ML20247Q673
| ML20247Q673 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Saxton File:GPU Nuclear icon.png |
| Issue date: | 12/20/1988 |
| From: | Greeman D, Jester W, Rose A PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20247Q663 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8906070010 | |
| Download: ML20247Q673 (156) | |
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@ GEOLOGIC, CHEMICAL, RADIOMETRIC AND GE0 TECHNICAL STUDIES OF SAMPLES FROM ELEVEN DRILLHOLES IN SURFICIAL PATERIALS, SAXTON NUCLEAR FACILITY, SAXTON, PENNSYLVANIA Arthur W. Rose
- rafessor of Geochemistry
~ William A. Jester Professor of Nuclear Engineering Daniel J. Greeman Graduate Assistant.
Bonnie C. Ford Laboratory Supervisor Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 December 20, 1988 Research Performed for General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp.
O O
8906070010 890522 PDR P ADOCK 05000146 PDC i
TABLE OF' CONTENTS-Page l .
,,cs g E (_./ EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
1 l
l INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORY AND DESCR1PT10N OF SITE '4-GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFICIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE 9 IL '(- ) Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations 9 Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks 12 Older Alluvial Deposits along Raystown Branch. 12
,S- MATERIALS ORIGINATING FROM C0AL-FIRED AND NUCLEAR 14 POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES
() _ Coal 14 Bottom Ash 14 Red S11tstone and Clay Fill 14 Fly Ash 15 Concrete and Crushed. Stone 15 SELECTION OF DRILLSITES 16 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 17 Drilling 17 Sample Handling in Field 18 Mapping 18 fN Sample Preparation, FC-Series 18 1
i I Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis 21 Sieving 31 Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses 31 Selective Extraction 32 RESULTS 34 Surficial Materials in Drillholes 34 Sleve Analyses 47 Cnemical Composition of Samples 50 RadionuclidesDegtedinSamples 50 Distribution of Cs g h Depth 52 ArealDistributigof Distribution of Cs Cs by Particle Size 58 60 37
/^% Distribution of CS in Selective Chemical Extracts" 62
() Autoradiograpny 67 REVIEW OF FLY ASH 69 HOST AND FORM OF RADIOACTIVITY 73 G
4 )
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS 78 v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 80 REFERENCES 81
,m .
Q ,/
j Page 73 GLOSSARY- 84
/ i, Appendix A. Drill Logs of FC-Series Hole FC-1 t
-Appendix B. Photographs B-1 Appendix C. Equations Used to Calculate Gamma Spectroscopy Results C-1
,r y
!l ,ij Appendix D. Microscopic Observations and Sieve Analyses ~D Appendix E. Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses E-1 LIST OF FIGURES
[ Figure 1. Topographic map of the Saxton area, PA, showing 6
'w- inferred former channel of Raystown Branch Figure 2. Map of Saxton Nuclear Facility 7 Figure 3 Map of Saxton Nuclear. Facility and Vicinity 8 Figure 4. Geological map of the Saxton quadrangle (after 10 PA Geol. Survey)
Figure 5. Cross section showing inferred relations of 13 surficial materials at the Saxton Nuclear Site Figure 6-16. Geotogic and radiometric logs of drillholes 35 FC-1 to FC-12.
['}'S
%' Figure 17 Particle size distribution for some samples rich 48 in fly ash Figure 18. Particle size distribution for some representative 49 samples Figure 19 Activity of 137 CS vs. depch (FC-1, FC-3) 53 Figure 20. Activity of 137 CS vs. depth (FC-4, FC-5) 54 37 CS vs. depth (FC-6, FC-7) 55 Figure 21. Activity of Figure 22. Activity of 137CS vs. depth (FC-8, FC-10) 56 O 137CS vs. depth (FC-11, FC-12) 57
' b Figure 23 Activity of 3 59 Figure 24. Distribution of CS (pCi/g) in surricial samples from drillholes
/ Figure 25. Distribution of 137CS among fractions of selective 66
( extractions
.,m
Page LIST OF TABLES'-
Table 1. Procedure for preparing'FC-series core samples for 19 radiometric and sieve analysis Table 2. Results of radiometric analyses 24 Table 3 Distribution of 137 Cs by particle size 61 O Table 4. Distribution of 137 Cs and
~
40 K in products of 63 selective chemical extraction Table'5A. Concentration of major elements in 13 fly ash samples 71 (after Roy et al., 1981)
Table 5B. Range and average chemical composition of fly ash 72 Table SC. Bibliography of major studies containing results from 72 chemical analyses of fly ashes (after Roy et al. ,1981)
O O
O
' EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
This report presents the results.of investigdtfons conducted on material from 11 holes drilled to 24 inches depth at the F'4EC Nuclear Facility near
,,y .
Saxton, PA using a split spoon auger drill. Five holes are within the fence
(
of the Saxton Exclusion Area, and 6 are outside, the most distant being about 300 ft. northeast from this fence. The texture, color, lithology, mineralogy O)
(Ju and other characteristics of the unconsolidated materials recovered by the drill were described at the site and each hole was divided into either three or four intervals of relatively homogeneous material. These 34 samples have
'(q)
- x .,
been investigated by gamma spectrometry and particle size distribution.
Selected samples were also analyzed chemically and mineralogically and subjected to a sequential selective extraction procedure and autoradiography.
The goal of these analyses was to determine the distribution and chemical form of radionuclides in the surficial materials within and adjacent to the facility.
At most drill sites, the surficial layer is composed predominantly of
,n.
k fly ash, underlain by coal, bottom ash, crushed limestone or red clay in areas disturbed during activities related to the power plant, and by sand, silt and gravel in undisturbed areas. Of the two man-made radionuclides detected, 137Cs was detected in 20 samples but 60 Co was cetected in only 8 samples.
Also detected in these samples were natural radionuclides ( OK and the U and Th series). In a few surface-layer samples IBe, formed by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, was seen. The 137Cs is strongly concentrated in the top few
/s inches in nearly all crill holes, and is undetectable at the bottom of the holes outside the Saxton Exclusion Area fence. In surface samples outside this fence 137Cs does not exceed 1.0 pCi/g, with a median value of about 0.5 U pC1/g. In these samples the 137 Cs may have originated almost completely from re61onal atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl 7,
incident, although a component from the nuclear facility is not precluded.
Activities of 137Cs in these samples are far lower than activities of the i_
t k
1 natural radionuclides.
Activities of 137Cs in surface layers from drillholes inside the fence i f 4-(../ f all' exceed 1.0 pCi/g, and reach 25, 8, and 4 pCi/g in holes FC-5, -1, and -6, respectively. Activities decrease downward but are still detectable in the bottom samples. In the three samples for which size fractions were counted, (d the activity of 137 Cs consistently increases with decreasing particle size, reaching a value of 13 pCi/g in the fraction finer than 0.1 mm in sample FC-1, wnich consists mainly of fly ash. However, because of the larger amount of
(, mass in the fine sand-size fraction for this sample, 39 to 57% of the total 137 Cs activity was found to bu in the fine sand-size fraction (composed mainly of fly ash particles but with subordinate particles of natural materials).
Selective extractions for two fly ash-rich samples from within the fence show only 12 to 14% of the 137 Cs is in the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions, and only an additional 11 to 34% is extracted by concentrated 7'] nitric acid. The remaining 53 to 75% of the 137 Cs remains in the residual fly ash rich solids in the sand and silt / clay fractions. Autoradiographs for several samples show no obvious highly radioactive grains.
Based on this. data the 137 Cs could be in the following possible forms:
- 1. Strongly adsorbed in the edge or wedge sites of the clay mineral 1111te, which occurs as a minor component of the fly ash-rich surficial material. 1111te is known from investigations in other localities to q- concentrate and strongly bind cesium.
- 2. Strongly adsorbed in the devitrified glass of the fly ash particles making up the bulk of the more 137 Cs-rich samples.
It is very likely that some Cs occurs in both these forms, but the relative proportions are not known. The low 137 Cs in fly ash from sites just outside the fence is not consistent with the hypothesis that Cs was
- incorporated in the fly ash by burning radioactive material in the coal-fired I
( plant.
l INTRODUCTION
., GPU Nuclear, the operator-of the SNEC Experimental Station at Saxton, b PA, is assessing the station for eventual decontamination and decommissioning.
I The surfical material covering many areas of the site appears to be fly ash, and was found to contain low levels of radioactivity. The main purpose of the work reported here is to evaluate the nature, distribution and origin of the radioactivity in this surficial material.
Previous tests had suggested that the radioactivity was confined to the l ).
() - site and that-the radionuclides were very strongly bonded to the fly-ash material. The work reported here was intended to answer the following questions:
- 1. What radionuclides are present in fly ash, soils and unconsolidated materials of the Saxton Facility and vicinity?
- 2. What is the concentration and areal distribution of fission-generated radionuclides in surficial materials of the Saxton site and
( )
L/ immediate vicinity?
3 What is the depth distribution of the radionuclides?
- 4. In what type of material (fly ash, soil, alluvium, etc.) do the radionuclides occur?
- 5. -In what chemical and mineralogical form do the radionuclides occur in the surficial materials?
- 6. What is the distribution of radionuclides among particle size fractions?
- 7. What is the composition and nature of the fly ash?
- 8. What are the geotechnical properties of the materials?
i In order to evaluate these questions, 11 two-foot holes (FC-series) were drilled with a split-spoon auger. The material from each hole has been described in terms of type and character of material. The material has been f
U
l divided into 3 or 4 units with depth and analyzed for radionuclides by gamma-
. spectrometry. Grain size has been determined, and gamma spectra have been
. accumulated on .aize fractions for 3 samples. six samples have been analyzed chemically for major elements. For two samples, the form of radionuclides has been investigated by a series of selective chemical extractions. Finally, 1
V: autoradiographs have been made for several samples, to identify the types of particles that are radioactive.
At the same time as the above-described FC-series of holes was drilled, 1
.m
'six deeper holes (T-series) were drilled to investigate deeper materials. The results of these deeper holes have been discussed in a separate report (Rose and Jester, 1988), but the results have been incorporated into this report where relevant, as has the earlier drilling by Ground / Water Technology (1981) and verbal reports by GPU personnel.
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITE The Saxton location was originally the site of a coal-fired power plant.
The Saxton Nuclear Experiment Facility (SNEC) was inaugurated in 1962. A small (7 MW) nuclear reactor and associated facilities was constructed and used to test various procedures planned for large-scale nuclear power plants.
Steam from the nuclear plant was used to power a turbine in the coal-fired plant. The SNEC facility operated until April 1972, when it was deactivated.
The facility was partially decommissioned in 1973-74; the decommissioning c included removal of the spent resin and liquid waste tanks and other major i
\- sources of radioactivity outside the containment building. In October 1974 the coal-fired plant was closed and later completely dismantled. The coal f plant operated only during periods of heavy electrical demand from 1970 to
('
1974.
Within the past two years, the nuclear facility has been further
(~}
V decontaminated with the intent of eventual complete decommissioning of the site and cessation of its nuclear status. Radioactivity in the buildings and ground has been surveyed and largely removed. A preliminary ground water .
. /~N study was conducted in 1981 by Ground / Water Technology, Inc. of Denville, N.J. i
'" The site is located on a gently sloping area 0.8 mile north of Saxton on the flood plain of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River (Figure 1). A A small tributary stream, Shoup Run, forms the south boundary of the area used t
') for the coal-fired plant, and the Raystown Branch approximately limits the west and north sides. Steeper slopes define the east edge. This area of 1800 x 1200 ft. was cleared prior to 1951 and has been used for coal storage, ash storage and plant construction. Air photos taken in 1951, 1958, 1966, 1967, 1977 and 1981 show a complex history of coal and ash storage and redistribution at the site. During this sequence of events, surface materials were redistributed and disturbed in many localities.
G Two substantial buildings remain outside the Nuclear Facility, used by regional maintenance crews of GPU. Within this area, a fenced area of 260 x 210 ft. encloses the SNEO Facility (Figure 2,3), and an additional fence separates the containment area from the larger part of the SNEC Facility.
The Saxton area receives precipitation averaging 37.9 in. per year (Environmental Data Service, 1987). The most common wind direction for the region is from the west (Climate Atlas of the U.S., 1968). Natural vegetation L/
is deciduous forest, but the site has been cleared and now supports grass and locally small trees. The fenced containment area and some other parts of the Nuclear Site have been seeded in vetch.
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GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFICIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations
/ s j The bedrock underlying the site is assigned by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey to the Devonian Foreknobs Formation (Figure 4). This unit has also been called a lower member of the Devonian Catskill Formation
,n (Williams and Slingerland, 1986), and will be denoted as Catskill Formation in this report. The Foreknobs/ Catskill Formation is characterized by interlayered red, gray and green sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The f%
rocks are generally resistant and well 11thified.
The Foreknobs or lowermost Catskill Formation has been described as follows by Williams and S11ngerland (1986):
"After the first establishment of nonmarine conditions, the sedimentary pattern of the Irish Valley Member of the Catskill Formation (upper Foreknobs Formation) in the southern and central part of the study area is characterized by many (about 15-20) cycles consisting of repeated alternations from marine (j.i i
sandstone and shale to nonmarine siltstone and silty sandstone which were produced by repeated lateral shifting of the shoreline. The thickness of each cycle varies from 2 to about 27 m. Tnese cycles begin with greenish gray, fossilferous, clean, sub parallel laminates overlain by bioturbated, fine-grained sandstone of variable thickness representing a marine transgression, pass upward through a marine shoaling phase and an intertidal transitional phase, and finally grade into a nonmarine phase representing coastal plain V aggradation (Figure 37). The marine shoaling phase of each cycle commonly starts with gray-green to olive-green, fossiliferous shale and silty shale which grades upward to thin-bedded olive green and chocolate-brown, k fossiliferous and bioturbated shaly siltstone occasionally interlayered with thin layers of gray-green, very fine-grained, fossiliferous, micro-cross- ,
ripple-laminated sandstone. Tne shoreline of this marine shoaling phase is i j
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Compiled by D M HOSKINS.1976 SAXTON Figure 4. Geological map of Saxton quadrangle (af ter PA Geol. Survey).
represented by usually thin (1-2m), olive-green, fine-grained moderately sorted, sub parallel to flaser- and lenticular-laminated, fossiliferous, p.
, quartzitic sandstone. The transitional part of each cycle usually consists of l
-interlayers of green, chocolate-brown, and red siltstone, shaly siltstone, and .
thin (1.5-3 m), fine grained, clean, well-sorted, quartzitic sandstone."
Rocks at the eastern edge of the Saxton coal-fired facility are underlain by the Sherman Creek member of the Catskill, described as follows by S11ngerland and Williams (1986):
O
" Upward-fining cyclicity of fluvial origin is the common characteristic of the other 2 members of the Catskill Formation (the Sherman Creek and Duncannon Members). An ideal cycle consists of a basal brownish gray to red, I fine- to very fine grainea, micaceous, crossbedded sandstone with occasional plant fragments at its base and lenses of carbonate nodules and shale chips.
l-This sandstone occupies a channel or irregular erosional surface cut into the
_ underlying cycle. This sana body grades upward to red to reddish gray, very fine grained, silty sandstone, red siltstone, and silty shale which represents the levee-overbank portion of a meandering-channel facies."
Red siltstone-mudstone from this unit appears to have been quarried for l
use as fill at the SNEC site.
l The minerals comprising tne sandstones and shales of the Catskill Formation are quartz, 1111te (clay), hematite (in red units), chlorite (most abundant in gray and green units) and possibly minor Teldspar. The hematite.
k/ illite and chlorite would be moderately adsorptive for many dissolved heavy elements, and would tend to inhibit dispersion of radionuclides. The grains of sand, silt and clay are poorly sorted, the sand grains being set in a V matrix of clay-sized material. As a result, permeability of these rocks is l' generally low unless well fractured. Ground / Water Technology (1981) obtained permeabilities ranging from 1x10 ~3 cm/see to 6x10-5 cm/see in this bedrock.
m Such values are low but would allow some flow.
l i
L The rocks of.the area occupy the northwest limb of the Broad Top
, Synclinorium. They strike about N 30*E and dip 20 to 40*SE. The rocks are l ,-
( ) cut by a moderate number of fractures both parallel to and across bedding.
Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks
.To the east of the Saxton site, the ridge of Saxton and Terrace Mts. is
,m (v j' held up by the Mississippian Rockwell and Pocono Formations, predominantly sandstones. Above these are sandstones and shales of the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville Formations, and the coal-bearing Allegheny and Conemaugh Series,
]m) Detritus from these units has been carried down Shoup Run and the Raystown Branch to form (along with detritus from the Catskill Fm.) the unconsolidated gravels, sands and~ silts along the flood plain of the Raystown Branch, and the alluvial fan of Shoup Run. Mineralogy of these rocks and detrital materials is generally similar to the Catskill Fm.
Older Alluvial Deposits Along Raystown Branch Inspection of the topographic map (Figure 1) in conjunction with drilling results of this investigation and that of Ground / Water Technology C')N
(
suggests that at some time in the past, probably in the Pleistocene, Raystown Branch occupied a different position that cut across the Saxton site (see Figure 1). During and after this time, the river deposited " boulder clay" overlain by silty sandstone and local gravel. Based on logs of holes reported by Ground / Water Technology, about 10 ft. of this alluvium is present, the lower 2 to 5 ft. being sandstone boulders in a clay matrix, and the upper 5 to f
(, 8 ft. being various combinations of gravel, silty s&nd, and sand (Figure 5).
This materia) was evidently excavated, along with some bedrock, dovn to depths of about 15 to 20 ft. at the localities drilled in this study, where tanks for Q(_,/ radioactive waste storage were emplaced.
The deposits at the natural surface in the area of the nuclear site (i.e., holes FC-7, 10, 12, Figure 31 are very sandy and do not appear to have
( ,/ undergone much soil development, other than accumulation of an organic-rich A
. horizon.
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MATERIALS ORIGINATING FROM C0AL-FIRED AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES r ^- ['"'))
\
Joal During the operation of the coal-fired plant, coal, probably mainly from r tne Broad Top Field just to the east, was stored in piles at various locations k'"')' ' on the site. The coal of the Broad Top Field is a relatively high-rank bituminous coal. Based on air photos of various dates, the coal was evidently I
ffN dumped into piles, then picked up and moved to the coal-fired plant.
( ).
Subsequently, parts of the site were smoothed with a dozer, so that patches of coal near the surface are probably common at the site.
Bottom Ash Bottom ash and slag are the incombustible products of coal combustion that accumulate in the firebox and must be periodically removed. Particle sizes are typically a few millimeters tb about 10 cm. Most of the bottom ash
/' has a rounded to clinkery appearance, and is glassy on fractures, but some is k evidently relatively unfused shaly partings and other naturally refractory materials. The ash is typically a silicate material, derived from the clay and other mineral inpurities in the coal.
At least some botter ash at Saxton appears to have been temporarily stored at the NE corner of site, based on the aerial photos. Considerable areas of the site near the former coal plant have a surface layer of bottom
, ash, evidently spread out after closure of the coal-fired plant.
\_/
Red Siltstone and Clay Fill The T-series drillholes of this investigation indicate that a layer of fill composed of red siltstone and red clay was placed on top of bedrock in the areas where the spent resin and waste tanks were located. This fill was probably obtained from a small quarry in the Catskill Fm at the northeast edge
<~' of the site.
v
Q
[.
V l The material typically contains 50 to 90% red silty clay, probably l-l [~] , originally red mudstone that has softened as a result of weathering, i \",/'
excavation, packing and exposure to moisture. From a few percent to 50% is harder fragments of red siltstone and occasionally buff sandstone, rarely
( larger than a' centimeter in size. The fill is soft and easily drilled.
O] Permeability appears to be low.
Fly Ash Fly ash is the portion of ash that is small enough, in terms of particle n)~
size, to be entrained in the flue gas and carried away from the site of combustion (Roy et al, 1981). Fly ash particles are typically derived from the melting of mineral matter or the partial combustion of coal. In general, 70 to 80% of the solid waste derived from combustion of coal is fly ash. Fly ash is typically silt sized (2 to 62 pm) with a flonry to fine granular texture but some fly ash at Saxton has a particle size of 1 mm or more. A
[Nl wide range of particle shapes and types is reported, from spherical to
\v angular, and translucent to opaque.
At present-day powerplants the fly ash is generally collected from the flue gases, but evidently during operation of the Saxton Plant, this was not done. because fly ash covers most of the less disturbed surface in and around the Nuclear Facility, to a depth of 1 to 4 inches. The fly ash at this site is generally black and covers the surface, but in a few holes (FC-6, FC-8. FC-
[]%d 9, T-2, T-3) layers of fly ash were covered with fill of various types.
Fly ash at Saxton is described in more detail later in this report.
Concrete and Crushed Stone In two drillholes.(T-4, T-5 ) a layer of concrete several inches thick lay on top of the bedrock and was covered by red clay fill. In one of these holes, reinforcing bars were cut in the concrete. Sand and crushed limestone accompanied the concrete and/or formed aggregate within it.
At sites T-1 to T-3, and FC-6, crushed limestone was present at or near
<'] . the surface, possibly intended as a surface coating for a roadway or parking w.)
SELECTION OF DRILLSITES
-, Holes FC-1 to FC-12 were drilled mainly to investigate the fly ash, but k '. also to test for contamination in other types of materials. Locations (Figure 2,3) and reasons for each hole are as follows:
,. FC-1. Located within the fenced containment area, north of the former k-) site of the spent resin tanks. The invent was to sample a well-developed area of fly ash that might be contaminated.
FC-2. Not drilled.
FC-3 Located about half way up the north slope of the not'hern earthen bunker wall. This wall is about 10 ft. wide at the base and was constructed as a shield for temporary storage of drums of radioactive waste. The top few inches of this earthen bunker had already been removed because of detectable n
kd contamination. The hole was drilled to test for deeper contamination.
FC-4. Drilled in the center of the bunker area. An asphalt pavement was present. This pavement was largely dug out before starting drilling. The intent was to check for contamination beneath the bunker.
FC-5 Located near a drain along the fence separating the containment area from the rest of the Nuclear Facility. Slightly elevated radioactivity
,,- was reported near this drain. The intent was to test the possible extent of i'
' this contamination with depth, as well as to investigate the fly ash at this site.
,.s FC-6. This site is to the ny theast of the Raowaste Building, in a
?
'v location appearing r elatively unisturbed by activities since operation of the nuclear facility.
(
FC-7. -Located about 100 ft. NE of the containment, outside the Nuclear
,,,_. Facility Fence, but within'the " Westinghouse Area" fence. This area was
( )
\~/ evidently used-on an intermittent basis for storage of supplies. The intent was to sample a relatively undisturbed layer of fly ash at a short distance-from the Nuclear Facility.
7
- y
( ,1 FC-8. Located about 200 ft, south of the Nuclear Facility, outside its fence, about 25 ft. from a building now used for power line maintenance activities. Tnis spot was detected as being slightly radioactive during a i gamma survey of the area by GPU Nuclear Personnel (Gary Baker, pers. comm.)
The intent of the drilling was to investigate the depth extent of the radioactivity.
FC-9 Located within the area of the coal-fired power plant. This plant was dismantled and the site has evidently been graded to a flat surface
' composed largely of bottom asn. The intent was to check the radioactivity
- g. level.
N FC-10. Located 300 ft. NE of the Nuclear Facility, in an area that was probably used for storage of coal and/or ash, and which accumulated fly ash.
The intent was to investigate the fly ash outside the Nuclear Facility.
FC-11. Located about 25 ft. north of the fence around the coal fired plant, about 200 ft. north of the Nuclear Facility. The intent was to investigate fly ash at this site outside the fence.
-,s FC-12. Located near FC-10, and intended to investigate local I
\ variability and reproducibility of the surficial materials.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION Drilling o
Drilling van do w August 10 to lla 1968 by Lambert Drilling of Bridgeville, PA using a truck-mounted drill. Driller was John Crockett.
r
! s <
( I l
The main part of the drilling was carried out with a hollow stem auger
- s. drill equipped with a split spoon sampler. The split spoon and bit had a
[
\- ) diameter of 3 in and a length of 24 in. It was driven with a 140 pound hammer, dropped 30 in. Blow counts are recorded in Appendix A.
,_ Before each drill hole of the FC-series , the split spoon and bit was
/ T l
\_s/ thoroughly scrubbed in soapy water and then rinsed in clean water to avoic contamination.
,-, Sample Handling in Field q_, On removal from the hole the split spoon was scanned for radioactivity by GPU personnel. The split spoon was then opened and the half containing the sample was laid on a sheet of Kraft paper. A color photo was taken (see Appendix B) with a label specifying the hole and footage. The recovery of sample was measured to the nearest half inch. The core was then examined by Rose and divided into different types of material, which were measured and
,-~s described on a geologic log (Appendix A), using a handlens and other field
'- tools as necessary. The hole was divided into 3 or 4 depth ranges, based on type of material, with emphasis on fly ash. Each sample was then wrapped in Saran wrap and transferred to a core box.
Mapping During the perloo of drilling, a plane table and telescopic alidade were used to construct a planimetric map showing the drilled location of all holes, M
plus buildings and fence lines in the Nuclear Site. The crea within the l
(
\- Nuclear Site was mapped at 1 in. - 20 ft. (Figure 2), and the dril] holes outside were mapped ct 1 in. - 50 ft. (Figttre 5).
,_s Sample Preparation, FC-Series
! ( )'
l L_/ The sample preparation procedure is listed in Table 1. In general, the procedure follows ASTM Standard Method D421-85 (Dry Preparation of Soil i Samples for Particle Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Conste.ntc), and
e Tebla 1.
PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING FC-SERIES 24" CORE SAMPLES, SAXTON PROJECT, FOR RADIOMETRIC AND SIEVE ANALYSIS
- 1. Weigh sample (in package, then weigh packing after next step).
O 2 "' e aa a a r a '. a ar ai aar a t i ra ='ad -
- 3. Dry in air for 2 days; stir up after 1 day. Shield to prevent dirt from falling into samples.
- 4. Weigh (air-dry weight).
- 5. Disaggregate by use 9 tubber stopper in mortar. Mortar should be cleaned by grinding qaartz sand, washing with detergent, and drying before use.
- 6. Sieve sample on 4-mesh and 10-mesh screens; record weights of sample retained on 4-mesh screen,10-mesh screen and passing 10-mesh screen.
- 7. If entire sample passes 10-mesh screen:
- a. split out sufficient material to fill 100 ml. tared beaker (100-200 g); record amount of sample used.
- b. label and retain remainder of sample for sieve analysis.
- 8. If entire sample passes 4-mesh screen:
- a. Split out sample retained on the 10-mesh screen and passing 10-mesh in amounts proportionate to weights of such fractions in the original sample such that a representative sample of 100-200 g is obtained.
- b. Thoroughly mix the two splits obtained above, add to tared 100 ml.
beaker; recotd amount.
- c. Store remainder of sample as separato sire fractions in labelled bags.
G. If sample contains material coarser than 4-mesh:
- a. Crush material retained on the 4-mesh screen to pass 4-mesh screen,
- b. To a tared 100 ml. beaker add split out: crushed material; material !
originally retained on 10-mesh screen; and material passing 10-mesh screen in proportion to total sample (as in 8a.) so that a 100-200 g representative sample is obtained.
I
- c. Mix, weigh, record and store as in 8b. and Sc.
Note: a. There were two samples where the hardness of material, retained on the 4-mesh screen, made crushing of that entire size fraction overly burdensome. As the coarse material was, in both cases, homogeneous (crushed limestone) only some of O the material was crushed to pass the 4-mesh screen. The .
sample was then treated as in 9b.
- b. There were a few samples in which the material retained on the n
V 10-mesh screen either originally or after crushing of the 4-mesh fraction may not have met with ASTM requirements of -
sufficient weight to obtain meaningful splits. For particles having a nominal diameter of 3/8"(about 9 mm) the ASTM requirement is 500 g; for particles passing the 10-mesh screen (less than 2 mm in dia.) It is 115 g. Material split out from 10-mesh screens (diameter 2.0-4.5 mm) in generally had weights of 200-500 g. As ASTM does not list weight criterion for this size fraction (it must be between115 g and 500 g) and the weight of the sample in this size fraction was always greater than 200 g, probably no size biasing of samples was O encountered during splitting.
O O
O L___________________________
D422-63 (1 article Size Analysis of Soils). In addition, we wished to obtain s a -10 mesh (2 mm) portion representative of the entire sample for use in later
! \
counting and chemical studies. Care was exercised throughout to ensure that samples.were not contaminated by external sources or by other samples from 1
. ,3 Saxton.
In two respects the ASTM Procedures were not followed:
- 1. For samples containing particles coarser than 3/8", the sample size was commonly not large enough to meet ASTM requirements for accurate sieve i
k' analyses of coarse particles. For example, if particles larger than 1" are present, a sample of 2000 g is required. Therefore, particle size data were ;
obtained mainly for the fraction finer than 3/8".
- 2. The red clay commonly was not disaggregated easily after drying, but I it would disaggregate with effort. The ASTM procedure calls for disaggregation only on the 10 mesh screen. We also disaggregated particles on l
n all finer screens using a rubber stopper, in order to obtain a more accurate ;
k' measure of the clay and silt sized particles. )
i Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis i
The radioactivity in the soil samples was identified and quantified l 1
i using high-resolution high-purity germanium detectors. Three such detectors j l
having efficiencies of between 25 and 305 for 60 cc were used in this project, l
i A three-input Nucleus Personal Computer Analyzer was used in this work, with
. each detector having its own ADC and 8192 channnels of memory. The gamma l
~
energy range of each detector is from about 50 Kev to 2 Mev.
An extensive quality control plan is in place at the LLRML to insure i l
n both precision and accuracy in its analytical results. This plan includes the )'
(% -
I daily counting of point sources and plotting the measured values for three nuclides ( Co, 3 Eu, and G Cs) on control charts. This is used to insure I
g that e&ch of the three detector systems la "jn control". A 15 minute l lt \
j l %. .
)
1 i
m___ __. __ _ . . _ _ _
background count is also collected. daily and control charted. This O
/ measurement is taken to insure that the counting chambers have not become contaminated. A twelve hour bockground count is taken weekly or when the 15 minute background count indicates that there may be a change in background.
,Q : As part of its state certification program, the LLRML participates in U EPA's Interlaboratory Comparison Program in which blind cross check samples, provided by EPA's ESML-Las Vegas Laboratory, are received on a regular basis p and must be successfully analyzed.
Finally, every tenth sample is analyzed in duplicate and the results of the two measurements are evaluated, along with all the other analytical results of the lab, by the LLRML technical supervisor (Jester).
For this project, the detector efficiency for soil samples in the 100 ml beakers was determined by using two Canadian reference standards (DH-la and B1-4) which both have well established values for their uranium and thorium
- 214 214
/ contents. Once the Pb and B1 in the samples reach equilibrium with the radon-222 these gamma-emitting radionuclides and several other gamma emitters in the uranium and thorium series are used to determine the detector efficiency for this geometry. Tne resultin6 efficiency varies as a function of photon energy from a maximum efficiency of about 1.8x10~ counts per disintegration at 300 key down to about 4x10 -3 counts per disintegration near l 2 mev. It is this detector efficiency "E" which is used in the calculation I
procedures given in Appendix "C".
Also given in this appendix is tha equation used to determine the 1
statistical counting error, which results fror, the procedures used to determine the net peak area ased in the radioisotopic analysis. The standard deviation results from the statistical uncertainty of the net area of the gamma paaks in both the sample and the background and the uncertainty resulting from the establishment of the baseline for the peak in both the i [)
L l _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ -
sample and the background. The minimum detectable concentration equation given in Appendix "C" is based on recommended procedures developed to avoid
_. both the reporting of false positives and not reporting true positives.
The 34 FC- series samples were dried, sieved, and then weighed into tared 100 m1 standard counting containers. Each sample was counted for 12
[h hours with one of the three detector systems. A number of gamma lines were seen, most of which were associated with the uranium and thorium decay chains.
Tne 212 Pb of the thorium series was chosen as the representative of this m
series and its concentration is called 232 Th in this report. Since in the Saxton samples the 21 Pb and 2N B1 are not in equilibrium with radon-222, the next best radionuclides in the uranium decay chain, namely 226 Ra, was chosen to represent this series in the reported results. The major naturally occurring radionuclides found in these soil samples was 40 K and is reported. Two man made radionuclides were detected in these samples, namely the long lived fission product 137 Cs and the neutron activation product 60 Co. Possible trace
,m I
D amounts of IBe were detected in 2 samples. The results of the gamma spectroscopy are presented in Table 2.
r~%
o l
1 l
l l
b
Table 2.
Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Split Samples from FC-Series Drillholes Sieve Fractions PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide - Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1)
Number and Description - --- - ------ pCi / gram - ---- - - ---- -- -
[ 5176. FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 -10.1 0.9 2.5 i Split 1 00 0.02 0.03' O.12 l +20 Cs-137 4.1 0.1. 0.2 Re-226 2.0 0.7 2.7 Th-232 1.21 0.07 0.25 7% . . .
-( 5176 FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 7.1 0.7 2.0 -
~) Split 2 00-60 0.44 0.04 0.11
-20 Cs-137 11.9 0.1 0.1 Re-226 5. 1. A.
Th-232 2.65 0.09 0.26 5176 FC-1 O to 2 K-40 12. 4. 14.
Split 3 C0-60 -0.2 0.2 0.8
-140 Cs- 137 13.4 0.4 1.0 Re-226 12. 5. 18.
Th-232 1.0 0.4 1.5 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 6.7 07 2.1 Split 1 00-60 Not Detected
+ 10 -4 Cs-137 3.52 0.08 0.16 Re-226 2.0 0.8 - 3.0 Th-232 0.67 0.07 0.25 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 6.6 0.6 1.7 Split 2 00- 60 0.03 0.03 0.09
+ 40 - 10 Cs-137 5.10- 0.09 0.15 Re-226 2.0 0.6 2.2 Th-232 0.94 0.06 0.19 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 10.2 0.6 1.6 Split 3 Co-60 0.01 0.05 0.1 I
+ 60 -20 Cs-137 9.2 0.1 0.1 Re-226 6.0 1.1 4.2 Th-232 2.31 0.09 0.28
. 5186 FC-6 0104 K-40 10. 1. 4.
\ Split 4 00-60 Not Detected
+200 Cs-137 8.7 0.2 0.3 Re-226 0.7 1.2 4.5 Th-232 1.C 0.1 0.4 O
E Table 2 Osmme Spectrometric Analyses of Split Samples from FC-Series Ori11 holes (continued)
Sieve Fractions PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concenirstion 1-Sigma Error MDC(1)
Number and Description ----------- pCi/ gram - -------------
/' ' 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 10.5 . 0.9 2.7
. Split 5 ' Co-60 0.08 0.05 0.16
-200 Cs-137 11.7 0.1 0.2 Re-226 4. 1. 4.
Th-232 1.26 0.09 0.30
'b V
5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 21.9 0.7 1.4 Spilt 1 00-60 -0.02 0.02 0.09
+4 Cs-137 0.16 0.03 0.11 Re-226 10.7 0.9 3.0 Th-232 4.94 0.09 0.18 5201 FC O to 4 K-40 23.8 0.8 1.8 Recount Split 1 Co-60 Not Detected
+4 Cs-137 0.21 0.04 0.12 Re-226 8.0 0.6 2.0 Th-232 4.06 0.08 0.17 5201 FC-10 Oto4 K-40 10.7 0.8 2.2
(( Split 2
+10 00-60 Cs-137 0.10 Not Detected 0.05 0.16 Re-226 5.6 0.8 3.0 Th-232 2.51 0.08 0.25 5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 8.1 0.7 2.2 Split 3 Co-60 -0.04 0.04 0.14
+ 40 - 10 Cs-137 0.36 0.05 0.17 Re-226 10. 1. 6.
Th-232 3.1 0.1 0.4 m 5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 11. 1. 3.
Spilt 4 00-60 Not Detected
(-
b } + 140 40 Cs-137 1.17 0.07 0 18 Re-226 5.7 0.8 2.9 Th-232 2.67 0.09 0.24 5201 FC-10 Oto4 K-40 15. 1. 4.
g Split 5 00-60 0.05 0.05 0.16-
-200 +200 cc-137 2.1 0.1 0.3 Re-226 11. 2. 7.
Th-232 4.1 0.2 0.4 (1) Minimum Detectable Concentration
g Table 2
, w Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes
, . t' Bulk Samples
-G!
PSU t.ocation Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error' MDC(1)
Number - ---------- pCi/ gram --------------
5176 FC O to2 K-40 4.5 0.4 1.2
(' 00-60 0.34 0.03 0.07 Cs-137 7.62 0.08 0.09 Re-226 2.5 0.8 3.1 Th-232 1.54 0.06 0.19
- /
l 5177 FC-1 2 to 15 .K-40 9.5 0.2 0.5 -
00-60 0.034 0.009 0.030 Cs-137 2.45 0.03 .0.04 Re-226 2.0 0.3 1.3 Th-232 1.39 0.03 0.06 5178 FC-1 151024 K-40 7.0 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.034 0.008 0.029 Cs-137 1.40 0.02 0.04 Re-226 2.9 0.4 1.3 Th-232 1.26' O.03 ~ 0.08-5180 FC-4 O to 3 K-40 4.7 0.2 . 0.5 00-60 0.003 0.008 0.027 Cs-137 1.80 0.03 0.03
' Re-226 1.7 0.3 0.9 Th-232 0.25 0.02 0.06 5179 FC-4 3 to 8.5 K-40 6.6 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.005 0.008 0.030 Cs-137 0.16 0.01 0.04 Re-226 3.8 0.3 1.2 Th-232 1.23 0.03 0.08 5181 FC-4 8.5 to 14.5 K-40 11.0 0.4 0.8 !
\ Co-60 Not Detscted Os-137 0.001 0.014 0.05!
Re-226 2.0 0.2 0.8 Th-232 0.86 0.03 0.07 f
4 5182 FC-4 14.5 to 21.5 K-40 00-60 5.5 0.002 0.2 0.007 0.4 0.025 Cs-137 0.014 0.009 0.032 3 Ra-226 1.7 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.74 0.02 0.07 O
I- - _ . _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ - _
' ' . f-Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillh;les (continued) - l Bulk Samples 4' -
3 g , PSU- Location . Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1)
Number . ----------- pCi/ gram --------------
r
- 5183 FC-5 0 to 1.5 K'-40 8.7 0.4 0.8 -
00-60 0.47 0.02 0.05 Cs-137 25.85 0.12 0.08 Re-226 3.7 0.6 2.1 Th-232 1.37 0.05 0.14 4
5184 FC-5 1.5 to 6 K-40 8.9 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.15 0.01 0.04 Cs-137 12.86 0.07 0.05 Re-226 2.8 ' O.4 1.5 Th-232 1.14 0.04 0.10 5185 FC-5 6 to 21 K-40 15.2 0.3 0.5 00-60 0.008 0.009 0.033 Cs-137 2.73 0.03 0.04-Re-226 2.4 0.3 - 1.1 Th-232 1.35 0.03 0.07 n
5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 7.0 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.04 0.01 0.03 Cs-137 4.60 0.04 0.03 Re-226 2.6 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.78 0.03 0.08 5186 FC-6 . O to 4 K 6.8 0.3 0.6 Recount C0-60 0.03 0.: i 0.03 Remixed Os-137 4.01 0.u4 0.05 Ra-226 1.2 0.2 0.7 Th-232 0.61 0.02 0.06 5187 FC-6 4 to 8 K-40 6.7 0.2 0.5 C0-60 0.006 0.008 0.029 Cs-137 0.74 0.02 0.04 Re-226 2.1 0.3 1.2 Th-232 0.93 0.03 0.08 5188 FC-6 8 to 16 K-40 6.0 0.2 0.4
(
00-60 Hot Detected Cs-137 -0.002 0.009 0.032 Re-226 2.2 0.3 11.
Th-237 0.81 0.02 0.07 O
f
- g. Table 2 Samme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)'
l!
'(% .
( -
Bulk Samples PSV Location Depth (in.) Nuclide . Concentration 1-Sigme Error - MDC (1) - l Number ----------- pct / gram -------------- j
! 5188 FC-6 8 to 16 K 6A 0.2 0.4 Recount 00-60 0.011 0.007 0.027-Os-137 0.002 0.009 0.033 Re-226 2.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 0.73 0.02 0.07 i
(
\. 5189 FC-7 0 to 4 K-40 6.9 0.3 0.6
.l 00- 60 ' -0.01 0.01 0.04 Cs-137 0.70 0.02' O.05 Re-226 2.2 0.3 1.2 '
Th-232 0.83 0.03 0.08 5190 FC-7 4 to 13 K-40 11.4 0.3 0.6 00-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.00 ~ 0.01 0.04' Re-226 3.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 1.22 0.03 0.08 i 5191 FC 13 to 22 40 8.6 0.3 0.6 00-60 0.020 0.009 0.027-Cs-137 -0.009 0.010 0.039 Re-226 1.4 0.2 0.7 Th-232 0.95 0.02 0.05 5192 FC-3 O to 5 K-40 20.1 0.4 0.6 Co-60 Not Detected Os-137 1.38 0.03 0.05 Re-226 2.8 0.4 1.3 Th-232 1.75 0.04 0.09
-G 5193 FC-3 5 to 13 K-40 11.6 0.3 0.5 U Co-60 Cs-137 0.06 Not Detects 3 0.01 0.03 Re-226 2.7 0.3 1.1 Th-232 1.3! 0.03 0.08 l O 5193 FC-3 5 to 13 K-40 11.9 0.3 0.5 l - Recount 00-60 0.004 0.003 0.030 t's- 137 0.08 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.8 0.3 1.1 Th-232 1.28 0.03 0.07 l
l .
7_- -
' Table 2 L
.,,s ..
Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
Bulk Samples PSU t.ocation Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC(1)
Number. ---------- - pC1/ gram --------- -----
h'-
L Q 5194 FC-3' 13 to 24 K-40 00-60 14.2 0.3 Not Detected 0.4 Cs-137 0.008 0.009 0.032 Ra-226 2.7 0.3 0.9 Th-232 1.28 0.03 0.06
.l
(> 5195 FC-9 0109 Be-7 0.4 0.1 0.5 K-40 6.2 0.3 0.6 Co-60 0.005 0.010 0.037 Cs-137 0.04 0.01 0.05 Re-226 5.2 0.5 1.7 Th-232- 3.18 0.05 0.11 5196 FC-9 9 to 12 K-40 6.2 0.3 0.8 Co-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.09 0.02 0.05 Ps-226 3.5 0.5 1.5 O Th-232 1.56 0.04 0.10 5197 FC-9 12 to 23.5 K-40 6.4 0.2 0.4 00-60 -0.004 0.007 0.027 Cs-137 -0.008 0.009 0.034 Ra-226 2.3 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.77 0.02 0.07 5198 FC-8 0 to 6 K-40 14.7 0.4 0.8 00-60 0.01 -0.02 0.05 Cs-137 0.85 0.03 0.06 Re-226 7.5 0.5 1.7 Th-232 3.18 0.05 0.11 5199 FC-8 6 to 12 K-40 12.3 0.4 0.7 Co-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.007 0.014 0.047 Re-226 5.5 0.4 1.4 Th-232 2.51 0.04 0.10
' 5200 FC-8 12 to 16.5 Be-7 0.00 0.10 0.31 K-40 92 0.3 0.7 Co-60 Not Detected Os- 137 0.03 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.4 0.2 0.7 O Th-232 0.90 0.02 0.06
.s 0 l' Table 2
- r Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drt11 holes (continued) -
y L Bulk Samples' PSV , Lacetion . Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme' Error MDC(1)
Number ----------- pCi/ gram --------------
5201 FC-10, O to 4 K-40 6.4 0.3 - 0.6 00 -0.007 0.010' O.037 Cs-137. 0.31 0.02 0.05.
Re-226 4.3 0.4 1.5 -
Th-232 1.77 0.04 -0.11 kJ 5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 9.9 0.3 0.7 Recount 00-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.42 0.02 0.06 Re-226 5.0 0.4 . 1.5 -
Th-232 2.15 0.04 0.10 5202 FC-10 4 to' 17 ' K-40 5.5 0.3 0.7
, Co-60 0.008- 0.010 0.037 Cs-137 0.02 0.01- 0.05 Re-226 4.2 0.5 1.6 Th-232 2.01 0.04 0.11 5203 FC-10 17 to ' K-40 8.9 0.4 0.9 00-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.00 0.02 0.06-Re-226 4.3 0.5 1.8 Th-232 2.35 0.05 0.12 5204 FC-11 0to4 K-40 7.0 0.3 0.6 -
00-60 -0.003 0.009 0.035 Cs-137 0.43 0.02 0.04 Re-226 1.9 0.4 1.5 Th-232 0.71 0.03 0.10 5205 FC-11 4 to 17.5 K-40 23.9 0.4 0.7 00-60 0.001 0.009 0.032 Cs-137 0.00 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.8 0.2 0.6 Th-232 1.27 0.02 0.05 5205 FC-11 4 to 17.5 K-40 25.4 0.4 0.6 Recount Co-60 Not Deur, tad Os-137 0.01 0.01 0.04-Re-226 1.3 0.2 0.6 Th-232 1.15 0.02 0.05
Table 2 Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Semples from FC-Series Drt11 holes (continued)
.g M Bulk Samples PSU Location . Depth (in.) Nuclide . Concentration 1-Sigme Error -MDC(1)
Number ----------- pCi/ gram --------------
5206 FC-11 ' 17.5 t0 22 K-40 15.0 0.4 0.6 60 Not Detected Os-137 0.05 0.01 0.05 Re-226 4.9 0.4 1.4 Th-232 2.28 0.04 0.09-O 5207 FC-12 O to 3 K-40 3.9 . 0.3 Not Detected 0.9 00- 60 Os- 137 - 0.96 0.03 0.05 Re-226 2.9 0.5 ' 1.7 Th-232 0.96 0.04 0.11 5208 FC-12 3 to 9.5 K-40 4.2 0.3 0.9 00 Not Detected Os-137 0.42 0.02 0.07 Re-226 3.0 0.5 1.8 Th-232 1.08 0.04 0.12 5209 FC-12 9.5 to 17 K-40 13.0- 0.4 0.7 Co-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.03 0.02 0.05-Re-226 6.5 0.4 1.4 Th-232 3.01 0.04 0.09
( 1) Minimum Detectable Concentration O
O O
-30A-
y4 . Table 2. ,
~i
- Gemma Spectrometric Analyses of Extraction Samples from FC-Series Drillholes k seleetive' Extractions PSU Lacetion ' Depth (in.) 'Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(I)
~ Number , and Description - ----------- pCl/millilitar ----------
, 5176l 'FC-1~ 0to2 K-40 0.05 0.22 0.74 Extraction 00-60 . Not Detected Os-137 0.22 0.02 0.06 Re-226 - 0.3 0.3 1.1 Th-232 -0.004 0.024 0.092 5176- FC-1 0to2 K-40 -0.4 0.3 1.0 Recount Extraction 00-60 -0.02 0.02 0.06 Cs-137 0.23 0.02 0.07 Ra-226 0.1 0.4 1.4 '
Th-232 0.03 0.05 0.12 5176'- FC-1 0t02 K-40 0.2 0.2 0.7 Organic 00-60 Not Detected Extraction Cs-137 0.33 0.02 0.06 Re-226 0.02 0.25 1.00 Th-232 0.003- 0.023 0.086 I 5176 FC-1 Cto2 K-40 -0.2 0.2 0.7 b Fe0x Co-60 -0.02 0.01 0.05-Extraction- Cs- 137 0.06 0.02 0.%
Re-226 0.5 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.04 0.03 0.09 5176 FC O to 2 K-40 0.4 0.2 0.8 Acid Co-60 0.12 0.02 0.04 Extraction Os-137 1.94 0.04 0.08 Re-226 -0.006 0.275 1.047 Th-232 0.08 0.02 0.08 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 0 0.3 1.0 O Extraction C0-60 Cs-137
-0.01 0.41 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.07 Re-226 0.2 0.4 1.5 Th-232 0.08 0.03 0.12
/ 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 0.2 0.2 0.7 Organic 00-60 0.007. 0.011 0.043 Extraction Os-137 0.46 0.02 0.06 Re-226 -0.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 0.03 0.02 0.08 O
-30B-
' Table 2 l
. , , Demme Spectrometric Arnlyses of Extraction Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
' Selective Extractions
, PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-f,igme Error . MDC(1)
I Number . and Description . ----------- pCi/ milliliter ----------
p p Ih -5186 FC-6 0 to 4 Fe0x K-40 Co-60 .
-0.08 0.003 0.20 0.010 0.70 0.037 Extraction Os-137 0.39 0.02 0.06 Ra-226 0.2 0.2 1.0 g Th-232 0.04 0.02 0.08 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 -
K-40 -0.2 0.3 1.0 Acid C0-60 -0.02 0.02 0.06' Extraction Cs-137 0.96 0.03 0.08 Re-226 0.8 0.4 1.5 Th-232 0.18 0.03 0.12 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 - 0.2 0.2 0.8 Acid 00-60 -0.01 0.01 0.05 Extraction Os-137 0.18 0.02. 0.07 Exmss Ra-226 - 0.1 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.04 0.03 0.09 PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC (1)
Number and Description - - - - - - - - - - - pCi/ gram - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0 to 2 K-40 6.4 0.6 1.7 5176 FC-1 Send Co-60 0.03 0.03 0.11
+325 Cs-137 4.33 0.08 0.14 Ra-226 6. 1. 4.
Th-232 2.10 0.09 0.28 Oto2 K-40 16. 3. 9.
5176 FC-1 Cle/ Co-60 0.2 0.1 0.5
-325 Cs-137 31 2 0.5 0.7 i Ra-226 2. 3. 10.
Th-232 1.1 0.2 0.9 0 to 4 K-40 10.8 0.6 1.6 5186 FC-6 Send 00-60 0.11 0.03 0.08
+325 Cs- 137 4.58 0.08 0.12
(
e Re-226 Th-232 1.7 1.56 0.5 0.05 1.8 0.14 [ ,
5166 fC-6 0 to 4 K-40 15.2 0.8 2.0 j Co-60 -0.04 0.04 0.14 /
Cle/
0.2 /
O -325 Cs-137 14.0 0.1 Re 226 5. 1. 5. /
0.1 0.3 /
Th-232 1.7
-30c-
Sieving
,_,s The ASTM procedure D422-63 was followed for sieving, in combination with I
\- /
) the procedure of Table 1. The fraction passing 10 mesh was passed through a set of sieves (mesh sizes 20, 40, 60, 140, and 200) on a'Ro-Tap sieve shaker.
,, s The fraction coarser than 10 mesh was sieved thru a 4-mesh sieve. In general, i
'N the mass of coarse fraction was not sufficient to measure coarser particles i
accurately according to the criteria of the procedure. The fines passing 200-f~s mesh were suspended in water with the stirring apparatus and then brought to 1
/ j
\N '/ liter in a sedimentation cylinder. The density was measured with a hydrometer after periods up to 24 hrs. to obtain the proportion of grains finer than 5 pm. and about 1 pm.
Each fraction was examined under a binocular microscope and the types of particles recorded (Appendix D).
Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses
_ f ~s A representative split of six samples was submitted to the Mineral l
I
\ Constitution Laboratory, Penn State Univ. , for chemical and mineralogical analysis. Samples were ground to pass 100 mesh, and then analyzed for total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen by analysis of volatilized gases by a LECO C-H-N l
gas analyzer. Results are in Appendix E.
A portion of the sample was ashed and then fused with lib 02 and dissolved in HNO . The resulting solution was analyzed for Si, Al, Fe, Mg, 3
! f- Ti, Ca, Na, K, Mn and P by plasma emission spectrometry and atomic absorption
('"g) "
(Suhr and Gong, 1983), (Appendix E).
Another representative portion of the sample was ground to a powder, mounted on a glass slide, and an X-ray diffraction pattern made. The minerals l >
7 ~3 b
'% # were identifiec by comparison to standard mineral patterns (Appendix E).
i J
I
Selective Extraction
,, Two samples were chosen for selective extraction: FC-1, 0-4" (PSU#5176)
\.
/ and FC-6, 0-4" (PSU#5186). Sample FC-1 is located about 50 ft. north of the containment vessel and FC-6 is located about 12 ft. east of the north end of.
the radwaste b'.11 ding. Sample FC-1 is mostly fly ash with minor natural silt bl and clay; the bulk 137Cs content is 7.6 pCi/g. Sample FC-6 is about one-half fly ash and one-half crushed gray limestone with minor silt and clay; the bulk 137Cs content is 4.0 pCi/g, but for the sample with limestone removed it
'l )
'd is 8.2 pC1/g. The latter sub-sample was used for selective extraction.
These two samples were chosen for several reasons: Both samples contain abundant fly ash which is suspected of being contaminated by reactor generated 137 Cs; the samples have higher radioactivity than most others. Only one sample has a higher 137 Cs value (FC-5, 0-1.5" - 25 pC1/g 137Cs). Also, the samples are in two distinctly different locations and may have been subjected f m to different contamination pathways and mechanisms. Sample FC-1 is near the tJ '
spent resin tanks immediately to the north of the containment vessel and may have been contaminated by possible leakage from the tanks; later it could have been contaminated by the process of removing the resin tanks in 1972.
Contamination could also have occurred in this sample after the site was restored to original grade after the removal of the tanks. FC-6 is just outside the radwaste building where it may have become contaminated by leakage O of stored liquid waste. It is also possible that FC-6 could have become b contaminated during the decontamination of the radwaste building in the past year.
(~% For both of these samples a selective extraction procedure was performed I,
in hopes of ascertaining the host phabe, cause and chronology of the suspected 37 Cs contamination.
e 1
A selective extraction procedure, modJfied after Jackson (1956) and (3 Schmiermund (1977), was performed to obtain elements of interest from each of
.\ )
the soll phases. The procedure is designed to extract the easily-removed surficial coatings first and leave the more resistant substrates to late e m. stages. Cross-contamination of analyte between extractions of different
(") phases is minimized by washing between treatments. The extractants for the Saxton samples are as follows (in order): ammonium acetate (extracts. 37 Cs
,f'N held in exchangeable cation sites on solids), hydrogen peroxide (decomposes
\
organic phases such as humic materials), sodium dithionite (decomposes limonite and other Fe-oxides), warm 1:1 nitric acid / water (extracts more 3 Cs in solids); the residue is sieved through on a #325 mesh strongly bound (separates the sand-size fraction from the silt-and clay-sized fractions).
The extracts from this procedure were stabilized with nitric acid, placed in a standard geometry and measured on a gamma spectrometer for the presence of Qj 37 Cs and other radionuclides.
The detailed procedure was follows: 60.54 g of FC-1, 0-D" (PSU#5176) and 122.07 g (tne fly ash portion of this sample only; the crushed limestone was removed as it contains no 137Cs) of FC-6, 0-4" (PSU#5186) were distributed among twelve 50 ml polyethylene tubes.
(1) 20 ml of 1 M ammonium acetate, adjusted to pH 5 with nitric acid, was added to each of the twelve tubes. The tubes were placed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min. and the supernatant liquid was carefully decanted off to a beaker and labelled
" exchangeable fraction". This step was repeated and then the tubes were
[] washed with distilled water to remove the reagent; the water was added to the C/
beaker labelled " exchangeable fraction", a few drops of concentrated nitric acid was added and the total volume was reduced to 100 ml. by evaporation.
[
(
(2) Next, 5-ml of 305 hydrogen peroxide, adjusted to pH 5 with nitric acid, was added to each of the twelve tubes; as the substrate foamed violently, no
,m ,
4 1-i f ultrasound agitation was deemed necessary. Af ter 15 min. ,10 ml of water was added and the tubes were centrifuged as in the previous step. The supernatant liquid was decanted to a beaker labelled " organic fraction". This step was k repeated and the tubes were again washed with distilled water; the water was aoded to the beaker, stabilized with nitric acid and the total volume was reduced to 100 ml. (3) To extract the Fe-oxides, 20 ml of a sodium citrate-V sodium carbonate buffer (pH=8.3) were added to each of the tubes. The tubes were placed in a constant temperature bath at 78 C and sodium dithionite was added in 0.5 g portions while stirring. Three portions were added; the. tubes were allowed to sit in the bath for 15 min. and then were centrifuged, washed, acidified and reduced in volume to 100 ml as in the previous steps. (4) Next, 20 ml of 1:1 nitric acid / water at 60*C was added to each of the twelve tubes; t
rm i stirring was unnecessary as the substrate reacted violently. The tubes sat at
\'--) 60*C for 20 min. and then were centrifuged, washed and the volume of extract reduced to 100 ml. (5) The residue remaining was washed over a 325 mesh screen (50 micrometers) to separate the sand fraction from the silt and clay fractions. The separated fractions were oven dried at 110*C overnight, weighed and sent to the Low-Level Lab, as were the previous extractions. The samples were counted in a standard geometry on the germanium detectors for 12
,C hours; the spectra obtained were then quantified.
i
\
RESULTS Surficial Materials in Drillholes A limited number of types of materials were encountered in the FC-series drillholes (Figures 6-16). Most of these same materials were encountered in the T- and B-series drillholes (Rose and Jester, 1968).
I ,
, Figure 6.
t b SAXTON PROJECT c'
DRILul0LE NO. FC-1 Recovery: 24 in. (100%)
/- Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 Og 60Co 137 Cs- Geologie Log Ra.
W,Ef F 1. 5 (2.5) 4.5 0.3- 7.6 5.4 e Fly ash f---
.TA . Reddish sandy silt and siltstone
- fragments with minor bottom ash
-A
~-
1.4 2.0 9.5 (0.03) 2;4' ~
A "._
-s 1., 2E-7 .- -
- -. g
-3 Mostly bottom ash; red clay at 20-22" 18 .- A O
g 'I.3 2.9- 7.0 0.03 1.4 - _
~~ b "A
24 0
inches Note: If recovery differs from 100';, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Pdnimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
LEGEND s.k .
- .d!.d Fly ash 06[ 3 Bottom ash
-[ ' Asphalt or concrete 0% -
Crushed limestone z=
Ff.- ;;;f Red clay fill
& A&
44 Sandstone or siltstone fragments
, , Sand and silt (sedimentary)
( :I i . j
. Figure 7.-
S!JTON PROJECT. i
(
FC-3 20 DRILL 110LE NO. . Recovery: in. (100 Radionuclides - (nCi/d 232 40g- 60 Co 3 Th 226g , Cs Geologic Log s ~-
1.7 2.8 -20.1 -
1.4 Red clay with siltstone fragments
~ ~~~AO and minor bottom ash
_g-
- O, 6 .] Red clay with sparse rock fragments i
l b '~
1.3 1.3 2.7 1.8 11.6 -- 0.06
.] "
11.9_-(0.004) 0 07 12 --
a.-
1
- _ - Red clay with sandstone fragments L '
l! ~10_
\ -
1.3 2.7 14.2 - (O'.008)18 f~ -
5
_- A
.. o --
a _o l
inches Kote: If recover'; differs from 100%, units are es:panded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than P.inimum Detectable Concentration
- Kot detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detec:ed)
Figure 8. ;
p_ .
- SAXTON PROJECT y& l 4
DRILLH01.E NO. FC-4 Recovery; 21.5 in. ( 90 %) j
- W Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 g 226 40 g 60 Cs Geologic' Log Ra Co ye Asphalt, crushed limestone and brown 0.2 1.7. 4.7 (0.003) 1.8 Y '). silt / clay '
__ d - .
.c ~
b~ i d-- B tt m ash with red clay 1.2 3.8 6.6'(0.005) 0.2 6
-s
= .,
i
~ d--
~, - :
Orange brown clay 12 --
0.9- 2.04 11.0 -
(0.001) -
-=
\
18 d-- Orange brown clay with red sandstone !
0.7 1.7 5.5 (0.002) (0.014) ,,,_ _A fragments ;
~47 ,
=~ ;
,,_ A . .
24 # ~~! j inches Note r If rec:very cif fers from 100%,' units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indirare) concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration l
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) i 1
s I
. _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ - ____-__ --_______ __ ____ -_ - - _ - a
g Figure 9.
g L
l SAXTON FROJECT k
DRILLh0LE N0. FC-5 Recovery:- 21 in. 67.%)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 -
0g 60 Cs Geologic Log Ra 3 Co 1.4 3.7 8.7 0.5 25.8 ti:?,6, pyy ash-
~M-Mostly. red clay with 20% fly' ash 1.1 2.8 8.9 0.1 12.9 . - 3' 6
'6
-f g C
~T ^ Red clay with sparse bottom ash,.
.__N- ~~
crushed' limestone, sandstone and siltstone
-~8-12 '_ __
1.4 2.4- 15.2(0.008) 2.73 ,'gj- ,
_ r __
-:~ -
18- .g-O ' TE~
~
24 inches Note: If recovery differs from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than FEnimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
O
L*
t Figure 10.
SAXTON PROJECT DRILLHOLE NO- .
FC-6 Recovery: 16 1/2 in. (69 %)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 40 g 60Co 137 Cs Geologic Log Th Ra y; ;.g' 32:
a .;c. . . ' : Fly ash and crushed limestone
's ..:.
- 0.8 2.6 7.0 0.03 4.6 g
- d .'
O.6 . 1.2 6.8 (0.02) 4.0 , *A,A Butf= sandy silt with red sandstone-gyg siltstone fragments 0.9 2.1 6.7 (0.006)0.7 Fly ash with rock fragments n- @ ... f.S
,4* Reddish silt with rock fragments 4.*
^~
7 'g Buff silt with sandstone fragments 0.8 2.2 6.0 -
(-0.002)- .*
0.7 2.3 6.4 (0.01).( 0.002) p*
.4 18 *g , *
=
- r. -A og *
- O 24 _
inches Note: If recovery differs from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) t
\
(
t y (
. Figure 11.
!/
SAXTON PROJECT.
DRILLHOLE NO. FC-7 Recovery:22 1/2 in. - ( 94L')
' ., Radionuclides (pCi/g) _
232 Og 60 Cs Geologic Log Th Ra Co 9:.~ ; : . .
Ef[, '. Fly ash 0.8' -2.2 '6.9 (-0.01) 0.7 A $ f. Buff sandstone fragments in sandy matrix
( 6 .
'$cea
, Buff sandy silt 1.2 3.3 11.4 -
(0.0) ,
o 12 *.
~.
1.0 1.4 8.6 ( 0.02)(-0.01) -
'18 . ,
9 o
24 inches I;ote: If recovery dif fers from 100!;, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than liinimum Detectable Concentration -
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) a 1
- _--_____--___---___.-__D
Figure 12.
SAXTON PR0 JECT O
FC p ~ DRILL 110LE NO. Recovery:16.5 ~ in. [9 %)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 7 232 Ra K ' Co Cs Geologie LoE 3e Th d[ Bottom ash f.. ..6v v
~Ain 3.2 7.5 14.7 (0.01) 0.9 Fly ash and. bottom ash g
6 .,hM ew:a
- A . :.
d 2.5 5.5 12.3 -
(0.01) O Bottom ash 12 -
3
-g b
- o0 o
18 c3 =o
( - A =-
Bottom ash with 20% red clay (0.08) 0.9 1.' 4 9.2 -
(0.03)
- O 24 inches Note: If recovery differs from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
O
1 a
-- Figure ; 13.
SAXTON PROJECT -
.DRILLHOLE NO. FC-9 R'ecovery: 23.5 in. ( 98 g).
Radionuclides (pCi/g)
.s 7 Ra K Co Cs Geologic Log Be Th bg . Bottom ash.. l 3 O C .
0.4 3.2. 5. 2 : . 6.2 (0.005) (0.04)6 .O 4 Bottom ash,'slightly coherent ,
b d l b
~r ~;* "
"ed. d Fly ash l 1.6 3.5 6.2 .
0.0912 .:i$. V i b~
0.8-2.3 6.4 (-0.004 )
be Orange-brown clay with siltstone and sandstone' fragments-l
(-0.008) 18 3 ~:
.~~~ j
-a -
f ~5E
.( .= -g 24 -
)
inches Note: If recovery differs from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
j
( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentrate-on <
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) f ,
I i
i l
l 1
o 1 1
l
. Figure - 14.
c SAXTON PRO.1ECT'
'DRILLHOLE NO. FC-10 22 Recovery: in. (92 %)
' ' Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 40 g 60 137 Geologic Log Th Ra Co Cs
... o .
d'bN I
1.8~ 4.3 6.4 :(-0.007) 0.3 E.','
Fly ash with sparse bottom ash 2.2'- 5.0 9.0 - 0.4 J . s '.
7 6 .O b Bottom ash
~6 2.0 4.2 5.5 ( 0.008) (0.02) _a I2 b.
d
-b o
_g.
18 -
D dA B ttom ash with efflorescence 2.3 4.3 8.9 -
(0.0) -
A b
24 0
inches Note: If recovery differs from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
l ( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum' Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero.or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
G r
':$ ~
s5 Figure 15.
f..
l' /
SAXTON PROJECT-
.(
FC : 22 in'. ( 92 ;;)
DRILLHOLE NO. Recovery:
/* Radionuclides's (pCi/g) 232 226 Og .60 Co 137 Cs Geologic Log Tk Ra 1:;< 3 rd!.: Soil and fly ash grading down to
. =
0.7- ' 1. 9 7.0 (-0.003) 0.4 crushed limestone 2l8 0g?4^
(s .'6 .O B:-
Crushed limestone in a fine gray.-
~B matrix 1.3 1.8 23.9 (0.001) (0.00). - 6 f
1.2 1.3 25.4 -
(0.01.)12 -g ca 8
r -%8 18 2.3 4.9 15.-0 -
0.05 -o ((
O a
Black and orange bottom ash with some red siltstone
_A 6 24 'ob&
inches e
Note:
If . recovery differs from 100%, units are exnanded proportional' ly.
(;) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or ' negative concentration, or no peak detected)
. _ _ _ , . _ __ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ = __
t
' Figure 16.
-SAXTON TROJECT.
DRILLHOLE NO. FC-12 Recovery: 17 I/2 in. ( 73 ;)
j Radionuclides (pti/c)
~ 232 226 40 g 60 137 Geologic Log-Th Ra Co Cs
?$..'
O.9 2.9 3.9 - .1.0 t T,*. ".*.:
Fly ash v5 c.
- _~.. v'r:
6 6 A Bottom ash and coal 1.) 3.0 4.2 -
0.4 -A d
6 b
12 6 da
~A Bottom ash 3
3 '. 0 6.5 13.0' -
0.03 18 b
d
.i o
b 24 0 inche Note: If recovery differs from 100'., units are expanded proportionately.
' ( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable' Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) a 1
?
In FC-6, -7 and possibly -9 and -4, the deeper layers are composed of
. ,m bedded sand and silt with a small proportion of fine rock fragments. This
( )
. i/ material is belie'ved to represent the natural near-surface flood plain deposits of the former Raystown Branch, althou6h the possibility that they are disturbed materials cannot be entirely rejected. The key feature suggesting I C' an undisturbed nature is their thinly bedded (layered) ano somewhat sorted character, as would be expected for sediments deposited on a flood plain but not material disturbed by human activities.
n b)
Several types of fill and artificially redistributed surficial material were encountered. Bottom ash makes up much of FC-8, -10, and -12 and parts of FC-1, -4, -9, and -11, and occurs as a subordinate component mixed with other materials in several holes. The bottom ash has either been deliberately used as a fill, as for example in the sites of the former spent resin and waste liquid storage tanks, or was disposed of on the surface and was later spread p into a surface layer during site cleanup in the early 1970's.
Red silty clay with varying amounts of red siltstone and sandstone fragments makes up a large portion of FC-1, -3. -5, and several T-series holes, and is present as small admixtures in other holes. Most of this material appears to be ground mudstone-siltstone, probably quarried at the east edge of the site and used deliberately for fill and for construction of the bunkers (FC-3). Tne red clay fill may have also been spread around the p site during cleanup operations. Some may also be the natural silty surficial b deposits that have been redistributed during construction.
Crushed limestone is a major component of FC-11 and of the surface zone r of FC-4 and -6. In FC-4 it is a component of the asphalt floor of the bunker i
\
as we l' as a subgrade for the asphalt. In the other areas it appears to have been spread on the surface for roadways, fill or parking. This material was O
k not quarried on site because this type of limestone is not present at the
,-s site; it may have come from limestone quarries near Everett or elsewhere in
/ .
L k_- - the region.
l Fly ash forms a surface. layer 1 to 4 in. thick in FC-1, -5, -6, -7, -
10, -11 and -12, and is present beneath fill in FC-6, -8, and -9. In most of t,_T _
(.,,) these locations it is mixed with varying amounts of rock fragments, bottom ash and crushed limestone. Most of the fly ash probably accumulated prior to 1970, when the coal-fired plant ceased regular operation, but appreciable i
\s - ' redistribution may have occurred by wind action since that time,.because the surface above the former spent resin tank is covered by several inches of fly ash.
Sieve Analyses Some representative cumulative distributions of sieve analyses are plotted in Figures 17 to 18.
i The fly ash is characterized by a high proportion of material in the p,
s_, sand size range (74pm to 500pm), as illustrated in Figure 17 for FC-1, which is a relatively pure fly ash. Other " fly ash" samples have a considerable-admixture of coarser. rock fragments (including crushed limestone) and bottom ash. The quantity of material finer than 74 pm is small, less than 15%.
Fill material of " red clay and siltstone" is also characterized by a i
high proportion of fine sand (74 to 500pm. but by higher 'roportions (10-20%)
-- of silt and clay (< 74pm) and a significant amount of gravel-sized rock s
N-- fragments (Figure 18).
A natural " silty sand" is shown on Figure 18. The size distribution is l
similar to that of the red clay and siltstone, except that coarse particles
(',
\s -
) are slightly less abundant.
l l
A material dominated by bottom ash is also plotted on Figure 18. The
}'
proportion of clay, silt and fine sand is much lower that the other types of
( ,),
samples (< 20%), and the dominant size is between 2 and 5 mm.
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Chemical Composition of Samples
.,_ The chemical composition of the samples is listed in Appendix E.
'K _- The analyses show that all " fly ash" and " bottom ash" contains a significant amount of carbon, in the range of 15 to 435. This carbon apparently represents unburned or incompletely burned coal. In several of kj) these samples, coal dust or fine coal particles were recognized visually or microscopically, but the amounts recognized were small, generally less than 10%. Tne much larger ammount of C found chemically suggests that fly ash and
[d,\
\ . bottom ash contain a major component of unburned carbon. This feature is consistent with the opaque nature of the particles.
Two samples (FC-6, 0-4 and FC-6, 4-8) contain considerable Ca as well as moderate C. In these samples, the chemical form of carbon is probably largely CACO , whi h is bserved in the form of crushed limestone.
3 Sample 5188 (FC-6, 8-16") is a natural silt with rock fragments. The
. content of C is very low (0.41%), reflecting its lack of coal, calcite and n)
'l k plant materials. The inorganic constituents show high SiO and appreciable 2
0 ""d K2 0, appropriate for the observed composition of quartz Silt A1230 ' F*2 3' and subordinate 1111 tic clay. .
1 The inorganic fraction of the fly ash has a relatively Al-rich composition that might be expected for the clay-bearing inorganic fraction of a coal. Silica ranges from 49 to 66%, and A1 023 from 9 to 33%, with lesser amounts of Fe and K. Small amounts of S, probably originally from pyrite in
\" the coal, are present in all samples. The fly ash is well within the composition reported for fly ash elsewhere.
Radionuclides Detected in Samples
'u/ Detectable quantities of 6 radionuclides were identified: 137Cs, 60Co, 7Be, 40g, 226Ra, and 232Tn (Table 2). Peaks for a number of other U and Th decay products in addition to 226-Ra were detected but have not been t
G I
- _ . - _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ . - _ _____ a
[
l quantified. In addition to these nuclides, some sma11' peaks remain unidentified on the' gamma spectra, but no definite identification has been
( possible.
~ ] 226 aa are natural radioactivity in the soil and The 0.g, 232Th and rock. The levels of 226 Ra in most cores are 2 to 3 pCi/g, which is the
[
-V activity that would be in equilibrium with 6 to 9 ppm of uranium. Levels of 3 to 5 ppm U are common in shales of the Catskill Formation farther east, and levels.of 5 to 10 ppm are found in some samples (Pire,1979, Bell,1980).
[]'
V Most samples have 232Th activities of 0.5 to 1.5 pCi/g, equivalent to Th contents of 5 to 15 ppm. These values are in the range of 5 to 20 ppm Th in Catskill shales farther east (Pire, 1979; Bell, 1980).
Levels of K range from about 4 to 25 pC1/g, but most are in the range of 5 to 10 pCi/g. These values correspond to values of K between 0.5 and 3.05 60 Co clearly originated from either reactor operation or The 137 Cs and
[,% atmospheric fallout from weapons tests or the Chernobyl accident. The7 Be is
' ()
\
formed in the upper atmosphere.
137Cs is clearly the most abundant of these nuclides, with levels up to 25.8'pci/g (sample FC-5). The 60 Co is present above The Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) in only 6 samples, the highest values being 0.47 pC1/g.
In a gross way, the Co is abundant in samples with high values of 37Cs, but the correlation is only fair in detail (i.e., samples with 25.85, 12.85 and 7.62 pCi/g 1 37 Cs contain 0.47, 0.15 and 0.34 pCi/g co-60, 7 Be is detected in only 2 samples, but neither exceeds the respectively).
~
MDC. In view of this pattern, the emphasis in the following discussion will
[ be on Cs.
(-
A (V\
L Distribution of Cs with Depth
('~( 137Cs, the surface layer has
~
In all 10 drillholes with detectable
( /'
markedly higher concentrations than deeper layers, and the differences in many holes exceed a factor of 10 (Figures 19-23). The exception is FC-9, in which
/N the surface layer contains 0.04 pCi/g, slightly less than the MDC, but the k'
underlying sample contains 0.09 pC1/g, slightly more than the MDC. In all holes except FC-11, the deepest horizon contains the least 137 Cs. In FC-11, f] the concentration in the second horizon is 0.007 pC1/g (less than the MDC) and in the deepest horizon it is 0.048 pCi/g, barely exceeding the MDC of 0.046.
Tnis Nniavior clearly indicates a surface source for the 137 Cs, either atmospheric fallout or surface dispersion of contamination from the nuclear plant. The exceptions to the pattern of decreasing 137 Cs with depth may arise from burial of material once at the surface (i.e., FC-9 is adjacent to the coal-fired plant site, and has been regraded, and FC-11 clearly had crushed
. ,m i stone spread over the surface at some time).
J In most samples, the high 137 Cs material at the surface is dominantly fly ash (FC-1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12). Exceptions are FC-3 and -4, which are in the bunker area and have clay dnd asphalt as the enriched surface layer.
In all samples outside the nuclear facility that have readily detectable amounts of 137Cs in layers below the surface (FC-6, 11, 12), the subsurface material with high values is bottom ash or fly ash. This relation suggests fm that these surricial materials accumulated 137Cs and were later buried. The present surficial materials at these sites either accumulated additional I37 Cs at a later time possibly from atmospheric fallout, or were redistributed by re-grading or wind action.
In FC-1 and FC-5, the subsurface layers may have accumulated Cs from appreciable downward migration from the appreciable contamination in surface p
(v i
Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 '2 4 .6 8 10
' ' s i i s
{12 -
O $
b
{12 cu O
24 .
FC-3 O
O ~ ~ ' '
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ J
.I -
O Cs-137 (pCi/g)
O 1 2 O r-A
$ ~
12 -
Q 24 -
FC-4 3
Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 ', , , , o e
E 12 -
0 0 .
24 -
FC-5 O ~
. Figure 20. Activity of Cs vs. depth
O Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 , , , , ,
n E
E 12 -
0 O O 24 ~
FC-6 O
Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 , , , , ,
n b
E 12 -
0 0
24 -
FC-7 I .
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I i
O i Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6- 0.8 1.0 0
O E
E.12 -
O 2 -
24 FC-8 FC-9 Not plotted. Intervals 0-9 and 12-23.5 are less than 0.01 pCi/g and
-less than MDC; interval 9-12 is 0.09 pCi/g.
Cs-137 (pCilg) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 , , , , ,
1.
O I
{12 8
O 24 -
FC-10 O Figure 22. Activity of Cs vs. depth
f Cs-137 (pCilg) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 , g O
2
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O 8 -
24 - FC-11 O
Cs-137 (pCl/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 - 1.0 0
I : a g
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- ~
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FC-12 O
Figure 23. Activity of Cs vs. depth.
O J
l l
layers. The subsurface contamination in these holes is in materials that are
' dominantly red clay and silt, but do contain a component of ash.
Q) Areal Distribution of 137 Cs The areal distribution of 137Cs in surface horizons is shown on Figure
'~
- 24. All values exceeding 1 pC1/g are within the fence of the Nuclear x~l Facility. Values outside the Nuclear Facility range from 0.04 to 0.96 pC1/g, with a median of about 0.55 pC1/g.
37 Cs outside the fence are similar to the amount of Cs
,m The levels of 37 in atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests. A graph of Cs fallout 2 2 for New Yor. City indicates about 25 dpm/cm or 11.26 pC1/cm of fallout in the period 1952 to 1978, mainly during 1958-60 and 1963-65 (smith et al. ,
1987). Assuming that half of this Cs has decayed (T 1/2 of s is 30.2 3
yrs), and that a surface layer thickness of 12 cm and density 1.5g/cm 137 contains the fallout, then the calculated concentration is 0 3 pC1/g. Cs l')
levels of 0.08 to 1.3 pCi/g are observed in soils apparently unaffected by !
\J nuclear power plants (Bunzl et al, 1984). A better comparison using soils several miles from the Saxton Facility is desirable, but it seems likely that most of the 37Cs from sites outside the fence of the Nuclear Facility is from weapons testing fallout, with at most only a subordinate contribution from the SNEC operations.
Hole FC-5 shows the highest concentrations of 137Cs (25.8 pci/g). This lr) ej hole is a few feet from the vicinity of a drain where slight contamination had been recognized by GPU personnel. The contamination has penetrated to at least the bottom of hole FC-5 at 24 in., in fill material predominantly n
/ ) consisting of red clay with an admixture of bottom ash, crushed limestone,
\s' sandstone and siltstone.
l In FC-1, a similar pattern of 137Cs is found, with highest values in surface fly ash, but detectable values of 1.4 pCi/g occur in bottom ash at 15-l l
1
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24 in. The presence of bottom ash at 24 in. indicates that the entire thickness cut by the hole is fill. This behavior contrasts with hole FC-6,
/,s 37 where the top two layers contain appreciable Cs, but the bottom layer of silt with sandstone fragments lacks detectable 37 Cs and appears to be natural-material, undisturbed by. Nuclear Facility construction.
b Tne detectable values of 137Cs in FC-3 and FC-4 in the bunker are restricted to the top layers, and deeper layers contain less than the MDC.
In summary, elevated 137 Cs levels are found in samples within the n
facility fence, and in two holes the contamination extends into the deepest samples. Outside the fence, levels in samples collected for this study are approximately that expected for worldwide atmospheric fallout from weapons testing, and decrease to essentially zero in undisturbed natural materials at depth.
Distribution of Cs by Particle Size For three samples, (FC-1, 0-1.5, PSU 5176; FC-6, 0-4, PSU 5186; FC-10, 0-4, PSU 5201), the radioactivity of a series of sieve fractions was studied.
Samples 5176 and 5186 are from within the facility fence and are dominated by fly-ash with anomalous 137 Cs, whereas 5201 is a fly ash with " fallout-level" 137Cs. Table 3 summarizes the data.
In all three samples, the 137 Cs content increases markedly with decreasing particle size. The increase is by a factor of at least 3 from the
,s coarsest to the finest fraction in each sample. This data suggests that the
/\
host for 137 Cs tends to be enriched in the smaller particle sizes or that 1 37Cs is enriched on surfaces.
For two of the three samples, a fraction coarser than 140 mesh (105pm, t
O 37 boundary of silt and sand) contains the largest proportion of Cs in the sample. Thus, although the silt and clay fractions contain the highest 37 Cs, the abundance of fines in the sample is low enough concentrations of O
kj that most of the Cs is in the sand size fraction.
O_._--_-__-_---_____ _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ - _ - - -_ --__-- _ -- ___ -____ - - --__ - - _ _ - _
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e m
c ad re ft a
t i
o y
g t
n e
a e
g a
t n
4 ec v e e 1 4 - f vi i c c
. - - 0 o ed t r r 3 0 0 i n c e e e ,
k si A p p e l , ,
0 c l p 61 66 1 1 o e e e e b m 7 - 8 - 0 - l h h h h
'DT
"( .
a S
a 1 5F C 1 5F C 2C 5F B
- I T
2 T
3 T
N T
,mI
Distribution of Cs in Selective Chemical Extracts The results of the sequential chemical extractions on two fly ash I
(.' samples are listed in Table.4 and summarized in Figure 25. Six fractions have been separated, designed to selectively extract exchangeable cations, cations i
bound in organic matter, cations incorporated in ferric iron oxides, catirns t
C) -extractable by strong acid (1:1 HNO ), and th se in the undissolved residue of 3
" sand" size (coarser than 325 mesh or 50pm), and those of " silt-clay" size
. (finer than 325 mesh). The various extractions are not completely selective l
\ for the named fractions, but should represent dominantly the intended v
material. i Comparison of the fractions with the original sample indicates that the sum of I37Cs activities for the fractions slightly exceeds the measured activity for the original sample (123% and 110% recovery for 5176 and 5186, respectively). The excess recovery exceeds the counting error and appears to f
m result from calibration problems wiLh the different types of samples.
k' However, the error is relatively small in comparison with the fractions of 1
higher activity, so the major conclusions below seem justified. However, the activities of fractions are likely to be overestimated rather than underestimated.
i In both samples, the proportion of activity in the exchangeable, organic 37 Cs is weakly bound and Fe-oxide fractions is small, indicating very little
\
( and capable of mobility in soil formation and ground water. In both samples, j the proportion of activity in these forms is less than 15% of the total.
In sample 5186, the acid extractable 137Cs is only 11% of the total, and
~ in sample 5176, it is 34%. Tne remaining 53% in 5176 and 75% in 5186 was not
( " ./ removed by any of the chemical extractions, and remains in the solid particles. Tne bulk of the 137 Cs is therefore very strongly bound to the l l
solids. The 1:1 HNO leach is expected to strip off most ions that became 3
(
l
__ ____- ____ - _-_ a
_O g g 06O994 9 0 f ( ( 51 9 O ) )
o
_ 4 f 950015 o
0
% 1 1 4 2 0
% ( ( 54 1 y .
t y i cp O
i . ) . ) t v
i d.82 d. 385 958 01 1 7 i
v ) )
t n( n( 2 4 2 c
i t 5 22 0 d. d. 9 6 1 4 85 23 A
g c ( ( nn75 38 A 1
/ g L / ) g g y C i y / /
t p cp l y i i Oi i 6 1 n t C cp n v - - - - 27 - 2 o i p o i 31 6 v 84 7 t . h i 50 - 1 t c 4 1 7 s t .
c A 3 a c 44 8 a A 1 r y t g l x 83 34 f g g )
E s 36 95 s 82 01 e s - - - - e s - - - - . u l a 4 3 70 v a 67 4 2 l a M 4 46 a M 63 02 a c e 1 1 v i l m e e s o s C v h C t C Di C 7 7 Mt 3 d 3 a e -
e 1 ng v 491 1 79 1 v 1 03 097 0 ae i f . . . o f hn t o 461 4 39 0 - m o 4 54 1 77 0 - t c 331 0 e 1 24 0 t e % 1 r % 1 sn l '
se Of S o
s e
E o
r r
r 963222 20 t
s n
e m
g a E r
o r
r 1 64870 90 er l a t p na u(
o p
t s 3 r mo c C % 1 1 f s % 6 4' 54 1 1 05 ae u 7 C t d 3 e 7 sc o 1 n 3 ee r ) o 1 ) tt P 6 t 6 ae 1 s 2 cd n ( e ( i i 24 04 58 7 m 755733 dt r i r 00 no
'K o 2224 31 74 l o 222555 1 5 I N r r -
) r e r ) .
6 E s E d.
d 7 r n 1 a ( n a 5 y
o y C
s U t i ( t i C S i C i C O73 f
P
(
n i
t A
v c
p 5964 23 23 991 1 1 1 91 66 54
)
6 8
1 5
i t
A c
v p 557062 4 54 202 1 35 56 99 09 o i 1
) U )
n 5 h S h o s P s i 1 e s ( e s t m n m n u ) o 4 ) o Oi0 b h5 i - h5 i s2 t e 0 s2 t e r e3 cl e3 cl t ,
e m-( ap ,
e m-( ap s 1 l rm 6 l rm i - b 5 F a - b 5 F a D C a 2 y S C a 2 y S F n e e 3 a f F n e e 3a f 4 o gcd + l ol o gcd + l ol e i nii ( C a e i nii ( C a e l t anx / l i l p
t anx / li p c h aOddt at c h aOddt at Dl C
b T
a S
m a
F a
r cg- i nl x recai EoFASS t i on TI S m
a F
a r
cg- i nl xrecai EOFA SS t i on TI l ,ll
Explanation of Table 4 r~ Column 1. The fraction or step in the selective extraction, or a
'~~ calculated value for the sum of the fractions, and the measured value for the initial comple.
Column 2. Tne activity of 137Cs in the indicated fraction or material.
X)
(
For the exchangeable, organic, Fe-oxide and acid fractions, the determir.ations of Table 2 are pC1/ml, and the values in Column 2 were calculated from pC1/ml times the milliliters of this fraction (usually 100 to _120 ml). For the sand i'
and silt / clay, the valuee in Table 2 in pC1/g were multiplied by grams of this fraction (Col. 6) to obtain the total activity in the fraction. Examples:
The initial samples weighed 60.54 and 122.1 g for samples 5176 ana 5186, respectively, containing 7.62 and 8.17 pC1/g, respectively. The total activity in sample 5176 is therefore 60.54 g x 7.62 pC1/g - 461 pC1. The organic fraction of sample 5176 contained 0 325 pC1/m1, and had a volume of
/ 120 m1, to give 39. pC1 of 137Cs. The sum of the activities of tne fractions i I
</
in sample 5176 is 569 pC1, compared to 461 pCi measured in the initial sample.
The excess appears to result from differences in absorption and counting geometry for the fractions vs. the total sample.
Column 3 Counting error (pC1) at the 1 standard deviation level, calculated from values in Table 2. Counting error for the sum (ST) 18 computed as the weighted sum of individual fractionss (S T -a5312 + a5 2 *
,,,,)
where S3 is the lo counting error for an individual fraction, and a3 is the weight of this fraction in the total (pCi in fraction /pC1 in sum).
Column 4 Counting error as a percentage of the activity in the
/ fraction, calculated from columns e and 3 The percentage of 137 Cs in each fraction relative to the sum Column 5.
of the fractions, as listed in Column 2.
l0
_ Column 6. Tne mass of sand or allt/ clay recovered at the end of the selective extraction procedure, the sum of the sand + silt / clay masses, and the. initial sample mciss subjected to the selective extractions. The differences between initial and fraction totals represent mass dissolved in the first 4 steps.
Column 7 'i v ,ativity of I3ICs per gram of the sand and silt / clay
~
fractions (Col. 2/ Col. 6), or the activity /g of 137Cs in the total sample.
Column 6. Data for 40 K like that in Column 2 for 1370s.
O 137 Column 9; Data for K like that in Column 5 for Cs.
l O
O m
SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF TWO S AXTON, PA S AMPLES: FC-1 and FC-6 g
FC -1, 0-4" (PSU: 5176)
TOTA L '" Cs - 7. 62 pCi/g 40<
% of 30 O ieiei C.
20 ACTUAL ANALYTICAL TOTAL
'U' - 123*2 %
F1 EXCH. Fe- Ox's SAND CATIONS ORGANIC ACID SOL. SILT / CLAY FC - 6, 0- 4" (PSU 5186)
O' .
TOTA L '" Cs- 8.17 pCi/g 50- _
40-
% of 30' -
totol'37Cs ACTUAL 20- ANALYTICAL TOTAL 80' 11 0
- 6 %
niI O CATIONS EXCH.
F- I Fe- Ox's SAND ORGANIC ACID SOL. SILT / CLAY O
I Figure 2.5. Distribution of Cs among fractions of selective extractions.
incorporated in the sample by adsorption or precipitation from solution; j indeed, the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide extractions would be expected 37 Cs is incorporated very to extract much of an adsorbed fraction. Thus, the firmly in the sample.
Additional insight on'the form of 137's can be gained by comparison with
,m 40 K Unfortunately, the counting error for O K is relatively large, so that activities in the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions are consistently below the MDC, but the MDC is relatively high. However, the
,/m
) consistent pattern of low 137Cs in all six of the mobile fractions and the O K fractions lend strength to the argument that 40 g 13 reasonable sums of the very low in these fractions. Both Cs and K are alkali metals, with similar ionic size, charge and bonding properties.
If the 137Cs was actually incorporated into well-fused ash during the process of forming the ash in the coal-fired plant, then one might expect the 40 g g 137Cs and 40 K to behave similarly during selective extraction. However N appears distinctly more firmly bound than 137 Cs. An estimated total of 84 and 40 K remains in the sand and silt / clay fractions compared to 53 and 97% of the 75% of the 1 37Cs. Based on this data, 137Cs is not bound as strongly as 40g ,
the latter probably being distributed within the silicate network of the glass particles, or in unfused illite or other K-bearing aluminosilicate. In contrast, at least some 137 Cs apparently occurs on or near the surface of the
,e particles.
Autoradiography In order to discern the distribution of 137Cs in surficial materials at l
Saxton, PA, with greater resolution, autoradiography was performed on five k samples initially (another autoradiograph is in progress using six samples).
Autoradiography is the process where a sample is placed on a film sensitive to the radiation of interest, for a period of time. Radioactivity in the sample, O
O
(
l
either natural or anthropogenic, exposes the film immediately adjacent to the m radioactive source in the sample. After the film is developeo, a comparison
/V) is'made betwean the exposed areas on the film and the grains in the sample; where grains in the sample are strongly radioactive, areas of high exposure are resultant. The grains in cuastion may be removed from their mounting O medium to be analyzed further. In addition, this method will identify those types of grains that are typically more radioactive than other grain types. A g cut and polished grain mount may also be used in an autoradiograph in order to i
k characterize the spatial distribution of radionuclides within a single grain.
The first autoradiograph made for this study used Dupont chronex safety doable-emulsion X-ray film (standard in most hospitals). This film is sensitive to X-rays and beta particles and will not resolve between the two or even between betas of different energies. The Saxton, PA samples are known to contain naturally occurring 40 K and U and Th series daughters and o anthropogenic 137 Cs in various proportions. Unfortunately, many of the above k
nuclides emit betas energetic enough to expose the film. In order to help resolve which nuclide is responsible for film exposure, five samples of O gf137 FC-1, 0-2"(1:2); FC-3, 0-5" (15: 1); FC-varying Cs ratios were used:
5, 0-1.5" (1:3); FC-6, 0-4" (1.5: 1); and FC-10, 0-4" (-25:1). The samples were mounted in Kadex, an artificial Canadian balsam, and flattened (not cut i and polished); they were then sealed in a pressure-backed, light-tight X-ray I cartridge and exposed for fourteen days. Tnis initial autoradiograph v
(enclosed in this report) shows images suggesting that the mounting medium either chemically exposed or phosphorescently exposed the film, leaving the ll O sample grains in a shadow of relatively poor exposure. Six new samples (the five listed above plus FC-6, 0-4" ' sand fraction after selective extraction',
40gf137 Cs-2.5: 1) were mounted in Cold-seal, cut and polished and allowed to O
(
1 1
1
_ - _ - - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ h
l sit in the dark for 48 hrs. to let any residual phosphorescence to decay away, i
.The samples were placed in the pressure-backed cartridge with single-emulsion
'( Vn) hospital grade film. The exposure time will be one month; meaningful results will be included in a following report.
REVIEW OF FLY ASH
( The recognition that radioactivity at Saxton occurred in the surficial fly ash layer prompted an interest in this material. A very large amount of literature exists on fly ash, largely as a result of DOE-funded research in V the 1970's and early 1980's. Only a small part of this has been examined, partly because of the voluminous quantity and partly because of the results of the research at Saxton have led to some question as to whether the radioactivity is actually in the fly ash particles.
Fly ash is the portion of ash formed in burning of coal or petroleum that is small enough, in terms of particle size, to be entrained in the flue gas and carried away from the site of combustion (Roy et al, 1981). Fly ash A
' particles are typically derived from the melting of mineral matter'or the partial combustion of coal. In general, about 70 to 80% of the solid waste derived from coal combustion is fly ash.
Tne particle size of fly ash is dominantly silt-size, with 65 to 90% of material recovered by fly ash collectors having a particle size less than i
10pm, though the size depends on furnace characteristics. The fly ash at I A Saxton is predominantly coarser than this size, probably because the coarse particles are concentrated close to the stack, and fine particles travel farther.
Microscopic examination of fly ash shows a wide range of particle shapes !
I and appearances. Some particles are spherical, others are irregular and 1
I angular to rounded. Some particles are opaque owing to being unburned to p partially burned coal, and others are translucent glass, with a variety of
'U forms and characters in between.
a
3 Mineralogically, quartz (SiO ),2 mu111te (A1 Si6 02 13), hematite (Fe2 3)
O and magnetite (Fe304) are the most common crystalline phases. Amorphous
- V)
(
material, in part glass, makes up 50 to 905 of typical fly ash. Chemical composition of typical fly ash is listed in Table 5, and additional data is in
% Turner et al (1982). SiO and A1 0 are the dominant constituents, with other 7 2 23
\
V important components being Fe23 0 , Ca0, Mg0 and K 0.
2 Minor Na and S are commonly present. Carbon nan be present at levels up to at least 20%, and p tends to be higher in products of older boilers. A wide variety of trace (V) elements have been detected, some (mainly sulphophile metals) considerably enriched over levels for normal rock and soil and for input coal. Enrichment in cesium is not reported but may not have been looked for. Volatile elements (S, Hg, Se, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, etc.) tend to be particularly enriched in fly ash compared to coal. These volatiles include Pb, U, Th and possibly other components of the natural U and Tn decay series (Tadmor, 1986). The volatile O trace metals tend to be enriched in the near-surface portion of fly ash particles (Stinespring et al, 1985) as a result of condensation in the cooler zone of'the stack.
Initially, large amou.ts of relatively soluble or desorbable elements are present in fly ash. These include S, As, Cd, Pb, and other heavy metals.
These eventually are leachea away, and the fly ash then has a significant capacity to adsorb various metals (Liskowitz et al, 1986). Presumably the adsorption is caused by the unsatisfied surface charges of the glass, though v]
/
no literature has been found on this topic. The glass probably devitrifies somewnat on exposure to lower temperatures and moisture, thereby redistributing constituents in the surface layer, and changing its adsorption Cl characteristics.
O l
( _
8 1
9 1
l B d1 n(
a 9 3 0 2 4 0 5 5 0 6 0 2 5 2 l gl.) 7 4 0 5 5
2 8 3 6 2
1 a na 7 1
1 - - - -
a 9 2 8 4 l- ht 2 2 7 t
~
e C e (1 3 v
o R B. ) 9 1 2 2 2 1 2 8 9 3 e l g a 7 9 3 - 0 4 0 8 4 6 9 0 8 m 1 0 3 o a 9 1 4 7 0 2 4 1 P t 2 3 1 r e (1 f
/ (
I.) E
, s vl 2 3 0 6 6 8 8 3 3 e oa 5 9 2 0 8 0 9 5 4 9 - -
l 7 p d 9 4 1 4 8 0 2 6 0 2 nt m O e (1 4 2 1 a
s h
s a
- 0 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 9 3 ly t 0 6 8 2 -
7 0 8 2 3 8 p
f u) 2 0 4 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 a5 2 1 1 1 3 3 h7 1 l 9 e1 7 5 6 1 4 8 3 9 7 3 n k( 2 0 1 8 9 1 8 1 1 3 i c n i 7 1 7 3 0 5 1 1 0 0
) B 5 2 o s it m a r v o d f e i t
t e i ' ) 6 7 2 9 5 3 4 6 7 5 c c 8 2 0 5 7 0 2 7 6 3 -
5 a y /, id l 7 n
x s a9 8 1 8 0 0 1 5 0 3 1 o
o e 1 1 1 2 r
~-7 r c
n e
t e ,
6 0 7 9 6 5 3 2 2 4 0 t
u ie r u7 7 2 1 7 0 5 8 3 3 - 4 e h e h9 n t f C1 9 1 1 8 0 1 1 0 4 0 e ( 4 3 d n R n
(
i .a n ,
s oy d i r t s n k m) tt ce e a6 0 6 6 5 6 6 0 6 em m cD7 o - 5 9 8 0 8 9 2 5 - - ti e 9 1 1 0 er l
lB d1 0 01 8 0 1 y
do e n( p l a yo r o o c ac j s r- ,
a o ay m r
'.) 0 t
c ml ml e hl a t a9 6 3 3 70 20 8 1 8 49 55 5 5 3 e aa h 0 3 - p gc 7
t imt9 7 1 0 5 0 2 6 1 2 1 s n. i f S e1 4 2 io nr o ( n ot o t i e n i a t m o t v ae p i vd
, r t ii it a h b. ) o c tb cr t
r cl sa 7 7 0 9 5 7 -
1 2 0 0 4 4 6 4 7 0 1 7 bs.a ayn au t
n u 9 7 0 1 ro n e tt 1 3 0 3 0 2 o ,
c n N ae( 2 1 ictet r t y o mmu ooe op h o c t rn pc at s Y f d o o
s
". 9 1 4 6 6 6 4 0 0 7 0 1 2 7 9
0 - -
den npa cd nr at
, e l
a
- as . c g 0 1 6 3 0 0 0 3 en ne op a t) 5 2 nsco i s t e5 osni i aet t n 7 3 9 smca a ,
e n9 2 7 9 8 01 4 7 u sv vn c o1 3 2 7 1 2 0 - - - f eei io r s( .
crt .ti e n 3 0 2 12 01 2 9 0 rr a 1 cd cs
.P 2 Ouuaeau H :ol t f 5 asf nan N ot o ,
e ,
k yrsrO l a 3 , H rat tC 0 s Oarut u :
,, b 0 0 0 O s ap - eoea a o : 0 0 g0 a a 2 T 0 i 1 e n T A F M M C N K P 5
- 0 NSX NNNN Cd 'I 8 15 l 2
l
) TtELE 5 15 P.enre end evera9a chemical composition of fly ash (data from publications listed in Table SC Rance Averace 5td. dev.
Constituent (t} fio. of data (i)' f%)
m 44 13 510: 2.19-68.1 58
'(L- } T102 0.5-2.55 39 1.3 0.5 A1 Os .3.39 39.4 60 23 6.5 Fe:Os 3.60-29.2 58 11 6.5 Mn0 0.02-0.24 14 0.1 0.1 Ca0 0.2-31.0 58 8.2 8.0
/ \
2.7 P90 0.4-12.8 58 2.7 tia :0 0.2-8.0 50 1.8 2.0 K0 2 0.2-8.1 49 2.0 1.8 0.05-6.0 34 0.8 1.7 P:Os C 0.1-25.7 $2 4.0 7.3 0.1-7.28 47 1.6 1.9 50s p
i Bibliography of major studies containing results from chemical analyses of fly ashes.
b TABLE ;C Reference Area of major concern Bickelhaupt,1975; Funnell and Johnson,1976; Nowak, Major elements 1974; Roy, Murtha, and Burnett,1979; and Schuller et al., 1979.
Coles et al.,1979; Fisher, Chrisp, and Raabe,1979; Trace and minor elements Kaakinen et al.,1975; Lee et al., 1972, 1975; Lee and -
von Lehmden, 1973; Natusch et al., 1974a. 1974t; Ondov, Ragaini, and Biermann,1979a,1979b; Phung et al.,1979; and Theis and Wirth, 1977.
Block and Dams, 1975, 1976; Campbell et al. ,1978; Chang.
Detailed analytical studies et al.,1977; Davison,1974; Ovorak and Lewis,1978; ltp) - Furr e; al., 1976a, 1977, 1978; Griffin et al., 1980; Fanson, Carpenter, and Henderson, 1975; Klein et al.,
'V 1975; Linton et al. 1976; Morse,1979; Natusch et al..,
1977; Nadkari, 1980; Ondov, Regaini, and Biermann, 1978; Page, Elseewi, and Straughan,1979; Ray and Parker,1977; Santhanam and Ullrich,1979; Smith,1979; Smith, Camp-bell, and Felix,1979; Smith, Campbell, and Nielson,
/N ) 1979; and Torrey (ed.),1978. __
i%d
/*%
HOST AND FORM OF RADIOACTIVITY The data discussed on the preceding pages show the following
,a I
/ characteristics of the Cs and other man-made radionuclides:
.s- )
- 1. The activity is concentrated in the top few inches in nearly all drill holes.
/
- 2. The 137 Cs in drillholes outside the fence of the nuclear facility is
(.)i at low levels, and could be derived largely from regional atmospheric fallout from weapons tests. Activities of Cs beneath the surficial layer are I,,\ negligible for these drillholes.
8-) Within the facility fence, 137Cs levels are considerably higher, up 3
to 25 pC1/g, and extend to at least 2 ft, depth, though the concentration falls off with depth beneath the surface.
- 4. The 137 Cs is present in all particle sizes, but increases in activity _(pC1/g) in the fine sizes. However, a large proportion typically occurs in the fine sand size (0.1-0.425 mm), because of its large mass e,
fraction.
('~^')
- 5. The samples with elevated 137 Cs contain dominantly fly ash, but they also contain smaller amounts of siltstone fragments and other materials.
- 6. Selective chemical extractions indicate very strong bonding of 137Cs 137 Cs resists extraction by 1:1 nitric to solid particles; 53 to 75% of the acid. The 137 Cs appears to be slightly less strongly bonded than O,a K natural radionuclides, in the samples.
[G } 7 Activities of 137 Cs in the fine sieve fractions and in the clay fractions of the selective extraction series reach levels as high as 30 pCi/g.
- 8. The presence of Cs in fly ash at FC-1 adjacent to the location f where spent resin tanks were removed and above bottom ash used as fill for the former tank sites suggests that the radioactivity accumulated during or after removal of the tanks in 1972. One possibility is that some of the surficial 1
t
('~' material accumulated by wind action after 1972.
L.
_ _ - - _ - . _ - _ . - _ _ - _ _ _ _ - - - - - _ - - _ - - _ - - l
Three-possible hosts for Cs can it envisioned:
- 1. Illite clay occurring as a small proportion of siltstone and k) sandstone particles mixed with the fly ash.
- 2. Frf ash particles.
3 Trace amounts of unrecognized particles that are highly insoluble
(/7) and contain relatively high 137 Cs activities.
Illite is a potassium-bearing clay mineral with a composition of (K, H2 O) (A1, Mg, Fe)g (Si, A1)4 10 0 (OH)2 as Acng een recognized ts a strong scavenger of Cs, and the main host for 137Cs in soils ord stream-(O) sediments (Shulz et al., 1960; Jenne and Wahlberg, 1968). Cesium subsuttutes for potassium, another alkali metal with very similar ionic radius and identical charge, in illite. 1111te is known to be the major clay mineral in sedimentary rocks of the region and in soils and stream sediments, and is detected by X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples (Appendix E). Research has shown that K and Cs can occupy three types of sites in illite (Bolt et
! m)
( _/ al., 1963; Cremers et al., 1988):
- 1. Readily exchangeable K and Cs on the large exposed basal planes of the 1111te flakes. This type of site furnishes a large proportion of the ion exchange capacity of 1111te, but only a small proportion of the K and Cs are held on these sites (Cremers et al., 1988).
- 2. Interlayer sites binding the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets of the aluminosilicate structure together. K and Cs are bound extremely strongly is ,/ into these sites because their large size fits very well and because there large ions are only weakly coordinated with water molecules, in contrast to Ca, Na, Mg, etc.
( / 3 Edge or wedge sites, making up only a few percent of the exchange capacity of 1111te, but containing a high proportion of exchangeable K and Cs.
The wedge sites epresent weathered edges of the 1111te crystal structure, f
f C
_-________-_-A
where the interlayer sites have been opened up for a few unit cells and occupied by water and cations. Experiments show that these sites have very I
'V strong affinity for K and Cs, which enter and collapse the lattice to make further exchange very difficult (Lomenick and Tamura, 1983).
41 Research using 137Cs and K shows that they are initially adsorbed into (3
V wedge sites, but over periods of a year or more they diffuse further from the edge and become nonexchangeable (Jenne and Wahlberg,k 1968).
The very strong bonding of 137 Cs in the Saxton samples is consistent f' .
i]) . with adsorption on wedge sites of illite followed by partial migration into the structure so as to be non-exchangeable even in strong acid. Under this hypothesis, the small amounts of exchangeable and acid extractable 137Cs represent the fraction still in accessible wedge sites or on exposed basal surfaces.
Fly ash, being the major component of the radioactive surficial materials, clearly must be considered as a possible host. The major
,/ - )
V components of fly ash particles are aluminosilicate glass, carbonaceous meterial, and various fine grained minerals (quartz, mullite, Fe-oxides). It has been suggested that the Cs might have been on material that was burned in the c ul-fired plant and thereby become incorporated in the fly ash. The 37 Cs passing main evidenc9 against this hypothesis is the abrupt change in from within to outside the nuclear facility fence. Any emission from the power plant stack would be spread over a much larger area, with an approximately invers9 square decrease awsy from the stack. The observed drop-off is much faster. Also, if the fly ash was completely melted and 37 Cs would be uniformly p homogenized during the burning process, the I
V) distributed throughout the fly ash particles in a manner similar to the natural K, but the data suggest that Cs is somewhat more accessible to 40
% 361 vents than the K.
Another possibility for incorporation of Cs in fly ash is by adsorption on the surface followed by stronger fixation during devitrification V of the glass. -This process might be initiated by a spill of radioactive 37 solution or solids on the surface, followed by migration of Cs in solution until it was adsorbed by the glass. In this form, it would be expected that
/
the Cs would be easily desorbed. However, glasses commonly devitrify, especially on exposure to the weather, and in this process the components are rearranged to form tiny crystallizes. If Cs was incorporated into the
/ g\
U crystallizes during this stage, it might be further from the surface and incorporated in an insoluble crystal that would dissolve only with difficulty.
The third possibility is that the fly ash contains a very small amount of strongly radioactive particles, as a result of some contamination event.
The particles could not be resin particles, since the Cs would be readily exchangeable from them. However, the incorporation of Cs into an insoluble q oxide or other phase seems possible. Tnis type of particle should show up on the autoradiographs, but was not detected. Therefore, such particles are either extremely rare, so that their detection is statistically improbable, or they do not exist.
With the evidence available, it is not possible to decide definitely among these alternatives. Indeed, it is quite likely that the 137Cs occurs in more than one of these forms. If the contamination was released in a form A that allowed mobility of 137Cs in solution, then it seems certain that at least some of the 137Cs occurs in both 1111te and glass, the question being 137 Cs shows that it the proportion of each. The limited depth extent of the is being rapidly immobilized by some interaction, and either of these forms
^
seems possible.
4
\
- __ _ __ __ _-__-_-_-_ a
~
Given the above state of knowledge,.several further experiments might be 37 conducted to establish the form of the Cs:
(a),
- 1. Separation of~ illite-bearing particles from the fly ash, eitner by J
hand-picking of particles, by density, by magnetic separation of glass, or by size fractionation of clays, followed by radiometric analysis, should improve 7% ) information on the form of the radioactivity. A large sample should be used
\ )
for this study in order to acquire the needed counting statistics.
- 2. Further selective extraction experiments using HF to dissolve the outer layer of silicate minerals and glass, or moderate strength KOH to
[ .
( -
dissolve aluminosilicate, should allow a decision on whether the 137 Cs occurs on the surface of particles or is uniformly distributed.
3 Further autoradiography experiments, using liquid emulsions in combination with microscopic methods, might give better information on the 137 Cs, though the problem of distinguishing between 37 host for Cs and nuclides of the U, Th and K series remains a problem.
l 4 Collect and analyze more samples farther from the fence to determine if most of the activity outside the fence is fallout.
O n
'V b
{:
l .___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
i.<
l l
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS
- 1. Based on materials recovered from eleven 2-foot split spoon auger
> ! i t
(_e' ' drillholes (FC-series drillholes), plus previous drilling of 13 deeper drillholes, the following types of unconsolidated materials are present at the
'Saxton Nuclear Facility:
U) -Materials related to nuclear and coal-fired power plants:
Fly ash (surficial layer, locally buried)
Coal (local component of surficial material)
,~
t J ' Bottom ash (fill and regraded-surfaces)
V Crushed limestone (surface layer; base for aephalt)
Red clay with siltstone fragments (fill)
Natural materials Sand, silty sand,' gravel (flood plain deposits of a former stage of Raystown Branch)
Boulder clay (former bed of Raystown Branch) 60 Co, of which 137Cs
- 2. Man-made radionuclides detected are 137Cs and
.\_/ ['] -
is the only one exceeding the Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) in more than a few samples. Normal activities of natural radionuclides in the U, Th and K series exceed the activities of man-made radionuclides in most samples.
Tne U7 Cs is strongly concentrated in the top few inches in most 3
drill holes. Outside the fence of the nuclear facility, it does not exceed 1.0 pCi/g, with a median of about 0.5 pC1/g. The concentrations in these samples may arise almost completely by regional atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests, although a component from the nuclear facility is not 3 Cs in these samples are far lower than activities precluded. Activities of i
p) .of natural radionuclides of the U, Th, and K series.
U
- 4. Activities of 137Cs in surface layers of drillholes inside the fence all exceed 1.0 pCi/g, reaching 25, 8 and 4 pCi/g in materials rich in fly ash
,~
-in FC-5', -1, andl-6, respectively. ' Activity of Cs decreases downward at ~l 1
0- -th'ese sites but'is still: detectable in theLbottom samples of.these holes. .,
5 Activityof 137 Cs in 3 samples (FC-1, 0-1.5; 'FC-6, 0-4': FC-10,'0 i
- 4) consistently. increases with decreasing grain size by.a factor of as much-as j
. . . . ?10, reaching 13 pci/s in the -140 mesh (0.1 mm) fraction of FC-1. .However, 39 m
to 57% of the:.. total 137Cs activity is in the fine' sand size (0.1-0.42 mm).
- 6. _ Selective sequential' extractions for.2 samples rich'in fly ash (FC-i 1, 1.5; - FC-6) 0-4) show only 12 to 14% of the 137 Cs activity.is'in'the I p ~
1 3 exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions,.11 and 34% is extracted by 1:1-i
' nitric acid, and 53 to 75% remains in the residual sand and silt-clay ~ l fractions. ' Activities reach 31 pC1/g in the silt-clay fraction of FC-1.- The activity of the natural radionuclides.40K appears to be even more concentrated in'the' residual solids, though the relatively high MDC for 40 K makes a firm '!
conclusion impossible.
7 Autoradiographs of grain mounts for several samples show no obvious i radioactive grains, but the method used led to exposures from the mounting plastic and is not entirely satisfactory. Samples mounted by improved methods are currently being exposed to a different film. ;
- 8. Possible hosts for 137 Cs in the samples rich in fly ash are illite (a clay mineral), fly ash particles, and. unknown highly radioactive particles.
The apparent lack of autoradiograph images argues against the last l possibility. Illite is the major host for 137 Cs in soils and stream l
( .
sediments, and is known to be present in the surficial materials in small !
4 i
amounts. Initial adsorption of Cs on edge sites followed by migration of Cs 1 to-int,erlayer sites could account for the resistance to acid leaching. ,I Similarly, adsorption on glass in the fly ash particles followed by R redistribution during devitrification of the glass can explain the data. It lr ,
l is likely that at least some Cs occurs in both of these two forms, but the ~i 1~ f
_____________O
proportion is uncertain. Further experiments are suggested to help resolve this question. ;
- 9. Tne fly ash contains larse amounts of carbonaceous material
' representing unburned or partially burned. coal. The. major portion has an ]
aluminosilicate' composition similar to fly ash reported in the literature.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Adam Weaver for extensive and careful work'in sample preparation.and sieve analysis, and to Rodger Granlund for advice and assistance with autoradiography. Linda Miller was very helpful in typing and report preparation, i
________-_- -___ _ -_ _ _-__ _ - _ l
1 l'
l REFERENCES ASTM, 1987, Standard practice for. dry preparation of soil samples for particle
.(,--) size analysis and determination of soil constants (Method D421-85): 1987 s_
Annual. book of ASTM Standards, v 04.08, Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, p.113-114.
,3 ASTM,1987, Standard method for particle-size analysis of' soils (N_-)
(Method D422-63): 1987 Annual book of ASTM Standards, V. 04.08, Am. Soc.
for Testing and Materials, p. 115-121.
. ,.- m .
(u./) Bell, C. A . , 1980, Regional uranium and thorium anomalies associated with sedimentary uranium deposits in Pennsylvania and Colorado: M.S.
thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 123 pp.
. Bolt, G. H., Sumner, M. E., and Kamphorst, A., 1963, A study of the equilibria between three categories of potassium in an 1111 tic soil: Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. Proc., v. 27, p. 294-299.
Bunzl, K., Hotzl, H., Rosner, G. and Winkler, R., 1984, Spatial distribution
.[J
) of radionuclides in soil around a coal-fired power plant:
232Tn, 40K emitted with the fly ash and 137 Cs 210Pb, 226Ra, from the worldwide weapon testing fallout: Science of the Total Environment, v. 38, p. 15-31.
Cremers, A., Elsen, A., DePreter, P., and Maes, A., 1988, Quantitative analysis of radiocesium retention in soils: Nature, v. 335, p. 247-249.
i Climatic Atlas of the United States,1968, U. S. Environmental Data Service. 1 Environmental Data Service, 1987, Climatological Data: National Oceanic r and Atmospheric Admin., Asheville, N.C.
\._
Ground / Water Technology, 1981, Preliminary Hydrogeological Investigation, Saxton Nuclear Experimental Station, Saxton, Pennsylvania: Report to
/)
.('~j GPU Nuclear, 44 pp.
Jackson, M. L., 1965, Soil chemical analysis - Advanced course (2nd printing):
Published by the author, Madison, WI,.991 pp. See also Jackson, M. L. ,
1958, Soil Chemical Analysis: Prentic Hall, 498 pp.
v
_ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ - _ - . _ __-_______-a
i Jenne, E. A. and Wahlberg, J. S.,'1968, Role of certain stream sediment components in radioionsorption: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 433F,
/ )
(_,/ 16 pp.
Liskowitz, J . W. , Trattner, R. B. , Grow, J. M. , Shieh, M. S. , King, J . A. ,
Kohut, J. , and Zwo11enberg, M. ,1986, Sorbent and Icachate
.g-'
( ,/ characteristics of fly ash. Amer. Chem. Soc. Sympos. Ser. 319,
- p. 332-343 Lomenick, T. F., and Tamura, T., 1983, Naturally occurring fixation of cesium-(L 137 on sediments of lacustrine origin: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., v. 29, p.383-387 Piro, S., 1979, Uranium and other elements in the Catskill Formation of east-central . Pennsylvania: Ph.D. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 300 pp.
Rose, A. W. and Jester, W. A., 1988, Report on drilling and radiometric analysis of samples collected at site of spent resin and liquid waste m\ Report to GPU Nuclear Corp. 52 pp.
'(b tanks, SNEC Facility, Saxton, PA:
Roy, W. R., Tniery, R. G., Schuller, R. M. and Suloway, J. J., 1981, Coal f.y ash: A review of the literature and proposed classification system with emphasis on environmental impacts: Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 96, 69 p.
Schmiermund, R. L. ,1977, Geology and geochemistry of uranium deposits near Penn Haven Junction, Carbon County, Pennsylvania: M.S. thesis,
/"%
( ) Pennsylvania State University, 153 pp.
'O Schulz, R. K. , Overstreet, R. , and Baushad, I . , 1960, On the soil chemistry of cesium: Soil Science, v. 89, p.16-27 Smith, J. N., Ellis, K. M., and Nelson, D. M., 1987, Time-dependent modeling l of fallout radionuclides transport in a drainage basin: Significance of
" slow" erosional and " fast" hydrC asical components. Chemical Geology,
- v. 63, p. 157-180
('~'
Stinespring, C. D., Harris, W. R., Cook, J. M., and Casleton, K. H., 1985.
Surface studies of coal, oil and coal-oil-mixture ash using Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Solvent teaching techniques: Applied Spectro-scopy, v. 39, p. 853-856 Sunr, N. H. , and Gong, H. ,1983, Some procedures for the chemical and mineralogical analysis of coals: Coal Research Section, Pennsylvania State University. 38 pp.
Tadmor, J., 1986, Atmospheric release of volatilized species of radioelement O
i from coal-fired plants: Health Physics, v. 50, p. 270-273 Turner, R. R., Lowry, P., Levin, M., Lindberg, S. E., and Tamura, T., 1982, Teachability and aqueous speciation of selected trace constituents of coal fly ash: EPRi Report EA-2588, 71 p.
Williams, E. G. and Slingerland, R. L., 1986, Catskill sedimentation in central Pennsylvania: in Guidebook 51st Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, p.73-79.
r 1
[
\
l 1
O
E GLOSSARY'
. Alluvium 'A~ general" term for clay, silt, sand and gravel deposited during H
1;.
l#
i f. , ..
recent geologic ~ time by a stream or other body of running water.
l1 Aquifer A body of rock that is-sufficiently permeable to conduct ground
- water.
( ,
- Bedded Formed or' deposited in layers or beds; commonly true.of.
sedimentary rocks.
Bedrock A general term for-the rock, usually solid, that, underlies. soil,
, alluvium, orgother unconsolidated superficial material.
D -Calcite A mineral composed of calcium carbonate.
- ?
Chlorite A' group of platy, usually greenish minerals of the general formula (Mg,Fe)6AISi 03 jg(OH)g. Chlorites resemble micas in cleaving into thin.
flakes,- and are present in_many sedimentary rocks.and some' soils.'
- 1. _A rock or mineral fragment or'a detrital particle having
~
Clay diameter less than 0.004 mm. 2. .An earthy, extremely fine grained sediment f or soft rock containing a high proportion of clay-size or colloidal particles and characterized by high plasticity and by a significant amount of clay
' minerals.
Clay mineral One'of a group of finely crystalline aluminosilicate minerals'with a layer structure, including kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite.
Clinker A rough jagged fragment found in ash'from furnaces.
Detritus A collective term for loose rock and mineral material that is
' worn off or removed by mechanical means, especially sand, silt and clay that is derived from older rocks and moved from its place of origin.
Diamond drilling A variety of rotary drilling in which diamond bits are used as the rock cutting tool. In most' instances a hollow cylindrical bit is used, so that a cylindrical core of the rock material is recovered.
Ci .. .~1:_ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ .. .
Devitrification Conversion of a glass to crystalline material; a common
- g. process in nature.
( \
(f Exchangeable ion An ion occurring on the surface of or within a solid and readily exchangeable for another ion from solution. Clay minerals, such as montmorillonite commonly contain exchangeable ions.
[ \
Feldspar A group of abundant rock-forming minerals with the general
-()
composition MA1(A1,Si)308 where M=K, Na or Ca. Common feldspars are orthoclase(K) and plagioclase(Na,Ca).
() Formation A mappable body of rock identified by lithic characteristics and position relative to other formations.
Flood plain Any flat or nearly flat lowland that borders a stream and may be covered by its waters at flood stage. A flood plain is commonly constructed of alluvium deposited during past floods.
Gravel An unconsolidated natural accumulation of rock fragments resulting from erosion, consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand q
(i.e., larger than 2 mm).
Hematite An oxide of iron, Fe203, commonly with a bright red color.
1111te A clay mineral with a mica-type crystal structure. Chemically it is a potassium aluminosilicate, with an approximate composition The crystal K A14 (Sig_xA1x )020( "}4 with x less than 2 and commonly 1 to 1.5.
structure is formed of three types of repeating layers (see illustration next page). A strongly bonded sandwich of two tetrahedral layers and one octahedral layer forms the basis of the structure. The tetrahedral layers contain silicon and aluminum surrounded by oxygen in a tetrahedral l
l arrangement. The octahedral layers contain A1, Mg, and Fe surrounded by ry i 1
() oxygen in an octahedral arrangement. The three-layer sandwich is less strongly bonded to other such layers of potassium (or cesium) ions, termed interlayer cations.
m x
l l
\ _ _ _ - _ - - - _ _ _ _ _-_--_-__- _ - _ _ _
I - e e e * *
- e _
f.i 1 ac, si /
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s"' s sq s l -
/ \ . . . . . . .
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l 3 s e a . 2 5 4 e
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('sj) -
. A,,
e si, as
.r. .a
- O I sg 6.3. Sirutture of clay rmnerals.
(19 side siew of tetralwdrallayer and wlwnwtw trpsewnlaimr; 40 male swe of estalwdrallayer and themalw repsewntmnu o tel muwosite strtwture, whematw reguewmatum. e, tetraturdrai la.v er ; O, ewtahedral Ic>er; l. mictlayer satoms p m
(
V) ^
Laminated Composed of thin visible layers, applied to fine-grained sedimentary deposits.
Lattice The 3-dimensional regularly repeating set of points that represent the periodicity of a crystal structure.
Limestone A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate with or without magnesium carbonate,
,O
' Limonite A general field term for a group of ferric oxides and
\
m) hydroxides, including goethite (Fe00H) and hematite, and mixtures of these i
j minerals; commonly brown in color, and formed by weathering of iron minerals.
Lithifled Converted into a stone or solid rock, usually from a loose sediment to a solid rock.
Magnetite A mineral with the composition Fe304' Hudstone An indurated mud having the texture and composition of a shale but lacking its fine lamination or fissility.
[~'T
() Member A sub-unit of a formation, with distinctive properties.
Mesh The size of a sieve or screen, or of the material passea by the i
I ,- sieve, derived from the number of meshes per inch; a 20-mesh sieve has 20
\ l
> holes per linear inch (but because of the size of the wire, the opening is always less that the spacing of wires in the sieve).
{}
,V l
l
l Mullite A crystalline compound (A1 81 urring rarely as a mineral 6 02 13) but commonly as a product of recrystallization of Al-rich rocks in furnaces.
,7
( ) Parting A thin layer of sedimentary rock. separating two layers of v
another type of sedimentary mesterial. Coal commonly contains partings of shale that form ash if not removed in mining or processing.
,o.,
( Pleistocene A subdivision of geologic time, characterized by glaciation, starting about 1 million years ago and extending up to the Recent, about 10,000 years ago.
7 4
I Quartz A crystalline form of silica, SiO2 . A very common rock-forming
'L) mineral.
Sand A rock fragment or detrital particle with a diameter between 0.062 and 2.0 mm. Sands can be divided into very fine sand (0.062 to 0.125 mm),
fine sand (0.125 to 0.25 mm), medium sand (0.25 to 0.5 mm), coarse sand (0.5 to-1 mm) and very coarse sand (1 to 2 mm).
Sandstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of sand-sized I
(m particles.
Shale A lithified detrital sedimentary rock formed dominantly of silt and clay-sized particles, and having thin lamination or fiss111ty (the ability to split into thin platy fragments along the layering).
Silt A rock fragment or detrital particle with a diameter between 0.004 and 0.062 mm.
Siltstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of silt-size particles, but lacking the fine lamination and fissility of a shale.
d Sorted Composed of particles of relatively uniform size, said of a sediment or sedimentary rock.
(T Split-spoon auger drilling A type of drilling normally used in j V unconsolidated or soft materials. The bit is a hollow cylinder sharpened on one end, and is attached to a hollow cylindrical sample holder 1 or 2 ft.
O V
i long. The sample' holder splits in' half to gain access to the sample. The j sampler and bit are usually driven into the ground by a hammer or by dropping
' 1 a' weight.
. Strike The direction (as measured by a compass) of a horizontal line on a' dipping-planar feature, such as the bedding of a sedimentary rock. The
.i
- angle between the planar feature and a horizontal plane, in a direction normal to the strike, is termed the dip.
Sulphophile metals Metals that form strong bonds with sulfide, as CuS, FeS,'ZnS; PbS,.Ag2 S , etc.
O O
- ry O :,,
O O
Appendix A
- Drill LG8S of FC-Series Holes O
O O
O
11 Drill Hole FC-1 Drilled 8/11/88
~ Location: Near north edge of fenced area around containment structure.
l { --
\/ Blow' Count:
0- 6 in. 2 blows 6 - 12 '13 12 - 18 20 18 - 24 '24 Recovery: 24" (100%)
Geologic Log:
/ 1 - 1 3/4 in. Fly ash and roots with minor red siltstone' at base 1 3/4 - 2 1/2 Granular red siltstone fragments, 1-3 mm.
2 1/2 - 15 Reddish sandy silt with minor ash 15 - 24 Mostly black bottom ash, but 20-22" is red clay Interpretation:
Probably the interval 1 3/4-24" is fill material, possibly
.of several ages. The top 1 3/4" of fly ash has at least partly blown into the area, because fly ash is present over the adjacent area from which the spent-resin tanks were removed.
O O
Drill Hole FC-2 This hole was not drilled..but was replaced.by FC-12 as a replicate.of FC-10.
1 O ,
O l
9 O
@ l 1
FC-2 l
i
' Drill Hole FC-3~ Drilled 8/11/88 l Location: About 1/2 way up the north side of the earthen bunker on
.,s north side of the bunker. This bunker had already been stripped of.a surface 1ayer of slightly contaminated soil. The drill hole was drilled holding the
[L-} drill by hand.
Blow Count:
0:-: 6" 1 blow
.{ ) 6 - 12 2
't/ 12.- 18' 3 18 - 24 7 Recovery: 24" (100%)
C Geologic Log:
's 0- 5" Loose red clay with siltstone fragments and minor ash 5 - 13 Red clay, coherent, with very sparse rock fragments 13 - 24 Same as above, with sandstone fragments in the bottom 3".
Interpretation:
This material was piled up in order to form the bunker, apparently from a source outside the' Power Plant area. The top few inches of this fill have been stripped, so the cored interval was several inches below the surface f' until recently.
t
.\
t r
(
Drill Hole FC-4' Drilled 8/11/88 Location: Within bunker,'through hole in floor chopped threugh
- gy 6" of asphalt before starting hcle.
1 Blow Count:
0- 6 7 blows 6 - 12 10 12 - 18 9
/* 18 - 24 17 Recovery: 21.5" (8V.6%)
Geologic Log:
,f-g 0-3 AsphaAt and crushed limestone with some
(
brown silt / clay b 3 - 8'1/2 Bottom ash mixed with red clay 8 1/2 - 14 1/2 Orange brown clay, with minor ash at top ;
14 1/2 - 21 1/2 Orange brown clay with red sandstone '
fragments up to 2" at base Interpretation: The 14 1/2 to 21 1/2 material and possibly most of 8 1/2 to 14 1/2, may be the original subsurface' material at the site. The bottom ash (3 - 8 1/2 ) was apparently part of the base on which asphalt was laid to form the floor of the bunker.
t O
. _ - _ _ - _ - _ _ . _ - - ___-__- - D
Drill Hole FC-5 Drilled 8/11/88' l.ocation: Near drain along fence' around containmers' area
>. ;f%
Blow Count:-
~
0 - 6" 1 olow-6 - 12" 10 12'- 18" 10
'16 - 24" 9 O. Recovery: 21" (87.5%)
Geologic Log:
J - 1 1/2" Fly ash with some roots
'( 1 1/2 - 6 Mostly red clay with - 20% fly ash mixed V- in; also sparse pieces crushed limestone (2 cm) 6 - 21 Red clay with sparse bottom ash and crushed limestone fragments, also red and buff sandstone and siltstone Interpretation:
The zone from 1 1/2 to 21 is probably all fill, perhaps of several different ages.
The fly ~ ash is interpreted to have settled out during the last stages of
- coal plant operations, and/or blew:in since that time. (See FC-1)
O O
m FC-5
Drill Hole FC-6 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: Behind Radwaste Building jf .
t }- Blow Count:
- \~J; O- 6 5 blows 6 .12 15 12 - 18 35 18 - 24 50 t
( Recovery: 16 1/2" (695) 0- 2 Black fly ash and crushed limestone with roots 2- 4 Buff sandy silt with red sandstone /siltstone fragments 4- 6 Black fly ash with rock fragments
.( . 6- 8 Reddish silt with some rock fragments 8 - 16 1/2 Buff to orangish silt with fragments of sandstone up to 2" diam.
There appear to be bigger rock fragments beneath this point Interpretation:
The zone below 6" may include original material at the site. The shallower material probably represents material redistributed at the time of constructing the Radwaste Building. The surface layer of fly as' may have accumulated during coal plant operation, but may include windblown material, f
f
\
i-l 1
l O
O
(
c FC-6
c-----.
' Drill Hole FC-7 Drilled 8/10/88 Location: " Westinghouse" fenced area to about 42 ft, north of
.- north fence of main Saxton Facility.
.(j Blow Count:
O- 6" 7 6 - 12 17 12 - 18 17 e iO 18 - 24 13 Recovery: 22 1/2" (945)
Geologic Log:
Dark gray fine grained fly ash witn grass
/N i
0 - 3" roots 3-5 Fragments of fine grained buff sandstone in sandy matrix;. probably essentially the original surface 5 - 22 1/2 Buff sandy silt with horizontal fractures; sparse weathered sandstone fragments Interpretation:
The zone froria 3" on down probably represents the original subsoil s.nd parent material of the site (sandy deposits of a former river stage). The top unit of fly ash probably represents a combination of fly ash that settled out during coal plant operation plus a later component of wind blown ash, e
(
(
O 1
f FC-7
1-Drill Hole FC-8 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: About '200 ft. south of the fence around the Saxton Nuclear :
D Facility, in an area found to contain anomalous levels of radioactivity in an
.(
earlier gamma survey of the area. The drill hole was scarted in the bottom of a shallow depression.
Blow Count:
X- 0- 6" 4 t ) 6 - 12 8
'd 12 - 18 12 18 - 24 15
' Recovery 2 16 1/2" (69%)
Geologic Log:
0-1 1/2" Coarse black bottom ash 1 1/2 - 6 Mostly fine grained gray fly ash with some 1 - 10 mm fragments of bottom ash 6 - 12 Black ash, mostly bottom ash 12 - 16 1/2 Bottom ash mixed with about 20% red clay and red siltstone fragments Interpretation:
All of this material appears to be fill or otherwise man-influenced.
The zone from 1 1/2 to 6 may be dominantly fly ash from the main period of O
',b coal plant operation, bu*. evidently bottom ash has been moved in at a later date.
(s b
L)
O FC-8
i
, -Drill Hole FC-9 Drilled 8/11/8
'lm e.. Location: About,225' S50 W from the outer corner of the C and A building, in the area of the original coal-fired power plant (now demolished).
Blow Count:
'O- 6" 2 6 - 12' 6
, 12 - 18 11 18 - 24 16 Recovery: 23 1/2" (985)
Geologic Log:
0- 4" Loose gray bottom ash with roots 4- 9 slightly more coherent bottom ash 9 - 12 ' Fly ash 12 - 23 1/2 Orangish brown clay with siltstone and sandstone fragments Interpretation:
The bottom unit (12 - 23 1/2) is probably fill moved into position when the coal plant was built. The fly ash at 9 - 12"-is inferred to be deposited during coal plant operation. The shallower material was probably emplaced after removal of the coal plant.
O x
4 ,
Drill Hole FC-10 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: About 300 ft. east of'the NE corner of the fence around the Saxton
- , /^ Nuclear Facility, in the vicinity of a power line, in an area of former-
's coal / ash storage.
- Blow Count:
0- 6"- -2 6 .12 8
.("~ O) 12 - 18 8 18 - 25 5 Recovery: 22" (925)
, Geologic Log:
-L/ 0- 4" .Mostly Fly ash with sparse coarser cinders 4 - 17 Bottom ash,1 mm to 2 cm size 17 - 22 Bottom ash, less fine meterial, some pieces to 3 cm, appreciable efflorescence on surfaces Interpretation:
Most of the core apparently represents bottom ash, possibly stored temporarily in this area. The top 4" represents a significant period of fly ash fallout during coal plant operation, plus possible windblown transport of fly ash.
(
yp w/ a
- ll ,h,
,.. / l I' IDel11 Hole'FC-11 Drilled 8/11/88 o . ,.
2 Location: About1200' N of the NW corner of the fence around the Saxton
.,7 1- Iiuclear Facility (containment' area), 'about 15 " outside the outer fence of the l' (_)) coal plar.t.. facility :The area has small (15'.) trees within 20 - 30' of nole.
I UBlow Countr, !
'O . - 6 *'
4-
,~
6 -'12 27
( 12 - 18 18.~ 24
'16 18 Recovery: 22" (92%)
. ,,q -Geolofyic Lofj:
0 - 4" Soil containing considerable fly ash,.
grading downward into crushed ILmestone 4 17 1/2 ' Crushed limestone in a fine gray matrix, plus' local buff sandstone 17 1/<2 - 22 Black and orangish bottom ash with some red siltstone fragments Integpt;iftation:
The deeper material indicates that this area was' disturbed during operation of the. coal-fired plant, and that crushed stone was brought in at
,-q
, some time, possibly'for a road. The top layer is fly ash accumulated during
(, ) the'later stages of coal plant operation, or by later wind-transport, mj
)
v O
kJ k_
p 1
Drilled 8/11/88
~
- f. '- Drill _ Hole FC-12
.g "l Location: About 325 ft. east of the NE corner of the fence around the Saxton
/; evaluate replication of drillholes.
Blow Count:
0.- 6" 1 W. 6 - 12 7 l )' '12 20
(/ '
18 - 24 30-Recovery: 17 1/2" (730 l
l- Geologic Log:
7_
t
- (s} ' 0 - 3" Fly ash, gray-black, with some cinders and roots 3 - 9 1/2 Black ash and coal,'mostly fine grained 9 1/2 - 17 1/2 Bottom ash, some pieces up to 3" diam.
Interpretation:
The material below 9 1/2" appears to represent bottom ash stored in the area during coal plant operation. At a later date, still during coal plant operation,. coal was stored in the vicinity or was dozed into this spot from adjacent areas. The top layer is fly ash from the. late stages of plant operation plus later wind-blown contributions.
'%.J
.]
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Appendix B g
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.:.s r-Appendix C
. Equations.Used to ralculate Gamma Spectroscopy Results
!,i O
! -(3 A~J EQUAll0NS USED TO cat.CULATE GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY RESULTS Symbols used in celculetions:
A = sample peak ores above continuum (counts)
- B = branching ratio for the gamma re/ of the particular isotope in question (gemmas/
.f disintegration)
C . = sample peak area below continuum (counts)
D = background peak area above continuum (counts)
E = fractional detector efficiency at photopeak energ/ (counts / gemma) rw F - background peek eree.below continuum (counts) h S BT
= semplesize(grams)
= background counting time (seconds)
CT - semplecountingtime(secorxts)
DC = decer correction factor; corrects for radioactive decay of the semple from the time of collection to the time of counting 2.22 = conversion factor; disintegrations per minute per picocurie 4.65 = 2/2E, where k is the value for the upper percentile of the standardized normal verlate corresponding to the preselected risk that the present activity will be detected 952 of the time.
For radioisotopes which are found in the semple but not in the background the following O equations are used to calculate conmntration, error and minimum detectable concentration.
A isotopic concentration (pCi/ gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60)
/A+2C lesigms counting error (pCi/ gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) 4.65 /C Minimum detectable con ntration (pCi/ gram) =
(x] 2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) for radioisotopes which are found in both the sample and background the following equations are used to calculate concentration, error and minimum detectable concentration.
bp
( A/CT)-(D/BT)
Isotopic mncentration (pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC
/((A + 20)/CT2) + ((D + 2f)/BT2)
.]
' l-sigma counting error (pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC 3.29 /(C/CT2 ) + ((D + 2F)/BT2)
Minimum detectable concentration ( pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC cc-1 . _ _ . _ ____-______ ____ - -
J
'g .;
t.-
e >.
Appendix D Microscopic Observations and Sieve Analyses S
O List of abbreviations used in FC-series de'scriptions i
frags -
fragments ss -- sandstone Ls .
limestone cind. .- cinders clink. -
clinkers or bottom ash spher. -
'spherules O qtz concr. .-
-: quartz ~
concrete NA -- not applicable poss.- -
. possible crush. -
crushed yell. - -
yellow sig. - slag O
O-O O
D-1 1
Drill Hole FC-1. 0-2" (PSU# 5176)' !
Welaht: 74.5 g (field moist),67.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray (N3) I
Description:
Almost entirely fly ash, very minor reddish as frags (~1-4 mm), few twigs etc...
>1 cm (0%)
2-10 mm (10%) red as frags (well rounded), twigs, some coarser fly ash, poss. coal frags 1-2 mm (40%) fly ash, very vesicular, round, shiny to earthy in lustre; some spherules of greasy slag, light to black in color.
<1 mm (50%) fly ash, as above; more abundant spherules; very small particles of ash, coal?, and clay coat on larger particles Sleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 0 0 NA O 4-10 10-40 0.8 3.7 1.2 5.5 twigs, red ss fly ash, ss 40-60 10.2 15.1 fly ash, spher.60-140 26.7 39.6 " "
140-200 21.1 31.3 fly ash, dust p <200 mesh 5.0 7.4 spher., ash, dust O
O O
D-2
Drill hole FC-1. 2-15" (PSU#5177)-
Weiaht: 1642.0 g (field moist),1601.1 g (dry) l Bulk color: Fly ash: Dark gray N3; Clay 1): Grayish orange 10YR 7/4;
. Clay 2): Moderate brown SYR 4/4 3 C .
1 '
Description:
Orangish clay 20%, Brownish clay 60%, Ash 20%, some'.
smooth reddish' slag
>1 cm (10%) reddish and whitish ss chips (well-rounded) some crushed Ls (angular) 2-10 mm (40%) same as above except no crushed stone, cinders, fly ash, and slag 1-2 mm (10%) cinders, fly ash, and some spherules
<1 mm (40%) half clay and silt fines from ss, and fly ash and greasy spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh .353.2 22.1 ss frags, crush. Ls O
4-10 192.1 12.0 10-20 83.4 5.2 ss frags, cind., ash 20-40 66.1 4.1 fly ash, cin., ss silt 40-60 148.9 9.3 60-140 359.6 22.5 ss sitt, fly ash 140-200 mesh 194.5 12.1 75-5 microns 87.7 5.5 silts, fly ash 5-1.3 microns 54.0 3.4
<1.3 microns 61.6 3.8 clay fines O
O O
D-3
_ - - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ - _b
- Drlil hole FC-1.15.24" (PSU# 5178) ,
Weight: 1109.0 g (field moist),1039.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fly ash + cinders: Dark gray N3, Clay: Pale brown SYR 5/2
Description:
Silty clay, brown,30%; Grayish smooth slag 20%; Cinders 20%; Fines: fly ash, cinders, ss frags, spherules 30%
>1cm (40%) clay clods, some cinders, and smooth slag 2-10 mm (20%) ss frags, cinders, coarse ash, and slag 1-2 mm (20%) red and whitish as frags, fine cinders, and ash
<1 mm (20%) clay fines, fly ash and spherules of greasy slag
~
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descrption
>4 mesh 381.0 36.7 crushed Ls, slag 4-10 154.7 14.9 slag, cinders, ss 10-20 38.8 3.7 cind., ash, ss frags 20-40 66.3 6.4 40-60 74.8 7.2 ash, ss frags, cind. j O
60-140 133.5 12.8 ss fines, ash 140-200 73.4 7.1 75-5 microns 79.6 7.7 spherules, ash, clay 5-1.3 microns 12.2 1.2 clays, ash
<1.3 microns 21.9 2.1 clay fines O
1 O
O D-4
h
- Drill hole FC-3. 0-5" (PSU# 5192)
O Weight: 473.3 g (field moist),412.7 g (dry)
Bulk color: Orange-pink SYR 7/2 - Light brown 5YR 6/4
'( Descritolon: Mostly (90%) fine allt and clay aggregates, some weathered reddish as frags; (10%) angular, vesicular slag
>1cm (10%) weathered ss frags, coarse cinders 2-10 mm (20%) same as above except fewer cinders 1-2 mm (30%) silts and sands of weathered ss, cinders, slag
<1 mm (40%) slits and clays from above, ash; and cinders, slag Sieve fractions wt. (g) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh' 42.8 10.4 red as chips, cind.
4-10 76.9 18.6 ss, cind., slag -
10-20 6.3 1.5 ss, slag, ash 20-40 12.2 0.0 40-60 21.4 5.2 60-140' 80.8 19.6 ash, ss frags L 140-200 mesh 76.2 18.5 ss slits, ash 75-5 microns 56.6 13.7 l 5-1.3 microns 12.3 3.0 silts + clays
<1.3 microns 27.2 6.6 clay fines O
O O '
D-5
- Drill hole FC-3. 5-13" (PSU# 5193)
Weicht: 1177.8 g (field moist),1101.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Grayish-orange pink SYR 7/2, Light brown SYR 6/4
Description:
Almost entirely silt and cley from ss frags with above color. Some ss frags (well-rounded ~1 cm),- ;
minor vesicular, angular slag frags ~1 cm
>1 cm (15%) oblong rounded ss frags, smooth slag 2-10 mm (10%) smooth ss chips, O- 1-2 mm (15%) as frags, sands mostly reddish in color
<1 mm (60%) silts and clays from above Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 198.5 18.0 ss frags, slag 4-10 131.3 11.9 ss frags 10-20 8.5 0.8 ss frags 20-40 34.9 3.2 40-60 " '"
20.2 O 60-140 140-200 mesh 272.2 238.6 1.8 24.7 21.7-ss sands silts + sands 75-5 microns 124.6 11.3 silts 5-1.3 microns 28.4 2.6 silts + clays
<1.3 microns 43.9 4.0 clay fines l
O O
O D-6
Drill hole FC-3.13-24" (PSU# 5194) -
O Weicht: 1946.5 g (field moist),1744.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Light brown 5YR 6/4 Desription: 68% clays, fines, and ss frags of above color some SYR 5/2 ss frags. 32% ash and slag with orange coatings; a few clinkers (bottom ash)_
- >1 cm (25%) coarse coal ash, coarse slag, subrounded as frags O 2-'a == (s*) 'r a "
- a
- i v a ai a-1-2 mm (20%) mostly brownish clay aggregates, very minor ash
<1 mm (50%) clays and silts from ss frags Steve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) . Description
>4 mesh 417.1 23.9 large ss, slag 4-10 182.1 10.4 red ss, slag 10-20 34.6 1.8 ss, ash 20-40 49.7 2.8 O 40-60 60-140 79.9 508.9 4.6 29.2 ss, stained qtz sands, some ash 140-200 mesh 272.2 15.6 sands, ash, qtz 75-5 microns 120.4 6.9 sands, silts 5-1.3 microns 35.4 2.0 silts, clays .
<1.3 microns 52.5 3.0 clay fines O
O O
D-7
Drill hole FC-4. 0-3"(PSU# 51601 Weicht: 342.3 g (fieid moist),341.4 g (dry)
Bulk color: Med. light gray N6 (crushed Ls); Dark gray N3 ash O oe cri tie : .0* crushed Ls.10* fiaes: atz, ash, and sia.
>1 cm (75%) crushed Ls 2-10 mm (10*/.) crushed Ls, and slag 1-2 mm (5%) sing and qtz and ash
<1 mm (10%) dust, ash and minor spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 268.5 78.5 crushed Ls 4-10 32.4 9.5 crushed Ls, ash 10-20 12.2 3.6 ash, Ls, slag 20-40 8.5 2.5 slag and ash 40-60 6.1 1.8 " "60-140 6.1 1.8 quartz, ash, slag 140-200 mesh O <75 microns 1.9 5.7 0.6 1.7 spherules, qtz, ash fines, spherules O
O O
D-8
I Drill hole FC-4. 3-8.5" (PSU# 5179)
O Weloht: 673.8 g (field moist),648.6 g (dry) -
Rulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
Bottom ash: earthy to glassy in lustre, brownish to brown- 4 orange coatings, oblong to equent, very angular, mostly vesicular. Minor glassy slag, whitish ss frags and crushed Ls
>1 cm (60%) ash, as described above 2-10 mm (20%) as above except more slag and as 1-2 mm (10%) more ss than above
<1 mm (10%) fine ash and very minor as frags i
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 361.0 55.7 bottom ash !
4-10 143.3 22.1 ash, some crush. Ls 1 ash, ss, crushed Ls 10-20 16.2 2.5 20-40 20.7 3.2 O- 40-60 19.5 3.0 fine ash, ss, slag 60-140 29.7 4.6 140-200 mesh 18.7 2.9 sands, and ash 75-5 microns 24.4 3.8 silts, ash 5-1.3 microns 4.3 0.7
<1.3 microns 10.8 1.7 fines ;
O O
O D-9 l
Drill hole FC-4. 8.5-14.5" (PSU# 5181)
' Weiaht: 1018.4 g (field moist),931.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Grayish orange SYR 6/4 O
(
Description:
95% silty clay and reddish ss chips; minor vesicular cinders, some coal frags and slag 31 cm (~5%) cinders and slag 2-10 mm (~5%) ss frags and cinders 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags and sands, very minor cinders
.]
C <1 mm (60%) sands and silts and clays from ss, coal dust Sleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 42.1 4.5 ash, and cinders 4-10 10.1 1.1 ss chips, and ash 10-20 6.2 0.7 20-40 27.6 3.0 sands and cinders 40-60 75.3 8.1 sands and ash
/ 60-140 233.4 25.1 sand, mostly I
140-200 mesh 163.6 17.6 slits and coal dust 75-5 microns 197.5 21.2 slits 5-1.3 microns 55.0 5.9 dust and slits, etc...
<1.3 microns 116.7 12.5 clays and fines l
O o
O
_1e I
Drill hole FC-4.14.5-21.5"(PSU# 5182)
Weiaht: 1223.2 g (field moist),1167.1 g (dry)
Bulk color: Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4, Dark yellowish orange 10YR 6/6
Description:
Mostly weathered, rounded ss frags with above color; size:
0.5-4 cm. Fines consist of sands of same and stained quartz
>1 cm (40%) well-rounded fine-grained ss frags, white and brown 2-10 mm (10%) same as above
/] 1-2 mm (20%) mostly as chips and stained quartz
<1 mm (30%) sands and stained quartz and filles Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description I >4 mesh 498.2 42.7 round as frags 4-10 68.2 5.8 10-20 20.8 1.8 sands, stained qtz i 20-40 54.0 4.6 O 40-60 60-140 105.7 170.3 9.1 14.6 reddish sands, qtz brown and red sand 140-200 mesh 106.4 9.1 sands and qtz 75-5 microns 77.3 6.4 sands and silts 5-1.3 microns 22.1 1.9 silts and clays
<1.3 microns 44.1 3.8 clay fines O
O O
D-11 I
Drill hole FC-5. 0-1.5" (PSU# 5183)
Weight: 157.3 g (field moist),148.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3 O
Description:
Sample is mostly fly ash, some crushed Ls, few twigs
>1 cm (30%) one large (~8 cm) piece crushed Ls 2-10 mm (10%) coarse ash, twigs O 1-2 mm (30%) coarse fly ash
<1 mm (30%) fly ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 47.9 29.3 crushed Ls 4-10 7.2 4.8 twigs, ash 10-20 7.3 4.9 ash, fly ash 20-40 26.1 17.6 fly ash 40-60 24.4 16.4 60-140 23.3 15.7 140-200 mesh 5.9 4.0 fly ash 75-5 microns 5.5 3.7 fly ash
<5 microns 5.3 3.6 fines O
O O
D-12
L Drill hole FC-5.1.5-6"(PSU# 5184)
O Weight: 401.3 g (field moist),376.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Pale red 10R 6/2, Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4
Description:
80% pale red silty clay with above colors,15% vesicular fly ash, some crushed Ls
>1 cm (15%) angular slag, crushed Ls, and as frags 2-10 mm (10%) mostly as frags, some slag 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, fly ash
<1 mm (50%) ss frags, fly ash, silts Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 50.6 13.4 slag, Ls, ss frags 4-10 32.4 8.6 ss frags, slag 10-20 3.7 1.0 fly ash, ss frags 20-40 23.5 6.2 40-60 39.0 10.4 some ash, ss frags
'~ "' "'* "'"
CJ 140-200 mesh 57.9 15.4 sand, spherules 75-5 microns 49.5 13.1 5-1.3 microns 10.5 2.8 eilts
<1.3 microns 23.3 6.2 clay fines O
O O
D-13
___________________ - _ a
Drill hole FC-5. 6-21 (PSU# 5185)
Weight: 2274.6 g (field moist),2195.0 g (dry)
" Bulk color: Grayish orange pink SYR 7/2, Light brown 5YR 6/4 Descriptie.01 Mostly clays and silts from ss frags with above colors, some crushed Ls, very minor angular dark slag
>1 cm (15%) yellowish and brownish rounded as frags, Ls 2-10 mm (10%) ss frags as above, some slag and minor Le 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags, sands, and slag
<1 mm (45%) silts and sands ,
Sieve fractions wt.(a)- wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 389.5 17.7 red as, Ls, slag 4-10 183.6 8.4 ss, slag 10-20 34.3 1.6 whitish as frags 20-40 26.8 1.2 white and red as 40-60 117.0 5.3 60-140 642.3 29.3 sands, and ss frags O- 140-200 mesh 355.3 16.2 sands and frags 75-5 microns 232.5 10.6 sands and silts 5-1.3 microns 72.8 3.3 silts and clays
<1.3 microns 141.0 6.4 ciay fines O
O O
D-14
L Drill hole FC-6. 0-4"(PSU# 5186)
Weicht: 337.6 g (field moist),324.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fly ash: Dark gray N3, crushed Ls: Light olive gray SY 4/1
Description:
35% Large angular chunks of grayish crushed Ls; 65% .
blackish, vesicular, earthy to shiny, fly ash, fine cinders, and some spherules, possible coal dust
>1 cm (35%) gray limestone Os. 2-10 mm (~5%) coarse fly ash and cinders 1-2 mm (20%) fly ash
<1 mm (40%) fly ash Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 96.8 29.8 crushed Ls 4-10 47.3 14.6 crushed Ls, ash 10-20 10.1 3.1 fly ash and cinders 20-40 33.8 10.4 40-60 53.8 16.6 fly ash, spherules60-140 33.7 10.4 140-200 16.4 5.1 fine ash
<200 mesh 32.G 10.0 very fine ash O
O O
D-15
FC-6. 4-8" (PSU# 5187)
O Weight:. 605.3 g (field moist),581.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4 - 10R 4/6, Dark yellowish orange 10YR 6/6 Desription: 35% silty clay with above colors,25% gray crushed Ls, 20% fly ash, slag and coal dust-black in color (N2),20%
bottom ash, and cooked shaley partings. Fines consist of
.O >1 cm (25%) cooked shaley partings, slag, crushed Ls
- n i >< a .<iv *.or v ah r i . at-2-10 mm (15%) Ls, slag, ash, ss frags 1-2 mm (30%) slag, ash, as frags
<1 mm (30%) silty clay, ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 146.7 25.2 crushed Ls, clinkers 4-10 86.9 14.9 angular slag, ash 10-20 16.9 2.9 ash, slag, ss frags 20-40 29.3 5.0 40-60 35.7 6.1 fly ash, spherules60-140 113.4 19.5 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh. 41.1 7.1 75-5 microns 76.1 13.1 dust, spherules, ash 5-1.3 microns 12.4 2.1 dust, ash, fines
<1.3 microns 23.4 4.0 fines O
O O
D-16
'1 Drill hole FC-6. 8-16" (PSU# 5188)
O .Weight: 1328.6 g (field moist),1269.4 g (dry)
L Bulk color: Mostly Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 l
Description:
70% silty clay of above color, derived from whitish gray l well-rounded as (3-10 cm) 20%, and fine-grained, reddish, flat ss. Very minor cinders and ash in fines
>1 cm (50%) White-pink and red-olive as frags 2-10 mm (5%) same as above 1-2 mm (15%) sands and stained quartz
<1 mm (30%) sitty clay and minor ash, cinders bleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 506.7 39.9 rounded ss frags 1 4-10 40.4- 3.2 ss frags '
10-20 23.0 1.8 20-40 64.1 5.0 ss, qtz sand, ash P 40-60 52.0 4.1 60-140 149.9 11.8 sand, ash 140-200 mesh 220.4 17.4 slag flakes, sand 75-5 microns 116.5 9.2 ash, dust, sand 5-1.3 microns 37.7 3.0 sands, silts
<1.3 microns 58.8 4.6 cla/ fines O
O O
D-17
Drill hole FC-7. 0-4"(PSU# 5189)
O Weight: 397.8 g (field moist),366.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Composite: Olive gray 5Y 4/1 + Grayish orange 10YR 7/4 O
Description:
Mostly ss frags, (angular 0.5-4 cm), with above colors, roots and humus 30%, come crushed Ls, very minor fly ash (very fine)
>1 cm (35%) orangish as frags, some crushed Ls
( 2-10 mm (10%) ss frags, humus, cinders, crushed Ls 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, twigs, ash
<1 mm (30%) sands, ash Sieve fractions wt. (g) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 136.3 37.2 ss frags 4-10 41.9 11.4 ss frags, Ls, humus 10-20 2.4 0.7 twigs, ss, Ls, ash 20-40 5.4 1.5 40-60 27.2 7.4 ss, fly ash 60-140 52.8 14.4 fly ash, ss frags 140-200 mesh 31.8 8.7 ash, sands 75-5 microns 20.1 5.5 sands, ash 5-1.3 microns 31.6 8.6 silts, ash
<1.3 microns 17.2 4.7 fines O
O O
D-18
Drill hole FC-7. 4-13" (PSU# 5190)
Weicht: 1217.9 g (field moist),1159.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 O
Description:
95% silty clay with above color, few ss frags, fines:
quartz + cinders + silt
>1 cm (~5%) angular frags of fine-grained as 2-10 mm (~5%) subrounded frags of ss O 1-2 mm (35%) sands, cinders
<1 mm (55%) sands, slits clays, and some cinders Sieve fractions yl._Igl wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 51.4 4.2 ss frags 4-10 15.7 1.3 ss frags, rounded 10-20 8.2 0.7 ss frags, ash 20-40 23.8 2.1 ss frags, sand, ash 40-60 88.5 7.6 sand, cinders I
60-140 335.1 28.9 sands, ss frags 140-200 mesh 344.0 29.7 sands, silts 75-5 microns 159.5 13.8 slits 5-1.3 microns 43.4 3.7 slits and clays
<1.3 microns 89.8 7.7 clay fines O
O D-19
g Drill hole FC-7.13-22" (PSU# 5191)
O- Weight: 1485.1 g (field moist),1404.0 g (dry)
Bulk color: Grayish orange 10YR 7/4 O
Description:
90% fines: 1-2 mm red ss and yellow-gray as frags,10%
coarse frags of angular ss. Sample has very minor ash.
>1 cm (25%) gray-orange ss frags 2-10 mm (<1%) ss frags O 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags and minor ash
<1 mm (45%) sands and slits, qtz, ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 329.1 23.4 coarse as frags 4-10 17.9 1.3 less coarse as frags 10-20 5.0 0.4 ss frags, sands 20-40' 39.4 2.8 ss, sand, ash 40-60 119.0 8.5 60-140 384.7 27.4 sa frags, qtz, ash 140-200 mesh 281.7 20.1 75-5 microns 122.8 8.7 sands, qtz, sitt 5-1.3 microns 37.4 2.7 sand. silt
<1.3 microns 66.4 4.7 fines O
O O
D-20
l' Drill hoie FC-8. 0-6"(PSU# 5198)
O Weight: 481.7 g (field moist),462.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
35% dark, vesicular slag; 5% shiny clinkers; 60% fines:
fly ash, coal dust, spherules, glassy slag and common roots
>1 cm (15%) slag and clinkers-2-10 mm (45%) vesicular slag,' ash, and coal -
1-2 mm (20%) ash, coal, and clinker frags ,
<1 mm (20%) ash, spherules, coal dust Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 73.1 15.8 slag and clinkers 4-10 244.1 52.8 slag and sh. parting .l 10-20 25.4 5.5 ash, slag, partings 20-40 30.8 6.7 40-60 25.4 5.5 coal dust, ash ,60-140 30.7 6.6 spherules, ash l 140-200 mesh coal dust, spherules 9.8 2.1 75-5 microns 8.1 1.8 dust , ash, spherules 5-1.3 microns 7.9 1.7 dust, fines '
<1.3 microns 8.1 1.8 fines I
O O
O D-21 1
- Drill hole FC-8. 6-12" (PSU# 5199)
O Welaht: 559.1 g (field moist),514.7 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3 O
Description:
60% clinkers 0.5-6 cm, subangular, ear 1hy in lustre, vesicular. 30% fines: silt, clay, fly ash, dust, spherules.
10% glassy to ceramic-like reddish-brown vesicular slag
>1 cm (45%) clinkers, slag
( 2-10 mm (25%) clinkers, slag, fly ash 1-2 mm (10%) fly ash, slag
<1 mm (30%) fly ash, silt, clay, spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 256.1 49.8 clinkers, slag 4-10 92.8 18.0 10-20 32.5 6.3 ash, slag 20-40 39.8 7.7 fly ash , slag 40-60 30.2 5.9 60-140 33.6 6.5 spherules, fly ash
-140-200 mesh 10.2 2.0 dust, spherules 75-5 microns 10.9 2.1 dust, ash 5-1.3 microns 3.4 0.7 dust
<1.3 microns 5.4 1.0 fines O
O O
D-22
- = _ _ _ _ _ ._ _- ____-___-____
Drill hole FC-8.' 12-16.5" (PSU# 5200)
O Weight: 550.1 g (field moist),508.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4, Grayish orange 10YR 7/4 l
Description:
60% orangish subrounded, friable as frags 0.3-4 cm; 10% reddish rounded coarse-grained as trags; 30% -
angular, vesicular to smooth slag, cinders, ash
>1 cm (40%) as frags, clinkers-2-10 mm (15%) ss frags, slag, ash, clinkers
'1-2 mm (15%) ash, as, slag frags ]
<1 mm (30%) silts and clays and ash l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
.4 mesh 228.0 44.8 ss frags, slag 4-10 -61.7 12.1- slag, clinkers, ss 10-20 56.9 11.2 ash, ss, slag 20-40 60.1 11 8 40-60 41.8 8.2 ash, slag, ss60-140 35.7 7.0 sands, ash 140-200 mesh 9.0 1.8 ash, sitts 75-5 microns 7.1 1.4 dust,' silt 5-1.3 microns 0.7 0.1 - silt and clay
<1.3 microns 7.5 1.5 fines O
O O
D-23
L l
Drill hole FC-9. 0-9"(PSU# 5195)
Welaht: 661.3 g (field moist),540.4 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
10% slag, angular, vesicular, reddish brown; 30% ash and cinders, subrounded; 60% finer ash and cinders, some spherules, some twigs,' crushed Ls
>1 cm (65%) slag, ash and crushed Ls, some twigs O 2-10 mm (15%) ash, cinders, slag, minor twigs 1-2 mm (10%) ash, cinders
<1 mm (10%) fine ash, spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 357.1 66.1 slag, ash 4-10 110.3 20.4 ash, cinders 10-20 17.1 3.2 twigs, ash 20-40 18.9 3.5 ash, cinders 40-60 12.1 2.2 60-140 12.2 2.3 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 4.0 0.7 75-5 microns 6.4 1.2 fine ash 5-1.3 microns 0.4 0.1 very fine ash
<1.3 microns 2.2 0.4 fines O
o .
O D-24
i Drill hole FC-9. 9-12"(PSU# 5196) .
Welaht: 124.4 g (field moist),112.0 g (dry)
Bulk color: Grayish black N2 - Dark gray N3 O
Description:
90% granular fly ash,10% coarser clinkers: angular vesicular with glassy fringes
>1 cm (20%) clinkers 2-10 mm (10%) clinkers, some slag
%, 1-2 mm (45%) fly ash
<1 mm (25%) finer fly ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 25.0 22.6 clinkers 4-10 7.6 6.9 clinkers, slag 10-20 11.4 10.3 slag, clink., ash 20-40 22.9 20.7 coarse fly ash 40-60 17.6 15.9 fly ash 60-140 15.1 13.7 fly ash 140-200 mesh 3.2 2.9 fly ash
<75 microns 7.6 6.9 fine fly ash O
O O
D-25
i Drill hole FC-9.12-23.5" WSU# 5197)
Weicht: 1827.5 g (field moist),1644.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Clay: Pale yellowish brown 10YR 6/2, Concrete: White N9, Siltstone: Light olive gray 5Y 6/1, Clinkers: Black N1
Description:
40*/. 4mm reddish ss chips and gray ss chips,40% sitt of similar color, some angular chunks of concrete, some angular slag i >1 cm (30%) ss frags, red and gray; concrete 2-10 mm (20%) ss frags, slag 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, slag, ash
<1 mm (25%) same as above Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 454.4 27.6 sa frags, slag .
4-10 210.5 12.8 ss, slag, concr.
10-20 41.2 2.5 ss frags, ash 20-40 94.8 5.8 40-60 129.3 7.9 ss frags60-140 274.7 16.7 sitt, sand, ss 140-200 mesh 205.2 12.5 sand, sitt 75-5 microns 122.4 7.4 sand, slit 5-1.3 microns 48.1 2.9 sitt
<1.3 microns 64.0 3.9 clay fines O
O O
D-26
i Drill hole FC-10. 0-4" (PSU# 5201F o ' Weiaht: 339.2 g (field moist),318.6 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3/N4 O
Description:
Mostly fine (<2 mm) slag, fly ash, clinkers, spherules.
About 10% coarse subangular vesicular slag, cooked shaley partings, clinkers
>1 cm (25%) slag, slatey partings, clinkers O 2-10 mm (30%) ash, slag, clinkers 1-2 mm (15%) ash, slag, clinkers
- <1 mm (30%) fly ash, slag, and spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 72.5 22.8 ash, s!ag 4-10 29.5 9.3 10-20 35.4 11.1 slag, ash 20-40 39.3 12.3 fly ash, slag 40-60 37.1 11.6 root hairs, ash 60-140 49.4 15.5 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 18.3 5.7 glassy slag, ash 75-5 microns 31.1 9.8 spherules, dust 5-1.4 microns 2.1 0.7 dust, ash
<1.4 microns 3.6 1.1 fines O
O O
D-27
' Drill hole FC-10. 4-17" (PSU# 5202)
O Weicht: 1063.5 g ( field moist),973.0 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark. gray N3
Description:
10% large angular chunks of clinkers and slag,90% finer glassy slag, ash, clinkers, coal dust and spherules
>1 cm (20%) slag, ash
. 2-10 mm (20%) ash, cinders, glassy slag 1-2 mm (25%) ash, cinders, some slag
<1 mm (35%) ash, slag fines, spherules, coal dust Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 347.5 35.7 slag, cinders 4-10 168.8 17.3 slag, ash, cind.
10-20 104.3 10.7 20-40 86.4 8.9 ' coal dust, ash 40-60 64.0 6.6 spherules, ash -
O 60-140 140-200 mesh 88.6 35.1 9.1 3.6 dust, ash, spher.
<75 microns 78.1 8.0 fines, dust l l
O O
O l
D-28
Drill hole FC-10.17-22"(PSU# 5203) i Weiaht: 394.6 g (field moist),349.9 g (dry)
,Bu;k color: Dark gray N3, Medium gray N4 O
Description:
80% angular vesicular red-orange stained slag 0.4-3 cm 20% finer ash, elongate cinders, whitish glassy slag, fine silt, some vesicular glassy, greasy slag p >1 cm (55%) slag and ash t
10 mm (20%) slag, ash, cinders, white glassy slag 1-2 mm (10%) ash, cinders, slag frags
<1 mm (15%) ash fines, spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 165.4 47.3 slag, cinders 4-10 69.7 19.9 cinders, slag 10-20 35.3 10.1 slag, ash 20-40 24.4 7.0 ash, white slag 40-60 15.5 4.4 ash, wh. slag, ash 60-140 18.8 5.4 cinders, spherules 140-200 mesh 6.9 2.0 ash, spherules 75-5 microns 6.4 1.8 spherules, dust
<5 microns 8.6 2.5 fines O
c)
L O
D-29
v Drill hole FC-11. 0-4"(PSU# 5204) h Weiaht: 264.5 g (field moist),261.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fines: Olive gray 5Y 4/1, Coarse: Light olive gray 5Y 6/1
(
Description:
20% crushed limestone,80% fine dust, peat, twigs, a few land mollusks, minor fly ash, cinders, spherules
>1 cm (50%) crushed Ls 2-10 mm (20%) weathered pink ss, crushed Ls
- 1-2 mm (15%) sand, cinders, ash
<1 mm (15%) ash, spherules, glassy slag Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 134.5 51.4 crushed Ls 4-10 36.5 14.0 Ls,ss, ash 10-20 13.8 5.3 ash, cinders 20-40 16.7 6.4 40-60 17.7 6.8 glassy slag, ash I_ 60-140 25.4 9.7 as above w/ spher.
140-200 mesh 7.6 2.9 dust, spher., ash
<75 microns 9.5 3.6 fines O
O O
D-30
Drill hole FC-11. 4-17.5" (PSU# 5205)
Weight: 2052.3 g (field moist),2015.6 g (dry)
Bulk color: Medium gray N6 O
Description:
95% angular, blocky, fine-grained crushed Ls 0.2-6 cm, ave. 4 cm. 5% fines: mostly quartz, soll grains, reddish as chips, crushed Ls
>1 cm (70%) crushed Ls as above 2-10 mm (15%) Ls frags, sa frags, sand 1-2 mm (~5%) sand, ss frags, soil
<1 mm (10%) qtz, sand, rare ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 1246.3 61.8 crushed Ls 4-10 259.4 12.9 10-20 75.5 3.7 ss frags, Ls 20-40 63.6 3.2 sa frags, sand 40-60 66.2 3.3 sand, soil 60-140 117.8 5.8 ash,ss, sand 140-200 mesh 66.6 3.3 soll, ash 75-5 microns 69.4 3.4 sand, sitt 5-1.3 microns 13.7 0.7 sitt and clay
<1.3 microns 37.1 1.8 clay fines O
O O
D-31
y ]
Drill hole FC-11.17.5-22" (PSU# 5206)
.t Weight: 538.5 g (field moist),509.9 g (dry)
Bulk color: Moderate yellow brown 10YR 5/4 ;'
O
Description:
Almost entirely slag and ash; minor soil particles, ss frags some yellowish glassy slag, spherules, clinkers common ;
>1 cm (35%) orange-stained slag
. c 2-10 mm(15%) slag, clinkers, ss frags 1.2 mm (25%) ss frags, coal?, clinkers 41 mm (25%) ss frags, sand, fines, ash Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 148.8 29.2 slag, clinkers 4-10 129.9 25.5 ss frags, slag 10-20 36.4 7.3 ss frags, yell. sig.
20-40 42.2 8.5 .ss, glassy slag 40-60 35.3 7.1 sand, ash, slag 60-140 43.7 8.6 sand, spherules 140-200 16.0 3.2 spher., sand, ash -
75-5 microns 39.2 7.9 sand, sitt 5-1.4 microns 4.6 0.9 sitt
<1.4 microns 8.5 1.7 clays and fines i
O 1
O O
D-32
.. Drill hole FC-12. 0-3" (PSU# 5207)
( Weiaht: 171.8 g (field moist),159.2 g (dry)
Bulk color: Black N1
Description:
Mostly fine vesicular shiny fly ash. Some coarser clinkers and ash, fine root hairs, clay
> 1 cm (15%) coarse ash, clinkers 2-10 mm (10%) same as above 1-2 mm (20%) fly ash some sand, root hairs
<1 mm (55%) fly ash, clay, and some glassy spherules Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 18.9 11.9 ash, clinkers 4-10 8.4 5.3 ash, sand 10-20 20.3 12.8 coarse fly ash 20-40 25.3 15.9 fly ash, rt. hairs 40-60 21.3 13.4 60-140 23.7 14.9 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 11.1 7.0 75-5 microns 9.3 5.8 silt, fine ash 5-1.3 microns 14.1 8.9 silt, ash
<1.3 microns 6.9 4.3 fines O
O O
D-33
Drill hole FC-12. 3-9.5" (PSU# 5208)
O Weiaht: 562.1 g (field moist),491.2 g (dry)
~ Bulk color: . Black N1 (shiny)'
Description:
Mostly shiny black, very angular, vesicular ash, some coarse coal pieces, some spherules
>1 cm (15%) coarse clinkers 2-10 mm (20%) clinkers, ash, coal O 1-2 mm (25%) same as above
<1 mm (40%) spherules, ash, coal flakes Sieve fractions ' wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 61.8 12.6 ash, clinkers 4-10 128.5 26.1 same plus coal 10-20 67.0 13.7 ash, coal, clink.
20-40 68.1 13.9 40-60 46.3 9.4 coal flakes, ash 60-140 61.4 12.5 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 33.2 6.8 75-5 microns 14.7 3.0 flakes, spherules 5-1.3 microns 2.0 0.4 fine ash
<1.3 microns 7.3 1.5 very fine ash O
O O
D-34
Drill hole FC-12. 9.5-17" (PSU# 5209)
O Weight: 708.1 g (field moist),658.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Black N1 O
Description:
Mostly fine ~2 mm very angular shiny to glassy ash, some clinkers, some yellowish brown slag (coarse); coal-
>1 cm (60%) slag 2-10 mm (15%) slag, ash, coal O- 1-2 mm (10%) ash
<1 mm (15%) ash, coal dust Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Desrciption
>4 mesh 367.6 55.8 slag 4-10 99.8 15.1 slag, ash 10-20 32.9 5.0 20-40 34.7 5.3 coal dust, ash 40-60 27.3 4.1 60-140 40.7 6.2 coal dust, ash 140-200 mesh 18.1 2.7 ash, dust 75-5 microns 28.1 4.3 fine ash 5-1.3 microns 1.4 0.3 very fine ash
<1.3 microns 8.1 1.2 fines O
O O
D-35
4
( -. . ( A i
r
, ; i O
O Appendix E Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses O
O O
O 9
_ _ _ _ _ _ i.-____ . m
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE L ,i Date: December 1. J9 From: N. H. Suhr f.
To: A. Rose Subj: Spectrochemical Analysis of Soils (Ash Basis)
. - Our No. 88-1038 88-1039 88-1040 88-1041 88-1042 88-1043 Your PSU No. 5176 5786 5187 5188 5201 5202
'a HTA (750*C) 58.5% 69.1% 76.1% 96.0% 63.4% 52.9%
SiO 66.5% 49.1% 63.5% 83.3% 53.8% 53.4%
2 Al 0 17.7 9.20 11.2 7.92 29.3 32.9 23 0.74 1.75 TiO 1.13 0.55 0.67 .1.56 2
Fe 0 . . .0 5.68 11.1 7.82 23 Mgo 0.85 1.83 1.17 0.54 0.84 0.72 Cao 1.35 31.8 15.3 <0.05 0.97 0.76 Mno 0.077 0.042 0.035 0.014 0.015 0.013 l Na 0 2
0.22 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 K0 2.16 1.51 1.87 1.09 1.89 2.15 2
P0 0.25 0.23 0.15 0.07 0.28 0.19 25 S0 0.4 0.4 0.5 <0.05 0.3 <0.05 3
TOTALS 99.4% 100.4% 100.2% 99.5% 100.3% 100.0%
1 NHS/vc
[D cc: H. Gong f
(
O E-1
- - _ , , - ~ - - , - , - .
- - - - - - - - ~ - . - - - - - - - .-- . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
, a 't-'
7
- I j'f;p^ l '
W ;THE PENNSYLVANIA NTATb UNIVERSITY y;s , .,
- a o INTER OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE
- C Date: October 27,~1988. ,. . ,cs L From: J. B.' Bodkin, Mineral' Constitution Ldbs 308 Mineral Sciences-
, 9 .
. To:- Dr.' Arthur. Rose. 332 Deike f Subj:- '
C,H,[ Determinations--
Our Number Your Identification C H ~ N'
, 88-1038 :FC 1 Top 0-2" PSU#5176 34.76% . 0. 82% . 0. 86 % ..
11 _s 88-1039 -FC 6 Top 0-4" PSU#5786 15.69 0.36 0.35 88-1040 FC 6 L4"-8" PSUf5187 14.55 0.60 0.36 q ..
+ ., 88-1041' .FC 6 8"-16" PSU#5188 0.41 0.37 0.14.
, 88-1042 -FC 10 0-4" PSU#5201 33.25. 0.44 :
0.68
, 88-1043 -FC.10 4"-17".PSU#5202 '43.84 0.25 0.71 Ia Analyst: J. B. Bodkin y 4 f. --A_. is ]
Joseph B. Bodkin Chief Analytical Chemist.
JBB/vc O .cc: '
N.'H. Suhr F
o
.:-J E-2 y
' Appendix' E-3. Mineralogy of samples, based' on X-ray diffraction patterns Patterns run with Cu radiation from 5 to 65 degrees at 4 deg./ min.
Minerals are listed in approximate order of abundance.
Sample 5176, FC-1, 0-4 in.
Major j Glass O Quartz Mullite Minor Illite Chlorite or kaolinite Sample 5186, FC-6, 0-4 in.
9 Quartz Calcite Major Class Moderate Illite Minor Magnetite (4)
Sample 5187, FC-6, 4-8 in.
Quartz Major Calcite Moderate Illite Glass Chlorite or kaolinite Minor Sample 5188, FC-6, 6-16 in.
Quartz Major Illite Moderate Chlorite or kaolinite Albite(?) Minor Zeolite (?)
Sample 5201, FC-10, 0-4 in.
Glass Maj or Mullite Quartz Minor Sample 5202, FC-10, 4-17 in.
Glass Major Mullite Major, moderate, and minor are judged from the intensity of x-ray peaks.
Major indicates peak or peaks are offscale (except for glass, for which the O broad peak from 20 to 30 degrees, peaked at about 26 degrees, has an amplitude about half the chart width). Moderate indicates a distinct peak or peaks reaching 10% of full scale or more. Minor indicates a smeller peak. Query indicates uncertain mineral identification O
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