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Entergy Pre-Filed Hearing Exhibit ENT00320B, Haverstraw Water Supply Project Water Supply Permit Application. Part B
	ML12090A524
Person / Time
Site:	Indian Point
Issue date:	12/31/2011
From:	; AKRF, CDM, United Water New York
To:	; Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel, State of NY, Dept of Environmental Conservation
	SECY RAS
Shared Package
ML12090A520	List: ML12090A521; ML12090A522; ML12090A523; ML12090A524; ML12090A525; ML12090A526; ML12090A527; ML12090A528;
References
	RAS 22146, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01
	Download: ML12090A524 (82)
	v • d • e

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-3W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxparametersmonitoredandthenumberofsamples.Theminimum,maximum,andaverageresultforeachparameteranalyzedarealsoincludedinalltables.Table4-2SummaryofPriorRiverWaterQualityMonitoring/AnalysisPerformedbyUWNYEVENTSITEPARAMETERSFREQUENCYPERIODSAMPLEDSAMPLECOLLECTIONNOTES1.QuarterlySamplingEventsSites1,2,&4VOCs/SVOCs,Pest.,PCBs,TCDDSingleeventApr2007High&Lowtide,3depthsRadionuclidesSingleeventApr2007High&Lowtide,3depthsSite3VOCs/SVOCs,Pest.,PCBs,TCDDQuarterly(2qtrs)Apr&Jun2007High&Lowtide,3depthsRadionuclidesQuarterly(2qtrs)Apr&Jun2007High&Lowtide,3depthsSite5VOCs/SVOCs,Pest.,PCBs,TCDDQuarterly(4qtrs)Jun2007-May2008High&Lowtide,3depthsRadionuclidesQuarterly(4qtrs)Jun2007-May2008High&LowtideEDCs/PPCPsQuarterly(4qtrs)Jun2007-May2008High&Lowtide2.MonthlySamplingEventsSites1,2,&4Metals&NutrientsMonthly(2mths)Apr&May2007High&Lowtide,3depthsCrypto&GiardiaSingleeventMay2007High&LowtideSite3Metals&NutrientsMonthly(4mths)Apr-Jul2007High&Lowtide,3depthsCrypto&GiardiaMonthly(3mths)May-Jun2007High&LowtideSite5Metals&NutrientsMonthly(12mths)Jun2007-May2008High&Lowtide,3depthsCrypto&GiardiaMonthly(12mths)Jun2007-May2008High&Lowtide3.WeeklySamplingEventsSite1FieldParametersWeeklyApr-Jun2007DepthprofilingConv.Param,SelectIons,&BacteriaWeeklyApr-Jun20073depthsSites2,3,&4FieldParametersWeeklyApr-Aug2007DepthprofilingConv.Param,SelectIons,

&BacteriaWeeklyApr-Aug20073depthsSite4SFieldParametersWeeklyAug2007-May2008DepthprofilingSite5FieldParametersWeeklyAug2007-May2008DepthprofilingConv.Param,SelectIons,&BacteriaWeeklyAug2007-May20083depths4.ContinuousReadingWaterQualityBuoy(Sonde)pH,Temp,Conductivity,Salinity,DO,&TurbidityContinuoushrlyreadingsInstalledMar2008(ongoing)Removedduringwintericing(midDec-Mar,typ)

ENT00320B Submitted: March 29, 2012 Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-4W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docx4.1.1.2ParameterDetectionsTheresultsofthewaterqualitymonitoringaresummarizedinthefollowinganalytegroups.OrganicCompoundsWiththeexceptionoffourvolatileandsemi-volatileorganiccompounds,allotherorganiccontaminantswerenotdetectedatanyofHudsonRivermonitoringsites,as indicatedinTables1Aand2AofAppendixB.ThefourorganiccompoundsdetectedwereBenzene,MethyleneChloride,TolueneandDioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD).WhileDioxinandBenzenewereonlydetectedonce,MethyleneChlorideandToluenewere detected8and11times,respectively.Pesticides/PCBs/EDCsandPharmaceuticalsAccordingtoTables1Aand2AofAppendixB,nopesticidesorpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)monitoredduringthe2007-2008HudsonRiverwaterqualitymonitoringprogramweredetectedatanyofthefivesamplinglocations.Therewere17endocrine-disruptingcompounds(EDCs)detectedinthesamples.MetalsandInorganicIonsMetalsdetectedintheHudsonRiverthroughoutthe2007to2008waterqualitymonitoringperiodincludedaluminum,boron,iron,lead,manganese,nickel,potassiumandzinc.Fluoridewasdetectedthreetimes.ConventionalParametersNitrogenspeciesincludingammonia,nitrate,nitriteandtotalnitrogenwerealldetected,asindicatedinTables1Aand2AofAppendixB.Table3ofAppendixBprovidesasummaryofconventionalparametersmonitoredanddetectedatthe5sites.ConventionalparameterspresentedinTable3includepH,salinity,conductivity,temperature,totaldissolvedsolids(TDS),totalorganiccarbon(TOC),andturbidity.Pathogens/MicrobiologicalParametersTotalcoliforminthe2007-2008HudsonRiversamplingwasdetectedwithintherangeof2to2,420cfu/100mLwithanaverageof759cfu/100mL(Table1AofAppendixB).4.1.2SondeWaterQualityBuoyDataGenerallyfromMarchandApril2008toJuly2011,HudsonRiverwaterqualityhasbeenmonitoredcontinuouslybyawaterqualitybuoy(Sonde)locatedwithinthevicinityoftheproposedintakelocation.Thedatacollectedyieldstidalanddaily variationofwaterqualitythroughoutthespring,summerandfallseasons.Itshouldbenotedthatthebuoyisremovedfromthewaterduringwintermonthsduetotheimpactsoficingontheriver.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-5W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docx4.1.2.1ParametersMonitoredTheSondewaterqualitybuoylogshourlywaterqualitydataneartheproposedintakelocation.AsindicatedinTable3ofAppendixB,thefollowingparametersaremonitored:pH;Temperature;Conductivity;Salinity;andTurbidity.4.1.3PilotStudyWaterQualityDataWhilenotrequiredbytheNewYorkStateDepartmentofHealth(NYSDOH)orNew YorkStatelaw,UWNYhasvoluntarilyconstructedatemporarywatertestingand treatmentfacilitylocatedonCarolAvenuewithintheWestHaverstrawBusinessPark.Thewaterqualitysamplingandmodelingconductedandthetestingbeing performed,referredtoasthePilotStudy,allowsUWNYtocontinuetheprocessofgatheringinformationonHudsonRiverwaterquality,butonacontinuousbasis.ThePilotStudydrawswaterfromtheHudsonRiverinthevicinityofthelocationproposedfortheProject,andanalyzesitandusesittoconductengineeringstudiesoftreatmentprocessesthatcanbeemployedforHudsonRiverwater.UseofthePilotStudywillprovideadditionalinformationonambientwaterquality,treatment methods(suchasthesequencingoftreatmentprocessestoresultinthehighestqualitypotablewaterwhileoptimizingthetreatmentcost),andvolumesofwasteandreverseosmosis(RO)concentratestreamsgeneratedbythetreatmentprocessesthroughouttherangeofwaterqualityconditions.Thisinformationwillallow refinementofthetreatmentprocessesandsequencingoftreatmenttoprovideinformationforthedetaileddesignoftheProposedProject.Waterqualitydatahasbeencollectedfromthepilotplantforrawwater,throughoutthewatertreatmentprocess,andfortheROinfluent,permeateandconcentrate (brine).Tables1Band2BofAppendixBincludesummariesoftherawwaterqualityaswellasROinfluentandconcentratelaboratorydatacollectedfromDecember2010 throughJuly2011.Samplingfrequenciesvariedbasedonanalytegroupandaredetailedbelow.4.1.3.1ParametersAnalyzedandFrequencyAsmentionedabove,severalwaterqualityparameterswereanalyzedboth continuouslyandatvaryingfrequenciesthroughoutthetreatmentprocess.Thefollowingsummarizestheanalytegroupsandmonitoringfrequencies:

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-6W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxVolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)-monthly;Laboratory/FieldParametersSemi-volatileOrganicCompounds(SVOCs)-monthly;Pesticides-monthly;PCBs-monthly;EDCs/pharmaceutical(PPCPs)-monthly;Metals/Inorganicparameters-monthlyandweekly;Conventionalparameters-weekly;andPathogens/Microbiologicalparameters-twicemonthly.Conductivity,pH,Temperature,andTurbidity.ContinuouslyMonitoredParameters4.1.3.2ParameterDetectionsTheresultsoftherawwaterqualitymonitoringforthePilotStudyaresummarizedinthefollowinganalytegroups.OrganicCompoundsAccordingtoTables1Band2Boftheappendix,theonlyorganiccompounddetected intherawwaterwasmethylenechloride,whichwasdetectedtwice.Bromodichloromethane,Bromoform,CarbonDisulfate,Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane,MethyleneChloride,StyreneandXylenesweredetectedbetween1and2timesintheROinfluentandconcentrate.Pesticides/PCBsAsindicatedintheappendedtable,nopesticidesorPCBAroclorsmonitoredatthe pilotweredetectedintherawwateronanyoccasion.Delta-BHCandGamma-BHCweredetectedonceandtwice,respectivelyintheROconcentrate.PCBCongenersweredetectedinthepilotrawwater,ROinfluentandROconcentrate.Ofthe27Congenersanalyzed,12weredetectedprimarilyintherawwaterandROconcentrate.TheseincludedPCB101(BZ),PCB105(BZ)(ROconcentrateonly),PCB118(BZ))ROconcentrateonly),PCB18(BZ),PCB183(BZ),PCB28(BZ),PCB44(BZ),

PCB49(BZ),PCB52(BZ),PCB66(BZ),PCB8(BZ),andPCB90(BZ).EDCsandPharmaceuticalsTables1Band2BofAppendixBindicatethat20ofthe39EDCs/PharmaceuticalsanalyzedweredetectedintherawwaterofthePilotStudy,Acetaminophen, Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-7W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxAzithromycin,Benzo(a)pyrene,Caffeine,Carbamazepine,Cotinine,Diltiazem,Fluoranthene,Fluoxetine,Gemfibrozil,Ibuprofen,Lincomycin,Naphthalene, Naproxen,Phenanthrene,Pyrene,Sulfamethoxazole,Triclosan,TrimethoprimandTylosin.ThedetectionsoftheabovementionedEDCsaveragedwithintherangeof 0.7and160ng/L.ItshouldbenotedthateachoftheseparameterswaspreviouslyanalyzedandnotdetectedusingEPAmethod625forSVOCs.MetalsandInorganicIonsSeveralmetalsweredetectedintherawwater,ROinfluentandROconcentrateoftheHWSPpilotfacility.ThemetalsdetectedincludeAluminum,Arsenic,Barium,Boron,Calcium,HexavalentChromium,Copper,Iron,Lead,Magnesium,lowlevelMercury,Manganese,Nickel,Potassium,Silver,Sodium,Strontium,VanadiumandZinc.

Bromide,Chloride,Fluoride,HexaneExtractables(OilandGrease),PerchlorateandSulfatewerealsodetectedintherawwater,ROinfluentandROconcentrate.ConventionalParametersAccordingtoTables1Band2B,nitrogenspeciesincludingAlgae,Alkalinity, Chlorophyll,Conductivity,DOC,Ammonia,Nitrate,Nitrite,TotalPhosphorous,Orthophosphate,TotalNitrogen,TKN,TDS,TOC,TSSandUV254werealldetectedeitherintherawwater,ROinfluentorROconcentrate.AcomparisonoftheconventionalparametersmonitoredandpresentedinTable3oftheappendixincludepH,salinity,conductivity,temperature,TDS,TOC,andturbidity.RadionuclidesAccordingtoTables1Band2B,GrossAlpha,GrossBeta,Radium-226,Radium-228,TritiumandUraniumwerealldetectedintheeitherintherawwater,ROinfluentandROconcentrate.GrossBetaappearedtobethemostdetectedofalltheradionuclides,having9detectionsintherawwater,7intheROinfluent,and11intheROconcentrate.Themajorityoftheotherradionuclidesweredetectedlessthan5timesthroughoutthepilotstudy.Strontium-90wasdetectedtwiceintheROconcentrate.Pathogens/MicrobiologicalParametersCryptosporidiumwasdetectedonceat0.05oocysts/l,whileGiardiawasdetected6timeswithintherangeof0.05and0.55cysts/lintherawwater.Totalcoliformwasdetectedwithintherangeof140to11,000cfu/100mL,atanaverageof1,700cfu/100 mLintherawwater.Itwasdetectedatanaverageof285and120intheROinfluent andROconcentrate,respectively.HPCwasdetectedinboththeROinfluentandRO concentrateataveragequantitiesof360and3,000cfu/ml,respectively.4.1.4WaterQualityDataComparison4.1.4.1AppendixBTables1Aand2ASummaryTables1Aand2AprovideasummaryofHudsonRiverWaterQualityDatawherePilotStudydataappearstobeconsistentwiththehistoricalHudsonRiverdata Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-8W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxgatheredin2007and2008.VOCsandSVOCsweredetectedinfrequentlyineitherdataset.PesticidesandPCBresultsindicatednodetectionshistoricallyorinthePilot Studyrawwater.MetalsandconventionalparametersweredetectedbothhistoricallyandcurrentlyunderthePilotStudy,atcomparableminimum,maximumandaverage values.Totalcoliformwasdetectedandaveragedat759cfu/100mLand1,700cfu/mLduring2007and2008samplingandunderthePilotStudy,respectively.4.1.4.2AppendixBTable3SummaryTable3providesasummaryofconventionalparametersmonitoredintheHudsonRiverbothhistorically,continuouslywiththewaterqualitybuoy,andunderthePilotStudy.ThepHrangeappearstofallwithintherangeofapproximately6.7to8.4,at anaverageofnear7.35-7.6forbothhistoricalandPilotStudyrawwaterdata.WhiletheaveragedataissimilarforhistoricalandtheSondewaterqualitybuoydata,thesalinityrangeforhistoricaldatapeaksslightlyhigherthanthatoftheSondewater qualitybuoydata,whichislikelyduetotheavailabilityofdataduringsummermonths.Historicaldataindicatesarangeof0.1to14.5ppt(averageof2.8ppt),whiletheSondewaterdataindicatesarangeof0.1to8.3ppt(averageof2.2ppt).ThePilotStudyindicatesarangeof0.1to4.5ppt,withanaverageof1.1pptintherawwaterandROinfluent.TheROconcentratehasasalinityofbetween0.5and29.5ppt,atanaverageof6.5ppt.Therawwatertemperaturerangewasconsistentthroughouteachdataset,rangingfromaminimumofbetween0.4to5.9degreesCelsius,toa maximumof25.4to30.0degreesCelsius.HudsonRiverwaterTDSforhistoricalandPilotStudyrawwaterdatawaswithintherangeof6to11,000mg/L,and74to4,340 mg/L,respectively.TDSintheROinfluentandconcentratewaswithintherangeof80to4,800mg/Land728to28,800mg/L,respectively.TOCdetectedintheHudsonRiverwaterforhistoricalandPilotStudyrawwaterdatawasbetween1.0to4.7mg/Land2.6to3.7mg/L,respectively.ROinfluentTOCwasdetectedatbetween1.4and 2.2mg/L,whileROconcentrateTOCwasdetectedatbetween3.6and34.5mg/L.HudsonRiverwaterturbidityduringthe2007and2008monitoringprogramranged between0.8and69.0NTU.TheSondewaterqualitybuoydetectedarangeof0.1and155.8NTUforturbidity.ThePilotStudyrawwaterdetectedbetween2.3and99.8 NTUofturbidityintherawwaterand0.02and0.26NTUturbidityintheROinfluent.4.1.4.3ConclusionItappearsthatPilotStudydata,WaterQualityBuoy(Sonde)data,andhistoricaldataattainedfromUWNYs2007-2008samplingprogramaregenerallyconsistentinclassifyingHudsonRiverwaterquality.4.1.5HydrodynamicModelingResultsPotentialissuesfordrinkingwaterfromanysourcecanincludethepresenceofradionuclides,PCBs,andEDCs/PPCPs.HydrodynamicmodelingconductedbyHydroQual,Inc.indicatedthatupstreamdredging(approximately100milesfromthe proposedintakestructure)conductedfortheHudsonRiverPCBsSuperfundSitewouldresultinfuturePCBconcentrationsinthevicinityoftheintakestructureat Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations 4-9W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxlevelsfarbelowthemaximumsafedrinkingwaterstandards(i.e.,maximumcontaminantlevels,orMCLs).Theresultsofthismodelingconcludethatpointand non-pointdischargestotheHudsonRiverwithina25-mileradiusoftheintakestructurewouldnotadverselyaffectthesuitabilityoftheHudsonRiverasawater supplysource.Similarly,modelingattheintakestructureindicatesthatdischargeofthewatertreatmentplantsreverseosmosiseffluent(ROconcentrate)throughthe HaverstrawJointRegionalSewageTreatmentPlant(JRSTP)effluentoutfall,andthedischargeofotherresidualwastestreamstotheinfluentoftheJRSTP,wouldnotadverselyaffectthequalityofthesurfacewaterattheintakestructurefortheProposedProject.Thestandardwatertreatmentprocessesproposedaspartofthe HaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectwouldbeusedtomeetorexceeddrinkingwaterstandardsestablishedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)andthe NYSDOH.FurtherdetailsonthehydrodynamicmodelingareincludedinAppendix C.4.1.6MunicipalitiesUtilizingtheHudsonRiverasaWaterSupplyTheHudsonRiveriscurrentlybeingusedasadrinkingwatersourcebymorethan20municipalities.ThepublicwatersuppliesfromtheHudsonRiverthatserveatleast1,000peopleincludetheCityandTownofPoughkeepsie,theTownofLloyd,the VillageofWappingersFalls,theTownofHydePark,theTownofEsopus,theVillageandTownofRhinebeck,theTownofHalfmoon,theVillageandTownofWaterford,andtheTownofQueensbury,andtheCityofGlensFalls.Inaddition,waterfromtheHudsonRiverhasbeenusedbytheCityofNewYorkatChelsea,NewYorkduringpastdroughtemergencies.Numerousindustrialandcommercialentities,whicharelistedbelowinTable4-3,alsoutilizetheHudsonRiver(southofTroy)asasourceofwatersupply.Table4-3HudsonRiverWaterIndustrialandCommercialUses 59 thStreetSteamStationDinsmoreG.C.MirantBowlineAMRIRensselaerHolcim(US)Inc.AthensGeneratingASR,Inc.IBMHudsonValleyResearchParkRosetonGeneratingStationBethlehemEnergyRecoveryIBMPoughkeepsieWheelabratorWestchesterClover-LeafNurseryIndianPoint2&3WorldFinancialCenterDanskammerGeneratingStationLafargeBuildingMaterials Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-10W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docx4.2WaterQuantityTheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectwouldintroduceanewsurfacewatersourcetotheRocklandCountywatersupplysystem,theHudsonRiver.Unlikethereservoirs,smallerrivers,andgroundwatersourcesthatcurrentlysupplyUWNYssysteminRocklandCounty,theHudsonRiverbyvirtueofitssizeandconnectiontotheAtlanticOcean,asdiscussedbelowisfarlessaffectedbylocaldroughtconditions.Forthisreason,andformostefficientplantoperation,UWNYproposestooperatetheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectatorclosetoitsdesigncapacity,toprovideasteadysourceofcleanwaterregardlessofchangesinthehydrologiccycleelsewhereinRocklandCounty4.2.1HudsonRiverHydrologyTheHudsonRiveroriginatesatLakeTearoftheCloudsintheAdirondackMountainsandflowssouth507kilometers(315miles)toitsconfluencewithUpperNewYorkBay.TheHudsonRiverdrainagebasincovers33,835squarekilometers(13,064squaremiles)anddrainspartsofNewYork,Vermont,NewJersey,Massachusetts,andConnecticut.Itisdividedintothreemajorsub-basins:theUpperHudsonRiver(UpperHudson,11,987squarekilometersor4,628squaremiles),theMohawk(8,972squarekilometersor3,464squaremiles),andtheLowerHudson(12,876squarekilometersor4,971squaremiles).TheProposedProjectislocatedintheLower Hudson.AtTroy,northofAlbany,theriverisjoinedbytheMohawkRiver,themajortributaryoftheHudsonRiver,andtheflownearlydoubles.LandcoverwithintheHudsonRiverbasinisapproximately62percentforest,25percentagriculture,8 percenturbanandresidential,2.6percentopenwater,andtheremainingismiscellaneous.LandcoverwithintheLowerHudsonisabout55percentforest,29percentagriculture,and13percenturban(seeFigure4-2).TheLowerHudsonisapartiallymixedestuaryduetomixingoffreshwaterwithwaterfromtheAtlanticOcean.TheriveristidallyaffectedasfarastheFederalDam nearTroy,whichis153rivermilesupstreamofthemouthoftheHudsonattheBatteryinNewYorkCity.Theflowintheestuarycanbeineitherdirectiondependingonthetidalconditionsandtheseasons,whichinfluencefreshwaterflow.Themixingoffreshwaterandoceanwaterresultsinbrackishwaterinthelowerreach oftheestuary.Thesalinityanditsverticalmixingorlackthereof(stratification)varysignificantlywithtides,season,andweather.Semi-diurnaltides(i.e.,twohightidesandtwolowtidesoccureachday)affectsalinityandmixing,particularlyinthelower stretchesoftheriver.TheaverageannualflowoftheHudsonRiveratGreenIsland,whichisjustdownstreamofitsconfluencewiththeMohawk,asgaugedfrom1947through2006bytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)(USGSGaugeNo.1358000)isapproximately14,000cubicfeetpersecond(cfs).FreshwaterflowintheHudsonvariesseasonally FigureHudsonRiverWatershedShowingLandUse,MajorRiversandStreamsUNITEDWATERHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectLandUseMajorRiversandStreamsForestedAgriculturalUrban/Residential Water OtherLandUse Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-11W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxwiththehighestratestypicallyinthespringwhenrainfallcombineswithsnowmeltparticularlyintheUpperHudson.Theaveragedepthoftherivervariesfrom16feetatHaverstrawBayto35feetattheBattery.ThewidthoftheriverislargestatHaverstrawBay(17,000feetor3.2miles) anddecreasesdownriver.HaverstrawBayhasextensiveshallowareas(lessthan15feetdeepatmeanlowerlowwater[MLLW]).Thebaydeepensinthenavigationchannelwhichismaintainedatadepthofabout35feet(NewYorkStateDepartmentofState[NYSDOS]Undated,CoastalFishandWildlifeHabitatRatingForm HaverstrawBay).Channeldepthswithinthestudyarearangefrom18toabout61feetatMLLW(NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration[NOAA]Chart12343,Edition19,10/1/2005).Themeantidalrange,definedasthedifferencebetweenhighwaterandlowwatersurfaceelevations,intheHudsonRiveratHaverstrawis2.9feet;springtidalrange,whichcoincideswiththefullandnewmoon,is3.4feet.Averagemaximumfloodcurrentis0.4meterspersecond(m/s),or1.3fps/0.8knots,andtheaveragemaximumebbcurrentis0.7m/s(2.3fps/1.4knots).Thegreaterebbvelocityisattributabletothefreshwaterflow,whichyieldsanetflowtotheBatteryand beyonditthroughNewYorkBay.

24.2.2MinisceongoCreekHydrologyTheMinisceongoCreekflowsoutoftheRamapoMountainstoitsconfluencewiththeHudsonRiverjustsoutheastoftheproposedIntakeSite.TheWaterTreatmentPlantSiteandtherawwatertransmissionmainrouteoptionsarelocatedwithinthe MinisceongoCreekwatershed.ThenorthbranchoftheMinisceongoCreekoriginatesinthePalisadesInterstateParkandthesouthbranchoriginatesabouttwomilessouth oftheMt.IvySwamp,neartheVillageofNewHempstead.ThebranchesmeetatLetchworthVillage.ExceptforthereachofstreaminLetchworthVillage,andseveralsmallimpoundmentsonthestream,theMinisceongohasamoderategradientandthestreambedischaracterizedbystones(graveltolargerocks).TheaveragestreamflowfortheperiodofOctober1960throughSeptember1963atUSGSGaugeNo.01374480(MinisceongoCreekatThiells,NewYork),northwestoftheTownofHaverstraw,wherethedrainageareais15.1squaremiles(39.1squarekilometers),is23.1cfs.

34.2.3ProjectEffectonWaterQualityTheultimatedailyproductioncapacityofthenewwatertreatmentplantwouldbe7.5 mgd.Initialestimatesshowthatapproximately33percentoftherawwaterflowwouldbeconsumedwithinthetreatmentprocess.Therefore,thephasedminimumfirmdailyrawwatercapacitywouldrangefrom3.4to10mgd.TheamountofwaterwithdrawnfortheProposedProjectwouldrepresentaminutefractionofthetotalfreshwaterflowoftheHudsonRiverasitpassestheIntakeSite.

2ReferencedfromTidesandCurrentsProsoftware,exceptforspringtidalrangewhichwasobtainedfromReedsNauticalAlmanac.

3USGShttp://waterdata.usgs/nwis/dv/?referred_module=sw Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-12W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxAccordingtoUSGSestimates,theannualmeanflowrateoffreshwaterintheriverasitpassedPoughkeepsieintheyears1995through2004rangedfromalowof12,000cfs (5,385,970gpm)toahighof26,700cfs(11,983,800gpm).Thisdoesnotaccountfortheadditionaleffectofsalinewaterassociatedwithtidalactivity.4.3KeyDrinkingWaterRegulationsDrinkingwaterisfederallyregulatedtominimumstandardsbytheUSEPAundertheauthorityoftheSafeDrinkingWaterAct(SDWA).TheSDWAwasestablishedbyCongressin1974toprotecthumanhealthbyregulatingthenationspublicdrinkingwatersupply.TheSDWAwasextensivelyamendedin1986andagainin1996.InNewYork,theNYSDOHenforcestheseregulationsingeneral.Theseregulationsareadoptedand,insomecases,mademorerestrictivebytheNYSDOH.AprimaryfocusoftheSDWAistosetnationalcontaminant-baseddrinkingwaterstandards,includingbothprimaryandsecondarystandards.Primarydrinkingwaterstandardsareintendedtoaddressadversehealtheffectsandconsistofmaximum contaminantlevelgoals(MCLGs),whicharenon-enforceablegoals,andMCLs,whichareenforceablelimitssetasclosetoMCLGsaspractical,consideringcostand feasibilityofattainment.Secondarydrinkingwaterstandardsaddressgeneralpublicwelfare,suchastheodororappearanceofdrinkingwater,andarealsonon-enforceable."Contaminant"isdefinedbytheSDWAtoincludeanyphysical,chemical,biological,orradiologicalsubstance.Originally,theSDWAfocusedprimarilyontreatmentasthemeansofprovidingsafedrinkingwateratthetap.The1996amendmentsgreatlyenhancedtheexistinglawbyrecognizingsourcewaterprotection,operatortraining,fundingforwatersystemimprovements,andpublicinformationasimportantcomponentsofsafedrinking water.Thisapproachhelpstoensurethequalityofdrinkingwaterfromthesourcetothecustomerstap.UndertheSDWA,allpublicwatersystemsaresubjecttothedrinkingwaterstandards,enforcedasMCLsforparticularcontaminants.A"publicwatersystem"asdefinedbyUSEPAisonethatprovidespipedwaterforhumanconsumptionandhas atleast15serviceconnectionsorregularlyservesatleast25persons.RegulationsrequirethesesystemstomeetMCLsand/ortousecertaintreatmenttechniquestoprotectagainstadversehealtheffects.Regulationsincludeprescribedtesting, recordkeeping,reporting,andtimelynotificationoffailuretomeetapplicabledrinkingwaterstandards.ThecurrentprimaryandsecondarydrinkingwaterregulationsarelistedinTable4-4.EachcategoryofcontaminantinTable2-6isdiscussedbelowwithrespecttooccurrenceandrelevancetothisproject.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-13W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4NationalPrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulationsMicroorganismsMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterCryptosporidiumasof01/01/02:zeroasof01/01/02: TT 3Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps).Humanandanimalfecalwaste.Giardialambliazero TT 3Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps)HumanandanimalfecalwasteHeterotrophicplatecount(HPC)n/a TT 3HPChasnohealtheffects,butcanindicatehoweffectivetreatmentisatcontrollingmicroorganisms.HPCmeasuresarangeofbacteriathatarenaturallypresentintheenvironment.Legionellazero TT 3Legionnaire'sDisease,commonlyknownaspneumonia.Foundnaturallyinwater;multipliesinheatingsystems.TotalColiforms(includingfecalcoliformandE.Coli)zero5.0%4Usedasanindicatorthatotherpotentiallyharmfulbacteriamaybepresent 5.Coliformsarenaturallypresentintheenvironment;fecalcoliformsandE.colicomefromhumanandanimalfecalwaste.Turbidityn/a TT 3Turbidityisameasureofthecloudinessofwater.Itis usedtoindicatewaterqualityandfiltrationeffectiveness(i.e.,whetherdisease-causingorganismsarepresent).Higherturbiditylevelsareoftenassociatedwithhigherlevelsofdisease-causingmicroorganismssuchasviruses,parasites,andsomebacteria.Theseorganismscancausesymptomssuchasnausea,cramps,diarrhea,and associatedheadaches.SoilrunoffViruses(enteric)zero TT 3Gastrointestinalillness(e.g.,diarrhea,vomiting,cramps).Humanandanimalfecalwaste.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-14W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)Disinfectants&DisinfectionByproductsMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterBromateasof01/01/02:

zeroasof01/01/02:

0.010Increasedriskofcancer.Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection.Chloramines(as

Cl 2)asof01/01/02:MRDLG=4 1asof01/01/02:MRDL=4.0 1Eye/noseirritation;stomachdiscomfort,anemia.Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes.Chlorine(asCl 2)asof01/01/02:MRDLG=4 1asof01/01/02:MRDL=4.0 1Eye/noseirritation;stomachdiscomfort.Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes.Chlorinedioxide(asClO 2)asof01/01/02:MRDLG=0.8 1asof01/01/02:MRDL=0.8 1Anemia;infantsandyoungchildren:nervoussystemeffects.Wateradditiveusedtocontrolmicrobes.Chloriteasof01/01/02:

0.8asof01/01/02:

1.0Anemia;infantsandyoungchildren:nervous systemeffects.Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection.Haloaceticacids (HAA5)asof01/01/02:

n/a 6asof 01/01/02:0.060Increasedriskofcancer.Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection.Total Trihalomethanes(TTHMs)none 7----------asof01/01/02:n/a 60.10----------asof01/01/02:0.080Liver,kidney,orcentralnervoussystemproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Byproductofdrinkingwaterdisinfection.InorganicChemicalsMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCLorTT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestion ofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterAntimony0.0060.006Increaseinbloodcholesterol;decreaseinbloodglucose.Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries;fireretardants; ceramics;electronics;solder.Arsenicnone 70.01asof1/23/06Skindamage;circulatorysystemproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Erosionofnaturaldeposits;runofffromglassandelectronicsproductionwastes.Asbestos(fiber>10micrometers)7millionfibersperliter7MFLIncreasedriskofdevelopingbenignintestinalpolyps.Decayofasbestoscementinwatermains;erosionofnatural deposits.Barium22Increaseinbloodpressure.Dischargeofdrillingwastes;dischargefrommetalrefineries;erosionofnaturaldeposits.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-15W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)InorganicChemicalsMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCLorTT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterBeryllium0.0040.004Intestinallesions.Dischargefrommetalrefineriesandcoal-burningfactories;dischargefromelectrical,aerospace,anddefenseindustries.Cadmium0.0050.005Kidneydamage.Corrosionofgalvanizedpipes;erosionofnaturaldeposits;dischargefrommetalrefineries;runofffromwastebatteriesand paints.Chromium(total)0.10.1SomepeoplewhousewatercontainingchromiumwellinexcessoftheMCLovermanyyearscouldexperience allergicdermatitis.Dischargefromsteelandpulpmills;erosionofnaturaldeposits.Copper1.3 TT 8;ActionLevel=1.3Shorttermexposure:Gastrointestinaldistress.

Longtermexposure:Liver orkidneydamage.People withWilson'sDiseaseshouldconsulttheirpersonaldoctoriftheirwatersystemsexceedthecopperactionlevel.Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems; erosionofnatural deposits.Cyanide(asfree cyanide)0.20.2Nervedamageorthyroidproblems.Dischargefromsteel/metalfactories;dischargefromplasticandfertilizerfactories.Fluoride4.04.0Bonedisease(painandtendernessofthebones);Childrenmaygetmottled teeth.Wateradditivewhichpromotesstrongteeth;erosionofnatural deposits;discharge fromfertilizerand aluminumfactories.Leadzero TT 8;ActionLevel=0.015Infantsandchildren:Delaysinphysicalormentaldevelopment.

Adults:Kidneyproblems; highbloodpressure.Corrosionofhouseholdplumbingsystems;erosionofnatural deposits.Mercury(inorganic)0.0020.002Kidneydamage.Erosionofnaturaldeposits;dischargefromrefineriesand factories;runofffromlandfillsandcropland.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-16W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)InorganicChemicalsMCLG 1(mg/L)2MCLorTT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterNitrate(measuredasNitrogen)1010"Bluebabysyndrome"ininfantsundersixmonths-lifethreateningwithoutimmediatemedicalattention.Symptoms:Infantlooksblueandhas shortnessofbreath.Runofffromfertilizeruse;leachingfromseptictanks,sewage;erosionofnaturaldeposits.Nitrite(measuredasNitrogen)11"Bluebabysyndrome"ininfantsundersixmonths-lifethreateningwithoutimmediatemedicalattention.Symptoms:

Infantlooksblueandhasshortnessofbreath.Runofffromfertilizeruse;leachingfromseptictanks,sewage;erosionofnaturaldeposits.Selenium0.050.05Hairorfingernailloss;numbnessinfingersortoes;circulatoryproblems.Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries;erosionofnaturaldeposits;discharge frommines.Thallium0.00050.002Hairloss;changesinblood;kidney,intestine,or liverproblems.Leachingfromore-processingsites; dischargefrom electronics,glass,and pharmaceuticalcompanies.OrganicChemicalsMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterAcrylamidezero TT 9Nervoussystemorbloodproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Addedtowaterduringsewage/wastewatertreatment.Alachlorzero0.002Eye,liver,kidneyorspleenproblems;anemia;riskofcancer.Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops.Atrazine0.0030.003Cardiovascularsystemproblems;reproductivedifficulties.Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops.Benzenezero0.005Anemia;decreaseinbloodplatelets;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromfactories;leachingfromgasstoragetanksand landfills.Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)zero0.0002Reproductivedifficulties;increasedriskofcancer.Leachingfromliningsofwaterstoragetanks anddistributionlines.Carbofuran0.040.04Problemswithbloodornervoussystem;reproductivedifficulties.Leachingofsoilfumigantusedonriceandalfalfa.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-17W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)OrganicChemicalsMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterCarbontetrachloridezero0.005Liverproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromchemicalplantsand otherindustrial activities.Chlordanezero0.002Liverornervoussystemproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Residueofbannedtermiticide.Chlorobenzene0.10.1Liverorkidneyproblems.Dischargefromchemicalandagriculturalchemicalfactories.2,4-D0.070.07Kidney,liver,oradrenalglandproblems.Runofffromherbicideusedonrowcrops.Dalapon0.20.2Minorkidneychanges.Runofffromherbicideusedonrightsofway.1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane(DBCP)zero0.0002Reproductivedifficulties;increasedriskofcancer.Runoff/leachingfromsoilfumigantusedonsoybeans,cotton,pineapples,andorchards.o-Dichlorobenzene0.60.6Liver,kidney,orcirculatorysystemproblems.Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories.p-Dichlorobenzene0.0750.075Anemia;liver,kidneyorspleendamage.Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories.1,2-Dichloroethanezero0.005Increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromindustrialchemical factories.1,1-Dichloroethylene0.0070.007Liverproblems.Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories.cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.070.07Liverproblems.Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories.trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.10.1Liverproblems.Dischargefromindustrialchemical factories.Dichloromethanezero0.005Liverproblems;riskofcancer.Dischargefrompharmaceuticalandchemicalfactories.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-18W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)OrganicChemicalsMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater1,2-Dichloropropanezero0.005Increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromindustrialchemical factories.Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate0.40.4Generaltoxiceffectsorreproductivedifficulties.LeachingfromPVCplumbingsystems;dischargefromchemicalfactories.Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalatezero0.006Reproductivedifficulties;liverproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromrubberandchemicalfactories.Dinoseb0.0070.007Reproductivedifficulties.Runofffromherbicideusedonsoybeansand vegetables.Dioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD)zero0.00000003Reproductivedifficulties;increasedriskofcancer.Emissionsfromwasteincinerationandothercombustion;discharge fromchemicalfactories.Diquat0.020.02Cataracts.Runofffromherbicideuse.Endothall0.10.1Stomachandintestinalproblems.Runofffromherbicideuse.Endrin0.0020.002Nervoussystemeffects.Residueofbannedinsecticide.Epichlorohydrinzero TT 9Stomachproblems;reproductivedifficulties;riskofcancer.Dischargefromindustrialchemicalfactories;addedtowaterduringtreatmentprocess.Ethylbenzene0.70.7Liver/kidneyproblems.Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries.Ethylenedibromidezero0.00005Stomachproblems;reproductivedifficulties; increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries.Glyphosate0.70.7Kidneyproblems;reproductivedifficulties.Runofffromherbicideuse.Heptachlorzero0.0004Liverdamage;increasedriskofcancer.Residueofbannedtermiticide.Heptachlorepoxidezero0.0002Liverdamage;increasedriskofcancer.Breakdownofheptachlor.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-19W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)OrganicChemicalsMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLorTT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterHexachlorobenzenezero0.001Liverorkidneyproblems;reproductivedifficulties;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefrommetalrefineriesandagriculturalchemicalfactories.Hexachlorocyclopentadiene0.050.05Kidneyorstomachproblems.Dischargefromchemicalfactories.Lindane0.00020.0002Liverorkidneyproblems.Runoff/leachingfrominsecticideusedoncattle,lumber,gardens.Methoxychlor0.040.04Reproductivedifficulties.Runoff/leachingfrominsecticideusedonfruits,vegetables.Oxamyl(Vydate)0.20.2Slightnervoussystemeffects.Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide usedonapples, potatoes/tomatoes.Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)zero0.0005Skinchanges;thymusglandproblems;immune deficiencies;reproductiveornervoussystemdifficulties;increasedriskofcancerRunofffromlandfills;discharge ofwastechemicals.Pentachlorophenolzero0.001Liverorkidneyproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromwoodpreserving factories.Picloram0.50.5Liverproblems.Herbiciderunoff.Simazine0.0040.004Problemswithblood.Herbiciderunoff.Styrene0.10.1Liver,kidney,andcirculatoryproblems.Dischargefromrubberandplasticfactories;leachingfromlandfills.Tetrachloroethylenezero0.005Liverproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefromfactoriesanddrycleaners.Toluene11Nervoussystem,kidney,orliverproblems.Dischargefrompetroleumfactories.Toxaphenezero0.003Kidney,liver,orthyroidproblems;increasedrisk ofcancer.Runoff/leachingfrominsecticide usedoncottonand cattle.2,4,5-TP(Silvex)0.050.05Liverproblems.Residueofbannedherbicide.1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene0.070.07Changesinadrenalglands.Dischargefromtextilefinishingfactories.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-20W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-4(continued)OrganicChemicalsMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWater1,1,1-Trichloroethane0.200.2Liver,nervoussystemorcirculatoryproblems.Dischargefrommetaldegreasingsitesand otherfactories.1,1,2-Trichloroethane0.0030.005Liver,kidney,orimmunesystemproblems.Dischargefromindustrialchemical factories.Trichloroethylenezero0.005Liverproblems;increasedriskofcancer.Dischargefrompetroleumrefineries.Vinylchloridezero0.002Increasedriskofcancer.LeachingfromPVCpipes;dischargefrom plasticfactories.Xylenes(total)1010Nervoussystemdamage.Dischargefrompetroleumfactories;dischargefrom chemicalfactories.RadionuclidesMCL G 1(mg/L)2MCLor TT 1(mg/L)2PotentialHealthEffectsfromIngestionofWaterSourcesofContaminantinDrinkingWaterAlphaparticlesnone 7----------asof12/08/03:zero 15picocuriesperLiter(pCi/L)Increasedriskofcancer.Erosionofnaturaldeposits.Betaparticlesand photonemittersnone 7----------asof12/08/03:zero4milliremsperyearIncreasedriskofcancer.Decayofnaturalandman-madedeposits.Radium226and Radium228 (combined)none 7---------asof 12/08/03:

zero5pCi/LIncreasedriskofcancer.Erosionofnaturaldeposits.Uraniumasof12/08/03:

zeroasof12/08/03:

30ug/LIncreasedriskofcancer,kidneytoxicity.Erosionofnaturaldeposits.Notes 1Definitions:MaximumContaminantLevel(MCL)-Thehighestlevelofacontaminantthatisallowedindrinkingwater.MCLsaresetasclosetoMCLGsasfeasibleusingthebestavailabletreatmenttechnologyandtakingcostintoconsideration.MCLsareenforceablestandards.MaximumContaminantLevelGoal(MCLG)-Thelevelofacontaminantindrinkingwaterbelowwhichthereisnoknownorexpectedrisktohealth.MCLGsallowforamarginofsafetyandarenon-enforceablepublichealthgoals.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-21W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxMaximumResidualDisinfectantLevel(MRDL)-Thehighestlevelofadisinfectantallowedindrinkingwater.Thereisconvincingevidencethatadditionofadisinfectantisnecessaryforcontrolofmicrobialcontaminants.MaximumResidualDisinfectantLevelGoal(MRDLG)-Thelevelofadrinkingwaterdisinfectantbelowwhichthereisnoknownorexpectedrisktohealth.MRDLGsdonotreflectthebenefitsoftheuseofdisinfectantstocontrolmicrobialcontaminants.TreatmentTechnique-Arequiredprocessintendedtoreducethelevelofacontaminantindrinkingwater.

2Unitsareinmilligramsperliter(mg/L)unlessotherwisenoted.Milligramsperliterareequivalenttopartspermillion.

3USEPA'ssurfacewatertreatmentrulesrequiresystemsusingsurfacewaterorgroundwaterunderthedirectinfluenceofsurfacewaterto(1)disinfecttheirwater,and(2)filtertheirwaterormeetcriteriaforavoidingfiltrationsothatthefollowingcontaminantsarecontrolledatthefollowinglevels:Cryptosporidium:99%removal/inactivationGiardialamblia:99.9percentremoval/inactivationViruses:99.99percentremoval/inactivationLegionella:Nolimit,butUSEPAbelievesthatifGiardiaandvirusesareremoved/inactivated,Legionellawillalsobecontrolled.Turbidity:Filtrationsystemsmustachieveafilteredwaterturbidityleveloflessthanorequalto0.3NTUfor95percentofmeasurementstakeneachmonth,andlessthanorequalto1.0NTUatalltimes.Waterutilitiesarerequiredtorecordtheeffluentturbidityofindividualfiltersevery15minutes.Foranyindividualfilterthathasameasuredturbiditylevelgreaterthan1.0NTUintwoconsecutivemeasurementstaken15minutesapart,areportofthefilternumber,the turbiditymeasurement,andthedate(s)onwhichthefilterexceededthislimitmustbeincluded.Inaddition,aprofileontheindividualfiltermustbemaintainedandreportedtotheState,dependingonthemeasurementofNTUthatexceededthelimit.HPC:Nomorethan500bacterialcoloniespermilliliter.

4Nomorethan5.0percentsamplestotalcoliform-positiveinamonth.(Forwatersystemsthatcollectfewerthan40routinesamplespermonth,nomorethanonesamplecanbetotalcoliform-positive).Everysamplethathastotalcoliformsmustbeanalyzedforfecalcoliforms.TheremaynotbeanyfecalcoliformsorE.coli.5FecalcoliformandE.coliarebacteriawhosepresenceindicatesthatthewatermaybecontaminatedwithhumanoranimalwastes.Disease-causingmicrobes(pathogens)inthesewastescancausediarrhea,cramps,nausea,headaches,orother symptoms.Thesepathogensmayposeaspecialhealthriskforinfants,youngchildren,andpeoplewithseverelycompromisedimmunesystems.

6AlthoughthereisnocollectiveMCLGforthiscontaminantgroup,thereareindividualMCLGsforsomeoftheindividualcontaminants:Trihalomethanes:bromodichloromethane(zero);bromoform(zero);dibromochloromethane(0.06mg/L).ChloroformisregulatedwiththisgroupbuthasnoMCLG.Haloaceticacids:dichloroaceticacid(zero);trichloroaceticacid(0.3mg/L).Monochloroaceticacid,bromoaceticacid,anddibromoaceticacidareregulatedwiththisgroupbuthavenoMCLGs.

7MCLGswerenotestablishedbeforethe1986AmendmentstotheSafeDrinkingWaterAct.Therefore,thereisnoMCLGfor thiscontaminant.

8LeadandcopperareregulatedbyaTreatmentTechniquethatrequiressystemstocontrolthecorrosivenessoftheirwater.If morethan10%oftapwatersamplesexceedtheactionlevel,watersystemsmusttakeadditionalsteps.Forcopper,theactionlevelis1.3mg/L,andforleadis0.015mg/L.

9Eachwatersystemmustcertify,inwriting,tothestate(usingthird-partyormanufacturer'scertification)thatwhenacrylamideandepichlorohydrinareusedindrinkingwatersystems,thecombination(orproduct)ofdoseandmonomerleveldoesnotexceedthelevelsspecified,asfollows:Acrylamide=0.05%dosedat1mg/L(orequivalent).Epichlorohydrin=0.01%dosedat20mg/L(orequivalent).

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-22W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxNationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulationsNationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterRegulations(NSDWRsorsecondarystandards)arenon-enforceableguidelinesregulatingcontaminantsthatmaycausecosmeticeffects(suchasskinortoothdiscoloration)oraestheticeffects(suchastaste,odor,or color)indrinkingwater.USEPArecommendssecondarystandardstowatersystemsbutdoesnotrequiresystemstocomplyassummarizedinTable4-5.However,statesmaychoosetoadoptthemasenforceablestandards.Table4-5NationalSecondaryDrinkingWaterStandardsContaminantSecondaryStandardAluminum0.05to0.2mg/LChloride250mg/LColor15(colorunits)Copper1.0mg/LCorrosivityNoncorrosiveFluoride2.0mg/LFoamingAgents0.5mg/LIron0.3mg/LManganese0.05mg/LOdor3thresholdodornumberpH6.5-8.5Silver0.10mg/LSulfate250mg/LTotalDissolvedSolids500mg/LZinc5mg/LMicroorganismsConventionalcoagulation/clarification/filtrationandchlorinedisinfectionmeetsallcurrentfederalrequirementsforcontrolofmicroorganisms.However,recentregulationsaremorerestrictivewithrespecttoCryptosporidium

.DisinfectantsandDisinfectionBy-products(D/DBPs)TheROandgranularactivatedcarbon(GAC)processeswillremovethemajorityoftheDBPpre-cursors,therebyminimizingDBPformation.TheDBPformationpotentialofROandGACtreatedwaterwillbeevaluatedaspartofthePilotStudy.InorganicChemicalsComplianceshouldbeachievablewithmembranefiltrationandreverseosmosis.OrganicChemicalsTheselectedprocess(microfiltration/ultrafiltration,RO,andGAC)providesamulti-barrierapproachforremovaloforganicchemicals.Contaminantremovalwill bedemonstratedinthePilotStudy.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-23W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxRadionuclidesExceptforonesample,allradionuclidesinthewaterqualitysamplingwerebelowMCLs.Theoneexception,wasagrossbetalevelof62pCi/LinonesamplefromSite5.Thetreatmentprocesswillremovemostradionuclides,exceptfortritium.4.3.1CurrentRegulationsUnderthe1996SDWAAmendments,theUSEPAdevelopedseveralregulationsthat becameeffectiveinlate1990sandearly2006andwillaffecttheHWSP.TheseregulationsaretheInterimEnhancedSurfaceWaterTreatmentRule(IESWTR),Stage1D/DBPR,Stage2D/DBPR,theLongTermStage1EnhancedSurfaceWater TreatmentRule(LT1ESWTR),theLongTermStage2EnhancedSurfaceWaterTreatmentRule(LT2ESWTR),FilterBackwashRecyclingRule(FBRR),GroundWaterRule,andtheLeadandCopperRule(LCR)revisions.4.3.1.1IESWTRandLT1ESWTRTurbidityRequirementsAspartoftheIESWTR,promulgatedin1998,turbiditycanbemeasuredintwoways:combinedfiltereffluent(CFE)andindividualfiltereffluent(IFE).AsofJanuary1,2002,wherepopulationservedisequalorgreaterthan10,000people,theCFEvaluerecordedatleastevery4hoursmustnotexceed0.3NTUinatleast95percentofthemeasurementstakeneachmonth.TheLT1ESWTRsubsequentlyappliedthislimitto smallersurfacewatersystems.Additionally,theCFElevelofrepresentativesamplesmustnotexceed1.0NTUatanytime.ThemostsignificantchangeinthemonitoringrequirementsisthattheutilityisrequiredtorecordtheIFEevery15minutes.Inadditiontothepastreportingandrecordkeepingrequirements,theutilityisrequiredtoreportturbiditymeasurementswithin10daysaftertheendofeachmonth.Informationinthisreportmustincludethefollowing:ThetotalnumberofCFEmeasurementstakenduringthemonth.ThenumberandpercentageofCFEmeasurementstakenduringthemonth,whicharelessthanorequaltothe95percentlimit.ThedateandvalueofanyCFEmeasurementstakenduringthemonth,whichexceed1.0NTUforsystemsusingconventionalfiltrationtreatmentordirectfiltration,orwhichexceedthemaximumlevelsetbythestate.TheIFEmonitoringconductedandanyfollow-upactionstakenforexceedancesduringthemonth.Utilitiesmustmaintaintheirrecordkeepingfortheaboverequirementsforaminimumofthreeyears.TheadditionalIFEfollow-upandreportingrequirementsinclude:ForanyIFErecordingsgreaterthan1.0NTUintwoconsecutivemeasurementstaken15minutesapart,areportofthefilternumber,theturbidityvalue,thedate(s)onwhichthefilterexceededthelimitandthecause(ifknown)mustbereportedto Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-24W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxNYSDOH.Incaseswherecauseforanexceedanceisunknown,aprofileontheindividualfiltermustbeproducedwithin7daysandreportedtoNYSDOH.ForanyIFErecordingsgreaterthan1.0NTUintwoconsecutivemeasurementstaken15minutesapartatthesamefilterfor3monthsinarow,filterself-assessmentshouldbeconductedwithin14daysandareportofthefilternumber, theturbidityvalue,thedate(s)onwhichthefilterexceededthelimit,andtheproducedfilterself-assessmentmustbereportedtoNYSDOH.IftwoconsecutiveIFErecordingsexceed2.0NTUandweretaken15minutesapartatthesamefilterfor2monthsinarow,acomprehensiveperformanceevaluation(CPE)mustbeperformedwithin30daysandtheCPEreportmustbesubmittedto NYSDOHwithin90days.Inaddition,areportincludingthefilternumber,turbidityvalueandthedate(s)onwhichthefilterexceededthelimitshallbe submittedtoNYSDOHbythe10 thofthefollowingmonth.4.3.1.2Stage1D/DBPRMCLsforDisinfectionBy-ProductsTheStage1D/DBPR,whichintendedtoreducethelevelsofdisinfectantsand disinfectionby-products(DBPs)indrinkingwatersupplies,becameeffectiveinFebruary1999.UndertheD/DBPR,twogroupsofchlorinatedDBPs-totaltrihalomethanes(TTHMs)andfivehaloaceticacids(HAA5)-areregulatedintwostages.InStage1,USEPAsetMCLsof80g/Land60g/L,asannualaverages,forTTHMsandHAA5,respectively.Complianceisdefinedonthebasisofarunningannualaverage(RAA)ofquarterlyaveragesofallsamples.Monitoringrequirementsforsystemsserving10,000peopleormoreincludecollectionoffourwatersamples fromthedistributionsystemperquarterpertreatmentplant.Thesamplinglocationsshouldberepresentativeoftheaverageresidencetimeinthedistributionsystemwithatleast25percentofthesamplestobetakenatlocationsthatrepresentthemaximumresidencetimeofwater.Forsystemsmonitoringquarterly,iftheRAAofquarterly averagescoveringanyconsecutivefour-quarterperiodexceedstheMCL,thesystemisinviolationoftheMCLandmustnotifythepublic,inadditiontoreportingtothe

State.Inaddition,MRDLsinthedistributionsystemwereestablishedforchlorine(4mg/L),chloramines(4mg/L),andchlorinedioxide(0.8mg/L).Table4-6providesthefinalMRDLGsandMRDLs.Table4-7includestheMCLsandMCLGsforthedisinfectionbyproducts.4.3.1.3TotalOrganicCarbon(TOC)RemovalTheStage1D/DBPRalsorequiresthatutilitiesachievespecificTOCremovalstocontrolDBPprecursors.TheamountofTOCthatmustberemovedisdependentuponthe alkalinityandTOCconcentrationoftherawwater.Table2-10showsthepercentremoval ofTOCthatisrequiredunderthisRule.Percentremovalismeasuredupstreamofthepointofprimarydisinfection.Thus,ifchlorineisnotaddeduntilafterthefiltersforchlorinecontacttime,thentheTOCofthefilteredwatermaybecomparedtotheTOCof therawwatertocalculateTOCremoval.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-25W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTable4-6Stage1MRDLGsandMRDLsforDisinfectantsParameterMRDLG(mg/L)MRDL(mg/L)ComplianceBasedOnRoutineMonitoringChlorine4.04(asfreeCl 2)RAATCRsamplingChloramines4.04(ascombined Cl 2)RAATCRsamplingChlorineDioxide0.80.8(asClO 2)Sampleresults collectedon twoconsecutivedaysDailyatentrypointTable4-7Stage1MCLGsandMCLsforDisinfectionBy-ProductsParameterMCLG(mg/L)MCDL(mg/L)ComplianceBasedOnRoutineMonitoringChlorite0.81.0Averageofeach3-sampleset*Dailyatentrypoint,monthlyindistributionsystemBromate00.010RAAMonthlyatentrypointTTHMsn/a0.080RAA4/plant/qtrHAAs(5)n/a0.060RAA4/plant/qtrChloroform0n/a--Bromodichloromethane0n/a--Dibromochloromethane0.06n/a--Bromoform0n/a--Dichloroaceticacid0n/a--Trichloroaceticacid0.3n/a--Notes:*Asetofsamplescollectedforchloriteonthesamedayinthedistributionsystematthefollowingsites:oneatthefirstcustomerserved,oneatarepresentativesiteandoneatthewatersmaximumresidencetime.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-26W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxTheTOCremovalrequirementswouldmostlikelybemetwithacombinationofpretreatment,RO,andGAC.Table4-8TOCPercentRemovalSource-WaterTOC(mg/L)Source-WaterAlkalinity(mg/LasCaCO 3)<6060-120>120>2.0-4.0352515>4.0-8.0453525>8.0504030TheStage1D/DBPRprovidesexemptionsforenhancedcoagulation.Thekeyexemptionsare:1.SourceortreatedwaterTOCrunningaverageisbelow2.0mg/L2.TTHM<40ppb,HAAs<30ppb,anduseonlyfreechlorine 3.Sourcewaterspecificultravioletabsorbance(SUVA)2.0L/mgmrunningannualaverage4.FinishedwaterSUVA2.0L/mg m4.3.1.4DisinfectionProfiling/BenchmarkingUndertheIESWTR,autilitymustmonitordailyforaperiodof12consecutive calendarmonthstodeterminethetotallogsofGiardialambliainactivationforeachdayofoperationbasedonthepublishedCT99.9valuesthroughouttheentiretreatmentplant.Additionally,anyutilitythatuseseitherchloraminesorozoneforprimarydisinfectionmustalsocalculatethelogsinactivationforvirusesusingamethod approvedbyNYSDOH.Ifasystemismodifyingitsdisinfectionpracticestocomplywiththenewregulations,itmustcalculatetheirdisinfectionbenchmarkbydeterminingthelowestaveragemonthlyGiardialambliainactivationineachyearofprofilingdata.TheymustalsodeterminetheaverageGiardialambliainactivationforeachcalendarmonthforeachyearofprofilingdata.4.3.1.5Stage2D/DBPRMCLsandMCLGsforDisinfectionByproductsThefinalStage2D/DBPR,aspromulgatedinJanuary2006,isdesignedtoreduce DBPoccurrencepeaksinthedistributionsystembasedonchangestocompliance monitoringprovisions.CompliancemonitoringisprecededbyanInitialDistributionSystemEvaluation(IDSE)tofindtheworst-casedistributionsystemsamplepoints.TheselocationswillthenbeusedbythesystemsasthesamplingsitesforStage2DBP rulecompliancemonitoring.Thenumberofcompliancemonitoringsitesisdeterminedbythepopulationservedandthesourcewatertype.Complianceisdefinedonthebasisofalocationalrunningannualaverage(LRAA)ofTTHMsand Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-27W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxHAA5.Compliancemustbemetateachmonitoringlocation,insteadofsystem-wideusingtheRAAundertheStage1D/DBPR.TheStage2D/DBPRwilllimitallsample pointsinthedistributionsystemtoRAAof80g/LTTHMsand60g/LofHAA5.4.3.1.6LT2ESWTRCryptosporidiumTreatmentDetailsTheLT2ESWTRwasreleasedsimultaneouslywithStage2DBPRonJanuary4,2006toaddressconcernsaboutrisktradeoffsbetweenpathogensandDBPs.InordertohaveanextrabarriertoCryptosporidium,additionalremoval/inactivationcapabilitieslikeUVarerecommendedassoonasaffordableinthefuture.LeveloftreatmentrequiredbasedonLT2ESWTRislistedasfollows:IftheaverageCryptosporidiumconcentrationisbetween0.075/Land1.0/L,then1logtreatmentisrequired.IftheaverageCryptosporidiumconcentrationisbetween1/Land3/L,then2logtreatmentisrequiredwithatleast1logbeingbyozone,chlorinedioxide,UV,membranes,bag/cartridgefilters,orin-bankfiltration.IftheaverageCryptosporidiumconcentrationisover3.0/L,then2.5logtreatmentisrequiredwithatleast1logbeingbyozone,chlorinedioxide,UV,membranes, bag/cartridgefilters,orin-bankfiltration.Cryptosporidiumremoval/inactivationrequirementslistedinfinalRuleareasfollow:WatershedControlProgram:0.5logcreditandreductionsincystsasmeasured.Alternativesourcessuchasintakerelocation:creditbasedonmeasureddropincysts.Pretreatment:Daysofrawwaterstorageandpre-settlingwithcoagulantget0.5logcredit.Weeksofrawwaterstorageandin-bankfiltrationget1logcredit.Improvedtreatment:MonthlyCFEturbidityof0.15NTUorless95percentofthetimegetsextra0.5logcredit.MonthlyIFEturbidityof0.15NTUorless95percentofthetimewithnoindividualfiltersgreaterthan0.3NTUintwoconsecutivedaysgetanextra0.5logcredit.Slowsandfiltersandmembranesgetgreaterthan2.5logcredit.Improveddisinfectionwithchlorinedioxide,ozone,andUV.4.3.1.7FilterBackwashRecyclingRule(FBRR)FBRRpublishedonJune8,2001appliestoallsystemsthatusesurfacewateror groundwaterundertheinfluenceofsurfacewater,employconventionalordirectfiltration,andrecycleoneormoreofthefollowing:Spentfilterbackwashwater.Thickenersupernatant.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-28W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docxLiquidsfromdewateringprocesses.PerFBRR,theutilityhastoreportthefollowingtoNYSDOH:Intenttorecycleinwriting.Aplantschematicshowingtheoriginofallrecycleflows,hydraulicconveyanceusedtotransporttherecycleflows,andlocationwheretheyarerecycledbackintotheplant.Detailsoftypicalrecycleflow,designflowfortheWTP,andState-approvedoperatingcapacity.Inaddition,thesystemsmustcollectandretainonfilethefollowing:Acopyoftherecyclenotificationform.Alistofallrecyleflowsandthefrequencyatwhichtheyarereturned.Averageandmaximumbackwashflowratesthroughthefiltersandtheaverageandmaximumdurationofthefilterbackwashprocess,inminutes.Typicalfilterrunlengthandawrittensummaryofhowfilterrunlengthisdetermined.Ifapplicable,thetypeoftreatmentprovidedfortherecyclestreambeforeitenterstheconventionalprocess.Ifapplicable,dataaboutthephysicaldimensionsoftherecycletreatmentunits,typicalandmaximumhydraulicloadingrates,etc.4.3.1.8GroundWaterRule(GWR)USEPApromulgatedthefinalGWRinOctober2006thatappliestoallpublicwatersupply(PWS)systemsthatusegroundwater.Therulealsoappliestosystemsthatmix surfaceandgroundwaterandifthegroundwaterisaddeddirectlytothedistributionsystemandprovidedtoconsumerswithoutequivalentsurfacewatertreatment.MajorcomponentsofthefinalGWRinclude:Periodicsanitarysurveystoidentifythesignificantdeficiencies.TheinitialsurveyistobecompletedbyDecember31,2012forallcommunitywatersystems.SourcewatermonitoringtotestforE.coli,enterococci,orcoliphageinthesample.Correctiveactionstorectifysignificantdeficiencyorsourcewaterfecalcontamination.Compliancemonitoringtoensurethatthetreatmenttechnologyinstalledisabletomeet99.99percentinactivationorremovalofviruses.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-29W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docx4.3.1.9LeadandCopperRuleRevisionsOnJanuary12,2000,theUSEPApublishedminorrevisionstothe1991LeadandCopperRule(LCR).ThepurposeoftheLeadandCopperRuleMinorRevisions(LCRMR)istoeliminateunnecessaryrequirements,streamlineandreducereporting burden,andpromoteconsistentnationalimplementation.Insomecases,USEPAhasaddedlanguage,whichclarifiesrequirementsandcorrectsoversightsintheoriginalrule.TheserevisionsdonotaffecttheleadorcopperMCLGs,theactionlevels(ALs),

orthebasicregulatoryrequirementsoftherule.AdditionalchangestotheLCRwerepreparedonJuly18,2006(USEPA,2006).Relevantchangesincluderequiringwatersystemsto:Provideadvancednotificationtotheprimacyagencyorintendedchangesintreatmentorsourcewaterthatcouldincreasecorrosionoflead.Provideanotificationoftapwatermonitoringresultsforleadtoownersand/oroccupantsofhomesandbuildingsthatarepartoftheutilityssamplingprogram.TheUSEPAisalsoproposingtochangethecontentofthemessagetobeprovidedtoconsumers,howthematerialsaredeliveredtoconsumers,andthetimeframein whichmaterialsmustbedeliveredafteraleadALexceedance.IntheproposedrevisionsinJune2006,theUSEPArequiresPWSstoprovideadvancednotificationtothestateprimacyagencyofintendedchangesintreatmentorsourcewaterthatcouldincreasecorrosionoflead.TheprimacyagencymustapprovetheplannedchangesusingaprocessthatwillallowthemandthePWSstotakeasmuchtimeasneededtoconsultaboutpotentialproblems.4.3.1.10TotalColiformRuleRevisionsOnJuly14,2010,theEPApublishedproposedrevisionstotheTotalColiformRule(TCR).Lastupdatedin1989,theTCRestablishesrequirementsformonitoringandtreatmentofpathogens,includingdistributionsystemmonitoring.Keyelementsoftheproposedrulechangesincludethefollowing:EliminatestheMCLandMCLGfortotalcoliformandreplacesitwithanMCLandMCLGofzeroforE.coli.EstablishesatreatmenttechniquerequirementfortotalcoliformandE.coliasanindicatorofapotentialpathwayofcontaminationintothedistributionsystem.Exceedancestriggertheneedtoperformanassessmentforsanitarydefects.Tiesmonitoringrequirementstocontaminationriskandsystemperformance.ModifiesviolationsandpublicnotificationrequirementsbasedonthenewMCLandtreatmenttechniquerequirements.

Section4WaterQuality,QuantityandCompliancewithDrinkingWaterRegulations4-30W:\Projects\40306-UWNYHUDSONRIVERDESALINATION\Permitting\PERMITFORFULLSCALE\2011_WaterSupplyApplication\WaterSupplyPermitComponents\Sept292011submission\Engineer'sReport\04Section4_9-29-11_CLEAN.docx4.3.2CompliancewithCurrentRegulationsThewatertreatmentplantwillprovidetreatmentthatmeetsorexceedstheapplicablerulesandregulationsoutlinedaboveandinaccordancewithNYSDOHrequirements, includingtheRecommendedStandardsforWaterWorks(alsoknownastheTenStateStandards).

MemorandumDEISSupportTechnicalMemorandum(TM#SW-1)July2,2010SourceWaterandReceivingWaterAnalysis___________________________________________________________IntroductionThepurposeofthistechnicalmemorandumistoprovideadditionalinformationrequestedbyNewYorkStateDepartmentofEnvironmentalConservation*(NYSDEC)aspartoftheFinalScopingDocumentforaDEISfortheUnitedWaterNewYorks(UnitedWater)proposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProject.ThismemoaddressesNYSDECsrequestforthefollowingadditionalinformation:ThediscussionofexistingwaterqualityoftheHudsonRiver,andtheeffectsonthatwaterqualityfromrelevantindustrialormunicipalwastewaterdischargesandotherrelevantactivities,willbeexpanded.Specificinformationtobeprovidedwillinclude:AssesspotentialcontaminantsreachingtheintakesiteasaresultofupstreamdredgingofPCBs,includingdatafromtheproposedpilotoperationaswellasany waterqualitysamplingdataavailablefromthePCBdredgingoperations;EvaluatepossiblecontaminationattheproposedintakesitebygroundwaterflowfromtheformerHaverstrawlandfill,basedonsamplingdatafromlandfillmonitoringwellsaswellassamplingdatafromproposedintakeorpilotoperation;modelingmaybeusedtoaugmentorsupportconclusions,butmaynotbe substitutedforsampling;Identifyandassesspotentialcontaminantloadsattheproposedintakesitefromdischargestotheriverbyotherindustrialoperations,includingwastewatertreatmentplantsandpowergenerationfacilities;locationmapsanddischargeprofileswillbeprovidedforallsuchdischargeswithin25milesoftheproposedwaterintakesite,andpilotplantsamplingwillspecificallytestforconstituentsoftheseidentified discharges;Identifyandassessimpactsonwaterqualityattheproposedintakesiteofexisting significantnon-pointwaterpollutionsourceswithin25milesoftheproposedintakesite,includingbutnotlimitedtoagriculturalorlandscapingoperationsadjoiningthe shoreline,andstormdraindischarges;andBasedonavailablewaterqualitydataandinformationgatheredduringoperationofthepilotplant,provideafullchemicalandcontaminateprofileofHudsonRiver July2,2010Page2waterattheintake;analysisofdatashouldreflectchangesovertime,includingbutnotlimitedtotidalandseasonalvariationsaswellasanyeffectsoflargeprecipitationorstormwaterflowevent(suchasspringrunoff).UnitedWaterrequestedanassessmentofpotentialcontaminantsreachingtheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakeandaprofileofwaterqualityconstituentsattheintakelocation.Inresponse,thistechnicalmemorandumhasbeendevelopedandaddressesseveralkeypotentialsourcesofcontaminationidentifiedbyNYSDEC.Theseare:UpstreamdredgingofPCBsHaverstrawLandfillgroundwaterIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantOtherloadingswithina25-mileradiusEachofthesepotentialsourcesisdiscussedbelowinthecontextofawaterqualityprofileattheintakelocation.1.0AssessmentofPotentialImpactsattheIntakefromUpstreamDredgingofPCBsTheassessmentofpotentialimpactsattheintakefromupstreamdredgingofPCBsincludesaconsiderationofbothmeasureddataandmodelresultsforpre-dredging,during-dredging,andpost-dredgingconditions.Pre-DredgingConditions-TheNewYorkStateDepartmentofHealth(DOH)beganmonitoringninepublicdrinkingwatersuppliesontheHudsonRiverforPCBsinMay2008toestablishabaselinebeforenowon-goingGeneralElectricdredgingofcon-taminatedsedimentsintheUpperHudsonRivercommencedin2009from.Thedredgingwilloccuralonga40milestretchoftheHudsonRiverfromrivermile153.9torivermile193.7.Thesouthern-mostofthedrinkingwatersuppliesmonitoredisatPoughkeepsie.Poughkeepsie(aboutrivermile80)issignificantlyupstreamandcloser totheGeneralElectricdredgingthantheproposedHaverstrawintake(aboutrivermile38).ThemeasuredbaselinePCBconcentrationforPoughkeepsierawwaterwasless than68.7ng/L.ThemeasuredbaselinePCBconcentrationforPoughkeepsietreatedwaterwaslessthan31.1ng/L.ThesedatawerewebavailablefromDOHinFebruary 2010athttp://www.nyhealth.gov/press/releases/2008/2008-07-21_pcb_testing_pre_dredging.htm andhttp://www.nyhealth.gov/environmental/water/drinking/hudson_river_baseline_monitoring_program_summary_2008.htm.InNewYorkState,thedrinkingwatermaximumconcentrationforPCBsis500ng/L.Thus,priortoGeneralElectricdredging, rawwaterPCBlevelsatPoughkeepsiewereatleastseventimessmallerthanthefinalmaximumdrinkingwaterstandard.TheseDOHmeasurementsatPoughkeepsieseta reasonableexpectationforevenlowerpre-dredgingPCBlevelsattheproposedHaverstrawintake.

July2,2010Page3Alowerpre-dredgingbaselinePCBconcentrationfortheproposedHaverstrawintakewouldbeapproximately12-34ng/L(average25ng/L),basedondatacollectedbyNYSDECin1998-2000intheHudsonRiverbetweentheBearMountainBridgeandtheTappanZeeBridgeonfouroccasions.ThesedatahavebeenincludedinanAugust2003 reportwebavailableonFebruary1,2010athttp://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/carp.pdf.Thus,priortoGeneralElectricdredging,rawwaterPCBlevelsneartheproposedHaverstrawintakewereatleastfourteentimessmallerthanthefinalmaximumdrinkingwaterstandardoverarangeof tidalandseasonalconditions.Inaddition,2007and2008HudsonRiverwaterqualitymonitoringconductedbyUnitedWater,reportednon-detectsforanumberofPCBAroclorsneartheproposedintakeoverarangeoftidalandseasonalconditions.During-DredgingConditions-DredgingoftheUpperHudsonRiverbeganin2009andwassuspendedafterafewmonths.Phase1dredgingoccurredbetweenMay15andOctober26,2009and10%ofasixyearprojectwascompleted.Phase2dredgingisanticipatedtostartinMay2011.Phase1dredgingisdescribedatwww.hudsondredgingdata.com.DuringPhase1dredgingactivities,in-riverPCBsampleswerecollectedandanalyzed.SampleswerecollectedfarupstreamoftheproposedHaverstrawintakesite,inthevicinityofthedredgingwiththesouthernmostsamplescollectedatPoughkeepsie,NY.DuringPhase1dredging,the500ng/Ldrinkingwaterstandardwasexceedednearthedredgingsite;howeverthatwasnotthecasenearPoughkeepsieand,byinference,furtherdownstreaminthevicinityofUnitedWatersproposedintake.PerFiguresI-3-4andI-3-5oftheMarch2010HudsonRiverPCBsSiteEPAPhaseIEvaluationReportavailableatwww.hudsondredgingdata.com,tri+PCBhomologconcentrationsintheHudsonRivernearPoughkeepsierangedfrom10to21ng/LandtotalPCBsmeasured viatheGreenBayanalyticallaboratorymethodrangedfrom17to26ng/L.BothoftheserangesarebasedonsevensamplescollectedbetweenMayandNovember2009 duringandimmediatelyfollowingPhaseIUpperHudsonRiverdredgingforavarietyofseasonalandtidalconditions.Thus,PCBlevelsintheHudsonRiverduringPhase1UpperHudsonRiverdredgingoperationswerenotproblematicfromadrinkingwaterperspectivenearPoughkeepsie,thesouthernmostextentofregulatorymonitoringfor theUpperHudsonRiverdredgingproject.TheGreenBayandtri+PCBmethodshavebeenacceptedbyEPA,NYSDEC,andNYSDOHformeasuringPCBconcentrations.Thetri+PCBmethodcapturesthemassofallofthePCBcongenerswiththreetotenchlorinesubstitutions,butmissesthosecongenerswithoneandtwochlorinesubstitutions.TheGreenBaymethodrecordspeaksfromananalyticalinstrumentwhichcanthenbeconvertedtocongenersandhomologs.

July2,2010Page4ExpectedPCBconcentrationsneartheproposedUnitedWaterIntakewhendredgingoperationsresumearebelow26ng/L.Below26ng/Lisnotdissimilartoandisstatisticallythesameaswhatmightbeexpectedabsentdredgingactivities(e.g.,measurementsmadebyNYSDECfrom1998to2000inHaverstrawBay,lessthan34 ng/L).OneplausibleexplanationforwhydredgingactivitiesontheUpperHudsonRiverdonotelevatedownstreamwaterconcentrationsofPCBs(asdemonstratedbymeasureddata)isthatsedimentscontaminatedwithPCBsthataresuspendedduringdredgingoperationsontheUpperHudsonRiversettlebacktothesedimentbedin upstreamreachesoftheRiver.Further,asexplainedbyMr.WalterMugdan,DirectoroftheEmergencyandRemedialResponseDivisionattheRegion2officeoftheEPA,duringaMarch15,2010seminarattheSmithsoniansNationalMuseumoftheAmericanIndianinNewYorkCity,aresuspensionstandardusedfortheUpperHudsonRiverPCBremedialdredgingwas specificallydesignedtoprotectdrinkingwaterintakesdownriverofthedredgingoperations.Mr.MugdanalsoindicatedthatitislikelythattheresuspensionstandardwouldbemodifiedforPhase2dredgingexpectedtocommencein2011.The500ng/L drinkingwaterstandardforPCBswasachievedduringthedredgingoperationseven20to30milesupstreamofthenearestHudsonRiverdrinkingwaterintake.Mr.MugdanindicatedthattherewerenomeasurableimpactstotheLowerHudsonRiverasaresult ofthePhase1dredging.VisualaidsfromMr.Mugdanspresentation,titledHudsonRiverDredging-OverviewandUpdate,areweb-availableathttp://www.hudsonriver.org.FinaldecisionsregardingthenextphaseofUpperHudsonRiverPCBdredgingwillbemadebyEPAsometimeafterJune2010.ItisanticipatedthatwhenUpperHudsonRiverremedialdredgingresumesin2011,UnitedWaterwillbecollectingHudsonRiverwaterqualitydataatitsproposedintakelocationfortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectandtheEPAwillagainbemonitoringHudsonRiverwaterqualityatPoughkeepsie,NY.Post-DredgingConditions-Atsomepointinthefuture,thedredgingoftheUpperHudsonRiverwillbecompletedandalargesourceofPCBstothelowerHudsonRiverwillberemoved.BasedonpreviousHydroQualmodelingworkfortheContaminantAssessmentandReductionProject(CARP),theUpperHudsonRiverisresponsibleforupto93%ofthePCBconcentrationresultingneartheproposedUnitedWaterintakein HaverstrawBay(seeCARPmatrixdownloadablefromhttp://www.carpweb.org

).TheEPAhasprojectedchangestothePCBloadingtothelowerHudsonRiveratAlbanyinthefutureasaresultofthecompletionoftheUpperHudsonRiverdredging.Theseprojectedchangesincludea98%dropoversixty-nineyearsinannualPCBsdeliveredfromtheUpperHudsonRiveratAlbanyaccordingtothecolumnlabeledR20RS(REM3/10/Select-w/0.13%resuspension)-6yrdredgeinTable363150-7,Tri+PCBLoad OverFederalDam,onpage70ofResponsivenessSummaryHudsonRiverPCBsSiteRecord July2,2010Page5ofDecision,webavailableathttp://www.epa.gov/hudson/Resp_Summ_Files/rsbk3-02.pdf.ConcentrationsinthelowerHudsonRiverresultingfromtheexpectedpost-dredgingPCBloadingchangehavebeenmodeledbyHydroQualfortheContaminantAssessmentandReductionProject(CARP).TheCARPmodelresults,accessedbyHydroQualspecificallyforUnitedWaterHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectNewYorkStateEnvironmentalQualityReviewAct (SEQR)purposes,suggestthatneartheproposedUnitedWaterIntake,future(i.e.,37yearsfromnow)PCBwatercolumnconcentrationsfromtheUpperHudsonRiverandallotherexpectedsources(e.g.,in-placelegacy sediments,STPs,CSO,runoff,atmosphericdeposition,etc.)willbe2-10ng/L,atleasta10ng/LdecreasefromNYSDEC1998-2000CARPmeasurementsinHaverstrawBay.DuringaMarch15,2010seminarattheSmithsoniansNationalMuseumoftheAmericanIndianinNewYorkCity,Mr.WalterMugdan,DirectoroftheEmergencyand RemedialResponseDivisionattheRegion2officeoftheEPA,indicatedthattheEPAsRecordofDecision(ROD)projectionforthedropinPCBloadingstotheHudsonRiverresultingfromfuturecompletionofUpperHudsonRiverdredgingwaslikelyanoverestimatebyafactoroftwoorthreetimes.TheprojectionincludedassumptionsaboutnaturalattenuationandburialofPCBswhichtheagencynowconsiderstobeoverestimated.TheCARPmodeledestimateoflessthan10ng/LofPCBsinHaverstrawBayaftercompletionoftheUpperHudsonRiverdredgingisprobablyafactorofthreehigher,lessthan30ng/Lratherthan10ng/L,basedonEPAsrecentlyreportedconcernthatloadingsreductionsitreportedintheRODareoverestimated.Even30ng/Lnearthe proposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectIntakewouldnotposeadrinkingwaterthreattohumanhealthasdescribedbelow.GiventheuncertaintyregardingthePCB loadingtothelowerHudsonRiveratAlbanyinthefutureafterthecompletionoftheUpperHudsonRiverdredging,amodelinganalysiswhichconsidersaworst-casefuturewithcurrentPCBloadingsisrelevant.ConcentrationsinthelowerHudsonRiverresultingfromanoactioncaseontheUpperHudsonRiverhavebeenmodeledbyHydroQualfortheContaminantAssessmentandReductionProject(CARP).TheCARPmodelresults,accessedby HydroQualspecificallyforUnitedWaterHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectSEQRpurposes,suggestthatneartheproposedUnitedWaterIntake,future(i.e.,37yearsfromnow)PCBwatercolumnconcentrationsfromtheUpperHudsonRiverandallother expectedsources(e.g.,in-placelegacysediments,SewageTreatmentPlants,CombinedSewageOverflows,runoff,atmosphericdeposition,etc.)willbe13.6-55.2ng/L(average31.6ng/L)inHaverstrawBaywithoutanyUpperHudsonRiverremedial action.ThisresultsuggeststhatevenwithoutUpperHudsonRiverremediation,therewillbealmostafactoroftenbetweenthesafedrinkingwatersstandardandPCBlevelsneartheproposedwaterintake.

July2,2010Page6Onthebasisofmeasurementsandnumericalmodeling,futurePCBconcentrationsintheHudsonRiverneartheproposedUnitedWaterintakewillbefarbelowthesafedrinkingwaterstandardof500ng/LbothduringcontinuedUpperHudsonRiverdredgingactivitiesandafterUpperHudsonRiverdredgingiscompleted.Theraw waterattheproposedintakewillbecompliantwiththePCBdrinkingwaterstandard,evenwithoutthefurtherPCBremovalthatUnitedWatersproposedtreatmentsystemwillachieve.2.0AssessmentofPotentialImpactsattheIntakefromGroundwaterFlowfromFormerHaverstrawLandfillTodate,areleasefromtheHaverstrawLandfillviagroundwatertotheHudsonRiverhasnotbeenidentifiedbytheCDMteam.3.0IdentificationandAssessmentofContaminantLoadingswithina25-MileRadiusAwiderangeofcontaminantsandcontaminantsourceshavebeenconsideredandaredescribedbelow.AttherequestofNYSDEC,sourcesandcontaminantswereidentifiedwithina25-mileradius.Aspartofthisprocess,althoughnotrequesteddirectlyby NYSDEC,addedattentionhasbeengiventothetopicofdischargeofradionuclidesfromtheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantduetothelocationoftheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantrelativetotheproposedUnitedWaterHaverstrawWaterSupplyIntake.3.1IdentificationofContaminantLoadingswithina25-Mile RadiusContaminantsourceswereidentifiedbyconsideringtheToxicsReleaseInventory(TRI),theNationalPrioritiesList(NPL),andtheStatePollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(SPDES)facilities/sitesdatabases.Datawereobtainedwithina26-mileradiusoftheproposedUnitedWaterHaverstrawWaterSupplyIntaketobefullyinclusiveofa25-mileradius.Twocriteriawereusedtodeterminewhichfacilities/sitestoinclude.Thefirstcriterionwasdistancefromthefacility/sitetotheproposedintakelocation.Thesecondcriterionwaswhetherornotthefacility/sitelocationwouldultimatelydraintotheHudsonRiverwithinthesearchradius.ThewatershedsdrainingtotheHudsonRiverwithinthe26mileradiuswereidentified.Figure1displaysboththesearchradiusandthose watershedsthatdraintotheHudsonRiverwithinthesearchradius.AsshownonFigure1,thereare18relevantwatershedsintotal.The18watershedsarenamedonFigure1.Twelveofthewatershedseachincludedrainageareasnotimmediately adjacenttotheHudsonRiverandeachultimatelydischargestodiscretelocationsalongtheHudsonRiver.SixofthewatershedsareimmediatelyadjacenttotheHudsonRiveranddraindirectlytotheHudsonRiver,dispersedalongalengthoftheshoreline.Whenidentifyingfacilities/sitestobeincludedintheanalysis,allfacilities/sitesfallingoutsideofthesearchradius,facilities/sitesthatdischargetowatershedsthatdonot July2,2010Page7draintotheHudsonRiverandthosedrainingtotheHudsonRiveroutsideofthesearchradiuswereeliminated.Thosefacilitiesdischargingwithinoneofthe12non-adjacentwatershedswereassignedadischargelocationtotheHudsonRivercorrespondingtothewatersheddrainagepoint.Theremainingfacilitiesfallingwithinthesixwatersheds adjacenttotheHudsonRiverwereassignedindividualdischargelocationsalongtheRiver.Allfacilitieswithinthesearchareawereincludedregardlessofwhethertheyhavedischargedata.Forinstanceswherenodischargedataareavailable,eitherestimatescanlaterbemadefortheloadsofindividualchemicalsortheloadscanbeleft aszerowhereanestimateisnotpossibleorappropriate.Figure2displaysthelocationsofthecontaminantsourcesidentifiedfromNPL,SPDES,andTRI.Figure3displays theselocationsalongwiththeHudsonRiverdischargelocationsusedinnumericalmodelingsimulations.3.1.1IdentificationofSPDESFacilitiesTheSPDESpermittedfacilitiestobeconsideredweredeterminedusingdatasuppliedbyAKRFaswellasdataavailablethroughtheEPAPermitComplianceSystem(PCS)

(http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/pcs/pcs_query_java.html)andtheEnforcement&ComplianceHistoryOnline(ECHO)(http://www.epa-echo.gov/echo/compliance_report_water_icp.html)websites.Allfacilitieswerequeriedfortheregion.Thelistresultingfromtheregionalquerywasshortenedtoonlythosefallingwithin watershedsdrainingtotheHudsonRiverwithin26milesoftheintakelocation.Thequerylistincludedbothmajorandminordischarges.Themajorityoftheminordischargesdidnothaveanymonitoringdataavailable.Alldischargestotributariesof theHudsonRiverwereassignedthetributarysdischargelocationontheHudsonRiverfornumericalmodelingpurposes.AllofthemajordischargesthatdischargedirectlytotheHudsonRiverwereassignedindividualdischargelocations.TheminordischargersdischargingdirectlytotheHudsonRiverwereassignedeitherthenearesttributaryor majordischargepointfornumericalmodelingpurposes.Intotal,therewere19majordischargesand366minordischargesincluded.ThemajorfacilitiesarelistedinTable1.

AcompletelistofmajorandminorfacilitiesisincludedinAppendixA.Table1.MajorSPDESDischargesIncludedintheModelPermitNameDischargeWatershedNY0006262DANSKAMMERGENERATINGSTATIONBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiverNY0008231ROSETONGENERATINGSTATIONBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiverNY0025976BEACON(C)WPCPBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiver July2,2010Page8NY0026310NEWBURGH(C)WWTPBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiverNY0005096IBM-EASTFISHKILLFACILITYWiccopeeCreek-FishkillCreekNY0022144CORNWALL(T)WWTPSilverStream-MoodnaCreekNY0022446NEWWINDSOR(T)STPSilverStream-MoodnaCreekNY0023761WESTPOINT-TARGETHILLSTPFoundryBrook-HudsonRiverNY0100803PEEKSKILLSANITARYSDWWTPAnnsvilleCreekNY0004472INDIANPOINTNUCLEARPOWER PLANTFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiverNY0005711LOVETTGENERATINGSTATIONFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiverNY0028851STONYPOINT(T)STPFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiverNY0028533HAVERSTRAWJOINTREGIONALSTPFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiverNY0008010BOWLINEPOINTGENERATINGSTATIONFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiverNY0026743YORKTOWNHEIGHTSSDWWTPBaileyBrook-CrotonRiverNY0108324OSSININGSANITARYSDWWTPSpartaBrook-HudsonRiverNY0026051ORANGETOWN(T)SD#2STPSparkillCreek-HudsonRiverNY0031895ROCKLANDCOSD#1STPSparkillCreek-HudsonRiverNY0026689YONKERSJOINTWWTPSparkillCreek-HudsonRiver3.1.2IdentificationofTRIFacilitiesTheTRIfacilitieswereidentifiedusingdatasuppliedbyAKRFaswellasdataavailablethroughtheNationalInstituteofHealth(NIH)andNationalLibraryofMedicine(NLM)TRI/NPLwebsite(http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/main/index.jsp)andtheEPATRIwebsite(http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/tris/index.html).SimilartotheapproachusedfortheSPDESdata,allfacilities/sitesfortheregionwerequeriedand thennarroweddowntothosedischargingtowatershedsdrainingtotheHudsonRiverwithinthesearchradius.Inaddition,allsiteswithnoreleasestothewaterwereidentifiedandeliminatedfromthelistofsites.Allsiteswithreportedreleasestowaterbetweentheyears1988and2008wereincluded.SiteswereassigneddischargepointsifdischargingdirectlytotheHudsonRiverortheappropriatetributarydischargepointifdischargingtoatributary.AtotalofeighteenTRIfacilitiesdischargingtowaterwithin thesearchradiuswereidentified.Ofthe18sites,4havemajorSPDESpermitsassociatedwiththemand6haveminorSPDESpermitsassociatedwiththem.Inthissense,onlyeightnewsourceswereidentified.TheTRIfacilitiesarelistedinTable2,withacompletelistofallfacilities/sitesincludedinAppendixA.Table2.ToxicReleaseInventoryDischargestoWaterIncludedintheModelTRIIDNameDischargeWatershed10702GRPHT1050NGRAPHITEMETALLIZINGCORPSawMillRiver10598NTLBSRTE13IBMT.J.WATSONRESEARCHCENTERBaileyBrook-CrotonRiver July2,2010Page910548VHDSN138ALU.S.VAHUDSONVALLEYHEALTHCARESYSTEMFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiver10566THMRL1057LBASFPEEKSKILLPIGMENTFACILITYFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiver10980KYFRSKAYFRKAY-FRIESINC.FurnaceBrook-HudsonRiver10993LVTTGSAMSOMIRANTLOVETTGENERATINGSTATIONFurnaceBrook-HudsonRiver10562MTLLZ19SOUMETALLIZEDCARBONCORPSpartaBrook-HudsonRiver10701CBLCRFOOTOBICCUTILITYCABLECO.SparkillCreek-HudsonRiver10962MNGRPROUTEMINIGRIPINC.SparkillCreek-HudsonRiver12553MBLLN1281RGLOBALCOSLLCNEWBURGHTERMINALQuassaicCreek10918CHSTR15OAKNEXANSENERGYUSAINCSilverStream-Moodna Creek12543STRNLHENRYEASTERNALLOYSINCSilverStream-Moodna Creek12508THRSTONEEATHREESTARANODIZINGCORP.WiccopeeCreek-Fishkill Creek12533BMEASTFIBMCORPWiccopeeCreek-Fishkill Creek12533MCRSHUDSONXPSEMICONDUCTORSWiccopeeCreek-Fishkill Creek12550DNSKM594RIDANSKAMMERGENERATINGFACILITYBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiver12550RSTNG992RAROSETONGENERATINGFACILITYBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiver12553WRXTRRIVERWAREXTERMINALSCORPNORTHTERMINALBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiver3.1.3IdentificationofNPLSitesNPLsiteswereidentifiedinthesamemannerastheTRIsitesusinginformationobtainedbyAKRFalongwithinformationHydroQualobtainedfromtheNIH/NLMwebsitetogetallsitesfortheregion.ThosesitesthatfallwithintheHudsonRiverwatershedandthe26milesearchradiuswereselected.NPLsiteswereincludedregardlessofstatus.DischargepointswereassignedforeachofthesiteswithintheimmediateHudsonRiverwatershedandthoseintributarieswereassignedthetributary July2,2010Page10dischargelocation.ThesixNPLfacilitiesarelistedinTable3,withacompletelistincludedinAppendixA.Table3.NationalPrioritiesListSitesIncludedintheModelNPLIDNameDischargeWatershedNYD980780795KATONAHMUNICIPALWELLBaileyBrook-CrotonRiverNYD980652275BREWSTERWELLFIELDBaileyBrook-CrotonRiverNYD010959757MARATHONBATTERYCORP.FoundryBrook-HudsonRiverNYD000511451NEPERACHEMICALCO.,INC.SilverStream-Moodna CreekNYSFN0204269SHENANDOAHROADGROUNDWATER CONTAMINATIONWiccopeeCreek-Fishkill CreekNY0002455756CONSOLIDATEDIRONANDMETALBreakneckBrook-HudsonRiver3.1.4IdentificationofNon-PointSourceInputsNon-pointsourceswereidentifiedintwoways.First,HydroQualspreviousmodelingoftheNY/NJHarborEstuaryincludesmodelswhichestimateCSOandstormwater (SW)dischargevolumesfromprecipitationrecords,drainageareas,land-usetypes,andsewersystemcharacteristics.Second,67oftheminorSPDESpermitsidentifiedinthe25-mileradiusanalysisforUnitedWaterarestormwaterpermits.3.1.5IdentificationofContaminants133differentcontaminantswereidentifiedfromtheSPDES,TRI,andNPL25-mile radiussearches.BasedontheSPDESpermittedfacilitieswithavailableDischargeMonitoringReport(DMR)data,therewere82differentcontaminantsdischargedbyatleastonedischargerwithinthesearcharea.TherewereTRIreleasesof44differentcontaminantsreportedwithinthesearchareabyatleastonefacility.Therewere55 contaminantsofconcernlistedacrossalloftheNPLsites.Therewassomeoverlapinthecontaminantsidentifiedacrossthedifferentsourcetypes,andsomethatwereuniquetoeachsourcetype.InadditiontotheSPDES,TRI,andNPLdata,datacollectedbyNYSDECCARPwereconsidered.TheYonkersandRocklandCountywastewatertreatmentfacilityeffluentsweresampledandanalyzedbyNYSDECCARPfor288differentcontaminants.These contaminantsinclude:dioxin/furancongeners,PCBcongeners,PAHs,organochlorinepesticides,andmetals.Ofthe288contaminantsmeasuredbyNYSDECCARPintheSTPeffluents,270weredetectedatleastonce.Ofthese270contaminantsdetectedinthe STPeffluentsatleastonce,263didnotappearinanyoftheSPDES,TRIorNPLdatabases.IncludingthecontaminantsmeasuredbyNYSDECCARP,thereare396 July2,2010Page11uniquecontaminantswithina25-mileradiusoftheproposedintake.193ofthecontaminantsarePCBcongeners.ThecontaminantsarelistedinAppendixB.Inaddition,CARPalsomonitoredcontaminantconcentrationsthroughouttheregionatCSOandstormwaterdischargepointsandinsmallrunoff-dominatedtributaries.TogetherwithvolumetricdischargeestimatesfromHydroQualwatershed/sewershed models,CSOandstormwaterloadingestimatescouldbemadefor270contaminantsmeasuredbyCARP.3.2EstimationofContaminantLoadingsThecontaminantspecificloadingsdevelopedforeachdischargeidentifiedfromSPDES andTRIareincludedinAppendixC.Thedevelopmentoftheseloadingestimateswasalargeeffortandinvolveddecisionmakingonacasebycasebasisbasedonvariedtypesofinformationavailable.Informationmayhavebeenaggregatedformultipleoutfalls associatedwithagivensource,flowandconcentrationinformationmayhavebeencombinedtodevelopaloading,orseasonalinformationmayhavebeenannualized,etc.Theloadingestimateswereacriticalinputrequirementforcompletingthenumericalmodelingevaluationwithinthe25-mileradius.Specifically,thestepsinthemodeling evaluationwereto:identifydischargelocations,identifycontaminantsreleased,calculateloadingsforeachcontaminant/dischargelocation,performgenericloadingmodelsimulationsforeachdischargelocation,andtoscalegenericmodelsimulationresultsforspecificcontaminantloadingsestimates.TheloadingestimatesdevelopedrepresentagreatdealofinformationandareprobablyusefulforpurposesbeyondHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectSEQRrequirements.AppendixCisatableorderedalphabeticallybycontaminantname.Foreachcontaminant,themultiplesourcesofthatcontaminantareidentifiedinadjacentrows.

Thelastrowpercontaminantlooksatthemultiplesourcesasasum.ThecolumnsinAppendixCinclude:thefacilities/sitesandthemodelcalculatedmeanandmaximumresponsefactorsaspresentedinAppendixA,thecontaminantname,theavailable loadingdatafromSPDESandTRI,andfinallytheexpectedmeanandmaximumcontaminantconcentrationsneartheproposedintakelocation.Theconcentrationsneartheproposedintakelocationwerecalculatedbasedonmultiplyingthemodelcalculatedresponsefactorsbythecontaminantloadings.3.2.1AssessmentofContaminantLoadingswithina25-MileRadiusSpecificallyforthe25-mileradiusevaluation,numericalmodelcalculationswere performedusingthehighresolutioncomputationalgrid,hydrodynamicmodel,andcontaminanttransportmodeldevelopedfortheUnitedWaterproject.ThecomputationalgridunderlyingtheprojectmodelingisshownonFigure4.

July2,2010Page12Agenericcontinuousdischargereleasewassimulatedforeachdischargelocationusingthehighresolutioncomputationalgrid,hydrodynamicmodel,andcontaminanttransportmodels.ThesimulationsproducedthecontaminantconcentrationresultingneartheUnitedWaterintakelocationperunitloadingfromeachidentifiedfacility/site contaminantsource.ThelasttwocolumnsintheAppendixAtablepresentthehighresolutionnumericalmodelcalculationsofmeanandmaximumconcentrationresultingneartheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectproposedintakeperunitloadingreleasefromthevariousfacilitiesandsitesidentified.Thesimulationswereconservativeinnatureinthatnodecayortransformationprocesseswereconsidered.Intotal,72modelsimulationswereperformedrepresentingdirectreleasestotheHudsonRiverfromindividualsourceswithinimmediatelyadjacentwatershedsandaggregatedsourcereleasesfromnon-adjacentwatersheds.Theconservativeassumptionofnoattenuationofloadingsfromnon-adjacentwatersheds wasusedforthesecalculationsinanattempttomaximizetheloadingspotentiallyreachingtheproposedUnitedWaterintake.EachsimulationincludedthefifteenwateryearsfromOctober1994toSeptember2009.Thefifteenwateryearsincludedinthe simulationscaptureawiderangeofseasonalvariationsandweatherconditions.The72modelsimulationswereusedtopredictresultingconcentrationsintheHudsonRiverattheproposedUnitedWaterintakelocationduetospecificcontaminantreleases.

Specifically,thegenericmodelresultsforunitloadingswerescaledbasedontheactualreportedmagnitudesofindividualcontaminantloadings.Theindividualdischarge resultsforagivencontaminantwerethensummedtodeterminethetotalestimatedcontaminantconcentrationattheproposedUnitedWaterintakesite.Thisapproachallowsadditionalcontaminantstobeconsideredinthefuturewithoutmuchadditionaleffortotherthandevelopingloadingestimates.Ifnecessary,resultsforanyadditional sourcescouldbeestimatedbasedontheresultsofnearbyfacilities/sites.Alimitationofthe72simulationmodelingapproachisthatitignorespartitioningofthecontaminantsontoparticles.Whileitistruethatthesettlingofparticlesoutofthewatercolumntothesedimentbedisalosstermnotconsideredinthe72modelsimulations, whichwouldtendtoresultinmodelover-predictionofcontaminantconcentrations,thereisalsoaparticleeffectnotconsideredinthemodelthatcouldcausemodelunder-predictionofcontaminantconcentrations.Sinceestuariesareknowntobeefficienttrappersofparticles,specificcontaminantswhichexhibitstrongparticulatephasepartitioningwouldbetransportedtowardtheoceanoverlongertimescales(i.e.,moreslowly)thancontaminantswhichdonotassociatewithparticles.Further,thelocationoftheboundaryofthehighresolutionmodeldevelopedfortheprojectwithintheestuaryratherthanattheoceanislessthanidealbecauseofthebi-directionalestuarine transportdynamicsandtheproximityofsomeofthecontaminantsourcesevaluatedtothemodelboundary.

July2,2010Page13Inadditiontothe72genericcontinuousreleasemodelsimulationsperformedonthehighresolutioncomputationalgrid,additionalsimulationswerecompletedusingtheCARPmodelingframeworktoquantifytheeffectphasepartitioningofcontaminantstoparticulateorganiccarbonandothersuspendedparticlescouldhaveonthepredicted concentrationsattheintakesite.TheCARPmodelingframeworkincludeslinkedsedimenttransport,organiccarbonproduction,andcontaminantfateandtransportmodels.Sedimenttransportmodeloutputsandassociatedorganiccarbontransportmodeloutputsrequiredtosimulatepartitioningofcontaminantstosolidsororganic carbonwerereadilyavailablefromCARPandwereusedforthe25-mileradiusanalysis.ThecomputationalgridassociatedwiththeCARPmodelingframeworkincludesless spatialresolutionthanthecomputationalgriddevelopedspecificallyforHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectpurposes.Althoughprovidinglessspatialresolution,theCARPmodelingframeworkadvantageouslyprovidedtheabilityfortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjecttoreadilyconsidersedimenttransportandcontaminantphase partitioningeffectsoncontaminantconcentrationsneartheproposedintake.Toquantifytheimpactsofsediment/organiccarbontransportandcontaminantphasepartitioningprocesses,CARPmodelsimulationsforanumberof25-mileradiusdischargeswerespecificallycompletedontheCARPmodelgrid.Bothentirelydissolvedphaseandhighlysorbed(i.e.,boundtoparticulateorganiccarbon)substanceswere simulatedtodemonstratethemaximumpotentialimpactsofsedimenttransportontheestimatedconcentrationsattheintakesite.Intotal,12CARPmodelsimulationswereperformedbyHydroQualfortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProject25-mileradius analysisoffacilities/sites.AnadditionalCARPmodelsimulationwasnecessaryfornon-pointsourceevaluationpurposes.TheCARPmodeltestingresultsindicatethatthesignificanceofnotincludingsedimenttransporteffectsinthehighresolutionmodelinganalysisvariesbydistancefromtheintakelocationandreachoftheRiver.OfthelocationstestedwiththeCARPmodel, calculationsoffactorsforconcentrationattheintakepermassreleaseweremostsimilarforadissolvedvs.afullyparticleboundcontaminantfortheHaverstrawJointRegionalSewageTreatmentPlant(JRSTP),Newburgh/Beacon,andnorthboundarydischargelocations.Itisnotedthatthetestsimulationsusingafullyparticleboundcontaminant aresomewhatunrealisticinthatallcontaminantstosomedegreehaveadissolvedphase.Theintentionwastomakethetestasdrasticaspossibletomaximizetheimpactofpotentialsedimenttransporteffects.Averagefactorsforconcentrationnearthe HaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectIntakepermassreleasewerewithinlessthan25%differencewhethercalculatedasdissolvedtracersorfullyparticleboundsubstancesforeachoftheJRSTP,Newburgh/Beacon,andupstreammodelboundarydischargelocations.Maximumfactorsforintakeconcentrationpermassreleasewerewithinless than7%differencewhethercalculatedasdissolvedtracersorfullyparticleboundsubstancesforeachofthesethreereleaselocations.Theseresultsindicatethatfor contaminantreleasesfromtheselocations,sedimenttransportwouldnotbeexpectedto July2,2010Page14haveanappreciableimpactonthefactors,evenfor100%particulatephasecontaminants.Actualcontaminantswouldhavemuchsmallerdifferences.Somewhatgreaterdifferencesincalculatedfactorsforconcentrationattheintakepermassreleasewouldbeexpectedforfullyparticulatevs.fullydissolvedcontaminantreleasesfromIndianPoint,lessthan25%differenceeitheronanaveragefactorormaximumfactorbasis.Itisnotedthatactualradionuclidesorcontaminantswouldhavemuchsmallerdifferencesthanthefullyparticulatesubstancesimulatedfortesting purposes.Radionuclidessuchastritiumarefullyinthedissolvedphaseandthepotentialdifferencesduetoparticlephenomenaarecompletelyirrelevant.Theworstcomparabilitybetweenfactorsforconcentrationattheintakepermassreleasecalculatedforfullydissolvedandfullyparticulatecontaminantreleasesobtainedwith CARPmodeltestingwerefortheSawMillRiverandSouthboundarydischargereleaselocations.Thesedifferenceswereupto47%foraveragefactorsandupto69%for maximumfactors.Theseresultsareattributabletogreatestspatialdistance/timeoftraveltotheintakefromthedischargelocationsoverwhichincreasedparticle-relatedphenomena(i.e.,settling,resuspension,etc.)potentiallyoccurandgreaterenergyinnearbottomwatersofdownstreamvs.upstreamreaches.Statedmoresimply,differencesin transportoffullydissolvedphaseandfullyparticulatephasecontaminantsbecomemostapparentwithincreasingdistanceawayfromtheintakelocationandinthedownstreamvs.theupstreamdirection.Itisnotedthatactualcontaminantswouldhavemuchsmallerdifferencesthanthefullyparticulatesubstancesimulatedfortestingpurposes.ModelsimulationswiththehighresolutionmodelwerecompletedforeachofthedischargelocationsdeterminedaboveinSection3.1usingacontinuousloadfromeachofthedischargepointsinthedissolvedphase.Boththeaverageandmaximum concentrationsattheproposedintakesiteresultingfromeachoftheloadsaretabulatedinAppendixCforuseintheanalysisofindividualchemicalresponsesattheintakelocation.AppendixDexpandsuponAppendixCinformation,withtheadditionofCARPloadingmeasurementsforCSO,stormwater,andtwomajorSTPstotheanalysis.ResultstabulatedinAppendicesCandDhavetheintendeduseofprovidingaquantitativescreeningtoolforcontaminantreleasesthatcouldpotentiallyposeathreattotheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakelocation.Inparticular,theresultsinAppendicesCandDareusefulforcontaminantsforwhichconcentrationshavenotbeenmeasuredneartheintakelocation.AnythreatsidentifiedonthebasisofAppendicesC andDmodelingresultsshouldbefurtherevaluatedwithamoretargetedanalysiswhichconsiders:Uncertaintyofthecontaminantloadinginformation.AreloadingsinferredfromSPDES,TRI,NPL,andCARPinformationrepresentativeforthespecificcontaminantonanongoingbasis?

July2,2010Page15AttenuationinthewatershedbeforereachingtheHudsonRiver.WaszeroattenuationinthewatershedbeforereachingtheHudsonRivertooconservative anassumptionforthespecificcontaminant?Contaminantspecificdecayandtransformationprocesses.Waszerodecayor transformationtooconservativeofanassumptionforthespecificcontaminant?Contaminantspecificphasepartitioning.Isthespecificcontaminantstronglyparticleassociatedandis100%dissolvedaninappropriatescreeningcalculationassumptionforthespecificcontaminant?Contaminantspecificsedimenttransportandestuarineparticletrappingeffects.IsthespecificcontaminantenteringtheHudsonRiverfarawayfromtheintake locationandisitstronglyparticleassociated?Location/proximityofcontaminantsourcelocationrelativetomodelboundary location.Arethemajordischargepointsforthespecificcontaminantverydistantfromtheintakelocationandinthedownstreamdirection?Measurementsbeingmadeattherawwaterintakelocationduringpilottesting.

Arenewmeasurementsconsistentwithmodelscreeningresults?Removalperformanceofthedrinkingwatertreatmentsystemforthespecificcontaminant.Doestherawwaterneedtofullymeetthedrinkingwaterstandard forthespecificcontaminant?Anexampleoftheapplicationofthisapproach,usingAppendixCorDresultsfortetrachloroethylene,isdescribedhere.Tetrachloroethylenedischargeinformationis availablefromallthreesources:SPDES,TRIandNPL.DMRdataareavailablefromfourSPDESpermittedfacilities:Yonkers,Newburgh,andOrangetownWWTPsandIBMEastFishkillfacility.TRIdataareavailablefortheIBMEastFishkillfacility.2NPL siteslisttetrachloroethyleneasacontaminantofconcern:theBrewsterwellfieldsiteandtheShenandoahRoadgroundwatercontaminationsite.Theconcentrationimpactofeachofthesefacilities/sitesattheintakelocationisestimatedbymultiplyingtheloadorreleasefromeachsitebytheconcentrationdilutionfactorperunitloadestimatedbythe HaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectnumericalmodelforeachfacility/site.TheconcentrationdilutionfactorperunitloadestimatedbytheHaverstrawWaterSupply ProjectnumericalmodelresultsarefoundinAppendixAandC.TheestimatedloadingestimatesarefoundinAppendixC.Thetotalconcentrationneartheintakelocationcanbeestimatedbysummingtheindividualfacility/siteconcentrationimpactestimates.TheconcentrationtotalsarepresentedinAppendixD.AppendixCincludesresultsfor SPDESandTRIidentifiedfacilitiesonly.AppendixDaddsinadditionalresultsforCSOandstormwaterandmajorSTPreleasesforthosecontaminantsforwhichloading estimatescouldbemade.ItisworthnotingthattheNPLsiteinformationdoesnotincludesufficientdatatoestimateloadsbutcanbeusedtoindicatethepotentialfora givenchemicaltooccurwithinthe26milesearcharea.Themaximumtetrachloroethyleneconcentrationestimatedthroughmodelingbasedontheknownloadsisamaximumof2.25x10

-2ug/L.Thedrinkingwaterstandardfortetrachloroethylene,5ug/L,ismorethan200timeshigherthantheestimated July2,2010Page16concentrations.Onthisbasis,tetrachloroethylenefromthesesourcesdoesnotappeartobeaproblemattheintakelocation.TetrachlorethyleneisfurtherdiscussedbelowinSection3.3.5.1.3.3ProfileofHudsonRiverWaterNeartheProposedIntakeTheprofileofcontaminantsinHudsonRiverwaterneartheproposedintakewill continuetobeassessedonanon-goingbasisasthepilotplantisoperatedandintakewaterqualityismonitored.Inadvanceofconsideringrawwatermeasurements expectedtobecollectedduringpilotplantoperations,previousUnitedWatermonitoringduringtheconceptualdesignphaseoftheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectandrecentmodelingofcontaminantloadingswithina26-mileradiusdomuchtocompleteaprofileofcontaminantsinHudsonRiverwaterneartheproposed intake.DatacollectedbyUnitedWaterbetweenMay2007andApril2008includenumeroussamplestakenatfiveHudsonRiverlocationswithinthevicinityoftheproposedlocationfortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyprojectintake.Thesampleswereanalyzedforbasicwaterqualityparameters,traceelements,microbiologicalparameters, radionuclides,polychlorinatedbiphenyls,endocrinedisruptingcompounds,pharmaceuticals,andpersonalcareproducts.ItwasdemonstratedthatHudsonRiverwaterneartheproposedintakeislargelyofsimilarqualityasotherlocalandnationalwatersupplies.3.3.1BasicWaterQualityParameters,TraceElements,andMicrobiologicalParametersAsmentionedpreviously,UWNYconductedwaterqualitysamplingoftheHudsonRiverin2007and2008.MeasurementsweretakenatfivelocationsintheHudsonRiversurroundingtheproposedintakelocationduringthesamplingperiodfromMay2007throughApril2008underavarietyoftidalandseasonalconditions.Forseveraloftheparameters,morethan200independentmeasurementsweremade.ThesedatademonstratethatHudsonRiverwaterneartheproposedintakeislargelyofsuperiororsimilarqualityasotherlocalandnationalwatersupplies.ItisanticipatedthatUnitedWaterwillcontinuemonitoringtheseparametersintherawwaterintakeduringpilot operationsoftheproposedfacilitythroughawiderangeoftidalandseasonalconditions.Inaddition,theRiverkeeperhasbeencollectingbasicwaterqualitydatainHaverstrawBaymidchannel.SamplingresultsfromSeptember2006toOctober2009areavailableat http://www.riverkeeper.org/special/swimmableriver/data.php?id=35.5.ThesemeasurementsincludeEnterococcicount,temperature,salinity,chlorophyll,turbidity,anddissolvedoxygenasapercentageofsaturation.ThesedataaregenerallyconfirmatoryofthedatacollectedbyUnitedWater.Forexample,theRiverkeepers turbiditydatarangefrom4to52NTUandUnitedWatersmeasurementsrangefrom0.75to69NTU.

July2,2010Page17OfparticularinterestaretheRiverkeepersmeasurementsofEnterococcibacteria.Enterococciareconsideredtobesewageindicatingbacteria.TheRiverkeeperspresentationofEnterococcimeasurementsarepresentedinconcertwithantecedentprecipitationeventsathttp://www.riverkeeper.org/special/swimmableriver/site.php?id=35.3.ThemajorityoftheEnterococcidata(i.e.,<35per100ml)suggestthattheHudsonRiverwaterinHaverstrawBayisfullysafeforswimmingperfederalguidelinesoutlinedinthe2000 BeachesEnvironmentalAssessmentandCoastalHealthAct(BEACHAct).ElevatedEnterococcicounts,greaterthan35per100ml,wereobservedononlyfouroccasionswithnocorrelationtoantecedentprecipitation.Onlyoneoftheelevatedcounts,164Enterococciper100mlonApril25,2007,indicatesthatthewaterinHaverstawBayisunsafeforswimming.InNewYorkState,totalcoliform,fecalcoliform,andE.coli,notEnterococci,aremeasured/regulatedindrinkingwater.AlthoughEnterococciarenotmeasuredorregulatedfordrinkingwaterinNewYork,thefactthattheEnterococcilevelsmeasuredbytheRiverkeeperinHaverstrawBaymeetfederalguidelinesforswimmingisindicativeofgoodwaterqualityneartheproposed intakefortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProject.Basicwaterqualityparametersidentifiedinthe25-mileradiussearchlistedinAppendixBinclude:ammonia,fivedaybiologicaloxygendemand(BOD5),totalorganiccarbon (TOC),nitrate,nitrite,oilandgrease,orthophosphate,chemicaloxygendemand(COD),ultimateoxygendemand(ODU),dissolvedoxygen(DO),pH,phosphate,phosphorus,solids,totalKjeldahlnitrogen(TKN),andturbidity.Traceelementsidentifiedinthe25-mileradiussearchlistedinAppendixBinclude:aluminum,antimony,arsenic,barium,boron,cadmium,cobalt,copper,cyanide, germanium,hafnium,hexavalentchromium,iron,lead,lithium,manganese,mercury,molybdenum,nickel,palladium,potassium,rhenium,ruthenium,selenium,silver,tantalum,tin,titanium,tungsten,vanadium,andzinc.Microbiologicalparametersidentifiedinthe25-mileradiussearchlistedinAppendixBinclude:coliformandSalmonella

.Example25-mileradiussearchresultsandnumericalmodelingresultsforselectedbasicwaterqualityparameters,traceelements,andmicrobiologicalparametersaredescribed, includingcadmium,lead,andmercury.3.3.1.1CadmiumProfileResultsThefederalenforceablestandardforsafedrinkingwateris5ug/L(5000ng/L).Cadmiumreleaseswithina25-mileradiusoftheproposeddrinkingwaterintakewereidentifiedinthefourdatasourcesexamined:SPDES,TRI,NPL,andCARP.CARP measuredcadmiumconcentrationsinHaverstrawBayafewmilesdownstreamofthe July2,2010Page18proposedintakeontwooccasionsbetween1998and2002.Thesemeasurementshadameancadmiumconcentrationof46ng/L (http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/carp.pdf,seepage142Table105).Onthebasisofthesemeasurements,evenrawHudsonRiverwaterneartheintakelocation wouldbeexpectedtomeetthesafedrinkingwaterstandardforcadmium.Highresolutionnumericalmodelingresultsfurtherindicatethatcadmiumshouldnotbeaproblem.AsindicatedinAppendixD,numericalmodelresultssuggestthatcadmiumconcentrationsattheproposedintakelocationwillaverage15.2ng/Landcouldbeas highas706ng/L.3.3.1.2LeadProfileResultsThefederaldrinkingwateractionlevelforleadis0.015mg/L(15,000ng/L).Leadreleaseswithina25-mileradiusoftheproposeddrinkingwaterintakewereidentifiedinthefourdatasourcesexamined:SPDES,TRI,NPL,andCARP.CARPmeasured dissolvedphaseleadconcentrationsinHaverstrawBayafewmilesdownstreamoftheproposedintakeontwooccasionsbetween1998and2002.Thesemeasurementshadameandissolvedphaseleadconcentrationof99ng/L (http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/carp.pdf,seepage142Table105).UnitedWatermeasurementsofleadintheHudsonRiverin2007rangedfrom5100to6000ng/L.Onthebasisofthesemeasurements,allbelowthedrinkingwateractionlevelof15,000ng/L,evenrawHudsonRiverwaterneartheintakelocationwouldbeexpected tomeetthesafedrinkingwaterstandardforlead.Highresolutionnumericalmodelingresultsfurtherindicatethatleadshouldnotbeaproblem.AsindicatedinAppendixD, numericalmodelresultssuggestthatleadconcentrationsattheproposedintakelocationwillaverage40ng/Landcouldbeashighas2,890ng/L.3.3.1.3MercuryProfileResultsThefederalenforceabledrinkingwaterstandardformercuryis0.002mg/L(2,000ng/L).Mercuryreleaseswithina25-mileradiusoftheproposeddrinkingwaterintakewereidentifiedintwoofthefourdatasourcesexamined:SPDESandCARP.CARP measuredmercuryconcentrationsinHaverstrawBayafewmilesdownstreamoftheproposedintakeontwooccasionsbetween1998and2002.Thesemeasurementshadameanmercuryconcentrationof6.7ng/L (http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/water_pdf/carp.pdf,seepage142Table105).Onthebasisofthesemeasurements,farbelowthedrinkingwaterstandardof2,000ng/L,evenrawHudsonRiverwaterneartheintakelocationwouldbeexpectedtomeetthesafe drinkingwaterstandardformercury.Highresolutionnumericalmodelingresultsfurtherindicatethatleadshouldnotbeaproblem.AsindicatedinAppendixD, numericalmodelresultssuggestthatmercuryconcentrationsattheproposedintakelocationwillaverage1.67ng/Landcouldbeashighas109ng/L.3.3.2RadionuclidesTheMay2007toApril2008UnitedWatersamplingforradionuclidesdemonstratedthatMaximumContaminantLevels(MCLs)setbytheEPAfordrinkingwaterwere July2,2010Page19comfortablymetbyrawHudsonRiverwaterforradium226/228,totaluranium,strontium90(90Sr),andtritium(3H).Whiletherewereafewoutliermeasurementsforgrossalphaandgrossbeta,averageresultswerebelowdrinkingwaterMCLs.ThisisanimportantfindingbecauseoftheproximityoftheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantto theproposedintake,ontheeasternshoreoftheHudsonRiverinBuchanan,NY.Cesium(137Cs)isanotherradionuclidewhichmaybereleasedfromIndianPointandhasanMCLoflessthan200pCi/L(notethat200pCi/Lof 137Cscorrespondstotheentire4milliremperyearallowanceforallgrossbetaradionuclidesinsafedrinkingwater).

137CswaswidespreadintheUnitedStatesinthe1950sand1960sfromfalloutafteratmosphericnuclearweaponstesting.Maximumaccidentalreleasesof 137CsfromtheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantoccurredin1971(>20Ci)withmorethan40Ciof 137Cs(uncorrectedfordecay)beingreleasedbetween1960and1993.ThefateoftheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlant 137CsreleasehasbeenwellstudiedanddocumentedbynumerousresearcherssuchasChillrud,JinksandWrenn,Hairr,andOlsen.ThenumericalmodelingreportproducedfortheCARP,availableatwww.carpweb.org

,summarizesmuchofthestudyandmeasurementof 137CsinthelowerHudsonRiveraspartoftheCARPmodelhindcastverificationexercise.Thereportalsoprovidescompletecitationsfortheunderlyingresearchsourcedocuments.Themaximumaccidental1971releaseaswellasremainingweaponstestingfalloutatthattimeandcontributionsfromanyotherhistoricalsourcesproducedameasured 137 CsmaximumdissolvedphaseconcentrationintheHudsonRivernearmile30of1500fCi/L(i.e.,1.5pCi/L).Notethat1.5pCi/Liswellbelowtheallowed200pCi/Ldrinkingwaterstandard.Therewasalsoacoincidentmaximumof7,000pCi/kgof 137Csintheparticulatephaseoccurringslightlyupstream,nearRivermile40.Particulatephase 137 Cswouldbecompletelyfilteredoutfordrinkingwaterpurposesandisnotlikelyathreat.

Nonetheless,theobservedparticulatephase 137Cscanbeexpressedonamasspervolumebasis,addedtotheobserveddissolvedphase,andcomparedtothedrinkingwaterstandard.Theconversionofthemeasuredparticulatephase 137CstomasspervolumeunitsinvolvesaconsiderationofthetotalsuspendedsolidsconcentrationsintheHudsonRiver.BasedonUnitedWaterssamplingoftheHudsonRiverinHaverstrawBayfrom May2007toApril2008,215totalsuspendedsolidsmeasurementsrangedfrom4.4to100mg/Lwithanaverageof26.1.Assumingthehighestmeasuredtotalsuspendedsolidsconcentrationof100mg/L,thehistoricalobservationof7,000pCi/kgof137Csintheparticulatephasewouldbeequivalentto0.7pCi/L.Summingtheobservationsofdissolvedandparticulatephasemaximumconcentrationsaftertheaccidentalrelease,1.5pCi/Ldissolvedand0.7pCi/Lparticulate,yields2.2pCi/Loftotal 137Cs,wellbelowthedrinkingwaterstandardof200pCi/L.Presentdaymeasurementsof 137CsmadeintheHudsonRiverin2008byIPNPPatitsinletlocationwereevenlowerthanthehistoricalmeasuredmaximumof2.2pCi/L.In2008,twelvemonthlysamplesanalyzedbyIPNPP wereallbelowmethoddetectionsrangingfrom1to1.5pCi/L.

July2,2010Page20Basedonthehistorical 137Csworst-casereleaseoflargemagnitudeandHudsonRivermeasurementsmadeatthattime,itdoesnotappearthatpotentialfuturelarge-scaleaccidentalreleasesof 137CsfromIndianPointwouldposeathreattotheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProject.Basedon2008recordsfromtheIPNPP,thecurrentreleaseof 137CsfromIPNPPis0.014Ci,fourordersofmagnitudesmallerthanthe>20Ci1971releaseconsideredinthehistoricalworst-caseanalysis.Specificquestionsaddressedthroughtheuseofnumericalwaterqualitymodelingofcurrentloadingswithina25-mileradiusoftheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupply Project,relatedtocurrentIndianPointreleasesofradionuclides,include:WheredothecompoundsreleasedfromIndianPointgo?WhatistheconcentrationofthesecompoundsattheHWSPintake?NumericalmodelresultsshowthatcompoundsreleasedfromIndianPointarerapidlymixedbytheestuary,spreadingupstreamanddownstreamanduniformlyacrosstheHudson.CompoundsreleasedfromIndianPointwouldreachtheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintake;however,theconcentrationsofthecompounds attheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakewillbeexpectedtobegreatlyreducedordiluted.NumericalmodelingsuggestsarangeofdilutionfactorsdependinguponhydrodynamicconditionsintheHudsonRiverandthedurationoftheIndian Pointrelease.ModeloutputshavebeensummarizedintermsofthemaximumconcentrationthatwouldresultattheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakeperCi/dayofdissolved-phasecompound(i.e.,compoundssuchastritiumwhichexhibitnoorlittlephasepartitioningtosolids)releasedbyIndianPointNuclearPower Plant.ExamplesofthenumericalmodeloutputsshowingthedilutionofIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantloadsbytheHudsonRiverareincludedinTable4.Table4.CompoundsReleasedfromIndianPointNuclearPowerplantandResultingConcentrationsnearProposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectIntake 1ReleaseDurationMaximumConcentrationsneartheProposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectIntakeperCi/daydischargefromIndianPoint pCi/LHour1.78Day7.73Week30.13Month41.24Continuous114.6 1Calculatedusingwateryear1994-95HudsonRiverflows.1994-95isarelativelydryperiodandrepresentsaconditionunderwhichthedilutioneffectoftheHudsonRiverwouldbeminimized.Portionsof1994-95qualifyasHudsonRiverdroughtconditions July2,2010Page21basedontwomethodsofdefiningdroughtsconsideredbyresearchersatColumbiaUniversity:departurefromaverageprecipitationmethod(March1995toMarch1996)andthePalmerDroughtSeverityIndex(August/September1995wasaseveredrought).Seehttp://superfund.ciesin.columbia.edu/Rocklandwater/supply_droughts.html.ToputaperspectiveonthepotentialHudsonRiverconcentrationsreportedinTable4,theEPAdrinkingwaterstandardfortritiumis20,000pCi/L.Measuredtritiumindrinkingwaterrangesfromnotdetectableto392pCi/Lperthe2005EPAEnvironmentalRadiationDataReportNo.122.ACi/dayreleasefromIndianPointwouldproducetritiumconcentrationsintheHudsonRiverwellbelowthedrinkingwaterstandardandwithintherangeofdrinkingwatermeasurements.PertheIndianPointAnnualRadiologicalEnvironmentalOperatingReportsforquarterlycompositesfromthecoolingwaterintakeandinthedischargecanaloftheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlant,measuredtritiumconcentrations,inferredto representHudsonRiverwater,haverangedbetweennotdetectable(i.e.,lessthan450pCi/L)to618pCi/Loverthetimeperiod1997to2008.ThisissuggestivethatifIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantwerethesingularsourceoftritiumtotheHudsonRiver,IndianPointNuclearPowerPlantreleasescouldhavelikelyranged,atmost,from5.4Ci/day(continuousrelease)to347Ci/day(onehourrelease).TritiumreleasesfromtheIndianPointNuclearPowerPlantcoolingwaterdischargewereavailablefor2006and2007frommassanddilutionflowmeasurementsreportedasquarterlycomposites.Thereissomewhatofapatterncommontothetwoyearsinthat releasesareslightlyelevatedinthefirstquarterofeachyearascomparedtotheremainingquartersoftheyear.2006hadaslightlyhigherreleaseoftritiumthan2007 overall.Theinformationsuggeststhatin2006,1557Cioftritiumintotalweredischarged.Thiscorrespondstoa4.3Ci/dayaveragedischargeoftritiumfor2006releasedcontinuouslyandwouldbeexpectedtoproduceaHudsonRivertritiumconcentrationneartheintakelocationof493pCi/LbasedonHydroQualsmodeling resultspresentedinTable1.Tosummarize,severalindependentdataandnumericalmodelinglinesofevidence,spanningmultipleseasonsandyearssuggestthattritiumconcentrationsintheHudsonRiverneartheproposedintakeareconsistentlybelow700pCi/L(IPNPPannualreporting1997to2008,<450to618pCi/L;HydroQualmodelingof2006IPNPPloadings,493pCi/L;andUnitedWater2007and2008monitoring,39to391pCi/L,allbelowtypicaldetectionlevels).Thesemultiplesourcesofinformationevidencethatexistingtritiumreleaseswillnotbeaproblemforsafedrinkingwater.Inadditiontotritiumand 137Csdescribedalready,otherradionuclidesdischargedfromIndianPointin2008perIPNPPrecordsinclude:Ag-110m,Co-58,Co-60,Cr-51,Cs-134,Fe-55,Mn-54,Ni-63,Sb-124,Sb-125,Sr-90,Te-123m,andTe-125m.Intotal,thesereleasesfor2008werelessthan0.07Cifortheentireyear.Theseradionuclidescanbecompared July2,2010Page22andcontrastedtobothtritiumand 137Amajorityoftheradionuclidesdischarged(Ag-110m,Co-58,Co-60,Cr-51,Mn-54,Sb-124,Sb-125,Sr-90)arestronglydissolvedphase,liketritiumandunlikeCsintermsofphasepartitioningbehaviorandhalf-life.

137Cs,basedonknownphasepartitioningbehavior.Further,althoughFe-55,Ni-63,Te-123m,andTe-125mpartitiontoparticlesmorethantheotherradionuclidesdischargedbyIPNPPin2008,theyarestillmoresimilartotritiumthanto 137Csintermsorpartitioningbehavior.Itisnotedthat 134Cswouldbehavesimilarlyto 137Tritium(Cs,butcomprisesonly1%oftheIPNPPdischarge.Totheextentthattheseradionuclidesarelargelydissolvedphase,the2008releaseoflessthan0.07CiperyearcanbetranslatedtoaHudsonRiver concentrationneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyintakelocationof0.022pCi/LusingmodelingresultspresentedinTable1foracontinuousrelease.Thelowestdrinkingwaterstandardidentifiedforanyofthesecontaminantsindividuallyis8pCi/L forSr-90,wellabovethe0.022pCi/LHudsonRiverwaterconcentrationneartheproposedintakeexpectedforthesummationofallthesedischargedradionuclides.

3H)and 137InadditiontotheexamplemodelingresultspresentedinTable1basedonasingleyearofmodelingandmultiplereleaseconditionsforIndianPoint,modelingwasperformed overaperiodoffourteenwateryearsforacontinuousreleasefromIndianPoint.Factorsforconvertinglb/yrreleasesfromIndianPointtoug/LconcentrationsresultingneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectHudsonRiverintakewere developedandaresummarizedinAppendixA.Thesefactorsare2.844x10Cseachhavearelativelylonghalf-life,12.3and30.2years,respectively,makingmanagementoftheirreleasesimportantoveralong-termhorizon.Similarly,Co-60,Sb-125,Sr-90,Fe-55,Ni-63,andCs-134eachhaveamulti-yearhalf-life.OtherradionuclidesdischargedbyIPNPPeachhaveahalf-lifelessthanayear(e.g.,Ag-110m,Co-58,Cr-51,Mn-54,Sb-124,Te-125m).-05meanand1.36x10-04PertheApril3,2010WallStreetJournal,operatinglicensesforIndianPointunits2and3,whichcameonlineinthe1970s,areduetoexpireinSeptember2013andDecember2015,respectively.CertificationisrequiredunderSection401oftheCleanWaterActbeforetheUnitedStatesNuclearRegulatoryCommissioncanapproveanextensionof theIndianPointoperatinglicenses.ItisuncleariforhowIndianPointscurrentoperationwouldbechangedinthefuturetoobtainCleanWaterActSection401certification.AnEnvironmentalImpactStatementfromIndianPointisexpectedafterMay2010,toolatetobeconsideredinthistechnicalmemorandumforHaverstraw WaterSupplyProjectpurposes.Itisareasonableexpectationthatanyfuturechangestomaximumug/LattheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakelocationperlb/yrdischargefromIndianPoint.Thesefactorscorrespondto0.063pCi/L meanand0.30pCi/LmaximumneartheproposedintakeperCi/yrdischargefromIndianPoint.

July2,2010Page23IndianPointsoperationwouldonlyimprove,notworsen,thealreadygoodwaterqualityinHaverstrawBay.3.3.3PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)AdiscussionofPCBconcentrationsneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakelocationwasprovidedaboveinthistechnicalmemorandumundertheevaluation ofupstreamdredgingimpactsinadescriptionofthepre-dredgingconditionoftheHudsonRiver.Basedonmeasurements,apre-dredgingconditionoftheHudson Riveris25ng/LPCBsneartheproposedintake.Thepre-dredgingconditionmeetsthedrinkingwaterstandardof500ng/L.ThisdataresultisfurtherconfirmedbynumericalmodelingresultspresentedinAppendixDwhichindicatemeanandmaximumPCBconcentrationsof0.4ng/Lto27.5ng/Lduetolocalsources(i.e.,within a25mileradius)only(i.e.,ignoringtheUpperHudsonRiverSuperfundSiteimpact).3.3.4EndocrineDisruptingCompounds,Pharmaceuticals,andPersonalCareProducts(oftencalledemergingcontaminants)In2007and2008,measurementsmadeintheHudsonRiverintheHaverstraw-StonyPointarea,neartheproposedintakelocationoccuredovera40-weekperiodduringhigh andlowtides.89differentcontaminants,includingphenolicendocrinedisruptingchemicals,pharmaceuticallyactivecompounds,fragrances,estrogens,andotherhormones,wereeachsampled/analyzedfor11times.Only19ofthe89contaminants analyzedforwereactuallydetected.Thekeyfindingsare:Ingeneral,thenumberofcompoundsdetectedintheHudsonRiverwasfoundtobeslightlylessthanreportedbytheAmericanWaterWorksAssociation(AWWA)ResearchFoundationssurveyofconcentrationsformicroconstituents in17drinkingwatersystemsaroundthecountry.Ingeneral,themagnitudeoftheconcentrationsofthemicroconstituentsfoundintheHudsonRiverwerecomparabletothoseAWWAreportedforitsnationalsurveyofbothrawandfinisheddrinkingwater.Ingeneral,themagnitudesoftheconcentrationsofthemicroconstituentsfoundintheHudsonRiverwerecomparabletoconcentrationsreportedinthepeer-reviewedliteratureforlocalandinternationalwaterways.Theninecontaminantsconsistently(frequencyof10or11outof11samples)detectedintheHudsonRiverinclude:caffeine,DEET,nicotine,paraxanthene,galaxolide,carbamazepine,cotinine,sulfamethoxazole,andgemifibrozil.Thefivecontaminants occasionally(frequencyof3,4or5outof11samples)detectedintheHudsonRiverinclude:acetaminophen,diltiazem,lincomycin,trimethoprim,andaspirin.Thefivecontaminantsinfrequently(frequencyof1or2outof11samples)detectedinthe HudsonRiverinclude:fluoxetine,sulfadimethoxine,naproxyn,theophylline,andnonylphenolanditsisomers.

July2,2010Page24Themerepresenceofthesecontaminantsdoesnotnecessarilyposeathreattodrinkingwatersafety.Attemptingtorankthesecontaminantsbymagnitudeofconcentrationmaybeoflittleornorelevance.Ithasyettobedeterminedwhattheenvironmentallyrelevantconcentrationsforthemajorityofthesecontaminantsareintermsofeither ecologicalorhumanhealthrisk.Further,thepotency/toxicityofeachofthecontaminantsmayverywidelysothatequalamountsofanyoftheindividualcontaminantsmaynotposeequalrisks.Stateand/orfederalwaterqualitystandardsand/orcriteriawerenotfoundforcaffeine,DEET,nicotine,paraxanthine,galaxolide,carbamazepine,cotinine,sulfamethoxazole,gemifibrozil,acetaminophen,diltiazem,lincomycin,trimethoprim,aspirin,fluoxetine,sulfadimethoxine,naproxyn.Fortheophylline,NYSDECpromulgatesasurfacewaterqualitystandardof40ug/Lfortheprotectionofnon-oncogenichumanhealthinfreshsurfacewatersusedforsource water(seehttp://www.dec.ny.gov/regs/4590.html).Thesingletheophyllineconcentrationdetected(detectionfrequencyof1in11)intheHudsonRiverneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakelocation,0.006ug/L,iswellbelow theNYSDECstandard.ItisrecognizedthattheHudsonRiverneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectissaltwaterandtheNYSDECstandardforfreshsurfacewaters,whileabasisofcomparison,isnotnecessarilydirectlyapplicable.Fornonylphenol,theEPAhasestablishednumericcriteriatoguidethestatesintheprotectionofaquaticlife(seehttp://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/nonylphenol/index).Therearebothacute(1hraverage,allowedtoexceedonceinthreeyears)andchronic(4dayaverage,allowedtoexceedonceinthreeyears)criteriaforeachoffreshwaterandsaltwater.Thesaltwatercriteriaare7.0ug/Lacuteand1.7ug/Lchronic.Thesinglenonylphenol concentrationdetected(detectionfrequencyof1in11or2391hoursin3years)intheHudsonRiverneartheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakelocationwas0.5ug/L,wellbelowthefederalacuteandchroniccriteria.Itisnotedthatthe25-mileradiussourcesearchdidnotidentifyanyinputsforthe19contaminantsdetectedintheHudsonRiverbypreviousUnitedWatermonitoring.TheHudsonRiverEnvironmentalSociety(HRES)sponsoredaconferenceonApril23,2010atVassarCollegewhichexploredpharmaceuticals,personalcareproducts,andsewagefromstormoverflowsenteringtheHudsonRiver(seewww.hres.org).AgoaloftheconferencewastoidentifyfutureactionsneededtodealwiththeanticipatedcontinuedpresenceofthesesubstancesintheHudsonRiver.Findingsoftheconferenceincludethatalthoughitisknownthathormones,drugs,andpersonalcareproductsentertheHudsonRiverandothersurfacewatersthroughsewagetreatmentplantsorCSOs,theecologicalimpactsandhumanhealthconsequencesarejustbeginningtobeunderstood.Accordingly,federalandlocalregulatoryauthoritiesarenotyetinapositiontofullymanagetheproblem,butaretakingstepstodoso.Emerging July2,2010Page25contaminantsfindingsreportedattheconference,relevantfortheHaverstrawWaterSupplyProject,include:Apossibleregulatoryapproachthatmightbetakenlocallyornationallyinthefuturetodealwithemergingcontaminantsistoregulatewholeeffluentswith numerictoxicitylimitsratherthannumericdischargelimitsforspecificsubstances.NYSDECcontinuestomoveforwardwithregulationofCSOs,requiringbestmanagementpractices(BMPs)andlongtermcontrolplans(LTCPs).Once completed,thesestrategiesshouldreduceanyreleasesofemergingcontaminants viaCSOstotheHudsonRiverandotherNewYorkwaterways.Themedicaltherapeuticdoseofpharmaceuticalshumansconsumeismultiple ordersofmagnitudegreaterthatwhatisbeingmeasurednationallyinreceivingwaterorindrinkingwater.Inthissenses,pharmaceuticalsareofpotentiallytheleastconcernforhumanhealthascomparedtootheremergingcontaminants.Since2009,theNewYorkStateLegislaturehasintroducedlegislationtoprovide forthedisposalofpharmaceuticaldrugs.Themostrecentbill(S.513)was introducedonJanuary5,2011,butit,asitspredecessorbills,hasnotbeen enactedintolaw.(www.dontflushyourdrugs.net

)3.3.5OtherContaminantsInadditiontobasicwaterqualityparameters,traceelements,microbiologicalparameters,radionuclides,PCBs,andemergingcontaminants,anumberofothercontaminantsenteringtheHudsonRiverwithina26-mileradiusoftheproposedHaverstrawWaterSupplyProjectintakewereevaluatedandarelistedinAppendixB.Anexample,tetrachloroethylene,isconsideredhere.3.3.6.TetrachloroethyleneAnexampleofanothercontaminantistetrachloroethylene(PERC).Throughthe26-mile radiussearch,loadingsofPERCwereidentified.Throughnumericalmodeling,theloadingsweretranslatedintoPERCconcentrationsneartheproposedHaverstrawwater SupplyProjectintake.ThePERCconcentrationcalculationsandunderlyingnumericalmodelingresultsandloadingestimatesarepresentedinAppendicesCandD.The maximumPERCconcentrationestimatedbasedontheknownloadsisamaximumof2.25x10-2ug/L.ThedrinkingwaterstandardforPERC,5ug/L,ismorethan200timeshigherthantheestimatedconcentrations.Tosomedegree,theconcentrationcalculatedmayunder-predictPERClevels.ItisnotedthatitwasnotpossibletoestimatePERCloadsfromtwoNPLsiteslistingPERCasacontaminantofconcern.TheseNPLsitesaretheBrewsterWellFieldSiteandtheShenandoahRoadGroundwaterContaminationsite.Inaddition,giventhewidespreaduseofPERC,itislikelythatstormwaterrunoffand/orCSOswouldcarrysomelevelofPERCtotheHudsonRiver.Modelingresults availablesuggestthatrawHudsonRiverwaterwouldlikelymeetthedrinkingwaterstandardof5ug/LevenwithlargeloadingsofPERCfromthetwoNPLsitesand

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