Text

Annual Environ Operating Rept Vol II-Radiological.
	ML19283B626
Person / Time
Site:	Cooper
Issue date:	02/12/1979
From:	Heubner L, Wadley G, Wild R; NEBRASKA PUBLIC POWER DISTRICT
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a LM t

Nebraska Public Power District Cooper Nuclear Station _ ;

Annual Environmental Operating Report Volume ll - Radiological

E'aivironmental Radiation Monitoring Program January 1,1978 - December 31,1978 9

8 a

USNRC Docket Number 50-298 BePrepared by

HAZELTON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATION m

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HAZLETOT ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO APO A ATION iSCO F nON T AGE HO AD. NORTHB AOOK. lL LaNOIS TOO62. U S A REPORT TO NEBRASKA PUBLIC PGiER DISTRICT COLUMBUS, NEBRASKA ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION MONITORING PROGRAM COOPER NUCLEAR STATION NEMAHA COUNTY, NEBRASKA

SUMMARY

REPORT 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 19 78 PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATION PROJECT NO. 5501-08936 Prepared by: ,

R. E. Wild, Ph . D .

Group Leader Nuclear Sciences Section Approved by: L L. G./ Huebner, M.S.

Director Nuclear Sciences Section Approved by: O.M D A G. W. Wadley, Ph.D. }

Scientific Director Draft 1, Februarv 6, 1979 Final Draft, February 12, 1979 790305031b PHONE (312) SO4-0700 o TE LE X 29-9483 (H AZES NB AK)

HAZLLTON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE This report covers the period January through December 1978.

All sample collections were made by personnel of the Nebraska Public Power District except for fish, river water and aquatic vegetation, which were collected by personnel of Hazleton Environ-mental Sciences, Lincoln, Nebraska. Analyses were performed by staff members of the Nuclear Sciences Section of Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation, Northb rook, Illinois. They are: Steve Bartman, Carol Johnson, Kerry Kraft, Consolacion Marucut, and Laura Nicia. The report was prepared by R. E. Wild, Group Leader, Nuclear Sciences Seccion, under the direction of L. G.

Huebner, Head, Nuclear Sciences Section.

ii

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface................................................. ii Li s t o f Tab l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v L i s t o f Fi gu re s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii I. Introduction............................................ 1 II. Summary................................................. 2 III. Progrrm................................................. 4 IV. S t a ti s ti cal S umma ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 V. D i s c us s i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 A. Program Objectives and Data Interpretation...................................... 38 B. Atmospheric Nuclear Detonations..................... 39 C. Results in Excess of CNS Notification Levels.............................................. 42 VI. An a lys i s o f Re s ul ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 A. Ambient Radiation (TLD's)........................... 44 B. Air Particulates and Airborne Iodine................ 46 C. Feed and Forage..................................... 53 D. Food and Feed Crops................................. 57 E. Milk................................................ 59 F. G ar de n C ro ps an d App l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 '

G. Eggs........................................ ....... 65 H. G ro un d Wa te r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 T. Ra bb i t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 J. River Water......................................... 70 K. Fish................................................ 73 L. Aquatic Vegetation.................................. 75 111

HA2LETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Pace M. So11........................................... 77 VII. Re f e re n c e s C i te d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 79 Appendix A. Statistical Notes......................... A-1 B. Notification Levels....................... B-1 I

iv

HAZLETON ENVIF40NMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES Title Page No.

1 Sampling schedule and analyses, 1978, Cooper Nuclear Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2 Sampling locations , Cooper Nuclear Station. . . . . 8 3 Characteristic properties of isotopes quantified in gamma-spectroscopic analyses. . . . . . . . 40 4 Results in excess of Cooper Nuclear Station notification levels, 1978. . . . . . . . . . . 43 Summary Tables (Section IV)

SA-1 Ambient radiation measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's), summary of averaged data. . 12 SB-1 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, January - March 1978. . . . . . . . 13 SB-2 Air parti culates , summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarter 11 means and standard deviations, April - June, 1978. . . . . . . . . 14 SB-3 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard ceviations, July - September, 1978. . . . . . . 15 SB-4 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations , October - December 1978 . . . . . . 16 SB-5 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly' and quarterly means and standard deviations, January - March 1978. . . . . . . . 17 SB-6 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, April - June, 1978. . . . . . . . . 18 SB-7 Air particulates, summary of averagtl gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, October - December, 1978. . . . . . 19 SB-8 Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, October - December, 1978. . . . . . 20 v

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued)

No. Title Page SB-9 Airborne iodine-131, summary of averaged data. . . . . 21 SB-10 Air particulates, summary of averaged data for gamma-emitting isotopes in quarterly composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 SC-1 Vegetation, feed and forage, beef pr>ducers, summary of averaged data. . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 SC-2 Vegetation, feed and forage, commercial milk producers, summary of averaged data . . . . . . . 25 SC-3 Vegetation, feed and forage, nearest milk producers ,

summary of averaged data. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 SD-1 Vegetation, food and feed crops, summary of averaged data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SE-1 Milk, commercial producers, summary of averaged data . 28 SE-2 Milk, nearest producers , summary of averaged data. . . 29 SF-1 Garden crops and apples, summary of averaged data. . . 30 SG-1 Eggs , summary of averaged data . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 SH-1 Ground water, summary of averaged data . . . . . . . . 32 SI-l Rabbits, summary of averaged data. . . . . . . . . . . 33 SJ-l River water, summary of averaged data. . . . . . . . . 34 SK-1 Fish, summary of averaged data . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 SL-1 Aquatic vegetation, summary of averaged data . . . . . 36 SM-1 Soil, summary of averaged data . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Appendix B B-1 Notification levels Cooper Nuclear Stt ion Environmental Radiation Monitoring Program. . . . B-2 vi

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES tio . Title Page Sampling locations, Cooper Nuclear Station........... 10 1

2 Gross beta in air particulates, 1978 monthly averages, Cooper Nuclear Station and Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitor- 48 ing Sys tem ( ERAMS ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES I. Introduction This report summarizes data collected during the period January - December 1978 for the operational environmental radiologi-cal monitoring program performed for the Cooper Nuclear Station (CNS) of the Nebraska Public Power District (NPPD) by Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation (HESC). A complete tabulation of data for this period is published as part of the Annual Report (Nebraska Public Power District, 1979).

Cooper Nuclear Station is located in Nemaha County in the southeast corner of Nebraska on the Missouri River. A portion of the site extends into Missouri. The reactor is a 778 megawatt boiling water reactor. Initial criticality was attained on 21 Febru-ary 1974. The reactor reached 50% power on 25 June 1974 and 100%

power on 20 November 1974.

Radiological environmental monitoring began in 1971 before the plant became operational and has continued to the present. The program monitors radiation levels in the air, terrestrial and aquatic environments. Most samples are collected by NPPD personnel.

All are shipped for analysis to a contractor's laboratory where there exist the special facilities required for measurements of extremely low levels of radioactivity. From 1971 through 1976 the contractor was Teledyne Isotopes, Westwood, New Jersey. HESC assumed responsibility for the analyses effective 1 January 1977.

Prior to 1 November 1978 HESC operated as NALCO Envircnmental Sciences.

1

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES II. Summa ry A summary is presented of results obtained for the period 1 January 1978 to 31 December 1978 in the Operational Environmental Radiation Monitoring Program at the Cooper Nuclear Station of the Nebraska Public Power District.

In agreement with a pattern observed nationwide, two atmospheric nuclear detonations by the People's Republic of China, one on 17 September 1977 and one on 14 March 1978, had a significant impact on the data. A third Chinese weapons test on 14 December 1978 had no detectable effect on the data.

Elevated gross beta activities in gross beta activities re-sulting from the September 1977 test had subsided by January 1978, however, fallout from this detonation was seen in first quarter results for strontium-89 in feed and forage, milk samples, and river water samples. Elevated levels of gamma-emitting isotopes were also observed in air particulates and feed and forage samples. The Cooper Nuclear Station notification level for strontium-89 was exceeded by one feed and forage sample as a result of fallout from this test.

Fallout from the 14 March 1978 test caused elevated beta and gamma activities in air particulates; strontium-89 and gamma activities in feed and forage; strontium-89, iodine-131 activities in milk; stronitum-89 in eggs; and strontium-89 in river water.

Fallout from the March test exceeded notification levels for gross beta in air particulates and iodine-131 and strontium-89 in milk.

The rare and sporadic detection of trace levels of activation 2

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES products is attributable to statistical fluctuations in the raw data. No conclusive evidence of a plant effect on the environment was obtained.

3

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Program The 1978 sampling and analysis program is described in Table 1. Sampling requirements and analytical techniques are dis-cussed in detail in separate publications (NALCO Environmental Sciences, 1977a,b). Hazleton Environmental Sciences has a compre-hensive quality assurance /qaality control program designed to assure the reliability of data obtained (NALCO Environmental Sciences, 1975, 1977c).

Sampling locations are listed in Table 2. The type or status of each location and its distance and direction from the reactor elevated release point are specified. A map of the locations is included (Fig. 1). More detailed descriptions of the locations are given in the Annual Report (Nebraska Public Power District, 1979).

4

HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. Sampling schedule and analyses, 1977, Cooper Nuclear Station.

WZEKLY Sample Type Station Nos. Analyses Airborne - Particulates 1 - 10 Gross a, p Gamma spec. on quarterly composite of each station and on samples with p .

levels > 300 dpm Airborne- Iodine 1 - 10 I-131 Feed & Forage - Beef 64 - 68, 71 Gamma spec. on (peak pasture only) monthly composite Milk - Nearest Pro- 61, 68", 74^ I-131 (low level) ducers (peak pasture Sr-89, Sr-90, only) Elem. Ca Gamma spec. on monthly composite MONTHLY Sample Type Station Los. Analyses Feed & Forage - Beef 64 - 68, and 71 Gamma spec.

Producers (except peak pasture season)

Feed & Forage - Near- 61, 68", 74^ Sr-89, Sr-90 est Milk Producers Elem. Ca (peak pasture only) Gamma spec.

River Water 12, 13, 28 Gross a - sus & dis Gross p - sus & dis Sr-89, Sr-90 Gamma spec. and tritium on quarterly composite Milk - Nearest Producers 61, 68 8 , 74" I-131 (low level)

(except peak pasture Sr-89, Sr-90 season) Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

5

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. (continued) 00ARTERLY Sample Type Station Nos. Analyses Background Radiation 1 - 10, 15, 18, 22, TLD readout 44, 58, 59 8

Feed & Forage - 61, 68 , 74^ Sr-89, Sr-90 Nearest Milk Pro- Elem. Ca ducers (except peak Gamma spec.

pasture season) b Sr-89, Sr-90 Feed & Forage - 42, 43 , 73, 75 Other Milk Pro- Elem. Ca ducers Gamma spec.

Ground Water 11, 47 Gross a,p(total res.)

Gamma spec.

Gritium 73, 75 b

Milk - Commercial 42, 43 , I-131 (low level)

Producers Sr-89, Sr-90 Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

Eggs 42, 51, 66, 67 Gross p Sr-89, Sr-90 Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

2 TIMES / YEAR Sample Type Station Nos . Analyses Fish (Summer and Fall) 28, 35 Gross p Sr-89, Sr-90 Gamma spec.

Aquatic vegetation 12, 13, 28 Gross p Sr-89, Sr-90 Ganna spec.

ANNUALLY Sample Type Station Nos. Analyses Food & Feed Crops 15, 18, 20. 27 Gross P (at harvest) 29, 38, 41 Sr-89, Sr-90 Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

6

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. (continued)

ANNUALLY (cont'd)

Sample Type Station Nos. Analyses Garden Crops 34, 56, 62 Gross p (at harvest) Sr-89, Sr-90 Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

Apples 53, 54 Gross p Sr-89, Sr-90 Elem. Ca Gamma spec.

Rabbits 28, 35 Thyroid - I-131 (fall or early Femur - Sr-89, Sr-90 winter) Muscle - Gamma spec.

ONCE EVERY THREE YEARS Sample Type Station Nos. Analyses Soil 2 - 10 Sr-90, Gamma spec.

(to be sampled in 1978)

^

Collection discontinued at C-68 after March 1978. Peplaced by b C-74 in June 19 78.

C-43 replaced by C-75 in October 1978.

7

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2. Sampling locations, Cooper Nuclear Station.

Station No. Distance # Direction" Classification (miles) (degrees) 0.10 225 IND 1

0.75 225 IND 2

2.5 338 IND 3

3.0 43 IND 4

3.5 102 IND 5

3.0 165 IND 6

2.5 230 IND 7

2.5 260 IND 8

7.3 335 IND 9

10.0 160 IND 10 IND 11 0.15 225 0.10 360 CON 12 IND 13 0.25 120 0.50 140 PO 14 0.51 180 IND 15 NA 16 0.75 202 1.5 235 PO 17 IND 18 0.80 270 1.0 300 PO 19 IND 20 0.96 315 0.60 46 PO 21 IND 22 0.70 95 1.9 80 PO 23 PO 24 3.0 97 3.8 105 PO 25 PO 26 3.0 130 3.0 143 IND 27 IND 28 1.8 150 3.0 170 IND 29 PO 30 5.0 178 2.8 222 NA 31 PO 32 3.4 268 302 PO .

33 2.8 2.5 333 IND 34 CON 35 2.0 350 3.6 335 PO 36 NA 37 3.9 330 4.0 360 IND 38 PO 39 2.8 25 3.9 37 PO 40 IND 41 8.4 11 12.9 156 IND 42 c 43 11.8 217 10.3 270 CON 44 NA 45 4.0 325 8

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2. (continued)

Station No. Distance ^ Direction" Classification (miles) (degrees) 46 24.8 153 NA 47 25.8 154 IND 48 5.6 332 NA 49 11.4 222 NA 50 1.1 270 NA 51 4.2 125 IND 52 7.4 79 NA 53 2.0 216 IND 54 5.2 320 IND 55 1.8 270 NA 56 1.9 118 IND 57 6.6 208 NA 58 1.3 219 IND 59 1.0 189 IND 60 8.4 42 NA 61 3.5 326 IND 62 1.5 225 IND 63 5.0 56 NA 64 2.3 99 IND 65 1.1 305 IND 66 4.5 200 IND 67 4.8 325 IND 68 3.4 270 IND d 69 3.5 31 NA 70 3.5 36 c 71 4.3 71 IND 72 3.8 39 NA 73 10.0 35 IND 74 2.4 270 IND 75 9.0 180 IND

^ Distance and direction are specified with respect to reactor elevated release point.

b Classification codes: IND = indicator; CON = control; PO =

pre-operational sampling site not used in 1977 sampling program; NA = not active as of 1 January 1977.

c Collection at Station 43 discontinued after 3rd quarter.

Collection of milk, nearest producers and feed and forage, nearest producers discontinued at Station 68 after March 1978. Station 68 retained as feed and forage, beef producers.

9

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HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV. Statistical Summary The tables which follow summarize the 1978 data. Averages and standard deviations of the results have been computed in order to determine trends ard facilitate comparison with data previously collected. The computations were performed in accordance with the conventions given in Appendix A.

11

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SA-1. Ambient radiation measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's), sununary of averaged data.

Units: mR/91 days. Locations: 16 (C-1 to C-10, C-15, C-18, C-22, C-44, C-58, C-59).

Mean or LLD" and Number of Points Beta Ganuna Period _

1st Q <7.1 (16) 19.4tl.8 (16) 2nd Q 6.813.6 (1) 19.6 2.4 (16)

<5.3 (15) 3rd Q <9.7 (16) 22.4 2.3 (16) 4th Q < 1's . 9 (16) 20.8 2.0 (16)

Annual <10.9 (64) 20.6 2.4 (64)

Beta LLD is estimated from error of difference in doses between chips shielded from beta radiation and unshielded chips.

b Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

12

Table SB-1. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, January - March, 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Location Jan Feb Mar Jan - Mar C-1 0.002110.0005 0.001910.0008 0.0050io.0036 0.003010.0025 C-2 0.001910 0006 0.0014i0.0009 0.004810.0037 0.002710.0026 y C-3 0.002210.0007 0.001510.0006 0.003910.0037 0.002510.0023 p C-4 0.002110.0008 0.002510.0002 0.004910.0044 0.003310.0029 Z

C-5 0.002110.0002 0.001910.0003 0.005310.0040 0.0031i0.0027 m Z

C-6 0.002210.0014 0.001310.0005 0.0036 0.0025 0.002310.0018 5 m

C-7 0.002510.0006 0.001810.0007 0.006010.0054 0.003410.0035 0 I

C-8 0.002210.0006 0.001410.0002 0.004910.0049 0.002810.0030 m b

C-9 0.0024i0.0004 0.002110.0001 0.005310.0041 0.003310.0027 >

r C-10 0.002010.0006 0 .~ 001010. 0 001 0.003710.0028 0.0022i0.0019 All 0.002210.0006 0.001610.0006 0.004710.0036 0.0029 0.0025 z o

m W

Table SB-2. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, April - June, 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Location Apr May June Apr - June C-1 0.001810.0010 0.001510.0010 0.001710.0008 0.001710.0009 0.002010.0014 0.002010.0007 0.002010.0010 I C-2 0.002010.0012 >

C-3 0.002110.0011 0.001410.0007 0.001310.0004 0.001610.0008 4

C-4 0.001610.0008 0.001510.0008 0.0012i0.0002 0.001410.0006 0 Z

0.001710.0012 0.0015i0.0006 0.0017i0.0008 m C-5 0.001910.0009 Z C-6 0.002810.0017 8

0.001310.0006 0.001510.0005 D

0.001810.0011 fO C-7 0.002010.0017 0.001810.0006 0.002110.0009 0.0- 310.0009 Z I

0.0018t0.0009 m C-8 0.001710.0008 0.001710.0008 0.0020 0.0011 C-9 0.002510.0009 0.001310.0005 0.001710.0008 0.001810.0009 7 C-10 0.002210.0014 0.001610.0016 0.002310.0009 0.002110.0012 $

a All 0.002110.0010 0.001610.0009 0.001710.0008 0.001810.0009 Z O

m W

Data for sample collected 4-17-78 excluded because of low sample volume, b Data for sample collected 7-03-78 excluded because of pump malfunction.

Table SB-3. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, July - September, 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Location July Aug Sept July - Sept C-1 0.0018i0.0003 0.002210.0006 0.002010.0015 0.002010.0009 C-2 0.001410.0002 0.002310.0003 0.002210.0010 0.002010.0607 f C-3 0.002110.0005 0.002210.0006 0.001510.0006 0.002010.0006 h

C-4 0.001810.0006 0.001810.0005 0.0015 0.0009 0.001710.0006 C-5 0.001610.0006 0.002010.0005 0.002310.0007 0.001910.0006 $

C-6 0.001710.0007 0.002510.0005 0.002810.0015 0.002310.0011 3 0

0.0023i0.0005" C-7 0.001810.0^06 0.002010.0006 9.002010.0006 f

C-8 0.001310.0005 0.001910.0014 0.0027*.0.0008 0.002010.0011 0.0021 0.0004 b

C-9 0.002110.0005 0.002410.0005 0.002210.0005 C-10 0.001410.0003 0.002310.0005 0.001510.0004 0.0017i0.0005- 9 m

All 0.001710.0005 0.002210.0006 0.002110.0009 0.002010.0007 h 88 E

a Data for sample collected 9-18-78 excluded because of pump malfunction, b Data for sample collected 9-25-78 excluded because of low sample volume.

Table SB-4. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross alpha data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, October - December, 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Locations Oct Nov Dec Oct - Dec C-1 0.001210.0003 0.002110.0010 0.0n2110.0008 0.001810.000o 0.032310.0013 0.002110.0009 I C-2 0.001710.0005 0.002110.0009 C-3 0.002110.6008 0.002410.0005 0.f01710.0006 0.002010.0007 4

0.001710.0008 0.001910.0010 0 C-4 0.001410.0004 0.002710.0014 Z C-5 0.0012 0.0005 0.0025io.0013 0.001510.0003 0.001710.0009 }<

C-6 0.001310.0008 0.003110.0016 0.001710.0007 0.0020 0.0012 g 0

0.002310.0004 0.001710.0006 0.001810.0006 Z 5 C-7 0.001310.0005 I A

C-8 0.001910.0008 0.002210.0012 0.001310.0005 0.001710.0009 C-9 0.001810.0009 0.002810.0014 0.002010.0005 0.002210.0010 p C-10 0.000910.0002 0.0019i0.0014 0.000710.0002 0.0012t0.0009 $

a 0.001810.0009 Z All 0.001510.0006 0.002410.0011 0.0017io.0008 m

W

Table EB-5. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, Janu.ry - March, 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Location Jan Feb Mar Jan - Mar C-1 0.09910.015 0.09610.018 0.41410.442 0.20310.279 C-2 0.08710.019 0.07810.015 0.334i0.319 0.166 0.208 j C-3 0.09510.017 0.08310.024 0.34210.381 0.17310.235 4

C-4 0.10110.020 0.09810.021 0.376 0.433 u. ell 0.288 0 Z

C-5 0.09810.016 0.099io.018 0.38410.379 0.19310.243

}<

C-6 0.086i0.024 0.06810.011 0.28010.258 0.145i0.168 3 D

e 2 i C-7 0.10310.024 0.09410.011 0.35210.356 0.18310.224 5

C-8 0.11710.033 0.10310.018 0.37810.403 0.19910.249 C-9 0.10010.025 0.10210.017 0.37210.374 0.19110.241 r C-30 0.08410.022 0.06510.016 0.22810.204 0.12510.132 $

a All 0.09710.022 0.08810.020 0.34610.323 0.17810.222 2 m

W

Table SB-6. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, uonthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, April - June, 1978.

Units : pCi/m 3 Location Apr May Jun Apr - Jun C-1 0.16210.046 0.13410.055 0.104i0.024 0.13110.046 I

C-2 9.16810.049 0.14210.059 0.11010.029 0.13810.049 >

C-3 0.15210.040 0.12510.062 0.079io.012 0.11610.049 4

0 C-4 0.14910.038 0.12710.057 0.09610.021 0.12210.043 2 m

C-5 0.15910.039 0.13210.058 0.10110.028 0.12810.046 Z b 0.12610.049 C-6 0.15410.046" 0.13110.056 0.09910.042 H Z C-7 0.14810.040 0.12110.056 0.092i0.014 0.11810.043 g m

C-8 0.16010.051 0.14110.064. 0.110i0.030 0.13510.049 2 0.12910.049 0.10310.024 0.12910.041 r C-9 0.16010.036 m n

C-10 0.15010.042 0.11810.045 0.10110.018 0.12110.039 g z

All 0.15610.038 0.13010.050 0.100i0.024 0.12610.044 0 m

m

" Data for sample cc llected 4-17-78 excluded because of low sample volume.

b Data for sample collected 7-03-78 excluded because of pump malfunction.

Table SB-7. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, July - September 1978.

Units: pCi/m3 Location Jul Aug Sept Jul - Sept C-1 0.08110.012 0.05810.011 0.05710.021 0.06510.018 C-2 0.08310.012 0.062i0.012 0.06010.019 0.06810.017 I C-3 0.06810.005 0.01710.012 0.04310.015 0.05210.016 C-4 0.08010.012 0.05710.013 0.05610.020 0.06410.018 @

C-5 0.07610.012 0.05210.012 0.05410.021 0.06110.018 $

s C-6 0.08610.014 0.06610.013 0.063 0.024 0.07110.020 m O

C-7 0.07310.010 0.04510.015 0.05510.011" 0.05810.016 fm C-8 0.07110.014 0.04610.013 0.05210.018 0.05610.018 g b

C-9 0.08310.013 0.05710.016 0.05510.018 0.06610.019 h m

C 0.06610.010 0.04410.015 0.03910.014 0.05010.017 9 m

All 0.07710.012 0.05310.014 0.053i0.018 0.061i0.018 h m

m Data for sample collected 9-18-78 excluded because of pump malfunction.

b Data for sample collected 9-25-78 excluded because of low sample volume.

Table CD-8. Air particulates, summary of averaged gross beta data, monthly and quarterly means and standard deviations, October - Decenber, 1978.

Jnits: pCi/m3 Location Oct Nov Dec Oct - Dec C-1 0.03710.006 0.05910.013 0.04910.012 0.04910.014 C-2 0.04010.006 0.05910.015 0.05110.016 0.05010.014 C-3 0.02910.005 0.06010.022 0.04910.016 0.04610.019 C-4 0.03610.007 0.06010.019 0.048 0.017 0.04810.017 $

m C-5 0.03910.008 0.062i0.022 0.05210.014 0.05110.017 2 C-6 0.04110.007 0.06410.025 0.04810.013 0.051 0.018 g C-7 0.02810.010 0.06210.024 0.04610.012 0.04510.020 fm C-8 0.03310.006 0.05710.017 0.04310.008 0.044i0.014 2 C-9 0.03610.006 0.056 0.019 0.04510.012 0.04610.015 r M

C-10 0.02110.002 0.04610.021 0.02410.008 0.02910.016 y 2

All 0.03410.009 0.05810.018 0.045i0.014 0.04610.017 o m

W

Table SB-9. Airbornc iodine-131, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/m3 Mean or LLDa Location Jan Feb MarD Aprb May Jun C-1 <0.018 <0.011 0.0290i0.0040 (1) 0.0127i0.0048 (2) <0.0091 <0.011

<0.014 <0.012 c-2 <0.018 <0.011 0.0217 0.0038 (1) 0.0093i0.0079 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 I

<0.014 <0.012 >

C-3 <0.018 <0.015 0.021710.0039 (1) 0.0089 0.0050 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 %

<0.014 <0.012 m C-4 <0.018 <0.015 0.0323i0.0043 (1) 0.0080i0.0062 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 $

<0.014 <0.012 Z c-5 <0.018 <0.015 0.0304 0.0061 (1) 0.0144 0.0033 (1) <0.0091 <0.011 m

<0.014 <0.012 Z C-6 <0.018 <0.011 <0.014c 0.0115 0.0029 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 5

<0.012d $

w c-7 <0.018 <0.011 0.0386 0.0062 (1) 0.0101 0.0064 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 z H <0.014 <0.012 g c-8 <0.018 <0.011 0.0282 0.0039 (1) 0.0094 0.0035 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 m

<0.014 <0.012 $

C-9 <0.018 <0.011 0.0312i0.0043 (1) 0.0093i0.0061 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 >

<0.014 <0.012 F C-10 <0.018 <0.011 0.0125i0.0040 (1) 0.0076 0.0045 (2) <0.0091 <0.011 @

<0.014 <0.012 g Z

n m

m

Table SB-9. (continued)

Mean or LLD Location Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec C-1 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 C-2 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 I

<0.012 <0.010 >

C-3 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 C-4 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 0

<0.912 <0.010 2 C-5 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 m C-6 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 {

s

< 0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 0 C-7 z

<0.010 C-8 <0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012

{

<0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 C-9 <0.018 <0.013 r-

<0.018 <0.013 <0.010 <0.011 <0.012 <0.010 m C-10 9

m Z

LLD= lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background. Q b Number in parentheses is number of data points in the averaging group. The uncer- m tainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the averaging group contains more than one point, the 20 error otherwise.

c One sample, possibly containing iodine-131 from Chinese weapons test, spilled during d analysis.

Data for sample collected 4-17-78 excluded because of low sample volume.

Table S8-10 Air particulates, summary of averaged data for gamma-emitting isotopes in quarterly composites.

Units: pCi/m 3. Locations: 10 (c-1 to C-10)

Hean or LLD" and Number of Points b let O 2nd O 3rd O 4 th Q Be-7 0.12710.012 ( 9) 0.14310.014 (10) 0.15810.010 (10) 0.11210.010 (10)

<0.036 ( 1)

K-40 <0.029 (10) <0.017 (10) <0.017 (10) <0.015 (10)

I Mn-54 <0.0018 (10) <0.0012 (10) <0.0011 (10) <0.0011 (10) co-58 <0.0023 (10) <0.0015 (10) <0.0018 (10) <0.0015 (10) 0o-60 <0.00 2 3 (10) (0.0013 (10) (c.0015 (10) <0.0011 (10) O Nb-95 0.012710.0009 ( 3) 0.006710.0012 ( 3) <0.0028 (10) <0.0016 (10) m

<0.0043 ( 7) <0.0029 ( 7) 2 Zr-95 (0.0072 (10) <0.0041 (10) (0.0040 (10) (0.0026 (10) $

bJ E LJ Ru-10 3 0.028110.0062 (10) <0.0032 (10) <0.0036 (10) <0.0023 (10)

Ru-106 <0.018 (10) (0.013 (10) <0.012 (10) (0.0084 (10)

I-131 <0.76 (10) <0.19 (10) <l.1 (10) <0.16 (10)

Cs-134 <0.0015 (10) <0.0012 (10) <0.0011 (10) <0.00C?4 (10) r 2

cs-137 0.005610.0017 ( 1) 0.005420.0005 (10) 0.003210.0003 ( 4) <0.0011 (10) O

<0.0023 ( 9) <0.0011 ( 6) m Ba-140 <0.28 (10) <0.085 (10) <0.29 (10) (0.086 (10) 2 O

Co-141 0.032510.0064 (0.0096

( 5)

<0.0053 (10) <0.0067 (10) <0.0037 (10) l ce-144 0.034110.0036 ( 7) 0.044210.0042 (10) 0.0136t0.0017 ( 5) <0.0053 (10)

<0.0095 ( 3) <0.0063 ( 5)

Ra-226 <0.0033 (10) <0.0022 (10) (0.0022 (10) <0.0021 (10)

Th-228 (0.0051 (10) (0.0032 (10) <0.00 33 (10) (0.0027 (10)

LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the averaging group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

Ha71 FTON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES Table SC-1. Ve ge tation , fwed and forage, beef producers, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/g wet. Locations: 6 (C-64 to C-68, C-71).

b Mean or LLDa and Number of Points 2nd Q 3rd O 4 th 0 Analysis 1st Q Gamma scan 2.34to.16 ( 1) 3.21!0.73 ( 8) 3.621.9 ( 6)

Be-7 4.123.2 ( 3) <0.41 (10) <0.56 (12)

<0.65 (15) <0.39 (17) 9.125.6 (18) 6.5tl.2 (18) 7.625.5 (18)

K-40 12.718.8 (18)

<0.0 36 (18) <0.054 (18)

Mn-54 0.116i0.067 ( 2) <0.056 (18)

<0.048 (16) <0.045 (18) <0.064 (18)

Co-58 <0.063 (18) <0.055 (18)

<0.058 (18) <0.065 (18)

Co-60 <0.10 (18) <0.073 (18) 0.07910.022 ( 1) <0.053 (18)

Nb-95 0.5710.63 ( 9) 0.1510.13 ( 3)

(0.048 ( 9) <0.059 (15) <0.053 (17)

<0.13 (18) <0.084 (18) <0.093 (18)

Zr-95 0.48t0.30 ( 5)

<0.11 (13) <0.069 (18) <0.070 (18)

Ru-10 3 0.20 10.12 ( li 0.2720.14 ( 2)

<0.10 (17) <0.067 (16) (0.47 (18)

<0.65 (18) (0.42 (18) <0.28 (18)

Ru-106

<0.58 (18) <0.66 (18) <0.10 (18)

I-131 <0.51 (18)

<0.046 (18) (0.028 (18) <0.050 (18)

Ca-134 <0.058 (18)

Cs-137 0.13020.068 (10) 0.11110.046 ( 5) 0.08920.038 (14) 0.17010.074 ( 6)

<0.063 (13) <0.040 ( 4) <0.084 (12)

<0.0 35 ( 8) (0.39 (18)

<0.74 (18) <0.80 (IC) <l.1 (18)

Ba-140 Ce-141 0.4720.26 ( 2) <0.11 (18) <0.13 (18) 0.233t0.063 ( 1)

<0.074 (17)

<0.14 (16) ( 9) 1.5320.26 ( 1)

Ce-144 1.121.0 (111 0.84t0.28 ( 3) 0.64to.31

<0.32 (15) <0.33 ( 9) <0.60 (17)

<0.16 ( 7) ( 1) <0.14 (18)

Ra-226 0.22120.070 ( 2) 0.14910.0 37 ( 1) 0.093t0.028

<0.13 (16) <0.12 (17) <0.092 (17) 0.3420.17 ( 4) 0.19720.079 ( 3) <0.16 (18)

Th-228 <0.21 (18) (15)

<0.16 (14) <0.12

LLD = lower limit of detection based on 30 error for background.

b Number of data poLnts in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to res ul t. Sie uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than ene point, the 2a error otherwise.

24

HA2LETON ENVIRONMENTA1. SCIENCES Table SC-2. Ve ge tation , feed and forage, commercial milk producers, su= mary of averaged data. ~

Units: Ca in mg/g wet; activities in pCi/q wet. Locations : 3 (C-42, C-43a, C-73, C-75a),

C Mean or LM and Number of Points Analysis 1st o 2nd 0 3rd Q 4th 0 Ca 5.126.9 ( 3) 2.6tl.9 ( 3) 2.0l!0.11 ( 3) 1.521.1 ( 3)

Sr-89 <0.22 ( 3) <0.015 ( 3) <0.011 ( 3) <0.0089 ( 3)

Sr-90 0.3020.40 ( 2) 0.0920.12 ( 3) 0.07120.050 ( 3) 0.03220.028 ( 3)

<0.0032 ( 1)

Gamma Scan Be-7 0.8120.98 ( 2) <0.18 ( 3) 3.1010.17 ( 1) 1.0520.15 ( 1)

<0.042 ( 1) <0.12 ( 2) <0.21 ( 2)

K-40 11215 ( 3) 6.323.6 ( 3) 5.08!0.64 ( 3) 4.221.4 ( 3)

Ma-54 <0.050 ( 3) <0.032 ( 3) <0.020 ( 3) <0.021 ( 3)

Co-58 <0.051 ( 3) <0.021 ( 3) <0.026 ( 3) <0.019 ( 3)

Co-60 <0.077 ( 3) <0.026 ( 3) <0.020 ( 3) <0.025 ( 3)

Nb-95 0.1320.16 ( 2) 0.160!0.026 ( 1) <0.0 32 ( 3) <0.021 ( 3)

<0.0061 ( 1) <0 .017 ( 2)

Zr-95 <0.13 ( 3) <0.055 ( 3) <0.031 ( 3) <0.030 ( 3)

Ru-103 <0.061 ( 3) <0.023 ( 3) <0.024 ( 3) <0.015 ( 3)

Ru-106 <0.48 (3) <0.092 ( 3) <0.19 ( 3) (0.12 ( 3)

I-131 <0.11 ( 3) <0.051 ( 3) <0.074 ( 3) <0.061 ( 3)

Cs-134 (0.061 ( 3) <0.014 ( 3) (0.017 ( 3) <0.016 ( 3)

Cs- 137 0.16020.094 ( 1) 0.21520.034 ( 1) 0.08820.013 ( 1) <0.035 ( 3)

<0.0060 ( 2) <0.018 ( 2) <0.032 ( 2)

Ba-140 (0.30 ( 3) <0.16 ( 3) (0.20 ( 3) <0.092 l 3)

Ce-141 <0.084 ( 3) <0.031 ( 3) <0.036 ( 3) <0.046 ( 3)

Ce-144 0.9510.40 ( 1) 1.3820.16 ( 1) 0.6320.14 ( 2) 0.5820.15 ( 1)

<0.041 ( 2) <0.12 ( 2) (0.053 ( 1) <0.083 ( 2) aa-226 <0.14 ( 3) 0.24320.071 ( 1) <0.067 ( 3) <0.060 ( 3)

<0.041 ( 2)

Th-228 <0.11 ( 3) <0.086 ( 3) 0.19410.055 ( 1) <0.067 ( 3)

<0.036 ( 2) a Location C-43 discontinued as of 10/05/78. Replaced by location C-75 effective 10/10/78.

b E = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

C Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

25

HAZLETON ENWAONMENTAI. SCIENCES Table SC-3. Vege tation , feed and forage, nes-est nilk producers, s an=ary o f averaged data.

Units : Ca in mg/g wet; activities in pCi/g wet. Locations : 3 (C-61, C-689 C-74a),

Mean o f LLDb and Number of Points c An alysis 1st Q 2nd Q 3rd O 4 th 0 Ca 7.115.9 ( 2) 1.1520.41 ( 3) 2.921.2 ( 6) 3.485to.050 ( 2)

Sr-89 0.54620.083 ( 1) 0.03120.027 ( 1) <0.0 33 ( 6) <0.023 ( 2)

<0.025 ( 1) <0.087 ( 2)

S r-90 0.32520.014 ( 2) 0.07210.045 ( 3) 0.060t0.035 ( 6) 0.11220.086 ( 2) camma Scan Be-7 6.121.8 ( 1) 1.0310.18 ( 1) 3.821.4 ( 2) <0.17 ( 2)

(0.48 ( 1) (0.27 ( 2) <0.28 ( 4)

K-40 22.2t3.2 ( 2) 6.1 1.2 ( 3) 7.6910.86 ( 6) 6.3620.76 ( 2)

Mn-$4 0.1310.11 ( 1) <0.023 ( 3) <0.027 ( 6) <0.026 ( 2)

<0.044 ( 1)

Co-58 <0.097 ( 2) <0.021 ( 3) <0.023 ( 6) <0.019 ( 2)

Co-60 <0.077 ( 2) <0.032 ( 3) <0.025 ( 6) <0.025 ( 2) tib-9 5 2.5220.31 ( 1) 0.09510.021 ( 1) 0.044720.0086 ( 1) 0.0358t0.0058( 1)

<0.061 ( 1) <0.025 ( 2) <0.0 32 ( 5) <0.030 ( 1)

Zr-95 1.47to.40 ( 1) <0.045 ( 3) <0.053 ( 6) <0.039 ( 2)

<0.097 ( 1)

Ru-103 0.35t0.24 ( 1) <0.023 ( 3) <0.031 ( 6) <0.020 ( 2)

<0.053 ( 1)

Ru-106 <0.77 ( 2) <0.23 ( 3) <0.36 ( 6) 0.218t0.059 ( 1)

<0.020 ( 1)

I-131 (0.32 ( 2) (0.064 ( 3) <0.047 ( 6) <0.052 ( 2)

Cs-134 <0.077 ( 2) <0.017 ( 3) <0.033 ( 6) <0.021 ( 2)

Cs-137 0.3410.16 ( 1) <0.024 ( 3) 0.10120.052 ( 5) 0.159t0.066 ( 2)

<0.059 ( 1) <0.025 ( 1)

Ba-140 <0.84 ( 2) (0.19 ( 3) <0.22 ( 6) <0.11 ( 2)

Ce-141 0.7610.30 ( 1) <0.040 ( 3) <0.060 ( 6) <0.056 ( 2)

<0.084 ( 1)

Ce-144 2.421.8 ( 2) 0.76to.16 ( 1) 0.8420.48 ( 2) 0.924to.054 ( 1)

<0.15 ( 2) <0.26 ( 4) <0.25 ( 1)

Ra-226 <0.19 ( 2) <0.056 ( 3) <0.077 ( 6) 0.16320.095 ( 2)

Th-228 <0.16 ( 2) <0.073 ( 3) 0.16710.039 ( 1) <0.089 ( 2)

<0.13 ( 5)

Location C-63 was discontinued as of 4/03/78. Replaced by location C-74 effective 6/19/78.

b LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3e error for background.

C Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. 'Ita uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

26

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SD-1. Vegetation, food and feed crops , summary of averaged data.

Units : Ca in mg/g wet; activities in pCi/g wet.

Locations: 7 (C-15, C-18, C-20, C-27, C-29, C-38, C-41).

8 Mean or LLD and Number of Points c

Analysis Annual Collection Ca 0.4210.46 (7)

Gross beta 4.7 2.1 (7)

Sr-89 <0.0077 (7)

Sr-90 0.0086 0.0012(2)

<0.0048 (5)

Gamma scan Be-7 <0.32 (7)

K-40 4.4 2.8 (7)

Mn-54 <0.031 (7)

Co-58 <0.038 (7)

Co-60 <0.057 (7)

Nb-95 <0.028 (7)

Zr-95 <0.073 (7)

Ru-103 <0.031 (7)

Ru-106 <0.29 (7)

I-131 <0.11 (7)

Cs-134 <0.037 (7)

Cs-137 <0.030 (7)

Ba-140 <0.28 (7)

Ce-141 <0.069 (7)

Ce-144 <0.21 (7)

Ra-226 <0.075 (7)

Th-228 <0.12 (7)

LLD= lower limit of detection based on 30 error for background.

b Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 20 error otherwise.

c Six samples were collected 10/09/78 and one on 11/14/78.

27

HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SE-1. Milk, comercial producers , summary of averaged data.

Units: Ca in g/1 activities in pC1/1. Locations: 3 (C-42, C-43",

C-73, C-75a),

Mean or LLDD and Number of Points C 2nd O 3rd 0 4 th q lst 0 I-131 <0.27 (3) 4.1910.60 (1) <0.32 (3) <0.27 (3)

<0.36 (2)

Ca 1.06 7t0.0 4 2 ( 3 ) 1.23020.069 (3) 1.2710.11 (3) 1.19310.02.3 (3)

Sr-89 <0.94 (3) 11.312.8 (1) <0.77 (3) <0.78 (3)

<0.9 3 (2)

Sr-90 4.527.2 (3) 7.814.4 (3) 6.424.1 (3) 5.924.4 (3)

Gamma Be-7 (37 (3) <37 (3) <18 (3) (22 (3)

K-40 12502140 (3) 1303t52 (3) 1333112 (3) 1185140 (3)

Mn-54 <3.3 (3) <3.7 (3) <2.5 (3) <3.7 (3)

Co-58 <3.8 (3) <4.4 (3) <2.2 (3) <4.0 (3)

Co-60 <4.4 (3) <4.3 (3) <2.2 (3) <5.3 (3)

Kb-95 (4.6 (3) <4.0 (3) <2.1 (3) <4.1 (3)

Zr-95 (8.1 (3) <7.8 (3) <4.0 (3) <6.0 (3)

Ru-10 3 <5.5 (3) <3.3 (3) <1.6 (3) <3.2 (3)

Ru*106 <28 (3) <38 (3) <14 (3) <22 (3)

I-131 (8.6 (3) (17 (3) <2.4 (3) (8.3 (3)

Cs-134 <4.2 (3) (4.9 (3) <l.9 (3) <3.1 (3)

Cs-137 <4.9 (3) <6.1 (3) 9.823.4 (2) 5.411.1 (1)

<2.2 (1) <3.7 (2)

Ba-140 (20 (3) <40 (3) <9.0 (3) (26 (3)

Ce-141 <8.8 (3) <10 (3) <3.5 (3) (8.0 (3)

Co-144 <30 (3) (40 (3) <16 (3) <2 8 (3)

Ra-226 <ll (3) <8.8 (3) <5.7 (3) <7.2 (3)

Th-228 <14 (3) <14 (3) 18.822.1 (2) <ll (3)

<6.5 (1)

Locati n C-4 3 replaced location C-75 ef fective 10/08/78.

b LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

C Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the averaging group contains ursre than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

28

Ha r1ETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SE-2. Milk, nearest producers, summr_ry of averaged data.

Units : ca in g/1r activities in pCi/1. Locations : 3 (C-61, C-68a, C-748).

Mean or d and Number of Points C 1s t 0 2nd Q 3rd Q 4 th Q I-131 <0.31 (6) <0.36 (7) <0.49 (26) <0.32 (6)

Ca 1.2820.30 (6; 1.3820.31 (4) 1.187t0.076(4) 1.21520.035 (6)

Sr-89 3.821.3 (4) <0.66 (4) 2.9020.99 (2) <0.76 (6)

<0.67 (2) <0.84 (4)

St-90 3.021.8 (6) 4.421.1 (4) 3.6720.97 (6) 4.111.3 (6)

Gacna 44230 (1) <28 (4) <24 (6) <28 (6)

Be-7

<3 7 (5)

K-40 1270 170 (6) 12402140 (4) 13302110 (6) 1300t160 (6)

Mn-54 <4.5 (6) <4.3 (4) <3.3 (6) <2.4 (6)

Co-58 <4.1 (6) <3.9 (4) <5.5 (6) <3.8 (6)

Co-60 8.127.6 (1) <4.4 (4) <3.7 (6) <3.3 (6)

<5.6 (5)

Nb-95 (5.1 (6) <5.0 (4) <6.0 (6) <2.7 (6)

Zr-95 <8.2 (6) <5.9 (4) <8.0 (6) <4.9 (6)

Ru-103 <6.3 (6) <3.8 (4) <5.0 (6) <3.1 (6)

Ru-106 <45 (6) <30 (4) <28 (6) <15 (6)

I-131 <12 (6) <l7 (4) <32 (6) <6.7 (6)

Cs-134 <3.8 (6) <3.6 (4) <2.7 (6) <2.8 (6)

Cs-137 9.522.6 (3) <4.3 (4) 6.421.3 (1) 5.21.0 (1)

<5.7 (3) <4.5 (5) <3.2 (5)

Ba-140 <26 (6) <29 (4) <38 (6) <9.2 (6)

Co-141 (7.5 (6) <9.2 (4) <10 (6) <7~6 (6)

Ce-144 <29 (6) <40 (4) <31 (6) <23 (6)

Ra-226 (13 (6) <ll (4) <8.5 (6) <9.2 (6)

Th-228 (19 (6) <13 (4) (14 (6) (12 (6)

" Iocation C-68 discontinued as of 4/10/78. Replaced by location C-74 effective b 6/26/78.

I.LD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

c Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. Tae uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the averaging aroup contains core than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

29

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SF-1. Garden crops and apples, summary of averaged data.

Units: Ca in mg/g wet; activities in pCi/g wet.

Locations : 5 (C-34, C-53, C-54, C-56, C-62).

Mean or LLD" and Number of Points c

Analysis Annual Collection Ca 0.086 0.020 (5)

Gross beta 1.79 0.26 (5)

Sr-89 <0.0058 (5)

Sr-90 <0.0067 (5)

Gamma scan Be-7 <0.12 (5)

K-40 1.95 0.56 (5)

Mn-54 <0.012 (5)

Co-58 <0.018 (5)

Co-60 <0.018 (5)

Nb-95 <0.010 (5) zr-95 0.0251 0.0068 (1)

<0.025 (4)

Ru-103 <0.012 (5)

Ru-106 <0.11 (5)

I-131 <0.027 (5)

Cs-134 <0.010 (5)

Cs-137 <0.012 (5)

Ba-140 <0.084 (5)

Ce-141 <0.028 (5)

Ce-144 <0.11 (5)

Ra-226 <0.036 (5)

Th-228 <0.041 (5)

LLD lower limit of detection based on 30 error for background.

b Nimber of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 20 error otherwise.

Samples were collected on 8/14/73 and 9/11/78.

30

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL, ECIENCES Table SG-1. Eggs, summary of averaged data, Units : Ca in mg/g wets activities in pCi/g wet. Locations j (C-42, ' '

C-51, C-66, C-67).

~~~ ~ ~

Mean of LLDa and Number oflointsN' Analysis 1st Q ind o 3rd O 4 th O Ca 0.53220.029 (4) 0.40810.054 (4) 0.6220.31 (4) 0.44220.85 (4)

Gross beta 1.21420.075 (4) 1.2020.21 (4) 1.4120.16 (4) 1.4010.16 (4)

S r-8 9 <0.0035 (4) 0.004320.0027 (4) <0.00 73 (4). <0.0031 (4)

Sr-90 <0.0040 (4) <0.0022 (4) <0.0061 (4) 0.00 40 t0.0000 (2)

<0.0024 (2)

Gamma scan Be-7 (0.097 (4) <0.072 , (4) <0.13 (4) <0.10 (4)

K-40 0.8210.13 (4) 1.05t0.20 (4) 0.9110.26 (4) 1.13t0.23 (4)

Mn-54 0.0302 0.0095(1) <0.0078 (4) (0.0080 (4) <0.0083 (4)

(0.0087 (3)

Co-58 <0.011 (4) <0.0085 (4) (0.011 (4) <0.014 (4)

Co-60 <0.011 (4) <0.012 (4) <0.010 (4) <0.011 (4)

Nb-95 <0.013 (4) <0.011 (4) <0.012 (4) <0.015 (4)

Zr-95 <0.021 (4) <0.019 (4) <0.016 (4) <0.035 (4)

Ru-10 3 <0.014 (4) <0.010 (4) (0.017 (4) <0.019 (4)

Ru-106 <0.10 (4) <0.095 (4) <0.089 (4) <0.093 (4)

I-131 <0.053 (4) <0.018 (4) <0.11 (4) <0.17 (4)

Cs-134 <0.0097 (4) <0.0098 (4) <0.011 (4) <0.013 (4)

Cs-137 (0.011 (4) <0.013 (4) < 0 . 011 (4) <0.014 (4)

Ba-140 <0.073 (4) <0.051 (4) <0.23 (4) <0.23 (4)

Co-141 <0.016 (4) <0.019 (4) <0.034 (4) <0.038 (4)

Co-144 <0.068 (4) (0.074 (4) <0.059 (4) <0.065 (4)

Ra-226 <0.020 (4) <0.028 (4) <0.027 (4) <0.0 31 (4)

Th-228 (0.028 (4) <0.0 37 (4) <0.030 (4) <0.04C (4) g LLD Number= lower limitpoints of data of detection basedgroup in averaging on 3aiserror for background.

indicated in parentheses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

31

pea 71 FTON ENVIAONMENTAL 3CIENCES Taole SH-1. Ground water, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/1. Locations : 2 (C-ll, C-47).

Mean or L* Da an Number of Points D Analvsis 1st Q '2nd Q 3rd C 4 th 0 Gross alphac <l.4 (2) 2.522.2 (1) <2.6 (2) <3.8 (2)

<2.0 (1)

Gross beta C3.7520.50 (2 ) 6.95t0.64 (2) 6.95t0.92 (2) 6.5 1.3 (2)

H-3 3002120 (2) 240t200 (2) 162168 (2) 2501230 (2)

Gamma scan Be-7 <35 (2) <33 (2) <23 (2) <26 (2)

K-40 <34 (2) <74 (2) <60 (2) <53 (2)

Mn-54 <3.1 (2) <2.9 (2) <24 (2) <3.3 (2)

Co-58 <2.9 (2) <3.2 (2) <3.5 (2) <2.0 (2)

Co-60 (2.2 (2) <2.1 (2) <2.4 (2) <2.0 (2)

Nb-95 <2.9 (2) <2.6 (2) <2.3 (2) <2.1 (2) 3r-95 15211 (1) <4.3 (2) <3.8 (2) <5.9 (2)

<5.7 (1)

Ru-103 <3.6 (2) <2.8 (2) <2.6 (2) <2.3 (2)

Ru-106 <21 (2) <29 (2) <22 (2) <18 (2)

I-131 <12 (2) <6.1 (2) <3.9 (2) <43 (2)

Cs-134 <3.2 (2) <2.1 (2) <2.8 (2) <2.1 (2)

Cs-137 <2.7 (2) <4.1 (2) <1.8 (2) <2.6 (2)

Ba-140 (23 (2) (14 (2) (16 (2) sie (2)

Ce-141 (6.3 (2) <6.9 (2) <4.6 (2) <4.7 (2)

Ce-144 (23 (2) <32 (2) <21 (2) <20 (2)

Ra-226 (8.6 (2) 32.4t9.8 (1) <6.3 (2) <7.6 (2)

<ll (1)

Th-228 <6.4 (2) <12 (2) <8.9 (2) <9.8 (2) a LLD = lower limit of detecticn based on 3a error for background.

b Nur.ber of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

C In total residue.

32

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES Table SI-1. Rabbits, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/g wet weight. Locations: 2 (C-28, C-35).

Mean or LLD" and Number of Points Analysis Annual Collection c Thyroid I-131 <1.4 (2)

Femur Sr-89 <0.091 (2)

Sr-90 0.62 0.23 (2)

Muscle Be-7 <0.22 (2)

K-40 <1.3 (2)

Mn-54 <0.022 (2)

Co-58 <0.027 (2)

Co-60 <0.029 (2)

Nb-95 <0.027 (2) zr-95 <0.070 (2)

Ru-103 <0.032 (2)

Ru-106 <0.31 (2)

I-131 <0.063 (2)

Cs-134 <0.028 (2)

Cs-137 <0.042 (2)

Ba-140 <0.11 (2)

Ce-141 <0.037 (2)

Ce-144 <0.16 (2)

Ra-226 <0.12 (2)

Th-228 <0.11 (2)

LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

b Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

Samples were collected in November and December 1978.

33

HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SJ-1. River water, su:: nary of averaged data.

Units: pC1/1. Locations : 3 (C-12, C-13, C-28).

Mean or LLD" and Nu:nber of Points b Analysis C lst Q 2nd Q 3rd Q 4 th Q Gross alpha (SS) 2.522.0 (5) 2.4tl.4 (8) 2.721.2 (5) 2.1520.50 (2)

<0.22 (4) <0.94 (1) <0.84 (4) <1.4 (7)

(DS) 4.812.3 (8) 3.7tl.4 (9) 3.7020.90 (7) <3.4 (9)

<1.4 (1) <2.1 (2)

Gross beta (SS) 3.9t4.4 (9) 4.012.4 (9) 2.621.3 (5) 1.7510.46 (9)

<0.85 (4)

(DS) 7.622.5 (9) 10.4t5.2 (9) 8.321.4 (9) 6.6810.84 (9)

H-3 164.018.2 (3) 287t75 (3) 337247 (3) 2262116 (3)

Sr-89 1.2020.44(4) 1.0110.40 (2) <0.72 (9) <0.60 (9)

<0.31 (5) <0.60 (7)

Sr-90 0.86520.050(2) 1.3920.27 (3 ) 1.3620.18 (3) 1.0010.37 (5)

<0.79 (7) <0.89 (6) (0.93 (6) <0.67 (4)

Gama Be-7 <35 (3) <40 (3) <50 (3) <45 (3)

K-40 <43 (3) <70 (3) <45 (3) <69 (3)

Mn-54 <3.1 (3) <2.8 (3) <2.6 (3) <3.2 (3)

Co-58 <3.6 (3) <3.7 (3) <5.5 (3) <3.8 (3)

Co-60 <3.7 (3) <4.0 (3) <3.3 (3) <2.9 (3)

Nb-95 <3.9 (3) <4.3 (3) <3.6 (3) <5.0 (3)

Zr-95 (7.3 (3) <8.7 (3) <9.1 (3) <7.1 (3)

Ru-103 <5.6 (3) <6.1 (3) <9.5 (3) <6.0 (3)

Ru-106 <26 (3) <32 (3) <36 (3) (25 (3) d (3) <$1 g3)

I-131 <48 (3) (77 (3) <320 Cs-134 <2.8 (3) <3.4 (3) <4.1 (3) <2.7 (3)

Co-137 <3.4 (3) <4.3 (3) <2.6 (3) <3.0 (3)

<170 d (3) <54 (3)

Ba-140 <45 (3) <83 (3)

Ce-141 (9.0 (3) (12 (3) <l7 (3) (13 (3)

Ce-144 <27 (3) <36 (3) <37 (3) (26 (3)

Ra-226 <5.9 (3) (9.9 (3) <9.2 (3) <9.7 (3)

Th-228 (9.0' (3) <1l (3) <11 (3) (11 (3)

LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for backaround.

b Nunoer of data points in averaging group is indicated in parentheses next to result. 7he uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the averagin9 9r up contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

c Abbreviations : SS = suspended solids; DS = dissoved solids.

d Elevated LLD due to short half-life and countLng delays.

34

HAZL.ETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES Table SK-1. Fish, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/g wet. Locations: 2 (C-28, C-35).

b Mean or LLD a and Number of Points Analysis 6/29/78 10/26/78 Gross beta 2.65 0.13 (4) 2.60 0.70 (4)

Sr-89 <0.0090 (4) <0.099 (4)

Sr-90 0.02710.015 (4) 0.0285 0.0091 (4)

Gamma scan Be-7 <0.038 (4) <0.15 (4)

K-40 2.32 0.19 (4) 1.90 0.97 (4)

Mn-54 <0.0028 (4) <0.0095 (4)

Co-58 <0.0047 (4 ) <0.0015 (4)

Co-60 <0.0064 (4) <0.011 (4 )

Nb-95 <0.0052 (4) <0.017 (4)

Zr-95 <0.0083 (4) <0.025 (4)

Ru-103 <0.0069 (4) <0.013 (4)

Ru-106 <0.022 (4) <0.094 (4)

I-131 <0.082 (4) <0.21 (4)

Cs-134 <0.0047 (4) <0.013 (4)

Cs-137 0.0152 0.0037 (1) <0.017 (4)

<0.0035 (3)

Ba-140 <0.12 (4) <0.16 (4)

Ce-141 <0.0078 (4) 0.08710.025 (1)

<0.028 (3)

Ce-144 <0.018 (4) <0.058 (4)

Ra-226 <0.0065 (4) 0.14110.019 (1)

<0.030 (3)

Th-228 <0.0086 (4) <0.043 (4)

^ LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2a error otherwise.

35

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table SL-1. Aquatic vegetation, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/g wet. Locations 3 (C-12, C-13, C-28).

D Mean or LLD a and Number of Points Analysis 6/29/78 10/26/78, 10/30/78 Gross beta 3.82 0.80 (3) 3.32 0.75 (2)

Sr-89 <0.0028 (3) <0.022 (2)

Sr-90 <0.017 (3) 0.023 0.014 (2)

Gamma scan Be-7 <0.15 (3) <0.51 (2)

K-40 3.2il.0 (3) <1.3 (2)

Mn-54 <0.010 (3) <0.062 (2)

Co-58 <0.018 (3) <0.061 (2)

Co-60 <0.0094 (3) <0.074 (2)

Nb-95 <0.017 (3) <0.052 (2)

Zr-95 <0.017 (3) <0.092 (2)

Ru-103 <0.014 (3) <0.064 (2)

Ru-106 <0.079 (3) <0.65 (2)

I-131 <0.32 (3) <0.32 (2)

Cs-134 <0.0080 (3) <0.086 (2)

Cs-137 0.029 0.013 (2) <0.073 (2)

<0.017 (1)

Ba-140 <0.28 (3) <0.88 (2)

Ce-141 <0.060 (3) <0.093 (2)

Ce-144 <0.093 (3) <0.28 (2)

Ra-226 0.080t0.040 (2) <0.17 (2)

<0.031 (1)

Th-228 0.083t0.043 (2) <0.26 (2)

<0.036 (1) a LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

b Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, the 2 o error otherwise. 36

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIEINCES Table SM-1. Soil, summary of averaged data.

Units: pCi/g dry. Locations: 9 (C-2 to C-10 ) .

Mean or LLD a and Number of PointsD Analysis Collected Once Every Three Years 5 Gross alpha 14.5 3.5 (9)

Gross beta 24.7 3.1 (9)

Sr-89 <0.0081 (9)

Sr-90 0.138 0.065 (9)

Gamma scan Be-7 <0.32 (9)

K-40 23.9 2.8 (9)

Mn-54 <0.044 (9)

Co-58 <0.044 (9)

Co-60 <0.043 (9)

Nb-95 <0.051 (9)

Zr-95 0.153 0.069 (2)

<0.082 (7)

Ru-103 <0.046 (9)

Ru-106 <0.37 (9)

I-131 <0.18 (9)

Cs-134 <0.023 (9)

Cs-137 0.5110.25 (9)

Ba-140 <0.26 (9)

Ce-141 <0.078 (9)

Ce-144 <0.27 (9)

Ra-226 1.4710.19 (9)

Th-228 1.5610.26 (9)

" LLD = lower limit of detection based on 3a error for background.

b Number of data points in averaging group is indicated in paren-theses next to result. The uncertainty assigned to the mean is the standard deviation if the group contains more than one point, c the 2a error otherwise. 37 Samples were collected'10/16/78.

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL [ SCIENCES V. Discussion A. Program Objectives and Data Interpretation The purpose of the monitoring program is to assess the effects of releases from the plant on the environment. Sources of environmental radiation include the following:

(1) natural background radiation arising from cosmic rays and primordial radionuclides; (2) fallout from atmospheric nuclear detonations; (3) releases from nuclear power plants.

A number of techniques are used to distinguish power plant e f fects from other sources. Radiation levels measured in the vicin-ity of an operating power station are compared with preoperational measurements at the same locations. Measurements at indicator' locations (nearby, downwind, or downstream) are compared with measurements at control locations (distant, upwind, or upstream).

Measurements in the vicinity of the plant are compared wi+.h measure-ments made at distant points such as stations of the nationwide Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) operated by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or stations operated worldwide by the Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML)

(formerly called the Health and Safety Laboratory or HASL) of the U. S. Department of Energy. Also, results of the monitoring program are related to events known to cause elevated levels of radiation in the environment, e.g. , atmospheric nuclear detonations or ab-normal plant releases.

A finc'. technique to aid in pinpointing sources of any 38

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES detected radioactivity is the use of isotopic analysis. Gamma spectroscopy is used to analyze each type of sample collected in the CNS monitoring program. Seventeen isotopes are quantitated.

Table 3 lists the isotopes quantified in 1978 gamma analyses and the typical source of each.

In Table 3 the gamma-emitting isotopes have been classi-fied into three groups. Those in the first group, cosmogenic and terrestrial nuclides, occur naturally in the environment. Members of the second group, fission products, are released in small quanti-ties by nuclear power plants, but to date their major source of injection into the general environment has been atmospheric nuclear testing. Nuclides of the final group, activation products, arise from activation of corrosion products. They are typical components of nuclear power plant effluents, but are not produced in signifi-cant quantities by nuclear detonations.

In addition to these gamma-emitting isotopes, the CNS program also monitors strontium-89 and strontium-90, which are fission products, and tritium, which is produced by cosmic rays and also by nuclear power plants.

B. Atmospheric Nuclear Detonations Two atmospheric nuclear detonations by the People's Republic of China had a significant impact on program results in 1978. The first of the detonations occurred on 17 September 1977 and the second on 14 March 1978. A third detonation by the Chines 93 vr on 14 December 1978 produced no measurable effects. This section briefly reviews information about the tests and the environmental 39

Table 3. Characteristic properties of isotopes quantified in gamma-spectroscopic analyses.

Designation Comment Isotope IIal f-li fe" I. Naturally occurring A. Cosmogenic Produced by interaction Be-7 53.2 d of cosmic rays with atmosphere I B. Terrestrial Primordial K-40 1.26x10 y or member of Th-228 5.75 y a primordial series Pa-226 1600 y 0 Z

II. Fission b Nuclear detonations m Products constitute the major environmental source fg 0

$ A. Short-lived I-131 8.04 d Z Ba-140 12.8 d 5 m

B. Other than short-lived Nb-95 35.15 d Zr-95 65 d r Ru-103 39.35 d m Ru-106 368.2 d 0 Cs-134 2.061 y m Cs-137 30.174 y Z Ce-141 32.5 d m Ce-144 284.31 d W III. Activation Typically found in Mn-54 312.5 d Products nuclear power plant Co-58 70.78 d e f fluents Co-60 5.26 y llalf-lives are taken from Appendix E of Environmental Quarterly, 1 January 1978, b EML-334 (U. S. Department of Energy, 1978).

Includes fisrion-product daughters.

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES effects as reported by the EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).

The 17 September 1977 test had an estimated yield of 20 kilotons and injected radioactive debris into the upper troposphere (30,000 to 40,000 feet). The leading edge of the contaminated air mass passed over the western edge of the continental United States on 21 September 1977 and probably reached Nebraska one day later.

It caused elevated gross beta activities in air particulates and elevated levels of iodine-131 in milk in nearly all parts of the United States.

The 14 March 1978 test had an estimated yield of less than 20 kilotons. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion predicted that the fallout cloud would reach the United States on March 18. EPA gross beta results for air particulates indicated that the main body of the cloud had reached the central United States by 23 March 1978. Elevated levels of iodine-131 in milk were also detected throughout the United States.

The 14 December 1978 test had an' estimated yield ot less than 20 kilotons. Results of measurements made by the EPA in response to this test are not yet available. Data collected by Hazleton at seven sites in the North Central United States has not shown any elevated results attributable to fallout from this test.

41

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES C. Results in Excess of CNS Notification Levels Cooper Nuclear Station maintains a table of notification levels (Appendix B). If a confirmed result in excess of these levels is found, the analytical laboratory is required to notify the Station by telephone and follow this notification with a written confirmation.

During the reporting year 5 analyses yielded confirmed results in excess of the notification levels. These results are tablulated in Table 4. All were obtained for samples affected by fallout from the 17 September 1977 and 14 March 1978 atmospheric nuclear detonations. The high level detected during the first quarter is due to fallout from the earlier test while the remain-ing activities are due to fallout from the 14 March test. The elevated iodine-131 levels in milk are consistent with those re-ported by the EPA for pasteurized milk during the period 23 March to 10 April 1978 (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).

42

Table 4. Results in Excess of Cooper Nuclear Station Notification Levels,a 197g, Lab Sample Coll. Notif. Result No. Typ<^ Date Location Analysis Units Level 120 ,

CCFMPN-260 Feed & 1/09/78 C-61 Sr-89 pCi/g wet 0.16 0.54610.083 rorage 3/20 to pCi/m 3 1.0 1 03310.018 None Air Part. 3/27/78 C-1 G. beta j

CMIN-1015 Milk 4/10/78 C-61 I-131 pCi/l 1.09 2.2610.30 4

pCi/1 1.09 4.1810.60 0 CMIC-1038 Milk 4/17/78 C-73 I-131 CHIC-1038 Milk 4/17/78 C-73 Sr-89 pCi/l 6.04 11.312.8 l5 D

0 Z

0 I m

r M

9 m

Z n

^

Based on notification levels effective 4/14/78. @

9

9 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES VI. Analysis of Results Analyses of these results for each medium follow. Unless otherwise indicated in the discussion, all collections and analyses scheduled for each medium were made. For averages referenced in the form i s , E represents the mean of the averaged data and s the standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated.

A. Ambient' Radiation (TLD's)

Ambient radiation is monitored by thermoluminescent dosimeters placed at 16 locations (C- l to C-10, C-15, -18, -22,

-44, -58, and -59) within a 15-mile radius of CNS and collected quarterly. Gamma and beta radiations are monitored.

1. Gamma Radiation Quarterly averages of ambient net gamma radiation levels ranged from 19.4tl.8 mR/91 days in the first quarter to 22.4 2.3 mR/91 days in the third quarter. Annual averages for in-dividual stations ranged from 18.4 0.9 nR/91 days for C-18 to 25.0 2.0 mR/91 days for C-44. The overall annual average level was 20.6 2.4 mR/91 days. This is approximately equal to the average natural background radiation for Middle America, 19.5 mrad / quarter.

1 This estimate is based on data on pp. 71 and 108 of the report Natural Background Radiation in the United States (National Council on Radiation Protecticn and Measurements, 1975). The terrestrial absorbed dose (uncorrected for structural and body shielding) ranges from 35 to 75 mrad /y and averages 46 mrad /y for Middle America. Cosmic radiation and cosmogenic radionuclides contribute 32 mrad /y for an average of 78 mrad /y or 19.5 mrad /

quarter.

44

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES

2. Beta Radiation All of the results for beta radiation were below 13 mR/91 days.

3. Conclusions No plant effect is indicated.

45

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES B. Air Particulates and Airborne Iodine /

Air particulates are collected continuously $n membrane filters at 10 locations (C-1 to C-10). The filters are changed and analyzed weekly for gross beta and gross alpha activities.. Quarterly

. composites are analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes. Airborne iodine is collected continuously at the same locations on charcoal filters. The filters are changed and analyzed waekly for iodine-131.

No data was reported for 13 air particulate samples and for 14 airborne iodine samples. Air particulate and airborne iodine samples collected at location C-4 on 14 February and 20 February 1978 and at location C-9 on 11 September 1978 were not analyzed since pump malfunctions resulted in the absence of parti-culates on the filters. All air sanples collected 13 March 1978 were lost in transit. The carrier's records indicate they were delivered 12 days late in contradiction of Hazleton's Mail Room which has no record of the samples. The airborne iodine sample collected at location C-6 on 27 March 1978 was spilled during chemical processing.

Data for four additional locations were affected by pump malfunctions. A power outage lasting 91.6 hours6.944444e-5 days 0.00167 hours 9.920635e-6 weeks 2.283e-6 months at location C-6 caused elevated minimum sensitivities for gross alpha and iodine-131 measurements. A second outage at location C-6, reported to have lasted 11.7 hours8.101852e-5 days 0.00194 hours 1.157407e-5 weeks 2.6635e-6 months , resulted in to detectable gross beta activity for the sample collected on ' July 1978. Very little particulate matter was observed on the filter indicating that power was off longer than suspected. Elevated gross alpha activities were detected 46

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES for the sample collected 18 September at location C-7 after a 93.8 hour9.259259e-5 days 0.00222 hours 1.322751e-5 weeks 3.044e-6 months power outage and for the sample collected at location C-9 on 25 September 1978 after pump failure. These elevated activities are possibly due to improper pump operation before breakdown.

1. Gross Beta Figure 2 compares the 1978 average gross beta results measured in the vicinity of C4S with currently available nationwide average data from ERAMS. Both curves exhibit the same trends; a sharp increase in early spring followed by a gradual drop.

The curves indicate that the sharp increase in gross beta activity at CNS was an instance of a nationwide phenomena and is not attributable to the Station.

The March peak in gross beta activity is due to fallout from the 14 March 1978 weapons test. Activity due to fallout prevented observation of the normal spring peak in gross beta activity (Wilson et.al. , 1969).

Data collected near CNS just before and just after the March weapons test were as follows :

Collection Period Minimum Maximum Range Average s.d.

3/12 - 3/20 0.040 0.083 0.043 0.070 0.013 3/20 - 3/27 0.426 1.033 0.607 0.825 0.192 3/27 - 4/03 0.356 0.461 0.105 0.391 0.046 4/03 - 4/10 0.163 0.181 0.01c 0.173 0.006 The data indicate that the sharp increase in gross beta activity was due to fallout. The 14-fold increase in the range of activities 47

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1E0 ,

1E0 9

8 7

6 3- , -

4 ,,

3

/ \

/ (

2 r g i h lE-1 ,,

f h IE-1 9 gy u a-- 4 Cooper 6

NS apas 9N _

5 \ b

/

4 Nf NF 3

2-lE-2 lE-2 lE0 lE09

$ y 6 j y 5 0

+

n 4 N E I 3 N3 "

e4 o '

\

C' 2

) IR 3

lE-1 lE-1 ,/ \

h, ~

9 Nm 8 p y 'r y, 7 'I ERAMS 6 (

5 \

4 0 m MF 3

2 i lE-2 lE-2 I J F M A M J,J A S O N D 1978 Figure 2. Gross beta in air particulates, 1978 monthly averages, Cooper Nuclear Station and Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS).

48

HA21.ETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES indicates that the deposition of this fallout was subject to a high degree of very localized regional variation. The maximum gross beta activity of 1.033 pCi/m3 is slightly higher than the 1977 maximum (0.814 pCi/m 3 ) indicating that fallout in the vicinity of the Station was somewhat more intense in 1978. The CNS maxi-mum is well below the March maximum of 4.73 pCi/m3 reported by ERAMS for Denver, Colorado.

2. Gross Alpha 3

Gross alpha results for 1978 averaged 0.0022 pCi/m as compared to 0.002 pCi/m 3 for 1977. This very slight difference is not statistically significant since it is much smaller than 3

the typical measuring uncertainty of 0.0010 pCi/m ,

3. Gamma-emitting Isotopes In gamma analyses of quarterly composites of air particulate filters, 680 results were quantified. Computer analyses of the gamma spectra yielded 97 detectable results and 583 results below detection limits. The distribution among classes of nuclides listed in Table 3 was as follows:

Class Detected / Total I. Natural A. Cosmogenic 39/40 B. Terrestrial 0/120 II. Fission A. Short-lived 0/80

. Other 58/320 III. Activation 0/120 49

HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAL SCIENCES The number of fission product observations was approximately one third of the number of observations during 1977.

Observed activities were slightly higher than in 1977. The distri-bution of fission products among quarters was as follows:

Quarter Detected / Total 1 26/100 2 23/100 3 9/100 4 0/100 The pattern approximates the trend of gross beta levels indicating that fission products were primarily responsible for the gross beta variations.

Of the 17 gamma-emitting isotopes quantified, cosmo-genic beryllium-7 was the most frequently detected and had the highest average yearly activity. The average for 1978 was 0.135 3

pCi/m3 as compared to 0.14 pCi/m for 1977. No activation products were detected during 1978.

Supplemental gamma scans of individual air filters 3

having gross beta count rates in excess of 100 dpm (0.16 pCi/m for a 3

typical 280 m collection volume) were omitted in 1978. The reasons for this action were two-fold; the elevated gross beta activities were clearly part of a worldwide phenomena caused by fallout from Chinese weapons tests. The District also decided that the level of 100 dpm was too low to be significant since such count rates are com-parable to those measured during the normally observed annual spring peak in gross beta activities. Accordingly the level was increased to 50

HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES 300 dpm effective 5 May 1978.

4. Airborne Iodine Airborne iodine-131 levels were below detection limits during 1978 except for a three week period immediately following the 14 March nuclear test. Detection limits were 3

typically in the range 0.009 to 0.018 pCi/m . Gamma scanning a group of all airborne iodine-131 samples collected 27 March 1978 revealed multiple iodine-131 peaks. The individual samples were then processed chemically to extract iodine which was counted for beta activity. Screening by gamma scan revealed iodine-131 in samples collected on 3 April and 10 April. Iodine-131 was not detectable (<0.009 pCi/m 3) in samples collected on 17 April. The results of the radiocnemical extraction analyses were as follows:

Collection Period Minimum Maximum Range Averace i s.d.

3/20 - 3/27 0.0125 0.0386 0.026 0.0273 0.0076 3/27 - 4/03 0.0108 0.0161 0.0053 0.0136 0.0017 4/03 - 4/10 <0.0031 0.0093 0.0062 0.0057 0.0019 The sample collected from location C-6 on 27 March was spilled during processing and the sample collected at location C-5 on 10 April contained no detected iodine-131. The average activities are slightly higher than average values seen in 1977 in a three week period beginning on 26 September and are due to fallout from;:the 3

14 March 1978 test. The 1977 averages were 0.0045 pCi/m , 0.0224 3

pCi/m , and 0.0028 pCi/m 3,

5. Conclusions Air particulate and airborne iodine data collected 51

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in the vicinity of CNS establish f allout patterns observed nationally also affected the CNS area. Fallout immediately following the 14 March 1978 Chinese nuclear weapons test obscured the spring peak and was slightly more intense than follout following the 17 September 1977 test. There is no indication of a plant effect.

52

HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAl. SCIENCES C. Feed and Forage Feed and forage were collected from nearest milk pro-ducers (C-61, C-68, and C-74), commercial milk producers (C-42, C-43, C-73, and C-75), and beef producers (C-64 to C-68, and C-71) .

The milk producer samples were analyzed for elemental calcium, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes. The beef producer samples were analyzed only for gamma-emitting isotopes.

Collection of nearest feed and forage was discontinued at location C-68 after March 1978. Sampling began at replacement location C-74 in June 1978. Location C-43 (commercial producer) was replaced by location C-75 in October 1978.

1. Calcium For nearest milk producers, the annual average of quarterly results was 1.8 mg/g wet weight, a decrease from the average of 3.1 mg/g wet weight for 1977. For commercial producers these averages were 2.1 mg/g wet weight for 1978 and 3.3 mg/g wet weight for 1977.

2. Strontium-89 Strontium-89 was detected in two of 3 3 samples of feed and forage collected from nearest milk producers while none was detected in the 12 samples from commercial milk producers.

The two samples containing strontium-89 were collected at location C-61. The sample collected in January, before the first 1978 weapons tes', had an activity of 0.546 pCi/g wet weight, while the sample collected in April, after the test, had an activity of only 0.031 pCi/g wet weight.

53

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Both occurrences of strontium-89 are attributable to fallout from the weapons test of September 1977. The fallout first appeared in the sample collected at location C-61 in October 1977.

The strontium-89 activity was 0.442 pCi/g wet weight. Decay cor-rection of this activity to the collection date of January 1978 sample predicts an activity of only 0.128 pCi/g wet weight. This apparent discrepancy is easily resolved by taking sample types into consideration. The 1977 sample was grass while the 1978 sample was hay. Since hay is merely dried grass it is expected to have a higher concentration of radionuclides per unit weight. A concentra-tion factor of three to five is typical when drying fresh grass.

Since wet weights are measured for samples in the condition they are received, the observed activity of 0.546 pCi/g wet weight is what would be expected from the simultaneous decay and concentration of strontium-89 as fresh grass is converted to hay. The strontium-89 activity in April 1978 silage sample is attributable to fallout deposited prior to harvesting in 1977.

3. Strontium-90 Strontium-90 was detected in all 13 feed and forage samples for nearest milk producers and in 11 of 12 samples from commercial milk producers. Activities were highest during the first quarter, averaging 0.325 pCi/g wet weight for nearest producers and 0.30 pCI/g wet weight for commercial producers. Activities were significantly lower during the remaining quarters and fluctuated with calcium levels throughout the year. The relatively high strontium-90 levels observed in the first quarter are attributable to concentration of fallout from the September 1977 weapons test as shown in the preceding section.

54

HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAl. SCIENCES

4. Gamma-emitting Isotopes Distribution of gamma-emitting isotopes among the classes described in Table 3 was as follows.

Dectected/ Total Nearest Commercial Milk Milk Beef Class Producers Producers Producers I. Natural A. Cosmogenic 4/13 4/12 18/72 B. Terrestrial 14/39 13/36 83/216 II. Fission A. Short-lived 0/26 0/24 0/144 B. Other 25/130 13/120 83/720 III. Activation 1/39 0/36 2/216 The distribution of the above classes of radionuclides among the types of locations is not easily interpreted since it reflects a number of factors: differences in types of forage samples, dif-ferences in collection frequencies and dates, and the highly variable nature of fallout deposition.

The natural radionuclides observed were primarily beryllium-7 and potassium-40 although there were scattered occur-rances of radium-226 and thorium-228. The latter were due mainly to contamination of the samples by soil which could not be removed without also removing other radionuclides deposited on plant surfaces. Fission products were the most frequently detected class of radionuclide with the greatest number detected during the first 55

HA7LRTON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES quarter . No iodine-131 or barium-140 was detected. Manganese-54 was detected in three samples during the first quarter at levels barely above and not exceeding twice the error of the measurements.

Observation of three trace-level results attributable to activation products in a total of 69 measurements made during the first quarter is insufficient grounds for concluding that they are the result of plant operations.

5. Conclusions The data for feed and forage samples reflect the effects of fallout as observed in the air particulate analyses.

There is no firm indication of a plant effect.

t 56

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES D. Food and Feed Crops Corn samples were collected on 9 October from locations C-18, C-27, C-38, and C-41. Location C-41 was resampled on 14 November to replace the small sample collected earlier. Soybeans were col-lected on 9 October from locations C-15, C-20, and C-29. Samples

,w ere analyzed for elevated calcium, gross beta activity, strontium-89, s trontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Calcium Elemental calcium averaged 0.42 mg/g wet weight compared to 1.2 mg/g wet weight in 1977. The 1978 average is approximately four times the 1976 levels. The reason for such large fluctuations may be due to differences in sample preparation. Corn and stalks were analyzed in 1977 whereas kernels and cobs were analyzed in 1978.

In 1978 soybeans were analyzed without pods. It is not clear what portion was analyzed in 1977.

2. Gross Beta and Potassium-40 Gross beta activity averaged 4.7 2.1 pCi/g wet weight while potassium-40 averaged 4.4 2.8 pCi/g wet weight. These results indicate that potassium-40 was the major. source of gross beta activity.

3. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 Strontium-89 was not detected in any of the seven samples.

The highest limit of detection was 0.0077 pCi/g wet weight.

Strontium-89 resulting from fallout was detected in six of seven samples in 1977 and averaged 0.036 pCi/g wet weight.

Strontium-90 was detected in two samples in 1978 and averaged 0.0086 pCi/g wet weight. All 1977 samples contained 57

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES strontium-90. The average level was 0.035 pCi/g wet weight.

Since strontium and calcium are chemically similar, the observed decrease is attributed to the decrease in calcium content seen in 1978.

4. Gamma Emitting Isotopes Potassium-40 was the only gamma-emitting isotope observed.

Results for 1977 were strongly affected by fallout

5. Conclusions Results of analyses of food and feed crops show no evi-dence of a plant effect during 1978.

58

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES E. Milk ,

Milk was collected from a total of three nearest producer locations (C-61, C-68, and C-74) within 3.5 miles of the plant.

Location C-61 was sampled as scheduled throughout 1978. Location C-68 was discontinued after the 14 March 1978 collection due to unavailability of milk. Collection began at replacement location C-74 on 26 June 1978 and continued as scheduled for the remainder of the year. Five scheduled collections were missed. Sampling locations for milk from three commercial producers within 10 to 13 miles of the plant also varied during 1978. Locations C-42 and C-73 were sampled as scheduled throughout the year. Location C-43 was discontinued after the 21 July 1978 collection and replaced by location C-75 on 8 October 1978. No sample collections were missed.

Milk samples were analyzed for elemental calcium, iodine-131, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Calcium Elemental calcium averaged 1.26 g/l for nearest producers and 1.19 g/l for commercial producers for 1978. These results are in reasonable agreement with the national average value of 1.1610.08 g/l (National Center for Radiological Health, 1968) and nearly identical to the 1977 averages of 1.2 g/l for nearest producers and 1.3 g/l for commercial producers.

2. Iodine-131 Iodine-131 lovels in milk for nearest producers were monitored weekly for June through September and monthly otherwise.

All results were below 0.50 pCi/l with one exception. The sample collected from location C-61 on 10 April 1978 contained 2.26 0.30 59

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES pCi/l of iodine-131. No sample was collected from location C-68.

For commercial milk producers iodine-131 levels were monitored quarterly. All results were below 0.50 pCi/1 with one exception. The sample collected from location C-73 on 17 April 1978 contained 4.19 0.60 pCi/1 of iodine-131.

The results of iodine-131 analyses are consistent with measurements ma d e by the EPA in late March and early April showing that iodine-13: levels began to decline from a maximum of 51 pCi/l (Environmental Protection Agency, 1978) and with the pattern of gross beta activities discussed earlier. The observed iodine-131 activi-ties are clearly due to fallcut from the 14 March 1978 weapons test.

3. Strontium-89 Six of 22 samples collected from nearest milk producers contained strontium-89. In the first quarter strontium-89 was detected in four of six samples with an overage activity of 3.8 pCi/1, down from the average of 11 pCi/l for the fourth quarter of 1977. The remaining two occurrences of strontium-89 were during the quarter of 1978. The average activity was 2.90 pCi/1.

For third commercial milk producers, strontium-89 was detected in one of 12 samples. An a tivity of 11.312.8 pCi/l was observed during the second quarter.

All occurrences of strantium-89 in milk are attributable to fallout from nuclear weapons testing. The levels observed during the first quarter for nearest producers show the lingering effects of relatively heavy fallout from the 17 September 1977 test. The single observation for commercial producers during the second 60

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES quarter and the two observations for nearest producers are both the result of fallout from the 14 March 1978 test.

4. Strontium-90 Quarterly average strontium 'll activities for nearest milk producers ranged from 3.0 to 4.4 pCi/l in 1978, nearly identical to the 1977 range of 2.3 to 4.4 pCi/1. For commercial producers quarterly average activities ranged from 4.5 to 7.8 pCi/1 in 1978. The 1978 range is broader and shifted to higher activi-ties compared to the 1977 range of 3.3 to 5.4 pCi/1 but closely approximates the 1976 range of 4.6 to 7.6 pCi/1.

In spite of varations in sampling locations, strontium-90 levels in milk have remained relatively constant. This is probably due to the consistancy of calcium levels in milk and the long strontium-90 half-life of 28.64 years. The 1978 averages are con-sistent with the EPA report of 4.6 2.2 pCi/l for pasteurized milk collected in Omaha in July 1978 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).

5. Gamma Emitting Isotopes Potassium-40 levels in milk averaged 1290 pCi/l (1.46 g/l of elemental potassium) for nearest producers and 1270 pCi/l (1.44 g/l of elemental calcium) for commercial producers. These values are consistent with the 1977 averages of 1310 pCi/l for nearest producers and 1220 pCi/l for commercial producers since the error in potassium-40 determinations is typically 100 pCi/1. All these values are in agreement with the 1963-66' Pasteurized Milk Network determination of 1.51 0.21 g/l for elemental potassium (National 61

HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Center for Radiological Health, 1968).

Cesium-137 was detected in five of 22 nearest producer samples. The overall average level was 8.1 pCi/1. The 1978 results are typical of levels reported nationwide by the EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978) and are attributable to worldwide fallout of this long-lived isotope (30.2 years).

No iodine-131 or barium-140 were detected in samples collected after either of the 1978 weapons tests. Trace level activities were observed in only +hree of 476 measurements for the remaining radionuclides.

The contrast between the sporadic observation of gamma-emitting nuclides in milk and their frequent observation in feed illustrates the fact that most radionuclides in leed are eliminated by the selective metabolism of the cow (National Center for Radio-logical Health, 1968).

6. Conclusions Data for 1978 milk samples reflect the effects of fallout from the weapons tests conducted on 17 September 1977 and 14 March 1978. The results are consistent with data obtained for sir particulates and vegetation. There is no indication of a plant effect.

62

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES F. Garden Crops and Apples Tomatoes were collected from'three locations (C-34, C-56, and C-62) on 14 August 1978 and apples from two locations (C-53 and C-54) on 11 September 1978. The samples were analyzed for elemental calcium, gross beta activity, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Calcium Calcium averaged 0.086 0.020 mg/g wet weight, a value not statistically different from the 1977 average of 0.079i0.013 mg/g wet weight.

2. Gross Beta and Potassium-40 Gross beta activities averaged 1.79 0.26 pCi/g wet weight and are consistent with potassium-40 activities which averaged i.95 0.56 pCi/g wet weight. The results show that potassium-40 was the primary source of gross beta activity. The 1978 averages are essentially the same as those for 1977; 1.8 0.7 pCi/g wet weight for gross beta and 1.8i0.8 pCi/g wet weight for potassium-40.

3. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 No strontium-89 or strontium-90 was detected in the 1978 samples. The limit of detection was 0.0058 pCi/g wet weight for strontium-89 and 0 0067 pCi/g wet weight for strontium-90. Both isotopes were observed at trace levels in 1977.

4. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes Potascium-40 was detected in all samples. The remaining 80 measurements gave results below the lower limits of 63

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES detection except for one trace level observation of zirconium-95.

5. Conclusions Radiostrontium levels decreased to below the limits of detection in 1978. This is probably due to the fact that fallout was not deposited during the growing season of the samples collected.

There is no indication of a plant effect.

64

HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAL SCIENCES G. Eggs Eggs were collected quarterly from four locations (C-42, C-51, C-66, and C-67). Edible portions were analyzed for elemental calcium, gross beta activity, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Calcium Quarterly average calcium levels ranged from 0.41 to 0.62 mg/g wet weight. These values indicate that calcium levels in eggu continue to increase. The 1977 range was 0.33 to 0.48 mg/g wet weight and only 0.037 to 0.15 mg/g wet weight in 1976.

2. Gross Beta and Potassium-40 Quarterly a\erage gross bata activities ranged from 1.20 to 1.41 pCi/g wet weight. Potassium-40 quarterly averages ranged from 0.82 to 1.13 pCi/g wet weight. The results indicate that potassium-40 was the major source of gross beta activity.

The 1978 average levels for gross beta and potassium-40 were slightly higher in 1978 than in 1977.

3. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 Observations of trace-level activities were made only in the samples collected during the second quarter. The average activity was 0.004 3 pCi/g wet weight. Trace-level strontium-90 was observed in only two samples which were collected during the fourth quarter and averaged 0.0040 pCi'/g wet weight. The presence of strontium-8'9 in second quarter samples is attributable to fallou' from the 14 March weapons test. The absence of strontium-90 in these samples is due to the fact that little strontium-90 is 65

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES produced initially by nuclear detonations (U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972, p. F-02-01 to F-02-10). Detection of strontium-90 only during the fourth quarter is probably due to the fact that limits of detection were higher during previous quarters.

In view of the fact that the measuring error is typically 50 percent for such low levels of radiostrontium, the 1978 results indicate no significant changes from the levels seen in 1977 when the overall average strontium-89 level was 0.0049 pCi/g wet weight and 0.0020 pCi/g wet weight for strontium-90.

4. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes Potassium-40 was observed in all samples. No cesium-137 was detected however, the highest 1978 limit of detection of 0.014 pCi/g wet weight was above the average 1977 activity of 0.00 81 pCi/g wet weight. There was only one trace-level activity observed in the remaining 240 measurements.

5. Conclusions Results for egg samples show only a minor effect of fallout. There is no indication of a plant effect.

66

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES H. Ground Water Ground water samples were collected quarterly from two locations (C-11 and C-4 7) and analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activities in total residue, tritium, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Gross Alpha ,

Only one of eight measurements of gross alpha activity yielded a detectable result. The activity of 2.5 2.2 pCi/1, observed during the second quarter, was below the limits of detection for third and fourth quarter samples. Limits of dectection ranged from 1.4 to 3.8 pCi/1.

2. Gross Beta Gross beta activity was detected in all eight samples. Quarterly average activities ranged from 3.8 to 7.0 pCi/l as compared to a range of 4.3 to 6.0 pCi/l for 1977.

3. Tritium For location C-ll the 1978 tritium results averaged 130 pCi/1, slightly higher than the 1977 average of 120 pCi/1. For location C-47 the 1978 results averaged 350 pCi/1, down from 390 pCi/1 in 1977. The small variations in activity are not significant since the error of individual analyses was in the range 70 to 90 pCi/1.

4. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes of 136 individual measurements, only two detectable gamma activities were observed. Both are attributable to statisti-cal fluctuations in the raw data.

67

HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAL SCIENCES

5. Conclusions The results show no evidence of the effects of fallout or plant operation.

68

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES .

I. Rabbits Rabbits were collected at two locations (C-28 on 7 December, and C-35 on 15 and 20 Novembt-). Thyroids were analyzed for iodine-131, femurs for strontium-89 and strontium-90, and muscle tissue for gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Iodine-131 (Thyroid)

Iodine-131 levels in 1978 were below the limits of detection of 1.4 pCi/g wet weight.

2. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 (Femur)

Strontium-89 activities were below 0.091 pCi/g wet weight, the 1978 limit of detection. The 1977 average was 0.45 pCi/g wet weight. The 1978 average strontium-90 activity was 0.62 0.23 pCi/g wet weight and is in agreement wit :i the 1977 average of 0.4610.07 pCi/g wet weight.

3. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes No gamma-emitting isotopes were detected in 1978 samples. The limit of detection for potassium-40 was 1.3 pCi/g wet weight. The average 1977 activity was 2.9 pCi/g wet weight. Cesium-137 levels, which averaged 0.054 pCi/g wet weight in 1977, were below 0.042 p.i/g wet weight in 1978.

4. Conclusions There is no indication of a plant effect.

69

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES J. River Water River water was collected monthly at three locations, one upstream of the intake structure (C-12) and two downstream of the discharge plume outfall (C-13 and C-28). The monthly samples were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activities in both suspended and dissolved solids as well as for strontium-89 and strontium-90. Quarterly composites were analyzed for tritium and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta in Suspended Solids In suspended solids, the 1978 gross alpha results were above detection limits in 20 of 36 analyses. Quarterly averages ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 pCi/1. Significant variation has been observed in gross alpha levels. The range was 0.2 to 0.9 pCi/l in 1977 and was 0.8 to 7.6 pCi/l in 1976. The gross beta results were above detection limits in 32 of 36 analyses.

Quarterly averages ranged from 2.2 to 2.7 pCi/1. The range of 1977 measurements was 0.5 to 2.2 pCi/1.

Even greater variations in gross alpha and beta activities were seen when comparing 1977 data to that for 1976 (measured by Teledyne). In order to minimize variation caused by agitation of samples, Hazleton settles samples for one hour prior to removing aliquots for analysis. Since significant variations were found in spite of this precedure, it may be more appropriate to report suspended solid data in units of pCi/mg suspended solids /1.

2. Gross Alpha and Beta in Dissolved Solids In dissolved solids, 1978 gross alpha results were 70

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES above detection limits in 24 of 36 analyses. Quarterly averages ranged from 3.7 to 4.8 pCi/1, in agreement with results for the previous two years which ranged from 2.1 to 4.8 pCi/1. The 1978 gross beta results ranged from 6.7 to 10.4 pCi/1. Gross beta levels in dissolved solids have been nearly constant since the program began in 1972.

3. Triti um Quarterly average tritium levels ranged from 160 to 340 pCi/l in 1978. The overall 1978 average was 250 pCi/1, differing from the 1977 average of 290 pCi/1 by approximately half of the typical error of an individual measurement.

4. Strontium-89 Strontium-89 was detected in six of 36 measurements, four in the first quarter and two in the second. The average activity was 1.20 pCi/l during the first quarter and 1.01 pCi/1 during the second. Strontium-89 was detected at upstream and downstream locations indicating fallout as the source.

5. Strontium-90 Strontium-90 was detected in 13 of 36 measurements.

Quarterly averages ranged from 0.87 to 1.39 pCi/l in 1978. Averages for 1977 ranged from 0.54 to 0.92 pCi/1.

6. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes The results of all measurements of gamma-emitting isotopes were below the limits of detection in 1978. In 1977 there were 12 observations of trace-level gamma activity. Limits of detec-tion were comparable for 1978 and 1977.

71

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

7. Conclusions The strontium-89 activity seen during the first and second quarters is attributable to fallout from the 17 September 1977 and 14 March 1978 weapons tests. Variations in gross alpha and gross beta activity are apparently due to variations in the amount of suspended solids content of the river water. There is no indication of a plant effect.

72

HAZLETON ENVI AQNMENTAL SCIENCES K. Fish Fish were collected on 29 June and 26 October at two locations, C-28 (two miles downstream) and C- 35 (three miles upstream). On each date two species were collected at each location. The flesh and bones of each sample were combined and analyzed for gross beta activity, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Gross Beta and Potassium-40 Gross beta activity averaged 2.65 pCi/g wet weight for the June samples and 2.60 pCi/g wet weight for the October samples. Pot; asium-40 averaged 2.32 pCi/g wet weight in June and 1.90 pCi/g wet weight in October, indicating that it was the primary source of the observed gross beta activity. The 1978 results are within experimental error of the 1977 results.

2. Strontinm-89 and Strontium-90 Strontium-89 results were below 0.099 pCi/g wet weight, the 1978 limit of detection. A single observation of strontium-89 (0.062 pCi/g wet weight) was made in 1977.

Strontium-90 averaged 0.027 pC1/g wet weight in June and 0.029 pCi/g wet weight in October. The 1977 averages were 0.026 and 0.020 pCi/g wet weight.

3. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes Potassium-40 was detected in all 1978 samples.

Cesium-137 was detected at a level of 0.0152i0.003'l pCi/g wet weight in one sample. A single 1977 sample contained 0.012 t0.005 pCi/g wet weight of cesium-137. There were two additional trace-level 73

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES detections of gamma-emitting isotopes. There were six such detections in 1977.

4. Conclusions There is no significant difference between results of analyses of fish made in 1978 and 1977. There is no indication of a plant effect.

74

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES L. Aquatic Vegetation Aquatic vegetation was collected from three locations C-12, C-13, and C-28). Cattails were collected on 29 June and algae was collected on 26 and 30 October. No algae was available at C-13. Samples were analyzed for gross beta activity, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Gross Beta and Potassium-40 Gross beta activity averaged 3.82 pCi/g wet weight for cattails and 3.32 pCi/g wet weight for algae. Potassium-40 averaged 3.2 pCi/g wet weight for cattails but was below 1.3 pCi/g wet weight for algae. Potassium-40 was clearly the major source of the observed gross beta activity seen in cattails. Failure to detect potassium-40 in algae is due to the fact that the samples were small (<100g) which prevented observation of statistically acceptable peaks.

2. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 No strontium-89 was detected. The limit of detection was 0.0028 pCi/g wet weight for cattails and 0.022 pCi/g wet weight for, algae. Strontium-90 was below the limit of detection of 0.017 pCi/g wet weight for cattails and averaged 0.023 pCi/g wet weight for algae.

3. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes.

No gamma-emitting isotopes were detected in algae.

Cesium-137, radium-226, and thorium-228 were detected in two of three cattail samples. The average cesium-137 activity was 0.029 pCi/g wet weight. The presence of trace amounts of radium-226 and 75

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES thorium-228 is attributable to mud deposited on the cattails.

4. Conclusions No trends can be established since aquatic vegetation was not available in 1977. The 1978 results show no indication of a plant effect.

76

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES M. Soil Soil samples are collected once every three years. Recent collections were made on 13 and 14 October 1975 from 39 locations (C-1 through C-10, C-15, C-18, C-20, C-23, C-27, C-29, C-31, C-34, C-37, C-38, C-41 through C-43, C-52 through C-56, C-61, C-62, C-64 through C-6 8, and C-70 through C-73) and on 16 October 1978 from nine locations (C-2 through C-10 ) . Samples were analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activity, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.

1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Gross alpha activities remained constant averaging 14.5 3.5 pCi/g dry weight in 1978 and 11.6 5.2 pCi/g dry weight in 1975. The gross beta activities were also constant averaging 24.7 3.1 pCi/g dry weight in 1978 and 23.5 4.5 pCi/g dry weight in 1975.

2. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 Strontium-89 was not detected in either year. The limit cf detection was 0.0081 pCi/g dry weight in 1978 and 0.4 pCi/g dry weight in 1975. Strontium-90 was detected in all nine 1978 samples and averaged 0.138 0.065 pCi/g dry weight. In 1975 strontium-90 was detected in 30 of 39 samples and averaged 0.2910.18 pCi/g dry weight.

3. Gamma-Emitting Isotopes Potassium-40 was detected in all samples. The average activity was 23.9 pCi/g dry weight in 1978 and 17.0 pCi/g dry weight in 1975, indicating that it was the major source of the observed 77

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES gross beta activity. Cesium-137 was detected in all 1978 samples and averaged 0.51 pCi/g dry weight. Cesium-137 was detected in 38 of 39 of the 1975 samples and averaged 0.54 pCi/g dry weight.

Radium-226 and thorium-228 levels also remained constant. There were two observations of trace-levels of other' gamma-emitting isotopes made in 1978.

4. Conclusions The data indicates that levels of radioactivity in soil have remained constant since 1975 with the exception of the strontium-90 level which decreased. There is no indication of a plant effect.

78

HAZ1.ETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES VII. References Cited Nalco Environmental Sciences , 1975. Quality Control Program, Nuclear Sciences Section, December 1975.

, 1977a. Analytical Procedures Manual, Nuclear Sciences Section, Revision 0, 11 February 1977. .

, 1977b. Sampling Manual, Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program, Cooper Nuclear Station, Revision 1, 1 October 1977.

, 1977c. Quality Assurance Manual, 12 December 1977.

National Center for Radiological Health,1968. Radiological Health and Data Reports , Vol. 9, Number 12, 730-746.

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1975.

Natural Background Radiation in the United States, NCRP Report No. 45, 15 November 1975, Washington, D.C.

Nebraska Public Power District, 1979. Cooper Nuc. lear Station Environmental Radiation Monitoring Program, Annual Report, January 1, 1978 - December 31, 1978 (prepared by Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation)..

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1972. HASL Procedures Manual, Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, N. Y. 10014.

U. S. Davironmental Protection Agency,1978a. Environmental Radiation Data, Report 13 (July 1978) , Report 15 (January 1979).

Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, Alabama.

Wilson, D. W., G. M. Ward, and J. E. Johnson, 1969. In Environmental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 125.

79

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix A Statistical Notes A-1

HA71 ETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES APPENDIX A STATISTICAL NOTES

1. Each activity is reported in one of two forms:

x i s or

<L, where x = value of measurement; s = probable counting error at the 95%

confidence level (20 error);

L = detection limit based on 30 error for background sample.

2. All activities are corrected to collection time.

3. Computation of means and standard deviations:

(a) In any statistical table, the values are entered as xis or <L where E = sample mean = ;

n = number of data points averaged; ,

I(x-x) if n>1; s = sample standard deviation = n

=20 uncertainty if n = 1.

(b) For gross beta and gross alpha results in air particulates, averaging includes values which are less than the lower limits of detection. The detection limit is used as the sample activity in these cases.

(c) In all other cases, if all values in an averaging group are below detection limits, the highest of the detection limits A-2

HAZLETON RNVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES is reported as a "less than" value without an associated standard deviation. If some values are above detection limits and some are below, then (1) the mean and standard deviation of the detectable result equal to or greater than the highest "less than" value are reported, and the number detectable is listed in parentheses; if there is only one detectable result the 2a error is reported instead of the standard deviation; and (2) the highest nondetectable result is reported as a "less than" value, and the number nondetectable and the number detectable but below the "less than" value are listed in parentheses.

(d) Means and standard deviation are reported on a quarterly basis except for air particulate and airborne iodine data which are reported monthly. For air particulate and charcoal filters, data for samples collected on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day of a month are assigned to the previous month.

(e) Cumulative means and standard deviations shown to the right and at the bottom of air particulate statistical tables are computed using the formulas shown in (a) above for all samples in the averaging group. They are not averages of the means and standard deviations shown in the main body of the table.

(f) In rounding off, numbers followed by a 5 or higher digit are rounded upwards.

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HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix B Notification Levels B-1

HrZ1.ETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES Table B-1. Notification levels, Cooper Nuclear Station Environmental Radiation Monitoring Program.a Media and Isotope Notification Level Air Gross a ------------------ 0.1 pCi/m 33 G ro s s p - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.0 pCi/m 3

I-131 ------------------ 0.31 pCi/m Milk I-131 (low level) ----- -- ------ 1.09 pCi/l Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.04 pCi/l Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14.82 pCi/1 Feed and Forage - Milk Producers Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.16 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.6 pCi/g wet Feed and Forage - Beef Producers Cs-137 ------------------ 0.8 pCi/g wet Food and Feed Crop Gross P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22.6 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.08 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.204 pCi/g wet Ground Water Gross a ------------------ 12.0 pCi/1 Gross p - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33.8 pCi/l H-3-------------------- 32.24 pCi/ml Vegetables - Non Leafy Gross ---------- ------- 6.4 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.03 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.04 pCi/g wet Vegetables - Leafy Gross p - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.6 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.15 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.03 pCi/g wet B-2

HAZLETON ENVIRONMiENTAL SCIENCES Table B-1. (continued)

Media and Isotope Notification Level Apples Gross P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.0 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.03 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.08 pCi/g wet Fish Gross P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.8 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.37 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.2 pCi/g wet Rabbit I-131 (Thyroid) -- -- -- - --- ---- 0.8 pCi/g wet Sr-89 (Femur) - -- ----- - ------ 1.0 pCi/g wet Sr-90 (Femur) - --- ---- - ------ 2.08 pCi/g wet Eggs Gross P - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7.4 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.3 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.13 pCi/g wet Algae Gross @ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25.6 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.2 pCi/g wet Sr - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.3 pCi/g wet River Water Gross a S us p . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22.0 pCi/l Gross a Diss. --- - -- -- -- ---- 27.6 pCi/l G ro s s p S us p . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58.3 pCi/l Gross p Diss. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 88.6 pCi/l Sr-89 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1000.0 pCi/l Sr-90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 100.0 pCi/l H - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1000.0 pCi/ml Soil Sr-90 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.0 pCi/g dry

^ Telephone notification to the station ~ with following confirmation in writing is required in the event that any confirmed result exceeds a notification level.

B-3

ML19283B626

Text

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