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4 Jersey Central Power & Light Company 'c4I W
MADISON AVENUE AT PUNCH BOWL ROAD e MORRISTOWN, N. J. 07960
- 201-539-6111 aumens a rue General Public Utjlities Corporation April 22, 1974
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Mr. William H. Regan, Chief
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Directorate of Licensing e.
Office of Regulation 8:
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U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 4
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Washington, DC 20545 G' T. /
Dear Mr. Regan:
SUBJECT:
OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION WATER QUALITY CERTIFICATION In accordance with your telephone request of April 16, 1974, to Mr. T. M. Crimmins. Jr.. I am forwardine cooies of corrennondent a re-lating to State of New Jersey Water Quality Certification for the Oyster Creek Station.
Enclosed are:
(1)
Mr. I. R. Finfrock, Jr., Vice President, Jersey Central Power & Light, letter dated October 15, 1973 to Mr. R. L. Sullivan, Commissioner, Department of Environmental Protection.
(2)
Mr. K. Widmer, State of New Jersey, letter dated November 16, 1971 to Mr. M. K. Pastor.
(3)
Mr. K. Widmer, State of New Jersey, letter dated January 6, 1972 to Mr. M. K. Pastor.
(4)
Mr. R. H. Sims, Vice President, Jersey Central Power & Light, letter dated June 12, 1972 to Mr. R. L. Sullivan, Department of Environmental Protection.
Item (1) above is the most recent request for a "Section 401 Certifi-cate" for the Oyster Creek station. This letter presents a history of our efforts to obtain Water Quality Certification for the Oyster Creek / Forked River site, q
3607 9604240274 960213
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- Hr., William H. Regan, Chisf Pcge 2
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Item (2) and (3) ar.e information requests from the State'of New Jerrey concerning the subject certification and Item (4) is Jersey Central response to these requests. These latter items are forwarded for your information.
If you have any futher questions about this matter, please contact
- Mr. T. M. Crimmins, Jr.
Very truly yours,
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, Ivan R. Pinfrock,! r.
J Vice President 4
asb Enclosures cci Mr. A. Z. Roisman Berlin, Roisman & Kessler 1712 N. Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036 s
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Jersey Central Po.wer & Ught Company fy' V
MADISON AVENUE AT PUNCH BOWL ROAD
- MORRISTOWN. N.J. 07960
- 201-539-6111 s, w r.e g,,y'. ' Public Utilities Corporation o.n rat wet,E October 15, 1973 Mr. Richard J. Sullivan Commissioner Department of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey
' Box 1889 Trenton, New Jersey 08625
Dear Mr. Sullivan:
SUBJECT:
OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION WATER QUALITY CERTIFICATION j
i As you know, the Atomic Energy Commission is currently considering the issuance of a Full Term Operating License to the Oyster Creek Station. A pre-hearing conference was held on Septenbc,r 18, 1973 and public hearings are avpartad te be hcid cOrly in 1^74.
b SW.e of New Jersey is a p&rty to j
these proceedings.
Section 401 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act requires that I
water quality certification be furnished prior to the granting of a license or permit by a Federal Agency. Our requests for a water quality certification for the Oyster Cret;k/ Forked River site go back to August 21, 1970.
Since then, several ineetings have been held to discuss changes in the designs and to keep the State DEP ipformed on the project (September 9,1971,~ October 27, 1971 and January 19, 1972).
Questions posed by the Department in letters from Dr. Kemble Widmer dated November 16, 1971 and January 6, 1972 were answered
- in a Ictter from JCP&L on June 12, 1972.
On June 8,1973, the State did issue the necessary certification for the Forked River project.
Since the cer'tification for the Oyster Creek Station should be presented -
to the Atomic Energy Commission in the near future, your cooperation in completing your review and issuing the certificate is requested.
t Very truly yours,
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U([Y, (lG.' '.'/ ) D Ivan R. Finfrock, _
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Vice Preside:it bec:. Mr. J. T. Carroll asb Mr. it. M. Dicekamp Mr. D. A. Ross Hr. J. R. Thnrpe
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
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PROTECTION pu g m olvision cr NAruaAL AESOUACES-TRENTON a_.; N i
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[ureauofGeolop & E:f phh.-
P.O. Box 1889 903 /h ?
Trenton, liew Jersey 02625 November 16, 1971 h
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's Mr. Kenneth Pastor
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GPU Service Corporation
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260 Cherry HiII Rd.
Parsippany, N.J.
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Dear Ven:
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I received the enclosed list of questions, which pertain
+a.N 8 p:ct :Or: ef Oy-ter Ci vek ene Forr.00 Mtver #1, f rcm Bruce Pyle. I am sending a copy to Charlie Amato and also to Harold Haskins.
I am sending you four xerox copies, as I don't know who in your shop should get this.
I talked to Jack Devine and it is our thought that Thorpe and probably Carpenter should be advised.
I think most of the answers are either available or will not be too hard to get - at least I hope so.
Have a good Thanksgiving.
t Sincerely yours, f
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Kemble Widmer State Geologist 1
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Cyntc1* C.*cch L'a sce yl.nat ~ ~ Quan tiaan 3
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Locate cad ldeceribe (hor *nont.cl cad vorticE1) the
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uoter areas thet will hava ~ ecuperaturcs in c:: cess
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of:05'F as c' result of dischcr: fos from the Oyster p
-Crock Pouer Plant.
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. ieente and deneribu (hori.zontal and vertical) - the
-waler arcan thae'wlll have teuperatures in enccus of 67"F as c result of dischargos from the Oyster, Crock Power Plant.
3.
-Describe the effects of-temperatures in excess of 35*F upon the fin.and shellfish species common.to the area prior to operation.of the Oyster Creek 2
1 Power Plant.
4.
Identify changes that have occurred in the fin and shellfish species compositions tinere temperatures have exceeded 85 F as a result of plant operation.
5.
Identify and describe the effects'of any diseases or parasites'._ of fish, shellfish or waterfowl, or other plant or animal pests, that have become established
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or have changed in abundance following the discharge of.uaste waters from the Oyster Creck Poner Plant, t
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6.
r Identify and describe any effects upon 'in, chellfish, or waterfowl that detracts from or renders them b
unusable by man that have developed since the discharge of waste waters from the Oyster Creek Power Plant.
Vaat ark the range and rates of temperature decreases 7.
as the result of power plant slowdoun, cnd what han 1
I been their effect upon fish and' shellfish commor/co the aren?
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8 What plans c:: int to reduce drnatic temperature decrecc.c.a.
in the heat of.fcceed arca during the winter that
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might be caused by plant slou-doun to the extent j
that th,ey do not present a hazard to fishes ?
,,9.
What is the extent of mortality of entrained organisms?
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To what extent has the discharge.aSected the dis-t j
tribution.and species composition of attached aquatic vegetation.~
- 11. = To tiaat 'e:: tent, if any, does the hented discharge 1
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'ectrcet waterfowl during the u n:cr and hcve they Jc::perienced cny naturcl mortclity.
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.t JAN 10197 I, rows.... m.2 State of Netu Strseg DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAt.
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PROTECTION
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- maos o urunat nrsouners Bureau of C olc07 u igocraA.
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EOUTE RWH January 6, 1972 f.iKP
- JCD HCE Hr. M. K. Pas tor E0.4 Jersey Central Pouer & Light Company JAK 260 Cherry Hill Road Parsippany, New Jersey 07054
Dear Mr. Pastor:
This will acknowledge your letter of December 15th reques e-FILE ing a conference with the State people involved in the sup,gested Toms River eine Ifne.
I expect to have some alternate dates within the next few days.
I am enclosing a Xerox of a memorandum I got just before Crhistmas; I will send a copy to Hal Haskins.
I will get back in touch with you about Item #1, however, I have nothing on the other two items so I will have to leave that up to you if you have thd information.
I suspect this is requested because of the water quality program.
I am quite sure they don't understand thermal pollution either.
I will get back in touch with you about all of this when I have asked a few more questions around the Department.
Sincerely yours,
/~ 477 Kemble Widmer State Geologist KW:js Encl.
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STATE OF NEW JERSEY g,][,,%,
DEPARTMEMT OF EWIRON.i.! ENTAL PROTECTION Dr. Uid:c.cr Messrs John Gaston and Steven Lubow FROAA DATE h - h e 2L 1971 SUBJECT Jersey Central Po cr and Light Oyster Creek and Forked River !!uclear Power Plants As agreed, although comewhat belatedly ue append a list of questions and requests for information regarding the current propo::a1 to expand subject facilities. Uc would ask that you forward these questions to the conpany for reply.
I'r. Segesser has been consulted and he is in agreement with those questions.
(SN h All cxisting.ccological studies and, data including the consultants conclusion of the ecological impact of the existing Oyster Creek Facility.
a MC, 2.
An analysis of the existing themal discharge to Barnegat Bay includin5:
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a.
Heat load evaluation under nost stringent corditions with qualitativo dat,a, preferably expressed as isotherms, at various tidal cycles.
b.
Subnit data gathered at existing' temperature monitoring stations utilized by the company.
c.
Submit data nn aetm1 +%m:1 diepercien p tte= r7,7,,
the Oyster Oreck facility.
r i 3 An analysis of the proposed thernal discharge including both Oyster Orcek cooling unter and blowdown from cooling towers for Forked P.iver I, a'.
H' eat load evaluation under most stringent conditions with predicted data.
b.
Quantitative effects on the thermal profile in Barnegat Bay.
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Steven P.'Lubow Assistant Biologist
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'E-John W. Gaston
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Senior Environmental Engineer
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MADISON AVENUE AT PUNCH BOWL RO AD e MORRISTOWN, N.J. 07960 e $39 6118 June 12, 1972 S
Mr. Richard L.'Sullivan, Chairman State of New' Jersey Department of Environmental Protection John Fitch Plaza
- P. O. Box 1889 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 s
REFERENCES:
(1) Letter from Dr. Kemble Widmer to Hr. Kenneth Pastor, dated November 16, 1971 (2) Letter from Dr. Kemble Widmer to j
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Mr. H. K. Pastor, dated January 6,1972
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l Dear Mr. Su111vant i
SUBJECT:
F0 EKED RIVER NUCLEAR STATION U' IT 1 OYSTE'R CREEK NUCLEAR STATIO:! UNIT 1 STATE OF NEW JERSEY WATER, QUALITY CERTIFI'CATE Enclosed for your examination are twenty (20) copics of the information requested in the referenced letters in connection uith the State's review of the spbject item.
I trust that this information is satisfactory for your purpdses.
Our representatives are availabic should you desire any clarification on the material presented.
Very truly yours, s
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.R. H..Sims Vice President es Euclor.urc S
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JERSEY CENTRAL ' POWER 4 LICEI.CO2@n
- FORKED RIVEP. NUCLEAR STATION -
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STATE OF NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRON!!E' ITAL PJDIECTIOh OYSTER CREEK.AND FORKED RIVIR POWER PLANTS QUESTIONS OF JANUARY 6.1972 l
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t QUESTION 1.
A11 existing ecologiesi studies aiid data l' cluding i:he '
n consultant's conclusica of the ecological impact of the existing 0/ ster, Creek facility.
RESPONSE
A listing cf all the ecciogical reyrts on the Oyster Creek facility is cttached. An analysis of the 'envire :nental ir. pact of the Oyster Creek pl.vst, on the local ecolo;y is appec:':d fren Section 4.8 of the Forked R1ror Enviren=cata'. ?.epon..
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TABIE 2-1 ECOLOGICAL STUD 3rF 0F THE OYSTER CK7"II: S*ATIC'!'
j In 1966 Jorsey Central hver and Light Cort:any committed :
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t3 the support of biological inresti;;.stions in the ' vicinity :of the Oyster -
Cr:ch Plent.
The work has beca done by faculty z:af students of Eutgers University.
Dr..R. - E. Lovelar.5 was principal 1:rrestigator for studies r:1cted to benthic organisus, algae _ and plankton.
.Dr. J. 2. Westman was Semi-annual princi-r.': investigator for these studies related to finfish.
Fublic Utilities
. rcports oc e to be submitted fer f ewarding to tit.:
Commistico. The reports subn.i:ted :o date follor.in chronological sequence, i.
1.
Icveland, -R. E. and E. !. MouI..
"JII QUALITATIVE AND QU.GTITATn*E ANALYSIS CJ TF.E BENTHIC FLORA AND FAUNA OF BARNEGAT LAY EEFORE AND AFTI K WE ONSET OF THERMAL POLLUTION.'
2 An initial progress repert, December 1966.
2.-
Westnan, J. R. (Identified only by the cercring letter.)
' 3ARNEGAT REACTOR FISil II3 EARS.
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Progress Report No. 1, Dece:Bar 15, 1966.
3.
- Loveland, R. E., E. T. >:cul,' ' F. X. Phillips and J. E. Taylor.
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THE QUALITATIVE AND Q:'A':TITA!L'E ANALYSIS C.F TEE BENTHIC FLORA
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AND FAUNA 0F BARNEGAT IAY SEFORE AND AFTE?. THE ONSET 0F THE OfAL POLLUTION.
Second Progress Report. June 1967.
s 4.
Westman, J. R. (Not ite:tified in the repo:.t )
BARNEGAT REACTOR FISH LISEARCE SEMI-ANNUAL EEP01:T.
Dececher 1,1966 to M y 31,1967.
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.5.
Moul, E. T., R. E. Loveland, J. E. Thay2cc F. X. Phillips and K. Mountford.
BARNEGAT LAY THE?J:AL K:DITIO:s Progress Report No. 3. January 1968.
~6.
Westinan, J. R., K. Marcellus and J. J. Gif t.
BARNEGAT REACTOR FINFIRE STUDIES.
December 11, 1967.
7.
_ Loveland, R. E., E. T. Moul, J. E. Taylor K. Mountford and F. X. Phillips.
THE QUALITATIVE AND Q'OTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BENTHIC FLORA MD FAUSA OF BARNEGAT 1AY EEF0RE AND AFTE:n Ti1E ONSET OF THEPJ!AL ADDITION.
Progress Report No. 4. June 1968.
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TAELE 1-1
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ECOLOGICAL ' STUDIES OF THE OYSTER CREEK STATIC:t
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CONTINUED Westean, J. R., _ J.. Marcellus and J. J. Gif t.
BARNEGAT EAY FINFISH STUDY /T!!EDIAL REQUIRD'ENTS DI MAR 8.
FISHES.
Progress Report - June 15, 1968.
Loveland, R. E., E. T. Moul, F. X. Phillips, J., E. ' Taylor 9.
and K.-Mountferd' THE Q'JALITATITE k'*D QUANTITATIVE t.NALYSIS.0F THE ?!'Ti1IC
, FLOR /. AND FAl'::A 0F BAR:;EGAT BAY BEFORE /UD AFTER TSE. ONS OF TELRMAL ADDITIO::.
Fifth Progress Report - March 15, 1969.
Gift, J. J.
BAFJ EGAT BAY FINFISH STUDY /TilERMAL REQUIRDIENTS O 10.
FISHES.
October 1,196S t
Wes t can, J. R.
FINFISH FIELD STUDY 11.
BAFJ'ECAT REACTGR RESEARCll PROJECT:
acco:panied by A DIGEST OF I:ESULTS OF 383 PKr.-UrinIIO;;Ai,, IA*;N
".'.T E.'.Y FINFISU STUDIES, AND A PROSPECTOS FOR REST.ARCFlS EURING 1969-70.
March 17,1969.
Ioveland, R. r.., E. T. Moul, K. Mountford, P. Sendine, D. Susch, E. Cohen, N. Kirk; M. Moskowitz t.nd C. !!r.ssing.
12.
Ti!E Q"ALITATIVE !J'D QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF IiiE 25.sT111C FLORA /UD F/.'a:A OF EARNEGAT BAY BEFORE /UD AFIER 7EE ON
- ' OF THE12:AL ADDITION.
Sixth Progress Report, June 1, 1970.
Westnan, J. R., Marcellus, K. and J. J. Gif t.
MRNEGAT REACTOR FINFISil STUDY / PROGRESS REPCRT/JELY 1 -
13.
DECDGER 31, 1969.
Feb ruary, 1970.
Loveland, R. E., K. Mountford, E. T. Moul, D. A. Busch, 14.
P. M. Sandine and M. Moskowitz.
THE QUALITAIIVE /UD QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF Ti1E EENTHIC FLORA AND F/J'NA 0F DARNEGAT BAY BEFORE AND AFTER IHE ON OF THER>lAL ADDITION.
Sever.th ProEress Report, June.25, 1971.
15.
G i f r i J. J...n d J. I:. L'e n t - a n.FlMiES TO INC?. EASING T in.9.L Kr.. N:;id 3 0 00::1: F.STLW;l'U:
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(The PhD thesis of J. J. Gift publishof at Rutgers
' June, 1971.
with financlal support from JCI't.L.)
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- Of.OmCAL TMPACT "tha principal biclogicalimpa
- ts of the proposed Forked River Station havo'
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f be:n identified as the alteration of terrestrial habitats, the destruction of Cquatic biota in the cooling-water intake system, and the thermal enrich-
- ment of Barnegat 3ay by the discharge of heated blowdown water from the coollr.g tower.
THERMAL IMPACT Thermal' addition increases the physiological or metabolic rates of aquatic lifa, resulting in increasir.;; growth of some species and harmful effects in cthers. Because upper temperature tolcrance levels are poorly knovm for most species and the local ecological c/cle usually is not defined, tha uffect of such heat addition is difficult to predict.
i Tha cooling tower planned for Forked River Statien allows most of the waste heat from the plant to be ref, cted to the air, where no biological e
' impact is evident, and _only a small portion to be rejected to the water.
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. Althcugh the cooling tower blowdown can be as much as 25 F warmer then the temperature of the water in the intake canal, the volume is
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gn small that the imoact on the discharge cana'. is negligib1c.
J tha usual ficw through the canal, the temperature effect is as low as 0,250F, and even under minimum flow, the temperature rise is about 2.50F after mi:d.ng. Changes generated by the presence of the Forked River Station is expected to be very slight partcularly when it is noted that. Oyster Creek Station has not had an observz.ble impact en the Bay to..date.
Dr. Charles B. Wertz, Consulting Biologist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was engaged in 1965 by JCP&L.to examine the overall effects of heated dischargos from the Oyster Creek Station. 'His studies continue to this dito. Pertinent execrpts from his reports are reproduced here:
Those biological c"ects commonly held to be undesirable concomitent offects cf heated discha.;;c include:
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- 1) Increase in temperature will kill the aquatic life and destroy b:th recreational and commercial use of these natural resources.
- 2) Incr:;ase in n:,percium will lov.cr the dissolved c:eygen en:. tan' ci tho we.to :n a toim w.vre ru.;ic org:.nir:.m c.nnot
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. survive, yinco cerc.r :.tir..*. c.) a1.mu...a c.l dii.nolved c;;ygen aro enstralial to sus:nin life.
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- 3) Increase in temperature will encourace the massive de-velopment of aquatic plants, resulting in nuisance conditions.
- 4) Increase in temperature will enhaneg the toxic effect of any toxic pollutants present in the water d
. Accurate assessment of natural limits of tolerance is not complete for many fish, and stress limits determined in the narrow environment of the laboratory are the only guideliner. Accc-d'ng to Dr. Wurtz:
... Organisms are controIIci by c:^remes rather than means.
However, anima]s are usually.~.uch mere sensitive to variations in environmen 1 factors when they are in the egg or larval phase.
This phase of.most life cycles ccccs in association with a j
Up t: th::t thc m'ddle of May ambient spring spawning season.
temperatures in Larnegat Bay will b2! tis than 65 T.
Increases in these temperatures will be biolo;iich!1y limiting only within the mixing zonc....
Physiolcgicci races of species tdjusted to temperature dif-For exampic, ferences asrc:hted with latitude c c c.ulte, common.
the oyster spa. ins in scu,thern watc s at 52"F, but in Long Is!snd Sound it spawns ct 60.8*F. Ancthr e:anple would be the hora-shoe crab. This animal has a lethal temperature gf 115.3 F in Florida, but a corresponding :empr.cature of 105.8 F at Woods IIsle, Mast.:.chus etts.
D' avis (Prec. Nat'l. Shellfisherbs Assn., pp. 33-38, 1949),
quoting some earlier work on oysicrs, said, 'Loosanoff and Engle in their study of spawning c..d setting in Long Island Sound obr arved th%t larvac !!ved tni set at temperature rangir.g "from 16. G to 28.0*C [61.9 to 82.4T, and likewise concludsd o
that oyster larvee can withstand ra-her drastic changes in tem-perature.
- Loosanoff, Miller and Smith (Proc. Nat'l. Shellfisheries Assn., pp. 75-97, 1950) published the results of some studies on the 1:rvae of the hard shell c]an. In their conclusions they i
state, 'Our e::?:riments have shovm thnt larvae of V. mercene-ia may ige grown frem egcs w9f n a to:.per?.ture range of 18.0* -
30.0 C + 1.0 C [64.4 - b/F + 3.C*7]. Y.'ithin this range smell D
variations, such as one or tv.o degrecs (centigrade), are not as important as it was thought previcesly. '
Oyster la:vac are a component pcrt ef the plankton of ostuarics.
Plankton consists of all the f ce ficagg, microscopic cr near microscopic crganic:ns that are trant;crted by water currants.
ll Both plant (credominantly algae) nr.c ani:nals compore the plantiv...
These organic..w reprccent a very essent al part of biological (1) Dir.cefIfir.r c: h..
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The phytoplanktcr3 fplants) era the chief agents in ' -
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the fixation of energy, vchlin heth the phytoplankters and zoo-stiucture.
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plankters (animnis) cro mujer food items for other organisms.
En masse the plcnkten includes inmtmcrable species, probably
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of the order of magnitude of 200 to 300 on an annual basis for
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Pcrt!cular species will occur at particu' tar seascas,
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although manf species may be present throughout much of the year.
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'Planktors will prcbably not be redue:d in numbers unless water temper:.:uras apprcach and exceed 100 F for c:-: tended
- ,:icroscopic crgc:dsgs as a group are mere resistant period s.
to high temp:ratu ts above IST'T are not expected to occur only minor and transient afibc:s on the plankton are to be
- expccted, Planktonic forms will probably be drawr throuch the plant's circulating system, in which case they viilt be destroyed by As a result the discharge canal may have a re-chlcrinatien.
duced nurnber of plankters.W Dr. Wurtz's study also discusses the thermal effects on algae:
The number of plankters present in a given volume of water These are is a function cf available nut-lents and sunlight.
essentJtl fer the development of phytoplankters, and the zoo-Tem-
' plankters z.re c:ependent upon the phytopicnkters for food.
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' puuivrc m:- h.ve a Hmitin:: effect upcn plankton ::ro
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icvels. The mass of p?cnktc: present as a c:op is a direct fur.:-
tion of avaihtj e nutrient material and sunlii.;ht; as would bc This is in contradiction to the ccm-the case in a field of corn.
monly held belicf that increased temperature, p32 ffa, will cause Without a surplus nuisance Grcveths of algae or other plants.of nutrient mcter Temperature can be a creased p..rduction car.not take place.
triggar mcchanism that gives the initial 1:npetus to accelerated
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growth fcr some algal species, but it is not' the causative ager.t for such growth.dL Is of the benthic flera and fauna A quantitative and cualitative analy:
of Barnegat Bay bcth before and after the onset of thermal addition is part of an cngoing study program being conducted by the staff of Rutgers University for Iersey Central Power and Light.
Alcae 4.8.1.1 Dr. E. T. Moul, consulting algolc;ist, compiled test data during 1905 to 1968, before any thermal additien, and during 19 69 to 1970, after thermal His cc~paraon of the two ocriods shows no apparent effect.
addition.
(1) 111D) 4-1C7
~
.. /. -
It is ir.tcresting to note that the species which showed tho highest de.in:nce, cni therefore ranked high fn 19G5-63, con-1959-70. Two tinue to rcnain as the dominants in the pericd exceptionc are: a) Mvsinhor.f a ni. ore.=cens has not been re-
/
ported at 2.!! for 196tf-70, yet it was ranked 8th out of.128 species Aprnchy_tL*Ja.n, has also "fa!!en out of favor"
~
in 1965-G7. b) 115.p.ctuca cor.:inues to rank as the and now rat.hs 19 n.
Although we cannot state most der.i.:.nt rpacies of algae.
that it con ributes the most biomass (we are still computing biomass de a), My.; 1s certainly the most probable species An of benthic z.'gse one would cncounter in our study area.
other noticer.ble spc:'es change seemed to involve Codium frAqf 5,.C nw?is mr? Q;," Ertere.;nt.mS Lqtp.g. tin,lir and -
m it is cavious thn Codium is becoming Enteiromo~ m unr3.more dor.:.nant in the '.>ay; however, it appears to be incr at the expense of C'ct-of a and the two hterotrowha species.
Codium is cno of the heav_est species ih w.et weirht,,and thus, It may be competing very successfully for space very buli-.".
One and therefore, exclud:ng, previously common species.
other ints.recth; observation seems to be that ver/ ew epiphytic f
plants grenv en.C. odia. It is repo-ted that after Gedium firmly
^
establishes itself in cn estuary, it becomes the substrato fer other spe::cs of bcncic algae. We haven't noticed this pheno-menon, ps.rhaps because.C dWm seems to be drifting along the bottom, as are most of the cther algal species.
1969-70 (total =
The ntenber of.c!;31 species identfiled in 38)'is cc siderrbly less ta:en for tim r_: lod N " (tete.1 =
This is cecance we have spent more time scrting and
~
128).
estimatir.g bicmass of the species and Jess time observing The 6'ercase in tho micrc-algcl fc:; s, such as epiphytes.
species encountered in Br.rnegct Bay is thus to be interpreted as a change in tech.ique---we have found no evidence for a dra.stic l.,ss of algal species in Barnegat Bay.................................................
es.rs, we have again found thtt the number As in previous of algal roecies reaches its lowest value during the warme'st In fact, no brcr.vn algae have ever been months cf the year.
recorded from Burne7nt Bay during the month of September.
The greaust number of species occurs in Juno and December (Progress T.cport =5, March IS69); in the currer.: year (1969-70) i From a beywide point of view it appears the some trend appears.
that there tre no ci;-.ificant differences in position (i.e., from one stat %cn to ano$cr) whether one measurcs diversity, the number ci species, or the contributien of each species to the Mcwover, there are sicnificant differences from month sam ple.
to month (as cne would expect due to differences in algae abun-dance with seasons),(i)
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M. Moske.-ritz, a research assistant of the Depcrtinent of Zoology, e
/
th-at Rutgers University, discusses the data for ber.thic invertebrates ga ered beform and after thermal addition for the Oyster Creek outict:
During the period Jmmediately preceding the operatioh of the nuclear electric-generator [27 August - 5 D t
- However, by.a lower diversity than other rccions of the bay.
the species richness remained constant, as evidenced by a Therefore, the lower diversity in the decreased evenness.O. C. [Oycter Crcck] region during pre-operation can b tributed to the presence cf the do:ninant bivalve Edijlta leteralis.. Also, during pre-operetion, as a general statement, it can be said that the Forked, River regicn had This pattern nants D.nn either Stou::s Creek or Oyster Creek.
was e.2f ont early in this study and has. pdrsisted to date.
The second sub-period (9 Tebruary - June 1970) is charac-terized by the presence of fewcr species and individualsThi throughout the bay.
7.'ercover, even though this tive cctivit/ being much lower.
period includes the early spring mon-hs whr.n spawning is pre-valent throughout the bay, many of the bcr-hic crganisms are
]
This part of the year,is considered
.too small to be detectcd.
d j
- by our study group to be the low pr.rt ci the ycar with regar to OniMnc meaningful comparativo data (viz., the and species tends to be lower).
[30 June - 25 September 1970)...is distinctly
'The third period post-operatic na 1........................................................
or mc. son worm, along with JOMn% !a*- M10 comprisa the de::inant species in the vicinir/ of the reactor.
Although fy.p_.ti&n is a deposit feeder (deposit feeders are positively correleted with the clay fraction of sedim
+
'tuuddy with a high clay fraction to sandy with an extremely 4
However, the wcrm inhabits muddy arcas Iow city fraction.
in greater nurabers than in sandy areas.
...certain conclusions can be made.
especially ncticcable in Torhed Rivdr at the Ro On where very favorabic growing conditiens seem to prevail.
,t.. I n
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the other hand, this spc<ctes showed a decrease of 78% at Oyster Crcek, where th'.t averacc temperaturu was' higher dur-ing 1970. Sech a decre.ase, although not staustically signif-icant, was opposite irt its tendency in comparison to all other
. bay stations. Thcre was, therefore, a significant interaction at Oyster Creek; in othac wcrds, the Pectinaria at Oyster Crock failed to rcspend to 197 3 (e.nd all the variables of that year) in the same vray that a!il-other stations responded.
- 2) The difference ir: tfhe number of Pectinnrie is significantly.
greater from enc c;rsition ~c another than it is from year to year.
This is, again, prima:Cr.due to such rich arcos as Forked River at Route #9 and such pce areas as Oyster Creek at Route #9.
The Pectin::,12. in the bq do nct appear to vary significantly from one posr.1:n to am.:: hor., tat least for the period September through Dece-.ber.
There appears to be goodsco relation between the number of individuals of the domica.n: worm (Poetinatin) cnd the sediment composition: the 'iner the sediment, the mcre wenns that cre found. Howc-rer, noto cSn: whereas the sediment at F. R. 69
'is very fino (25.9u) it is also poorly sorted (So = 5.24). It is quite possibit thr.t Pech. taria responds more to the presence of fine, poorly sc ted omdiments than it does to other environ -
mental phrameters. It a c chviously not responding to increased
- s. temperature r2 Oyrter Caeh since there is no sig :ificant dif-forence betweer. the P't = rin at Oydter Creek end Stouts Creck.
.t urtnct, the rumber of c.u rr = m Fod.ed IU vet e.i. K u u i e 5 n. 4 6 be anomalcus, since tbry occur there in huge (20,000 per sc.cere meter) r. umbers; we feef, '.hE: :his locality is a region of optihum growing condnicns for F emrie, given the scit bottom and the amount of organic matte.pra:succd to be the mud.
The diversity indicca at the three bay stations were not sig-nificuntly different ficcc. cr.c ano: hor, while F. R. s9 showed a lowered divctsny dua cc the dominants (Pe-rti r.rm and ? f u!!Ma).
The number ci sp::cies at Oyster Creek was significantly icwcr than the other tnree arcac. iiowever, it must be recalled tht the preser.t analysis waT the result for one day; it is previously stated in this rep:-t thczt the-number of species at Forked Rivcr went up during la e summ.r,, mven though the number of species at Oyster Crcok remainc<i. 61..scmc. 0)
'. S.I. 3 Planh*on Dr. Kent Mountford of the Depar mon: of Botany, Rutgers University, has related plankton data to the temperature of the water, dissolved 0)
ED 4-130 4
- ~ ~
~
ongen, and salinity as it related to the additisn of heated waters to the Bay. A review of his sumniation and conclusions indicated:
The period 'mid-;cnc through mid-October was used to com -
It pare conditions bcfora and after the onset of generation.
would have been decirable to const uct this comparison over an entire annual c/clo, but operations during the first winter, December,1969, thrcugh March,1970, were so enatic that the data are more confusing than enlightening.
The year 1970, in general, was significantly less productive along the entire ransect than was E59. This difference is inIt is probab no way connected with plant operauens.
This para-to lower */alues cf stir energy inccme during 1970.
meter itself is rc.ficcad in slightly ecolor averane water tem peratures.
Qualitative char.;7es in the phytcplanhten...from year to year during the su veys were primanly strasonal in nature, signalling ocsontial.ly cold and wann-water floral shifts.
Variability in cert rence dates was sufficient th The average number of guished in a single yce.r's e:cperienca.
species occurri.g alcng the 'ransect was also not significantly altorod, althcurh a small decline in 1970 may reflect the selec-N tive loss of seve al groups observei at Station II but not at J
s s Station III.
. Thc dirtrih'!W nf plume effects een be ' partially seen using temperature as L racer.... In some c:.scs the ph.ic in '6fler south, and back t;; inst the shcre ct Warctown...as predicted In calm weather cr with westerly winds,
by Car;cn:cr GE c?).
it will often ezient s'r ight toward tha East..., and undct the influence of scuthc.ly winds, displacement toward the north may occur, mah::.; possible recircu!ction of heated water....
The cbserved plu se areas agreed cicscl/ with those predicted The heated layer was rarely more by North and ic.t. s (1969).
tha.n 1. 5 m. thick c; Station III, 500 m frc.a the outfall.
The equation for gross productivity built from data taken i
befcre operatier. included values fer temperature, chlorophyll n., salinity, micr f!ccellata counts, and the stage of tid tivity correlated with obec.vod date from the field samplir.g.
of +.92.
the variability using five parameters. -
Temperature was the variable most highly related to cross productivity, with c conciation coefficient of +.803 during the It was also st';ongly related to gross pre-operationci ;cr:od.
- Gbi,
. productivity du::n; cperation but the corrcIntion fell to +.This a value sic.!!inntly different from 1959 at the 5% level.
4-111 g
~
seems to ref!cet the associction, particularly at Station III, Sinco a of high temperaturer with reduced photosyntncsis.
tempercture chm ge, in the absence of niocides, pumping and crocion-based turbiditics, does no: necessarily result
/
in decreased prcdue:ivity, the relationship is not a simple
/
one.
During the copepod bloo:n of Feb-Apr 1971, experiments werc
- 1) the abdty of adult conducted to dettm.ine the folic..ing:
copopods to lay vichle eggs withir3 )4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> of upcriencing 2
a tempc:cture increrse of 10 0 [IS F above ambient (by passing 0
thgough Ih* 'bcolinr rystegn of ghe p[ ant),g ))'(tha viability of 2
abcve an ambient 10, 15, 20, & 25' G, 6, 2 7, 2 6, 4 5 F c
of 5 C in the laborato:y).
The use of cope;:ds was deemed appropriate on the basis that copopods exceed in hcth numbers of. individuals and num-bers of individuais :.n.d number cf spccles,' all the rest of the metazonn plankten ccmbiner and are thus, e>:tremely important In Eernegat Bay the copepod ?.cm.4c_is the in food chcins.fctm in tha reglen of the bay near the powcr plant dominenl:
and is the form deci: with in these experiments.
To compare the viability of eggs layed by thoso individuals having passed tircu;h the plant with those having not, adults Upon were collected at the intake and the outfall of the pla were eleced in bowls and held overnightHowever, i ni L (.w.hirnt *reratum of the intake.
collocIcd fror. the cutfall werc n.nir.:cined at tr = cutiell 6 -
parature for two hcure to rimuleta pasrage time down Oyster Eggs from Creek before heing returned to inta%c temperar*/re.
both treatments were removed the following day and placed in The results are shown small bowls for cbservation of hatching.
in Table 8.
% c;gs hatcMng from individuals collected at
.Table 8.
intake and outfall.
- eac s
% betching 75 73 intake outfall 75 78 Thus, (when the ambient was 5 C [4)U )) the delta [ increased T
temperature) expr:1cnced by AmrQg on passage through the
~
cooling condenscrs did not seen to affect their ability to lay viable cggs within 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> of exposure to the delta.
4-112 1
1
To determine the effect of a delta upen eggs directly, eggs were obtaincd from individuals ce!!ceted at the intake and then subjectgd in thg labogatorf to temperc_tura elevations of 10',
15, 20, 6 25"O [lD, 27, 3f, 4 5"F) above ambient for o
g a 2 hour2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> duration....cggs subjected to deltas of 10, & 15 C
[18, 27 F) had a better hatching sgccess,than the controls, g
g while these receiving a delta of 20 0 [45 F3 above the tem-perature et which the eggs were laid was definitely disastrous
/
l to the eggs........................................................
or 15
[18,
Thus exposero of Acartin ecgs to a delta of 10 27 F] above c=bient (5') [41 F) not only resul:s,in a signif-c g
icant shortening cif the time span needed fer a cohort of eggs to hatch, but clso eggs so treated show a better % of hatching success tF.an the controls.
At the wintnr temperatures of the bay, we have detceted no significcn: effect on the vicbilit'/ of egg's of the dominantIt sh copepod Acartic sp..
thesg expgriments were run for the cold months, so a deltalt in an of 15-20 C [27'-36[n fa~, resu of 15 [?7 F) msy, F].b
.0.1.4 Eicher P!ents Regarding higher plants, Dr. Wurtn's study revealed:
'/
The New Jersey Dapsrbent of Health has expressed con-cem vs cr thr. cceri% nUr cts cf increased water temperatures on certain hi-hcr plants such as ceigrass, %omrp nurine,The Deparement i and widgeon gra,ss, Cernin mnr: tina.
Dcth these these plcnts might dev 1cp as nuisance Orcwths.
species were identified (27 February 1955) in beached material These tro species of sperma-at the mouth of Oyster Croek.
tophytes (flowering plants) are common'y found on protected In general, the spermatcphytes are less submerged b :achas.
Txcessive resistant to ckvated temperature than are the algae.
Furthermorc,. as with the algae,
growths are most unlikely.such growth would depend on available n creased tempccatures.
Wolgrass was at one time the dominar.t plant in many of our In the early 1930's, however, it became para-coantal bays.
sitized by an amoobold prctoncan that reached epidemic pro-Survival was portions pr.d nearl'/ cradicated the species.The lorr cf the plant virtually limited to low-salinity arcas.
The ;ilant is a desirable destroyed the bay scallop industry.
species in our coastal waters for several reasons, not the
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The eclgrass entraps material about its roots, there ing bars and preventing undue cuttirg action from wind and
/
wave action..
Because the eciprnss is more to!crant of low salin! ties than the parasite that kills it, the grass sp cads from the fresher In dry years, with lesser amounts water areas in wet years.
of fresh water,< the parasito gains the ascer.dancy and hillsbly b ities rather than temperature.g)proba Zoetera marina wi the graes.
.!.8.1.5 Zish of the potential effects of hented water o'n estuarine fishes A study known to inhabit Barnegat Day, sponsored by JCP&L, estimated limiting temperatures:
The upper avoidance temperatures and upper avoidance breakdown temperatures of 11 species of estuarine fishes and two spccios of cstuarine invertebra:Es are presented a v
discussed.
present the ma::imum summer temperatures at which these or-entsmn will be found.
Th:: upper svnence will be acuvely avoided cy thece m.Joi,.
breakdown temperature determined rc; resents the summer water temperature, which when enceuntered fcr shcr periods (one hour or less), will cause a loss of the orgcnism's locomotcry control and thus, a loss of the organisms' ability to escape from conditions which will ultimately cause death.
Summer water temperatures which are unacceptable to the
[ Figure se'veral estuarine fishes are presented in Figure 7.
4-113. Any water temperature above these levels will probably As illustrated in this be actively avoided by these species.
figure, estuarine waters with tempc atures above 87"F will be an unacceptable environment for the majority of our important It must be emphasized that :r.ost of these studies were conducted with young-of-the-year or small individuals of the fishes.
The present study has demonstrated an inverse fish species.
relationship between fish size and upper avoidance temperaturcs.
It is suggcsted that large individuals of the species examined may actively avoid temperatures lovter than the le here.
size during their lifetimes (stripod bass, winter flounder, bluefish).
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J. J. Glit an.i J. R. Ye er t:.an, jun:
4-114
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Season of the year, independent of acclimation temperaturcs, has been shown to influence the avoidance to:nporature of these fishes. The avoidance to:nparatures presented cro summer max-ima and can be expected to be lower during other seasons of the year with shorter photoperiods.
It is not implied that these fishes will occupy these water
/
temperatures by choice. Their preferred temperatures are lowcr.
However, ur. der cil circurr.st:n:cs, these fishes will avoid r
estuarine wcters when they reach these temperaturo IcVels.
j Summer water temperatures which will result in the death of catuarine fishes after short expecure (one hour or less) are presented in Figure C. [Figu.ra 4-12] These temperature love!s are based on the upper avoidance.brenhdown tempora-tures determined in the experknental apparatus under conditions of ising temperat.:rc. Shcrt exposures to a temperr.ture of f
94 F will recr2 in ]rss of !ccomoto y centrol (thus, loss of.
ability to escape frcn conditions which will result in fish death) for nearly every irnportant sp ecies of estuarine fish. Only cyprinodont fishes can successfully survive extended exposure to this temperature.
F>esed on the present research, summer estuarine gvater tem-peratures shou!j not be permttted to rise above 87.0 F. Waters
, wa...cr th:. 07'F will b: dc*.*cM ef mort of our imnempt actund na fishe s. Wnen successful evcidance Schav!cr is nct porsib'e, 6
short, summer c:posure to wc:cr temperaturcs above 94 F can be expected ic ro*N : in the death of most of our important estuarinc fishes.[ !
In this came study, effects on two irnpo: tent invertebrates, grass shrimp qnd blue crab, were examined. Adult crass chrimp, an impo: tant mcm-bor of the estuarine food chain, showed a m'can avoidance temperature of 89.7 F and mean avoidance breakdown temperature of 97.5 F.
These shrimp seemed to profor the warmer waters up to 87 F.
The blue crab, an important sport and food species, showed an avoidance temperature of 99.5 F and an avoidance breckdcmn~ temperature of 104 F.
It ap-pears that longer acclimation may increase these temperaturcs. Avoid-ance behavier by blue crabs may not occur until near lethal breakdown temperatures.
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.103 103 110 E5 93 C3 SU"M.ER WATER TE!JPERATURES 'F.
FIGURE 4-12 LETHAL TEMP::RATURES FOR CERTAIN FISHES
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FISH EGGS /UaVAE P/ USAGE T11ROUCH THE CONDENSERS.
Dr. Charles B. Wurtz, Consulting Biologist, has attempted to ident-ify qualitativo and quar.titative effects of operation of Oyster Creek Station on fish eggs. Stresses being evaluated are chlorination and
~
An extract from Dr.
rapid temperature rise across the condensers.
W=tz's second progress report is given below, showing no significant c.ife:t.
The two obvious sources of eggs to the boy are the in-bay product'of spayming fish and the transpert of eggs into the The most apparent bay by tidal inr=sion through the ir.let.
facters for tbc depletion of cggs would be predction and the transport of eggs from the bay by tidal e'>.cursion or pumping.
The most significant difference found in the analysis of variance of fish egg distribunon was the difference between The surface the average number of surface and bottom eggs.
water was found to have the greater nurr.ber of eggs by a fac-The eggs co5ected were predominantly buoyant tor of 2.7 to 1.
Subsequent identifica::icn of the eggs (a phase of the study not yet completed).hac confirmed that the eggs found eggs.
were chiefly these of the Bay A. chevy (Anchos mitchilli). This specics depocits buoyant eggs which sink in waters of low 6 rec
' spseffic gravit.. In add:Ilon, C:-ae is Iome c*lidOn00 to indi-l cate they sink with aging.
The most significant interactica found in the anal'/ sis of variance was tar.t between te: or bottom eggs versus diurnal Night eggs e:-::eeded day eggs by period as night and day.There were properticr.ctcly far more eggs a factor of 2 to 1.
present at the surface during *.he r.ight than dudng the day.
From this we draw the conclusion that cur dominant eggs (Bay Anchovy) are deposited at the surface of the water during the night.
The incompleted study of fish cggs identifications have
.shown that we are not picking up.strongly adhesive demersal eggs or those crgs which hare entangling surficial hairs.
Presumably these eggs will not be entrained by plant pumping operations since our pumping nethod for sampling e>:crts local forces of velecity of 12 feet pr:r second, which is much higher than the influence of the pumps of the Oyster Creek plant.
The number of eggs taken en the flood tide as opposed to the ebb tide is greater than t'to latter b/ a facter of 1.8 to 1.
In effect, the prentest n 2=ber of eggs are found in the cur-face waters, durma the nP.;4., and on. flood tidc.
e d-110 s.
r
~
3,.
/
If the influence of the flood tide en increased egg numbers
,)
/
consists primarily of entrainment of the eggs of.off-shore
/
spawning fish being introduced through the inlet, then Station 6 in the inlet should carrf high concentrations of eggs on the i
Although flood tide. This har net 1:een found to be the casc.
there is a flood tido to obb tide of 1.8 to I ratio in egg counts, indicating not off-shore entrainment, the numbers of eggs in-volved are much fewer than those found at stations in the bay.
It would appear that all bu: a small propertion of the eggs intro-duced during the input period are the result of spawning in the bay.
The data presently available indicate that egg attenuation during the day is not caused by the mechanical transport of if pumping by thc. plant was tho eggs into the plant Jr.take, cause of the day'doplction of eggs the :arge number of eggs per samp!c comprising the avercge number of night rggs loss the avercgo number of vesperal eggr (i.e., nine c;gs per snmple) would be inercasingly concentrated at Staticn 2 in Such a concentration would occur the mouth of l'orked River.
- However, during the attenuatica period of the other stations.
the average number of ni;ht c;:gs ins the average number of vespcral c;gs is the same at Stati:en 2 as it is for the other Obviously this confermance of diurnal patterns among stations.
the stations discounts transport up Forked River as a factor in (l'urnci Utjg eU.v...;~ tion.
it must be noted that data for the diurnal distribution of fish eggs for Station 2 alene are tco few to perniit a rigorous i
Moreover, Station 2 ogg count over-assertion of the above.
ages do not decline from night throu;:h to the vespcral period On the contrary, there is an as does.the overall averages.
The increase incrccsc during the day ef five eggs per samplo.
. rnay be due to a pumping effect or to chance variaticn.
We believe that'a statistically cortain.docision could bc roado on the importance of the possible effect of pumping on Barnegat !!ay fish or;s. We base this on a comparisen of the statistically reliabic diurnal egg depletion in the bay and, when enough data hconc availabic, the diurnal variation in the mouth of l'orked River.U)
Dr. Wurtz recognized that eggs studied had boon spawned prior to offects of heated waters, and that the effects of the plant o'peration on spawning in the summer of 1970 would not be folt until the summer These data have been collected but not analyzed at this time.
of 1971.
i s
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- M "c' '.Cn!.iil2_'1.C._[1'"'^m ' /M Pm., C. I3. Wurtz,
l 12 M unry 1971.
F119
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=
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3 i
OIon Barnognt Bay oysters found that larvae hcid their position Study In unifcrmly saline water the by discretoness of the tidol pdsms.
!arvce were uniformly distributed top to bottom, but larvae concentrated at any interface where sharp salinity increases occurred. Larvae were found to be distributed vertically by their own activity, responding to salinity changes as well as current changes and showed increased co,-
n centrstions at lovcis of greatest current velody. Oyster larvae were also studied relative to tidal cycles.
~~i-dhcr studies on clam larvac also found these orcanisms to be some-In Litt]e,Fgg Harbor maximum clam
, b.e.: independent of water currents.
N:v.se concentration during the day was at a depth of one meter, but h'
_ c5ght this stratum of maximum concentration descended to near t e 9
bottom.
The. blue' crab larvae must be even more indopendent of cu r'ent than
~
Crab oggs are not planktonic but, rather, are the oysters and cla:as.
Thc, fem 10s cue- ?'mtar in the more saline waters caJ. Tied by,tne femesie.
The eggs, leid in the spring, hatch in these :ncre salide of tho' Bay.
After hatching the larvac migrcta to Jess saline headwaters.
waters.
This is a directional niovement and as such must be independent of
)
minor currents.
2 Ip general, resident bay fish deposit demersal eggs, and such eggs generally hctch into larvae that are found ts' be more abundant near
~
Migrant fish generally deporit buoyant eggs outside the s
. the bottom.
The demersal eggs of bay species c;. car to be an adaptation Bay.
far resisting the not scaward transport chnracteristic of all positive l
estuarics.
dbservat!ons of thn P.rh3vior and D?rtHbetien of Ovrter 7arvpq, T. C. Nelson, Proc. National She'diisnerics Assoc: anon,1954, 10 pp'. 23-2 8.
E-clo7!cM O'2Ep_e_tignr_ m the TM cAMtf on of Charter Igrvac_j.p_
g.... nm... ;.... f en, I.!. !.. Carr..ar, L ciegical Monecraphs (2)
No..a,P
!, W.lu'JJ.
..:~wm m;*s-. cci.
ri fjp;n.,1: r: w '.: v. M!nf
, MM.11. Carriker, l' roc. National S:wLasocric.s Association,19 t
(3) pp. 69-74.
' A-nn
s a,.. :,
?
- c 33geocral, fish cogs an6 !arvee are not being " sucked" into the in-
. take canal and drawn through the Oyster Creek condensers. Those Leggs and larvae that do bass through the cendensers survive in sig-
/
' nift: ant percentages.. Eggs are generally.:nore tolerant of the stress than more advanced fctms.
~
i l
Stresses caused by operation of the Oyster Creek Station have not -
Operation.of the Forked oppsrently caused.dpset to Barnogat Say.
Rinr St: tion should not add measurably to present stresses,;because;
~
- cf the significantly lower' water usaga. 'The living forms in the Forked River make-up water are 'likely to die, hovtever, because.of passage threegh the nuclear carvices cooling water system, intensive recircula-.
tica (averaging 15 times thrcugh the ci culating water system), and 1
theaddition of chlorine and s:nall a=ounts of water-treating chemicals.
. OTHEIl C,0NSIDEP1.TIOh*S Extensive sampling t'o determine the influence of Oyster Creek was conducted.st two of tha thrce usual trophic levels: primary prc::ucers, bottom organisms and fish. Change in one trophic level intimatcly
' influences the other two, therefore, the en' ire array need not be studied at first.= Typically, bottom organisms are seloc:ed as the most indica-tive trophic level for sempling, since they are relatively stable and have a life cycle of at least one year. Primary producers have rela-
. tivel'y short life cycles and require extensive se,mpling to obtain repre-
'centative sampling.. Fish are highly mobile, difficult to collect and less representative than either of the'others.
N l
An interrelated study cf all three trophic levels is exceedingly com-riex, and fish studies, except for stable element radiological study, have been deleted to conserve resources. A significant quantity of
' data must be assembled and analyzed to adequately identify the local environment and a similar quantity of data is necessary after the on-
~
set of a' potentially upsetting influence to that environment. To this lcnd, JCP&L has sponscred the cor.*.inuint rtedics noted in Sccilon 2.4.
/Or.c fona c>f biologiccl linpact occa cica..ar cc4cd in ish injury e: dcath
~
^
tecultihg fro:p being drawn through pumps er hcid against screcas by 2
112;h braterLvric-H!r.n."iAs d!:c.:::cd in S-tion 4. 3, the vrater intake -
~
'4-121
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/
outsTION An analysis of the existing thermal discharge to Barnegat Bay 2
/
inc.~ nding:
l Heat load evaluation under =ost stringent conditions with a.
qualatative data, preferably expressed as isotherms, at various tidal cycles, Submit data gathered ar existing temperature monitoring b.
stations utilized by the company.
Submit data on actual thermal dispersion pattern from the c.
Oyster Creek facility.
RESPO::SE 9
Btu /hr The mcximum heat load fron the Oyster Creek Plant is 4.6x10 Attached are figures of the Oyster Creek c.
at full pouer. (19 301:Wt).
thermal discharge plume from the Sandy Hook Sport Fisheries Marine Laboratory * 'Ihese figures depict all the data collected by the
~
Sandy Hook Laboratory in 1970 and 1971.
Table'2-1 indicates the Oyster Creek operating data, circulating water b.
temperaturer, cnd tne rioute 9 btidue icw.,m ra t ure: cerr-ra^adias rn the Figure 2-1 indicates the highen plumes indicated in the figures.
tetaperatures of each day f rom JCP&L's narker buoy "J" recorder in Barnegat Bay, See the Sandy Hock Marine Laboratory figures included in the response c.
to Question 2.a.
- Unpublished gaanuscript entitled " Wind and Tide Ef fects on a Thermal Plume in Barnegat Day, t;eu Jersey," Annrovi t, T. !! arse, W., and Silvern in, M.,
Sat I enal M:rine Fisherie ; 8ervice,1::-bl.nula, N. J.
Note: Th ir. inidn:atiom in privilegw.?..ad shoulil not appear in.any forcal publication.
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nlowdewn Abova/Dc:ow Blowdeen Ytsts Av' e.;e Cotvienect Ifeat trout Temperature Cyat.-r Cr. ek.
Temperatt:re Te r ;rr Say Wet-Bulb Dis:53 g<-
Coo!!nq Totter P.o to the Da N)ove Day Co.v'. n-cr Discharge ANav AtIt-
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c cl a-O.,er 73.6 67 92.9 t'.9. I 190 15.S
-3.5-
+2.7 22.7 13:!
SG.7 52 76.0 20.;
287 23.9
+4.6
+4.1 76.2 "innter 43.1
.32 62.4 6?.t:
320 26.7
+7.4
+4.8 62.3 Cr.1rg 56.7 46 76.0 77.*
252 21.0
+1.7
+3.5 76.1 I w <(5) 82.0 78 101.3 27.d 185 15.4
-3.9
+2.7 101.1 f.UTE3: 1.
Based on design cond!ttons and a maximum basin salinity concertre titm of 45.000 ppm.
2.
Oyster Creek Unit I at full power.
3.
Nuclear servlees cnottng water was estimated at 36.000 gym with e te,mperatu-e riso of 7*[.' Return is discherved into the cooling tower basin.
4 Oyster Crents not ot= rating btA after mt'xtro with eno et eulattno wn:ce pu:np (!!S.000 sym).
5.
Peek bay temperatur es in cenjune*fon with a wet-bulb temperatura t reiter than 70'T (occurs less than 1% of the time in summer).
6 Based on 460.000 gym circulating water flow from Oyster Creek ara! 24,000 gpm blowdown flow from Forked River.
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JERSEY CE';IT1.L PO:GR & LIC:C COMPANY FORKD EI'.'ER NUCLEAR STJ. TION UNIT 1 STATE 07 NEW JERSEY DEPART.'3.NT OF ENVTRn':'m T.S.L eT.0TECTIh" OYSTER CREEK PO'4ER PL L7 QUESTIONS OF NOVD2ER 16,1971 e
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r pUESTICN 1.
Locate and describe (horizontal and vertierl) the water area j
that will have to peratures in excess of 25' F. as a result of discharges from the Oyster Creek Power-Plant.
j
RESPONSE
he vertical distribution of waters with tempera: res greater than 85* F. or 87* F. appears to be the upper three feet except in.an arca extending approxi-cately 100 yards from the mouth of Oyster Creek. The attached Figure 1-1 is a plot of data collected on June 7,1970.
The ambient Bay water temperature on this date was 68* F.
Maxic:um ambient Lay water te=peratures are approximately 80* F., so that 85* F. would be a 5* F. increment and 87* F. would be a 7* F.
increment.
As may be seen in Figure 1-1, a 5
- F. increcent or 73
- F. was confined to the upper three feet except 'irr:cdiately off Oyster Creek entrance.
l Ec horizontal distribution of the warced dischcrre f' om Oyster Creek varies
'r with-the tide and wind direction and intensity.
L'ith each tide a new plume develops and reaches a. length that corresponds to the " tidal excursion" that is the resultant of the tidal and eind forces. Tor exacple, consider a cycle beginning with slack before ebb.
The waters 1 caving Oyster Crcck will move offshore as a result of the momentum in that direction. As the ebb tidal current develops the plunc will be deflected to the south or along shore j
cnd become longer.
The plume continues to form IT.roughout the tide and at the end of the ebb tidu will extend as an clongste voluue to the south. At olack between ebb and flood, a new offshore traj:ctory for the discharge frc:
Oyster Crcch develops and a srall offshore plute develops. As the rib turne i
tu flood, one now piume is deficcted to the norrn and a new plume continues to develop throughout the flood tide.
The previxsly formed plume becomes more dispersed during the slack and early stages cf the new tide so that its identit:y is nearly lost as it moves to the north and partly mixes with the new plume.
With a vest or offshore wind, the plumes are observed to move offshore to the area of the'Intracoastal Waterway buoys.
With an cast or onshcre wind, the pluces lie nearer the shoreline.
With winds from the north, the flood Gntrance to Forhed River at the end of flood' tide.- North winds mo$c'the.
, ~
d,. f**
tide excursion is reduced and waters from Oyster C' reek do not reach the
' cbb plur.e further south so that it is found offshere of Warctown or the. y Holiday Karbor Marina.
During the suceer, the mest frequent wind direction l
'la from the south or southeast and the flood plume extends 200-400 yards north of the Forhed River channel entrance and the,cbb ;lume extent is reduced.
These tidal variations are illustrated in Figure 3-2.*
M nay be seen in Figure 1-2, temperature at a given position is variabic throughcut the day or tidal cycle.
It appears thct the locations with l
parsistent teciperat'ures in excess of 65* F. or 87' F. arc limited to a semi-
-circic vith a radius of approxic:ately 500 yards that is centered on the abouth of Oys ter Crcck.
l Cunpub11shed mnuscript entitled, "t!!nd and Tide Effects on a Thernal Plu :e
$n Larngat En y, N.:w.? e r.wy, " Az:: rov i :::, T., "a r rt, W., and Silverr:an, ".,
2:at leani ".arine Firherten :iervice, ii! ;m an.:.w, "..).
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Note: This infonration is priviledged and should nat appear in any formal publication.
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i f.g The extremes of the are:ss above G50 F when the arabient Eny t'emperatures crc F00 F cppear to be 2000 yards in length and 500 yards in width end the end of fjood tidca with winds from the southeast, i.e.,
"the cecur at plure crtends from Oyster Creek to north of the nouth of _ Forked River.
Plunes to the south extend approximately 1500, yards in Icngth and 750 yctds in width at the end of eb tide.
While the position of the area or volume with tecperatures in es. cess 'of 850 F is varidhin uith tJee, the total volume is relatively constant and cmounts to approximately 1 =1111on cubic yards.
The volu:te of the Bay that exchenges with the plunc :rea during the course of a few days may bs consideref as running f res funrise Bench. Marsh to Warctosn and across
, the Lay to the shallovs.
'Ihis 7000 by 3000 yard arc 2 has depth,s of 2 yttds an.i the volume is roughly 42 r:1111on cubic yards.
The fraction of the floating pequlation that is present in the area sbove 850 F is 2.4 qnd cny modificatien of growth rate or c.ortality of the population parer:t from such temperatures will be entre =ely difficult to ' perceive as a change in abundance of the organis:s.
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QtfESTIO**
2.
locate and describe (horizontal and vertical). the water areas
- that vill have temperat.urcs in excess of 870 F as.a result of discharges from the Oys:cr Creek Power Plant.
RESPONSE
R3fer to the response to Question 10 4
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Qt'ESTIO
. 3. -
Describe the effects of temperatures in excess of 85*F upon the fin and shellfish species cc:=aon to the area
~
prior to operation of the Oyster Creek Power Plant.
RESPONSC Very.little inforrration is availabic for Barner,s.t Bay on the affect of tr.nperat ::es above 85'r on fish, and none on shc11 fish.
invastign:1:n report by the New Jersey Fisheries Laboratory at Lebanon
.\\ fishkill (da ted July. 30, 1968)
July 20; 1968.
prcsonted the results of a fiphkill that began hottest days' of the sur.cr. Lead fish had been reported folkwing three of the The fish were ident'fied as juvenile in the northern part'of the bay. flounder :three to seven inches long, and Tnis report st:pgested that the kill cas associcted with elevated temperatures.
Yne etxien:n to=perature from July 17 through July 20. recorded (offshore and north of Barnegat Beach) w The report also n:ted that 86*F was the ty';cr limit of the tecperature recorder.
Elevated ter.porc:ures as the ca.:se of the fishkill, however, was not cicarly demonstrated but, hygthesized.
The report
- rather, the sa e general area in July 1966 following a h:t spell. referred to a similar flo the reA-r The ravt of referred te. bivanay studies of vinter ficender (Fscado-j picaTr.icic.? :-sic =r) and for this reason fluer. der species that was involved in the fishkih.it is presumed this was.the I
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3-1
.- ~
QUESTION 4.
Identify changes that have cccurred in the fin and shell-fish species compositions where temperatures ;have exceeded 85*F as a result ci plant oN ration.
ESP 0"SE Ihose investigations by the Rutgers Uo.iversity group that relate to fish have not yet been made available for the period fc11owing the startup of the plant.
Dr. James R.1.'estr.an, princ! pal inves e f ga tor f or this group, h2s. advised orally that the temperaturce cutside the mouth of Oyster Crcok have no,t been found to exceed 85'F.
The warmer vccer in Oyster Creek has apparently been beneficial to anglers by serving as 'an attractant for both
~
fish and crabs.
Any changes in species composition of the comn: unity have not been identified.
The maximum recorded temperctere inside the couth of Oyster Crock during 1970, the year c. iter the pin.at began operation, tras 93*F.
This tenperature was found June 5. June 12 c.n.d July 20, during the course of seni-weekly sampling for fish eggs.and Ic rvae.
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DUr.STICN 5.
Identify and describe the ef fects of any diseases or parasites
'of fish, shellfish or waterf owl, or other plcnt or animal posts, that have bereme established or have changed in abundance folicw-ing the discurge of vaste waters fro:a the Oyster Creek Power Plant.
RESPONSE
There has been' no recorded instance of increased abundance of fish or shell-fish disease or parasite subsequent to the discharge of waste water from the Crp te,r Creek Plant.
~
Im increase in the abundance of shipwoms (3:@ic genLii) has been alleged, c:=d this is currently usier investigation.
'Ihc partics r.aking the c11cgc-tiets are resident along C ster Crcck proper., which is t'ac discharge canal.
7 Shipworms (a form of wood-boring clam) are naturs.1 residents of these waters.
I: pcneral, the population is too cea11 for dock c ers to bother using t ret ed timber in constnetion, liis te ri.c.11y, un*.rca ted docks' last ten to tvelve ye'rs in the ares befcre shipwn= dcmene cc nels replacement.
Tae zge of. standing docks ahng Oyster CreM. has not been deternined.
Field investigators frca Rutstrs University have reported that most recent doch structures in the tribut:ry strccc:: or.urr.epat say arc ouilt or trentea wood (using creosote).
Vcoden test panc3s put into Oyster Creci and other tr butary streams by the i
Rutscrs' group have, to date, shewn very light infes ations by shipworms,
and no dif ferences in density between 0, ster Creek and other streams.
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TAELE 6-1 OYSTER CREEK ST.'. TIC" LIQUID RAD 10/iCTIVE DISCHARCES 1971(1)
(2)
(1)
Avg. Conc.
(3)
Dischcrze.
in Bay EPC Fraction I'nto?e Cf/yr UCi/cc FCi/cc of 1TC H-3 23.18 3.17(-10) 3(-3) 1.06 (-7 )
n:+La-140 0.212 2.90(-12) 2 (-5) 1.45 (-7) 1-131 0.534 7.31(-12) 3 ('-7) 2.44 (-5)
X:-133 0.772 1.06(-11)
Xt-135 1.662 2.28(-11)
C -13 7 0.252 3.45 (-12) -
2 (-5)
- 1. 72 (-7 )
Ca-134 0.058 7.94(-13) 9(-6)
- 8. 82 (-6)
C -58 1.532 2.10(-11) 9 (-5) 2.33(-5)
~
C -60 0.202 2.77(-12) 3(-5) 9.22(-6)
Cr-51 0.168 2.30(-12) 2 (-3) 1.15 (-9).
Mn-54 0.804 1.10(-11) 1(-4) 1.10 (-7 )
Sr-90 0.483 6.57 (-] 2) 3(-7) 2.19 (-5) 1-133 0.574 7.86(-12) 1(-6) 7.86(-6)
.Np'239 1.312 1.80(-11) 1(-4) 1.80(-7)
Tc-992 0.150 2.05(-12) 3(-3) 6.85(-E)
Y-91m 0.002 2.74(-14) 3 (-3) 9.13 (-5)
Sr-91 0.100 1.37(-12) 5(-5) 2.74(-6)
Mo-99 0.206 2.82(-12) 4 (-O 7. n s (.r,)
Kr-S3a 0.062 8.49(-13)
Kr-SS 0.014 1.92(-13)
Sb-124 0.006 8.21(-14) 2 (-5) 4.11 (-9 )
Total 29.798
- 1. 06 (-4 )
NOTES:
(1)
Cyster Crcok 2*uc1 car Cencrating S tction: " Report of Operations.
Semi-Annual T.eport No. 5, July 1,1971 to Oc: cuber 31, 1971."
This was the first reporting period that Oyster Creek was required to present an isotopic breakdeen of radioactive liquid d is cha rges.
The discharges during this period are considered typical of Oys:cr Crech Station operations and have been doubled to yield yearly discharge values.,
k2)
Eased on 5x10-13 pC1/cc concentration in Bay per pCi/ day of natorial released f ron Oys ter Creek.
Sec Oyster Creek Station Facility Description and Safety Analysis T.cport, Section I1-4.3 and Figure II-4-2.
(3) 10 CFR 20, Appendix B. Table II, Column 2, solubic or incolubic, whichever has the loser value.
6-2 g.
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QUESTICr.q l
\\
7.
What are the ' range and rates of temperature decreases as
' the result cf pcwcr p3 cat sloddown, and what has been their ef fect upon fish and shellfish common to the area?
RISp0::SE Eased on information fro = the Oyster Creek Plant (See Table 7-1 and Figurc 7-1), a typical p r.: shutdct.n results in a circulating water cooldown rate at the discharge canal Rt. 9 bridge (property line) of about 1.82*F/hr.
The rat e at the condenser outlet is greater (about
- 4*F/hr. ).
These nuchers are typical for the norcal plant shutdowns and on the average one vould cr;ect 2-6 of these cagh year.
Pcwcr reductions and ineressas necessitated by surveillance testing and preventative caintenance veeld ir.volve changes at these rates or 1 css but most likely over a range of temperatures about 1/10 to 1/2 of that associ-ated with a shutdoun (i.e.,1*-6*T at.the bridge; 2*-10*F at the condenser oct ic t. ).
These reducticas occur on a fairly routine basis
,about once every two conths.
Aormal operational trcnsients. that involve a scran vould result in more rapid circulcting vetor ceo: deva rates initially, 'followed by rates similar to those raantioned chova ler ncrcal cooldcuns.
It an event occurs that results in a reactor isolation, the tcrperature in the dis-charge canal veuld drop rcpidly to that of the intake canal, probably in Icss than one hour.
These scran and isolation events arc, of course, very infrequent.
Previous to January 1972, there had been no deleterious ef fect upon fish and shellfish cc r.on to this area.
A loss of a nutber of fish in the dischcrge canal occurred in January 1972 when the Oyster Crock plant was shut down for regular esintenance.. A copy of the prelicinary report en this incident is attached.
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TAT,LC 7-1 Cf3:C :Ortn' OP int:TS 9-17-71 Stcrt controlled chutdevn by insertion of control rods 10:03 p.m.
' 9-18-72 Mai.n Sten = Isolatien Valve Test's 2: 03.a,n.
4 Fee'ovater hesters taken out of service 2:30 2:50 tr 3:h0 "B 8: "C" feedvater pur.ps off
..h :1.!;.
Generator off 3.ine A feed. uter pump off and begin decrease of reactor 6:22 recirculttion flov 6:!.6
. T. circulatien ei nu ein.m tn :dnimun s
All rods inserted. closed :2rl, stcrt chutGcen ecoli.ns 4
7:M procus NOTI?:
Ihtring.this entire tire period four (h) circulating vater pu ps vere in operation and no dilution pu ps were in use.
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.e So QUESTTON
-gay; 8.
,What plans exist to reduce drastic temperature decreases in the heat af f ected aren during the winter that nicht bc
. caused by plent slow-down to the extent that they do not present a hazard to fishes?
RESPONSE
As: indicated in the respe.nse to Question 7, changes in the Oyster Creek discht.rge and tenpernture resulting from startup, shut dv.in or trips
' prior to January 1972 have never resul:cd in any deletcrious effects on
,.pj fish in the canal or bay.
Consequently, there have never been any special proceduren to reduce the temperature transients.
Ecr ever, as a result of the incident in January 1972, the problen is under intensive investigation aimed.t cvoiding any sindlar events in the future.
These plans will be made availabic for your review as soon as the investigation is completed.
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QUISTIO'l
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What is the extent of tortality of entrained organisms?
RE57c::SE Na specific study has been made of entraiced organisms passing through the plant.
Those bay studies ass,ociated vith the planktonic forns of life that may be transported throu;h the cendenser tubes, and including fish eggs and larvae, reficct no dir.inution of population associated with the operation 'of the Oyster Crack Plant.
Studies have been nade of the lerger org::1.ros that bgcor.e entrained,-
ingdnDe u n the screens, cnd are flushed 2.own a flu ic' for return to the bay.(
These s tudies extend from April 15 through July 1,1971.
After July 1st the vair,ht of the cisse fished frora the screens into
. tho' flur.c made it physically ir_poss1Me to continue the s tudy.
Some r0sslts cre presented here.
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A' trtal of 4,226 blue crcbs (C 0Zyucirc spic ~ua) was taken of which 198 (5.0:;) were dond.
A total cf 731 fish rcpresenting 33 species was i
clso taken.
Of these, 433 (62::) vere decl.
Six fish species represented 61% (367 fish) of the tot:1 found.
These included:
ony aneabvy I' "cho rrp wisisi!
21u tish, 20$1 (YY.I) dead.
Winter flounder (Feadpk:cc+:cetas Wrie:mus) j 112 fish,17 (13.0%) dead.
Northern pipefish (Synp;cthus ;":acuc) 110 fish, 33 (34.0!!). dead.
Oyster toadfish (Opcenus tc.u) 33 fish, 1 (3%) dead.
These four fish species represented 66;; (465).
These fish losses from the screens are not considered a significant loss fren the fish coc= unity of the envire=ent.
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-(1) Wurtz,7DE. C. M. ;' "FiMh and Cr.6s on the Screens of tho' Oyster Creek Plant -Doring 19 71"; Jcnua ry 14, 1072.
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,.. o QUESTION
' 10. -
. To what. cxtent has the discharge affected the distribution
,. and. species 'co. position of attached aquatic vegetation.
_ RESPONSE The research investigations. r.ade by. the students and faculty of Rutgers University include studies of the benthic algae.
The seventh Progrest P.eport ca this work,. dated June 25, 1971, stated:
"...we have found no evidc.nce for a drastic loss of algal species i
in Barnegat Bay;"
The. only vasculcr plant of coerca occurrence is the cel grass (Zostcra species).
This gras.5 appeared regularly in the s'ampics collected by
~
the' investigators.
The conclusions draten to dcte by the investigating group are on co11cetions that include abcut 135 species of benthic algac with the number of species per sanple ranging from M o to eight.
The report points out that the nu:$er of species, and the, proportien of cach species, in randc: st=ples dra'.n from the study area do not vary sig-nificantly fron point to point. in the bay.
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In vick of these studies it would appear that the discharge fron the C c o.
C4eei. ;-ian:- nas ner triected the distribution or species i
composition of attached equctic vegetation.
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C"JT.STIC::
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11.
To what extent,. if r.::y, does the heated discharge attract wat'erfowl during the vinter and have they experienced any natural ccertality.
RESPONSE
Waterfowl (mainly. sea gulls) nra sttracted to the Oyster Creek discharge canal'by the fish which inhabit t'i.is warn vat er area during the vinter.
JC?iL does not siudy waterfe,.1; hr:.rever, there are no qualitative indi-cations of any increased. nature.1 rx,rtality attributable to plant opera-tions.
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