ML061390133
| ML061390133 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Monticello  |
| Issue date: | 06/08/2005 |
| From: | State of MN |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Ricks, Olivia NRR/DLR/RLRA 301-415-1183 | |
| References | |
| NUREG-1437, TAC MC6441 | |
| Download: ML061390133 (25) | |
Text
Naru"T044o History and Staiistic3 hupJd/cia.umiu/dodbiscoical/wrnadic.htm Minnesota Tornado History and Statistics Prepared by National Weather Service - Twin C/ties, 1983. Updated by Mhe State Cmatology Office, 2004 Tornadoes are among the most devastating and awesome local storms that occur In the world. The United States has the dubious distinction of having the greatest frequency and the most severe tornadoes. They have the power to lift railroad cars and sail them many yards through the air. The power of. their winds can make deadly misses of loose objects, including broken glass. Even pieces of straw have been found imbedded in trees and boards after a tornado.
During the winter months (December through February) tomado activity Is concentrated in the southeast U.S.
and along the gulf coast. As spring (MarchlMay) progresses tornado occurrence moves north and west across the central Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys. By summer (June/August) the potential threat o tornadoes has spread across the continental United States and Southern Canada. During autumn (September/November) tornadic activity gradually retreats to the south and southeast sections of the country.
This seasonal drift is principally caused by the increase of warm, gulf moisture into the central part of the country during spring and summer, decreasing during the fall and winter. The mixing which occurs when the moist gulf air clashes with contrasting colder, drier air from the north and northwest contributes to the triggering of tomadoes.
Minnesota leas along the north edge of the region of maximum tornado occurrence in the United States.
Tornado Allay, as that part of the central U.S. has come to be known, reaches across parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. Missouri, East Nebraska, and West Iowa.
In Minnesota, tornadoes have occurred in every month from March through November. The earliest verified tornado in Minnesota occurred on March 18, 1968, north of Trurnan, and the latest in any year on November 16, 1931, east of Maple Plain. Historically and statistically, June is the month of greatest frequency with July not far behind. May has the third greatest frequency, followed closely by August. Nearly 314 of all tornadoes In Minnesota have occurred during the three months of May (16%), June (33%), and July (27%).
The most probable danger period in Minnesota, therefore, is late spring and early summer, between 2PM and 9PM. However, tornadoes can and do occur at any time of the day or night.
Despite a higher number of tornadoes reported in recent years, the number of fatalities and injuries due to tornadoes has been decreasing. This is thanks in part to better National Wather Service tools in detecting tornadoes, namely the NEXRAD dopper radar network installed in the mid 1990s. Also, the ability of alerting the public has improved as well with more National Weather Service radio transmitters and a close relationship with media outiets. An energetic spotter network has also been the key to abeting the public in Minnesota.
There have only been 5 deaths due to tornadoes in Minnesota in the last 12 years (1992-2004) and there haven't been multiple deaths due to a single tornado since 1978. In fact he Increasing number of tornadoes reported may be a direct reult of Improved c its networks, public awareness, warning systems and training.
Most of the deadly and damaging tornadoes occur in groups of outbreaks that often last from 8 to 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br />.
The worst such outbreak in Minnesota occurred on June 28, 1979, when 16 tornadoes slashed across the state, from northwest to southeast, in a six and one half hour period. Two additional tornadoes occurred in eastern North Dakota with this system. Many such outbreaks have occurred, including the April 30. 197 cluster In south central and southeast Minnesota.
Some notable tornadoes from Minnesota history Include:
The tornado which struck Rochester 100 years ago, on August 21, 1883, (at 6:36PM) killing 31 and Injuring many others. This was a large factor In the subsequent development of the Mayo Clinic.
On Apri 14, 1888 (4PM) the deadliest tornado in Minnesota history razed parts of StCloud and Sauk Rapkid leaving 72 dead and 213 injured. 11 members of a wedding party were killed including the bride and groom.
August 21, was again a tornado day, in 1918 (9:20PM), this time at Tyler, killing 36 people.
Less than a year later, June 22, 1919, (4:45PM) 59 lives were lost when the second deadliest killer tornado in Minnesota history roared through Fergus Falls.
More than 220 people were injured and nine killed in the Champlin area on June 18, 1939 (2PM).
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Miuaqp~ Tomb4 Histowy and Statiestc dbtp i/cliuazc.unncdu/docdbistoricaltomadicJbm On August 17, 1946, about an hour apart tornadoes stashed through the cities of Mankato and North Mankato (5:40PM) leaving 11 dead and 60 injured, and Weas (6:50PM) where some 200 persons were Injured.
Part of a larger outbreak on May 10. 1953, three tornadoes it southeast Minnesota killing seven and Injuring 19.
The Fargo, ND/Moorhead, MN tornado of June 20. 1957 (6:40PM) left 10 dead and more than 100 injured in its wake.
The most damaging series of tornadoes In Minnesota slashed across west and north sections of the Twin Cities Metro area (between 6PM and 9PM) on May 6, 1965. 14 persons were killed and 885 injured with damage in excess of 50 million dollars.
On this day eight tornadoes struck south central MN including three that were rated F4. 11 people were killed and 81 were injured. A four block wide swath was cut in the town of Waseca.
Tracy was in the path of a destructive tornado on June 13, 1968. (7:02PM) which killed 9 and injured 125 people.
The maxi-tomado which struck the Outing area on August 6, 1989, (4.02PM) left 12 dead and 70 Injured.
One more recent killer tornado, In Minnesota, with one death and 83 injuries, tore across the Twin Cities from Edina to Roseville on June 14, 1981.
The greatest March tomado outbreak in Minnesota history was March 29, 1998. Two people died in a family of 13 tornadoes that stuck St Peter and Comfrey especially hard.
The most recent killer tornado (through 2004) in Minnesota with one death was in Granite Falls on July 25, 2000.
Some Minnesota Tornado Statistics 1950 -2004 Totals Annual Averaaes Tornadoes 1371 23.9 Tornado Deaths 92 1.70 Tornado Injuries 1822 33.7 Tornado Totals and Averages by Month (1960 . 2004)
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Total Total 18 70 221 453 364 153 64 27 1 1371 Average 0.3 1.3 4.1 8.4 6.7 2.8 1.2 0.5 0.01 25 Percent >1 5 16 33 27 11 5 2 .04 100 Greatest Number of Tornadoes In Minnesota (1960-2004)
One Year 74 in 2001 One Month 38 in June 2001 One Day 16 on June 28, 1979 also on June 11, 2001 and June 13, 2001 Some Memorable Minnesota Tornadoes Loctanon DAl2 JIM Deathp Iniures FL Snelling (First tornado reported in Minnesota) 411911820 (1PM 0 0 Rochester 8/2111883 6:36 PM 37 200 StCloud/Sauk Rapids (Most deaths from a single tornado in 4/14)18864:00 PM 72 213 Minnesota) 41311890 4:00 PM 6 3 Lake Gervias (Ramsey County) Widely visible throughout St. 7113/1890 5:30 PM 6 30 Paul 2of3
Mfinnesota Toow o Historyand Statistics hupJ/dimaz.umn edu/doc/historical/utoadiclhtm Minneapolis/St.Paul (Could have been straight-line winds or 14 microburst.) 812111904 7:30 PM unknown Tyler 8/21/1918 9:20 PM 38 225 Fergus Falls 6/2211919 4:46 PM 57 200 Champlin 6/18/1939 2:00 PM 9 222 Mankato/North Mankato 8117/1946 5:40 PM 11 100 Wells 8/17/1948 8:50 PM 0 30 South East Minnesota (Family of tornadoes) 5/10/1953 4-5 PM 7 19 Fargo/Moorhead 8/20/1957 6:40 PM 10 103 West-North Twin Cites (Family of tornadoes.) 5/611965 6-9 PM 14 683 South Central Minnesota (Family of tornadoes.) 4/30/1987 6-8 PM 11 81 Tracy 6/13/1968 7:02 PM 9 125 Outing 8/8/1969 4:02 PM 12 70 Gary (Last multiple deaths due to single tornado.) 7/5/1978 1:45 AM 4 38 Chandler (Last F5 tornado in Minnesota.) 6/16/1992 4:00 PM 1 35 Cornfrey 3/29/1998 4:30 PM 16 Granite Falls (Last tornado to cause a fatality in Minnesota) 7/25/2000 4:57 PM 15 Unks to tornado-related sites
- Minnesota Tornadoes by County 1950-2002
- Minnesota Tornadoes 2004 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornadoes 2003 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornadoes 2002 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornadoes 2001 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornadoes 2000 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornadoes 1999 from the National Weather Service
- Minnesota Tornado Statistics (1950-1995) from the Tornado Project
- Worst Minnesota Minnesota Tornadoes (1879-1995) from the Tornado Project
- The Tornado Project
- Storm Prediction Center
- National Severe Storms Laboratory
- Tornado photographs from the Minnesota Historical Society Return to Minnesota Climatology Working Group Main page Comments/Questions URL h nAa nb A ,
LAn modbhd 0b21. 2004 3 of 3 9/1/05 4:08 PM
BUFFALO, MU - aCimat Sumar \ '(QJL /- q B FAOytp:/wwwprcc.unledu/cgi-bin/clLper-ljibfcliMAIN.pl?rmallo 7 State Map HPRCC Product Page BUFFALO, MN (211107)
NOTE:
To print data frame (right aide), click on Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary right frame before printing.
Period of Record: 8/1/1948 to 3/31/2U0 1971 - 2000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
- Daily Temp. & Precip.
- Dailv Tabular data (-23 KB) Average Max. Temperature (F) 21.0 27.7 39A 56.4 70.2 78.7 83.3 81.0 71A 59.0 39.8 25.9 54.5
- Monthly Tabular data (-1 KB) Average Min. Temperature (F) 1.7 7.8 199 33.9 46.4 56.0 61.0 58.7 49.0 37.7 23.8 9.3 33.8
- NCDC 71-00 Normals (-3 KB) Average Total Precipitation 083 0.72 153 253 355 4.25 (in.) 08 .2-15 .3 35 2 3.95 4.00 3.04 2.28 1.63 0.89 29.22 1961 - 1990 Average Total SnowFall (in.) 9.6 6.7 89 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 03 63 8.6 43.0 Average Snow Depth (in.) 8 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 2
- Daily Temp. & Precin.
- Daily Tabular data (-23 KB) Percent of possible observations for period of record:
- Monthly Tabular data (-1 KB)
- NCDC 61-90 Normals (-3 KB) Max. Temp.: 76.7% Min. Temp.: 76.6% Precipitation: 82.6% Snowfall: 74.8% Snow Depth: 75.3%
Check Station Metadata or Metadata graphics for more detail about data completeness.
Period of Record
- Station Metadata High PlainsRegional Climate Center, contact us.
- Station Metadata Graphics General Climate Summary Tables
- Temperature
- Precipitation
- Heating Degree Days
- Cooling Degree Days
- Growing Degree Days Temperature
- Daily Extremes and Averages
- Srine 'Freeze' Probabilities
- Fall 'Freeze' Probabilities
- 'Freeze Free' Probabilities o Monthly Temperature Listings Average Average Maximum Average Minimum Precipitation
- Monthly Average
- Daily Extreme and Average
- Daily Average
- Precipitation Probability by Duration.
- Precipitation Probability by ouantitv.
- Monthly Precipitation listings Monthly Totals Snowfall
- Daily Extreme and Average I1of`2 911/05 3:58 PM
EPA-Q`QPS -tl-Hour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region S State Designations QOLf http://wwwzepa~govlozonedesignatnons/rgiors/region5dcsighitm L14 EYknvlmentol Proter-tionAsqonoy 8-Hour Ground-level Ozone Designations Recent Addtons I Contad us I Pnnt Version sd I =
EPAHom >Air&Radiaion>AurQuabitv Ptanninn&Standards> $ hr oans> Ra5 6ourGroundbel Omon Designations Homne Region 5: State Designations Where You Live State DesIgnations Tribal Designations Roclassiflcations Ozone Conditiona Boundary Designations for 8-hour Ozone Standard -EPA Region 5 Air Quality Forecaat Basic Information Regulatory Actions Ozone Trends Myths & Facts Ozone &Health Policy Guidance Ozo0 Dockt Technical Data Early Action Compacts Timeline Frequent Questions Related Unis Glossary Nselfarnrtw
- NffaW~nod a Lkncideaftis~de You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader, available as a free download, to view some of the filies on this page. See EPA's PDF page to learn more about PDF, and for a link to the free Acrobat Reader.
This table identifies all counties EPA has designated as nonattainment In some cases EPA designated partial counties. These are Identified by a (P). Also, some counties are participating in an early action compact. These are Identified aa EAC.
If a county Is not listed below, EPA has designated it as unclassifiable/attainment.
State N nment[4onttanm~t Area Name Counties rassca sfiation Maximum Attainen Date (from June 15, 2004) 1 of4
EPA-QkQPS Hour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region 5: State Designations hutp:/lwww epagov/ozonedesignatioas/regions/region5desig.htm illinois Chicago-Gary-Lake Co, IL-IN Cook Moderate June 2010 Ka (PDF 1 p., 75.9 KB) DuPage Grundy (P)
Kane Kendall (P)
Lake MclHenry St Louis, MO-IL Jersey oderate June 2010 Ua (PDF 1 p., 76.6 KB) Madison Monroe St. Clair Indiana Chicago-Gary-Lake Co IL-IN Lake oderate June 2010 (1) Ma2 (PDF I p., 75.9 KB) Porter _
South Bend/Elkhart IN Elkhart asic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 34.4 KB) St. Joseph .
Louisville, KY-IN Clrk asic June 2009 Map (PDF I p., 72.4 KB) Floyd ._._ ..
Indianapolis, IN Maion sic June 2009
. (PDF 1 p., 51.7 KB) Boone Hendricks Morgan Johnson Shelby Hancock Madison
.__________ Hamilton ._ ._..
Evansville IN-KY Vanderburgh sic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 56.4 KB) Wanick Muncie IN Delaware si June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 19.2 KB) .
Cincinnati-Hamilton Dearborn (P) sic June 2009 H-KY-IN Map (PDF 1 p., 62.4 KB)
Greene Co IN Greene Basic June 2009 Ma2 (PDF 1 p., 26.7 KB) .. _.....
Jackson Co IN Jackson Basic June 2009 Mar) (PDF I p., 30.5 KB)
LaPorte INt LaPorle arginalt June 2007 Man (PDF 1 p., 35.4 KB) . _.
Fort Wayne IN Allen sic June 2009 Map (PDF 1 p., 29.4 KB)
Terre Haute IN Vigo si June 2009 Ma (PDF I p., 30.5 KB)
Michigan Detroit-Ann Arbor, MIt Uvingston argnalt June 2007 (1) M (PDF 1 p., 83.5 KB) Macomb onroe Oakland St Clair Washtenaww<
Wayne
____ Lenawee _
Flint, Ml Genesee sic June 2009 Man (PDF I p., 34.1 KB) Lapeer Grand Rapids Ml Ottawa sic June 2009 Ma2 (PDF 1 p., 29.8 KB) Kent Muskegon Co, MIt Muskegon rginalt June 2007 MaD (PDF I p., 25.7 KB) -_-
Aaegan Co, Ml egan ask une 2009 MI= (PDF 1 p., 24 KB) _ _
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EPA-QAQPS -*4iour Ground-level Ozone Designations :Region S: State Designations http tlwww epa-govhozonedesigrlatioras/regiora/regiorl5desiglhm Huron Co Ml Huron Basic June 2009
&a (PDF 1 p., 27.6 KB) .__ ___
Kalamazoo-Battle Creek - Ml Calhoun Basic June 2009 Mao (PDF i p., 47.3 KB) Kalamazoo
________._________ __ .VanBuren __
Lansing-East Lansing - Ml Clinton Basic June 2009 MUD (PDF 1 p., 41 KB) Eaton
___ ___ ___ __ naham _ _ _ _ _ _
Benton Harbor - Ml Berrien Basic June 2009 M (PDF 1 p., 31.6 KB) -
Benzie Co - Ml Benzie sic June 2009 MaR (PDF I p., 21.2 KB) .
Cass Co - Mit Cass arginalt June 2007 Mma(PDF I p., 22.5 KB) .. _ .____
Mason Co - Ml Mason Basic June 2009 Mao (PDF 1 p.. 23.2 KB)
- .i - - . I - - I-Minnesotalentire state attainment Ohio Canton-Massillion, OH Man (POF 1 D.. 33.6 KB)
I Stark rasic
-I - I -
June 2009 Cincinnati-Hamilton, Butler Basic June 2009 OH-KY-IN Clermont MaD (PDF 1 p., 62.4 KB) Hamilton Warren Clinton Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH Ashtabula Moderate June 2010 Mao (PDF 1 p., 76.4 KB) Cuyahoga Geauga Lake Lorain Medina Portage Summit Columbus, OH Delaware Basic June 2009 MU (PDF 1 p., 60 KB) Franklin Licking Fairfield Madison Knox Dayton-Springfield, OH Crk Basic June 2009 MiD (PDF I p., 30.8 KB) Greene Miarni
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ Montgomery - - . _.j_.
Sbubenvile-Weirton. Jefferson Basic June 2009 OH-WV Mo(PDF 1p., 55.7 KB) _ _ _ _ _
Toldo, OH Lucas Basic June 2009 Ma (PDF 1 p., 39.1 KB) Wood .
Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, Mahoning Basic June 2009 PA-OH Trumbull Ma PDF 1 p., 79.5 KBS ColumbianaCdubin Wheeling, WV-OH Belmont sic June 2009 M (PDF 1 p., 51.3 KB) -
Lima, OH len sic June 2009 Mta (PDF 1 p., 21.2 KB) . . _.-____
Parkersburg-Marietta, Washington IBasic June 2009 WV-OH Mai (PDF 1 p.. 61.4 KB)
Wisconsin Door Co, WI IDoor Bs IJune 2009 J j (P F I p, 5 . B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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EPA-(AQPS -t4Iour Ground-level Ozone Designations - Region 5: State Designations bttp://www epa.gov/ozor edesignations/regionsiregion~desig~hun Kewaunee Co, WI Kewaunee asic June 2009 MaD (PDF I p., 32.9 KB)
Manitowoc Co, WI Manitowoc Basic June 2009 M (PDF 1 p., 26.1 KB)
Mihwaukee-Racine, WI Milwaukee oderate June 2010 MaD (PDF I p., 47.8 KB) Ozaukee Racdne Washington Waukesha
.. Kenosha __ _
Sheboygan, WI Sheboygan rIoderate June 2010
- a Map (PDF 1 p., 23.6 KB) a a a -
- 1. Includes Tribal lands t This area has received a bump down In cassification. See the lassions 2aae for information.
Reaion 5 Recommendations and EPA Responses EPA Hor I Pnvacvand Securitv Notio I Contact Us Lad I anv kteeday.
yd My271.2005 URL hdp:Jmwepa. _ n 40f4 9/1/05 3:52 PM
STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS L Overview - What is a SIP?
II. Site or Area-Specific Plans and Requirements in Minnesota's SIP
V. Staff Contacts I. What Is A SIP?
The federal Clean Air Act (CAA) places most of the responsibility on the states to prevent air pollution and control air pollution at its source. In order for a state to implement an air quality program, the state must adopt a plan and obtain approval of the plan from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The federal review and approval process provides some consistency between programs in different state and ensures that a state program complies with the requirements of the CAA and EPA rules. The vehicle for demonstrating compliance with the CAA and EPA rules is the State Implementation Plan, or "SIP". A SIP adopted by the state and approved by the EPA is legally binding under both state and federal law and may be enforced at either level.
The contents of a SIP can be considered in two broad categories, (1) site or area-specific plans and documents; and (2) state rules and programs. Both are federally enforceable once accepted by EPA as part of the SIP.
Before the 1990 amendments to the CAA, the entire national strategy to improve air quality consisted of the effort to attain National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). There are primary and secondary NAAQS established for the following pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), particulate matter less than 10 microns and less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM1o and PM2 .5), ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and lead. Generally, primary standards define the air quality required to prevent adverse impact on human health, and secondary standards define the air quality required to prevent adverse impact on other, elements of the environment such as vegetation.
SIPs focus on attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS. SIPs include state air quality rules, control strategies to attain and maintain the NAAQS, compliance schedules to attain the NAAQS, the new source review program, a program to prevent state emergency episodes, and visibility protection. There are other state programs that require a plan and approval by the EPA, however, they are not termed "SIPs". For example, the CAA amendments of 1990 required state submittal of an operating permit program, and gives states the option of submitting an air toxics program. The SIP only regulates the criteria pollutants listed above.
The primary function of the SIP is to protect ambient air standards (i.e. the NAAQS) for criteria air pollutants. Any site-specific plan or rule that the state or EPA believes is necessary to attain and maintain the NAAQS should be included in the SIP. A state may request, on its own, to include a plan or rule in the SIP or EPA may require a state to include certain rules and plans in its SIP. If a state fails to include an EPA mandated item in its SIP, the state may be subject to a Federal Implementation Plan (FIP). The legal requirements for SIP submittals are found in the CAA, section 110, parts A and D.
Page I of 17 April 8, 2004
SIP Revision Process:
Revisions to the SIP may be required by amendments to the CAA, by EPA, or by state initiated changes to the state air program. When a state submits a SIP to attain the NAAQS in a nonattainment area, the SIP submittal includes:
- 1. A formal letter of submittal from the Commissioner;
- 2. Copy of documents (administrative orders or permits) that contain emission limits and compliance requirements that have been issued to the culpable sources in the nonattainment area (or a rule that affects culpable sources);
- 3. Letters from the Attorney General's Office stating that the MPCA has legal authority to implement the SIP revision and that the MPCA complied with state procedural requirements in adopting the SIP;
- 4. Copy of the public notice published in a newspaper with general circulation in the nonattainment area. (It is important to note that EVERY change to the SIP, no matter how small, is required to be public noticed for 30 days);
- 5. If a public hearing is held, certification from the Commissioner that a public hearing was held after the 30-day comment period;
- 6. Any public comment and the MPCA's response; and
- 7. Air dispersion modeling of the nonattainment area.
To redesignate an area to attainment, the state must have an approved SIP for that area. The state must also show current modeled attainment, two years of monitoring without a violation, maintenance plans for maintaining the NAAQS for at least 10 years, and, in some cases, contingency plans outlining procedures the state will implement in the event that the area violates the NAAQS.
When the MPCA submits a state rule into the SIP, the requirements are the same except that the rule rather than a document containing limits and compliance requirements is submitted and no dispersion modeling is required unless the rule affects emission levels from culpable sources in a nonattainment area.
Also, if the rules submitted are thought to be a "relaxation" of the SIP, the MPCA must justify this "relaxation."
SIPs that were submitted by states to the EPA and acted upon by the EPA are listed in 40 CFR part 52.
Minnesota's SIP is identified in 40 CFR part 52.1220. Since the SIP has changed considerably since the 1990 CAA Amendments, some of the items listed in 40 CFR section 52.1220 are obsolete and recent additions to the SIP may not be reflected. The MPCA's SIP Coordinator can supply the current status of the SIP. The original SIP submittal of January 28, 1972 was about 1.5 inches thick, but the many revisions made to the SIP over the years almost fill a filing cabinet. The bulk of Minnesota's SIP includes state air quality rules and nonattainment area plans to achieve the NAAQS in designated areas.
This document contains tables showing which air quality rules, documents and plans are included in the SIP.
Page 2 of 17 April 8, 2004
H. Federally Enforceable Site or Area-Specific Plans and Requirements How Were Nonattainment Areas Designated In Minnesota?
Currently, there are no nonattainment areas in Minnesota. A number of areas were once designated nonattainment but have been redesignated based on modeled and monitored compliance with the NAAQS. The last area to be redesignated was the St. Paul particulate matter nonattainment area. This redesignation became effective on September 24, 2002. The former nonattainment areas are now known as maintenance areas. In its redesignation requests, the MPCA included the required 10-year maintenance plan for the area, which generally consists of enforcement of any administrative orders, plans or rules affecting the emission facilities in the area. The MPCA is required to submit for EPA approval an updated 10-year plan eight years after approval of the redesignation to attainment status.
The nonattainment areas in Minnesota were assigned first by determining which air quality control monitors showed a violation of a particular criteria pollutant standard. Then an area surrounding the monitor was delineated, including all potentially significant contributors to that violation. The nonattainment classifications were determined from SO2 monitoring performed between 1975 to 1977 and PM, 0 monitoring in 1987. The lead nonattainment area was determined in 1991. Carbon monoxide areas were classified in 1978. Other areas of the state are classified as attainment or unclassifiable.
How Were The Sources That Contributed To The Nonattainment Area Identified?
Generally, the potentially significant contributors to each nonattainment area were identified by determining which sources (point and area sources) emit a significant amount of the pollutant of concern.
These sources are termed culpable sources. This data is obtained from an emissions inventory of each potential source in the area. Occasionally, other methods such as receptor modeling are used to determine potentially significant contributors. The distance and direction of the potential source from the monitor with the violation is also considered.
What Happens To Site-Specific Plans When An Area Is Redesignated To Attainment?
Even though several of Minnesota's nonattainment areas have been reclassified to attainment, the sources in those areas must comply with the limits established in the area's nonattainment plan. The limits never expire, even though the area receives attainment status. When a nonattainment area is reclassified to attainment, the area is known as a maintenance area.
Page 3 of 17 April 8, 2004
The potentially significant contributors to Minnesota's maintenance areas are listed in alphabetical order below:
Source Pollu tant Location Aggregate Industries Inc. PM 1o St. Paul (FormerlyJL Shiely Company (CAMAS))
Associated Milk Producers S02 Rochester Cenex Harvest States PM 10 St. Paul (FormerlyHarvestStates Cooperatives)
Commercial Asphalt, Inc. PM 10 St. Paul Continental Nitrogen and Resources Co. SO2 Rosemount Federal Hoffman. Inc. SO2 Anoka Flint Hills Resources SO2 Rosemount (FormerlyKoch Refining Company)
Franklin Heating Station SO2 Rochester GAF Corporation SO2 Minneapolis Gopher Resource Corporation Lead Eagan Great Western Dock and Terminal PM 10 St. Paul (FormerlyGreatLakes Coaland Dock Company)
IBM Corporation S02 Rochester LaFarge Corporation PM 10 Childs Road, St. Paul LaFarge Corporation PM 10 Red Rock Road, St. Paul Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC S02 St. Paul Park Facility Metropolitan Council PM 10 St. Paul Wastewater Treatment Plant NRG - Minneapolis Energy Center; SO2 Minneapolis Main, Baker Boiler, and Soo Line Plants North Star Steel Company PM 10 St. Paul Olmsted County Campus Power SO2 Rochester Rochester Public Utilities Silver Lake Plant PM 10, SO2 Rochester Cascade Creek Plant SO2 Rochester St Mary's Hospital S02 Rochester St. Paul Terminals PM 1o Red Rock Road, St. Paul United Defense, L.P. SO2 Fridley Xcel Energy SO2 Inver Hills Plant (FormerlyNorthern States PowerCompany)
Xcel Energy SO2 Riverside Plant (FormerlyNorthern States Power Company)
Page 4 of 17 April 8, 2004
How Are Site Specific Plans Made Federally Enforceable?
EPA required Minnesota to submit in its SIP revisions non-expiring limits and controls on each culpable source. The MPCA originally responded by issuing Administrative Orders to each of the culpable sources. (MPCA tried to use permits to establish these federally enforceable limits, but EPA did not except these as federally-enforceable limits because the permits expired. However, this issue has now been addressed as described below). The Administrative Orders were similar to the MPCA's pre-Title V program air quality permits except that they regulated only one pollutant and they did not expire.
Since the MPCA has received EPA approval of its Air Emissions Permit Rule as a federally-enforceable state operating permit program, the MPCA has been revoking the Administrative Orders in favor of federally-enforceable limits in its permits. The "SIP limits" appear as Title I conditions in the permits, which do not expire. EPA has approved this process for State-only permits provided that the State permit is issued as a non-expiring permit. When the Title V or qualifying State permit is issued, the.MPCA submits the permit to the EPA as a SIP revision and asks that the permit replace the Order as the enforceable SIP document. Once EPA has approved the permit into the SIP, the Order is considered revoked.
How Can A Source With An Administrative Order Or Permit That Contains Title I Conditions Modify Its Facility?
Compared to the permit amendment process, it tends to be a more complex lengthy process to modify an administrative order or a SIP Title I condition in a permit issued to a source contributing to a nonattainment or maintenance area. Once approved and promulgated by the EPA, the SIP (in which limits are a part) becomes federal rule. This means that every change made to an administrative order or SIP Title I condition in a permit must be public noticed, then submitted to and approved by EPA as a SIP revision. This process can take up to a year, sometimes more, to complete, even for changes that would not be major amendments as defined under permitting rules.
The MPCA's policy of replacing administrative orders with federally enforceable air emission permits helps to alleviate problems with the extended time frame. The permit can sometimes be written with more built-in operational flexibility than the original order at least to the extent that changes to the facility that do not require a permit amendment are unlikely to require a SIP amendment. If the permit needs to be amended, the MPCA can usually give construction authorization through the permit so that the SIP amendment process and construction at the facility can occur in parallel. No additional public notice is necessary provided that the permit amendment process included a public notice that made reference to pending changes in the SIP. More detail is provided in the next section.
Page 5 of 17 April 8, 2004
How Are Sip Title I Conditions In A Permit Modified If The Company Requests A Modification?
The MPCA and EPA have agreed to the following procedure for modifying site-specific SIP requirements in air quality permits:
I. When the MPCA wants to modify a SIP requirement contained in the permit, MPCA will draft a permit amendment. This proposed permit amendment will automatically be considered a major amendment (requiring it to go through public participation and EPA review, see items 3 and 4 below) because it is modifying a Title I SIP condition. At this time, EPA's Title I staff will be informed of the request, including the revised language and any supporting materials.
- 2. The proposed permit amendment will include the new SIP conditions, with a condition in the proposed permit amendment stating that these new SIP conditions will only become effective upon EPA approval as a SIP revision. The proposed permit amendment will continue to require compliance with the SIP requirements of the existing permit until the SIP is revised. (In other words, the company follows the "old" SIP requirements until EPA approves the "new" requirements into the SIP.) When the new requirements are approved, they become effective and the old requirements disappear.
- 3. The proposed permit amendment will be public noticed as a permit revision and as a Title I SIP revision.
- 4. After the public participation process, the proposed permit amendment will be sent to EPA for its 45-day permitting review. (Applies to Title V permits only).
- 5. If EPA has no permitting objection to the proposed permit amendment, the MPCA will issue the permit amendment. Therefore, EPA's permitting staff have not objected to the new SIP requirements, but also recognize and agree that they are not "applicable requirements" (under the permit) until the new requirements are approved into the SIP.
- 7. Because Title I staff have been involved with this permit amendment from the beginning, action on the SIP submission should happen relatively quickly.
Page 6 of 17 April 8, 2004
What Is The Status Of The Site-Specific Plans In Minnesota?
The following tables show the areas with site-specific plans, the sources or facilities that are affected by each plan, and the federal effective date of the plans. Once the plans are approved by EPA, they are federally-enforceable and part of the SIP.
Site-Specific Plans In Place To Attain and Maintain the NAAQS PM1 o Nonattainment Area Plans AND Redesimnation Requests County/City Facilities Affected Federal Effective Date of the Plan Ramsey/St. Paul -+Commercial Asphalt, Inc March 17, 1994
-e Great Western Dock and (Federal Register Terminal (GreatLakes Coal and Dock) publication: 2/15/94)
-*Cenex Harvest States
-. Aggregate Industries Inc *Redesignated to (J.L. Shiely Company/CAAMS) attainment September 24,
- -LaFargeCorporation, Child's Road 2002 (Federal Register
-+Metropolitan Council publication: 7/26/02)
-+North Star Steel Supplementary submittal for -*LaFarge Corporation, Red Rock Road October 12, 1999 Red Rock Road in St. Paul ->St. Paul Terminals (Federal Register publication: 8/13/99)
- Redesignated to attainment September 24, 2002 (Federal Register publication: 7/26/02)
Olmsted/Rochester -- Rochester Public Utilities - Silver Lake March 17, 1994 Plant (Federal Register publication: 2/15/94)
IRedesignated to attainment July 31, 1995 (Federal Register publication: 5/31/95)
Page 7 of 17 April 8, 2004
Lead Nonattainment Area Plans AND Redesignation Requests County/City Facilities Affected Federal Effective Date of the Plan Dakota/Eagan -+Gopher Resources December 19, 1994 (Federal Register publication:
10/18/94) eRedesignated to attainment in the same Federal Register publication as above S02 Nonattainment Area Plans County/City Facilities Affected Federal Effective Date of the Plan Twin Cities 7- County -+Federal Hoffman, Inc. - Anoka May 16,1994 Area -+GAF Corporation - Minneapolis (Federal Register publication:
(excluding the Pine .- NRG/Minneapolis Energy Center - Main, 4/14/94)
Bend and St. Paul Baker, and Soo Line Plants Park Areas) ->Xcel Energy (NSP) - Riverside Plant *Redesignated to attainment July
->United Defense, L.P. - Fridley 31, 1995 (Federal Register publication: 5/31/95)
Pine Bend Area --Flint Hills Resources (Koch Refining Oct11, 1994 Company) and Sulfuric Acid Unit (Federal Register publication:
-+Xcel Energy (NSP) - Inver Hills Facility 9/9/94)
-+Continental Nitrogen and Resources Company *Redesignated to attainment July 31, 1995 (Federal Register publication: 5/31/95)
Page 8of17 April 8, 2004
St. Paul Park Area -+Marathon Ashland Petroleum, LLP March 20, 1995 (Federal Register publication:
1/18/95)
- Redesignated to attainment July 14, 1997 (Federal Register publication: 5/13/97)
Olmsted/Rochester -Associated Milk Producers May 8, 2001 (Federal Register
-Franklin Heating Station publication: 3/9/01)
-*IBM Corporation
-oOlmsted County Campus Power oRedesignated to attainment May
-+Rochester Public Utilities - Silver Lake 8, 2001 (Federal Register Plant and Cascade Peaking Plant publication: 3/9/01)
-*St. Mary's Hospital CO Requests to Redesienate Areas to Attainment County/City Sources Affected Federal Effective Date of the Plan St. Cloud mobile sources Aug 27, 1993 (Federal Register publication: 6/28/93)
Duluth mobile -sources June 13, 1994 (Federal Register publication: 5/14/94)
Anoka, Hennepin, mobile sources November 29, 1999 (Federal Ramsey, and portions Register publication: 10/29/99) of Carver, Dakota, Scott, Washington, and Wright Counties Page 9 of 17 April 8, 2004
CO Nonattainment Area Plans/Proerams The following plans/programs are effective in the these counties: Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, and portions of Carver, Dakota, Scott, Washington, and Wright Counties Plan/Program Federal Effective Date of the Plan 1990 Base Year Inventory October 19, 1994 (Federal Register publication: 9/19/94)
Oxygenated Fuels Program November 3, 1994 (Federal Register publication: 10/4/94)
Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program November 29, 1999 (Federal Register publication: 10/29/99)
November 14, 1994 (Federal Register publication: 10/13/94)
Commitment to Contingency Measures March 22, 1996 (Federal Register publication: 2/21/96) 1993 Periodic Inventory December 22, 1997 (Federal Register publication: 10/23/97)
Page 10 of 17 April 8, 2004
Nonattainment Areas in Minnesota Once the Ramsey County particulate matter (PMo) nonattainment area was redesignated, on September 24, 2002, Minnesota was in attainment for all applicable pollutants throughout the state. Since then and as of the date of this document there have been no nonattainment areas in Minnesota.
Maintenance Areas in Minnesota Carbon Monoxide:
e The area within the official city limits of the City of St. Cloud contained within Benton, Sherburne, and Steams Counties
- City of Duluth
- Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, and portions of Carver, Dakota, Scott, Washington, and Wright Counties Sulfur Dioxide:
- Seven County Twin Cities Metropolitan Area (Counties included: Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, Washington)
- City of Rochester Particulate Matter (PMso):
- A portion of the City of Rochester:
The area bounded on the south by U.S.Highway 14; on the west by U.S. Highway 52; on the north by 14th Street N.W. between U.S. Highway 52 and U.S. Route 63 (Broadway Avenue), U.S. Route 63 north to Northern Heights Drive, N.E. and Northern Heights Drive N.E. extended east to the 1990 City of Rochester limits; and on the east by the 1990 City of Rochester limits.
e A portion of the City of St. Paul:
The area bounded by the Mississippi River from Lafayette to Route 494, Route 494 east to Route 61, Route 61 north to I-94, 1-94 west to Lafayette, and Lafayette south to the Mississippi River.
Lead:
- A portion of the city of Eagan:
Lone Oak Road (County Road 26) to the north, County Road 63 to the east, Westcott Road to the south, and Lexington Avenue (County Road 43) to the west.
Page 11 of 17 April 8,2004
What Are The Restrictions On A Stationary Source Located Or That Intends To Locate In An Attainment Area?
In areas that attain the NAAQS, rules have been designed to prevent growth and development from causing significant deterioration of the air quality. A source that wishes to locate in an attainment area that wants to obtain a permit for a major stationary source of a pollutant with a NAAQS must follow the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program. Some sources are defined as major if they have the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of any pollutant subject to regulation under the CAA. A list of these sources is published at 40 CFR 52.21 (bX lXiXa). Any other source is defined as major if the source has a potential to emit more than 250 tons per year of any pollutant subject to regulations under the CAA. A modification is considered major if net emissions increases exceed the significance thresholds listed in 40 CFR 52.21 (bX23). These provisions also apply to pollutants other than those with NAAQS.
What Are The Restrictions On A Stationary Source Located Or That Intends To Locate In A Nonattainment Area?
Minnesota's "Offset" rule, or New Source Review (NSR) Program for Nonattainment Areas, became federally enforceable on May 31, 1994. The rule is found at Minn. R. 7007.4000 - 7007.4030 and basically incorporates by reference 40 CFR 51, Appendix S with some exceptions. An important outcome of EPA approval of the Offset rule is that it lifts the construction ban for major sources and major SO2 modifications in SO2 nonattainment areas. Listed below are some common questions asked about the Offset rule:
To Whom Does The Offset Rule Apply?
The Offset rule applies to new major sources or major modifications in nonattainment areas (for the pollutant that the area is designated nonattainment), or new major sources or major modifications that would contribute to a violation of the NAAQS in a nonattainment area. For clarity, if a facility located in a S%2 nonattainment area wanted to do a major modification for PM10, the facility would NOT be subject to the Offset rule.
How do I know When To Apply The Offset Rule?
New sources wanting to locate in a nonattainment area must go through nonattainment NSR if they have the potential to emit 100 tons per year (tpy) or more of the criteria pollutant for which the area is designated nonattainment. If a facility already located in a nonattainment area wants to do a modification, that facility must go through the nonattainment NSR process if the change would result in a net emissions increase in the following amounts:
CO 100tpy S02 40tpyNOx 40tpy PM10 25 tpy Lead 0.6 tpy Ozone 40 tpy of VOCs Note: These are the same thresholds as the PSD program modifications.
Page 12of 17 April 8, 2004
What Conditions Must Be Met By A Source Before A NSR Permit Can Be Granted To A Source Located In A Nonattainment Area?
- 1) The source is required to meet an emission limitation which specifies the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER) for that particular source.
- 2) The source must certify that all other facilities it owns or operates in Minnesota are in compliance with all applicable requirements.
- 3) The source must obtain emission reductions, or "offsets", from existing sources in the same area of the proposed source or source modification. In addition, offsets are based on actual emissions and can only be intrapollutant (e.g. SO2 for SO2 , not PMo for SO2 ).
For example, if Company X wants to locate a new major source in a SO2 nonattainment area, it must obtain S02 emission offsets from another facility in the area. The facility that it obtains the emission offsets from can be owned by Company X or owned by another company.
If Company X wants to do a S02 major modification at Facility Z, it has three options to obtain S02 offsets: the offsets can come right from Facility Z (internal netting), from another facility in the area owned by Company X or from a facility in the area owned by any other company.
- 4) Emission offsetting must provide a positive net air quality benefit in the nonattainment area. This means the emission offset must be greater than a one-to-one ratio. Dispersion modeling may also be needed to determine whether the new source or modification will attain the ambient air quality standards.
What Is Offset Banking And Does Minnesota Have A Banking Provision?
Offset banking is saving up emission reductions at a facility to provide offsets for a source seeking a permit in the future. At this time, Minnesota does NOT have a banking provision in its offset rule.
Page 13 of 17 April 8, 2004
The following tables are a complete listing of Minnesota Rules that are included in the SIP. Note that only the portions of the Air Emissions Permit Rule (Minn. Rules pts. 7007.0050-1850) that were effective on October 18, 1993, are included in the SIP. The Registration Permit portions, except Option C, are also included in the SIP.
Minnesota Air Quality Rules in the State Implementation Plan CHAPTER AND TITLE SUBJECT Chapter 7005 - Definitions 7005.0100 Definitions 7005.0110 Abbreviations Chapter 7007 - Air Emission Permits 7007.0050-1850 Air Emission Permits (Those effective October 18, 1993) (Registration Permit Rule included exceptfor 7011.1125 - Option C) 7007.0800, subp 6, item C(5) Evidentiary Rule 7007.40004030 Emission Offsets Chapter 7009 - Ambient Air Quality Standards 7009.0010-0020, 0050-0080 Ambient Air Quality Standards 7009.1000-1110 Air Pollution Episodes 7009.9000 General Conformity Page 14 of 17 April 8, 2004
Chapter 7011 - Standards of Performance for Stationary Sources 7011.0010-0020 Applicability 7011.0060-0080 Control Equipment Rule 701 1.0100-01 15 (Note: 7011.0120- Opacity Opacity Standard Adjustment- is NOT in the SIP) 7011.0150 Fugitive Particulate 7011.0500-0550 Indirect Heating Equipmi ent 7011.0600-0620 Direct Heating Equipmer It 7011.0700-0735 Industrial Process Equipr nent 7011.0800-0805, 0815-0825 Portland Cement Plants 7011.0900-0905, 0915-0920 Asphalt Concrete Plants 7011.1000-1015, Grain Elevators except 7011.1005, subp. 2 7011.1100-1125, 1135-1140 Coal Handling Facilities 7011.1201-7011.1207 for all rules for existing Incinerators sources 7011.1300-1325 Sewage Sludge Incineratc)rs 7011.1400-1430 Petroleum Refineries 7011.1500-1515 Liquid Petroleum and VCDC Storage Vessels 7011.1600-1605, 1615-1630 Sulfuric Acid Plants 7011.1700-1705, 1715-1725 Nitric Acid Plants 7011.2100-2105 Inorganic Fibrous Materials 7011.2300 Stationary Internal Combustion Engine Page 15 of 17 April 8,2004
Chapter 7017 - Monitoring and Testing Requirements 7017.0100 Establishing Violations (Evidentiary Rule) 7017.1000 CEMS 7017.2001-2060 Performance Tests Chapter 7019 - Notification, Reporting, Record keeping, and Emissions Inventory 7019.1000 Notifications 7019.2000 Reports 7019.3000-3010 Emission Inventory Chapter 7023 - Mobile and Indirect Sources 7023.0100-0120 Motor Vehicles Minnesota Statutes Chapter 17 and 88 Sections 17.135, 88.01-.03, 88.16, and 88.171 Opening Burning (These are DNR statutes EPA insisted we keep.)
Other Programs and Rules Included or Requested to be Included in the SIP Page 16 of 17 April 8, 2004
IV. Emerging Issues EPA is in the process of implementing new standards for a number of pollutants, as summarized below.
All three pollutants result from intrastate transport of either the pollutant or its precursors. Control strategies for all three will also be regional. Minnesota will be part of the strategy for regional haze and may be part of a regional strategy for ozone or PM2 .5 even if we attain the standards.
Ozone:
EPA established a new 8-hour standard for ozone in 1997. Ground level ozone is caused by the interaction of NOx and VOCs from both stationary and mobile sources. Ozone levels are generally highest downwind of large urban areas and are somewhat seasonal. The Twin Cities area has experienced a number of exceedences of the 1-hour standard and risks being classified as non-attainment if these are repeated in subsequent years. A voluntary effort, led by Clean Air Minnesota, is underway to investigate means of reducing ozone levels in the area before nonattainment becomes an issue. Both MPCA and EPA are actively supportive of this effort.
PM 2 .5:
This new standard applies to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less.
EPA proposed this standard based on current understanding of the health effects of airborne particles.
The very small particles that comprise ambient PM2.5 are largely formed from combustion sources. Much of PM2 .5 is formed by transformation of gaseous sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to particles in the air.
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides result from the combustion of fossil fuels in point sources such as power plants and mobile sources such as cars. The gaseous precursors and the very small particles can travel long distances. A good share of the particles here result from sources hundreds of miles away.
PM1o includes PM2.5 and the larger particles between PM2 .5 and PM 1o. This PM2 .5 - PM10 fraction tends to come from mechanical processes such as crushing or grinding rather than combustion. EPA is currently reviewing the PM2 .5 standard in light of new evidence of the health effects of PM2 .5 and even smaller particles. Monitoring in the Twin Cities area has shown levels close to the standard and voluntary efforts, similar to the ozone initiative, have been discussed.
Regional Haze:
The goal of the regional haze program is to reduce the impacts of air pollution on visibility, particularly in Class I designated areas such as the Boundary Waters Canoe Area and Voyagers Park. Small particles in the PM2 .5 size range have a diameter close to the wavelength of visible light (around one micron) and therefore will tend to scatter light. Therefore PM2 .5 is closely associated with regional haze issues. States are required to develop plans to address regional haze in Class I areas within the state and submit SIP revisions in 2006 to 2008. The MPCA is currently participating in the Central States Regional Air Resource Agencies (CenRAP) process to develop a regional haze SIP. The CenRAP states include Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas. The MPCA has started to identify sources in Minnesota that would be subject to Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART), which is the control strategy built into the regional haze program.
V. Who Do I Contact If I Have Ouestions About The SIP?
General questions on SIPs, rules and permits: Stuart Arkley (651)296-7774 Questions specific to PM2 .5 : Gordon Andersson (651)296-7667 Questions specific to mobile sources: Susanne Spitzer (651)296-7723 Page 17 of 17 April 8, 2004