ML20033F460
| ML20033F460 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 09/11/1984 |
| From: | Singer B NRC |
| To: | Ayer J NRC |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20033D963 | List:
|
| References | |
| FOIA-90-29 NUDOCS 9003210141 | |
| Download: ML20033F460 (13) | |
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TECHNOLOGY OF FOOD IRRADIATION
- N.
W W
G. L. Tingey 9'
Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 g
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I am pleased to have the opportunity to testify on the development and j
comercialization of food irradiation. This technology holds the promise of 4
-contributing markedly to our ability to expand the world's available food i
xg supply, to assist in expanding our near-term export market, and to protect the f
environment by disinfesting a variety of food products.
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BACKGROUND I
f Almost all of the food that Americans consume is processed in ways that gj produce chemical changes in the food. These processes include freezing, d
canning, drying, smoking, salt-curing, and cooking.
In the future, irradiation L[
may also be used.
It is one of the least, energetic treatment processes; thus, lf chemical changes to the product are often less ext'nsive. The need for e
irradiation as a food treatment process for disinfestation is growing because I4]
of the hazards associated with some chemical fumigants; and extension of' shelf
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life is clearly needed, especially in Third World countries. Therefore, the i
potential for growth of irradiation processing of food appears to be promising both in the United States and worldwide.
In order to accomodate this growth, j
Q the need for supply of radiation sources demands our attention, i
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Gama rays and x-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation, which also il includes radiowaves, microwaves, and even visible light. Gama rays and x-rays
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have sufficient energy to cause ionization and thus cause chemical changes by j
ionic reactions, whereas lower energy forms of electromagnetic radiation 5
produce ' chemical changes by heating and electronic excitation.
In contrast to
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irradiation with neutrons, no nuclear activation occurs with gama irradiation and the product does not become in any way or to any exter,t radioactive.
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- Testimony before the Subcomittee on Energy Research and Production,~Comittee 4
on Science and Technology, U.S. House'of Representatives; July 26, 1984.
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'i IRRADIATION OF NORTHWEST AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 9j.
Paciffc Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is currently conducting a DOE-sponsored lj
. experimental program in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1
(USDA)'laboratoriesinWashingtonState. The goal of program is to evaluate h..
the potential benefits of irradiation to the agricultural industry in the l
C Northwest. The near-tenn objective is to construct a demonstration irradiator n;
that could be used to irradiate. a variety of products in sufficient quantities I.,
to establish the market potential and to stimulate putilic acceptance.
Initial h
efforts have concentrated on irradiating apples and cherries to disinfest them j
of codling moths and cherry fruit flies.
Ir ndiation appears to be the treat-j ment of choice to meet the quarantine requirements for export to the Far East.
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Tests to date indicate that a gama dose of 20 to 30 krads is sufficient to meet quarantine requirements with no detrimental effect to the fruit.
In -
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f act, shelf life may be extended slightly. Tables I and II show the effects Q
of relatively low doses of irradiation on cherry fruit flies and codling i
i moths. Studies are continuing on these and other, products as a joint effort
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by PNL, the USDA laboratories in Yakima and Wenatchee, Washington, and other j.
interested agricultural organizations.
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RADIATION SOURCES
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7' Sources for food irradiation include gama-emitting isotopes and j
y-radiation-generating machines.
The primary isotopes of interest are cobalt-60 and cesium-137,- a byproduct from defense and comercial nuclear fuels.
3' Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.27 years, and cesium-137 is less energetic than hl '
cobalt-60 but has a half-life of 30.2 years.
(3 Radiation-generating machines that produce high energy electrons have u
p been developed and are currently used to a limited extent for irradiation of T,
y medical products and spices. These machines may be preferred over isotopes if
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-the material to be irradiated is of low density and if the near-surface dose p'
is sufficient. However, high energy electrons have a limited penetration y
depth and are ineffective on high density or thick samples. Although high f;
energy can be used to generate more penetrating gama rays or x-rays, this y
conversion is quite inefficient.
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Cobalt-60 is generated by the capture of a neutron by cobalt-59 in a 3
L nuclear reactor. Almost all of the world supply of cobalt-60 is presently h
(j s$ppliedbyAtomicEnergyofCanadaLimited.
Only about 1 million curies / year o
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are generated in the United States, and this amount comes from a government-9 owned materials test reactor.
Utilities have shown little or no interest in g{
producing' cobalt-60 in power reactors. The acceptability of producing j
additional cobalt-60 should be investigated to give a reliable domestic supply
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and to meet demands of an expanding market for gamma sources.
f Cesium-137 is one of the major fission products generated in nuclear
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- fission reactors and, thus, is a byproduct from both power and defense reactor
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fuels. To aid waste management, this isotope has been recovered and x
encapsulated from the defense reactor waste at Hanford since 1967;
,i 1575 capsules, containing about 86 million curies of cesium, have been d
produced. Material from a few of the capsules has been used for various.
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purposes and radioactive decay has occurred, leaving a current inventory ofi
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about 77 million curies. These capsules contain radioactive cesium as cesium
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chloride doubly encapsulated in 1/8-in.-thick stainless steel cylinders. They have been tested for mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, vibration, and
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in the ability to withstand high temperatures in accidental fires.
In j
addition, t.ests art-under_way to examine the effecte ed +harmal cyclino and f
high-temperature swelling and to define the temperature limits for long-term j
operation The results of the tests indicate that the capsules will withstand the irradiator operating and projected accident conditions with a wide margin n
M of safety.
In addition, the capsules will be monitored and selected ones will be periodically examined to assure their integrity.
j The present U.S. demand for isotopes for irradiation of medical products aF and spices exceeds availability. This demand is expected to grow.
Furthermorepas irradiation of food becomes a reality, the demand is expected to increase markedly. To meet the needs for radiation sources, we must take
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advantage of all three types of sources--cobalt-60, cesium-137, and radiation-generating machines.
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i, At present, DOE has more requests for cesium-137 sources than are availcble.
As previously mentioned, there are approximately 1500 sources containing about 77 million curies stored at Hanford.
An additional
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40 million curies will be separated from Hanford defense waste through 1991.
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Although current plans stipulate disposal of this material, it could be made d
available if there is demand for it. The stored defense nuclear waste at i
S.
Savannah River contains about 100 million curies with another 100 million to p
f be generated through the year 2000.
However, f acilities for purification and (j
encapsulation are not currently available at Savannah River. A program to l
evaluate the most cost-effective way to make this cesium-137 available for 9
irradiation sources should be undertaken.
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The largest source of byproduct cesium is in the spent fuel from comer-This
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cial power plants where an estimated 500 million curie.s are contained.
j amount will increase to about 11 billion by the year 2021. Recovery of the Q.
cesium-137 from gent fuel can be considered only if fuel reprocessing werei b
undertaken or if spent fuel disposal requires removal of the most volatile j
radioactive species before storage. The potential availability of the 3
j byproduct cesium is sumarized in Table III along with the estimated number of d
irradiators that could be supplied by this source. Presently available cesium j
would supply only eight average-sized (10 mci of cesium-137) irradiators, 3-l Thus, at best, the present cesium could only aid in meeting the immediate
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demand; and additional cobalt-60, cesium-137, and radiation generating h
machines would be necessary for future requirements.
&and its contractors are presently engaged in gathering the data.
(n.ecessary for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission (NRC) approval to use the j,
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lpresent cesium-137 capsules in irradiators. The NRC approval along with acceptance of food irradiation by the Food _ and, Drug Administration will assure an increasing demand for h11^1rradiation'sourcess a
5 fsj WASTE MANAGEMENT BENEFIT 3
?.
During the first 200 years of storage of nuclear fuels or nuclear waste, the major radiation' and heat-producing isotopes are cesium-137 and strontium-90. When these two elements are removed from 10-year-old fuel, the 4
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value with these two elements included (Table IV). Thus, removal of cesium L
and strontium could p-oduce major waste management and disposal cost savings k
and would result in a waste with much less radioactivity and heat during the
$7 early years of disposal.
In sumary, further development of irradiation d
' technology' for food and other commodities, using all sources of irradiation, I
will clearly be a great benefit to society and, at the same time, lessen the-k challenges in handling and disposal of nuclear waste.
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RECOMMENDATIONS -
As has been shown-in this and previous, testimonies, much of the research
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and development has been completed to assess the viability of food. irradiation.
l'f There remains, however, the important areas of supplying domestic sources of f.
gama-producing isotopes and the need to demonstrate to the public the-A benefits and safety of this technology.
7Lj Since the most ready supply of cesium-137 comes from government and 3
defense' fuels, its supply is solely' dependent upon government policies and 1a decisions. The present cesium-137 capsules need to be licensed. Obtaining ej.
the necessary data to ensure their safety and licensability is a natural role
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of the government.
Since the demand for this isotope has become better A
defined, cesium-137 recovered in the future should be enclosed in capsules p.
- optimized for irradiator use.
Design of optimum capsules and development of 7l f abrication techniques and equipment should be part of the federal program, Furthemore, the entire inventory of spent nuclear power fuel is controlled by g
j the federal government as outlined in the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. Thus, as h
policies are established for management of the spent fuel or waste, j.
consideration should be given to the recovery and use of the nuclear N
I byproducts.
L 31 The present DOE policy stimulates the development of food irradiation by J
participating in the construction of demonstration irradiators. The purpose h-of these demonstrations is to evaluate irradiator designs, to supply sufficient material to stimulate public acceptance in the product, and to test acceptability to foreign markets.
This policy should be continued for a period of time sufficient to complete a thorough evaluation of this technology.
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TABLE I.
Control of Cherry Fruit Fly n
Dose Mean Number /100 Fruit
-s (krad)
Pupae Aoults T
O 109 78.0 l
s' 3.5 44.5 0
h,(
1-5.3 38.5
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7.0 25.0 0
b 10.5 19.0 0.5 s,.
t 17.4 9.0 0
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1 TABLE II.
Control of Codling Moth (dose required for quar ntine security)
A
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Nondiapausino Larvae Diapausino Larvae q
i Prevent-Adult Emergence 21 krad 23 krad p
A Prevent Nomal Emergence 14 krad 15 krad i:
TABLE III. Estimated Inventory of Cesium-137
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Number of Irradiators Fueled (a) 3 A
L.j Sources Million Curies No.
Cumulative I[
Hanford i!
As of 1984 77 8
8 n-
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Additional to 1991 40 4
12
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Savannah River S
As of 1984
-100 10 22 rj Additional to 2000 100 10 32 7
6-g-
Spent Fuel As of 1984 500 50 82(b)
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Additional to 2021 11,000 1,100 1,182(b) 0' s
P (a -10 mci of cesium-137 per irradiator.
I; (b Assumes reprocessing or major waste treatment.
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' TABLE IV. Major Heat and Radiation-Producing Isotopes in Nuclear Waste ( A)
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Heat Generation-Radioactivity
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Isotope (watts / tonne)
(kCi/ tonne) 3j Cesium + barium 430 160 M
Stront.ium + yttrium 370 115
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Curium 30 1
J.r-Americium 7
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Total (including those not shown) 860 290
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,v-(a) 33,000 Mid/ tonne; 10 years after discharge.
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{F 1
P STATEMENT OF
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ALLAN CHIN m,
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Refore the Committee on Science & Technology y
Subcommittee on Energy and Production j
U. S. House of Representatives 1.c]
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, my name is Allan s,;
Chin.
I as president and Chief Executive Officer of Radiation y4 Sterilizers, Inc., a California-based company which owns and operates several large scale gamma facilities to provide contract sterilization h:
services to manufacturers of disposable medical devices. Th,e Company i
also markets turn-key gamma sterilization facilities for large scale industrial-users.
- 4 An' I have been active in the design and operation of gamma steriliza-f tion facilities for fifteen years, and I formed Radiation Sterilizers in
F 1973 to provide the medical device industry with a safe alternative 3
ster 111 stion process to ethylene oxide gas, which has been proven to be j-both mutagenic and carcinogenic.
[
My technical qualifications include undergraduate and graduate 4_
degrees in' chemical engineering from M.I.T.
I an also a licensed
- t professional engineer in both Chemical and Nuclear Engineering.
T sy far, the largest single use'of gamma irradiation today is for 2
the sterilisation of disposable medical products. Most of the growth in y
this application has taken place during the last five years. As j
recently as seven years ago, only five percent of the medical industry G-was using gamma sterilization for their products.
R The large majority of the industry was using a gas. fumigation process employing ethylene oxide gas. This process was in favor because g
I-it was cheap, functional, and apparently safe.
3 In 1977, the EPA released the results of toxicity tests which h
showed that ethylene oxide was mutagenic. Additional tests performed y
both by industry and regulatory agencies provided strong evidence that.
p ethylene oxide.was siso a carcinogen.
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Many large medical product manufacturers and companies, such as d
.RSI, recognized the hazards of ethylene oxide and began to evaluate j
alternative processes. Radiation emerged as the only viable solution.
7 Fortunately the vast amounts of prior research undertaken during earlier 3
food irradiation programs provided the technical basis for the design of i;!.
medical product irradiators. In concert with this effort, as more
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radiation capacity came on line, the regulatory agencies were able to
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consider tighter regulations and restrictions on the use of this n
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- 6 ll STATENENT OF ALLAN CHIN Page 2
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Qy hasardous material. As a result of these efforts, the use of gamma
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sterilisation for medical product ster 111:stion today has grown to S
35-40%.
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The increased usage of gamma sterilization is projected to continue, and industry ster 111:stion usage levels of 75-80% are antici-lj pated by 1987. The safety and reliability aspects of this process have been well established and accepted by the medical industry. As an
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additional bonus, the process has proven to be more cost effective.
a The exclusive source'for sauna rays for this application has been i
y the radioisotope cobalt-60. This isotope is man-made in nuclear power
$I reactors.
In a sense, it is a form of nuclear waste. The virtual sole
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source for cobalt-60 has been from the Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
3 (AECL).
d N
..t Recently, the D.O.E. initiated a program to produce a small amount d'
of cobalt-60 in its Idaho Falls reactors for U.S. industry. The total 4
produced amounts to less than a few percent.of the total requirement.
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4 3
The industry desperately needs a second source of gamma rays.
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Although the government has the capability to produce large amounts of M
cobalt-60, the D.O.E. apparently has more critical uses for its y
neutrons, and has indicated that its cobalt-60 production will not be increased.
j currently the AECL is not able to provide the medical industry's y
needs for cobalt-60. This has generated very serious problems for RSI q
as well as the rest of the medical industry. Any other application for y
gamma rays, such as food irradiation, will only serve to compound this pj' problem.
as The only other viable source of gamma rays is the isotope cesium-7-
137. This isotope is a waste by-product which is being continuously
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generated in the nation's nuclear power reactors. The cesium-137 i
represents the major radioactive constituent in our nuclear wasta.
d
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The D.O.E. Recovery and Re-Uti,lization program. _was; undegtaken to 3
help solve the problem of, the nation's radioactive-wasta. I. atr.ongly y'
support this program, and perceive-it as a solution to both the nuclear b
waste problem and the second source of gamma rays.
- c@
[f The D.O.E.,
at considerable expense, has successfully demonstrated A
that the recovery of cesium-137 is viable. Approximately 80 million curies of Cesium-137 have been separated and encapsulated in the D.O.E.
j.
facilities in Hanford, WA.
This materisi is not available to industry because of N.R.C. restrictions.,This material is currently wasting away j(
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in storage pools.
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STATEMENT OF ALLAN CHIN Page 3
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I have reviewed most of the data pertaining to the Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility capsules (WE5F). I have also had q
1engthy' discussions with the scientists at Ratelle Pacific Northwest y
1.aboratories and Rockwell International.
r 7,
My conclusions on the WESF capsule are that there are no 2
substantive technical reasons why they cannot and should not be used in F
properly (33133g1 gam irradiators. RSI has applied to the N.E.C. for 3
approval to use the WESF capsules in its facilities. Through the joint k
efforts and cooperation of the N.R.C. and D.O.E., it is my hope that
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this approval will be tranted in the very near future, and that this
]z application will represent the first commercial utilisation of the h'
nation's nuclear waste by-products.
4
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The first large scale uses of radiation for sterilisation were 1
projected for the food industry. Due to a variety of reasons these
{
never reached fruition. However, the massive amounts of research
('
i undertaken during the 40's and 50's on food. radiation, provided the f,
groundwork for the successful use of radiation in,the medical field in a
the 60's.
taj The current. state of the art in large scale equipment technology j
has been developed for the medical industry. Fortunat'ely, this
)t technology can be beneficially applied directly to the food industry.
m j
There is certainly a close parallel between the medical and food industries regarding the potential usage of radiation as a means of microbial control. The medical industry had its ethylene oxide, and the
)
food industry has its ethylene d1 bromide. Both processes enjoyed many
,j years of un-challenged usage until regulatory agencies determined they j
posed a serious health hasard to people.
In both instances, radiation j
has emerged as the most viable, safe alternative.
i
?
In any discussion on radiation, it should be recognised that there are two types of radiation which can be used. I have discussed h
primarily gamma radiation because that is the predominant choice in the medical industry.
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The oth'er form of radiation is beta or electron ra'istion generated d
from high voltage machines.
Sj The major differences between the two forma of radiation define their application. Gamma processing is characterized by high
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penetration and low dose rates. Conversely, electron beam processing is j
characterized by low penetration and high dose rates.
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STATEMENT OF ALIJM CHIN Page 4
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I In the medical industry, the products are generally packaged into
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large cartons. Casuna processing because of its high penetration is the K,'
method of choice.
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T In the food industry, cartonised packaging will require gassna
,l processing. If individual food items are treated, electron beam q-processing will be possible. The use of the electron beam in food 1rradiation will have a higher potential usage than the medical
[j industry.
The safety and wholesomeness aspects of irradiated foods have been y
'll satisfactorily addressed by many agencies. All members of the radiation f-community are in general agreement that radiation can be applied safely j.
and beneficially to many food products to preserve and extend their M'."
shelf life.
n Our position can be summarised as follows:
k Q'
1.
Food preservation is a safe, beneficial use of radiation.
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2.
The technology is currently available to develop large scale food irradiators.
a 3.
The dependence on a sole source for an a'dequate supply of gamma rays
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is a very large industry concern.
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4 The approval and development of-a continuing source of cesium by the D.O.E. is necessary for food irradiation to become a reality.
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Consumer education and acceptance will greatly _ influence the rate of.
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growth of this application.
6.
Food irradiation will ultimately be used worldwide to extend the utilization of our food crops.
k Mr. Chairman and members of this committee. thank you for this fi a
opportunity to make these statements, and I will be pleased to answer any questions you may..
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