 1/15/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/16/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/17/1991 1610 USGS 5270700 1/18/1991 1760 USGS 5270700 1/19/1991 1910 USGS 5270700 1/20/1991 2050 USGS 5270700 1/21/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/22/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/23/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/24/1991 1750 USGS 5270700 1/25/1991 1990 USGS 5270700 1/26/1991 1990 USGS 5270700 1/27/1991 1740 USGS 5270700 1/28/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/29/1991 1740 USGS 5270700 1/30/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 1/31/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/1/1991 1940 USGS 5270700 2/2/1991 1910 USGS 5270700 2/3/1991 1740 USGS 5270700 2/4/1991 1930 USGS 5270700 2/5/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/6/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/7/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/8/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 219/1991 1950 USGS 5270700 2/10/1991 2060 USGS 5270700 2/11/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 2/12/1991 2350 USGS 5270700 2/13/1991 2180
USGS 5270700 2/14/1991 1940 USGS 5270700 2/15/1991 1900 USGS 5270700 2/16/1991 1900 USGS 5270700 2/17/1991 2180 USGS 5270700 2/18/1991 2070 USGS 5270700 2/19/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/20/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 2/21/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 2/22/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 2/23/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 2/24/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 2/25/1991 1820 USGS 5270700 2/26/1991 1600 USGS 5270700 2/27/1991 1900 USGS 5270700 2/28/1991 1950 USGS 5270700 3/1/1991 2000 USGS 5270700 3/2/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 3/3/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 3/4/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 3/5/1991 1890 USGS 5270700 3/6/1991 1870 USGS 5270700 3/7/1991 1860 USGS 5270700 3/8/1991 2060 USGS 5270700 3/9/1991 1620 USGS 5270700 3/10/1991 1990 USGS 5270700 3/11/1991 1940 USGS 5270700 3/12/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 3/13/1991 1880 USGS 5270700 3/14/1991 1620 USGS 5270700 3/15/1991 1920 USGS 5270700 3/16/1991 2230 USGS 5270700 3/17/1991 2220 USGS 5270700 3/18/1991 2750 USGS 5270700 3/19/1991 2840 USGS 5270700 3/20/1991 3260 USGS 5270700 3/21/1991 3710 USGS 5270700 3/22/1991 4700 USGS 5270700 3/23/1991 6050 USGS 5270700 3/24/1991 6160 USGS 5270700 3/25/1991 7330 USGS 5270700 3/26/1991 8260 USGS 5270700 3/27/1991 9370 USGS 5270700 3/28/1991 9830 USGS 5270700 3/29/1991 9570 USGS 5270700 3/30/1991 9620 USGS 5270700 3/31/1991 8930 USGS 5270700 4/1/1991 8570 USGS 5270700 4/2/1991 8150 USGS 5270700 4/3/1991 8140 USGS 5270700 4/4/1991 8210 USGS 5270700 4/5/1991 83 0 USGS 5270700 4/611991 73 0 USGS 5270700 4/7/1 991 71 0 USGS 5270700 4/8/1991 67 70 USGS 5270700 4/9/1991 66 0 USGS 5270700 4/10/1991 66 70 USGS 5270700 4/11/1991 67 0 USGS 5270700 4/12/1991 68 0
USGS 5270700 4/13/1991 7020 USGS 5270700 4/14/1991 8330 USGS 5270700 4/15/1991 9770 USGS 5270700 4/16/1991 10600 USGS 5270700 4/17/1991 11100 USGS 5270700 4/18/1991 11500 USGS 5270700 4/19/1991 11900 USGS 5270700 4/20/1991 11900 USGS 5270700 4/21/1991 12200 USGS 5270700 4/22/1991 11400 USGS 5270700 4/23/1991 10800 USGS 5270700 4/24/1991 10300 USGS 5270700 4/25/1991 9440 USGS 5270700 4/26/1991 8710 USGS 5270700 4/27/1991 9620 USGS 5270700 4/28/1991 8770 USGS 5270700 4/29/1991 9220 USGS 5270700 4/30/1991 10700 USGS 5270700 5/1/1991 10900 USGS 5270700 5/2/1991 12100 USGS 5270700 5/3/1991 11900 USGS 5270700 5/4/1991 12900 USGS 5270700 5/5/1991 13600 USGS 5270700 5/6/1991 15600 USGS 5270700 5/7/1991 16200 USGS 5270700 5/8/1991 17000 USGS 5270700 5/9/1991 17600 USGS 5270700 5/10/1991 17600 USGS 5270700 5/11/1991 17300 USGS 5270700 5/12/1991 16900 USGS 5270700 5/13/1991 16700 USGS 5270700 5/14/1991 15500 USGS 5270700 5/15/1991 14500 USGS 5270700 5/16/1991 14100 USGS 5270700 5/17/1991 14000 USGS 5270700 5/18/1991 13000 USGS 5270700 5/19/1991 12000 USGS 5270700 5/20/1991 10900 USGS 5270700 5/21/1991 10200 USGS 5270700 5/22/1991 9360 USGS 5270700 5/23/1991 8890 USGS 5270700 5/24/1991 8810 USGS 5270700 5/25/1991 8280 USGS 5270700 5/26/1991 8030 USGS 5270700 5/27/1991 8080 USGS 5270700 5/28/1991 8210 USGS 5270700 5/29/1991 8380 USGS 5270700 5/30/1991 8720 USGS 5270700 5/31/1991 9530 USGS 5270700 6/1/1991 9640 USGS 5270700 6/2/1991 10100 USGS 5270700 6/3/1991 10200 USGS 5270700 6/4/1991 10000 USGS 5270700 6/5/1991 9270 USGS 5270700 6/6/1991 9180 USGS 5270700 6/7/1991 8420 USGS 5270700 6/8/1991 8060 USGS 5270700 6/9/1991 8090
USGS 5270700 6/10/1991 7500 USGS 5270700 6/11/1991 6950 USGS 5270700 6/12/1991 6650 USGS 5270700 6/13/1991 6400 USGS 5270700 6/14/1991 5820 USGS 5270700 6/15/1991 5910 USGS 5270700 6/16/1991 5770 USGS 5270700 6/17/1991 4950 USGS 5270700 6/18/1991 5100 USGS 5270700 6/19/1991 5170 USGS 5270700 6/20/1991 5730 USGS 5270700 6/21/1991 5360 USGS 5270700 6/22/1991 5170 USGS 5270700 6/23/1991 5210 USGS 5270700 6/24/1991 5170 USGS 5270700 6/25/1991 5340 USGS 5270700 6/26/1991 5470 USGS 5270700 6/27/1991 5480 USGS 5270700 6/28/1991 5670 USGS 5270700 6/29/1991 5430 USGS 5270700 6/30/1991 6390 USGS 5270700 7/1/1991 8090 USGS 5270700 7/2/1991 9210 USGS 5270700 7/3/1991 10300 USGS 5270700 7/4/1991 10300 USGS 5270700 7/5/1991 10000 USGS 5270700 7/6/1991 9690 USGS 5270700 7/7/1991 9280 USGS 5270700 7/8/1991 9230 USGS 5270700 7/9/1991 8910 USGS 5270700 7/10/1991 8510 USGS 5270700 7/11/1991 7920 USGS 5270700 7/12/1991 7570 USGS 5270700 7/13/1991 7060 USGS 5270700 7/14/1991 6920 USGS 5270700 7/15/1991 6770 USGS 5270700 7/16/1991 6730 USGS 5270700 7/17/1991 6220 USGS 5270700 7/18/1991 6280 .
= .
USGS 5270700 7/19/1991 6780 . ,
USGS 5270700 7/20/1991 6730 :
USGS 5270700 7/21/1991 6500 USGS 5270700 7/22/1991 6430 .
6140 USGS 5270700 7/23/1991 . .
USGS 5270700 7/24/1991 5420 5270700 7/25/1991 5670 USGS USGS 5270700 7/26/1991 5180 USGS 5270700 7/27/1991 5350 USGS 5270700 7/28/1991 5350 USGS 5270700 7/29/1991 5190 USGS 5270700 7/30/1991 4670 USGS 5270700 7/31/1991 4990 USGS 5270700 8/1/1991 4630 USGS 5270700 8/2/1991 5670 USGS 5270700 8/3/1991 5320 USGS 5270700 8/4/1991 5120 USGS 5270700 8/5/1991 4810 USGS 5270700 8/6/1991 4440
USGS 5270700 , 8/7/1991 4440 USGS 5270700 8/8/1991 4220 USGS 5270700 8/9/1991 3870 USGS 5270700 8/10/1991 3250 USGS 5270700 8/11/1991 3810 USGS 5270700 8/12/1991 3700 USGS 5270700 8/13/1991 2870 USGS 5270700 8/14/1991 3370 USGS 5270700 8/15/1991 3020 USGS 5270700 8/16/1991 2690 USGS 5270700 8/17/1991 2910 USGS 5270700 8/18/1991 2570 USGS 5270700 8/19/1991 2540 USGS 5270700 8/20/1991 2330 USGS 5270700 8/21/1991 2520 USGS 5270700 8/22/1991 2570 USGS 5270700 8/23/1991 2980 USGS 5270700 8/24/1991 2650 USGS 5270700 8/25/1991 2710 USGS 5270700 8/26/1991 3010 USGS 5270700 8/27/1991 2960 USGS 5270700 8/28/1991 2610 USGS 5270700 8/29/1991 2570 USGS 5270700 ,8/30/1991 2510 USGS 5270700 8/31/1991 1770 USGS 5270700 9/1/1991 2140 USGS 5270700 9/2/1991 2350 USGS 5270700 9/3/1991 2990 USGS 5270700 9/4/1991 2720 USGS 5270700 9/5/1991 2550 USGS 5270700 9/6/1991 2940 USGS 5270700 9/7/1991 2510 USGS 5270700 9/8/1991 4470 USGS 5270700 9/9/1991 3870 USGS 5270700 9/10/1991 4210 USGS 5270700 9/11/1991 4910 USGS 5270700 9/12/1991 5910 USGS 5270700 9/13/1991 5730 USGS 5270700 9/14/1991 6250 USGS 5270700 9/15/1991 6560 USGS 5270700 9/16/1991 6270 USGS 5270700 9/17/1991 6160 USGS 5270700 9/18/1991 6070 USGS 5270700 9/19/1991 5690 USGS 5270700 9/20/1991 4880 USGS 5270700 9/21/1991 4910 USGS 5270700 9/22/1991 5470 USGS 5270700 9/23/1991 4580 USGS 5270700 9/24/1991 4440 USGS 5270700 9/25/1991 5180 USGS 5270700 9/26/1991 3710 USGS 5270700 9/27/1991 3430 USGS 5270700 9/28/1991 3760 USGS 5270700 9/29/1991 3050 USGS 527,0700 9/30/1991 4020 USGS 5270700 10/1/1991 3100 1 USGS 5270700 10/2/1991 3520 1*
USGS 5270700 10/3/1991 2890 - 1
USGS 5270700 10/4/1991 2970 1 USGS 5270700 10/5/1991 2410 1 USGS 5270700 10/6/1991 3260 1 USGS 5270700 10/7/1991 2670 1 USGS 5270700 10/8/1991 3410 1 USGS 5270700 10/9/1991 2940 1 USGS 5270700 10/10/1991 2770 1 USGS 5270700 10/11/1991 2770 1 USGS 5270700 10/12/1991 2650 1 USGS 5270700 10/13/1991 3190 1 USGS 5270700 10/14/1991 3620 1 USGS 5270700 10/15/1991 2890 1 USGS 5270700 10/16/1991 2700 1 USGS 5270700 10/17/1991 3220 1 USGS 5270700 10/18/1991 3100 1 USGS 5270700 10/19/1991 2780 1 USGS 5270700 10/20/1991 3150 1 USGS 5270700 10/21/1991 3370 1 USGS 5270700 10/22/1991 3300 1 USGS 5270700 10/23/1991 3640 1 USGS 5270700 10/24/1991 3470 1 USGS 5270700 10/25/1991 3220 1 USGS 5270700 10/26/1991 3110 1 USGS 5270700 10/27/1991 2830 1 USGS 5270700 10/28/1991 3250 1 USGS 5270700 10/29/1991 3890 1 USGS 5270700 10/30/1991 3860 1 USGS 5270700 10/31/1991 3790 1 USGS 5270700 11/1/1991 4650 1 USGS 5270700 11/2/1991 4500 1 USGS 5270700 11/3/1991 3330 1 USGS 5270700 11/4/1991 3430 1 USGS 5270700 11/5/1991 3540 1 USGS 5270700 11/6/1991 3030 1 USGS 5270700 11/7/1991 2550 1 USGS 5270700 11/8/1991 3570 1 USGS 5270700 11/9/1991 4340 1 USGS 5270700 11/10/1991 4980 USGS 5270700 11/11/1991 4940 USGS 5270700 11/12/1991 5240 USGS 5270700 11/13/1991 5170 1 USGS 5270700 11/14/1991 5270 1 USGS 5270700 11/15/1991 5180 USGS 5270700 11/16/1991 5780 USGS 5270700 11/17/1991 6280 USGS 5270700 11/18/1991 6130-USGS 5270700 11/19/1991 6200 1 USGS 5270700 11/20/1991 5720 1 USGS 5270700 11/21/1991 6280 1 USGS 5270700 11/22/1991 7010 1 USGS 5270700 11/23/1991 6370 1 USGS 5270700 11/24/1991 5470 1 USGS 5270700 11/25/1991 6370 1 USGS 5270700 11/26/1991 6420 1 USGS 5270700 11/27/1991 5850 1 USGS 5270700 11/28/1991 6110 1 USGS 5270700 11/29/1991 5890 1 USGS 5270700 11/30/1991 5220
'USGS 5270700 12/1/1991 5370 USGS 5270700 12/2/1991 4440 USGS 5270700 12/3/1991 4660 USGS 5270700 12/4/1991 5330 USGS 5270700 12/5/1991 4900 USGS 5270700 12/6/1991 5810 USGS 5270700 12/7/1991 5480 USGS 5270700 12/8/1991 5130 USGS 5270700 12/9/1991 5430 USGS 5270700 12/10/1991 5220 USGS 5270700 12/11/1991 5880 USGS 5270700 12/12/1991 5400 .
USGS 5270700 12/13/1991 5530 .
USGS 5270700 12/14/1991 5330 :
USGS 5270700 12/15/1991 5590 . .
USGS 5270700 12/16/1991 5840 . .. .
USGS 5270700 12/17/1991 5420 : .
USGS 5270700 12/18/1991 6110 . .
USGS 5270700 12/19/1991 6680 . .
USGS 5270700 12/20/1991 5430 USGS 5270700 12/21/1991 4900 .
USGS 5270700 12/22/1991 5070 USGS 5270700 12/23/1991 4820 . .
USGS 5270700 12/24/1991 4580 USGS 5270700 12/25/1991 4590 USGS 5270700 12/26/1991 4870 USGS 5270700 12/27/1991 4810 USGS 5270700 12/28/1991 4610 USGS 5270700 12/29/1991 4560 USGS 5270700 12/30/1991 4510 USGS 5270700 12/31/1991 4730 USGS 5270700 1/1/1992 4540 USGS 5270700 1/2/1992 4410 USGS 5270700 1/3/1992 4420 USGS 5270700 1/4/1992 4420 USGS 5270700 1/5/1992 4680 USGS 5270700 1/6/1992 4280 USGS 5270700 1/7/1992 4480 USGS 5270700 1/8/1992 4440 USGS 5270700 1/9/1992 4330 USGS 5270700 1/10/1992 4360 USGS 5270700 1/11/1992 4560 USGS 5270700 1/12/1992 4530 USGS 5270700 1/13/1992 4310 USGS 5270700 1/14/1992 4440 USGS 5270700 1/15/1992 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/16/1992 5400 e USGS 5270700 1/17/1992 5600 e USGS 5270700 1/18/1992 6150 e USGS 5270700 1/19/1992 5700 e USGS 5270700 1/20/1992 5000e USGS 5270700 1/21/1992 4300e USGS 5270700 1/22/1992 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/23/1992 4190 e .
USGS 5270700 1/24/1992 5130e USGS 5270700 1/25/1992 4730 e V . .-
USGS 5270700 1/26/1992 4770 e .
USGS 5270700 1/27/1992 4230 e
USGS 5270700 1/28/1992 4650 e USGS 5270700 1/29/1992 4160 e USGS 5270700 1/30/1992 3930 e USGS 5270700 1/31/1992 4010 e USGS 5270700 2/1/1992 4010 e USGS 5270700 2/2/1992 3860 e USGS 5270700 2/3/1992 3820 e USGS 5270700 2/4/1992 3800 e USGS 5270700 2/5/1992 3800 e USGS 5270700 2/6/1992 3750 e USGS 5270700 2/7/1992 3750 e USGS 5270700 2/8/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/9/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/10/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/11/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/12/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/13/1992 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/14/1992 3650 e USGS 5270700 2/15/1992 3630 USGS 5270700 2/16/1992 3760 USGS 5270700 2/17/1992 3610 USGS 5270700 2/18/1992 3670 USGS 5270700 2/19/1992 3440 I USGS 5270700 2/20/1992 3200 I USGS 5270700 2/21/1992 3460 I USGS 5270700 2/22/1992 3050 USGS 5270700 2/23/1992 3320 USGS 5270700 2/24/1992 3230 USGS 5270700 2/25/1992 3210 USGS 5270700 2/26/1992 3140 USGS 5270700 2/27/1992 3310 USGS 5270700 2/28/1992 3130 I USGS 5270700 2/29/1992 3540 I USGS 5270700 3/1/1992 3400 I USGS 5270700 3/2/1992 3930 I USGS 5270700 3/3/1992 3930 I USGS 5270700 3/4/1992 4270 I USGS 5270700 3/5/1992 4430 USGS 5270700 3/6/1992 6190 USGS 5270700 3/7/1992 6990 USGS 5270700 3/8/1992 8190 USGS 5270700 3/9/1992 8930 USGS 5270700 3/10/1992 8500 USGS 5270700 3/11/1992 9650 USGS 5270700 3/12/1992 9310 USGS 5270700 3/13/1992 9310 USGS 5270700 3/14/1992 8840 USGS 5270700 3/15/1992 7770 USGS 5270700 3/16/1992 7700 USGS 5270700 3/17/1992 7340 1 USGS 5270700 3/18/1992 6870 I E- i USGS 5270700 3/19/1992 6510 I USGS 5270700 3/20/1992 7060 1 USGS 5270700 3/21/1992 6780 I USGS 5270700 3/22/1992 6370 I USGS 5270700 3/23/1992 6420 I USGS 5270700 3/24/1992 6370 1 USGS 5270700 3/25/1992 5930 1
USGS 5270700 3/26/1992 6370 1 USGS 5270700 3/27/1992 6460 1 USGS 5270700 3/28/1992 6330 1 USGS 5270700 3/29/1992 6460 1 USGS 5270700 3/30/1992 6510 1 USGS 5270700 3/31/1992 6280 1 USGS 5270700 4/1/1992 6150 1 USGS 5270700 4/2/1992 6110 1 USGS 5270700 4/3/1992 6460 1 USGS 5270700 4/4/1992 6200 1 USGS 5270700 4/5/1992 5760 1 USGS 5270700 4/6/1992 5720 1 USGS 5270700 4/7/1992 6280 1 USGS 5270700 4/8/1992 6200 1 USGS 5270700 4/9/1992 6460 1 USGS 5270700 4/10/1992 6690 1 USGS 5270700 4/11/1992 6920 1 USGS 5270700 4/12/1992 6280 1 USGS 5270700 4/13/1992 6780 1 USGS 5270700 4/14/1992 7010 1 USGS 5270700 4/15/1992 7430 1 USGS 5270700 4/16/1992 7390 1 USGS 5270700 4/17/1992 7630 1 USGS 5270700 4/18/1992 7290, 1 USGS 5270700 4/19/1992 7960 1 USGS 5270700 4/20/1992 8210 1 USGS 5270700 4/21/1992 9170 1 USGS 5270700 4/22/1992 10600 1 Ip USGS 5270700 4/23/1992 12100 1 USGS 5270700 4/24/1992 12400 1 USGS 5270700 4/25/1992 12800 1 USGS 5270700 4/26/1992 13100 1 USGS 5270700 4/27/1992 13300 1 USGS 5270700 4/28/1992 12600 1 USGS 5270700 4/29/1992 12800 - 1 USGS 5270700 4/30/1992 11700 1 USGS 5270700 5/1/1992 10600 1 USGS 5270700 5/2/1992 9910 1 USGS 5270700 5/3/1992 9380 1 USGS 5270700 5/4/1992 8760 1 USGS 5270700 5/5/1992 7770 1 USGS 5270700 5/6/1992 7240 1 USGS 5270700 5/7/1992 6600 1 USGS 5270700 5/8/1992 6830 1 USGS 5270700 5/9/1992 6330 1 USGS 5270700 5/10/1992 5850 1 USGS 5270700 5/11/1992 6280 1 USGS 5270700 5/12/1992 6550 1 USGS 5270700 5/13/1992 5980 1 USGS 5270700 5/14/1992 6460 1 USGS 5270700 5/15/1992 7150 1 USGS 5270700 5/16/1992 6830 1 USGS 5270700 5/17/1992 7290 1 USGS 5270700 5/18/1992 6420 1 USGS 5270700 5/19/1992 5340 1 USGS 5270700 5/20/1992 5850 1 USGS 5270700 5/21/1992 5760 1 USGS 5270700 5/22/1992 5470 1 i: 9
USGS 5270700 5/23/1992 4850 I USGS 5270700 5/24/1992 4160 I USGS 5270700 5/25/1992 4340 I USGS 5270700 5/26/1992 4890 I USGS 5270700 5/27/1992 4080 1 USGS 5270700 5/28/1992 4160 I USGS 5270700 5/29/1992 4160 I USGS 5270700 5/30/1992 3680 I USGS 5270700 5/31/1992 3540 I USGS 5270700 6/1/1992 3500 I USGS 5270700 6/2/1992 3060 I USGS 5270700 6/3/1992 2710 I USGS 5270700 6/4/1992 2680 I USGS 5270700 6/5/1992 2680 I USGS 5270700 6/6/1992 2370 I USGS 5270700 6/711992 2170 I USGS 5270700 6/8/1992 2280 I USGS 5270700 6/9/1992 1890 I USGS 5270700 6/10/1992 2170 I USGS 5270700 6/11/1992 1830 I USGS 5270700 6/12/1992 2200 I USGS 5270700 6/13/1992 2110 I USGS 5270700 6/14/1992 1780 I USGS 5270700 6/15/1992 2220 I USGS 5270700 6/16/1992 2310 I USGS 5270700 6/17/1992 3640 I USGS 5270700 6/18/1992 4120 I USGS 5270700 6/19/1992 3750 I USGS 5270700 6/20/1992 4650 I USGS 5270700 6/21/1992 5180 I USGS 5270700 6/22/1992 6640 I USGS 5270700 6/23/1992 7010 I USGS 5270700 6/24/1992 6420 I USGS 5270700 6/25/1992 6150 I USGS 5270700 6/26/1992 5850 I USGS 5270700 6/27/1992 5510 I USGS 5270700 6/28/1992 5470 I USGS 5270700 6/29/1992 5220 I USGS 5270700 6/30/1992 4730 I USGS 5270700 7/1/1992 4810 I.
USGS 5270700 7/2/1992 5050 I USGS 5270700 7/3/1992 5800 I USGS 5270700 7/4/1992 5850 I USGS 5270700 7/5/1992 6600 I USGS 5270700 7/6/1992 7100 I USGS 5270700 7/7/1992 7430 USGS 5270700 7/8/1992 7580 I USGS 5270700 7/9/1992 6920 I USGS 5270700 7/10/1992 6740 I USGS 5270700 7/11/1992 7060 1 USGS 5270700 7/12/1992 7150 I USGS 5270700 7/13/1992 7010 I USGS 5270700 7/14/1992 6690 I USGS 5270700 7/15/1992 6690 I USGS 5270700 7/16/1992 6020 I USGS 5270700 7/17/1992 6150 I USGS 5270700 7/18/1992 5890 I USGS 5270700 7/19/1992 6020 I
USGS 5270700 7/20/1992 5470 1 USGS 5270700 7/21/1992 5050 1 USGS 5270700 7/22/1992 4890 1 USGS 5270700 7/23/1992 4850 1 USGS 5270700 7/24/1992 4500 1 USGS 5270700 7/25/1992 4270 1 USGS 5270700 7/26/1992 4160 1 USGS 5270700 7/27/1992 3720 1 USGS 5270700 7/28/1992 3860 1 USGS 5270700 7/29/1992 3060 1 USGS 5270700 7/30/1992 3100 1 USGS 5270700 7/31/1992 2710 1 USGS 5270700 8/1/1992 2520 1 USGS 5270700 8/2/1992 3030 1 USGS 5270700 8/3/1992 2800 1 USGS 5270700 8/4/1992 2640 1 USGS 5270700 8/5/1992 2080 1 USGS 5270700 .8/6/1992 2220 1 USGS 5270700 8/7/1992 2310 1 USGS 5270700 8/8/1992 2430 1 USGS 5270700 8/9/1992 2930 1 USGS 5270700 8/10/1992 2490 1 USGS 5270700 8/11/1992 1970 1 USGS 5270700 8/12/1992 2220 1 USGS 5270700 8/13/1992 2400 1 USGS 5270700 8/14/1992 2140 1 USGS 5270700 8/15/1992 2550 1 USGS 5270700 8/16/1992 2400 1 USGS 5270700 8/17/1992 2170 1 USGS 5270700 8/18/1992 2490 1 USGS 5270700 8/19/1992 2140 1 USGS 5270700 8/20/1992 1830 1 USGS 5270700 8/21/1992 2050 1 USGS 5270700 8/22/1992 1780 1 USGS 5270700 8/23/1992 1570 1 USGS 5270700 8/24/1992 3200 1 USGS 5270700 8/25/1992 3100 1 USGS 5270700 8/26/1992 3300 1 USGS 5270700 8/27/1992 2960 1 USGS 5270700 8/28/1992 2370 1 USGS 5270700 8/29/1992 3060 1 USGS 5270700 8/30/1992 3000 1 USGS 5270700 8/31/1992 3360 1 USGS 5270700 9/1/1992 3330 1 USGS 5270700 9/2/1992 3790 1 USGS 5270700 9/3/1992 3640 1 USGS 5270700 9/4/1992 3570 1 USGS 5270700 9/5/1992 4160 1 USGS 5270700 9/6/1992 4810 1 USGS 5270700 9/7/1992 4040 1 USGS 5270700 9/8/1992 4690 1 USGS 5270700 9/9/1992 4420 1 USGS 5270700 9/10/1992 4730 1 USGS 5270700 9/11/1992 4230 1 USGS 5270700 9/12/1992 4540 1 USGS 5270700 9/13/1992 4970 1 USGS 5270700 9/14/1992 5010 1 USGS 5270700 9/15/1992 4650 1
USGS 5270700 9/16/1992 4420 1 USGS 5270700 9/17/1992 4340 1 USGS 5270700 9/18/1992 4380 1 USGS 5270700 9/19/1992 4190 1 USGS 5270700 9/20/1992 3970 1 USGS 5270700 9/21/1992 4460 1 USGS 5270700 9/22/1992 4270 1 USGS 5270700 9/23/1992 3540 1 USGS 5270700 9/24/1992 3640 1 USGS 5270700 9/25/1992 3790 1 USGS 5270700 9/26/1992 3720 1 USGS 5270700 9/27/1992 3470 1 USGS 5270700 9/28/1992 3790 1 USGS 5270700 9/29/1992 3030 1 USGS 5270700 9/30/1992 2960 1 USGS 5270700 10/1/1992 3050 1 USGS 5270700 10/2/1992 3110 1 USGS 5270700 10/3/1992 3350 1 USGS 5270700 10/4/1992 3260 1 USGS 5270700 10/5/1992 3310 1 USGS 5270700 10/6/1992 3170 1 USGS 5270700 10/7/1992 3260 1 USGS 5270700 10/8/1992 3090 1 USGS 5270700 10/9/1992 2740 1 USGS 5270700 10/10/1992 3220 1 USGS 5270700 10/11/1992 2880 1 USGS 5270700 10/12/1992 3210 1 USGS 5270700 10/13/1992 3180 1 USGS 5270700 10/14/1992 3080 1 USGS 5270700 10/15/1992 3300 1 USGS 5270700 10/16/1992 2880 1 USGS 5270700 10/17/1992 3050 1 USGS 5270700 10/18/1992 2490 I USGS 5270700 10/19/1992 2510 I USGS 5270700 10/20/1992 3280 I USGS 5270700 10/21/1992 3040 I USGS 5270700 10/22/1992 3300 I USGS 5270700 10/23/1992 3400 I USGS 5270700 10/24/1992 2900 1 USGS 5270700 10/25/1992 3370 I USGS 5270700 10/26/1992 3000 I USGS 5270700 10/27/1992 3140- I USGS 5270700 10/28/1992 3200- I USGS 5270700 10/29/1992 3130 I USGS 5270700 10/30/1992 3370 I USGS 5270700 10/31/1992 3020 I USGS 5270700 11/1/1992 3430 I USGS 5270700 11/2/1992 3310 I USGS 5270700 11/3/1992 3610 I USGS 5270700 11/4/1992 3550 I USGS 5270700 11/5/1992 3240 I USGS 5270700 11/6/1992 3830 I USGS 5270700 11/7/1992 2870 I USGS 5270700 11/8/1992 3520 I USGS 5270700 11/9/1992 3650 I USGS 5270700 11/10/1992 3700 I USGS 5270700 11/11/1992 3550 I USGS 5270700 11/12/1992 3710 I
USGS 5270700 11/13/1992 3910 I USGS 5270700 11/14/1992 3590 I USGS 5270700 11/15/1992 3450 I USGS 5270700 11/16/1992 4000 I USGS 5270700 11/17/1992 3380 I USGS 5270700 11/18/1992 3780 I USGS 5270700 11/19/1992 3690 I USGS 5270700 11/20/1992 3880 I USGS 5270700 11121/1992 4130 I USGS 5270700 11/22/1992 4380 I USGS 5270700 11/23/1992 4120 I USGS 5270700 11/24/1992 4020 I USGS 5270700 11/25/1992 4240 I USGS 5270700 11/26/1992 4020 I USGS 5270700 11/27/1992 2950 I USGS 5270700 1128/1992 2700 e USGS 5270700 11/29/1992 2500 e USGS 5270700 11/30/1992 2400 e USGS 5270700 12/1/1992 2350 e USGS 5270700 12/2/1992 2250e USGS 5270700 12/3/1992 2150e USGS 5270700 12/4/1992 2100 e USGS 5270700 12/5/1 992 2300e USGS 5270700 12/6/1992 2500 e USGS 5270700 12/7/1992 2700e USGS 5270700 12/8/1992 2900e USGS 5270700 12/9/1992 3000 e USGS 5270700 12/10/1992 3100 e USGS 5270700 12/11/1992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/12/1992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/13/1992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/14/1992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/1 5/1 992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/16/1992 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/17/1992 3100 e USGS 5270700 12/18/1992 2950 e USGS 5270700 12/19/1992 2900 e USGS 5270700 12/20/1992 2800 e USGS 5270700 12/21/1992 2850 e USGS 5270700 12/22/1992 2900 e USGS 5270700 12/23/1992 2750 e USGS 5270700 12/24/1992 2550 e USGS 5270700 12/25/1992 2500 e USGS 5270700 12/26/1992 2800 e USGS 5270700 12/27/1992 3000 e USGS 5270700 12/28/1992 3150 e USGS 5270700 12/29/1992 3250 e USGS 5270700 12/30/1992 3350 e USGS 5270700 12/31/1992 3450 e USGS 5270700 1/1/1993 3500 e USGS 5270700 1/2/1993 3550 e USGS 5270700 1/3/1993 3600 e .
USGS 5270700 1/4/1993 3600 e :.
USGS 5270700 1/5/1993 3600 e USGS 5270700 1/6/1993 3600e . , .
USGS 5270700, 1/7/1993 3550 e .: :
USGS 5270700 1/8/1993 3500 e . , .
USGS 5270700 1/9/1993 3500 e ; : .:
USGS 5270700 1/10/1993 3500 e USGS 5270700 1/11/1993 3500 e USGS 5270700 1/12/1993 3500 e USGS 5270700 1/13/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/14/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/15/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/16/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/17/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/18/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/19/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/20/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 1/21/1993 3300 e USGS 5270700 1/22/1993 3300 e USGS 5270700 1/23/1993 3250 e USGS 5270700 1/24/1993 3200 e USGS 5270700 1/25/1993 3150 e USGS 5270700 1/26/1993 3100 e USGS 5270700 1/27/1993 3050 e USGS 5270700 1/28/1993 2950 e USGS 5270700 1/29/1993 2800 e USGS 5270700 1/30/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 1/31/1993 3100 e USGS 5270700 2/1/1993 3250 e USGS 5270700 2/2/1993 3350 e USGS 5270700 2/3/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 2/4/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 2/5/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 2/6/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 2/7/1993 3400 e USGS 5270700 2/8/1993 3350 e USGS 5270700 2/9/1993 3350 e USGS 5270700 2/10/1993 3300 e USGS 5270700 2/11/1993 3300 e USGS 5270700 2/12/1993 3300 e USGS 5270700 2/13/1993 3250 e USGS 5270700 2/14/1993 3250 e USGS 5270700 2/15/1993 3200 e USGS 5270700 2/16/1993 3200 e USGS 5270700 2/17/1993 3200 e USGS 5270700 2/18/1993 3150 e USGS 5270700 2/19/1993 3100 e USGS 5270700 2/20/1993 3100 e USGS 5270700 2/21/1993 3100 e USGS 5270700 2/22/1993 3050 e USGS 5270700 2/23/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 2/24/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 2/25/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 2/26/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 2/27/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 2/28/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 3/1/1993 3000 e USGS 5270700 312/1993 3030 I USGS 5270700 3/3/1993 2930 I USGS 5270700 3/4/1993 2970 I USGS 5270700 3/5/1993 3180 I USGS 5270700 3/6/1993 3420 I USGS 5270700 3/7/1993 3020 I USGS 5270700 3/8/1993 3620 1
USGS 5270700 3/9/1993 3670 USGS 5270700 3/10/1993 3430 I USGS 5270700 3/11/1993 3370 I USGS 5270700 3/12/1993 3370 -1 USGS 5270700 3/13/1993 3330 I USGS 5270700 3/14/1993 3410 I USGS 5270700 3/15/1993 3180 I USGS 5270700 3/16/1993 2890 I USGS 5270700 3/17/1993 3140 I USGS 5270700 3/18/1993 3020 I USGS 5270700 3/19/1993 2870 I USGS 5270700 3/20/1993 2840 I USGS 5270700 3/21/1993 3080 I USGS 5270700 3/22/1993 2850 I USGS 5270700 3/23/1993 2870 I USGS 5270700 3/24/1993 2980 I USGS 5270700 3/25/1993 3500 I USGS 5270700 3/26/1993 3780 I USGS 5270700 3/27/1993 4910 I USGS 5270700 3/28/1993 5860 I USGS 5270700 3/29/1993 7200
- I USGS 5270700 3/30/1993 9450 I USGS 5270700 3/31/1993 10800 I USGS 5270700 4/1/1993 12000 I USGS 5270700 4/2/1993 13100 I USGS 5270700 4/3/1993 13400 I USGS 5270700 4/4/1993 14600 I USGS 5270700 4/5/1993 14500 I USGS 5270700 4/6/1993 14800 I USGS 5270700 4/7/1993 13600 I USGS 5270700 4/8/1993 12500 I USGS 5270700 4/9/1993 12200 I USGS 5270700 4/10/1993 11800 I USGS 5270700 4/11/1993 11900 *1 USGS 5270700 4/12/1993 11700 I USGS 5270700 4/13/1993 11300 I USGS 5270700 4/14/1993 11100 I USGS 5270700 4/15/1993 11500 I USGS 5270700 4/16/1993 10900 I USGS 5270700 4/17/1993 10500 I USGS 5270700 4/18/1993 10400 I USGS 5270700 4/19/1993 10100 I USGS 5270700 4/20/1993 9050 I USGS 5270700 4/21/1993 8630 I USGS 5270700 4/22/1993 8150 USGS 5270700 4/23/1993 7680 I USGS 5270700 4/24/1993 7200 I USGS 5270700 4/25/1993 7550 I USGS 5270700 4/26/1993 7280 I USGS 5270700 4/27/1993 8750 I USGS 5270700 4/28/1993 9360 I USGS 5270700 4/29/1993 8800 I USGS 5270700 4/30/1993 8870 USGS 5270700 5/1/1993 9320 I USGS 5270700 5/2/1993 10400 I USGS 5270700 5/3/1993 11400 I USGS 5270700 5/4/1993 12000
- I USGS 5270700 5/5/1993 12300 I
USGS 5270700 5/6/1993 11900 1 USGS 5270700 5/7/1993 12000 1 USGS 5270700 5/8/1993 12700 1 USGS 5270700 5/9/1993 13000 1 USGS 5270700 5/10/1993 13400 1 USGS 5270700 5/11/1993 13200 1 USGS 5270700 5/12/1993 12900 1 USGS 5270700 5/13/1993 12400 1 USGS 5270700 5/14/1993 11800 1 USGS 5270700 5/15/1993 11200 1 USGS 5270700 5/16/1993 9890 1 USGS 5270700 5/17/1993 9330 1 USGS 5270700 5/18/1993 8450 1 USGS 5270700 5/19/1993 7940 1 USGS 5270700 5/20/1993 6920 1 USGS 5270700 5/21/1993 6490 1 USGS 5270700 5/22/1993 6480 1 USGS 5270700 5/23/1993 6200 1 USGS 5270700 5/24/1993 7370 1 USGS 5270700 5/25/1993 10000 1 USGS 5270700 5/26/1993 11000 1 USGS 5270700 5/27/1993 12300 1 USGS 5270700 5/28/1993 12000 1 USGS 5270700 5/29/1993 12300 1 USGS 5270700 5/30/1993 12600 1 USGS 5270700 5/31/1993 14200 1 USGS 5270700 6/1/1993 15600 1 USGS 5270700 6/2/1993 17100 1 USGS 5270700 6/3/1993 17200 1 USGS 5270700 6/4/1993 16800 1 USGS 5270700 6/5/1993 16200 1 USGS 5270700 6/6/1993 15400 1 USGS 5270700 6/7/1993 14600 1 USGS 5270700 6/8/1993 13800 1 USGS 5270700 6/9/1993 13200 1 USGS 5270700 6/10/1993 12100 1 USGS 5270700 6/11/1993 11300 1 USGS 5270700 6/12/1993 11200 1 USGS 5270700 6/13/1993 10500 1 USGS 5270700 6/14/1993 10200 1 USGS 5270700 6/15/1993 9440 1 USGS 5270700 6/16/1993 9710 1 USGS 5270700 6/17/1993 10000 1 USGS 5270700 6/18/1993 9620 1 USGS 5270700 6/19/1993 9570 1 USGS 5270700 6/20/1993 9760 1 USGS 5270700 6/21/1993 9850 1 USGS 5270700 6/22/1993 9790 1 USGS 5270700 6/23/1993 10000 1 USGS 5270700 6/24/1993 12300 1 USGS 5270700 6/25/1993 13500 1 USGS 5270700 6/26/1993 14500 1 USGS 5270700 6/27/1993 15300 1 USGS 5270700 6/28/1993 15000 1 USGS 5270700 6/29/1993 14600 1 USGS 5270700 6/30/1993 13900 1 USGS 5270700 7/1/1993 13400 1 USGS 5270700 7/2/1993 13800 1
USGS 5270700 7/3/1993 14000 1 USGS 5270700 7/4/1993 14600 1 USGS 5270700 7/5/1993 15400 1 USGS 5270700 7/6/1993 16700 1 USGS 5270700 7/7/1993 18000 1 USGS 5270700 7/8/1993 18800 1 USGS 5270700 7/9/1993 20000 1 USGS 5270700 7/10/1993 20500 1 USGS 5270700 7/11/1993 20900 1 USGS 5270700 7/12/1993 20300 1 USGS 5270700 7/13/1993 20400 1 USGS 5270700 7/14/1993 20300 1 USGS 5270700 7/15/1993 19900 1 USGS 5270700 7/16/1993 19500 1 USGS 5270700 7/17/1993 19200 1 USGS 5270700 7/18/1993 18500 1 USGS 5270700 7/19/1993 17800 1 USGS 5270700 7/20/1993 17100 1 USGS 5270700 7/21/1993 16500 1 USGS 5270700 7/22/1993 16000 1 USGS 5270700 7/23/1993 16100 1 USGS 5270700 7/24/1993 15600 1 USGS 5270700 7/25/1993 15400 1 USGS 5270700 7/26/1993 14700 1 USGS 5270700 7/27/1993 14800 1 USGS 5270700 7/28/1993 14000 1 USGS 5270700 7/29/1993 13400 1 USGS 5270700 7/30/1993 13100 1 USGS 5270700 7/31/1993 12900 1 USGS 5270700 8/1/1993 12500 1 USGS 5270700 8/2/1993 12300 1 USGS 5270700 8/3/1993 .11700 1 USGS 5270700 8/4/1993 11100 1 USGS 5270700 8/5/1993 10500 1 USGS 5270700 8/6/1993 10200 1 USGS 5270700 8/7/1993 9450 1 USGS 5270700 8/8/1993 9240 1 USGS 5270700 8/9/1993 8960 1 USGS 5270700 8/10/1993 8310 1 USGS 5270700 8/11/1993 8020 1 USGS 5270700 8/12/1993 7910 1 USGS 5270700 8/13/1993 7720 1 USGS 5270700 8/14/1993 7860 1 USGS 5270700 8/15/1993 7940 1 USGS 5270700 8/16/1993 7420 1 USGS 5270700 8/17/1993 7470 1 USGS 5270700 8/18/1993 8390 1 USGS 5270700 8/19/1993 7910 1 USGS 5270700 8/20/1993 7840 1 USGS 5270700 8/21/1993 7910 1 USGS 5270700 8/22/1993 8050 1 USGS 5270700 8/23/1993 8400 1 USGS 5270700 8/24/1993 8380 1 USGS 5270700 8/25/1993 8460 1 USGS 5270700 8/26/1993 8540 1 USGS 5270700 8/27/1993 9620 1 USGS 5270700 8/28/1993 9760 1 USGS 5270700 8/29/1993 9740 1
USGS 5270700 8/30/1993 10000 1 USGS 5270700 8/31/1993 9850 1 USGS 5270700 9/1/1993 9400 1 USGS 5270700 9/2/1993 9740 1 USGS 5270700 9/3/1993 9410 1 USGS 5270700 9/4/1993 9260 1 USGS 5270700 9/5/1993 8520 1 USGS 5270700 9/6/1993 8420 1 USGS 5270700 9/7/1993 8230 1 USGS 5270700 9/8/1993 7680 1 USGS 5270700 9/9/1993 7440 1 USGS 5270700 9/10/1993 7170 1 USGS 5270700 9/11/1993 6770 1 USGS 5270700 9/12/1993 6910 1 USGS 5270700 9/13/1993 6700 1 USGS 5270700 9/14/1993 6740 1 USGS 5270700 9/15/1993 6150 1 USGS 5270700 9/16/1993 6460 1 USGS 5270700 9/17/1993 6560 1 USGS 5270700 9/18/1993 6330 1 USGS 5270700 9/19/1993 6180 1 USGS 5270700 9/20/1993 7710 1 USGS 5270700 9/21/1993 7560 1 USGS 5270700 9/22/1993 6630 1 USGS 5270700 9/23/1993 5540 1 USGS 5270700 9/24/1993 6390 1 USGS 5270700 9/25/1993 6600 1 USGS 5270700 9/26/1993 6760 1 USGS 5270700 9/27/1993 6110 1 USGS 5270700 9/28/1993 6670 1 USGS 5270700 9/29/1993 6260 1 USGS 5270700 9/30/1993 6170 1 USGS 5270700 10/1/1993 6360 1 USGS 5270700 10/2/1993 5940 USGS 5270700 10/3/1993 6080 USGS 5270700 10/4/1993 6040 USGS 5270700 10/5/1993 5910 USGS 5270700 10/6/1993 5910 USGS 5270700 10/7/1993 6270 USGS 5270700 10/8/1993 5830 USGS 5270700 '10/9/1993 5330 USGS 5270700 10/10/1993 5500 USGS 5270700 10/11/1993 5830 USGS 5270700 10/12/1993 5620 USGS 5270700 10/13/1993 5860 USGS 5270700 10/14/1993 5660 USGS 5270700 10/15/1993 5840 USGS 5270700 10/16/1993 5830 USGS 5270700 10/17/1993 5630 USGS 5270700 10/18/1993 5690 USGS 5270700 10/19/1993 5780 USGS 5270700 10/20/1993 5740 USGS 5270700 10/21/1993 5890 USGS 5270700 10/22/1993 5980 USGS 5270700 10/23/1993 5880 USGS 5270700 10/24/1993 5670 USGS 5270700 10/25/1993 5750 USGS 5270700 10/26/1993 5960
USGS 5270700 10/27/1993 5960 USGS 5270700 10/28/1993 5930 USGS 5270700 10/29/1993 6310 USGS 5270700 10/30/1993 5970 USGS 5270700 10/31/1993 6190 USGS 5270700 11/1/1993 6090 USGS 5270700 11/2/1993 6300 USGS 5270700 11/3/1993 6300 USGS 5270700 11/4/1993 6450 USGS 5270700 11/5/1993 6610 USGS 5270700 11/6/1993 6640 USGS 5270700 11/7/1993 6160 USGS 5270700 11/8/1993 5740 USGS 5270700 11/9/1993 6340 USGS 5270700 11/10/1993 6490 USGS 5270700 11/11/1993 6640 USGS 5270700 11/12/1993 6350 USGS 5270700 11/13/1993 7390 USGS 5270700 11/14/1993 6710 USGS 5270700 11/15/1993 7610 USGS 5270700 11/16/1993 7400 USGS 5270700 11/17/1993 7070 USGS 5270700 11/18/1993 7280 USGS 5270700 11/19/1993 7260 USGS 5270700 11/20/1993 6890 USGS 5270700 11/21/1993 6870 USGS 5270700 11/22/1993 7410 USGS 5270700 11/23/1993 4870 USGS 5270700 11/24/1993 5280 USGS 5270700 11/25/1993 5170 USGS 5270700 11/26/1993 4390 USGS 5270700 11/27/1993 4840 USGS 5270700 11/28/1993 4440 USGS 5270700 11/29/1993 4830 USGS 5270700 11/30/1993 5310 USGS 5270700 12/1/1993 5500 USGS 5270700 12/2/1993 6390 USGS 5270700 12/3/1993 6450 USGS 5270700 12/4/1993 6490 USGS 5270700 12/5/1993 7030 USGS 5270700 12/6/1993 6050 USGS 5270700 12/7/1993 48801 USGS 5270700 12/8/1993 5360 USGS 5270700 12/9/1993 5160 USGS 5270700 12/10/1993 5870 USGS 5270700 12/11/1993 4620 USGS 5270700 12/12/1993 4660 USGS 5270700 12/13/1993 5590 USGS 5270700 12/14/1993 5590 USGS 5270700 12/15/1993 5600 USGS 5270700 12/16/1993 5670 USGS 5270700 12/17/1993 5790 USGS 5270700 12/18/1993 5670 USGS 5270700 12/19/1993 5860 USGS 5270700 12/20/1993 5740 USGS 5270700 12/21/1993 5290 USGS 5270700 12/22/1993 4690 USGS 5270700 12/23/1993 4700
USGS 5270700 12/24/1993 4500 USGS 5270700 12/25/1993 4500 e USGS 5270700 12/26/1993 4540 e USGS 5270700 12/27/1993 4600 e USGS 5270700 12/28/1993 4610 e USGS 5270700 12/29/1993 4720 e USGS 5270700 12/30/1993 4850 e USGS 5270700 12/31/1993 5150 e USGS 5270700 1/1/1994 5250 e USGS 5270700 1/2/1994 5230 e USGS 5270700 1/3/1994 5240 e USGS 5270700 1/4/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/5/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/6/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/7/1994 5200e USGS 5270700 1/8/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/9/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/10/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/11/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/12/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/13/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 1/14/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/15/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/16/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/17/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/18/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/19/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/20/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/21/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/22/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/23/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/24/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/25/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/26/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 1/27/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/28/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/29/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/30/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/31/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 2/1/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 2/2/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 2/3/1994 4950 e USGS 5270700 2/4/1994 4900 e USGS 5270700 2/5/1994 4850 e USGS 5270700 2/6/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/7/1994 4750e USGS 5270700 2/8/1994 4750 e USGS 5270700 2/9/1994 4700 e USGS 5270700 2/10/1994 4700e USGS 5270700 2/11/1994 4750 e USGS 5270700 2/12/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/13/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/14/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/15/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/16/1994 4800 e USGS 5270700 2/17/1994 4900 e USGS 5270700 2/18/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 2/19/1994 5000 e
USGS 5270700 2/20/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 2/21/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 2/22/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 2/23/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 2/24/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 2/25/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 2/26/1994 5100e:
USGS 5270700 2/27/1994 5000e USGS 5270700 2/28/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 3/1/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 3/2/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 3/3/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 3/4/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 3/5/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 3/6/1994 5300 e USGS 5270700 3/7/1994, 5400 e USGS 5270700 3/8/1994 5600 e USGS 5270700 3/9/1994 5670 e USGS 5270700 3/10/1994 5800 e USGS 5270700 3/11/1994 6000 e USGS 5270700 3/12/1994 6100e USGS 5270700 3/13/1994 6200e USGS 5270700 3/14/1994 6400 e USGS 5270700 3/15/1994 6600 e USGS 5270700 3/16/1994 7000 e USGS 5270700 3/17/1994 7400 e USGS 5270700 3/18/1994 8100 e USGS 5270700 3/19/1994 9100 e USGS 5270700 3/20/1994 9570 I USGS 5270700 3/21/1 994 10400 USGS 5270700 3/22/1994 11700 USGS 5270700 3/23/1994 13200 USGS 5270700 3/24/1994 12000 USGS 5270700 3/25/1994 13800 USGS 5270700 3/26/1994 13800 USGS 5270700 3/27/1994 14300 USGS 5270700 3/28/1994 14900 USGS 5270700 3/29/1994 15100 USGS 5270700 3/30/1994 14900 USGS 5270700 3/31/1994 14700 USGS 5270700 4/1/1994 14800 USGS 5270700 4/2/1994 14900 USGS 5270700 4/3/1994 15000 USGS 5270700 4/4/1994 15100 USGS 5270700 4/5/1994 14600 USGS 5270700 4/6/1994 14500 USGS 5270700 4/7/1994 14200 USGS 5270700 4/8/1994 14100 USGS 5270700 4/9/1994 13800 USGS 5270700 4/10/1994 13800 USGS 5270700 4/11/1994 13700 USGS 5270700 4/12/1994 14300 USGS 5270700 4/13/1994 14200 USGS 5270700 4/14/1994 14000 USGS 5270700 4/15/1994 15200 USGS 5270700 4/16/1994 16200 USGS 5270700 4/17/1994 16200 USGS 5270700 4/18/1994 16600
USGS 5270700 4/19/1994 16500 USGS 5270700 4/20/1994 16600 USGS 5270700 4/21/1994 16100 USGS 5270700 4/22/1994 15400 USGS 5270700 4/23/1994 15200 USGS 5270700 4/24/1994 15000 USGS 5270700 4/25/1994 15100 USGS 5270700 4/26/1994 15900 USGS 5270700 4/27/1994 18100 USGS 5270700 4/28/1994 19100 USGS 5270700 4/29/1994 20300 USGS 5270700 4/30/1994 21100 USGS 5270700 5/1/1994 22000 USGS 5270700 5/2/1994 22300 USGS 5270700 5/3/1994 22200 USGS 5270700 5/4/1994 22100 USGS 5270700 5/5/1994 21200 USGS 5270700 5/6/1994 20300 USGS 5270700 5/7/1994 19000 USGS 5270700 5/8/1994 17700 USGS 5270700 5/9/1994 16700 USGS 5270700 5/10/1994 15600 USGS 5270700 5/11/1994 15300 USGS 5270700 5/12/1994 14400 USGS 5270700 5/13/1994 13200 USGS 5270700 5/14/1994 13400 USGS 5270700 5/15/1994 13700 USGS 5270700 5/16/1994 13100 USGS 5270700 5/17/1994 12800 USGS 5270700 5/18/1994 12700 USGS 5270700 5/19/1994 12600 USGS 5270700 5/20/1994 11400 USGS 5270700 5/21/1994 11200 USGS 5270700 5/22/1994 9670 USGS 5270700 5/23/1994 9470 USGS 5270700 5/24/1994 9340 USGS 5270700 5/25/1994 8890 USGS 5270700 5/26/1994 8980 USGS 5270700 5/27/1994 8670 USGS 5270700 5/28/1994 8190 USGS 5270700 5/29/1994 7970 USGS 5270700 5/30/1994 7790 USGS 5270700 5/31/1994 7350 USGS 5270700 6/1/1994 6840 USGS 5270700 6/2/1994 6520 USGS 5270700 6/3/1994 6340 USGS 5270700 6/4/1994 6370 USGS 5270700 6/5/1994 6330 USGS 5270700 6/6/1994 6020 USGS 5270700 6/7/1994 5820 USGS 5270700 6/8/1994 5550 USGS 5270700 6/9/1994 5240 USGS 5270700 6/10/1994 4920 USGS 5270700 6/11/1994 4520 USGS 5270700 6/12/1994 4830 USGS 5270700 6/13/1994 4920 USGS 5270700 6/14/1994 5070 USGS 5270700 6/15/1994 5130
USGS 5270700 6/16/1994 5500 USGS 5270700 6/17/1994 5860 USGS 5270700 6/18/1994 5780 USGS 5270700 6/19/1994 7020 USGS 5270700 6/20/1994 8210 USGS 5270700 6/21/1994 9160 USGS 5270700 6/22/1994 10100 USGS 5270700 6/23/1994 10600 USGS 5270700 6/24/1994 11200 USGS 5270700 6/25/1994 11700 USGS 5270700 6/26/1994 11700 USGS 5270700 6/27/1994 11900 USGS 5270700 6/28/1994 11800 USGS 5270700 6/29/1994 11700 USGS 5270700 6/30/1994 11500 USGS 5270700 7/1/1994 10900 USGS 5270700 7/2/1994 10600 USGS 5270700 7/3/1994 10600 USGS 5270700 7/4/1994 10700 USGS 5270700 7/5/1994 10700 USGS 5270700 7/6/1994 10400 USGS 5270700 71/71994 11400 USGS 5270700 7/8/1994 12300 USGS 5270700 7/9/1994 11900 USGS 5270700 7/10/1994 11700 USGS 5270700 7/11/1994 11800 USGS 5270700 7/12/1994 11500 USGS 5270700 7/13/1994 11100 USGS 5270700 7/14/1994 10800 USGS 5270700 7/15/1994 10600 USGS 5270700 7/16/1994 10200 USGS 5270700 7/17/1994 9570 USGS 5270700 7/18/1994 9740 USGS 5270700 7/19/1994 11200 USGS 5270700 7/20/1994 11300 USGS 5270700 7/21/1994 10700 USGS 5270700 7/22/1994 10400 USGS 5270700 7/23/1994 9490 USGS 5270700 7/24/1994 9090 USGS 5270700 7/25/1994 8740 USGS 5270700 7/26/1994 8260 USGS 5270700 7/27/1994 7940 USGS 5270700 7/28/1994 7480 USGS 5270700 7/29/1994 7040 USGS 5270700 7/30/1994 6900 USGS 5270700 7/31/1994 6860 USGS 5270700 8/1/1994 6570 USGS 5270700 8/2/1994 6600 USGS 5270700 8/3/1994 6990 USGS 5270700 8/4/1994 6520 USGS 5270700 8/5/1994 6110 USGS 5270700 8/6/1994 6420 USGS 5270700 8/7/1994 6700 USGS 5270700 8/8/1994 6670 USGS 5270700 8/9/1994 6420 USGS 5270700 8/10/1994 6270 USGS 5270700 8/11/1994 6050 USGS 5270700 8/12/1994 6050
USGS 5270700 8/13/1994 5800 USGS 5270700 8/14/1994 5350 USGS 5270700 8/15/1994 5140 USGS 5270700 8/16/1994 5170 USGS 5270700 8/17/1994 4870 USGS 5270700 8/18/1994 4800 USGS 5270700 8/19/1994 4940 USGS 5270700 8/20/1994 4620 USGS 5270700 8/21/1994 4600 e USGS 5270700 8/22/1994 4630 e USGS 5270700 8/23/1994 4660 e USGS 5270700 8/24/1994 4700 e USGS 5270700 8/25/1994 4780 USGS 5270700 8/26/1994 4570 USGS 5270700 8/27/1994 4570 USGS 5270700 8/28/1994 4650 USGS 5270700 8/29/1994 4400 USGS 5270700 8/30/1994 4450 USGS 5270700 8/31/1994 4360 USGS 5270700 9/1/1994 3990 USGS 5270700 9/2/1994 4090 USGS 5270700 9/3/1994 4100 USGS 5270700 9/4/1994 4040 USGS 5270700 9/5/1994 4170 USGS 5270700 9/6/1994 3890 USGS 5270700 9/7/1994 3880 USGS 5270700 9/8/1994 3950 USGS 5270700 9/9/1994 3890 USGS 5270700 9/10/1994 3870 USGS 5270700 9/11/1994 3990 USGS 5270700 9/12/1994 3940 USGS 5270700 9/13/1994 4030 USGS 5270700 -9/14/1994 4410 USGS 5270700 9/15/1994 4720 USGS 5270700 9/16/1994 4830 USGS 5270700 9/17/1994 5110 USGS 5270700 9/18/1994 5300 USGS 5270700 9/19/1994 5400 USGS 5270700 9/20/1994 6090 USGS 5270700 9/21/1994 6340 USGS 5270700 9/22/1994 6130 USGS 5270700 9/23/1994 6240 USGS 5270700 9/24/1994 6700 USGS 5270700 9/25/1994 6730 USGS 5270700 9/26/1994 5770 USGS 5270700 9/27/1994 5640 USGS 5270700 9/28/1994 6280 USGS 5270700 9/29/1994 6140 USGS 5270700 9/30/1994 5820 USGS 5270700 10/1/1994 5350 USGS 5270700 10/2/1994 4980 USGS 5270700 10/3/1 994 5500 USGS 5270700 10/4/1994 6740 USGS 5270700 10/5/1994 5660 USGS 5270700 10/6/1994 5610 USGS 5270700 10/7/1994 5760 USGS 5270700 10/8/1994 5920 USGS 5270700 10/9/1994 5720
USGS 5270700 10/10/1994 6130 USGS 5270700 10/11/1994 5610 USGS 5270700 10/12/1994 5920 USGS 5270700 10/13/1994 6150 USGS 5270700 10/14/1994 5420 USGS 5270700 10/15/1994 5440 USGS 5270700 10/16/1994 6010 USGS 5270700 10/17/1994 6440 USGS 5270700 10/18/1994 8010 USGS 5270700 10/19/1994 10300 USGS 5270700 10/20/1994 10800 USGS 5270700 10/21/1994 10800 USGS 5270700 10/22/1994 11800 USGS 5270700 10/23/1994 11500 USGS 5270700 10/24/1994 11400 USGS 5270700 10/25/1994 11300 USGS 5270700 10/26/1994 10700 USGS 5270700 10/27/1994 10100 USGS 5270700 10/28/1994 10100 USGS 5270700 10/29/1994 9780 USGS 5270700 10/30/1994 9120 USGS 5270700 10/31/1994 8820 USGS 5270700 11/1/1994 8720 USGS 5270700 11/2/1994 8360 USGS 5270700 11/3/1994 8080 USGS 5270700 11/4/1994 7990 USGS 5270700 11/5/1994 7690 USGS 5270700 11/6/1994 7520 USGS 5270700 11/7/1994 7010 USGS 5270700 11/8/1994 7010 USGS 5270700 11/9/1994 6990 USGS 5270700 11/10/1994 6990 USGS 5270700 11/11/1994 6810 USGS 5270700 11/12/1994 6890 USGS 5270700 11/13/1994 6980 USGS 5270700 11/14/1994 6540 USGS 5270700 11/15/1994 6650 USGS 5270700 11/16/1994 6900 USGS 5270700 11/17/1994 7010 USGS 5270700 11/18/1994 6800 USGS 5270700 11/19/1994 7310 USGS 5270700 11/20/1994 6690 USGS 5270700 11/21/1994 6920 USGS 5270700 11/22/1994 7100 USGS 5270700 11/23/1994 6720 USGS 5270700 11/24/1994 6680 USGS 5270700 11/25/1994 6570 USGS 5270700 11/26/1994 6070 USGS 5270700 11/27/1994 4910 USGS 5270700 11/28/1994 4290 USGS 5270700 11/29/1994 5060 USGS 5270700 11/30/1994 5710 USGS 5270700 12/1/1994 6260 USGS 5270700 12/2/1994 6200 USGS 5270700 12/3/1994 6630 USGS 5270700 12/4/1994 5620 USGS 5270700 12/5/1994 5210 USGS 5270700 12/6/1994 5140
USGS 5270700 12/7/1994 4920 USGS 5270700 12/8/1994 5130 USGS 5270700 12/9/1994 4760 USGS 5270700 12/10/1994 4400 USGS 5270700 12/11/1994 3720 USGS 5270700 12/12/1994 4100 e USGS 5270700 12/13/1994 4350 e USGS 5270700 12/14/1994 4600 e USGS 5270700 12/15/1994 4750 e USGS 5270700 12/16/1994 4850 e USGS 5270700 12/17/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 12/18/1994 5100 e USGS 5270700 12/19/1994 5200 e USGS 5270700 12/20/1994 5400 e USGS 5270700 12/21/1994 5500 e USGS 5270700 12/22/1994 5600 e USGS 5270700 12/23/1994 5730 USGS 5270700 12/24/1994 5840 USGS 5270700 12/25/1994 5680 USGS 5270700 12/26/1994 5830 USGS 5270700 12/27/1994 5760 USGS 5270700 12/28/1994 5690 USGS 5270700 12/29/1994 5620 USGS 5270700 12/30/1994 5300 USGS 5270700 12/31/1994 5000 e USGS 5270700 1/1/1995 4700 e USGS 5270700 1/2/1995 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/3/1995 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/4/1995 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/5/1995 4250 e USGS 5270700 1/6/1995 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/7/1995 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/8/1995 4550 e-USGS 5270700 1/9/1995 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/10/1995 4650 e USGS 5270700 1/11/1995 4730 USGS 5270700 1/12/1995 4970 USGS 5270700 1/13/1995 5000 USGS 5270700 1/14/1995 5060 USGS 5270700 1/15/1995 5260 USGS 5270700 1/16/1995 5120 USGS 5270700 1/17/1995 4950 1, USGS 5270700 1/18/1995 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/19/1995 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/20/1995 4450 e USGS 5270700 1/21/1995 4300 e USGS 5270700 1/22/1995 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/23/1995 4300 e USGS 5270700 1/24/1995 4450 e USGS 5270700 1/25/1995 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/26/1995 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/27/1995 4450 e USGS 5270700 1/28/1995 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/29/1995 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/30/1995 4350 e USGS 5270700 1/31/1995 4300 e USGS 5270700 2/1/1995 4250 e USGS 5270700 2/2/1995 4150 e
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USGS 5270700 12/13/1997 5450 USGS 5270700 12/1411997 6160 USGS 5270700 12/15/1997 5870 USGS 5270700 12/16/1997 6020 USGS 5270700 12/17/1997 5680 USGS 5270700 12/18/1997 5810 USGS 5270700 12/19/1997 6040 USGS 5270700 12/20/1997 5570 USGS 5270700 12/21/1997 5060 USGS 5270700 12/22/1997 5070 USGS 5270700 12/23/1997 5660 USGS 5270700 12/24/1997 4640 USGS 5270700 12/25/1997 4560 USGS 5270700 12/26/1997 4830 USGS 5270700 12/27/1997 4190 USGS 5270700 12/28/1997 4380 USGS 5270700 12/29/1997 4770 USGS 5270700 12/30/1997 4500 USGS 5270700 12/31/1997 3910 USGS 5270700 1/1/1998 3340 USGS 5270700 1/2/1998 4350 USGS 5270700 1/3/1998 4200 USGS 5270700 1/4/1998 3750 USGS 5270700 1/5/1998 3370 USGS 5270700 1/6/1998 3860 USGS 5270700 1/7/1998 4050 USGS 5270700 1/8/1998 4340 USGS 5270700 1/9/1998 4100 USGS 5270700 1/10/1998 3900 e USGS 5270700 1/11/1998 3700 e USGS 5270700 1/12/1998 3600 e USGS 5270700 1/13/1998 3500e USGS 5270700 1/14/1998 3700 e USGS 5270700 1/15/1998 4000 e USGS 5270700 1/16/1998 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/17/1998 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/18/1998 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/19/1998 4300 e USGS 5270700 1/20/1998 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/21/1998 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/22/1998 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/23/1998 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/24/1998 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/25/1998 4500 e .
USGS 5270700 1/26/1998 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/27/1998 4650 USGS 5270700 1/28/1998 4740 USGS 5270700 1/29/1998 4810 I.
USGS 5270700 1/30/1998 4790 USGS 5270700 1/31/1998 4690 USGS 5270700 2/1/1998 4550 USGS 5270700 2/2/1998 4440 USGS 5270700 2/3/1998 4480 USGS 5270700 2/4/1998 4550 USGS 5270700 2/5/1998 4310 USGS 5270700 2/6/1998 4410 USGS 5270700 2/7/1998 4480 USGS 5270700 2/8/1998 4490
USGS 5270700 2/9/1998 4420 USGS 5270700 2/10/1998 4290 USGS 5270700 2/11/1998 4210 USGS 5270700 2/12/1998 4310 USGS 5270700 2/13/1998 4140 USGS 5270700 2/14/1998 4140 USGS 5270700 2/15/1998 4430 USGS 5270700 2/16/1998 4470 USGS 5270700 2/17/1998 4410 USGS 5270700 2/18/1998 4990 USGS 5270700 2/19/1998 5060 USGS 5270700 2/20/1998 5740 USGS 5270700 2/21/1998 6210 USGS 5270700 2/22/1998 6320 USGS 5270700 2/23/1998 7150 USGS 5270700 2/24/1998 8150 USGS 5270700 2/25/1998 8860 USGS 5270700 2/26/1998 9610 USGS 5270700 2/27/1998 10300 USGS 5270700 2/28/1998 10500 USGS 5270700 3/1/1998 10400 USGS 5270700 3/2/1998 11100 USGS 5270700 3/3/1998 10800 USGS 5270700 3/4/1998 10400 USGS 5270700 3/5/1998 9820 USGS 5270700 3/6/1998 9270 USGS 5270700 3/7/1998 8910 USGS 5270700 3/8/1998 9190 USGS 5270700 3/9/1998 8000 e USGS 5270700 3/10/1998 7400 e USGS 5270700 3/11/1998 6800 e USGS 5270700 3/12/1998 6200 e USGS 5270700 3/13/1998 5910 USGS 5270700 3/14/1998 5980 USGS 5270700 3/15/1998 6470 USGS 5270700 3/16/1998 5950 USGS 5270700 3/17/1998 5450 USGS 5270700 3/18/1998 5800 USGS 5270700 3/19/1998 5550 USGS 5270700 3/20/1998 5150 USGS 5270700 3/21/1998 5120 USGS 5270700 3/22/1998 5680 USGS 5270700 3/23/1998 5140 USGS 5270700 3/24/1998 4690 USGS 5270700 3/25/1998 4690 USGS 5270700 3/26/1998 4610 USGS 5270700 3/27/1998 4720 USGS 5270700 3/28/1998 5060 USGS 5270700 3/29/1998 5540 USGS 5270700 3/30/1998 5730 USGS 5270700 3/31/1998 6730 USGS 5270700 4/1/1998 7510 USGS 5270700 4/2/1998 8120 1 USGS 5270700 4/3/1998 9070 USGS 5270700 4/4/1998 9550 USGS 5270700 4/5/1998 10200 USGS 5270700 4/6/1998 9860 USGS 5270700 4/7/1998 10300
USGS 5270700 4/8/1998 10800 USGS 5270700 4/9/1998 11000 USGS 5270700 4/10/1998 12100 USGS 5270700 4/11/1998 12300 USGS 5270700 4/12/1998 12100 USGS 5270700 4/13/1998 12900 USGS 5270700 4/14/1998 11900 USGS 5270700 4/15/1998 11800 USGS 5270700 4/16/1998 11300 USGS 5270700 4/17/1998 10500 USGS 5270700 4/18/1998 10100 USGS 5270700 4/19/1998 9930 USGS 5270700 4/20/1998 9150 USGS 5270700 4/21/1998 8770 USGS 5270700 4/22/1998 8620 USGS 5270700 4/23/1998 7790 USGS 5270700 4/24/1998 7710 USGS 5270700 4/25/1998 7150 USGS 5270700 4/26/1998 6980 USGS 5270700 4/27/1998 6430 USGS 5270700 4/28/1998 5870 USGS 5270700 4/29/1998 6090 USGS 5270700 4/30/1998 5570 USGS 5270700 5/1/1998 5350 USGS 5270700 5/2/1998 5260 USGS 5270700 5/3/1998 4910 USGS 5270700 5/4/1998 4460 USGS 5270700 5/5/1998 4350 USGS 5270700 5/6/1998 4070 USGS 5270700 5/7/1998 4160 USGS 5270700 5/8/1998 4410 USGS 5270700 5/9/1998 4010 USGS 5270700 5/10/1998 3980 USGS 5270700 5/11/1998 4260 USGS 5270700 5/12/1998 4690 USGS 5270700 5/13/1998 4750 USGS 5270700 5/14/1998 4200 USGS 5270700 5/15/1998 4900 USGS 5270700 5/16/1998 5840 USGS 5270700 5/17/1998 6920 USGS 5270700 5/18/1998 8640 USGS 5270700 5/19/1998 8770 USGS 5270700 5/20/1998 9070 USGS 5270700 5/21/1998 7830 USGS 5270700 5/22/1998 7800 USGS 5270700 5/23/1998 6850 USGS 5270700 5/24/1998 6500 USGS 5270700 5/25/1998 6500 USGS 5270700 5/26/1998 6490 USGS 5270700 5/27/1998 5420 .
USGS 5270700 5/28/1998 5130 USGS 5270700 5/29/1998 5000 USGS 5270700 5/30/1998 5110 USGS 5270700 5/31/1998 5600 USGS 5270700 6/1/1998 5150 USGS 5270700 6/2/1998 5850 USGS 5270700 6/3/1998 5940 USGS 5270700 6/4/1998 5700
USGS 5270700 6/5/1998 6200 USGS 5270700 6/6/1998 6240 USGS 5270700 6/7/1998 6210 USGS 5270700 6/8/1998 6130 USGS 5270700 6/9/1998 5510 USGS 5270700 6/10/1998 5600 USGS 5270700 6/11/1998 5170 USGS 5270700 6/12/1998 6220 USGS 5270700 6/13/1998 7020 USGS 5270700 6/14/1998 7120 USGS 5270700 6/15/1998 7690 USGS 5270700 6/16/1998 8590 USGS 5270700 6/17/1998 8380 USGS 5270700 6/18/1998 8730 USGS 5270700 6/19/1998 10600 USGS 5270700 6/20/1998 11800 USGS 5270700 6/21/1998 12600 USGS 5270700 6/22/1998 13000 USGS 5270700 6/23/1998 13000 USGS 5270700 6/24/1998 13400 USGS 5270700 6/25/1998 13400 USGS 5270700 6/26/1998 13700 USGS 5270700 6/27/1998 15300 USGS 5270700 6/28/1998 16000 USGS 5270700 6/29/1998 16200 USGS 5270700 6/30/1998 15700 USGS 5270700 7/1/1998 14900 USGS 5270700 7/2/1998 13800 USGS 5270700 7/3/1998 12800 USGS 5270700 7/4/1998 11900 USGS 5270700 7/5/1998 11400 USGS 5270700 7/6/1998 11000 USGS 5270700 7/7/1998 10800 USGS 5270700 7/8/1998 11200 USGS 5270700 7/9/1998 11000 USGS 5270700 7/10/1998 10500 USGS 5270700 7/11/1998 10200 USGS 5270700 7/12/1998 9230 USGS 5270700 7/13/1998 8830 USGS 5270700 7/14/1998 8310 USGS 5270700 7/15/1998 8840 USGS 5270700 7/16/1998 8300 USGS 5270700 7/17/1998 8010 USGS 5270700 7/18/1998 8050 USGS 5270700 7/19/1998 7870 USGS 5270700 7/20/1998 7540 USGS 5270700. 7/21/1998 7280 USGS 5270700 7/22/1998 7240 USGS 5270700 7/23/1998 6810 USGS 5270700 7/24/1998 6770 USGS 5270700 7/25/1998 6730 USGS 5270700 7/26/1998 6370 USGS 5270700 7/27/1998 6620 USGS 5270700 7/28/1998 5960 USGS 5270700 7/29/1998 5110 USGS 5270700 7/30/1998 5650 USGS 5270700 7/31/1998 5650 USGS 5270700 8/1/1998 5340
USGS 5270700 8/2/1998 5280 USGS 5270700 8/3/1998 6160 USGS 5270700 8/4/1998 4470 USGS 5270700 8/5/1998 2920 USGS 5270700 8/6/1998 4320 USGS 5270700 8/7/1998 4550 USGS 5270700 8/8/1998 4010 USGS 5270700 8/9/1998 4020 USGS 5270700 8/10/1998 3860 USGS 5270700 8/11/1998 3980 USGS 5270700 8/12/1998 3620 USGS 5270700 8/13/1998 3650 USGS 5270700 8/14/1998 3440 USGS 5270700 8/15/1998 3060 USGS 5270700 8/16/1998 2960 USGS 5270700 8/17/1998 2800 USGS 5270700 8/18/1998 2800 USGS 5270700 8/19/1998 2570 USGS 5270700 8/20/1998 3070 USGS 5270700 8/21/1998 3150 USGS 5270700 8/22/1998 2680 USGS 5270700 8/23/1998 3060 USGS 5270700 8/24/1998 3230 USGS 5270700 8/25/1998 3250 USGS 5270700 8/26/1998 2900 USGS 5270700 8/27/1998 2910 USGS 5270700 8/28/1998 3120 USGS 5270700 8/29/1998 2750 USGS 5270700 8/30/1998 2760 USGS 5270700 8/31/1998 2590 USGS 5270700 9/1/1998 2480 USGS 5270700 9/2/1998 2400 USGS 5270700 9/3/1998 2370 USGS 5270700 9/4/1998 2240 USGS 5270700 9/5/1998 2340 USGS 5270700 9/6/1998 2450 USGS 5270700 9/7/1998 2440 USGS 5270700 9/8/1998 2120 USGS 5270700 9/9/1998 1840 USGS 5270700 9/10/1998 2080 USGS 5270700 9/11/1998 2370 USGS 5270700 9/12/1998 2100 USGS 5270700 9/13/1998 1920 USGS 5270700 9/14/1998 2370 USGS 5270700 9/15/1998 2470 USGS 5270700 9/16/1998 2030 USGS 5270700 9/17/1998 1950 USGS 5270700 9/18/1998 2510 USGS 5270700 9/19/1998 2870 USGS 5270700 9/20/1998 2600 USGS 5270700 9/21/1998 2540 USGS 5270700 9/22/1998 2090 USGS 5270700 9/23/1998 2510 USGS 5270700 9/24/1998 2290 USGS 5270700 9/25/1998 2390 USGS 5270700 9/26/1998 2130 USGS 5270700 9/27/1998 2900 USGS 5270700 9/28/1998 2200
USGS 5270700 9/29/1998 1960 USGS 5270700 9/30/1998 2220 USGS 5270700 10/1/1998 2490 USGS 5270700 10/2/1998 2090 USGS 5270700 10/3/1998 2310 USGS 5270700 10/4/1998 2420 USGS 5270700 10/5/1998 2780 USGS 5270700 10/6/1998 2450 USGS 5270700 10/7/1998 2970 USGS 5270700 10/8/1998 2530 USGS 5270700 10/9/1998 3180 USGS 5270700 10/10/1998 2880 USGS 5270700 10/11/1998 3310 USGS 5270700 10/12/1998 3410 USGS 5270700 10/13/1998 3050 USGS 5270700 10/14/1998 3330 USGS 5270700 10/15/1998 3500 USGS 5270700 10/16/1998 3410 USGS 5270700 10/17/1998 4880 USGS 5270700 10/18/1998 5640 USGS 5270700 10/19/1998 6430 USGS 5270700 10/20/1998 7120 USGS 5270700 10/21/1998 9440 USGS 5270700 10/22/1998 9130 USGS 5270700 10/23/1998 9680 USGS 5270700 10/24/1998 10300 USGS 5270700 10/25/1998 10100 USGS 5270700 10/26/1998 9730 USGS 5270700 10/27/1998 9560 USGS 5270700 10/28/1998 9390 USGS 5270700 10/29/1998 9040 USGS 5270700 10/30/1998 8980 USGS 5270700 10/31/1998 8430 USGS 5270700 11/1/1998 8700 USGS 5270700 11/2/1998 8370 USGS 5270700 11/3/1998 8310 USGS 5270700 11/4/1998 7620 USGS 5270700 11/5/1998 7750 USGS 5270700 11/6/1998 7630i USGS 5270700 11/7/1998 7370 USGS 5270700 11/8/1998 7070 USGS 5270700 11/9/1998. 7150 USGS 5270700 11/10/1998 7430 USGS 5270700 11/11/1998 7630 USGS 5270700 11/12/1998 7030 USGS 5270700 11/13/1998 7470 USGS 5270700 11/14/1998 6930 USGS 5270700 11/15/1998 6980 USGS 5270700 11/16/1998 7630 USGS 5270700 11/17/1998 7020 USGS 5270700 11/18/1998 7100 e USGS 5270700 11/19/1998 7050 e USGS 5270700 11/20/1998 7140 e USGS 5270700 11/21/1998 7210 e USGS 5270700 11/22/1998 7080 e USGS 5270700 11/23/1998 7400 USGS 5270700 11/24/1998 7850 USGS 5270700 11/25/1998 8550
USGS 5270700 11/26/1998 8040 USGS 5270700 11/27/1998 8050 USGS 5270700 11/28/1998 8260 USGS 5270700 11/29/1998 8230 USGS 5270700 11/30/1998 8420 USGS 5270700 12/1/1998 8300 USGS 5270700 12/2/1998 8770 USGS 5270700 12/3/1998 8570 USGS 5270700 12/4/1998 8470 USGS 5270700 12/5/1998 8940 USGS 5270700 12/6/1998 8760 USGS 5270700 12/7/1998 8860 USGS 5270700 1218/1998 8630 USGS 5270700 12/9/1998 8380 USGS 5270700 12/10/1998 8150 USGS 5270700 12/111/1998 8080 USGS 5270700 12/12/1998 8310 USGS 5270700 12/13/1998 7780 USGS 5270700 12/14/1998 8190 USGS 5270700 12/15/1998 7990 USGS 5270700 12/16/1998 8120 USGS 5270700 12/17/1998 7360 USGS 5270700 12/18/1998 6480 USGS 5270700 1219/19998 5040 USGS 5270700 12/20/1998 4020 USGS 5270700 12/21/1998 3550 e USGS 5270700 12/22/1998 4000 e USGS 5270700 12/23/1998 4350e USGS 5270700 12/24/1998 4600 e USGS 5270700 12/25/1998 4800 e.
USGS 5270700 12/26/1998 4950 e USGS 5270700 12/27/1998 5000 e USGS 5270700 12/28/1998 5000 e USGS 5270700 12/29/1998 4950 e USGS 5270700 12/30/1998 4900 e USGS 5270700 12/31/1998 4850 e USGS 5270700 1/1/1999 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/2/1999 4700 e USGS 5270700 1/3/1999 4650 e USGS 5270700 1/4/1999 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/5/1999 4550e USGS 5270700 1/6/1999 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/7/1999 4450 e USGS 5270700 1/8/1999 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/9/1999 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/10/1999 4350 e USGS 5270700 1/11/1999 4300 e USGS 5270700 1/12/1999 4250e USGS 5270700 1/13/1999 4200 e.
USGS 5270700 1/14/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/15/1999 4200e .
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USGS 5270700 1/23/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/24/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/25/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/26/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/27/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/28/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 1/29/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 1/30/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/31/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/1/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/2/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/3/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/4/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/5/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/6/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/7/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/8/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/9/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/10/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/11/1999 4100e USGS 5270700 2/12/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/13/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/14/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/15/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/16/1999 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/17/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/18/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/19/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/20/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/21/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/22/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/23/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/24/1999 4150 e USGS 5270700 2/25/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/26/1999 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/27/1999 4250 e USGS 5270700 2/28/1999 4300 e USGS 5270700 3/1/1999 4440 USGS 5270700 3/2/1999 4740 USGS 5270700 3/3/1999 4880 USGS 5270700 3/4/1999 4600 USGS 5270700 3/5/1999 5000 1 USGS 5270700 3/6/1999 5240 USGS 5270700 3/7/1999 4860 USGS 5270700 3/8/1999 4930 I USGS 5270700 3/9/1999 5070 USGS 5270700 3/10/1999 4830 USGS 5270700 3/11/1999 5140 USGS 5270700 3/12/1999 4840 USGS 5270700 3/13/1999 4980 USGS 5270700 3/14/1999 4910 USGS 5270700 3/15/1999 5010 USGS 5270700 3/16/1999 5150 USGS 5270700 3/17/1999 5710 USGS 5270700 3/18/1999 5990 USGS 5270700 3/19/1999 6060 USGS 5270700 3/20/1999 6340 USGS 5270700 3/21/1999 6540
USGS 5270700 3/22/1999 7080 USGS 5270700 3/23/1999 7080.
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USGS 5270700 4/5/1999 11900 USGS 5270700 4/6/1999 13400 USGS 5270700 4/7/1999 14800 USGS 5270700 4/8/1999 16100 USGS 5270700 4/9/1999 17100 USGS 5270700 4/10/1999 17900 USGS 5270700 4/11/1999 18600 USGS 5270700 4/12/1999 18200 USGS 5270700 4/13/1999 17800 USGS 5270700 4/14/1999 18200 USGS 5270700 4/15/1999 18300 USGS 5270700 4/16/1999 17400 USGS 5270700 4/17/1999 16200 USGS 5270700 4/18/1999 16600 USGS 5270700 4/19/1999 15600 USGS 5270700 4/20/1999 15600 USGS 5270700 4/21/1999 15300 USGS 5270700 4/22/1999 14800:
USGS 5270700 4/23/1999 14100 USGS 5270700 4/24/1999 13500 USGS 5270700 4/25/1999 12900 USGS 5270700 4/26/1999 12100 USGS 5270700 4/27/1999 12000 USGS 5270700 4/28/1999 10600 USGS 5270700 4/29/1999 10400 USGS 5270700 4/30/1999 9790 USGS 5270700 5/1/1999 9220 USGS 5270700 5/2/1999 8840 USGS 5270700 5/3/1999 8300 USGS 5270700 5/4/1999 8530 USGS 5270700 5/5/1999 8710 USGS 5270700 5/6/1999 8750 USGS 5270700 5/7/1999 9710 USGS 5270700 5/8/1999 10700 USGS 5270700 5/9/1999 11400 USGS 5270700 5/10/1999 13500 USGS 5270700 5/11/1999 16400 USGS 5270700 5/12/1999 19200 USGS 5270700 5/13/1999 22900 USGS 5270700 5/14/1999 25900 USGS 5270700 5/15/1999 29000 USGS 5270700 5/16/1999 31500 USGS 5270700 5/17/1999 32700 USGS 5270700 5/18/1999 32400
USGS 5270700 5/19/1999 31300 USGS 5270700 5/20/1999 29800 USGS 5270700 5/21/1999. 28000 USGS 5270700 5/22/1999 26100 USGS 5270700 5/23/1999 24600 USGS 5270700 5/24/1999 23300 USGS 5270700 5/25/1999 22400 USGS 5270700 5/26/1999 21700 USGS 5270700 5/27/1999 20800 I USGS 5270700 5/28/1999 19300 USGS 5270700 5/29/1999 18500 USGS 5270700 5/30/1999 17200 USGS 5270700 5/31/1999 16800 USGS 5270700 6/1/1999 15700 USGS 5270700 6/2/1999 14700 USGS 5270700 6/3/1999 14700 USGS 5270700 6/4/1999 14200 USGS 5270700 6/5/1999 13800 USGS 5270700 6/6/1999 13600 USGS 5270700 6//1999 14400 USGS 5270700 6/8/1999 14700 USGS 5270700 6/9/1999 13600 USGS 5270700 6/10/1999 13100 USGS 5270700 6/11/1999 13000 USGS 5270700 6/12/1999 12200 USGS 5270700 6/13/1999 11700 USGS 5270700 6/14/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 6/15/1999 10400 USGS 5270700 6/16/1999 10200 USGS 5270700 6/17/1999 9330 USGS 5270700 6/18/1999 8800 USGS 5270700 6/19/1999 8710 USGS 5270700 6/20/1999 8390 USGS 5270700 6/21/1999 7830 USGS 5270700 6/22/1999 7930 USGS 5270700 6/23/1999 8160 USGS 5270700 6/24/1999 8270 USGS 5270700 6/25/1999 8150 USGS 5270700 6/26/1999 8760 USGS 5270700 6/27/1999 8470 USGS 5270700 6/28(1999 8340 USGS 5270700 6/29/1999 7910 USGS 5270700 6/30/1999 8020 USGS 5270700 7/1/1999 7670 USGS 5270700 7/2/1999 8110 USGS 5270700 7/3/1999 8040 USGS 5270700 7/4/1999 7800 USGS 5270700 7/5/1999 7750 USGS 5270700 7/6/1999 7750 USGS 5270700 7/7/1999 7290 USGS 5270700 7/8/1999 7590 USGS 5270700 7/9/1999 7920 USGS 5270700 7/10/1999 7830 USGS 5270700 7/11/1999 8620 USGS 5270700 7/12/1999 8680 USGS 5270700 7/13/1999 8820 USGS 5270700 7/14/1999 9300 USGS 5270700 7/15/1999 9200
USGS 5270700 7/16/1999 9860 USGS 5270700 7/17/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 7/18/1999 11600 USGS 5270700 7/19/1999 12100 USGS 5270700 7/20/1999 12200 USGS 5270700 7/21/1999 12400 USGS 5270700 7/22/1999 12400 USGS 5270700 7/23/1999 12600,'
USGS 5270700 7/24/1999 12100 USGS 5270700 7/25/1999 11700 USGS 5270700 7/26/1999 11700 USGS 5270700 7/27/1999 11200 USGS 5270700 7/28/1999 10500 USGS 5270700 7/29/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 7/30/1999 10200 USGS 5270700 7/31/1999 10900 USGS 5270700 8/1/1999 9940 USGS 5270700 8/2/1999 9380 USGS 5270700 8/3/1999 9000 USGS 5270700 8/4/1999 9110 USGS 5270700 8/5/1999 9080 USGS 5270700 8/6/1999 8640 USGS 5270700 8/7/1999 8280 USGS 5270700 8/8/1999 7700 USGS 5270700 8/9/1999 7680 USGS 5270700 8/10/1999 7670 USGS 5270700 8/11/1999 7400 USGS 5270700 8/12/1999 7950 USGS 5270700 8/13/1999 9250 USGS 5270700 8/14/1999 9030 USGS 5270700 8/15/1999 10200 USGS 5270700 8/16/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 8/17/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 8/18/1999 11100 USGS 5270700 8/19/1999 10600 USGS 5270700 8/20/1999 10400 USGS 5270700 8/21/1999 11100 USGS 5270700 8/22/1999 11100 USGS 5270700 8/23/1999 10700 USGS 5270700 8/24/1999 11000 USGS 5270700 8/25/1999 11200 USGS 5270700 8/26/1999 10600 USGS 5270700 8/27/1999 10800 USGS 5270700 8/28/1999 10500 USGS 5270700 8/29/1999 9550 USGS 5270700 8/30/1999 9940 USGS 5270700 8/31/1999 9810 USGS 5270700 9/1/1999 10100 USGS 5270700 9/2/1999 10000 USGS 5270700 9/3/1999 9390 USGS 5270700 9/4/1999 9580 USGS 5270700 9/5/1999 9820 USGS 5270700 9/6/1999 10300 USGS 5270700 9/7/1999 10900 USGS 5270700 9/8/1999 10700 USGS 5270700 9/9/1999 10900 USGS 5270700 9/10/1999 11200 USGS 5270700 9/11/1999 10800
USGS 5270700 9/12/1999 11100 USGS 5270700 9/13/1999 11200 USGS 5270700 9/14/1999 11100 USGS 5270700 9/15/1999 11400 USGS 5270700 9/16/1999 11200 USGS 5270700 9/17/1999 10900 USGS 5270700 9/18/1999 10300 USGS 5270700 9/19/1999 10200 USGS 5270700 9/20/1999 9150 USGS 5270700 9/21/1999 8920 USGS 5270700 9/22/1999 8880 USGS 5270700 9/23/1999 8280 USGS 5270700 9/24/1999 7850 USGS 5270700 9/25/1999 7600 USGS 5270700 9/26/1999 7460 USGS 5270700 9/27/1999 8000 USGS 5270700 9/28/1999 8290 USGS 5270700 9/29/1999 8440 USGS 5270700 9/30/1999 8930 USGS 5270700 10/1/1999 8790 USGS 5270700 10/2/1999 9490 USGS 5270700 10/3/1999 8820 USGS 5270700 10/4/1999 8670 USGS 5270700 10/5/1999 9250 USGS 5270700 10/6/1999 8830 USGS 5270700 10/7/1999 8350 USGS 5270700 10/8/1999 8690 USGS 5270700 10/9/1999 8560 USGS 5270700 10/10/1999 8730 USGS 5270700 10/11/1999 8430 USGS 5270700 10/12/1999 8390 USGS 5270700 10/13/1999 7880 USGS 5270700 10/14/1999 7940 USGS 5270700 10/15/1999 8200 USGS 5270700 10/16/1999 7930 USGS 5270700 10/17/1999 8100 USGS 5270700 10/18/1999 7940 USGS 5270700 10/19/1999 8440 USGS 5270700 10/20/1999 8100 USGS 5270700 10/21/1999 7530 USGS 5270700 10/22/1999 7740 USGS 5270700 10/23/1999 7860 USGS 5270700 10/24/1999 7560 USGS 5270700 10/25/1999 7770 USGS 5270700 10/26/1999 7370 USGS 5270700 10/27/1999 7480 USGS 5270700 10/28/1999 7500 USGS 5270700 10/29/1999 7560 USGS 5270700 10/30/1999 7830 USGS 5270700 10/31/1999 7500 USGS 5270700 11/1/1999 7320 USGS 5270700 11/2/1999 7190 USGS 5270700 11/3/1999 7520 USGS 5270700 11/4/1999 7410 USGS 5270700 11/5/1999 7400 USGS 5270700 11/6/1999 6980 USGS 5270700 117/1999 7050 USGS 5270700 11/8/1999 7040
USGS 5270700 11/9/1999 7100 USGS 5270700 11/10/1999 7060 USGS 5270700 11/11/1999 6920 USGS 5270700 11/12/1999 6790 USGS 5270700 11/13/1999 6950 USGS 5270700 11/14/1999 6970 USGS 5270700 11/15/1999 6670 USGS 5270700 11/16/1999 6550 USGS 5270700 11/17/1999 6360 USGS 5270700 11/18/1999 6960 USGS 5270700 11/19/1999 6680 USGS 5270700 11/20/1999 6520 USGS 5270700 11/21/1999 6790 USGS 5270700 11/22/1999 6810 USGS 5270700 11/23/1999 6980 USGS 5270700 11/24/1999 6690 USGS 5270700 11/25/1999 6660 USGS 5270700 11/26/1999 6720 USGS 5270700 11/27/1999 6810 USGS 5270700 11/28/1999 6670 USGS 5270700 11/29/1999 6510 USGS 5270700 11/30/1999 6280 USGS 5270700 12/1/1999 6220 USGS 5270700 12/2/1999 6650 USGS 5270700 12/3/1 999 6790 USGS 5270700 12/4/1999 6690 USGS 5270700 12/5/1 999 6540 USGS 5270700 12/6/1999 6440 USGS 5270700 12/7/1999 6280 USGS 5270700 12/8/1999 6210 USGS 5270700 12/9/1999 5860 USGS 5270700 12/10/1999 5890 USGS 5270700 12/11/1999 6350 USGS 5270700 12/12/1999 5700 USGS 5270700 12/13/1999 5390 USGS 5270700 12/14/1999 5650 USGS 5270700 12/15/1999 5700 USGS 5270700 12/16/1999 4770 USGS 5270700 12/17/1999 4520 USGS 5270700 12/18/1999 4200 USGS 5270700 12/19/1999 3530 USGS 5270700 12/20/1999 3200 e USGS 5270700 12/21/1999 3000 e USGS 5270700 12/22/1999 2900 e USGS 5270700 12/23/1999 3300 e USGS 5270700 12/24/1999 4100e USGS 5270700 12/25/1999 4400 e USGS 5270700 12/26/1999 4600 e USGS 5270700 12/27/1999 4700 e USGS 5270700 12/28/1999 4750 e USGS 5270700 12/29/1999 4750 e USGS 5270700 12/30/1999 4750 e USGS 5270700 12/31/1999 4750 e USGS 5270700 1/1/2000 4750 e USGS 5270700 1/2/2000 4800e USGS 5270700 1/3/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/4/2000 4750 e USGS 5270700 1/5/2000 4750 e
USGS 5270700 1/6/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/7/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/8/2000 4850 e USGS 5270700 1/9/2000 4850 e USGS 5270700 1/10/2000 4850 e USGS 5270700 1/11/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/12/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/13/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/14/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/15/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/16/2000 4800 e USGS 5270700 1/17/2000 4700 e USGS 5270700 1/18/2000 4600 e USGS 5270700 1/19/2000 4500 e USGS 5270700 1/20/2000 4400 e USGS 5270700 1/21/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/22/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/23/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/24/2000 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/25/2000 4100 e USGS 5270700 1/26/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/27/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/28/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/29/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/30/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 1/31/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/1/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/2/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/3/2000 4100 e USGS 5270700 2/4/2000 4000 e USGS 5270700 2/5/2000 3900 e USGS 5270700 2/6/2000 3800 e USGS 5270700 2/7/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/8/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/9/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/10/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/11/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/12/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/13/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/14/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/15/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/16/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/17/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/18/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/19/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/20/2000 3600 e USGS 5270700 2/21/2000 3700 e USGS 5270700 2/22/2000 3900 e USGS 5270700 2/23/2000 4200 e USGS 5270700 2/24/2000 4310 USGS 5270700 2/25/2000 4890 USGS 5270700 2/26/2000 7310 USGS 5270700 2/27/2000 8290 USGS 5270700 2/28/2000 8060 USGS 5270700 2/29/2000 8800 USGS 5270700 3/1/2000 8910 USGS 5270700 3/2/2000 9040 USGS 5270700 3/3/2000 9230
USGS 5270700 3/4/2000 9950 USGS 5270700 3/5/2000 9490 USGS 5270700 3/6/2000 9720 USGS 5270700 3/7/2000 9190 USGS 5270700 3/8/2000 9110 USGS 5270700 3/9/2000 10000 USGS 5270700 3/10/2000 10300 USGS 5270700 3/11/2000 10400 USGS 5270700 3/12/2000 10500 USGS 5270700 3/13/2000 9300 USGS 5270700 3/14/2000 8170 USGS 5270700 3/15/2000 8290 USGS 5270700 3/16/2000 7880 USGS 5270700 3/17/2000 7180 USGS 5270700 3/18/2000 6320 USGS 5270700 3/19/2000 6460 USGS 5270700 3/20/2000 6600 USGS 5270700 3/21/2000 6400 USGS 5270700 3/22/2000 6160 USGS 5270700 3/23/2000 6150 USGS 5270700 3/24/2000 6380 USGS 5270700 3/25/2000 6700 USGS 5270700 3/26/2000 7520 USGS 5270700 3/27/2000 7330 USGS 5270700 3/28/2000 7960 USGS 5270700 3/29/2000 7510 USGS 5270700 3/30/2000 7330 USGS 5270700 3/31/2000 6580 USGS 5270700 4/1/2000 6670 USGS 5270700 4/2/2000 6890 USGS 5270700 4/3/2000 6540 USGS 5270700 4/4/2000 6340 USGS 5270700 4/5/2000 6490 USGS 5270700 4/6/2000 6050 USGS 5270700 4/7/2000 6260 USGS 5270700 4/8/2000 6530 USGS 5270700 4/9/2000 7110 USGS 5270700 4/10/2000 6620 USGS 5270700 4/11/2000 6450 USGS 5270700 4/12/2000 6420 USGS 5270700 4/13/2000 6600 USGS 5270700 4/14/2000 6680 USGS 5270700 4/15/2000 6520 USGS 5270700 4/16/2000 5750 USGS 5270700 4/17/2000 5970 USGS 5270700 4/18/2000 5340 USGS 5270700 4/19/2000 5840 USGS 5270700 4/20/2000 5720 USGS 5270700 4/21/2000 5800 USGS 5270700 4/22/2000 5860 USGS 5270700 4/23/2000 5860 USGS 5270700 4/24/2000 5930 USGS 5270700 4/25/2000 5820 USGS 5270700 4/26/2000 5860 USGS 5270700 4/27/2000 5900 USGS 5270700 4/28/2000 5690 USGS 5270700 4/29/2000 5030 USGS 5270700 4/30/2000 5480
USGS 5270700 5/1/2000 5360 USGS 5270700 5/2/2000 5200 USGS 5270700 5/3/2000 5530 USGS 5270700 5/4/2000 5120 USGS 5270700 5/5/2000 5240 USGS 5270700 5/6/2000 5190 USGS 5270700 5/7/2000 5240 USGS 5270700 5/8/2000 5830 USGS 5270700 5/9/2000 6650 USGS 5270700 5/10/2000 7960 USGS 5270700 5/11/2000 9420 USGS 5270700 5/12/2000 10000 USGS 5270700 5/13/2000 10600 USGS 5270700 5/14/2000 10600 USGS 5270700 5/15/2000 10900 USGS 5270700 5/16/2000 10800 USGS 5270700 5/17/2000 10800 USGS 5270700 5/18/2000 9730 USGS 5270700 5/19/2000 9130 USGS 5270700 5/20/2000 8740 USGS 5270700 5/21/2000 8510 USGS 5270700 5/22/2000 7850 USGS 5270700 5/23/2000 7230 USGS 5270700 5/24/2000 6730 USGS 5270700 5/25/2000 6530 USGS 5270700 5/26/2000 6180 USGS 5270700 5/27/2000 5910 USGS 5270700 5/28/2000 6100 USGS 5270700 5/29/2000 5750 USGS 5270700 5/30/2000 5810 USGS 5270700 5/31/2000 5530 USGS 5270700 6/1/2000 5570 USGS 5270700 6/2/2000 5560 USGS 5270700 6/3/2000 5290 USGS 5270700 6/4/2000 5490 USGS 5270700 6/5/2000 5400 USGS 5270700 6/6/2000 5050 USGS 5270700 6/7/2000 5200 USGS 5270700 6/8/2000 5100 USGS 5270700 6/9/2000 4670 USGS 5270700 6/10/2000 4250 USGS 5270700 6/11/2000 3670 USGS 5270700 6/12/2000 3790 USGS 5270700 6/13/2000 3700 USGS 5270700 6/14/2000 3810 USGS 5270700 6/15/2000 4680 USGS 5270700 6/16/2000 4830 USGS 5270700 6/17/2000 5350 USGS 5270700 6/18/2000 5890 USGS 5270700 6/19/2000 6260 USGS 5270700 6/20/2000 7010 USGS 5270700 6/21/2000 7070 USGS 5270700 6/22/2000 7320 USGS 5270700 6/23/2000 7340 USGS 5270700 6/24/2000 7370 USGS 5270700 6/25/2000 7380 USGS 5270700 6/26/2000 7390 USGS 5270700 6/27/2000 7750
USGS 5270700 6/28/2000 7690 USGS 5270700 6/29/2000 7140 USGS 5270700 6/30/2000 6780 USGS 5270700 7/1/2000 6240 USGS 5270700 7/2/2000 6540 USGS 5270700 7/3/2000 6000 USGS 5270700 7/4/2000 5730 USGS 5270700 7/5/2000 5890 USGS 5270700 7/6/2000 5910 USGS 5270700 7/7/2000 5330 USGS 5270700 7/8/2000 5940 USGS 5270700 7/9/2000 7840 USGS 5270700 7/10/2000 8740 USGS 5270700 7/11/2000 8180 USGS 5270700 7/12/2000 8080 USGS 5270700 7/13/2000 8040 USGS 5270700 7/14/2000 7490 USGS 5270700 7/15/2000 7580 USGS 5270700 7/16/2000 7430 USGS 5270700 7/17/2000 6970 i USGS 5270700 7/18/2000 6610 USGS 5270700 7/19/2000 6340 USGS 5270700 7/20/2000 6060 USGS 5270700 7/21/2000 5630 USGS 5270700 7/22/2000 5220 USGS 5270700 7/23/2000 4720 USGS 5270700 7/24/2000 4600 USGS 5270700 7/25/2000 4720 USGS 5270700 7/26/2000 4720 USGS 5270700 7/27/2000 4700 USGS 5270700 7/28/2000 4320 USGS 5270700 7/29/2000 4250 USGS 5270700 7/30/2000 4080 USGS 5270700 7/31/2000 3950 USGS 5270700 8/1/2000 4110 USGS 5270700 8/2/2000 3870 USGS 5270700 8/3/2000 3450 USGS 5270700 8/4/2000 3370 USGS 5270700 8/5/2000 3270 USGS 5270700 8/6/2000 3460 USGS 5270700 8/7/2000 3120 USGS 5270700 8/8/2000 3070 USGS 5270700 8/9/2000 2980 USGS 5270700 8/10/2000 2790 USGS 5270700 8/11/2000 2510 USGS 5270700 8/12/2000 2700 . .
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USGS 5270700 8/24/2000 3810 ,
USGS 5270700 8/25/2000 3260 USGS 5270700 8/26/2000 3780 USGS 5270700 8/27/2000 3160 USGS 5270700 8/28/2000 2740 USGS 5270700 8/29/2000 3060 USGS 5270700 8/30/2000 2460 USGS 5270700 8/31/2000 3360 USGS 5270700 9/1/2000 2880 USGS 5270700 9/2/2000 2870 USGS 5270700 9/3/2000 2590 USGS 5270700 9/4/2000 3000 USGS 5270700 9/5/2000 2810 USGS 5270700 9/6/2000 2940 USGS 5270700 9/7/2000 3070 USGS 5270700 9/8/2000 3070 USGS 5270700 9/9/2000 2940 USGS 5270700 9/10/2000 3870 USGS 5270700 9/11/2000 3620 USGS 5270700 9/12/2000 2150 USGS 5270700 9/13/2000 3460 USGS 5270700 9/14/2000 2990 USGS 5270700 9/15/2000 3280 USGS 5270700 9/16/2000 3190 USGS 5270700 9/17/2000 2900 USGS 5270700 9/18/2000 2900 USGS 5270700 9/19/2000 3110 USGS 5270700 9/20/2000 3180 USGS 5270700 9/21/2000 2800 USGS 5270700 9/22/2000 2510 USGS 5270700 9/23/2000 3210 USGS 5270700 9/24/2000 2850 USGS 5270700 9/25/2000 2920 USGS 5270700 9/26/2000 2980 USGS 5270700 9/27/2000 3130 USGS 5270700 9/28/2000 3010 USGS 5270700 9/29/2000 2830 USGS 5270700 9/30/2000 2890 USGS 5270700 10/1/2000 3250 USGS 5270700 10/2/2000 3030 USGS 5270700 10/3/2000 2710 USGS 5270700 10/4/2000 3150 USGS 5270700 10/5/2000 3120 USGS 5270700 10/6/2000 3330 USGS 5270700 10/7/2000 3390 USGS 5270700 10/8/2000 3320 USGS 5270700 10/9/2000 3290 USGS 5270700 10/10/2000 3220 USGS 5270700 10/11/2000 3350 USGS 5270700 10/12/2000 3360 USGS 5270700 10/13/2000 3400 USGS 5270700 10/14/2000 3560 USGS 5270700 10/15/2000 3490 USGS 5270700 10/16/2000 3360 USGS 5270700 10/17/2000 3340 USGS 5270700 10/18/2000 3830 USGS 5270700 10/19/2000 4030 USGS 5270700 10/20/2000 4380 USGS 5270700 10/21/2000 4260
USGS 5270700 10/22/2000 4280 USGS 5270700 10/23/2000 4160 USGS 5270700 10/24/2000 4220 USGS 5270700 10/25/2000 4380 USGS 5270700 10/26/2000 4380 USGS 5270700 10/27/2000 4620 USGS 5270700 10/28/2000 4710 USGS 5270700 10/29/2000 4080 USGS 5270700 10/30/2000 5440 USGS 5270700 10/31/2000 5350 USGS 5270700 11/1/2000 6330 USGS 5270700 11/2/2000 6340 USGS 5270700 11/3/2000 6930 USGS 5270700 11/4/2000 7180 USGS 5270700 11/5/2000 7730 USGS 5270700 11/6/2000 8880 USGS 5270700 1I/12000 9280 USGS 5270700 11/8/2000 10300 USGS 5270700 11/9/2000 10800 USGS 5270700 11/10/2000 11500 USGS 5270700 11/11/2000 11300 USGS 5270700 11/12/2000 11600 USGS 5270700 11/13/2000 11700 USGS 5270700 11/14/2000 11700 USGS 5270700 11/15/2000 12000 USGS 5270700 11/16/2000 11900 USGS 5270700 11/17/2000 11600 USGS 5270700 11/18/2000 11300 USGS 5270700 11/19/2000 11000 USGS 5270700 11/20/2000 10300 USGS 5270700 11/21/2000 7960 USGS 5270700 11/22/2000 7410 USGS 5270700 11/23/2000 7100 USGS 5270700 11/24/2000 7710 USGS 5270700 11/25/2000 8370 USGS 5270700 11/26/2000 8320 USGS 5270700 11/27/2000 8110 -
USGS 5270700 11/28/2000 7750 USGS 5270700 11/29/2000 8370 USGS 5270700 11/30/2000 8490 USGS 5270700 12/1/2000 8100 USGS 5270700 12/2/2000 6660 USGS 5270700 12/3/2000 6550 USGS 5270700 12/4/2000 6210 USGS 5270700 12/5/2000 5160 USGS 5270700 12/6/2000 4680 USGS 5270700 12/7/2000 4710 USGS 5270700 12/8/2000 5370 USGS 5270700 12/9/2000 4940 USGS 5270700 12/10/2000 4690 e USGS 5270700 12/11/2000 3910e USGS 5270700 12/12/2000 4420 e USGS 5270700 12/13/2000 4890 e USGS 5270700 12/14/2000 4960 e USGS 5270700 12/15/2000 5070 e USGS 5270700 12/16/2000 5140 e USGS 5270700 12/17/2000 5290 e USGS 5270700 12/18/2000 5340 e
USGS 5270700 12/19/2000 5380 e USGS 5270700 12/20/2000 5330 e USGS 5270700 12/21/2000 5250 e USGS 5270700 12/22/2000 5220 e USGS 5270700 12/23/2000 5120 e USGS 5270700 12/24/2000 5050 e USGS 5270700 12/25/2000 4990 e USGS 5270700 12/26/2000 4970 e USGS 5270700 12/27/2000 4920 e USGS 5270700 12/28/2000 4910 e USGS 5270700 12/29/2000 4920 e USGS 5270700 12/30/2000 4920 e USGS 5270700 12131/2000 4930 e USGS 5270700 1/1/2001 4940 e USGS 5270700 1/2/2001 4940e USGS 5270700 1/3/2001 4980 e USGS 5270700 1/4/2001 5010 e USGS 5270700 1/5/2001 5060 e USGS 5270700 1/6/2001 5070 e USGS 5270700 1/7/2001 5080 e USGS 5270700 1/8/2001 5030 e USGS 5270700 1/9/2001 4990 e USGS 5270700 1/10/2001 4980 e USGS 5270700 1/11/2001 4970 e USGS 5270700 1/12/2001 4980 e USGS 5270700 1/13/2001 5030 e USGS 5270700 1/14/2001 5070 e USGS 5270700 1/15/2001 5060 e USGS 5270700 1/16/2001 5030 e USGS 5270700 1/17/2001 4960 e USGS 5270700 1/18/2001 4910 e USGS 5270700 1/19/2001 4850 e USGS 5270700 1/20/2001 4780 e USGS 5270700 1/21/2001 4740 e USGS 5270700 1/22/2001 4690 e USGS 5270700 1/23/2001 4670 e USGS 5270700 1/24/2001 4650 e USGS 5270700 1/25/2001 4640 e USGS 5270700 1/26/2001 4620 e USGS 5270700 1/27/2001 4610-e USGS 5270700 1/28/2001 4590e .
USGS 5270700 1/29/2001 4570 e USGS 5270700 1/30/2001 4550 e ;
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USGS 5270700 2/15/2001 4470 e USGS 5270700 2/16/2001 4470 e : I USGS 5270700 2/17/2001 4470 e USGS 5270700 2/18/2001 4470 e USGS 5270700 2/19/2001 4450 e USGS 5270700 2/20/2001 4440e USGS 5270700 2/21/2001 4420 e USGS 5270700 2/22/2001 4400 e USGS 5270700 2/23/2001 4400e USGS 5270700 2/24/2001 4390 e I0 '
USGS 5270700 2/25/2001 4370 e USGS 5270700 2/26/2001 4370 e USGS 5270700 2/27/2001 4370 e USGS 5270700 2/28/2001 4350 e USGS 5270700 3/1/2001 4350e USGS 5270700 3/2/2001 4350 e USGS 5270700 3/3/2001 4390e USGS 5270700 3/4/2001 4360 e USGS 5270700 3/5/2001 4360 e USGS 5270700 3/6/2001 4360 e USGS 5270700 3/7/2001 4360e . II USGS 5270700 3/8/2001 4360 e USGS 5270700 3/9/2001 4360 e t USGS 5270700 3/10/2001 4400e USGS 5270700 3/11/2001 4430 e USGS 5270700 3/12/2001 4420 e USGS 5270700 3/13/2001 4420e USGS 5270700 3/14/2001 4440,e USGS 5270700 3/15/2001 4450 e USGS 5270700 3/16/2001 4640e USGS 5270700 3/17/2001 4730 e USGS 5270700 3/18/2001 4830 e USGS 5270700 3/19/2001 4950 e USGS 5270700 3/20/2001 5050 e USGS 5270700 3/21/2001 5080 e USGS 5270700 3/22/2001 5170 e USGS 5270700 3/23/2001 5210e USGS 5270700 3/24/2001 5280 e USGS 5270700 3/25/2001 5350 e USGS 5270700 3/26/2001 5410 e USGS 5270700 3/27/2001 5570 e USGS 5270700 3/28/2001 5630 e USGS 5270700 3/29/2001 5720 e USGS 5270700 3/30/2001 5850 e USGS 5270700 3/31/2001 5930 e USGS 5270700 4/1/2001 6080 e USGS 5270700 4/2/2001 6330 e USGS 5270700 4/3/2001 7290e USGS 5270700 4/4/2001 7700 e USGS 5270700 4/5/2001 8990 e USGS 5270700 4/6/2001 10500 e USGS 5270700 4/7/2001 12500 e USGS 5270700 4/8/2001 18000 e USGS 5270700 4/9/2001 27000 e.
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- X .
USGS 5270700 11/25/2001 5080 USGS 5270700 11/26/2001 5450 ';
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USGS 5270700 7/22/2002 12400 USGS 5270700 7/23/2002 11100 USGS 5270700 7/24/2002 10700 USGS 5270700 7/25/2002 10300 USGS 5270700 7/26/2002 9680 USGS 5270700 7/27/2002 9550 USGS 5270700 7/28/2002 9650 USGS 5270700 7/29/2002 9060 USGS 5270700 7/30/2002 9260 USGS 5270700 7/31/2002 8940 USGS 5270700 8/1/2002 8400 USGS 5270700 8/2/2002 7980 USGS 5270700 8/3/2002 8580 USGS 5270700 8/4/2002 9340 USGS 5270700 8/5/2002 8930 USGS 5270700 8/6/2002 8660 USGS 5270700 8/7/2002 8390 USGS 5270700 8/8/2002 7780 USGS 5270700 8/9/2002 7370 USGS 5270700 8/10/2002 7010 USGS 5270700 8/11/2002 6740 USGS 5270700 8/12/2002 6540 USGS 5270700 8/13/2002 6620 USGS 5270700 8/14/2002 6370 USGS 5270700 8/15/2002 6230 USGS 5270700 8/16/2002 6270 USGS 5270700 8/17/2002 6260 USGS 5270700 8/18/2002 6480 USGS 5270700 8/19/2002 6460 USGS 5270700 8/20/2002 6520 USGS 5270700 8/21/2002 6980 USGS 5270700 8/22/2002 6730 USGS 5270700 8/23/2002 6310 USGS 5270700 8/24/2002 6270 USGS 5270700 8/25/2002 6900 USGS 5270700 8/26/2002 6300 USGS 5270700 8/27/2002 5920 USGS 5270700 8/28/2002 5440 USGS 5270700 8/29/2002 6040 USGS 5270700 8/30/2002 6140 USGS 5270700 8/31/2002 5950 USGS 5270700 9/1/2002 6190 USGS 5270700 9/2/2002 7270 USGS 5270700 9/3/2002 7160 USGS 5270700 9/4/2002 6780 USGS 5270700 9/5/2002 6660 USGS 5270700 9/6/2002 9370 USGS 5270700 9/7/2002 8290 USGS 5270700 9/8/2002 7410 USGS 5270700 9/19/2002 6790 USGS 5270700 9/10/2002 7010 USGS 5270700 9/11/2002 6830 USGS 5270700 9/12/2002 6020 USGS 5270700 9/13/2002 6190 USGS 5270700 9/14/2002 5960 USGS 5270700 9/15/2002 5530 USGS 5270700 9/16/2002 5560 USGS 5270700 9/17/2002 4970
USGS 5270700 9/18/2002 5260 USGS 5270700 9/19/2002 4890 USGS 5270700 9/20/2002 4680 USGS 5270700 9/21/2002 4240 USGS 5270700 9/22/2002 4340 USGS 5270700 9/23/2002 3910 USGS 5270700 9/24/2002 3950 USGS 5270700 9/25/2002 4280 USGS 5270700 9/26/2002 4000 USGS 5270700 9/27/2002 3860 USGS 5270700 9/28/2002 4010 USGS 5270700 9/29/2002 3940 USGS 5270700 9/30/2002 4130 USGS 5270700 10/1/2002 3780 USGS 5270700 10/2/2002 3490 USGS 5270700 10/3/2002 3160 USGS 5270700 10/4/2002 4180 USGS 5270700 10/5/2002 4830 USGS 5270700 10/6/2002 5690 USGS 5270700 10/7/2002 6550 - 1 USGS 5270700 10/8/2002 6930 7I USGS 5270700 10/9/2002 7330 USGS 5270700 10/10/2002 7420 USGS 5270700 10/11/2002 6870 USGS 5270700 10/12/2002 8210 USGS 5270700 10/13/2002 7420 USGS 5270700 10/14/2002 6560 USGS 5270700 10/15/2002 7400 USGS 5270700 10/16/2002 6970 USGS 5270700 10/17/2002 7050 USGS 5270700 10/18/2002 7130 USGS 5270700 10/19/2002 6340 USGS 5270700 10/20/2002 6830 USGS 5270700 10/21/2002 6920 USGS 5270700 10/22/2002 6580 USGS 5270700 10/23/2002 6460 USGS 5270700 10/24/2002 6520 USGS 5270700 10/25/2002 6440 USGS 5270700 10/26/2002 6050 USGS 5270700 10/27/2002 6050 USGS 5270700 10/28/2002 6070 USGS 5270700 10/29/2002 6490 USGS 5270700 10/30/2002 6330 USGS 5270700 10/31/2002 6310 USGS 5270700 11/1/2002 6010 USGS 5270700 11/2/2002 6280 USGS 5270700 11/3/2002 5970 USGS 5270700 11/4/2002 5870 USGS 5270700 11/5/2002 5730 USGS 5270700 11/6/2002 5570 USGS 5270700 11/7/2002 5860 USGS 5270700 11/8/2002 5520 USGS 5270700 11/9/2002 5450 USGS 5270700 11/10/2002 5580 USGS 5270700 11/11/2002 5450 USGS 5270700 11/12/2002 5800 USGS 5270700 11/13/2002 5460 USGS 5270700 11/14/2002 5580
USGS 5270700 11/15/2002 5240 USGS 5270700 11/16/2002 5260 USGS 5270700 11/17/2002 4520 USGS 5270700 11/18/2002 5150 USGS 5270700 11/19/2002 5180 USGS 5270700 11/20/2002 5310 USGS 5270700 11/21/2002 5510 USGS 5270700 11/22/2002 5310 USGS 5270700 11/23/2002 5090 USGS 5270700 11/24/2002 4510 USGS 5270700 11/25/2002 4330 USGS 5270700 11/26/2002 3980 USGS 5270700 11/27/2002 3690 USGS 5270700 11/28/2002 3430 USGS 5270700 11/29/2002 3880 USGS 5270700 11/30/2002 3880 USGS 5270700 12/1/2002 4030 USGS 5270700 12/2/2002 3690 USGS 5270700 12/3/2002 3230 USGS 5270700 12/4/2002 3100 e USGS 5270700 12/5/2002 3150 USGS 5270700 12/6/2002 3410 USGS 5270700 12/7/2002 3490 USGS 5270700 12/8/2002 3590 USGS 5270700 12/9/2002 3340 USGS 5270700 12/10/2002 3920 USGS 5270700 12/11/2002 4230 USGS 5270700 12/12/2002 4330 USGS 5270700 12/13/2002 4320 USGS 5270700 12/14/2002 4450 USGS 5270700 12/15/2002 4360 USGS 5270700 12/16/2002 4140 USGS 5270700 12/17/2002 3900 USGS 5270700 12/18/2002 4530 USGS 5270700 12/19/2002 4510 USGS 5270700 12/20/2002 4200 USGS 5270700 12/21/2002 4000 USGS 5270700 12/22/2002 3910 USGS 5270700 12/23/2002 3620 USGS 5270700 12/24/2002 3710 USGS 5270700 12/25/2002 4070 USGS 5270700 12/26/2002 4020 USGS 5270700 12/27/2002 3730 USGS 5270700 12/28/2002 4030 USGS 5270700 12/29/2002 4000 USGS 5270700 12/30/2002 3950 USGS 5270700 12/31/2002 3750 USGS 5270700 1/1/2003 3690 USGS 5270700 1/2/2003 3890 USGS 5270700 1/3/2003 3890 USGS 5270700 1/4/2003 3950 USGS 5270700 1/5/2003 3920 USGS 5270700 1/6/2003 3640 USGS 5270700 1/7/2003 3750 USGS 5270700 1/8/2003 3980 USGS 5270700 1/9/2003 3770 USGS 5270700 1/10/2003 3570 USGS 5270700 1/11/2003 3620
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USGS 5270700 5/8/2003 6610 USGS 5270700 5/9/2003 7380 USGS 5270700 5/10/2003 8620 USGS 5270700 5/11/2003 10900 USGS 5270700 5/12/2003 11000 USGS 5270700 5/13/2003 11200 USGS 5270700 5/14/2003 11400 USGS 5270700 5/15/2003 10600 USGS 5270700 5/16/2003 9810 USGS 5270700 5/17/2003 9470 USGS 5270700 5/18/2003 8830 USGS 5270700 5/19/2003 9820 USGS 5270700 5/20/2003 10100 USGS 5270700 5/21/2003 10200 USGS 5270700 5/22/2003 10800 USGS 5270700 5/23/2003 10700 USGS 5270700 5/24/2003 9990 USGS 5270700 5/25/2003 9600 USGS 5270700 5/26/2003 9140 USGS 5270700 5/27/2003 8330 USGS 5270700 5/28/2003 7910 USGS 5270700 5/29/2003 7530 USGS 5270700 5/30/2003 7190 USGS 5270700 5/31/2003 6600 USGS 5270700 6/1/2003 6220 USGS 5270700 6/2/2003 6230 USGS 5270700 6/3/2003 5700 USGS 5270700 6/4/2003 5750 USGS 5270700 6/5/2003 5640 USGS 5270700 6/6/2003 5550 USGS 5270700 6/7/2003 5250 USGS 5270700 6/8/2003 5410 USGS 5270700 6/9/2003 5620 USGS 5270700 6/10/2003 5990 USGS 5270700 6/11/2003 6680 USGS 5270700 6/12/2003 6690 USGS 5270700 6/13/2003 6850 USGS 5270700 6/14/2003 6540 USGS 5270700 6/15/2003 5920 USGS 5270700 6/16/2003 5280 USGS 5270700 6/17/2003 5400 USGS 5270700 6/18/2003 5390 USGS 5270700 6/19/2003 4750 USGS 5270700 6/20/2003 4570 USGS 5270700 6/21/2003 4170 USGS 5270700 6/22/2003 4260 USGS 5270700 6/23/2003 6900 USGS 5270700 6/24/2003 10300 USGS 5270700 6/25/2003 14300 USGS 5270700 6/26/2003 16600 USGS 5270700 6/27/2003 18100 USGS 5270700 6/28/2003 18900 USGS 5270700 6/29/2003 19600 USGS 5270700 6/30/2003 18400 USGS 5270700 7/1/2003 16700 USGS 5270700 7/2/2003 15000 USGS 5270700 7/3/2003 15300 USGS 5270700 -7/4/2003 16200
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USGS 5270700 2/22/2004 2800 e USGS 5270700 2/23/2004 2760 USGS 5270700 2/24/2004 2640 USGS 5270700 2/25/2004 2580 e USGS 5270700 2/26/2004 2490 e USGS 5270700 2/27/2004 2410 USGS 5270700 2/28/2004 2670 USGS 5270700 2/29/2004 2600 USGS 5270700 3/1/2004 2730 USGS 5270700 3/2/2004 2810 USGS 5270700 3/3/2004 2900 USGS 5270700 3/4/2004 3030 USGS 5270700 3/5/2004 3430 USGS 5270700 3/6/2004 3740 USGS 5270700 3/7/2004 3010 USGS 5270700 3/8/2004 3310 USGS 5270700 3/9/2004 2960 USGS 5270700 3/10/2004 3220 USGS 5270700 3/11/2004 2740 USGS 5270700 3/12/2004 2780 USGS 5270700 3/13/2004 3440 USGS 5270700 3/14/2004 3230 USGS 5270700 3/15/2004 3190 USGS 5270700 3/16/2004 3090 USGS 5270700 3/17/2004 3420 e USGS 5270700 3/18/2004 3700 e USGS 5270700 3/19/2004 4000 e USGS 5270700 3/20/2004 4250 e USGS 5270700 3/21/2004 4450 e USGS 5270700 3/22/2004 4750 e USGS 5270700 3/23/2004 5000 e USGS 5270700 3/24/2004 4820 USGS 5270700 3/25/2004 5010 USGS 5270700 3/26/2004 5470 USGS 5270700 3/27/2004 6260 USGS 5270700 3/28/2004 7210 USGS 5270700 3/29/2004 8180 USGS 5270700 3/30/2004 8620 USGS 5270700 3/31/2004 8570 USGS 5270700 4/1/2004 8670 USGS 5270700 4/2/2004 8840 USGS 5270700 4/3/2004 8540 USGS 5270700 4/4/2004 8080 USGS 5270700 4/5/2004 8380 USGS 5270700 4/6/2004 8750 USGS 5270700 4/7/2004 7550 USGS 5270700 4/8/2004 7500 USGS 5270700 4/9/2004 7650 USGS 5270700 4/10/2004 7780 USGS 5270700 4/11/2004 7430 USGS 5270700 4/12/2004 7450 USGS 5270700 4/13/2004 7260 USGS 5270700 4/14/2004 7070 USGS 5270700 4/15/2004 6720 USGS 5270700 4/16/2004 6540 USGS 5270700 4/17/2004 6260 USGS 5270700 4/18/2004 6180 USGS 5270700 4/19/2004 5860
USGS 5270700 4/20/2004 5970 USGS 5270700 4/21/2004 6680 USGS 5270700 4/22/2004 7290 USGS 5270700 4/23/2004 7140 USGS 5270700 4/24/2004 7340 USGS 5270700 4/25/2004 7460 USGS 5270700 4/26/2004 6890 USGS 5270700 4/27/2004 6380 USGS 5270700 4/28/2004 6410 USGS 5270700 4/29/2004 6220 USGS 5270700 4/30/2004 5970 USGS 5270700 5/1/2004 5320 USGS 5270700 5/2/2004 5620 USGS 5270700 5/3/2004 5180 USGS 5270700 5/4/2004 4890 USGS 5270700 5/5/2004 4740 USGS 5270700 5/6/2004 5030 USGS 5270700 /7/2004 4350 USGS 5270700 5/8/2004 4160 USGS 5270700 5/9/2004 3640 USGS 5270700 5/10/2004 4120 USGS 5270700 5/11/2004 3190 USGS 5270700 5/12/2004 3590 USGS 5270700 5/13/2004 3480 USGS 5270700 5/14/2004 3180 USGS 5270700 5/15/2004 3310 USGS 5270700 5/16/2004 4130 USGS 5270700 5/17/2004 4910 USGS 5270700 5/18/2004 4830 USGS 5270700 5/19/2004 4780 USGS 5270700 5/20/2004 5560 USGS 5270700 5/21/2004 5620 USGS 5270700 5/22/2004 5470 USGS 5270700 5/23/2004 6110 USGS 5270700 5124/2004 6150 USGS 5270700 5/25/2004 5560 USGS 5270700 5/26/2004 5850 USGS 5270700 5/27/2004 6640 USGS 5270700 5/28/2004 6310 USGS 5270700 5/29/2004 6540 USGS 5270700 5/30/2004 7070 USGS 5270700 5/31/2004 7330 USGS 5270700 6/1/2004 7280 USGS 5270700 6/2/2004 7310 USGS 5270700 6/3/2004 8040 USGS 5270700 6/4/2004 8540 USGS 5270700 6/5/2004 8910 USGS 5270700 6/6/2004 8900 USGS 5270700 6/7/2004 8740 USGS 5270700 6/8/2004 8790 USGS 5270700 6/9/2004 8900 USGS 5270700 6/10/2004 8340 USGS 5270700 6/11/2004 8120 USGS 5270700 6/12/2004 8280 USGS 5270700 6/13/2004 7540 USGS 5270700 6/14/2004 7290 USGS 5270700 6/15/2004 7150 USGS 5270700 6/16/2004 6820
USGS 5270700 6/17/2004 6550 USGS 5270700 6/18/2004 6300 USGS 5270700 6/19/2004 5610 USGS 5270700 6/20/2004 5580 USGS 5270700 6/21/2004 5130 USGS 5270700 6/22/2004 5240 USGS 5270700 6/23/2004 5050 USGS 5270700 6/24/2004 4350 USGS 5270700 6/25/2004 4340 USGS 5270700 6/26/2004 4280 USGS 5270700 6/27/2004 4100 USGS 5270700 6/28/2004 3770 USGS 5270700 6/29/2004 3710 USGS 5270700 6/30/2004 3640 USGS 5270700 7/1/2004 3350 USGS 5270700 7/2/2004 3640 USGS 5270700 7/3/2004 3160 USGS 5270700 7/4/2004 3060 USGS 5270700 7/5/2004 3300 USGS 5270700 7/6/2004 3740 USGS 5270700 7/7/2004 3970 USGS 5270700 7/8/2004 4060 USGS 5270700 7/9/2004 4030 USGS 5270700 7/10/2004 4370 USGS 5270700 7/11/2004 4640 USGS 5270700 7/12/2004 4350 USGS 5270700 7/13/2004 4690 USGS 5270700 7/14/2004 4410 USGS 5270700 7/15/2004 5240 USGS 5270700 7/16/2004 5030 USGS 5270700 7/17/2004 4680 USGS 5270700 7/18/2004 4330 USGS 5270700 7/19/2004 4210 USGS 5270700 7/20/2004 3980 USGS 5270700 7/21/2004 3590 USGS 5270700 7/22/2004 3620 USGS 5270700 7/23/2004 3220 USGS 5270700 7/24/2004 2880 USGS 5270700 7/25/2004 2230 USGS 5270700 7/26/2004 2500 USGS 5270700 7/27/2004 2700 USGS 5270700 7/28/2004 2390 USGS 5270700 7/29/2004 2080 USGS 5270700 7/30/2004 2290 USGS 5270700 7/31/2004 2060 USGS 5270700 8/1/2004 1920 USGS 5270700 8/2/2004 2490 USGS 5270700 8/3/2004 2170 USGS 5270700 8/4/2004 2210 USGS 5270700 8/5/2004 2190 USGS 5270700 8/6/2004 2120 USGS 5270700 8/7/2004 2180 USGS 5270700 8/8/2004 1870 USGS 5270700 8/9/2004 1840 USGS 5270700 8/10/2004 2060 USGS 5270700 8/11/2004 1840 USGS 5270700 8/12/2004 1880 USGS 5270700 8/13/2004 2110
USGS 5270700 8/14/2004 2040 f -
I USGS 5270700 8/15/2004 1820 USGS 5270700 8/16/2004 1780 USGS 5270700 8/17/2004 1770 USGS 5270700 8/18/2004 1910 USGS 5270700 8/19/2004 1820 USGS 5270700 8/20/2004 1740 USGS 5270700 8/21/2004 1190 USGS. 5270700 8/22/2004 1410 USGS 5270700 8/23/2004 1460 USGS 5270700 8/24/2004 1250 USGS 5270700 8/25/2004 1550 USGS 5270700 8/26/2004 1900 USGS 5270700 8/27/2004 1620 USGS 5270700 8/28/2004 1410 USGS 5270700 8/29/2004 1440 USGS 5270700 8/30/2004 1480 USGS 5270700 8/31/2004 1600 USGS 5270700 9/1/2004 1400 USGS 5270700 9/2/2004 1220 USGS 5270700 9/3/2004 1300 USGS 5270700 9/4/2004 1350 USGS 5270700 9/5/2004 1590 USGS 5270700 9/6/2004 3510 USGS 5270700 9/7/2004 3580 USGS 5270700 9/8/2004 2830 USGS 5270700 9/9/2004 3350 USGS 5270700 9/10/2004 4100 USGS 5270700 9/11/2004 4210 USGS 5270700 9/12/2004 3910 USGS 5270700 9/13/2004 4090 USGS 5270700 9/14/2004 4490 USGS 5270700 9/15/2004 4330 USGS 5270700 9/16/2004 4110 USGS 5270700 9/17/2004 4590 USGS 5270700 9/18/2004 5230 USGS 5270700 9/19/2004 5490 USGS 5270700 9/20/2004 5660 USGS 5270700 9/21/2004 5940 USGS 5270700 9/2212004 5950 USGS 5270700 9/23/2004 6800 USGS 5270700 9/24/2004 6920 USGS 5270700 9/25/2004 7220 USGS 5270700 9/26/2004 7720 USGS 5270700 9/27/2004 7550 USGS 5270700 9/28/2004 7490 USGS 5270700 9/29/2004 7430 USGS 5270700 9/30/2004 7430
2004 Integrated Report:
Surface Water Section (Abbreviated Narrative Report)
Report to the Congress of the United States Water Years 2002 - 03 I.- .
2004 Integrated Report General Report to the Congress of the United States Pursuant to Section 305(b) of the 1972 Clean Water Act Water Years 2002-03 Beginning in 2004, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency began providing the Water Quality Integrated Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report is intended to combine the requirements of Sections 305(b) and 303(d) through the following format: an annual electronic report accompanied biennially (in even years) by an abbreviated narrative report.
Forfurtherinformation, contact:
Elizabeth Brinsmade, Integrated Report Coordinator Minnesota Pollution Control Agency Environmental Outcomes Division 520 Lafayette Road Saint Paul, MN 55155-4194 Phone: (651) 296-7312 or (800) 657-3864 E-mail: elizabeth.brinsmadegpca.state.mn.us Prepared by
@t Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY Sheryl Corrigan, Commissioner Michael J. Sandusky, Environmental Outcomes Division Director Elizabeth Brinsmade - Integrated Report Coordinator Contributors and Authors Craig Affeldt Douglas Hansen Mary Osborn Jesse Anderson Steve Heiskary James Porter Carrie Bartz Jim Hodgson Angela Preimesberger Nolan Baratono Paul Hoff Ralph Pribble Pat Baskfield Louise Hotka Gaylen Reetz Sam Brungardt Tim James Jeff Risberg Joel Chirhart Tim Larson Norman Senjem Dave Christopherson Jim MacArthur Carol Sinden Jennifer Eddleston Molly MacGregor Laurie Sovell Mike Feist Howard Markus Bill Thompson Brian Frederickson Dave Maschwitz Tim Thurnblad Lee Ganske . Sylvia McCollor Mike Vavricka Elizabeth Gelbmann Bruce Monson Dennis Wasley Larry Gunderson Bob Murzyn Acknowledgments Mark Baseletti - Sherburne County Soil and Water Conservation District Rob Burdis - Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Cassie Champion, Steve Kloiber, Cathy Larson, Scott Schellhaus - Metropolitan Council Environmental Services Terry Dukerschein, James Fallon, Jim Fischer, Dave Lorenz, Jim Stark - U.S. Geological Survey Mike Ell - North Dakota Department of Health John Hines, Dan Stoddard, Joe Zachmann - Minnesota Department of Agriculture Chuck Johnson - Rice Creek Watershed District Richard Lacher - Big Fork River Watch John Sullivan - Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources This document summarizes the coordinated efforts of additional staff throughout the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and other agencies that provided extensive information and assistance.
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ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS 319 Section 319 ADB Assessment Database BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CALM Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology CWA Clean Water Act CWP Clean Water Partnership.-
DO Dissolved Oxygen EMAP Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FAV Final Acute Value FS Fully Supporting Hg Mercury IAR Integrated Assessment Report - t .
IBI Index of Biotic Integrity L Liter MCES Metropolitan Council Environmental Services MDHII Minnesota Department of Health MDNR Minnesota Department of Natural Resources MPCA Minnesota Pollution Control Agency MS4s Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems na Not Applicable NHD National Hydrography Dataset NPDES National Permit Discharge Elimination System NPS Nonpoint Source OIRW Outstanding International Resource Waters ORVW Outstanding Resource Value Waters PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls ppb Parts Per Billion' PS Partially Supporting pt. Part R. Rule SIDRS Stream Inventory and Data Retrieval Systems Program STORET EPA water quality data STOrage and RETreival system TMDLs Total Maximum Daily Loads USGS U.S. Geological Survey WQS Water Quality Standards Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Rg/L Microgram per liter or ppb ii
Table of Contents 2004 Integrated Report Surface Water Page Part L INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
........................................... l1 Table I-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened and Impaired Waters - Rivers . ................................. 3 Table I-2. Individual Use Support Summary - Rivers .4 Table I-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Rivers .5 Table I-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Rivers .5 Table 1-5. Individual Use Support Summary - Lakes .6 Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories -Lakes .6 Table I-7. Review of 305(b) Assessed Lakes in ADB and their Categorization ........... 7 Part II. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGY . . 8 A. Types of Monitoring .8 B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives .9 C. Condition Monitoring Strategy .9 D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy .10 E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy .1 F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators .1 G. Monitoring Planning Database . 1 Part III. ASSESSMENT TOOLS ................................................... 12 A. Water Quality Standards Program ..................................................... 12 B. Assessment Units ..................................................... 15 C. Data Management ...................................................... 17 Part IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS . ..................................
18 A. Integrated Assessment Methodology ..................................................... 18 Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards .................. 19 Table IV-2. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Narrative Standards ........... 20-21 Figure IV-1. Example of Professional Judgment Group Transparency Form for Assessed Streams ...................................................... 23 Figure IV-2. Flowchart of Non-Impaired Waters, Impaired Waters and TMDL Listed Waters ...................................................... 24 B. Impaired Waters List ............. 25 iii
Page Part V. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TMDLs ......................... 25 A. TMDL Studies ..................................................... 25 B. Strategies the MPCA Employs in Developing the Restoration Process ....... 26 Part VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES .................................................... 29 A. Phosphorus Strategy ................ 29 B.' Stormwater Program Development ........................... ; 31 Part VII. ECONOMIC COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ................................ 32 Part VIII. LITERATURE CITED ......................... . 35 Part IX. APPENDIXES
'Appendix A (includes Tables 1, 2 and 3, below)
Table 1 - Current Minnesota Condition Monitoring Efforts Table 2 -Problem Investigation Monitoring Designs and Indicators Table 3 - Effectiveness Monitoring Designs Appendix B TMDL List iv
I. INTRODUCTION AND EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) currently conducts a variety of surface and ground water monitoring activities that support our overall mission of helping Minnesotans protect the environment. To be successful preventing and addressing problems, decision-makers need good information about the status of the resources, potential and actual threats, options for addressing the threats, and data on how effective management actions have been. The MPCA's monitoring efforts are focused on providing that critical information. Overall, the MPCA is striving to provide information to assess - and ultimately to restore or protect - the integrity of Minnesota's waters.
Sections 305b and 303d of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) both call for states to report on their waters to help measure progress toward the national goals of fishable and swimmable waters. The MPCA is using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Consolidated Assessment and Listing Methodology (CALM) for its 2004 Integrated Report.
CALM integrates the 305(b) Report with the 303(d) Impaired Waters List. It provides a framework for states and other jurisdictions to document how they collect and use water quality data and information for environmental decision making. The primary purposes of these data analyses are to determine the extent that all waters are attaining water quality standards, to identify waters that are impaired and need to be added to the 303(d) list, and to identify waters that can be removed from the list because they are attaining standards.
The CALM requires States to create several new requirements or approaches to enable the Report and List to be blended:
- delineation of water quality assessment units (AUs) based on the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD);
- status of and progress toward achieving comprehensive assessments of all waters;
- water quality standard attainment status for every AU;
- basis for the water quality standard attainment determinations for every AU;
- additional monitoring that may be needed to determine water quality standard attainment status and, if necessary, to support development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for each pollutant/AU combination;
- schedules for additional monitoring planned for AUs;
- pollutant/AU combinations still requiring TMDLs; and
- TMDL development schedules reflecting the priority ranking of each pollutant/AU combination.
One significant aspect is that all water bodies must be placed into one, and only one, of five categories. The EPA website has a significant amount of information on CALM and how it was developed at: http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/calm.html I
The five categories in CALM are as follows:
Category 1: all designated uses are meeting water quality standards Category 2: some uses are meeting water quality standards and there are insufficient data to assess other uses -
Category 3: there are insufficient data to assess any uses Category 4: at least one use is impaired, but a TMDL is not required fttegowr& WOSas____
As noted above, a reach can only be placed into one Category. For example, if a reach is impaired for one pollutant but the other uses are being met, and a TMDL is required, that reach would be placed into Category 5. Furthermore, if the reach is impaired for more than one pollutant, the reach must stay in Category 5 until ALL pollutants have EPA-approved TMDL plans.
Water Quality Assessments for Rivers and Lakes Presented below are the summary tables for statewide river and lake assessments, using information from the Assessment Database (ADB). An electronic update of the entire ADB is also being submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). ;
Waterbody specific information will be posted on the MPCA Web site, http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/index.html. The methodology for determining these assessments is presented in Part IV, A. of this report.
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Table 1-1. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Rivers Degrees of Use Support Monitored Miles Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses - Category 1 0 Miles Fully Supporting at Least One Use & None Threatened or Impaired - .
Category 2 2171,4 Miles Impaired for One or More Uses - Categories 4 & 5 7219.82 Miles Reviewed but Not Assessed 1011.94 3
Table 1-2. Individual Use Support Summary - Rivers Miles Fully Miles Miles Miles Fully Supporting but Partially Miles Not Miles Not Goals Use Reviewed Supporting Threatened Supporting Supporting Assessed Protect & Enhance Ecosystems Aquatic Life 10403.16 3743.34 0 477.63 2587.04 3595.15 Fish Consumption 10403.16 0 0 0 4823.65 5579.51 Protect & Enhance Public Health Swimming 10403.16 1023.86 0 477.72 743.8 8157.78 4
Table 1-3. Total Miles of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Rivers Integrated 2004 Assessed Reporting Miles Cause/Stressor Category Miles Impaired - Impaired*
PCBs 62.85 1053.47 Ammonia 0 168.86 Chlorine 14.26 47.13 pH 0 45.8 Organic enrichment/Low DO 230.96 808.32 Pathogen Indicators 337.66 1591.62 Mercury 218.43 5227.96 Biology (Fish) 504.9 1609.29 Biology (Invertebrates) 188.39 188.39 Turbidity 438.82 1824.66 Temperature 0 8.27 DDT 0 18.86 Dieldrin 0 18.86 Dioxin 0 12.62 Toxaphene 0 12.62
- Integrated Reporting Miles reflects causes of impairment from all data in the Assessment Database including data brought forward from previous TMDL lists.
Table 1-4. Summary of Fully Supporting, Threatened, and Impaired Waters - Lakes Assessments Total Assessed Degree of Use Support Evaluated Monitored Acres Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses 224041 -1030753 1254794 Acres Fully Supporting All Assessed Uses, but threatened for at least One Use 0 0 0 Acres Impaired for One or More Uses 307169 982460 1289629 Acres Not Attainable for Any Use and Not Included in the Line Items Above 0 0 0 5
Table 1-5. Individual Use Su port Summar (2004 Only) - Lakes - -
Acres
. .Fully
- Acres Supportln Acres
- - :Acres Fully g but . Partially 'Acres Not Assesse, Supportin Threatene Supportin Supportin Acres Not Goals Uses d a d a a Attainable Protect and Enhance Ecosystems . l Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic -
Health Recreation 2544423 1254794 0 872779 416850 0 Protect and Enhance Public Aquatic Health Consumption 12516 0 0 0 12516 0 Social and Economic .
Table 1-6. Total Acres of Waters Impaired by Various Cause/Stressor Categories - Lakes Acres of Waters by Contribution to Impairment CauselStressor Category 2004 Only Integ rated Nutrients 20992 94542 Mercury Fish Consumption Advisories 12516 3696719.5 PCBs 0 1640218.5 6
Table 1-7. Review of 305b assessed lakes in ADB and their categorization
_ _ X _ _ _ _ Evaluated Monitored Total Numbers: Total number of lakes assessed for 305b below. 1048 1745 2793 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 568 921 1489 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 142 130 272 v Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 338 694 1032 Acres: Total lake acres assessed for 305b below: 531210 2013213 2544423 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting 224041 1030753 1254794 1254794 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting 222242 650537 872779 872779 Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting 84927 331923 416850 416850 307169 982460 1289629 2544423 Categorization of 305b Lake Assessments (Acres): _ X Category Category Category Category Category
- 2 3A 3B 5A 5C Total Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Evaluated) 68157 0 0 4403 151481 224041 Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Monitored) 174732 0 0 5968 850053 1030753 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Evaluated) 0 0 22309 0 199933 222242 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 33129 410 616998 650537 Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Evaluated) 0 24 54475 0 30428 84927
_ Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 137881 36119 157923 331923
-_ 2544423 Categorization of 305b Lake Assessments (Numbers):_
Category Category Category Category Category
_ __3A = 2 3B 5A 5C Total Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Evaluated) 417 0 0 8 142 567
_ Assessed for 305b as Fully Supporting (Monitored) 619 0 0 7 295 921 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Evaluated) 0 0 110 0 32 142 Assessed for 305b as Partially Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 94 1 35 130
________ LAssessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Evaluated) 0 1 268 0 69 338
_Assessed for 305b as Not Supporting (Monitored) 0 0 451 45 199 695 2793 7
II. MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGY A. Types of Monitoring The MPCA categorizes its environmental monitoring efforts by the purpose for the monitoring and how the information is assessed and used. In general, water monitoring efforts can be grouped into three "use" categories as follows:
- Condition monitoring: This type of monitoring is used to identify overall environmental status and trends by examining the condition of individual waterbodies or aquifers in terms of their ability to meet established standards and criteria. Condition monitoring may include chemical, physical or biological measures. The focus of condition monitoring is on understanding the status of the resource, identifying changes over time, and identifying and defining problems at the overall system level. Examples include routine surface water monitoring, basin monitoring, Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) listing activities, and the ambient ground water network.
- Problem InvestigationMonitoring: This monitoring involves investigating specific problems or protection concerns to allow for the development of a management approach to protect or improve the resource. Problem investigation monitoring is used to determine the specific causes of impairments to water or ground water and to quantify inputs/loads from various sources. It is also used to determine the actions needed to return a resource to a condition that meets standards or goals. Examples include Clean Water Partnership (CWP) and Section 319 (319) projects, TMDL development, site assessment, and investigation of specific ground water issues, such as pesticides.
- Effectiveness Monitoring: This is used to determine the effectiveness of specific regulatory or voluntary management actions taken to remediate contaminated water. Effectiveness monitoring allows for the evaluation and refinement of the management approach to ensure it is ultimately successful. Examples include environmental monitoring associated with a permitted facility, implementation monitoring for TMDLs, CWPs and 319 projects, drinking water system monitoring, and monitoring associated with a particular best management practice. Another example of effectiveness monitoring is effluent monitoring done to assess the compliance of a facility with a permit, rule or statute (i.e. compliance tracking) and to provide information on the effect of regulatory actions on inputs to water bodies (not the effects on the water body itself).
While there are similarities among the three monitoring types and the definitions are not meant to be exclusive and rigid, the definitions do help to distinguish between the various purposes for monitoring. Perhaps the greatest area of overlap is found between effectiveness and condition monitoring. In this case, the difference between the two is largely a matter of scale.
Effectiveness monitoring is done at the management scale, to evaluate particular management actions. In contrast, condition monitoring can be used to track the system-wide effectiveness of environmental protection efforts. In discussing the elements of the monitoring program strategy, it will be important to distinguish among the three types of monitoring, since many elements are different depending on the type of monitoring.
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B. Monitoring Goals and Objectives Minnesota has several sets of goals and objectives related to monitoring. MPCA has adopted three strategic goals to drive its water quality protection and restoration efforts (both point and nonpoint) and achieve its vision of clean, fishable and swimmable surface waters. For nonpoint source pollution, a consortium of federal, state and local organizations have adopted water monitoring'goals, as part of the 319 planning process.
MPCA'S STRATEGIC GOALS FOR WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION
- Goal W. 1. Assess the chemical, physical and biological integrity of lakes, streams and wetlands to identify if designated uses are being met, and to provide information on the condition of waters.
- Goal W.2. Maintain and enhance the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands so that water quality standards and designated uses are met and degradation is prevented.
- Goal W.3. Restore the chemical, physical and biological integrity of Minnesota lakes, streams and wetlands that do not support designated uses.
Each of the goals contains several specific, measurable objectives to set direction for all of the agency's surface water quality work, including monitoring. While the monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1 are clearly articulated, the monitoring components of the other two goals are implied.
Monitoring objectives for Goal W. 1. are as follows.
Obj. Wla) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and increase assessment of streams to 33 percent.
Obj. Wlb) By December 31, 2014, gather water quality data and assess 100 percent of the lakes /larger than 500 acres.
Obj. Wlc) By December 31, 2014, gather data and increase assessment to 25 percent of the state's depressional wetlands.
C. Condition Monitoring Strategy LAKES AND STREAMS Minnesota's statewide surface water quality assessment strategy has four data collection components: 1. MPCA stream and lake monitoring; 2. stream and lake data collected by other organizations; 3. remote sensing; and 4. citizen monitoring. Each of these components contributes important data to the system that results in both geographic coverage and data confidence.
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For both lakes and streams, the MPCA considers this four component strategy of data collection to be sufficient for fully assessing streams and lakes in Minnesota over a 10-year cycle. This strategy is considered complete, in that it builds on a foundation of citizen monitoring, remote sensing, and other information to direct attention to waters that may be changing or indicating impairment for further assessment.
Further details on the condition monitoring strategy can be found in Minnesota's Monitoring Program Strategy (now in draft).
Condition monitoring on streams conducted by MPCA staff includes long-term monitoring at fixed sites, integrated stream monitoring, river nutrient monitoring and monitoring for trace metals. n Statistically Based Monitoring Program The MPCA's "integrated, statistically based" stream-monitoring program uses a random-site approach to gain a statistically valid representation of overall water quality in a given area. Fifty to 60 sites are chosen within a basin, using EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) random site-selection protocol. The monitoring focuses on biological measures, with the sites being examined for fish, macroinvertebrates and habitat, plus flow and basic water chemistry. Additional sites are monitored as reference sites to develop the necessary ecoregion-specific biocriteria for assessing stream health.
By eliminating the bias that can result from selectively targeting sites, the design achieves a representative sample that allows extrapolation from a relatively small number of sites to the entire population of rivers and streams within the basin. (The same concept is used in political polling, where the results of a small number of randomly selected interviews can represent the opinions of a much larger population.)
Fieldwork has been done in the St. Croix, Lake Superior, Upper Mississippi, and Minnesota River basins; analysis of the data has been done and reported for the St. Croix basin, with analysis for the others in preparation.
In upcoming years the program will cover all the basins of the state, providing for the first time an unbiased assessment of overall stream and river water quality for the state as a whole.
D. Problem Investigation Monitoring Strategy Minnesota's problem investigation monitoring strategy is built on two cornerstones - the impaired waters program and the basin management planning process - and includes monitoring by a variety of entities, depending on the purpose.
10
Within these two cornerstones - the impaired waters program and the basin management process
- the problem investigation monitoring work is accomplished. Minnesota's strategy relies on a variety of partners to conduct problem investigation monitoring:
- monitoring by regulated parties for most of its regulatory programs [National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)],
- a mix of MPCA and MPCA-contracted monitoring for its TMDL studies,
- local monitoring for locally-identified problems or protection concerns (through CWP, county water planning, local lake associations, etc.),
- MPCA monitoring to fill gaps and for special projects (fish kills, wasteloads, etc.), and
- monitoring by other organizations for additional needs [U.S. Geological Survey (USGS),
Metropolitan Council Environmental Services].
E. Effectiveness Monitoring Strategy Much like problem investigation monitoring, the state's effectiveness monitoring strategy relies on monitoring activities by a variety of parties. On a project scale, regulated parties, local implementers, MPCA contractors, other organizations and MPCA conduct effectiveness monitoring to evaluate specific management practices or groups of practices in a specific area.
And, as in problem investigation monitoring, project-scale effectiveness monitoring will be targeted to the priorities of Minnesota's impaired waters list, as those projects are implemented.
F. Surface Water Monitoring Purposes, Designs and Indicators Tables 1, 2 and 3 (see Appendix A) describe current Condition, Problem Investigation and' Effectiveness monitoring activities, respectively. Each table provides information on the -
monitoring activity: activity start date, purpose, description of monitoring with an indication of the type of monitoring design to meet the specific monitoring purpose, and indicators.
G. Monitoring Planning Database In 2002, MPCA conducted a comprehensive evaluation of all of its monitoring programs. The report assessed MPCA's monitoring projects to identify needs and gaps, opportunities and ways to make the projects more efficient and effective. The report included a series of recommendations that applied across the media and recommendations for surface water monitoring.
A primary need identified in the monitoring evaluation (and the evaluation's first recommendation) was the need for an annual planning process for identifying and coordinating monitoring efforts and needs. The Monitoring Leadership Team (supervisors and managers involved in all three types of monitoring, responsible for coordinating surface water monitoring at a strategic level) has authorized development of a prototype database for use in annual monitoring planning. Monitoring staff will enter their monitoring plans into the database annually, which then will be available to staff and management for planning and coordination purposes. This will serve as a first step in establishing an annual planning process, and will be evaluated for effectiveness.
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M. ASSESSMENT TOOLS A. Water Quality Standards Program INTRODUCTION =
At the heart of the assessment process are the beneficial uses we derive from our water resources and the water quality standards (WQS) that protect these uses. WQS are the fundamental benchmarks by which the quality of surface waters is measured. WQS have been adopted into Minnesota's administrative rules, principally Minn. R. chs. 7050 and 7052.
BENEFICIAL USE CLASSES FOR SURFACE WATERS The beneficial use classification system adopted into Minnesota's water quality rules in the late 1960s is essentially unchanged, except that limited resource value waters (Class 7) were added in 1980. In the Minnesota system, all surface waters are classified and protected for fisheries and recreation, unless they are classified as limited resource value waters. Also, all surface waters are protected for multiple beneficial uses (Minn. R. pts. 7050.0400 - 7050.0470). Surface waters include lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands, temporary pools, and man-made as well as natural water bodies.
Minnesota R. ch. 7050 identifies seven'beneficial uses as listed below. The use class numbers 1-7 are not intended to imply a priority rank to the uses.
Use Class Beneficial Use Class 1 Drinking water Class 2 Aquatic life and recreation (swimming)
Class 3 Industrial use and cooling Class 4A Agricultural use, irrigation Class 4B Agricultural use, livestock and wildlife watering Class 5 Aesthetics and navigation Class 6 Other uses Class 7 Limited resource value waters (not fully protected for aquatic life due to lack of water, lack of habitat or extensive physical alterations)
Class 1 through 3 waters have further been divided into subclasses. Since the goal of the CWA is 'fishable and swimmable' waters, Minnesota assesses waters with respect to Class 2 subclasses as follows:
Class 2A Cold water fisheries, trout waters Class 2Bd Cool and warm water fisheries, in addition these waters are protected as a source of drinking waters -
Class 2B Cool and warm water fisheries (not protected for drinking water)
Class 2C Indigenous fish and associated aquatic community Class 2D Wetlands 12
Protection of aquatic life and recreation means the maintenance of healthy, diverse and successfully reproducing populations of aquatic organisms; and the maintenance of conditions suitable and safe for swimming and other forms of water recreation. This is consistent with the goal in the CWA that the nation's waters should be "fishable and swimmable" wherever attainable. Class 7 waters are not able to support a fishery due to lack of water, habitat and extensive alterations; most are headwater channelized ditches. About one percent (approximately 900-950 miles) of Minnesota's 92,000 miles of rivers and streams are limited resource value waters.
Both Class 2 and Class 7 waters, i.e., all surface waters of the state, are also protected for industrial (Class 3), agricultural (Class 4A&B), aesthetics and navigation (Class 5), and other uses (Class 6). For example, the St. Croix River from the dam in Taylors Falls to its mouth is classified as IC, 2Bd, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5 and 6; and is therefore protected for all uses defined by these use classes (Minn. R. pt. 7050.0470, subp. 6). If a pollutant has numerical standards in more than one beneficial use class, the most stringent applies.
All ground waters, but only selected surface waters, such as the St. Croix example cited above, are protected as a source of drinking water (Class 1). The federal drinking water standards apply to these waters.
Drinking Water Assessments At the present time the MPCA does not assess surface waters of the state for drinking water; however, discussions have been held with the Minnesota Department of Health on the subject.
The agencies are investigating the possibility of making such assessments, and staffs have attended source water protection meetings with the municipal water suppliers for the major metropolitan cities of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and St. Cloud, Minnesota. These three cities all use surface waters in their municipal supplies and provide drinking water to a large portion of the state's population. They have helped the state agencies to identify some of their contaminants of concern in intake waters that presently fall within current monitoring strategies and others which are not currently being monitored. These initial steps will be followed by a more statewide review of contaminants of concern for present municipal water suppliers who use surface waters.
NUMERICAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A numerical water quality standard (WQS) is a safe concentration of a pollutant in water, associated with a specific beneficial use. Numerical standards are associated with all use classes except Class 6 (other uses). Ideally, if the standard is not exceeded, the use will be protected.
However,-nature is extremely complex and variable, and the MPCA must use a variety of tools in addition to numerical standards, such as biological monitoring, to fully assess beneficial uses.
Surface waters are assessed for this Report only with respect to Class 2 standards. However, compliance with the Class 2 standards will, with some exceptions, protect the usually less sensitive Class 3, 4, 5 and 6 beneficial uses.
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All Class 2 standards for toxic pollutants have three parts'.
- Chronic standard
- Maximum standard, and
- Final Acute Value (FAV)
The chronic standard is the highest concentration of a toxicant to which aquatic organisms can be exposed indefinitely with no harmful effects to the organism itself, or to human or wildlife consumers of aquatic organisms. The maximum standard protects aquatic organisms from potential lethal effects of a short-term "spike" in toxicant concentrations. The maximum standard is always equal to one half the Final Acute Value (FAV). The FAV is most often used as an "end-of-pipe" effluent limit to prevent an acutely toxic condition in the effluent or the mixing zone.
Class 2 chronic standards are based on one of three "end points", as listed below.
- Toxicity-based. The chronic standard is based on the direct toxicity of the toxicant to fish and other aquatic life.
- Human Health-based. The chronic standard is based on the protection of people that eat fish from Minnesota waters (and drink the water, if the surface water is also a Class 1 water).
Wildlife-based. The chronic standard is based on the protection of wildlife species that eat aquatic organisms (Minn. R. ch. 7052 has four wildlife-based standards, Minn. R. ch.
7050 has none).
Both toxicity-based and human health-based criterions are calculated by the MPCA, and the more restrictive of the two is adopted into Minn. R. ch. 7050 as the applicable chronic standard.
Wildlife-based criteria have not been calculated outside of those adopted in Minn. R. ch. 7052.
Minn. R. ch. 7052 is the Great Lakes Initiative Rule, applicable only to the Lake Superior basin.
Maximum standards and FAVs are always toxicity-based, never human health or wildlife-based.
Most of Minnesota's aquatic life (Class 2) standards are based on EPA aquatic life criteria. The EPA develops and publishes aquatic life criteria as required by Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act.
NARRATIVE WATER QUALITY STANDARDS A narrative water quality standard (WQS) is a standard that prohibits unacceptable conditions in or upon the water, such as floating solids, scums, visible oil film, or nuisance algae blooms.
Narrative standards are sometimes called "free froms" because they help keep surface waters free from very fundamental and basic forms of water pollution. The association between the standard and beneficial use is less well defined for narrative standards than it is for numerical standards; however, most narrative standards protect aesthetic or aquatic life beneficial uses.
Because narrative standards are not quantitative, the determination that one has been exceeded typically requires a "weight of evidence" approach to data analysis showing a consistent pattern of violations. There is an unavoidable element of professional judgment involved in using Un-ionized ammonia, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, hexachlorobenzene, and vinyl chloride have only a chronic standard and no maximum standard or final acute value.
14
narrative standards to determine impairment. The narrative standards most relevant to 305(b) assessments are found in Minn. R. pts. 7050.0150 and 7050.0222 subp. 7. These standards protect surface waters and aquatic biota from:
- Eutrophication (particularly lakes)
- Impairment of the biological community
- Impairment of fish for human consumption NONDEGRADATION Nondegradation (equivalent to the federal term, antidegradation) is a third element of water quality standards, in addition to (1) numeric or narrative'standards and (2) the beneficial uses.
The fundamental concept of nondegradation is the protection of water bodies whose quality is better than the applicable standards, so that the existing high quality is maintained and not allowed to degrade down to the level of the WQS.
Federal guidance establishes three levels or tiers of nondegradation. The first level is, at a minimum, waters should be in compliance with WQS, and that beneficial uses should be protected. Level two is the protection of waters that have quality better than standards so the existing high quality is maintained, unless there is a social and economic need to degrade the waters down to the level of the standards (Minn. R. 7050.0185). The third level, which provides the highest level of protection from pollution, are waters designated as outstanding, very sensitive or unique resources (Minn. R. 7050.0180). The MPCA has specifically designated a number of waters that are special for a variety of reasons. In Minnesota these special waters are called Outstanding Resource Value Waters (ORVW). There are two categories of ORVWs, "prohibited" and "restricted". New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are entirely prohibited to the first category (examples are waters in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Voyagers National Park). New or expanded point and nonpoint sources of pollution are prohibited to the restricted category unless the discharger can demonstrate there is no "prudent or feasible alternative" to allowing the increased pollutant loading (examples in the restricted category are Lake Superior and federal and state designated scenic and recreational river segments such as the St. Croix River). In addition to designated ORVWs, which are located statewide, all surface waters in the Lake Superior basin are designated as Outstanding International Resource Waters (OIRW) (Minn. R. 7052.0300)., Implementation of nondegradation for OIRW waters focuses on reducing the loading of bioaccumulative pollutants to the Lake Superior basin because of the sensitivity of the Lake Superior ecosystem to these pollutants.
B. Assessment Units Assessments of use support in Minnesota are made for individual water bodies. The water body unit used for river system assessments is the river reach or "assessment reach". A river reach extends from one significant tributary river to another and is typically less than 20 miles in length. The reach may be further divided into two or more assessment reaches when there is a change in the use classification (as defined in Minn. R. ch. 7050), or when there is a significant morphological feature such as a dam, or a lake within the reach. In the past, Minnesota used EPA's Reach File 1 to define reaches. Many of our current assessment reaches are Reach File I 15
reaches, or subsegments of Reach File 1 reaches. MPCA is now using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) to identify stream segment locations because it provides a much more complete accounting of all the streams in the State. All of our assessment reaches will be indexed to the NHD. Each water body is identified by a unique water body identifier code, comprised of the USGS eight digit hydrologic unit code plus the three digit assessment reach. It is for these specific reaches that the data are evaluated for potential use impairment.
The MPCA has routinely relied on Bulletin 25 [Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) 1968] as the primary basis for identifying lakes and reservoirs. However, some "lakes" listed in Bulletin 25 are really wetlands. If a "lake" basin in Bulletin 25 is listed as a wetland on the MDNR Public Waters Inventory, it will be considered a Class 2D wetland, and it will be protected for the maintenance of a healthy aquatic community and for boating and other forms of aquatic recreation for which they are suitable. This may exclude swimming because the shallow water, soft bottom substrates and plentiful vegetation make many wetlands unattractive for swimming.
Also, to help define reservoirs for assessment of the impacts of excess nutrients the MPCA will use a minimum hydraulic residence time of 14 days. Reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days will not be assessed as lakes. For this purpose, residence times are usually determined under conditions of low flow. 2 The MPCA may establish a minimum residence time of less than 14 days on a site-specific basis if credible scientific evidence shows that a shorter residence time is appropriate for that reservoir. The 14-day residence time was originally established as part of the "Phosphorus Strategy" to guide the MPCA in the application of the 1 mg/L phosphorus effluent limit in Minn. R. pt. 7050.0211 (MPCA 2000). The 14-day residence time is consistent with EPA's current guidance, which recommends that reservoirs with residence times less than 14 days be included with rivers for the purposes of nutrient criteria development (EPA 2000a, Kennedy 2001).
The application of residence time is relevant in the assessment of eutrophication described here, since the nutrient impairment threshold values are applied to lakes and reservoirs rather than rivers. The eutrophication of rivers is a concern, but the assessment of rivers will require the development of separate river-specific eutrophication thresholds. The professional judgment teams will consider residence time as part of their "weight of evidence" review.
Bulletin 25 provides unique identification numbers for all lakes greater than 10 acres in size in Minnesota (15,291 listed). The Bulletin 25 numbers serve as the EPA's water quality data Storage and Retrieval System (STORET) station numbers; for example, 27-0104 is Medicine Lake in Hennepin County. In addition to the 6-digit numbers, a 2-digit suffix may be added as a basis for defining distinct bays in a lake (e.g., 27-0133-01 = Grays Bay in Lake Minnetonka).
The bay suffixes are assigned consecutively, starting with the most downstream-(outlet) bay as
" " and so on.
2 A mean flow for the four-month summer season (June-September) with a once in ten-year recurrence interval is normally used.
16
Bulletin 25 also provides surface acreage and location information for each lake listed. Lake acreage used by MPCA in lake assessments are drawn from Bulletin 25 or bathymetric maps, whichever source is most current at the time the lake sampling station is established in STORET.
The MDNR public waters inventory, which encompasses Bulletin 25, is an additional source of identification numbers and is updated routinely as new water bodies are identified (e.g., mine pit lakes). While the Public Waters Inventory may include water bodies less than 10 acres in size, MPCA assessments for the 303(d) list will only consider lakes of 10 acres or greater.
Typically, the listing of impaired waters is by individual NHD reach or individual lake. The major exception to this is the listing of river reaches for contaminants in fish tissue. Over the time it takes fish, particularly game fish, to grow to "catchable" size and accumulate pollutants to unacceptable levels there is a good chance some have moved considerable distance from the site where they were sampled. The impaired reach is defined by the location of significant barriers to fish movement such as dams upstream and downstream of the sampled reach. Thus, the impaired reaches often include several NHD reaches.
The state of Minnesota uses the figure of 91,944 stream miles. This figure is from a 1981 report from the MDNR Office of Planning. That report references a total of 37,793 watercourses, or some 147,930 kilometers (91,944 miles) of streams, rivers and ditches indexed in the MDNR Stream Inventory and Data Retrieval Systems Program (SIDRS). The database contains the center trace of most of the watercourses shown on the large scale (1:24,000 or 1:62,500) topographic maps covering Minnesota. The 77,456 stream miles figure in the NHD is based on the 1:100,000 scale NHD linework. MPCA and MDNR staff agree that the discrepancies come in the forms of fewer intermittent stream/rivers, fewer ditches, and less sinuosity due to the larger, less detailed NHD scale.
C. Data Management The MPCA stores surface water monitoring data in EPA's STORET system. In the last few years, STORET has undergone an extensive modernization process led by the EPA.
It is MPCA policy that all water quality monitoring data required or paid for by MPCA be entered into STORET. Projects funded by MPCA include 319 projects, CWP projects, and more recently, TMDL projects.
It is also MPCA policy to use all credible and relevant monitoring data collected by others for its assessment activities. Because of this policy, many local projects not funded by MPCA choose to submit data to the Agency in STORET-ready format. These projects will then also have their data accessible to a variety of users through the MPCA's Environmental Data Access Initiative.
In fall, 2002, a call for data was sent out to agencies and organizations that either collected water monitoring data or used data collected by others, asking if they would be interested in submitting their data to the MPCA.
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IV. INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT PROCESS A. Integrated Assessment Methodology.
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the fundamental data and information requirements for 305(b) and 303(d) use-support and impairment determinations for all categories of pollutants. Pre-assessments are made automatically following the methodology reflected in Tables 1 and 2. As reflected in these tables, there are some water bodies for which a 305(b) assessment will indicate impairments but for which there is insufficient data to determinea TMDL impairment.
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Table IV-1. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Numeric Standards. I -
Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds:
Values*, and Data
- Number or Percent Exceedances of Chronic Standards 305(b) Report, or' Treatment 303(d) List . Use S pport or Listing Category stand,, ds ~
305(b) 5 values in3 years Fully t"N supportin
@ AA ' g Ifik na
-~ . Not supporting 30()5 values in 3 years Not listed - na . Listed 2
a~nd~ater~ulit}e i, 305(b) - values in 3 years Not assessed for. na Not assessed for
- _ _ _ _ ec1ofrnSp1
_ _ _ _ _ eenxcqq
_ _ _ _ _ _ n~4
_ _ *10 305(b . 10A-S . 305(b)__
.- 303(d). - 5 values in 3 years Not listed z', XYMXi na Listed e305(b)
FeaKoiom tp2 I{me fhodshj6nnh X 10 values in 10 years J
Fully supporting o~~ts Prilysupporting
>2oth Not supporting
. 70()10 values in 10 years -Not listed Listed .Listed 305(b) 10 values in 10 years Fully supporting Step 2 na 303(d) 10 values in 10 years Not listed Ste 2 na 305(b) Geometric mean of 5 Full supporting Partially supporting Not supporting
. 05(b) . values 5 over 10 years for . - .
_______________ - each month _________________
303(d) : Geometric mean of 5 Not listed Listed Listed
- . .k . .
~values over 10 years for .:A ,1
.___ _ _, __ _ _. _ each month __ _ =.__
305(b) 10 values in 10 years Full supporting Partially supporting Not supporting 303(d) 10 values in 10 years Not listed Listed Listed
- -Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise.
na = not applicable.
There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments.
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Table IV-2. Summary of Data Needed for Water Quality Assessments for 305(b) Report and 303(d) List for Use Support and Impairment Determinations, for Pollutants with Narrative Standards.
Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds:
Values*, and Data
- Eutrophication Guideline values Treatment I IBI Scores 305 (b) Report, or
- Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 303(d) List Use Support or Listing Category :
Etutioph c-ation (lakes) Toaghslou-. <0~gL3-5 ~ >5jt/
Nohern Lakes and Chlorophllyg/L -* <10, 10412 .'/! , >1.2 ts ,oreion ,ch Sec i-diski k6etr -etrs 11h4m'-' s<'4meer ^
- 305(b) I total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk . - Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list Eutrphication (lake so . Total'posphoru's <- ~ 40 jCg/L ) 40 45 pRW Ž4 "
orhetaHa .dwA.
SFor~ests Ecoregion6z~
~ Chlorophyll-a--
Secchi disk3 -fi
. *I Xgp'g/LS D,X
Ž1.2 mneters
§ '; 5-8gWL' 2 1, -i^ 'I meter r>
s><:
18g/
<1. metes'-.<
-F 305(b) 1 total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list Eiti~ojdiatiou (lke)' ota phosphoriis-4 <<7 ,gL '7-y<9-0' <<e4te 5, ,:>90i~ K'
.Nortenglcatdlins Ch> pylAdz*Sa ,24x4g/L.' ^^.
'7-'-24 32iJ-i'. i"2g
.d We o Belt, t metr .
305(b) I total phosphorus, Full supporting Partially Potentially chlorophyll-a or Secchi supporting Not supporting to disk Not supporting 303(d) 12 total phosphorus, Not listed Review, to Listed 12 chlorophyll-a and determine to list or 12 Secchi disk not list
- Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise.
- Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step I of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments.
20
Table IV-2. continuescl II I Pollutant Category Minimum Number of Exceedance Thresholds:
Values*, and Data
- IBI Scores Treatment
- Contaminant Levels in Fish Tissue 305 (b) Report, or Use Support or Listing Category 303(d) Llst .-
Reau mgi ,xc~lnt n lror, ter`y
!5 coe BI*,ai-D-screpant I j ten 4'Uhehl ZBI < l 1 BI, 114n See Section IX.B. Fully Partially Not
. supporting supporting supporting See Section IX.B Not listed Listed Listed Water bodies with fish Information na Information consumption advice I mean concentration, by Not listed na Listed lake by species by size, over most recent 5-year period having data
- Values are individual or single data points. Exceedance thresholds are of individual values unless noted otherwise.
- Assessment of mercury fish tissue data not limited to most recent 10 years. na = not applicable. There is no "partially supporting" or "review" category for toxics and fish tissue contaminants, no "not supporting" or "listed" category for step 1 of fecal coliform assessments, and no specific minimum data requirements for biological and fish tissue contaminant assessments.
These pre-assessments are then reviewed by professional judgment teams, as part of 305(b) and 303(d) efforts. Incorporation of professional judgment teams recognizes the value and necessity of including professional judgment as a "formal" step in assessments. No assessment guidance and protocol, no matter how detailed, can address all the unforeseen aspects of the multi-step assessment process. Under the process, a professional judgment team is formed for each basin.
The team is made up, for example, of regional MPCA basin coordinators knowledgeable about local water quality issues, WPCA monitoring and data assessment staff, and staff from organizations outside the MPCA whose data were used in the assessments, if appropriate. The professional judgment teams meet to review how the data were used arid interpreted, and whether outside data were used appropriately. They determine whether the data (possibly data combined from more than one source) are adequate and appropriate for making statements about use-support and about causes of impairment (such as low dissolved oxygen or high phosphorus, etc.).
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MPCA staff and a professional judgment team compare monitoring data from all sources to the WQSs for a specific stream reach or lake to assess protection of beneficial uses. If data are available to assess more than one type of standard that protect the same beneficial use, exceedance of any applicable standard normally indicates impairment. This concept is called "independent application." In general, independent application means that a water body should meet multiple assessment tests (standards) to be considered un-impaired for a given use. This is consistent with the national and state -goal to protect the "chemical, physical and biological integrity" of surface waters, and it is consistent with EPA guidance. EPA's discussion of independent application is the integration of assessments of, 1) chemical-specific data,
- 2) biological assessments, and 3) whole effluent toxicity testing (EPA 1991). The independent tests must apply to the same beneficial use. Independent application does not apply when assessing different uses, such as aquatic life (toxicity), fish consumption (human health),
swimming or aesthetics.. Assessments for different uses are carried out separately.
The professional judgment team's first step in making impairment decisions is to review the results of an "automated" pre-assessment of the available chemical and biological data. The pre-assessment is a computerized screening of the data which identifies water bodies meeting minimum data requirements, appropriate periods of record, and showing the necessary exceedances of impairment thresholds. Following a review of the pre-assessment results, the team considers a wide range of factors that can affect water quality, and use impairment. For examples the team may consider:
- The quality and quantity of all available data,
- The magnitude, duration and frequency of exceedances,
- Timing of exceedances,
- Naturally occurring conditions that affect pollutant concentrations and toxicity,
- Weather and flow conditions,
- Consistency of the preliminary assessment with information on other numeric or narrative WQSs,
- Known influences on water quality in the watershed, and
- Any changes in the watershed that have changed water quality.
The MPCA assembles the professional judgment teams and chairs the meetings; and the MPCA takes responsibility for all team decisions regarding impairment. While consensus on impairment decisions is the goal, and is normally achieved, if consensus can't be obtained, the MPCA will make the final decision. All professional judgment decisions are recorded on a professional judgment group "transparency" form for assessed streams (see Figure IV- 1), so that readers can understand how the decision was reached.
Each water body is assigned to an integrated assessment report category, as shown in the flow chart in Figure IV-2.
22
Figure IV-1.
Example HUC AUID Seg Miles ReachName Reach Description 07010103 503 131 2.85 Mississippi R Grand Rapids dam to Prairie R Aquatic life-preliminary assessment PS Final assessment PS Based on Dissolved Oxygen AQL assessment quality (Excellent, good, fair, poor) Excellent Factors used, please describe A. Timing of exceedances B. Magnitude of exceedances C. Seasonality of exceedances D. Naturally occurring conditions_
E. Combination of narrative and numeric standards F. Known point and nonpoint influences inthe watershed_
G. Additional data _being collected by PCA-Brainerd staff to confirm validity of impairment listing_
Aquatic recreation use-preliminary assessment FS Final assessment FS_
Aquatic recreation assessment quality (Excellent, good, fair, poor) Poor________
Fish consumption use NS_
1998 TMDL listing (Y/N)_Y__ Which pollutants DO_
2002 TMDL listing (Y/N) Y_ Which pollutants DO, Mercury FCA 2004 Impairment (4 or 5) (Y/N)__ Which pollutants_ DO, Mercur FCA j Delisting status (if applicable)
IAR category 5 Additional Comments Recommend additional DO measurements during similar flow and dam setting conditions as original exceedances.
23
Figure IV-2 Assessment units (AUs) linked to the NHD reaches I
Is data available to insufficient or no data and information support attainment L.No ctgyto determine if any designated decision for at least one use?
use is attained.
Non-impaired Yes Waters:
Is the water quality Attaining the water quality standard s. I I standard attained and no use threatened?
Nto
-Yea and no use is threatened.
Are some uses attained, Attaining some of the designated uses; none threatened and sCategory no use is threatened; and insufficient or y s2 no data and information is available to insufficient data for others? determine if the remaining uses are attained or threatened.
No 4I Are all impairments and Impaired or threatened for one or more threats not caused by a - Yes Categoy designated uses but does not require 4 / the development of a TMDL because pollutant? impairment is not caused by a pollutant.
No . .
I Impaired or threatened for one or more i
Has a TMDL been designated uses but does not require completed for each
- Yea Category the development of a TMDL because the pollutant causing or threatening impairment?
TMDL has been completed.
- : Impaired Waters No Impaired or threatened for one or more .
designated uses but does not require . .
F.
the development of a TMDL because Is the AU expected to meet Iwater quality standards in a reasonable time?
I No Yes (ategO 4b other pollution control requirements are reasonably expected to result in the attainment of the water quality standard in the near future.
- i Does TMDL screening process indicate YaThCategory The water quality standard is not attained.
Go.Te AU is impaired or threatened for one TMDL Listed Waters impairment? 5 or more designated uses by a pollutant(s),
\and requires a TMDL. 1303(d) list]
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B. IMPAIRED WATERS LIST CURRENT STATUS The table below contains the pollutants listed in the MPCA's draft 2004 Impaired Waters List (Appendix B) and the number of impairments in streams and lakes caused by each. Only nine percent of river miles and 14 percent of lakes in Minnesota have sufficient data for the-MPCA to determine whether they are impaired.
Bioaccumulative toxics include mercury, PCBs, DDT, dieldrin, dioxin and toxaphene.
Impairments due to mercury in water and fish tissues account for 92 percent of the bioaccumulative total and 65 percent of all the impairments on the 2004 draft impaired waters list.
Pollutant # impairments Ammonia 13 Bioaccumulative toxics 1367 Chlorides '3 Excess nutrients 153 Fecal coliform 102 Impaired biota 112 Low dissolved oxygen 45 pH 2 Temperature 1 Turbidity 118 A separate 303d impaired waters list is being submitted to EPA, but it is MPCA's intent to use version 2.X of the EPA Assessment Database (ADB) for integrated reporting. The category 5 assessment units in the ADB will match with the submitted impaired waters list.
PUBLIC PROCESS FOR THE IMPAIRED WATERS LIST A series of informational public meetings throughout the state were scheduled two months before the draft list was due. At the same time, notice of the availability of a draft list for review and comment was placed in the State Register (for January 12, 2003), plus letters were again mailed to more than 300 individuals and groups.
V. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TMDLs A. TMDL Studies In most cases, TMDL project schedules priorities for the 303(d) impaired waters list are set by the MPCA in consultation with external basin teams' that help develop basin plans. They consider several criteria, including: environmental factors (severity and designated beneficial use); readiness/capacity to participate in or lead the project, project complexity; opportunities for 25
efficiencies (watershed or regional projects); coordination with other existing or planned watershed efforts, and permitting schedules.
WHAT IS A TMDL STUDY?
For each pollutant that causes a water body to fail to meet applicable water quality standards, the Clean Water Act requires the states to conduct a study called a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) Study.
A TMDL study identifies both point and nonpoint sources of each pollutant that violates standards. Water quality sampling and computer modeling determine how much each pollutant source is contributing to the problem. An allocation process involving stakeholders determines how much each source must reduce its contribution to assure the standards are again met.
An impaired water body may have several TMDL studies, each one determining reductions for a different pollutant.
B. Strategies the MPCA Employs in Developing the Impaired Waters Restoration Process POLICY DISCUSSIONS WITH STAKEHOLDERS The MPCA has conducted policy discussions with stakeholders, and will continue to do so.
Responsibility for keeping our water resources healthy resides with individual citizens, businesses, and a number of state and local government agencies, including the MPCA, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, the Board of Water and Soil Resources, counties, cities, soil and water conservation districts, and watershed districts.
Despite all these players in the game, water quality improvements are not happening rapidly enough. All of these entities must come together to meet the challenge of impaired waters. The good news is a diverse advisory group, facilitated by the Minnesota Environmental Initiative, along with the Clean Water Cabinet (created as part of Governor Pawlenty's Clean Water Initiative), are taking steps to get us there. The Stakeholder Group recommended a design for a state impaired waters program to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and identified the partnerships that will be required for implementing the program. Topics such as funding options, a plan for priority setting, and strategies for identifying and restoring impaired waters were addressed.
PARTNERING WITH LOCAL GOVERNMENT Local units of government - cities, counties, soil and water conservation districts, and watershed management organizations - play a large and growing role in nonpoint source pollution abatement across the state.
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WATERSHED AND REGIONAL APPROACHES TO TMDL STUDIES AND RESTORATION ACTIVITIES Collaborating with local government, the MPCA has planned several TMDL projects that will cover multiple impairments within an entire watershed (several stream reaches or lakes) or across an entire region (several watersheds or an entire basin).
USING PRIVATE CONSULTANTS The MPCA uses private consultants to perform specific steps of TMDL studies when appropriate, necessary and desirable. Consultants are helpful in supplementing MPCA staff resources, particularly for technical work. Many local governments also hire consultants to help them with technical aspects of TMDLs.
The MPCA normally hires consultants through a state master contract. However, the agency also has used contractors hired and funded by the EPA, and will continue to partner with EPA in this way as needed, particularly when national expertise is needed for particularly complex TMDL studies and projects where impaired waters are shared with tribes, Canada or other states.
STRATEGIES FOR WATERS IMPAIRED BY MERCURY AND OTHER TOXIC POLLUTANTS Mercury can be carried great distances on wind currents before it eventually falls on our land and water bodies. In fact, about 90 percent of the mercury deposited from the air in Minnesota comes from other states and countries. Therefore, the traditional TMDL approach to addressing impairments will not work for mercury, as Minnesota can't control the many sources of this toxic pollutant outside our borders. The MPCA is working nationally with other states and EPA to address mercury by developing alternatives to traditional TMDLs for individual water bodies.
The agency is also open to other suggested approaches from external stakeholders.
STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCIES AND EFFECTIVENESS Given the growing number of TMDL studies, limited staffing, and available funding, the MPCA is developing plans to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its impaired waters activities, including:
Grouping multiple impairments. The MPCA is striving to increase the number of impairments that can be addressed in a single project by looking at options to expand the regional and watershed approaches discussed above. Here are two examples:
- Regional TMDL studies for lakes: The 2002 impaired waters list includes about 100 lakes that are currently being planned for individual TMDL projects. The MPCA will be analyzing ways to create a regional approach to lakes that have similar problems (e.g.,
excess nutrients causing algal blooms) and natural characteristics, in order to combine several lakes in a single project.
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- Single-entry watershed projects: This approach, similar to that employed by the state of Washington and other states, is designed to study and restore all of a watershed's impairments in a single, comprehensive project
- Specialized technical teams. The agency needs to better provide technical expertise to regional staff on technical work related to TMDLs and restoration projects. Technical teams could look toward developing more routine or "cookbook" approaches to conducting projects for impaired biota, turbidity, excess nutrients in lakes, and some toxic pollutants. Doing so will require more research using benchmarking, professional judgment and research to train such teams. The agency will look to the experience of other states and consider assistance from consultants.-
- Improved coordination with state and federal agencies. Given the daunting and growing size of Minnesota's impaired waters workload, the MPCA will need assistance from a wide range of other agencies.
On the federal level, the MPCA is negotiating with EPA for potentially direct assistance on some TMDLs, particularly for those impaired waters that Minnesota shares-with tribes, other states and Canada. In addition, the MPCA has contracted with the USGS to do monitoring work on studies in the Red River basin, and we will continue to rely heavily on the many funding programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to address nonpoint source pollution.
The MPCA will also look to the expertise of other states to facilitate coordination of state, federal and local programs. For example, the state of Wisconsin has recently adopted new regulations that create financial incentives and prioritization for watershed assessment and restoration, while at the same time improving coordination of public agencies during every phase of the process.
GOAL SETTING AND PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT The MPCA is in the early stages of implementing its impaired waters effort. Working with stakeholders, the agency will set measurable goals for this implementation, based on both shorter-term administrative (e.g., productivity and cost effectiveness) targets and longer-term environmental outcomes. We will be evaluating our program on an annual basis to measure progress against these goals.
The cost to restore waters impaired by nonpoint sources on the 2002 list is estimated at
$600 million to $3 billion. This does not include costs to upgrade point sources, such as municipal wastewater treatment facilities.. The MPCA has $1.1 million per year in dedicated funding for restoration activities related to nonpoint sources. 'To meet current estimates, an additional $45 million to $230 million per year would be needed, some of which may be available through aligning resources at MPCA and with other state and federal agencies. Local governments will play a leading role in restoration. The MPCA believes that additional funds will need to be allocated to enhance local government's capacity to restore impaired waters.
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VI. SPECIAL STATE STRATEGIES A. Phosphorus Strategy Introduction Phosphorus is the primary pollutant associated with the eutrophication of Minnesota's surface waters, a condition in which excess nutrients cause proliferation of algae and other aquatic vegetation. Excess phosphorus results in nuisance algal blooms and reduced transparency, making waters unsuitable for swimming or other activities. This problem tends to persist as the phosphorus moves downstream, making it a pollutant of regional, statewide and national concern. Phosphorus is an increasingly important area of environmental regulation.
Background
Phosphorous in lakes and streams comes from both point and nonpoint sources (NPSs). Point sources of phosphorus (e.g., wastewater-treatment facilities) are most significant during periods of low precipitation and below-average stream flow, while NPSs (e.g., runoff from farms and cities) are most significant during periods of high precipitation and above-average stream flow.
Minnesota has a long history of point-source'phosphorus controls. Since the early 1970s, MPCA rules have required phosphorus limits of 1 milligram per liter at all wastewater facilities discharging directly to or affecting a lake or reservoir, This rule primarily focused on impacts of phosphorus to individual lakes.
Phosphorus Strategy As land uses have changed and population continues to increase, concern over excess phosphorus in our surface waters also has increased. Recognizing this, the MPCA formed a team to develop a phosphorus strategy. The team developed six action steps, which are in various stages of implementation: These action steps form the MPCA's strategy for dealing with phosphorus pollution from both point and NPS.
Many presentations have been made and discussions held with stakeholder groups over the past year. This is an on-going activity of the MPCA.
- 1. Co-sponsorbasin-wide phosphorusforum(s). Various forums and discussion on affects of phosphorus have been held in conjunction with basin planning efforts.
- 2. Use basin management as the mainpolicy contextfor implementing the phosphorusstrategy.
Basin information documents and cooperators for the Minnesota, St. Croix, Upper Mississippi, Lower Mississippi and Red River basins have or are addressing phosphorus as a pollutant of concern for each basin. Individual responses range from proposed reductions in phosphorus loads'(Minnesota River), "no net increase" in phosphorus loads (St. Croix), to considerations of downstream impacts on Lake Winnipeg (Red River). In addition, the 29
Metropolitan Council of the Twin Cities has proposed that all its wastewater-treatment facilities will control phosphorus to 1 milligram per liter or lower by 2008. The Metro plant achieved concentrations of 1 mg/L or lower as of early in 2004. d
- 3. Broadly implement Minnesota'spoint source phosphorus controls. The MPCA will be applying part of its phosphorus rule ("affects a lake or reservoir") more broadly to reflect basin-wide loading, rather than solely on individual source loading, where there are TMDLs or related concerns regarding excess nutrients. This approach, which addresses the cumulative effects of phosphorus, has been used in permits on the St. Croix, Crow, Minnesota and Lower Mississippi rivers. Also, major wastewater-treatment plants are encouraged to have phosphorus-management plans to reduce or control phosphorus discharges. PMPs and phosphorus effluent monitoring are now a routine part of re-issued NPDES permits. This relates back to the adoption of the "Phosphorus Strategy" by MPCA Management and Board in March 2000 and is now being implemented.
- 4. Broadly promote lake-protectioninitiatives. MPCA's in-lake phosphorus criteria provide a basis for setting goals in lake projects and for prioritizing protection efforts. Controlling NPSs is essential to lake protection, and is managed by many regional, state and federal agencies. The MPCA works with citizen groups, local governments, watershed organizations, state and federal agencies and other organizations to reduce NPS pollution.
Lake protection was emphasized in the state's NPS strategy that was be revised in 2000. It continues to be emphasized with the listing of nutrient -impaired lakes on the 2002 303(d) list. Lake nutrient criteria are now under development as a part of the triennial standards review process with adoption anticipated for 2005.
- 5. Address phosphorus impacts on rivers. Studies from around North America document the links between phosphorus and in-stream algal concentrations. The MPCA conducted sampling in several river basins in 1998 and 1999 to improve our understanding of the effects of phosphorus in Minnesota streams. A USEPA grant is helping to fund similar work in 2000. This work will contribute to national efforts to develop nutrient criteria for rivers. A paper documenting relationships between nutrients, algal abundance, and biochemical oxygen demand was published in December 2001, in Lake and Reservoir Management. A subsequent paper on this topic made further connections among nutrients, diurnal dissolved oxygen fluctuation, and fish and invertebrate IBIs.
- 6. Modify WQ standardsif necessary. Regulatory-related activities the MPCA is involved in or is considering include:
- Participating in USEPA regional and national work groups which are developing nutrient criteria as part of the federal Clean Water Action Plan. As stated above rulemaking is currently underway for lakes.
- Revising Minnesota rules to allow wastewater facilities to meet annual-average phosphorus limits (where appropriate), rather than monthly-average limits. This will encourage the use of new technologies for phosphorous removal. This provision was included in the 2000 triennial revision of Minnesota's WQS. Further refinements of this rule are under consideration for the current rulemaking.
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- A major study of the sources of phosphorus in the various river basins in Minnesota was commissioned by the Legislature. That study, completed early in 2004, will provide an improved basis for evaluating sources and solutions for nutrient pollution.
B. Storm Water Program Development In implementing the Phase II Stormwater federal requirements, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) has been challenged to address Minnesota nondegradation rules stemming from federal antidegradation policy under 40 CFR 131.12, and providing public comment on individual permittee's plans in a general permit setting.
Minnesota's nondegradation rules include distinct rules for discharges to all waters of the state, ORVWs, and wetland. These rules were written in a traditional point source setting and application to stormwater discharges have proven difficult, including court challenges. The 2003 Legislature provided time for the agency to rewrite these rules to better address stormwater discharges by 2007.
Minnesota and other states have had courts remand the general permit for small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems,(MS4s) on the issue of public process within a general permit structure, among other issues. At issue was how the public could comment on a communities permit when most of the substantive best management practices chosen by the community were within the applications, which were not open to public comment.
The MPCA formed a Stormwater Design Team during the fall of 2003 due in part to 1) the importance of stormwater pollution in Minnesota, 2) the implementation of Phase II, 3) the large contentious policy issues, 4) the future issues with impaired waters, and 5) the need to work more closely with various partners to have an effective program to reach down to the individual citizen and smaller/more numerous regulated parties. This team will continue from 2004-2006 at a minimum and will shape stormwater policy for the state of Minnesota.
Construction Stormwater The MPCA issued a revised construction stormwater general permit on August 1, 2003 for use of all construction activity over 1 acre of disturbance incorporating the Phase II requirements. This permit provides additional environmental protection for the states ORVWs and wetlands, better regulates those actually doing soil -disturbances within subdivisions, and provides more options for post construction BMPs than the previous permit. The permit also addresses impaired waters.
Municipal Stormwater The MPCA Citizen's Board authorized issuance of the small regulated Municipal Separate Stormwater Systems (MS4s) general permit in June of 2002. The Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy appealed the decision and the Minnesota Court of Appeals remanded the permit to the agency to address nondegradation, public process, and other-issues. The regulated small MS4s are currently following the appealed permit until these issues can be 31
resolved and a new permit reissued. This permit also addresses impaired waters and ORVWs.
The reissued permit will also address nondegradation of all waters.
Industrial Stormwater Comments received during the public comment period for the Industrial Stormwater general permit included addressing nondegradation and other issues. The MPCA is currently working on policy on these issues to reissue the draft permit. Phase I regulated permittees are currently regulated under an expired general permit. Phase II regulated parties have submitted applications to the agency awaiting permit issuance.
Stormwater Rules The MCPA is currently drafting a new stormwater rules chapter which will incorporate the Phase II federal regulations. Stakeholder meetings are being held through the winter of 2004 for feedback on issues including: 1) designation of additional small MS4s for permit coverage,
- 2) conditional exclusion from permit coverage for certain restoration projects following compliance with rule requirements, and 3) requirements for utility installation. Rules for nondegradation as it relates to stormwater will be addressed in a future rulemaking effort.
VII. ECONOMIC COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS Underlying the nation's water pollution control efforts is the assumption that the overall cost of those efforts, while considerable, is out-weighed by the resulting benefit. -
Cost-benefit analysis is an attempt to make this assumption explicit and testable. However, the benefits associated with environmental programs (and, to a certain extent, even the costs) are not well quantified at present. Environmental amenities, for the most part, are not traded in the market place, and prices, in the normal sense, are not attached to benefits such as clean water, healthy aquatic communities, or even the well-being that comes with good health. While various attempts have been made to put dollar figures on some of these, their value remains largely intangible.
As a result, environmental policy decisions are inevitably, and perhaps best, made through the political process, rather than through the strict application of a quantitative cost-benefit analysis which would necessarily be incomplete and of debatable accuracy.
Nevertheless, the underlying purpose of cost-benefit analysis - the assurance that the public's dollars are well spent - lies at the heart of the MPCA's considerable efforts at cost control and program effectiveness. In a time of decreased funding countered by increased demand for environmental services, the Agency has done a great deal to ensure that its programs are directed towards the most important environmental problems and that those programs are conducted as cost-effectively as possible. The ongoing Six Sigma analysis of the efficiency of various Agency process and the Environmental Information Report - An Assessment of Stressors Facing Minnesota's Environment, a tool used by the MPCA to help prioritize the environmental problems currently faced by Minnesota, are only two examples of this continuing effort.
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At the same time, even if complete figures are lacking, a partial accounting - partly quantitative, partly descriptive - can be given of some of the costs and benefits associated with Minnesota's water quality programs.
Costs The primary water quality programs at the state level are those of the MPCA and the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources. Including local assistance, the water quality budget of the former is approximately $25 million per year and of the latter approximately $15 million per year. Other costs'are incurred at the local level in the regulation of land-use, feedlots, and on-site sewage-disposal systems. It should be noted also that other environmental programs, such as air quality, solid waste, hazardous waste, and agricultural pesticide regulation have direct effects on the quality of the state's surface and ground waters. The MPCA, which has primary jurisdiction for the first three of these, has an overall budget of approximately $115 million per year.
Regarding the actual implementation of point-source water pollution controls, close to $2 billion in federal, state, and local funds have been spent since the enactment of the Clean Water Act for the construction of municipal wastewater-treatment facilities in the state, including the separation of combined sewers. Operating costs for Minnesota municipal sewer utilities are estimated at more than $200 million per year. At this point, no similar figures exist regarding industrial water-pollution-control costs. 'It should be noted, however, that municipal facilities treat industrial as well as municipal wastes and that industrial contributions thus represent a significant portion of the above figures.
Regarding the implementation of nonpoint-source water pollution controls, the overall costs are both more diffuse and more difficult to calculate than are those for point-source programs.
Current estimates, however, are that it will take between $600 million and $3 billion to restore Minnesota waters on the 2002 303(d) list that are impaired by nonpoint sources.
Benefits If the comprehensive costs of water pollution control efforts are not yet fully calculated, the benefits are even less precisely measured. Theoretical models for translating water quality improvement into economically measured benefits do exist, but no attempts have been made to do this for the state'as a whole.
For point source programs, even if dollar figures are not readily available, benefits can be illustrated in descriptive terms. Significant improvements in state water quality have occurred over the past several decades, especially since the passage of the Clean Water Act. While only 20 percent of the state's sewered population was served by facilities capable of at least secondary treatment in 1952, fully 99.9 percent are so served at present. In a similar vein, rates of regulatory compliance for municipal and industrial facilities are at a high level, with more than 95% of major water quality permittees meeting their effluent limits.
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Even more striking are the indications of water quality improvements associated with improvements in specific major wastewater treatment facilities. On the Mississippi River below the Twin Cities, both the elimination of floating mats of sludge and the return of the mayfly are evidence of cleaner water conditions that followed massive treatment facility construction and storm water separation. Parks are being developed up and down the river's shores and recreational boat use has increased significantly. In the St. Louis River Bay, while sediment and fish tissue contamination problems remain, facility construction by the Western Lake Superior Sanitary District has led to noticeably cleaner water and return to use of the river as a walleye fishery. Similar results have been achieved on the Rainy River below International Falls.
While the nonpoint source program is considerably younger than that for point sources, similar benefits are beginning to be shown. Water quality projects implemented through local cooperators have led to significant improvements in specifically targeted problem areas.
Improved water quality in Lake Bemidji and Lake Shokatan are examples of this. Perhaps even more impressive is the water quality improvements for the Minnesota River, with a 25 percent reduction in sediment carried by the river during typical flow conditions. Increased use of agricultural soil-conservation practices in recent years appears to be the main reason behind the reductions, and is a large step towards meeting the ultimate goal of a 40 percent reduction in sediment originating from cropland in the basin. Similar improvements have been seen for phosphorus and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentrations in the river.
As a result of both point-source and nonpoint-source programs, water quality improvements in the state have been significant. Over the last three decades, the large majority of regularly monitored streams show a decreasing pollutant trend for BOD (89% of sites), fecal coliform bacteria (82%), ammonia (83%), and total phosphorus (78%). (On the other hand, only 42% of the sites show a decreasing trend for total suspended solids, and fully 75% of the sites show an, increasing trend for nitrite/nitrate.)
Indicative of both the value of clean water and the success of Minnesota's clean water programs is the large total revenue of the state's tourism industry. At approximately $10 billion per year, the economic importance to the state is considerable; water is one of the state's greatest attractions and plays a critical role in those dollars. Similarly, a recent study by Bemidji State University on the socioeconomic value of Minnesota lakes found a strong relationship between water clarity and lake property values, with an increase (or decrease) of one meter in clarity leading to changes of tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars for given individual lakes.
This matches with the results of studies elsewhere in the United States demonstrating and quantifying the benefits of water quality protection and improvement.
An accounting of some of the key results regarding the MPCA's environmental programs can be found at www.departmentresults.state.mn.us.
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