ML18354A393
| ML18354A393 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Palisades  |
| Issue date: | 05/31/1975 |
| From: | Consumers Power Co |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| Download: ML18354A393 (303) | |
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SUMMARY
OF THE EFFECTS OF. ONCE~THROUGH* COOLING AT THE PALISADES NUCLEAR POWER PLANT-i I THE ATTACHED FILES ARE OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF REGULATION. THEY HAVE BEEN CHARGED TO YOU FOR A LIMITED TIME PERIOD ANS MUST BE RETURNED TO THE CENTRAL RECORDS STATION 008. ANY PAGE(S) REMOVED FOR REPRODUCTION MUST BE RETURNED TO ITS/THEIR ORIGINAL ORDER.
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Summary of the Effects of Once-Through Cooling at the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant Consumers Power Company May 1975
- Sunnnary Table of Contents Introduction Field and Laboratory Methods Section A - Temperature, Intake Currents and Sediment Ana1ysis Section B - Plankton, Attached Filamentous Algae and Rooted Aquatics and Psammolittor*al Organisms Section C - Benthic Organisms Section D --Fish Section E - Discussion on Interaction of Organisms and the Power Plant in a Food Web Appendix A - Temperature, Intake Currents and Sediment Analysis
- Appendix B - Plankton Appendix C - Benthos Appendix Ca - Pre- and Post-Operational Biomass Determinations on Amphipods and Oligochaete Samples Appendix D - Fish
- GENERAL
SUMMARY
Consumers Power Company of Jackson, Michigan initiated in 1968 a study to monitor the effects of once-through cooling on the biota of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant. This developed into a seven year study, incorporating four preoperational years and three years ai'ter the plant began operations. The power plant began operations at 20 percent of rated power on December 21, 1971. Allowing for periodic shutdowns, the plant reached 60 percent of power in August 1972, 85 percent in January 1973 and 100 percent on April 12, 1973. Due to mechanical problems, the plant was off-line from August 1973 until after the completion of the surveys a year later. Preoperational lake studies were begun in May 1968 and continued four times a year (May, June, August and October) until October 1971. Lake sampling was conducted only twice in 1972 (June and October), but was returned to preoperational frequenciP,S in 1973. Sampling occurred during two months, June and August, in 1974. An additional survey was scheduled in October 1974, but was abandoned due to adverse lake conditions. Surveys related more directly to plant operation were conducted more frequently during the peri-0d of once-through cooling.
- The principal biological parameters measured during the study were benthos diversity and density; plankton species density, productivity and mortality; fish species abundance and the numbers impinged on the traveling screens of the power plant. Studies were also made of psammolittoral organ-isms inhabiting the shoreline and periphyton growth.
Temperature profiles were taken during sampling, and thermal plumes were mapped under various operating and lake conditions. Visual observations were made on the effects of the intake crib on fish movements, and transects by scuba divers observed the nature of the lake bottom, and whether attached* growths were developing in the study area. The sediments from each station were analyzed for particle size and percent organic carbon on two occasions during the study period. Consumers Power Company undertook the operational. phase plankton productivity and mortality studies and fish impingement and nearshore distri-bution studies, and were involved in the scuba observations. These studies were made under the direct supervision of Dr. R*. s. Benda, Biology Department, Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Institute for Fisheries Research of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources studied the fish populations, and Beak Consultants studied the plankton, benthos, periphyton, psammon and sediments. Plume mapping was done by Consumers Power Company and Argonne National Laboratories. Temperatures were recorded by all investigators *
- TEMPERATURE Continuous temperature records of the Palisades Plant intake and discharge and the South Haven Water Treatment Plant were used to identify the temperature variations incurred during the study period. Thirty-six temper-ature surveys were conducted to delineate the characteristics of the thermal plume as it developed from the shoreline discharge. In addition, temperature data were collected during the biological. surveys. The temperature rise through the plant varied from less than 5.6°c to about 15°c. The average plume size, as defined by attempting to delineate an isotherm at approxi-mately 3°F (1.67°c) above ambient, was 231 acres {ranging from 17 to 870 acres). The majority of the plumes flowed in a northerly direction and occupied only the surface layers, al.though sinking p1umes were observed on three occasions. Photographs taken during lake ice conditions document the relatively smaJ.l area of melting caused by the discharge.
INTAKE CURRENT Scuba divers measured current velocities on two separate occasions at the face of the intake crib, located 3,300 feet offshore. Velocities at the center of each face of the intake ranged from 0.69 to 0.95 ft/second, compared to a design average velocity of 0.5 ft/second. SEDIMENT ANALYSIS Sediment samples were collected in October 1971 and October 1973 throughout the sampling grid, and anaJ.yzed for percent organic carbon and particle size distribution. *while some variability was notable, the mean percent organic carbon results for stations in less than 60 feet of water were less in 1973 than in 1971. Mean results were below 0.5 percent in 1973 compared to mean vaJ.ues greater than 1.0 percent in 1971. Particle size analysis showed a predominance between 0.074 mm and 0.297 mm (fine to medium sand) BJ.though variability outside of this range and between stations was common. Comparison of the results from 1973 and 1971 showed an overall higher proportion of finer materiaJ.s in 1973. PLANICTON Lake plankton were compared throughout the study period by sampling at each station and determining packed cell volume. Detailed identifications were made during the period of once-through cooling. The effects of conden-ser passage on the productivity and mortality rates were studied from May 1972 to October 1973. Substantial. variations in plankton standing crop occurred between 1968 and 1974 and did not appear to be related to plant start-up. Signifi-cant differences in the packed cell volumes at control stations and those close to the discharge had already occurred between August 1968 and May 1971.
- Only one sampling period, June 1972, had a plume present where station surface
- temperatures were maintained significantly above ambient. The plume extended south from the plant and standing crops of plankton at stations affected by the plume were lower than at stations outside the plume's influence.
During all post-operational surveys, diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) dominated the phytoplankton. Tabellaria, Asterionella, Fragila.ria, Cyclotella, Melosira and Synedra were all dominant genera at one time or another. Other common genera were Navicula (Bacillariophyceae) Rhizosolenia, Scenedesmus and Pediastrum ( Chlorophyta) and Dinobryon ( Chrysophyta). The blue-green ( Cyanophyta), commonly represented by the genera Oscillatoria, formed only a small part of the plankton community. The totaJ. standing crop of phytoplankton was higher in June 1974 than at any time since counting began in 1972. This high standing crop cor-responded with a high packed cell volume. Studies on the effects of condenser passage indicated that, with no heat added, phytoplankton productivity varied between an average loss of 35.6 percent and an average gain of 35.4 percent. With the introduction of heat, the change in productivity varied from an average loss of 47.9 percent to an average gain of 36.2 percent. When a1l the results were examined, it appeared that mechanical stress caused approximately one-haJ.f the decrease in primary productivity *
- The most abundant and consistently appearing zoopla.nk.ton groups in the cooling water were the cyclopoid and caJ.anoid copepods and the Bosmina cladocerans. The copepods appeared in every sample, but Bosmina appeared primarily in the summer months and in large numbers at that time. The domi-nant forms were Bosmina longirostris, Diaptomus, Linm.ocaJ.anus, Asplanchna.,
.and Da.phnia retrocurva. Bosmina ( Cladocera.) were the least affected by the heated discharge, with 6.1 percent difference between the mortality measured from the intake and discharge water. Calanoid copepods were most affected with an average difference in mortality between discharge and intake samples of 14.9 percent. The mortality when a nonheated discharge was present was very similar for most of the zooplankters and lower than that in the heated discharge. Mor~ality banged as high as 90 percent when discharge temperatures were between 32 to 38 c. Mechanical damage particularly affected the larger zoopla.nk.ters.
The zooplankton standing crop was dominated numerically by Keratella cochlearis and Polyarthra spp. Kellicottia spp and Keratella quadrata. were also common. The cladoceran fraction wa.s dominated by Bosmina spp. The zooplankton density in June 1974, similar to the phytoplankton standing crop, was greater than had occurred in June of the previous two years. ATTACHED FILAMENTOUS ALGAE AND ROOTED AQUATICS Attempts to monitor the growth of periphyton on submerged artificial substrata during the preoperationaJ. period were abandoned because of poor success in maintaining and recovering samplers. It was not expected that at-tached growth would be evident, because of the lack of suitable substrate
- along the shoreline, and subjective observations were substituted for controlled experiments.
Observations were made of unusual amounts of filamentous algae in seine nets used during June 1971 and on gill nets in August 1971, but there was no evidence that the material originated in the vicinity of the plant. The shore area, except for man-made structures and driftwood, was observed to be generally free of filamentous algae and rooted aquatic growth. PSAMMOLITTOBAL ORGANISMS The study to determine whether psammolittoral organisms would be affected by plumes during periods of onshore winds was undertaken in June and October, 1972 and 1973. Total counts of organisms indicated that numbers were highest in the cores taken above the waterline, where greatest diurnal fluctuations in temperature occurred. The highest counts were in June 1972 and October 1973. The origin of the psammon was both planktonic and epipelic; the dominant organisms which could be identified were diatoms, other algae, protozoans, rotifers, oligochaetes and nematodes. Comparison of organism density at the various stations did not reveal any relationships with dis-tance from the plant or any plant related abnormal variability. BE NTHOS
- In order to analyze the benthos and plankton in a convenient, sta-tistical manner, bivariate control charts were constructed for certain groups of stations. During initial analysis, it was noted that the dominant groups of benthic organisms were depth-dependent. Stations at similar depths, within and without the probable influence of the plume, were grouped for the construc-tion of the charts. Both diversity and density of benthos were displayed this way.
In analyzing the benthic macroinvertebrates by the *bivariate con-trol chart method, the data indicated that significant changes in density occurred at a number of the stations on the survey grid. Some of the sta-tions, but not all where changes had occurred, were close enough to the dis-charge to be affected by the plume. The Mann-Whitney test which does not make any assumptions about the normality of the population distributions, was used to determine whether there had been any statistically significant in-creases or decreases in the post-operational population densities of individual organisw.s. The outermost grid stations which were at depths greater than 50 feet had one significant change in density, that of the oligochaetes in August 1973. Study of this group of stations in October 1973 showed that the densities had returned to lie within the limits of the normal fluctua-tions that could be expected. The deepest stations were not studied in 1974 as they were not considered critical when correlating effects with the ther-mal plume. Using the Mann-Whitney analysis, six of the deepest stations,
- C-2, G-2, C-5, F-5, CNl and CSl, had significant changes in the density of certain organisms.
- Most of the significant changes illustrated by the control charts occurred at the 30 to 50 foot depths. Sphaeriids showed changes in October 1973 and June 1974 and chironomids in June 1973 and l974 and August l974.
Of the inner and outer stations represented by these charts, C-1, F-1 H-2 and CN2 had significant increases or decreases as determined by the Mann-
'Whi tney test.
Only one statistically significant change was demonstrated on the control charts for the 20 to 30 foot depth level. This was on the chart for stations southwest of the discharge, and represented oligochaetes for October. Density changes occurred in both 1972 and 1973. The Mann-Whitney test demon-strated significant changes at F/2, G/2, H-1, B-1, C/2, D/2, A-2 and I-5, all represented on this group of charts. The benthic diversity indices were calculated for the June and October surveys. The diversity indices for October were all within expected limits but the 1972 and 1973 June diversities showed changes beyond the ex-pected fluctuations at both inner and outer stations. A significant change occurred only in June 1974. Two groups of stations were involved, the first at 20 to 30 foot depth southwest of the discharge where the diversity de-creased. The other stations where changes occurred were at 30 to 50 feet, the inner stations lying northwest and southwest on the C and F lines, re-spectively. The June diversity indices had been higher since 1972 and lay beyond the control limits of the inner stations
- Using the Mann-'Whitney test, the following individual organisms showed significant changes in population density between pre- and post-operational years.
Eurycercus (Cladocera) increased in density at four 1/2 mile stations and one station at 1, 2 and 5 miles from the discharge on lines both north and south on the survey grid. Arnnicola was the only gastropod to have significant increases in density. These occurred at stations between 1 and 2 miles southwest of the discharge. Both Arnnicola and Valvata (Gastropoda) showed significant de-creases at some of the stations, Arnnicola, 1 mile northwest and 5 miles south and Valvata 2 miles north and at the north control near South Haven. Three chironomid genera showed numbers that were significantly greater at six of the stations. Cladotanytarsus showed significant increases at two 1/2 mile stations west of the discharge, a 1 mile station southwest of the discharge and at the north control. Cryptochironomus increased at a station two miles to the northwest and Paracladopelma showed significant increases one mile north of the discharge. Four genera had significant decreases in density. Chironomus decreased significantly at stations 1/2 mile west, one mile southwest and two miles north and also at the south control near Benton Harbor, where Procladius also decreased in density. Cryptochironomus decreased at stations two and five miles south of the discharge and Heterotrissocladius decreased at a station five miles west from the plant.
- One oligochaete, Potamothrix moldaviensis increased in density at one 1/2 mile station and one 1 mile station southwest of the discharge.
Sphe.eriids exhibited increases and decreases in density at a number of stations. Pisidium increased at two 5 mile stations and decreased in density at one 1/2 mile station, one 1 mile station (all northwest of the plant) and three 2 mtle stations (lying north and south) and a south 5 mile station. Pisidium also decreased at the deeper of the south controls. , Sphaerium increased in density at one station lying two miles southwest of the discharge and decreased in density at two stations, one 5 miles northwest and at the deeper south control. Pontoporeia hoyi (Amphipoda), which was found in larger numbers at the deeper stations, showed a significant increase in density at one station lying two miles southwest of the discharge in 60 feet of water. It decreased at three stations; the 70 foot south control and a five mile station south of the discharge (28 feet) and a two mile station (23 feet) north of the dis-charge. A few organisms appeared for the first time at some of the stations after the plant began operations. Cladotanytarsus (Chironomidae) appeared in the post-operationaJ. period at D/2, F/2 and CN2. Paracladopelma, also a chironomid, appeared at A-1 during the post-operational period. Amnicola (Gastropoda) appeared at F-2. One organism disappeared from the samples, Procladius ( Chironomidae) was not sampled at CSl ( 17 miles south of PaJ.isades) after the pre-operational period. Overall, there were a larger number of significant increases in the density (20) of individual organisms at the sampling stations situated within one mile of the discharge, than at stations more than one mile distant (9). Significant density decreases occurred for eight macroinvertebrates at stations one mile or closer to the dischaJ.~ge and 22 occurred at stations situated beyond one mile. The planktonic forms, Cladocera and Ostracoda, were responsible for half of the significant increases at the inner stations (within one mile). Very few significant changes occurred in the populations of larger-sized crustaceans. Changes, both significant increases and decreases, occurred sc.at-tered over the whole grid and at both north and south control stations. There were more density increases due west of the plant, but increases were also record.ed at stations located northwest and southwest of the discharge. Decreases, apart from those at four of the deeper stations, H-2, C-2, C-5 and F-5, seemed to occur at the shallowest s.tations both north and south of the discharge, and were probably related to physical. factors such as an un-stable environment caused by rough water. No changes were of very high magnitude and density remained within control limits for the shallow water groups of stations.
- FISH A total of fifty-seven (57) species of fish was sampled, and the most common ones are discussed individually in the report. The same group of fish constituted the bulk of the catch at Cook, Palisades and Ludington, with some differences in proportion. Major species collected by gill net at Palisades included alewife (53.3%), yellow perch (40.l%), longnose sucker (3.l%) and white sucker (1.2%). The smaller species would hare figured more prominently in the Palisades gill net data had smaller mesh size been used.
Trawling and seining results indicated some species were attracted to the area when a heated discharge occurred, notably alewives, whereas other species indicated a negative reaction to the heated water. Statistical treatment of data collected by the Institute for Fisheries Research did not indicate a significant change in abundance of any of the prominent species after the introduction of a thermal discharge in 1972. However, catches of major species, except the spottail shiner, did decline somewhat in 1973. The spawning period for about 1/3 of the perch collected was advanced by approximately three (3) weeks in 1973. Impingement of fish on the plant traveling screens was monitored beginning in early 1972. A total of 653,890 fish were recorded as being impinged during the study period. Species most commonly impinged during once-through cooling operation were: alewife (58.6%), slin:w sculpin (27.5%), spottail shiner (7.2%) and perch (4.2%). Relatively few game fish were impinged, with perch being the exception. In most cases (especially alewives, perch, smelt), the heaviest losses due to impingement were related to seasonal movements, particularly spawning migrations. Data indicate that no serious losses were occurring due to egg or larvae intake. INTERACTIONS WITH FOOD WEB The food web is by its very nature a complex system with interplay between each major component, primarily plankton, benthos and fish. In the Palisades Plant situation, additional factors had to be taken into account. These were the passage of cooling water with entrained organisms through the condensers, impingement of fish on the traveling screens.and the discharge of heated water into the lake. Plankton densities were affected in a variety of ways. The phyto-plankton diversity was not altered, but zooplankton and phytoplankton densities changed according to plant effects. Mortality was lower when there was no heat, though mechanical stress had relatively significant effects. Very little is known on how the zoopla.nkton utilize phytoplankton as food, so the effects of condenser passage on the algal component used as food can only be hypothesized. Some zooplankton are detritivores, others are omnivorous and others active predators. The larger forms*of the latter actively compete with larval or planktivorous fish
- Some of the benthic macroinvertebrates exhibited significant de-creases or increases in density, but at stations scattered over the whole survey area, so no one location showed a change liable to affect the fish' populations.
- Perch, one of the dominant species of fish near Palisades, showed an.advance in spawning time in 1973. The benthos during the time that the young fish would be actively seeking them for food were nearly as abundant as they would be slightly later in the year in which perch young are normally present. In the case of perch, and of course other fish, the power plant was increasing the temperature of the habitat and also competing for food by en-trainment in the intake water of possible food organisms, both plankton and fish.
Other fish important to the fishery near Palisades would benefit from the increased densities and diversities of benthos which had been noted in the Palisades area, though a few decreases also occurred. Loss of fish impinged on the traveling screens, of course, represents a direct removal of biological material from the lake. The impinged fish however, were both predators and forage fish, so more than one component of the food web was affected. On the whole, the operation of the Palisades Plant with the once-through cooling system has not been shown to have any large detrimental im-pact on the local food web or on the overall populations of the lake .
- INTRODUCTION Consumers Power Company, in March 1967, began the construction of the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant, located on the east shore of Lake Michigan, about five miles south of South Haven, Michig~.
An environmental survey program was initiated in 1968 in response to concerns expressed about the effects of the discharge of heated effluents by various regulatory agencies, and with regard to standards being developed by the Michigan Water Resources Commission. Also, the Company was under com-mitm~nt that, should the effects of the discharge on the aquatic biota prove significant, corrective measures would be taken. Allowing for periodic shut-downs, operations were begun in December 1971, at 20 percent of rated power, and were graduaJ.ly increased to 60 percent in August 1972, 85 percent in January 1973, and 100 percent of full power (700 .MWe) on April 12, 1973. The plant was shut down due to various operationa1 problems in August 1973, and remained off-line for the rest of the study period. Events which will not be discussed here resulted in the construction of cooling towers for this plant which, after 1973, provided a closed cycle cooling system instead of once-through cooling. A heated plume dissipates in the top layers of water for most of t~I year, enabling much of the heat to* be transferred to the atmosphere. Asbury ) calculated lake-wide effects of man-made thermal discharges on Lake Michigan. The annual average increase in water surface temperature due to thermaJ. dis-charges in 1969 was calculated to be a maximum of O.Oll°F, and projections for 1975 were o.019°F. More significant effects than these suggested by overall rises would be anticipated in the inshore waters, close to the sources of heated dishcarges. Lake Michigan is generally classified ~s an oligotrophic lake (poor in nutrients) with localized areas of enrichment~2), but it has been shown to be aging (undergoing eutrophication) by the addition of nutrients, especially in the areas of high population. Concern has been expressed that the addition of heat may cause conditions suitable for nuisance algal growth. The area near Palisades is not heavily populated, unlike the far south end of the lake, but there is a possibility that this region of the lake is becoming enriched more quickly than would be expected, and the addition of heated water might accelerate the occurrence of changes in the aquatic biota. Prior to the initiation of the study, a program objective was estab-lished which was to determine the area of influence of the heated discharge and its impact on the biota of Lake Michigan. Those involved in the planning were environmental specia1ists from The University of Michigan, Michigan State agencies, Beak Consultants and Consumers Power Company. The program which was finally approved consisted of three phases:
2
- 1. Preoperational surveys of the benthos,_plankton and fish to obtain a knowledge of the state of the lake, both in the vicinity of the plant and in areas away from any possible influence of the thermal plume.
- 2. Postoperational mapping of the thermal plumes.
- 3. Postoperational surveys of the benthos, plankton and fish to determine the thermal influence, if any, on the biota.
Beak Consultants Limited were retained to carry out the benthos and plankton portions of Phases 1 and 3, in cooperation with the Institute for Fisheries Research of the State of Michigan Department of Natural Resources, who would carry out the fish sampling. Consumers Power Company staff were to provide mapping of the thermal plume, as well as miscellaneous biological sur-veys directly related to plant operation. Phase 1 was begun in May 1968, with major surveys to be conducted in May, June, August and October of each year. Some modifications in this schedule were agreed to in later years. The original plan was for two preoperational years and three post-operational years but, due to delays in plant start-up, data for four pre-operational years were obtained. This formed.a baseline against which post-operational data were compared to determine effects of the heated discharge on the biota of the area . A special study was begun in 1972 to determine whether psammolittoral organisms could be significantly affected by elevated temperatures during times of onshore winds and currents. Psammon, microscopic organisms inhabiting the interstitial spaces of sand at the shoreline, were sampled four times during 1972 and 1973, in June and October of each year. Special studies were also planned during the period of operation to investigate the effects of chlorination of the circulating water system on fish, plankton and psammolittoral organisms. Inasmuch as there was no chlorina-tion of the circulating water system during the period of once-through cooling operation, there is no further mention of this phase of the study in this report. In the presentation of results, emphasis is placed, where applicable, on graphical and/or statistical treatment of the data. Diversity indices for benthos were used and bivariate control charts developed for stations of similar depth. Significant changes in density for individual benthic species were also determined. The control charts permitted rapid evaluation of new data as they were generated, and displayed the results in a graphic and readily comprehen-sible form. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION The shoreline on which the Palisades Plant is located is regular along the length of the study area, without large indentations. It ip, 9f the basic "high sand dunes 11 type, 30 feet or higher, described by Carlson~3J, and is subject to erosion by wind and water.
3
- The fan-shaped sampling grid shown in Figure I-1 was established f94) benthos and plank.ton samples (similar to that proposed by Garton and Harkins\ )
and was composed of nine lines radiating from the Palisades Plant and four concentric semi:circles with radii of 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 miles. Initially, 21 sampling stations were selected on this grid, but the number was altered to include or exclude stations as experience was gained during the four preopera-tional years (Table I-1). Control stations outside the grid were set up near South Haven, seven miles north, and near Benton Harbor, 16 miles south of the Palisades Plant. Sampling stations for the fish collections and miscellaneous biological surveys are identified in the sections in which they are discussed. Analysis of the sediments indicated that they consisted mostly of a fine to medium sand with occasional small amounts of mud and detritus. While not documented, it was observed by field biologists that wave action altered the stratification of the sands. After storms, the fine particles were always in the upper stratum, but during calm weather this varied, indicating a very mobile lake bottom. Depths of the stations graduaJ.ly increase lakewards, the deepest stat~ons being 98 feet, five miles offshore. Lake currents are reported to flow parallel to the shoreline 54 per- ~* cent of the time du~ to southwest or northwest winds. At other times, the flow is offshore or calm\5J.
- 1.
REFERENCES Asbury, J. G., 1970, "Effects of.' Thermal Discharges on the Mass/Energy Balance of.' Lake Michigan," Argonne National Laboratorie.s Report. ANL ES-1.
- 2. Beeton, A. M., 1965, "Eutrophication of.' the St Lawrence Great Lakes,"
Limnol. and Oceanogr. 10 (2):240-254.
- 3. Carlson, R. E., 1971, "La.keshorePbysiographyandUse," Limnos. 4 (2):
3-14.
- 4. Garton, R. R. , and R. D. Harkins, 1970, "Guidelines': Biological Surveys at Proposed Heat Discharge Site," Wat. Poll. Contr. Res. Ser. Environmental Protection Agency.
- 5. Hough, J. L., R. A. Davis, and G. B. Keeley, 1967, "Lake Michigan Hydrology Near Palisades Park, Michigan," Report to Consumers Power Company .
Table 1-1 : Sampling stati6ns, dates, and depths 1968 to 1974
' ! 1970 1971 1968 1969 I NORMAL May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct.
STATION DEPTH 14 24 28 15 12 24 25 15, 11.14 23 25 15, 11. 21 23. 19, (ft.) to to to to to to to & June to to anci and to and and 18 29 29 16 14 27 27 28 4,5 . 26 27 16 13 25 24 20 A-1 15 "It: ;': i': -!: ;': ;': ;': -I: A-2 23
'i':
A-5 40 *;': "1: i':
*;': * *-J: *
- B-1 25 NS NS NS
*~\- i': ;':
i':
"/:
B/2 15 NS * *-!: --;':
* ** '
- i I
B/4 11 NS NS NS NS NS
*
- NS i':
*;': *-.':
- NS NS* NS -NS*
C-1 37 ;': -J: ,., *;': * "!: i': I C-2 50 i': i': i':
*.,., * *
- i':
I C-5 98
. ;':
- i':
'i'C
. ;':
- i':
C/2 23
- NS*
NS NS NS
~\-
i':
"i':
- i':
'i':
CNl 70
*-;': * *.,., *
- I CN2
* * "i':
* * *i': I CSl 35 70 -1: i': ;': i': NS
;': 'i':
NS
*';': **l: *l:
-J:
'/:
*i': ;':
CS2 35 NS NS *k -;'\
-/:
***k ;': i': "i':
'/:
-/:
1: D/2 23 ;': NS NS ;': ;': ;':. 1': . -;': 1': *l: E/2 24 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
"/:
NS NS NS
- NS -;': NS -/:
E/4 11 NS NS NS NS NS "J': -;': NS ,., "1: -:,': -;': NS NS
- 1:
NS - Not Sampled
- '; Plankton sampled also
Tab le 1-1: (continued) 1968 1969 1970 1971 NPRMAL May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct. May June Aug. Oct
- 1 STATION DEPTH 14 24 28 15 12 24 25 15, 11 '14 23 25 15, 11 ' 21 23, 19, (ft.) to to to to to to to & June to to and and *-to and and 18 29 29 16 14 27 27 28 4,5 26 27 16 13 25 24 20 F-1 40 *;': *
*** *-;': *i': -;': -;': ;':
F-2 50
'i':
-!: ')': *;'c i': ;'t
;'c F-5 95 -;': *. -!: * -!: -!:
F/2 25 * -;': -;': * ";': G-2 60 -;': * -;': -;': -I: *-;': *;':
*NS *;': * -;':
G-5 90
;'c NS NS NS
'i': i':
*NS -;': ;': -.':
G/2 25 NS NS *NS NS -.': i': NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS H-1 25 *i': "i':
-;': * * ""J':
*i': * * * *;':
H-2 45 i':: -;,': -.': J. * * * -;': -le H-5 57 * *-!: '" ""' NS NS NS
* ""J':
*NS *NS *NS *NS *NS -I:
H/2 15
;'c
* ,., ";': *-!: NS NS H/4 5 NS NS NS NS NS ,., * *NS *-!: *-;': *i': **NS ;':
1-1 13 -;': .,., *
-;': *i': NS NS 1-2 13 i': -!: "I:
i':
;': * -1:
M': 1-5 28
- i': i':
500 9 NS NS NS i': NS NS NS NS * "#': ;':
- NS NS
*NS *NS NS - Not Sampled 1, P1ankton samp 1ed a 1so
Table 1-1: (continued) 1972 I 1973 I 1974 NOMINAL June Oct. May June Aug. Oct. June Aug. STATION DEPTH 19 9 14 14 21 8 12 12 (ft.) to to to to to to to to 27 13 15 18 22 10 13 14 A-1 15 i':
*-J: -;': i': NS NS A-1 10 NS
- NS NS A-2 23 ;': -!:
*t -;'c ;': )°t 7: -1:
A-2 10 NS NS NS A-5 40 ;': *;'c A-5 20 NS '!: )'(
- 1e NS NS A-5 10 NS ,'( ';':
- NS NS B-1 25 i':
B/2 15 -;':" 1':
)°c
"'J':
";': * *NS *NS B/4 11 -!:
* *)'t *)°t NS NS C-1
)'( ;': ;':
C-2 37 50
*;': * *;':
- NS NS C-5 98 *-;':
- i': *;': NS NS C/2 23 -;': -;': ;': i': ;': )°t -;':
CNl 70 -;': '/:
*)°t ;': *;':
- NS NS CN2 35 1e "i': '!: ";':
CSl 70 ;': i':
-;': *'le NS
*NS CS2 35 i':
"i':
D/2 23 ;': ;': -;': -!:
"i':
E/2 24 i':
)°c *
'le NS *NS E/4 11
;': NS NS CN 20 -;':
i': *;':
* -;': NS NS CN 10 NS NS
- i':
NS NS CN3 20 )°c NS NS NS NS NS NS cs 20 -;': NS i': i': ;': NS NS cs 10 NS NS NS NS NS - N~: Sampled
Table I -1 : (continued)
. I I
I 1972 1973 1974 NOMINAL June Oct. May June Aug. Oct. June Aug. STATtON DEPTH 19 9 14 14 21 8 12 25 (ft.) to to to to to to to to 27 13 15 l8. 22 10 13 27 F-1 40 * #': ;': ;': ;': ;': F-2 50 ;': NS NS F-5 95
*-J: ..... * * *;':
- NS NS F/2 25 -;': . *l:
G-2 60 ;': -.': *-;': * *NS NS G-5 90 NS NS *NS *NS NS
*NS NS NS G/2 25 * *-I:
H-1 25 H-2 45
* ;': * "i':
*-I: * *
- H-5 57
*NS NS *NS NS NS *NS *NS *NS H/2 15 -;,': NS NS H/4 5 ;':
* * *;':
- i':
NS NS 1-1 13 ;': *-;': * ;': *;':
- NS NS 1-2 13 ;': *;':
- NS NS 1-5 28 ;':
i':
-;'c
. 1-5 20 NS
*i': ;':
NS NS 1-5 10 NS
*i': i': ;': NS NS 500 9 NS NS NS
*NS NS NS NS NS NS Not Sampled -
*- Plankton sampled also
138 IM
- 57
"" 9G 120 114 1'20 114 114 108 9IO 84 G 71 2~2° 81 lo:!
90 60 70 84 LAKE MICHIGAN
- ?8 75 51
~
t
~
-?\
37 v II~' 84 73 " 5t; I
~ 4D
(;O 53 t;4 70
" 37 c.s.t 42*1!; 49
'4 FIGURE 1-1 4t; 3G PALISADES 50 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING STATION GRID 3o
- 5o 53 33 3SI C.$.2 4-*
32
!It;
- Station Location FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS To enable the survey boat to locate and remain on station, guide lights, corresponding to each radius of the grid, were mounted on the roof of the turbine building. A telurometer was initially used in conjunction with the lights, but during the majority of the surveys, the lights combined with a depth recorder and shoreline landmarks were used.
Temperature profiles were taken at the time of benthos and plankton sampling at each station. The temperature was recorded at the surface and five-foot depth intervals using a temperature probe Model 425F, Yellow Springs Instrument Company. Benthos Since it is obviously impossible to count all the benthos in a section of lake bottom, a close estimate of the natural populations of or-ganisms may be obtained by collecting adequate numbers of representative samples. Samples of the bottom, together with contained animals, were ob-tained by means of a Ponar grab, which cuts out 0.54 square foot of bottom material to a depth of 2 to 6 inches depending on sediment texture. The bottom samples were washed using a US seine #JO to remove extraneous sedi-ments, preserved with neutralized five percent formalin, and returned to the laboratory for processing. In or.der to insure sampling reliability, a number of replicate samples were procured ~rom each station on the fixed sampling grid laid out to cover the area that might be affected. In addition, a few control points were established, well removed from the source of heated effluent, to help determine the possible influence of other water users in the area. Initi-ally, six samples were taken at each station, but this was reduced to three in 1969, when statistically justified on the basis of population means and diversity. Samples were taken four times a year in the months of May, June, August and October, during 1968 through 1971. The number of sampling sta-tions was increased for the postoperational surveys as a result of recom-mendations of the Atomic Energy Commission staff. Additional stations were included at 20- and 10-foot depths along the A and I lines north and south of the plant, and at the north and south controls. Sampling frequency was reduced to twice in 1972, June and October, but was returned to the preoperational frequencies in 1973. The 1974 survey for benthos and plankton was smaller in scope than the full scale surveys of previous years. Only stations where changes in
- population densities had been indicated, by use of the bivariate control charts, were sampled, and only the organisms involved in the changes were studied.
- The macroinvertebrates were sorted from the sample residues, classi-fied to major taxonomic groups and counted. Initially, one replicate from each station was selected for detailed identification for May, June, August and October. From 1969 onward, only June and October samples were identified in detail. In 1972, it was decided to identify three replicates from the June and October surveys to include 1968 onward, in order to offer the greatest experimental precision and highest confidence.
Some organisms, oligochaetes and amphipods, were examined to deter-mine whether a biomass change had accompanied a change in density. The whole sample or up to a maxim'Qlll of 50 individuals.each of oligochaetes (complete individuals) and amphipods from s~lected samples were examined. Excess water was removed by filter paper and the organisms weighed to constant (wet) weight on a Mettler electric balance. Plankton Plankton samples were obtained by passing 40 liters of lake water through a Wis cons in plankton net. Initially, water samples were taken by means of an 8 liter packed cell volume (PCV) sampler. On later surveys, samples were collected by pumping 40 liters of water from three discrete depths (5, 10 and 15 feet) through a #25 Wisconsin plankton net suspended over the ship's side. Beginning in May 1969, plankton samples were obtained at each station by pumping 80 liters over a vertical haul. *The calibrated intake hose was initially lowered to the desired depth, usually 15 feet, and the system flushed. The hose was gradually raised to the 5-foot depth during pumping so that the sb.mple represented plankton present in a 10-foot stratum. Each sample was preserved with five percent formalin in a labeled dark glass bottle and re-turned to the laboratory for processing. Samples were taken at the same time as benthos samples at selected stations. To obtain the PCV, the samples were centrifuged for five minutes at 3,000 r/min in 40 ml tubes, transferred to 15 ml graduated tubes, cen-trifuged for a further five minutes at 3,000 r/min and the PCV read to the nearest 0.01 ml. For detailed analysis, 0.1 ml subsamples were taken from the origi-nal for examination. Each subsample was examined for zooplankton by scanning at lOOx magnification. Three subsamples were scanned, the organisms were identified to genus, and the number of each per liter calculated. The phytoplankton were identified at lOOx magnification and enumer-ated by counting three fields in each of the three subsamples. A conversion factor was used to determine the numbers per liter. Periphyton Six periphyton samplers constructed of Plexiglas (5 x 15 x o.6 cm) were suspended from a T-shaped bar embedded in concrete. One set was in-
- stalled in 15 feet of water at each of three locations (the north and south
- plant boundaries and opposite the outfall) on six separate occasions: May-June l968; May-June and July-August l969; June and August-October 1970; August-October 1971. After exposure for a period of 4 to 6 weeks, retrieval was attempted but only with moderate success. The plates were placed in five percent formalin and returned to the laboratory for processing. This program was discontinued before the plant became operational because of the extreme difficulty in maintaining and retrieving samplers and the limited amount of useful data.
The samples were treated in two separate ways. In 1968, the peri-phyton were scraped from. the plates, extracted with acetone and the amount of chlorophyll present was determined by means of a Beckman spectrophotometer. In subsequent years, because of partial bleaching by the formalin, the dry weight was determined by filtering through preweighed filters and drying in an oven to constant weight. The results were expressed as weight per unit area. Psa.mmolittoral Organisms The psammon were sampled by means of a ~lexiglas corer with a cross-sectional area of 10 sq cm. It(was)approximately 20 cm in length and marked off in centimeters at one end. 1,2 To take a sample, the corer was thrust vertically into the sand to a depth of about 10 cm. The tube was corked at the top and then carefully removed and a plunger inserted into the bottom. The cork was removed and any water was sucked off, as this could disturb the sand during manipulation of the core. The core of sand was pushed out of the upper end and slices 2 cm thick were cut off with a knife into containers. The cores were preserved with a saturated solution of glycerine (40 percent) in 4 percent formalin. Nine cores, three taken two feet up the shore from the waterline, three at the waterline, and three at two foot water depth, were taken at each of 12 stations situated along the beach north and south of the plant discharge. The stations *were located opposite the 1, 2 and 5 mile stations on grid Lines A and I, opposite the north and south control stations, at the north and south plant boundaries and 1/2 mile north and south of the dis-charge. With a few exceptions, the stations were sampled in June and October of 1972 and 1973. The psammolittoral organisms were washed from the sand by bubbling air through the sand and water for three minutes and then centrifuging the supernatant liquid. This was repeated three times for each sample. The organisms were concentrated and then counted by subsampling. Three subsam-ples were taken from each core sample, and then each subsample was sampled three times giving a total of nine whole grid field counts. The organisms in the grid field of a micrometer eyepiece were counted using a 0.25 objective and a lOx eyepiece. A conversion factor was used to determine the number per 10 ml sand.
- Detailed identification was done of organisms in cores from sites A/2, A-1, A-5, North Control, North Boundary, I/2 and I-1, in June 1972, June 1973 and October 1973. Rough weather prevented complete sampling in October 1972 with detailed identification done on A-1, North Boundary, South Boundary, North Control and from near the plant discharge.
Sediment Analysis One gross sediment sample was collected at each benthos station in October 1971 and 1973 by means of the power grab and returned without preser-vation to the laboratory. Sediment samples were analyzed for percent organic carbon in accor-dance with the APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water (13th Edition). The sediment particle size distribution was analyzed using a set of standard sieves. Entrainment - Zooplankton In order to establish live to dead ratios for zooplankton organisms in the intake and discharge water, samples were collected from the intake bay and approximately 90 seconds later from the discharge at the shoreline. It was assumed that the intake and discharge samples represented the same water mass, differing only in respect to passage through the plant .
- The sample volume for obtaining the live to dead ratios was changed over the period of the study. Originally, 200 quarts of water were poured through a #10 mesh Wisconsin plankton net while the net was submerged in a bucket of water to minimize physical stress to the organisms. The 200 quart amount was later reduced to 100 quarts, and finally to 50 quarts to reduce the number of organisms in each sample. The 200 quart volume was used from May 16, 1972 to July 1, 1972, the 100 quart samples from July 1, 1972 to December 31, 1972, and the 50 quart samples for the entire 1973 sampling program.
The zooplankton were incubated for four hours in pint jars at the intake temp~r~ture, then stained with 10 drops of one percent neutral red vital stain\3J (final concentration of stain 1:120,000 in each jar) and in-cubated an additional 1/2 hour. Living organisms became stained, dead organ-isms did not. After staining, the organisms were removed by sieving and washed in water to remove excess stain. Early in the study, the washed organ-isms were then preserved in acidic five percent formalin solution and frozen until time became available to sort and count them. Freezing prevented the leaching of stain. In late spring 1973, both motility counts and stained motility counts were done using live material for both sets of observations to determine ratios and verify the results of the staining technique. This was done using zooplankton counting wheels divided into eight small compart-ments and counting live and dead organisms. The staining greatly facilitated the ease of distinguishing live from dead organisms by enabling investigators to view the movement of the internal organs rather than just waiting for
- actual swimming motion. The results were comparable between the two methods
. utilized. It was concluded that the easiest, and most reliable procedure of establishing the live to dead ratios was to use the stained motility count-ing method.
Entrainment - Phytoplankton Samples of water for determining entrainment effects on phytoplank-ton were collected in the same manner as those for zooplankton. 14 Relative photosynthetic rates were measured with c , using modifi-cations 9,)the. light and dark bottle procedures described by Strickland and
*parsons. l Each sample set :included two 300 ml BOD light bottles and one 300 ml BOD dark bottle from the intake and the discharge. The dark bottles were wrapped in extra-heavy duty aluminum foil and all sample bottles, both light and dark, were wrapped in double layered hardware store nylon screen-ing. *This eliminated direct sunlight inhibition of photosynthesis in the -light bottles. The dark bottles were wrapped in the screening so that they received equal treatment. Both sample sets were incubated four hours in a 20-gallon gla~s aquarium at the intake water temperature after the addition of 2 ml of cl4 solution of 2 microcuries strength. Natural sunlight was used as the source of illumination.
After incubation, each 300 ml sample was filtered in a darkened area using a HAWP o.47 µm membrane filter. After filtratipn, the filters
- were washed.with 50 ml of distilled water to remove any cl4 adhering to the cells or particulate matter. The filters were placed in 1-dra.m vials, dis-solved in 5 ml of laboratory grade acetone to break down the filter and organic matter, and then prepared for counting on a Packard-Bell liquid scintillation counter.
After counting, the two light sample counts were averaged, cor~ rected for uptake in the dark bottle and adjusted for background count. A percentage reduction of photosynthetic activity was calculated as follows: Percent Reduction = (l _ Mean of Effluent Rates ) 100 Mean of Intake Rates Attached Filamentous Algae The lake bottom off the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant was surveyed for attached filamentous algae and rooted aquatics on 3 and 4 October 1972, 15 and 16 September and 14 and 15 October, 1973. Two divers began each of five transects from the shoreline and swam out in a direction perpendicular to the. shore (direction was kept by compass readings). Two transects were begun onshore but were conducted at a 45° angle to the shoreline. The five transects conducted perpendicular to the shore were run out to a maximum depth of 35 feet, or approximately 1,600 feet offshore. The two 45° angle transects were conducted out to the 25 foot depth, but were approximately 2,400 feet in length. The approximate distances are not actual measured distances, but coincide with the depth levels in this area as measured
- during previous surveys for depth contours. Each dive lasted approximately 25 to 40 minutes, during which time the bottom was surveyed for a.ny plant growth.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources - Fish Collections (Gill net, seine & trawl) The sampling plan consisted mainly of gill netting and seining four times a year -- May, June, August and October. Over the 6-year period, weather and equipment problems forced some changes but the usual practice was to set four graded-mesh gill nets in the vicinity of the power plant in 10-20 feet and 40 feet of water. In 1968, nets also were set at a depth of 60 feet. Gill nets of eight different descriptions were used at one time or another, but three kinds were used consistently throughout the sampling period. Starting in 1971, new nylon gill nets were used that were 250 feet long and consisted of five 50-foot panels of the following mesh sizes: l~, 2, ~' 3 and 4 inches, stretched mesh. Float and lead lines were so con-structed that no floats or leads were attached to them. In June 1971, a complement of the old nets was fished simultaneously with the new ones at the same depths. Net sets were made both perpendicular and parallel to the shoreline and, when present, within and outside the thermal plume. Two overnight sets for each net were scheduled for each.visit but there were oc-casions when weather or equipment problems forced the curtailment of activities. The amount of netting fished in any one visit ranged from 625 to 2,090 feet
- When conditions permitted, shoreline seining was done in addition to the netting, mostly along the beach of Van Buren State Park, which adjoins the Consumers Power Company property on the north side.
The seining area was approximately 3/4 mile north of the point of discharge. One trip was made to the park in December to seine in early winter . but ice packs along shore prevented it. Seine hauls also were made on two occasions at Covert Township Park some five miles south of the plant. When-ever possible the seining was done both during the day and at night. A 125-foot bag seine was used between 1968-1972. In 1973, this seine was replaced by a 75-foot bag seine but collections were made with both seines in June for comparative purposes. Mesh size of the bag was l/4-inch; the rest of* the -seine contained mesh of 3/4-inch bar measure. Most fish captured at night were pre-served for later identification and enumeration in the laboratory. A small amount of trawling was done in 1969 by personnel of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, at DNR's request, with a 39-foot trawl. Also, in 1972, the DNR staff trawled with a 15-foot trawl. At each visitation surface water temperatures were taken with a pocket thermometer~ .;Eil ~972 .~.d ;l..973 the presence of a plume was detected both with an electrical thermometer (after ascertaining the ambient water temperatures near South Haven) and maximum-minimum thermometers attached to float lines of the gill nets *
- All fish caught were measured and counted. Many were weighed a.nd a sample of scales was taken from the middle of the left side of the fish and below the lateral line. Fish were aged from plastic impressions of the scales under a micro-projector.
For the most part, rates of growth were determined from mean lengths at capture, but back calculations were made for some fish caught in June. Body-scale relationships, computed by U.S. Fish and Wildlife
- Service biologists at the Great Lakes Fisheries Laboratory, for perch taken mostly from nearby Saugatuck were used. The relationships, in millimeters, are:
(1) Length = 30 + 1.58345 (scale length) - for perch under 105 mm. (2) Length = 14 + 1.72845 (scale length) - for perch over 105 mm. The length-weight equation was calculated from 503 lengths and weights taken during the surveys. This equation is: Log W = -2.388 + 3.240 (Log L) The formula is applicable to both males and females. Separate tabulations were made of mean weights at 0.5-inch intervals for each sex, but the data were combined when no appreciable differences were noted *
- Additional Fish Trawling Trawl collections were made periodically in 1972 and 1973 during the day in the following four areas:
- 1. Control area located approximately 5 miles south of the plant and out of the influence of the plume.
- 2. South boundary area located approximately one-half mile south of the discharge.
- 3. Discharge area directly off the discharge structure.
- 4. North boundary area located approximately one-half mile north of the discharge.
Trawl collections were made by towing a 25-foot otter trawl along the bottom at two separate water depths, 10 foot and 25 foot, parallel to the shore. A third tow was made at the above four locations by pulling the trawl perpendicular to the shore from the 4 foot to 25 foot depths. The trawl was towed on the bottom of each area and thus was seldom directly affected by the heated water, except during the perpendicular tows at the discharge structure where the plume formed the whole water mass. Trawling was done with a heated discharge both present and absent *
- Additional Fish Gill Netting In 1973, 23 gill net sets were made using a 125 foot variable mesh gill net. These sets were made at the mouth of the discharge and in the immediate vicinity of it, under both heated* and nonheated discharge conditions.
Additional Fish Seining Seine collections were made periodically in 1972 and 1973 during the day and at night to sample for diurnal and nocturnal shoreward movement. Five areas were seined during each collecting trip, except when weather. changes forced some to be cancelled.
- 1. Control area located approximately 5 miles south of the plant and out of the influence of the plume.
- 2. South boundary area located approximately one-half mile south of the discharge.
- 3. South of discharge area approximately 600 feet of shoreline going south from the discharge piling.
- 4. North of discharge area approximately 600 feet of shoreline going north from the discharge piling *
- 5. North boundary area located approximately one-half mile north of the discharge.
Seine collections were made using a 125 foot bag seine in 1972 until shoreline erosion and high water eliminated much of the beach area and prevented the use of the large seine. A 50-foot bag seine and a 40-foot minnow seine were then used for the 1973 seine collections. The seines were pulled parallel to the shore for a distance of 300 feet and then pulled into shore. Usually two 300-foot sections of shoreline were seined at each area, if weather permitted, for a total sampling of 2,400 to 3,000 linear feet, depending on whether both areas 3 and 4 were seined. Usually only a single discharge area was seined, depending upon the direction of the plume. Fish Impingement The plant intake water flows through 3/8-inch mesh traveling screens and all fish collected on the screens were sluiced into a col-lection basket where they were identified, counted, weighed, and measured on a daily basis. Representative samoles were sometimes examined. where individual counts were impractical. The screens were usually run twice per 24-hour period, except during heavy runs of fish when they were run continuously. Collections were made from January 23, 1972 to October 25, 1973. Counts made from January 23 to May 16, 1972 were done by plant
- personnel, whereas counts made a~er May 16, 1972 were done by Consumers Power Company biologists.
- Fish 'Eggs and Larvae The intake water was periodically monitored in 1972 and 1973 for fish eggs and larvae using two methods. The first was by means of a #10 mesh Wisconsin plankton net suspended in the water at various levels from a weighted rope. The second method was to pump water for a set number of hours by means of a 0.25 hp self-priming centrifugal pump, which delivered a calculated 12 gallons per minute.
Thermal PlUm.es The method generally employed to measure the plume was to take surface temperature measurements approximately every 50 meters along pre-determined transect lines. Directional lights on the plant turbine building roof enabled the boat to stay on line, and distances were measured using a telurometer radar system, with one unit located on the shoreline and the other in the boat. Surface temperatures were generally taken until nearly ambient conditions were reached. Temperature profiles were periodically recorded along each transect to establish the depth of the plume. Both measurements were used to establish the relative size of the plume. A!"Sonne National Laboratory Thermal Plume Measurements These plume temperature data were acquired from a moving boat
- equipped with a submerged boom having thermistor probes attached at 1/2 meter intervals from the surface down to 3 meters. The analog temperature information acquired from the seven thermistors was digitized and recorded on printed paper tape. Lake depth, boat position information, and time were also simultaneously recorded on the same data tape. Boat position informa-tion was obtained from a Motorola "Mini-Range" radar system which consists of two shore based "transponders" and a receiver-transmitter unit and range console located on board the boat. Range information from each transponder was sampled and later translated by trilateration into boat position.
The paper tape information was later key punched and computer processed with appropriate calibration information to plot the temperature data as a function of boat position. In general, seven horizontal tempera-ture levels corresponding to the seven thermistor outputs were generated and plotted via Cal-Comp output. Isotherms were drawn by hand because experience has shown the data distributions to be unsuitable for use with available two dimensional computer interpolational schemes. Vertical cross sections of the plumes were obtained by identifying the boat transects of interest on the horizontal sections and then having them Cal-Comp plotted. Intake Current Measurements In August 1972 and October 1973 scuba divers descended on the intake and held a current meter in place at the center of each of the four sides of the intake structure. The Argonne team used a Bendix Q-15 meter
- while Consumers Power Company personnel used a single count 623 electric current meter manufactured by the W & LE Gurley Company. Observations of fish activity were also recorded.
- REFERENCES
- l. Pennak, R. w., 1946, "Ecology of the Microscopic Metazoa Inhabiting the Sandy Beaches of Some Wisconsin Lakes," Ecol. Monographs 10 ( 4):
539-615.
- 2. Neel, J. K., 1948, "A LimnologicaJ. Investigation of the Psa.mmon in Douglas Lake, Michigan, With Especial. Reference to Shoa1 and Shoreline Dynamics," Trans. Amer. Mier. Soc. LXVII (l) 1-53.
- 3. Dressel, D. M., Heinle, D. R., and Grote, M. c., 1972, "Vita1 Staining to Sort Dead and Live Copepods," Chesapeake Science, 13 (2): 156-159.
- 4. Strickland, J. D. H., and Parsons, T. R., 1968, "A PracticaJ. Handbook of Seawater Ana1ysis," Fisheries Res. Board Canada, Bulletin 167, 311 pp
- SECTION A
- TEMPERATURE, INTAKE CURRENTS AND SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
- TEMPERATURE Temperature profiles were measured periodically on the sampling grid during the preoperational study period, but a continuous and representa-tive record of ambient lake temperatures is available from the South Haven water treatment plant intake records (Figures A-1, A-2). Lake temperature data were also taken coincident with all biological surveys. The temperature data taken during the benthic surveys a~er the plant began operations are given in Tables A-lA through A-7A of Appendix A.
Analysis of the continuous temperature record indicates that am-bient summer temperatures in 1972 to 1974 were cooler on the average than the preoperational years, as monthly average temperatures did not rise above 15°C during the latter period. Rapid changes in ambient temperature were observed on several occa-sions during the study period. For instance, there was a temperature drop of several degrees in the surface waters during the 1973 August survey, due to mixing caused by rough overnight weather, but the bottom temperatures were not altered. Upwellings of cold, deep lake water also occur periodically and one such occurrence was recorded by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources during fish netting in June 1968. The temperature dropped from 17.8°C to 8.4°C during sampling . At the Palisades Plant, cooling water is taken from Lake Michigan through an intake crib located at a depth greater than 20 feet below the lake's surface, 6 feet above the lake bottom, and 3,300 feet from the shore-line (see Flgure A-3). The crib is a 57-foot wide, 57-foot long, 12-foot high box with a steel plate for its top and 2-inch vertical bars spaced 10 inches apart around the sides. Water flows horizontally between the vertical bars. The once-through circulating water flow was approximately 400,000 gpm and discharged directly at the shoreline. Plant intake and discharge temperatures were monitored continuously to determine the range and relative fluctuations in temperature experienced by aquatic life in the intake and discharge areas. The intake and discharge temperatures for 1972 and 1973, the period of once-through cooling operation, are shown on Figure A-4. The ~enthos and plankton field survey periods are also shown on the exhibit. The temperature rise through the plant varied from less than 10°F (5 .6°c) during the period of 20 percent operation to 28°F (15°c) at 60 perc.ent operation with only one circulating pumB operating. The maximum temperature rise with both pumps operating was 17.5 F (9.7°c) during 60 percent operation and 24°F (13°c) during 85 percent operation, which was the maximum plant out-put during the period of investigation. Maximum. discharge temperatures mea-sured in the discharge canal reached 101°F (38.4°c) in July 1973. The decrease in temperature at plant shutdown was sometimes rapid, as can be seen from
- Figure A-5 for March 19, 1973, ambient temperature being reached in less than about 10 minutes when the intake temperature was 38°F (3.4°c).
- There were long periods of time after start-up when the plant was not operating prior to the June 1972 survey, but there was a week and a half of thermal discharge immediately before sampling began (Figure A-4). The differ-ence in temperature of the intake and discharge water was less than 10°C. At the time of sampling, the discharge temperature had dropped to approximately 5°c above surface ambient at the stations nearest to the discharge. The ele-vated temperature was continuous to the bottom at G/2, H/2 and H-2. Gradual decreases in temperature with depth occurred at the other stations.
Plant operations continued with short breaks in operation before the 1972 October survey, when there was an intake-discharge temperature difference of l0°c. The temperatures at the closest stations were only about 1°C above ambient during the October survey. The plant was off-line during part of January 1973, the whole of February and then on-line qontinuously from late March to the May survey. The discharge temperature was 16.5°c above the intake temperature, and the surface temperatures at the sampling station most influenced by the plume, H/4, were 7°c above ambient. There was only about a 1°C temperature difference or less between surface and bottom at all stations, with depths of 45 feet or less. The plant was off-line during the latter part of May 1973, and opera-tion began again approximately ten days before the June survey. The temperature difference between intake and discharge was 15.5°c and the nearest stations had a surface temperature about 6°c above ambient. The bottom temperatures were generally unaffected by the plume. The plant was shut down before the August survey and remained off-line for the remainder of the study period. Periodic thermal plume measurements gave an indication of the area of lake surface, depth, and shoreline that might be affected by temperature changes. A total of 21 plumes were measured by Consumers Power Company survey personnel during the study, and an additional 15 were measured by Argonne National Lab-oratory personnel. A summary of thermal plume characteristics for all measured plumes is given in Table A-1. Plume behavior was affected by many factors, with wind and resultant lake conditions being dominant. Based upon wind direction measurements and observed plume behavior, it is apparent that the majority of the plumes trav-eled in a northerly direction, either northwest out into the lake (as shown in Figure A-6) or north along the shore {such as in Figure A-7). The winds associated with these plumes came predominantly from the south, either south, southeast or southwest. Figure A-8 shows a plume traveling in a southwesterly direction with a 5 mph N-NE wind. Occasionally plumes went in the ppposite direction to the wind, but this was probably due to lake currents established by previous prevailing winds .
- The summer plumes were deepest at the point of discharge and usually floated to the surface, where they became thinner, until they eventually were indistinguishable from the ambient lake water. Only rarely were plumes mea-sured that would have had a direct influence on the bottom at the sampling grid locations.
The early spring plumes, however, were usually deep for extended areas, reaching bottom over much of the identifiable area of influence. Three sinking plumes were encountered during the period of once-through cooling opera-tion; April 6, 1972, March 8, 1973 and March 23, 1973. A problem in interpreting thermal plume data arises in the definition of ambient lake temperature conditions. Natural horizontal thermal gradients were apparent on many occasions, with the shoreline ambient being several de-grees warmer than the offshore surface. The input of solar energy during the length of time required to chart a plume also caused occasional additional surface warming, which made plotting the edge and shoreward areas of the plume extremely difficult. The areas and respective lengths of thermal plumes that could be defined in the neighborhood of the 3°F (1.67°c) level above ambient, their average depths and range of depths are tabulated in Table A-1. The average size of the plumes mapped according to the approximate 3°F above ambient de-finition, was 231 acres, with a range of 17 to 870 acres in surface area.
- The majority of the 'Plumes were greater than 200 acres in surface area. The main axis of the plume averaged 1.3 miles in length, ranging from .1 to 4.4 miles. The majority of the plumes were greater than 1 mile in length.
Another aspect of the effect of the plume concerned melting of the pack ice. Figure A-9 shows a typical photograph of this phenomenon, indicat-ing that the discharge caused a pool or melted area, but did not cause signif-icant melting of ice at the shoreline. INTAKE CURRENTS As discussed above, the intake crib is submerged 3,300 feet offshore. The average velocity at the face of the intake was designed to be about 0.5 ft/second, but direct current measurements were required to determine the maximum velocity to aid in interpretation of fish movement observations. On August 15, 1972 and October 14, 1973, scuba divers descended in the vicinity of the intake to measure current velocities and observe fish movement. The former survey was conducted by a survey team from the Argonne National Laboratory and CP Co personnel. The latter survey was conducted by a CP Co survey team. Water velocities at the center of each face of the in-take structure ranged from .69 to .95 ft/second. The current velocity results of both surveys are included in Appendix A, Table A-8A .
- SEDIMENT A..~ALYSIS Sediment samples were taken for particle size and percent organic carbon analysis on two occasions (October 1971 and 1973) at all the stations sampled in the 1971 preoperational surveys. The results of these analyses are included in Tables A-9A and A-lOA of Appendix A.
Comparison of the percent organic carbon indicated that there was no increase in organic material from the 1971 levels except at Stations CS-2 near the St Joseph River, CNl near the Black River and C-5 a deep station five miles distant from the plant site. The only stations in the vicinity of the plant where slight increases had occurred were F/2, D/2 and H-1. Most of the stations showed decreases, eg, at G/2 the 1971 level was 2.65 percent and in 1973, 0.22 percent. Generally at stations in less than 60 feet of water, organic carbon levels were lower and more consistent. The mean re-sults for stations less than 60 feet deep, were less than 0.5 percent in 1973, compared to greater than 1.0 percent in 1971. Particle size analysis indicated a range in size from greater than 4.76 mm (pebble) to less than 0 074 mm {very fine sand) in the Wentworth classification of particle size(lJ. The predominant particle size was be-tween 0.074 mm and 0.297 mm (very fine to medium sand). The particle sizing of the sediments indicated a trend towards a
- higher proportion of material passing through the finer meshed sieves. The 1973 sediments had higher proportions of finer material than the 1971 sedi-ments.
All of the 21 to 40 foot stations in 1973 contained finer materials (less than 0.149 mm) than in 1971. The finest sizes were of similar propor-tions in both years except at C-5 and F-5 where 22 percent and 28 percent of the substrate, respectively, was less than 0.074 mm diameter in 1973, compared to o.4 percent and 0.2 percent, respectively, in 1971. These stations ,also contained the highest percent organic carbon in 1973. Visual observations of bottom materials by scuba diving are described in Section B.
- REFERENCES
- 1. Cummins, K. W., and Lauff, G. H., 1969, "The Influence of Substrate Particle Size on the Macrodistribution of Stream Macrobenthos,"
Hydrobiologia 34: 145-181 .
TABLE A-1 Summary of Thennal Plume Measurements at the Palisades Plant Temperature of Isotherm Approximate Isotherm* Increase Approximate Plume Length - Miles Average Depth Range of Direction of Plant load Determined Above Ambient Area Main of Plume Depth of Plume Plume Travel Date MWe OF oC OF oc Acres Axis Influence Feet Feet ~l~ 4/06/72 385 37.5 3 0.8-1.4 .41:.-. 78 o.4 o.4 I 6/06/72 415 so 69 20.6 3-4 1.7-2.2 200 1.7 1.7 2 2-4 so 6/13/72* 420 64.4 18 2.7-6.3 1.5-3.5 213 1.2 1.2 11.2 NS 6/13/72* 420 66.2 19 3.6-5.8 2.0-3.2 t-5 312 2.3 2.3 1 NS fj 6/19/72* 415 62.6 17 2.5-3.8 1.4-2.1 96 1.5 1.5 1 6/20/72* 412 NS 62.6 17 4.1-4.5 2.3-2.5 55 0.5 0.5 1 NS-NO 6/20/72* 412 62.6 17 2.5-3.8 1.4-2.1 88 o.6 o.6 11.2 6/20/72* 412 66.2 ~ NS*NO 19 5.4-5.8 3.0-3.2 69 o.6 o.6 1 l NO 6/20/72* 412 66.2 19 3.2-4.1 1.8-2.3 78 o.8 2-2f o.8 1 1-12 NS..: No 7/10/72 427 71 21.6 4-5 2.2-2.8 320 1.7 1.7 2 2-10 7/11/72 428 70 NS 21.1 4 2.2 870 4.4 4.4 2 1-5 NS 7/17/72* 185-415 75.2 24 2.7-3.2 1.5-1.8 107 o.8 o.8 2* 7/18/72* 415 24 2 1-3 NS 75.2 2.7-3.6 1.5-2.0 341 1.6 1.6 3 1-5 0 7/19/72* 420 77 25 0.9-2.7 0.5-1.5 238 0.7 0.7 4 11.-5 7/21/72 426 80 26.6 0-NS 3-4 1.7-2.2 198 o.8 1.8 2 NS 7/27/72 428 56 13.4 4 2.2 o.4 14 57 o.4 3 r5 d 8/07/72* 432 59 15 6.7 3,7 71 o.6 o.6 8 8/08/72* 433 60.8 16 Gf-10 SS 6.3 3,5 161 0.7 0.7 8 ~10 NS 8/10/72 435 67 18.9 1-3 .6-1.7 170 2.5 2.5 6 8/25/72 418 5-9 NS 77 19.4 3-4 1.7-2.2 72 o.4 o.4 3 2-8 0 10/10/72* 434 59 15 3,1-3.8 1.1-2.1 85 o.4 o.4 21. 2L4 10/11/72* 62.6 82 0 435 17 6.3 3.5 145 o.4 o.4 Q-10 NS 10/13/72* 433 57.2 14 2.3-2.5 1.3-1.4 69 0.5 0.5 3-61. 3/08/73 581 44 5 NO 6.7 4-6 2.2-3.3 650 1.5 1.9 10 4-2a NO-NS 3/23/73 583 43 6.1 3-6 1.7-3.3 340 1.1 2.2 10 1-11 0-SS 5/18/73 702 56 13.4 2-4 l.l-2.2 215 1.2 1.2 31..2 3-4 NO 6/05/73 728 68 20.0 3-5 1.7-2.8 530 1.5 1.5 2 1-3 NS, 6/06/73 726 72 22.2 2-7 1.1-3.9 260 1.0 1.0 3 1-6 NS 6/12/73 719 75 23.9 1-5 .6-2.8 560 2.0 2.0 2 1-3 NS 6/20/73 717 76 24.5 4-5 2.2-2.8 100 1.0 1.0 3 1-5 6/25/73 715 NO. 70 21.1 4 2.2 250 1.2 1.2 2 l-2t NS 7/09/73 710 73 22.8 3-6 1.7-3.3 276 1.5 1.5 2t 2-3 NO 7/20/73 713 75 23.9 3 1.7 477 2.5 2.5 2 NS 7/24/73 716 4 l-3t 75 23.9 2.2 17 0.1 0.1 2 1-3 0 7/31/73 714 77 25.0 3-4 1. 7-2.2 356 1.6 1.6 it 1-2 NS' 8/02/73 715 70 21.1 3 1.7 56 2.2 2.2 SS
- Survey 2onducted by Argonne National Laboratories (1) NS - North along shore NO - North offshore 0 - Offshore SO - South Offshore SS - South along shore
---- -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~----~~~----~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figure A-1 Temperature Record for Preoperational Survey Period. Bent ho logical 21.1 - 70 Survey Dates 15.5 - 60
~
.a
~
Cl) a. E
~
Q) 10.0 - 50 111
~
Cl)
~
4,5 - 40 J FM AM J J AS 0 ND J FM AM J J AS 6 ND J FM AM J J AS 0 ND J F MAMJ J AS 0 ND 1968 1969 1970 1971 Month & Year Note
- South Haven Water Treatment Plant Intake, 35 ft. deep 1.1 miles offshore
Figure A-2 Note: Ambient Temperature Record for South Haven Water Treatment Postoperational Survey Period Plant Intake 35 ft deep 1.1 miles Surve dates 15.S - 60 e .a I!! f 10.0 {!}.
- 50 4.5 - 40 0 - 32 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J M A M J J A S 0 N D 1972 1973 1974 Month & Year
TRAVELING SCREENS TRASH RACKS o..;...----.__ TO BEACH CONDENSERS __-_ - - -~------- - 20 FT. - LAKE MICHIGAN
-=-
r STEEL PLATE
- .,..c:: 2 IN. BARS __ WATER PUMP
- F I II - ~TA_KE _CR_!_B 6 FT. ~\I - -* . -:. t- - ~ ~
II FT. DIAM. INTAKE PIPE** Figure /\-3 Schclilntic of \.fatcr lntcl:c Sy:;tcn Palisades Plant
Figure A-4 Intake and Discharge Water Temperatures Jan 1972 - Oct 1973 40
,,. ............ 'L 30 Iv I I I I I I I I
I 20 I I 1"'-.......,. ..... _____ - ... , I I -__..... ,"..._....... ~
. . . . . . , r---_,,----
1 I I I I I 10 \1 \I
,,- _______,.. ........,,, \II
/
0
-10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec e 1972 .a f!
Q) CL Water Intake E
~ Water Discharge 40
.. "'\ r ... ..,
_.. . --,,__/'"-- -----1 rl /'~, j \ I I
,... r*-' I 1' I ( \ I I I v~
__ ..,,,,,. J \ , II 1 I \I " \ I I II 1 30 ,' 1 I w \ I \/ \
\J! ~ Sampling Period 20 I I( \I u
I
-...........................'---- ... :I 10
'I I
,,n' I
I I I 0
-10 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1973
- Figure A-5 Palisades Plant - Rate of Temperature Decrease during One Plant Shutdown - 19 March 1973.
so--------- --- -- -------- --- ------ ----- ----------- -- --- -------------------~-~--T-~----- ----------- 75+-----------------------------+----+--+---+--------------i 70 I---------------- i I Ii I i I 6 5 t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I - < - - - - - - - - - I Discharge (17.2 *c) 63"F
~
60 1--------
]
1ij 55 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----------------------------~1----1--~---+-----
.E if VJ 50 , __ _ _ _ _ _ ---- --- ------------ ... --+---I----+--+-~--
e g> Cl
------- ------ ------------------- I
-+---+i--+--- - + - - - + - - - - _ _ ______,
I
' ~
40 i--,n-ta-ke_(_.3:4-c) 38"F _______ - -------- ----- ------- -- ----------------+----,-+-....- - - + - - - - + - - - - ----- - ____________,
-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*--*-*-*-*-*-*-H-*-* ..........- ....
35 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30~ ------ -j0 _J__J____ ------------ 10 20 30 Minutes
- Figure A-6 PAL I SAOtS PLANT Surface Thermal Plume Within ~3°F July 9, 1973 Ambient Surface Temperature -7:-:;F Wind - SE, 7 mph Surface Area - 276 Acres 2QQm !
Scale 2000m
~h..,._South Haven
- I- .ADES PLANT Surface Thermal Plume Within 70°F July 11, 1972 Ambient Surface Temp = 66°F Wind S-SW, 7. 5 mph Scale - 600m G F E Figure A-7 c
-~L===--Z B
H Discharge 1200m A 2400m 4800m 7200m
- Figure A-8 PALISADES PLANT Surface Thermal Plume Within 69°F June 6, 1972 G Ambient Surface Temp = 6S°F to 66°F Wind, N-NE, 5 mph F
Scale I 300m A Discharge
Figure A-9 Palisades Plant Influence of Circulating Water on Ice Formation Along the Shoreline 1/15/73 Intake Temp = 33°F Discharge Temp = 56°F
SECTION B PLANKTON, ATTACHED FILAMENTOUS .ALGAE AND ROOTED AQUATICS AND PSAMMOLITTORAL ORGANISMS
- PLANKTON Packed Cell Volumes The average packed cell volumes for plankton sampled at the grid stations offshore of the Palisades Plant and at the control stations from 1968 through 1974 are shown in Figure B-1. Standard deviations were cal-culated for the samples from the Palisades stations and for the samples from the control stations, when their mean did not fall within the deviation of the Palisades samples.
Substantial variations in plankton standing crop between 1968 and 1974 were indicated by the packed cell volumes. In August 1968 and May 1971, before the generating station became operational, significant differences in packed cell volumes had already occurred between the Palisades stations and the control stations. However, trends in the rise and fall of standing crops of plankton, as measured by packed cell volume, were parallel at the Palisades and control stations. Variation among the Palisades stations increased greatly as the average packed cell volume increased. The plant was operational during the June and October 1972 and May and June 1973 sampling periods. In June 1972 and May and June 1973 packed cell volumes were relatively low but volumes at the control stations were similarly low. In October 1972 average packed cell volume was relatively high but this seems to be part of a trend which has continued to 1973 and is apparent at both the Palisades and control stations. Bivariate control charts were also constructed to aid in comparison of packed cell volumes between selected inner and outer stations at various depth intervals. While 42 percent of the inner-outer pair points analyzed during the period of operation were outside the control chart limits, none of the results indicated a change in the quantity of plankton at the inner stations. These charts are included in Appendix B. Since plankton were sampled between 5 and 15 feet, the temperature recorded for each sampling station at 10 feet during the operational periods was examined. The means and standard deviations of these temperatures for Palisades and control stations are given below. Temperature (oC) Date Palisades Control 19 June 1972 14.o + 3.14 11.8 ~ 1.65 9 October 1972 13.2 + 0.26 13.4 15 May 1973 10.2 ~ 0.50 9.9 ~ 0.75 14 June 1973 18.7 + o.64 19.3 ~ 1.15
2
- Variations in temperatures in the lake great enough to significantly influence plankton occurred only dur+/-ng the June 1972 sampling period. The temperatures recorded at the Inner Palisades stations.on this date are shown on Figure B-2 and indicate that a thermal plume from the plant extended for about two miles south from the plant. The packed cell volumes determined at all the stations in June 1972 and their relationship to the temperature at 10 feet are shown in Figure B-3a. Packed cell volumes determined at five stations where the temperature is greater than 16°c were very low. A com-parison of the volumes for these five stations, and one other close by for which no temperature data are available, which were in the center of the plume, is made with the volumes for the other stations.
Packed Cell Volumes (ml/80 1) Plume Stations Other Stations Temperature ;> 16°c Temperature <16°c x= 0.04 + 0.02 x = 0.25 + 0.15 n =6 n = 29 The average packed cell volume for the six stations within the plume was 16 percent of that for stations outside the plume and probably reflects in
- large measure the variability in plankton populations between the intake water and shoreline waters on this date.
Phytoplankton Composition Phytoplankton were identified and enumerated at one station in the plume, H-1, during the June 1972 sampling period. This station had the lowest number of organisms of ten stations monitored on that date. The correlation between packed cell volume and phytoplankton den-sities for June 1972 is shown in Figure B-3b. Since this correlation is fairly good it can be assumed that low packed cell volumes in the plume indicated low densities of phytoplankton. Figure B-4 shows the variation in the composition of the net phyto-plankton by group from 1972 to.1974 for June and October. In this graph, the data from all the sampling stations are pooled and averaged. The composition of the net phytoplankton by groups has remained relatively stable since 1972, the bulk of the organisms being diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). The blue-gre.en algae (Cyanophyta) have contributed only a small amount of the total numbers. In June 1972, about one-quarter of the phytoplankters were Dinobryon. The graph indicates a rise in total net "phytoplankton population in October 1973, and June 1974, when the plant was not in operation, which agrees with the increase in biomass as indicated by the measurements of packed cell volumes. Tabellaria, Asterionella, Fragilaria, Cyclotella, Melosira, and Synedra, were all dominant genera at one time or another. Other commonly occurring genera were Navicula, Rhizosolenia, Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, Dinobryon, and Oscillatoria.
3
- Numerous studies have been made of the phytoplankton of Lake Michigan, but on the whole, as various methods of sampling and analysis were used, the data presented above are not directly comparable with the results of these studies. Stoermer and Yang(l) give an excellent review of the plankton diatom assemblages and th~ir relationship with specific environments in Lake Michigan.
Ayers and Seibe1l 2 J discuss the relative densities of total phytoplankton populations as presented in several reports on Lake Michigan. They show that reported average densities at inshore stations range from 800 to 3,000 cells/ml and at offshore stations from 400 to l,4oo cells/ml. Phytoplankton densities as reported in the Palisades study (Inner stations) ranged from 10 to 1,000 times lower than this. Since phytoplankton biomass at the Palisades site, as determined by visual counts since 1972, correlates well with packed cell volumes, and since the packed cell volumes subsequent to the start-up of the plant are similar to those reported prior to start-up, this apparent paucity of phyto-plankton cannot be attributed to operation of the plant. The difference in values is probably due to different experimental approaches. Only net phyto-plankton were monitored at the Palisades study and colonial br filamentous plankters were enumerated as one (1) organism. Relative Photosynthetic Activity of Phytoplankton Samples Before and After Entrainment Fifty-two sets of radiocarbon experiments were performed on plankton
- samples collected before and after entrainment through the Palisades Plant on 25 separate occasions from 24 May 1972 to 27 August 1973. Figure B-5 shows the percent increase or decrease in photosynthetic activity for all samples.
Ten samples showed increased activity, two showed no change, while the major-ity of the samples (41) showed decreases in activity. When no heat was present (17 sets of samples) change in productivity varied from 68.1 percent loss to a 109 percent gain in the discharge samples, with an average loss of 35.6 percent {based on 12 samples) and an average gain of 35.4 percent (based on four samples), with no change in one sample. With the introduction of heat (35 sets of samples), the change in productivity varied from 89.3 percent loss to a 76 percent gain in the discharge samples, with an average loss of 47.9 percent (based on 28 samples) and an average gain of 36.2 percent (based on six samples) with no change in one sample. If the samples are averaged collectively for the entire study period, but divided up into effects of a heated discharge and a nonheated discharge, the average loss for heated is 32.7 percent and the average loss for nonheated is 17.9 percent, indicating (if the results are valid, considering the patch-iness of Lake Michigan plankton populations) that mechanical stress caused approximately one-half the decrease in primary productivity. ( ) The results are similar to those of Hamilton et al(3) and Morgan and 4 Stross who also found reductions and increases in primary productivity in comparable work. The 32.7 percent average loss is similar to decreases noted at the Waukegan Station(5). The extreme variability in photosynthetic response to the stresses of entrainment and condenser passage indicate that phytoplankton patchiness may be a major problem in obtaining accurate data on photosynthetic activity .
4
- Zooplankton Composition During the entrainment studies, the most abundant and consistently appearing zooplank.ton groups were the cyclopoid and calanoid copepods and the Bosmina*cladocerans. The copepods appeared in every sample, but Bosmina appeared primarily in the summer months and in large numbers at that time.
The dominant forms were Bosmina longirostris, Diaptomus, Limnocalanus, Asplanchna, and Daphnia retrocurva. Field samples for zooplank.ton were also taken coincidentally with the phytoplankton survey. Unfortunately a direct comparison of the field and entrainment data is not possible because the field studies were not coincident with the mortality studies. Also, during the field studies, plankton were collected at depths ranging from 15 to 5 feet and filtered through a 1/12.5 plank.ton net. Plank.ton from the intake were entrained from a depth below 20 feet and all plank.ton samples were filtered through a #10 net. In addition, the mortality studies concentrated on the crustacean component of the zoo-plank.ton, while the analyses from the field siiudies gave a better description of the rotifers. The most notable variations between the densities observed in the two studies occurred in the fall of 1973 with regard to Bosmina and the rotifers. Both organisms occurred &t much greater densities in the field samples than in the intake samples. While these data suggest an avoidance of the intake by Bosmina and the rotifers, it is quite likely that the difference
- is actually caused by a variation in density of these organisms between the surface and de~per water.
Zooplank.ton Mortality Resulting From Entrainment Figures B-6 through B-11 show the live to dead ratios (percent mortality) for calanoid and cyclopoid copepods, nauplius larvae, Bosmina and Daphnia cladocerans, and rotifers for intake samples and both heated and non-heated discharge samples taken from 16 May 1972 to 25 October 1973. A total of 119 separate samples was counted, 83 with a heated discharge and 36 with an unheated discharge. Due to sampling variability, it is difficult to accurately ascertain* mortality rates of zooplank.ton organisms. In many instances the discharge samples showed lower ratios of dead organisms than did the intake samples taken 90 seconds earlier. The figures depict each type of sampling situation singly, while calculated average percent differences and ranges are presented in Table B-1. Based upon all the samples collected, an average mortality was calculated for the intake samples, the nonheated discharge samples (attempt-ing to establish mechanical damage), and heated discharge samples. As evi-denced by the graphs, the average percent mortality varied cons-iderably with each temperature increment, and was probably influenced by many variables that cannot be taken into account. The average percent mortality, however, for both heated and nonheated discharge samples was usual.ly higher than the intake rates for all groups analyzed. There were several discharge tem:Pe~atures associated with a
5
- single intake temperature. This occurred because the plant was at different levels of capacity (ie, 30, 60 and 100 percent). It is important to note that once the discharge temperature reached 900 to 1000 F ( 32.20 to 37. 8 0C) , the average percent mortality rates went up to abov~ 90 percent in some groups.
This indicates the upper lethal temperature level of the zooplankton was reached and exceeded in these samples. The majority of the samples, however, showed low percent differences between the intake and discharge:samples. The Daphnia and rotifer averages are based on fewer samples than the others and should be regarded accordingly. Because they occurred only rarely in the field samples, the larger zooplankters were not identified. Bosmina was always present in the samples. Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra sp., and Kellicottia sp. were commonly occurring rotifers. Synchaeta sp. occurred at high densities during October 1973. The fluctuations in density of the individual groups from year to year were found to be similar. An increase in zooplankton density in the fall of 1973 and the spring of 1974 contributed to the high packed cell volumes measured at these times. The zooplankton were at a much greater density in June 1974 than in June of the previous two years. ATTACHED FILAMENTOUS ALGAE AND ROOTED AQUATICS
- The growth of periphyton and rooted aquatics was not expected to be a problem at the Palisades Plant as there is very little natural substrate on which such organisms can grow.
Artificial substrate samplers were used on six occasions during the preoperational period in the area of the outfall and plant boundaries with varying degrees of success. ~he growth which occurred was quite low and ranged from 0.1 to 5.33pg/cm /day in 1970 to 1971. The growth in 1968 was estimated by chlorophyll-a and -b analysis and in subsequent years by dry weight estimates. Relatively large amounts of filamentous algae were entangled in the seine nets during June 1971, and in the gill nets during August 1971; the only time that this happened. On both occasions, it was not apparent that the mate-rial originated in the vicinity of the plant. During surveys of the lake bottom (Figure B-12) carried out by divers on 3 and 4 October 1972, 15 and 16 September 1973, and 14 and 15 October 1973, no attached filamentous algae or rooted aquatics were observed on the substrate. The area is predominantly sand and small gravel which is unstable during most of the year, leaving little possibility for plants to attach or take root. The typical transect showed the near shore area to be a sandbar which moved con-stantly as wave, wind and current action changed. Considerable amounts of organic detritus were observed in the shallow areas and out to the 25 foot level. Beyond this level the sand was washed clean. The active area was characterized by wave ripple marks vai"ying in height from 1 to 3 inches and varying in distances apart from 1 to 4 feet, depending on depth. There was an extensive gravel bar, about 15 to 20 feet wide, at the 20 to 25 foot level,
.that ran the entire length of the survey are~, parallel to shore.
6
- The immediate discharge area (approximately 20 feet from the discharge) was the only area which showed any observable change. Due to the velocity of the discharge water, the bottom was washed clean of sand and consisted of large gravel and rocks. Many of the rocks showed evidence of algal growth. The dis-charge structure itself was covered with Cladophora at and below the waterline as were many of the large rocks on the shore and many of the seawalls in the area, both within and outside the area of thermal influence. A phenomenon observed during both summers was the die-off of Cladophora on the discharge structure after discharge temperatures exceeded 8o 9 F (26.7°c).
The presence or absence of rooted macrophytes and attached filamentous algae along the shoreline was also noted during the four psammolittoral surveys in June and October of 1972 and 1973. Filamentous algae only occurred on the infrequent dead tree trunks or the iron pilings used in erosion control along some sections of the beach. Only small amounts of detached, washed-up algal strands were seen in the way of growth on the natural shoreline. PSAMMOLITTORAL ORGANISMS Psammon, microscopic organisms inhabiting the interstitial spaces of sand along the shoreline, were sampled four times during 1972 and 1973; in June and October. The average numbers of organisms at each-sampling location are given in Table B-2 *
- The majority of the organisms in the sand around Lake Michigan were found to be diatoms, which comprised approximately 6':!1/o of the total count.
The other groups of algae were present in much lower densities. Of the re-mainder that could be identified, protozoans and rotifers were the most common, with segmented worms and nematodes occurring occasionally. Sporocysts of plant or animal origin were also found in quite large numbers. Total counts indicated that the cores taken from the sand above the waterline usually contained the highest nillnbers of organisms, though in June 1973 the psammon was as numerous in the cores taken at the waterline. Average numbers of psammon per core were higher in June 1972 than in June 1973. Sand temperatures were lower in June 1972 than in June 1973, but the differences were not very great. The sand above the waterline is always subjected to large diurnal temperature fluctuations and wave conditions would affect water-line temperatures. The numbers of organisms in the cores from the rough October 1972 period were lower than in October 1973; however, the lower den-sity may have been due to the difficult sampling conditions. The sand tempera-tures were, however, much higher in October 1973 when calm sunny conditions were present. In 1973, when weather conditions permitted the two sur~eys to be completed, higher numbers of organisms occurred in October than in June ex-cept in the cores from the North Boundary and South Contra~. More dense co~ muni ties were present at these two locations in the waterline cores. Comparison of organism density at the various stations in relation to the distance from
- the plant did not reveal any patterns, and variability near the plant.was com-parable to variability at all stations. The largest numbers of organisms occurred in the waterline cores at South Control in October 1973. An average
7
- of 3,627,444 organisms per 10 ml sand was estimated. Other waterline densities ranged from 13,606 to 507,333 per 10 ml sand. The South Control samples were not analyzed in detail but a brief study indicated that the majority of the cells were Melosira sp. and Tabellaria sp., typical of Lake Michigan plankton.
The packed cell volume of the plankton sample from the shallow South Control station was high compared to the sample from the deep South Control CSl. Melosira sp. and Tabellaria sp. were dominant in the plankton and the high counts in the psammolittoral cores were probably caused by plankton washing up onto the beach. Detailed analysis indicated that the psammon were composed of a fraction which was probably planktonic in origin (eg, Tabellaria sp., Fragilaria sp.) and a fraction which was epipelic (eg, Cyanomonas sp., Cryptochrysidacea; Pennales, Bacillariophyceae, primarily Navicula sp.). Blue-greens were represented in some cores by relatively small numbers of organisms, Chroococcales, Microcystis sp. and Agmenellum sp. being the most common. Cyanomonas sp. (Cryptochrysidaceae), an organism with two flagellae of unequal length and stated by Ward & Whipple(6) as being an organism of un-certain position, was present in quite large numbers in some of the cores. Protozoans were represented by Rhizopoda and Actinopoda, the former being the more common of the two. Rotifera were present, but not in large
- numbers .
The eggs which were recorded as present, were microcrustacean. fish eggs were found . No
/
8
- REFERENCES
- 1. Stoe:nner; E. F. and J. J. Yang, 1969. Plankton diatom assemblages in Lake Michigan. Special Report No 47. Great Lakes Research Division, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 268 p.
- 2. Ayers, J. C., and E. Seibel, 1973 MS. Biomasses, numbers, and cell weights of Lake Michigan phytoplankton. Interim report for American Electric Power Service Corporation on the Cook Plant. 17 p.
- 3. Hamilton, D. H., D. A. Flemer, C. W. Keefe, and J. A. Mihursky, 1970.
Power Plant Effects of Chlorination of Estuarine Primary Production. Science, 14 : 197-198.
- 4. Morgan, R. P., and R. G. Stress, 1969. Destruction of Phytoplankton in the Cooling Water Supply of a Steam Electric Station. Chesapeake Science.
10 (3-4) : 165-171.
- 5. US Atomic ErErgy Commission, 1972. Final Environmental Statement for Zion Nuclear Power Station, Units 1 and 2, Docket Nos 50-295 and 50-305.
December.
- 6. Ward, H. B., and G. H. Whipple, 1959. Freshwater Biology. Ed. W. T .
Edmondson. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Inc. pp 1248 .
Table B-1: Average mortality for groups of zoop1ankton from intake, heated and non~heated discharges at Palisades nuclear plant - 16 May lg72 to 25 October 1974 COPEPODA CLADOCERA ROT IFERA Calanoid Cyclopoid Naup 1i us. Bosmina Daphnia Rot rfers Avg. Range Avg. Range Avg. Range Avg. Range Avg. Range Avg. Range (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Intake 16.0 1-91 21. 3 1-60 20.9 0-79 20 ..6 0-83 26.7 0-100 8. 1 0-35 Heated 30.9 3-93 28.7 4-83 33.2 0-80 26.7 0-73 33.5 o- 91 20.3 3-70 Discharge Non-heated 21.5 8-46 27.0 12-66 18.5 5-43 25.2 8-67 25. 3 o- 67 1l+.7 8-20 Di sch a rge Percent Difference Intake and 14.9 7.4 12.3 6 .1 6.8 12.2 Heated Dis-charge Intake and 5.5 5. 7. -2.4* 4.6 -1. 4* 6.6 Non-heated Discharge
*Intake average percent mortality higher than non-heated discharge average percent mortality.
- TABLE B-2 AVERAGE NUMBER OF PSAMMOLITTORAL ORGANISMS PER 10 ml SAND JUNE AND OCTOBER, 1972 AND 1973 STATION: A-2 A-5 YEAR: 1972 1973 1972 1973 MONTH: JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER Avg.No.of Organisms Sand 299,952 83,333 160,000 67,375 39,333 85,500 Water line 330,402 Rough 15,333 40,667 24,211 Rough 12,500 73,333 In water 265,767 .118,667 161,333 71,543 48,000 95,000 STATION: NORTH CONTROL NORTH BOUNDARY YEAR: 1972 1973
-1972--***
1973 MONTH: JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER Avg.No.of Organisms Sand 28,182 46,000 39 ,66 7 140,000 871,876 78,333 177,000 86,333 Water line 67,899 47,467 38,600 150,000 72 ,640 68,333 19,000 81,000 In water 22,787 8,933 466,667 50,000 78,617 20,333 82,667 77,000
TABLE B-2 (continued) STATION: A/2 A-1 YEAR: 1972 1973 1972 1973 MONTH: JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER Avg.No.of Organisms Sand . 63, 372 115,667 400,000 113,577 39,000 90,333 146,706 Water line 39,221 Rough 20,600 99,500 160,131 8,367 27,333 55,333 In water 113,699 85 ,6.67 81,000 136,812 13,800 66,667 50,000 STATION: I/2 I-1 YEAR: 1972 1973 1972 1973 MONTH: JUNE* OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER Avg.No.of Organisms Sand 77,118 193,333 236,667 153,146 67,000 226,667 Water line 181,624 Rough 8,900 32,000 119,374 Rough 34,000 13,666 In water 97,376 ?2,966 83,000 234,450 41,333 163,~00
- TABLE B-2 (continued)
STATION: I-2 I-5 YEAR: 1972 1973 1972 1973 MONTH: JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE. OCTOBER I Avg.No.of Organisms Sand 294,819 69,667 160,333 89 '321 73,000 74,000 Water line 140,455 Rough 17,333 42,666 49,787 Rough 25,667 507,333 In water 60,181 41,666 83,666 58,371 90,667 161,000 STATION: SOUTH CONTROL SOUTH BOUNDARY YEAR: 1972 1973 1972 1973 MONTH: JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER JUNE OCTOBER Avg.No.of Organisms Sand 181,464 326,667 82,333 - 43,000 - 228,666 Water line 103,875 Rough 59,667 3,627,444 - 42,000 - 116,000 In water 89,697 203,333 109,r.;67 - 15,400 - 39,~67
- Not sampled
- Figure B-1
- Palisades Control o-----o Fluctuations in Packed c*en Volume of Plankton, 1968-1974 Standard deviation I Operational CJ Near Palisades, Michigan.
1.0 0.8 I j o.6 j
!I OA 0
CD
E 0.2 l o.o
() CJ U) May June
~
1.0
~
i 0 0.8 "C j 0 0.6
~
/.
/
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/
0.2 o.oi.w-.-----:6~8--"":!i5~9--~10~-~11~-~1*2--""!1~3--o'!!14 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 August October CJ
- Figure B-2 Water Temperature (°C) at 3m (10 ft) Depth
- Lake Michigan near Palisades.
19 June 1972 A5 9,7 B c 9.8
- F Nuclear Power 9,7 Station 14.9 H
- 1-5 11.2
- Figure B-3a Packed Cell Volume of Plankton Related to Lake Temperature at 3m (10ft). June 1972.
1.2 1.0
!. 0.8 Q)
E
- I 0 *
- > 0-6 Qi
- I 0 *
(.)
"C * * ~ 0.4
- 0
<1l
- a. *
- 0.2 *
- o.o 10 12 14 16 18 20 Temperature ( *c)
Figure B-3b A Comparison of Packed Cell *Volumes and Phytoplankton Counts for June 1972. 0.6 Q) E o.4 *
- I g
"C *~
g
- a. 0.2 0.0--...----.------------
2 3 4 5 Log Total Density of Phytoplankton
Figure B-4
- Comp9sition of Net Phytoplankton Sampled at 10-14 Stations Near Palisades, Michigan ~
5.0 -----Other
.. ;:;:::** . Cyanophyta
~ .-::=:*** , -:::.' 1 Chlorophyta E 4.0 .-:*:===** ;:.,,~~I'~ Bacillariophycae
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-~
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;§ 2.0 :"'... ',' ~-:.~l-~} ....,L-,~!::12~'1~1 ~';:.:~~~ ','-~':
-'~~: ::- ,',-,~ ~ ;-~\ 1,!.-) <. . -').'°-:._I, ... ,:'..~~:.!.:
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, \ I \\I/ , I I I I ~ ,..-.,..\I 't '\ _ I\ I_,,., ., , , , , ( \ ,
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-, ........ ~- . ._\ -';1!..'- 1...... ,', ..... ;_,,1 -,-,,,:, . .
- , - ' '- l..._\1,\I_..'\, - \ \ I - ' ' ... , , / \ ... , ( '..."\ , - ,,. 1_,
1.0 '~'1 ... 1 I 1'-,...-1 ,, __ ....._\-II 11,:;:,,*
- \..!~I ~';-;:-1 ... ~-:,.! -../\\<.\~\~~, ....~\--""I);
.\ """I ,. \ , I\_ ~\ - -1 - 1, - .._ 1- I _ ' I -... ,
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-~ .. 1........ 1,, ..... v,-,... ,. .. .. ,~1,,'.!..,.:-,~,.,.,'-1_,, , ... ~
'-~ . . . . ~;' (..-'/ .!.;-~,~ "'~- 1 -=- 1 ) I I~ I....! ~~ 2 \,,. .;.
o.o ..... , - ....._ ..... _.... '- - \ * ' ' \7..._ * ' ,_,._,. ---- 1972 1973 1974
- June*
~o .* Other
..::}:____r-- Cyanophyta
- Chlorophyta
~ .. ;{/:".~~:: Bacillariophycae
~ ~o
. f :~;~It!.@
~"'
lll
...Cl 0 10 *:...-,1... (/'.../-;;,..... ,_
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- .--; ~ ......:-; ,1,'; \f;i...';'
,\ ~'°!~;\;~-:.'!-:. ~~': .
~o 1972 1973
- October
*Plant In Operation
Figure B-5 Loss or Gain of Photosynthetic Activity for c14 Tests for Primary Productivity of Algae Passed Through the Condensers. a 90 BO 70 - c
'iij C>
60 50 Heated Discharge Samples Non Heated Discharge Samples a
~ .,., 40 0
...I Gain in Activity 30 cGI "3; 11. 20 a 10- a
- 0
- ci:" *
- z
- "
-10 a
- c>-
0
-20
** a a
.. a
- a a
a 0 z:
-30 *
- Loss in Activity
- 11. * *
-40 a
-so a
-60 a
-70 a
- a
-eo * * *
-90 *
- 5,24/72 6,2 6,13 6,15 6,16 7,14 7,21 8,4 8,17 8,23 8,29 9,6 9,19 4,18/73 5,24 5,31 6,8 6,20 6,22 7,5 7,13 8,8 8,6 8,21 8,27 Date 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 3 3 2 No.of Samples 44 56 56 54 58 64 74 45 64 64 70 66 65 46 50 49 62 66 68 67 62 75 47 48 59 Intake Temperature 44 56 70 70 72 84 91 62 82 88 72 82 65 72 50 60 87 93 90 89 86 1CO 47 48 59 Discharge
*Figure B-6 Average Percent Mortality for Calanoid Copepods for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples with Heat Addition .
90 1 80 I
- Intake Average Percent Mortality Discharge Average Percent Mortality with Heat Addition.
55 Discharge Average Percent Morta'lity 0
- without Heat Addition 50 0
45 40 ca 35 0
- 2 30 * *
-c:
Ql u
..... 25 0 * *
- Q.
Ql 0
- i 0 *
- 0 *
- 20
* *
- 0 0
- 0 15 10 5
0 33 34 35 36 37 38 .40 41 42 ~ 44 ~6 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 5{> 57 58 60 62 65 66 tJ7 ml 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 -Intake Temperatures. 52 53 58 66 66 69 70 70 73 75 66 70 82 76 83 82 82 92 89 93 92 97 89 96 91 87 lOO ) 89 Disctiarge Temperatures ~ssociated 61 67 54 71 75 84 86 92 90 with* Intake Temperatures.* 69 66
*Discharge Temperatures Associated With The Highest Percent Mortalities Are Listed First 1 And So On In Decreasing Order
- Figure B-7 Average Percent Mortality for Cyclopoid Copepods for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples "l
80 60 with Heat Addition.
- Intake Average Percent Mortality
- Discharge Average Percent 55
- Mortality with Heat Addition *
- Discharge Average Percent 0
50 Mortality without Heat Addition 0 45
~
- § 40 0
- c 35 0 0 Q)
(.J Q; a.. 30 I 0 I 25 20 15 0 10 5 0-'1-................................................................................................,...........,...~..........,...........,....................................,......,._,......r--! 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 56 57 58 60 62 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 - - Intake Temperatures 52 53 58 66 66 69 61 67 54 75 66 70 82 .76 83 82 82 92 89 93 92 97 89 96 91 87 100>- 68 70 66 71 75 84 86 92 89 90 . Discharge Temperatures 70 73 associated with Intake Temperatures**
*Discharge Temperatures A.ssociated With The Highest Percent Mortalities Are Listed first, And So On In Decreasing Order
- Figure B-8 Average Percent Mortality tor Nauplius Larvae for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples with Heat Addition.
90
- Figure B-9 Average Percent Mortality for Bosmina Cladocerans for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples with Heat Additions.
Figure B-10
- Average Percent Mortality for Daphnia Cladocerans for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples with Heat Addition.
90 75 70 65 Intake Average Percent Mortality 60 Discharge Average Percent Mortality
- with Heat Addition.
55 Discharge Average Percent Mortality o without Heat Addition. 50 45 40 .....al... 35 0 30 c: Q) 0 25
- 8!.
0 20 0
- 15
/*
- 10 *Discharge Temperatures Associated With The Highest Percent Mortalities Are Listed first,And So On In 5 Decreasing Order.
0 33 40 44 47 48 50 52 62 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 - Intake Temperatures. 52 58 73 73 75 82 82 92 92 92 89 89 90 91 87 100 86 93 97 96 )Discharge Temperatures associated with Intake Temperatures.*
Figure B-11 Average Percent Mortality for Rotifers for Intake Samples, Discharge Samples without Heat Addition, and Discharge Samples with Heat Addition. 60 SS so
- 4S Intake Average Percent Mortality Discharge Average Percent Mortality 40 with Heat Addition.
- Discharge Average Percent Mortality
~
- without Heat Addition 0
"lij 3S t:
0
~
30 "EQ) (J Q) 2S 0.. 20 lS *
- 0 10 s *
- o..-;;;;;;.._.............................._.....__.........--'-......._......_......................................._
44 48 49 so S7 S8 62 67 68 70 72 74 . Intake Temperatures. 69 75 7S 82 84 82 89 93 97 96 87 66 89 Discharge Temperatures associated 86 with Intake Temperatures:"'
*Discharge Temperatures Associated With The Highest Percent Mortalities Are Listed First And So On In Decreasing Order.
Figure B-12 Palisades .Plant, Macrophyte Survey of Diving Locations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 I Discharge 7 1 2 3 ~1600' 4 5 Control ~ 5 miles South Boundary Palisades Plant North Boundary from plant.
SECTION C
- BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES
- BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES The benthic sampling stations were sampled four periods of the year (May, June, August and October) during each preoperational year, 1968 to 1971.
Samples were collected during corresponding periods a~er the plant began operation, and the results were initially compared to the preoperational con-ditions by use of bivariate control charts. Only those stations where sig-nificant changes were identified through the control chart analysis were studied in 1974. A discussion of the 1974 survey results is included along with copies of the pertinent charts in Appendix C. The overall results of the statistical comparisons are summarized in the following paragraphs. May postoperational benthic sampling was conducted only in 1973. The comparison with the May preoperational condition is shown in Table C-l. The May 1973 results indicated that no significant changes had occurred that could be attributed to the heated effluent. Oligochaete, sphaeriid and amphipod densities were within the expected fluctuations which would occur from year to year. Changes occurred in chironomid population densities but they were not restricted to stations lying within the influence of the plume and were probably due to natural causes. Based on the spring sinking plume observations discussed in Section
- A, warmed water would have touched bottom from the discharge to about 1/4 mile offshore. The plumes which were measured would have affected nearshore areas on the D-line. Other early spring plumes were often deep and their influence would have been felt by the macroinvertebrates in the vicinity of the plant.
These plumes apparently did not have any deleterious effects on the benthos as no significant changes were recorded on the May control charts for the stations lying close to the discharge. Table C-2 summarizes the June control chart comparisons for 1972, 1973 and 1974. Only two groups of organisms showed significant changes in densities, and these were at stations in at least 30 feet of water, one mile offshore from the discharge. Chironomids exhibited significant changes in density at C-1 and sphaeriids were similarly affected at F-1. Large numbers of young occurred in the sphaeriid samples from C-l and F-l but returned to normal densities by August. The chironomid density at C-1 was high in June 1973 and in June and August 1974; two genera, Polypedilum and Chironomus being responsible. When these organisms were studied separately at each station, ignoring the communities at other stations in the same depth group, the increases in density at C-1 and F-1 were not statistically different from the densities which had occurred during the preoperational period. It may be that the areas represented by C-1 and F-l are becoming more favorable habitats for certain of the chironomids and sphaeriids, though analysis of the percent organic carbon did not indicate that this was so. The oligochaete and amphi-pod densities at C-1 and F-1 remained within natural fluctuations .
2
- Table C-3 summarizes the August control chart comparisons for 1973 and 1974. All the connnunities in less than 50 feet depth lay within ranges which coUld be accounted for by natural fluctuations, except for the chironomid densities discussed in the previous paragraph.
Table C-4 summarizes the October control chart comparisons for 1972 and 1973. Three groups of organisms showed significant changes in density. The oligochaetes at stations lying southwest of the discharge 20 to 30 feet deep had significant increases both in 1972 and 1973. Chironomid densities indi-cated possible changes in inshore stations within half a mile of the discharge in 1972, but were within the bivariate control limits the following year. Sphaeriid densities showed significant decreases at the 30 to 50 foot depths in October 1973. The June 1974 densities at the same group of stations also showed significant change, but as an increase. The August densities lay within the control limits and the previously noted changes were only of short duration. The majority of significant changes in density, as shown 0y control charts, occurred at stations C-1 and F-1 in the 30 to 50 foot depth range situated one mile from the discharge. The affected organisms were chironomids and sphaeriids, and the changes were present in the months of June and August for chironomids and in June and October for sphaeriids. In addition, oligo-chaete densities were significantly different from preoperational densities at stations southwest of the discharge, in depths of 20 to 30 feet.
- The Mann-Whitney test~l) a nonparametric procedure which makes no assumptions about the normality of the population distributions, has been used to determine where there have been significant increases or decreases in the postoperational population densities of individual organisms. The results of this analysis are tabulated in Table C-5.
Eleven different organisms showed significant increases and 10 showed decreases between the population densities of pre- and postoperational years. These included 17 species found in the following major taxonomic groups: Chironomids, sphaeriids, gastropods, oligochaetes, and platyhelminthes. There were a larger number of significant increases (20) at stations situated within one mile of the discharge, than at stations more than one mile distant (9). The reverse was true for significant decreases in population densities, only 8 were recorded for the closer stations and 22 decreases for the more distant ones. No changes were of a very high magnitude and diversity remained fairly similar during the study. There has been no overall tendency for increases in density to occur a~er the plant began operations, so the observed significant increases in the benthos at individual stations are not considered to be of major importance. Cladocera and Ostracoda underwent half the significant increases at the stations closer to the discharge. These are usually plank.tonic in habit and were not caught regularly by the grab. An examination of plankton numbers which would more likely be the community where the cladocerans and ostracods occur, showed large fluctuations in the numbers of these organisms.
3
- Four crustacea showed changes: Pontoporeia hoyi, Mysis, Eurycercus, and an ostracod, The ostracod was originally identified as Candona (eypridae),
but this could not be confirmed in all the surveys. As the organism formed a minor component of the community, it was identified only to Order in most of the surveys. Eurycercus sp. (Cladocera) and the unidentified ostracod are small and fairly mobile. Relatively few individuals were present in the samples and the reliability of the Ponar grab to consistently catch these small crustaceans is in doubt because of their mobility. Four of the seven stations where density increases occurred, however, were within a half mile of the discharge and the other three were all within the same general direc-tion from the discharge on the B and C grid lines. Increases in Eurycercus were present at H/2, C/2, D/2, F/2, C-1, C-2 and I-5, stations with water depths ranging between 15 and 50 feet. They were situated directly offshore of and to the northwest of the discharge except for I-5, which was five miles south. The ostracods appeared for the first time in samples collected at B-1, C/2, and CN2 during postoperational surveys. They appeared in June 1972 at B-1 and C/2 and June 1973 at CN2. They .were not pre-sent in the October samples at the above stations but were present then in iow numbers at some of the other stations. Ostracods increased significantly over preoperational levels at F/2 and C-1. All but I-5 and CN2 were Inner control chart stations which could have been affected by the plume,
- Very little information on the water quality requirements of Eurycercus and ostracods could be faun~ though they are known to tolerate quite a wide range of ecological factors.~) Ostracods are usually only a minor element in the diet of fish, while Cladocera occur more frequently in the diet of both young and adult fish.
The density of Pontoporeia hoyi (Amphipoda) populations increased significantly at only one station, G-2, but decreases occurred at A-2, I-5 and CSl. A-2 and I-5 ere fairly shallow and do not provide a suitable habitat for P. hoyi. CSl was the deeper of the two south control stations, 17 miles distant-;-a-situation very different from I-5 and A-2, which were much closer inshore. None of these stations could be expected to be directly influenced by the thermal plume. A number of amphipod control charts had postoperational points lying outside the control li.Jilits, but changes in density were occurring at both Inner and Outer stations or Outer stations alone and th_ere were no significant changes indicated for Inner groups for any particular month. Station G-2, where the Mann-Whitney test indicated a postoperational significant increase in density, was in the group of stations with depths of over 50 feet. These chart stations were not considered critical when considering the effects of a heated effluent, as they were all at least two miles distant from the discharge. An analysis of the June biomass of the amphipods at the five stations composing the south quadrant control chart was conducted to determine whether populations at stations within the plume were exhibiting a change in size as well as numbers. No significant differences were found between the means of the preoperational and postoperational biomass (Appendix Ca).
4
- Mysis, which is not an endobenthic organism, was not caught very frequently in the grab, and when caught was present only in very low numbers.
It has the capability of avoiding the grab by means of a backward escape move-ment. Mysis showed a significant increase over the preoperational density at one station (F-5) which would not receive any direct thermal effect. The or-
. ganism was m9st frequently caught at deeper stations in the Donald C. Cook Plant survey~3) and in summer rarely occurred near the shore, as it is a stenotherm requiring cooler temperat.ures. The best means of capture for Mys is is the epibenthic sampling sled, but this gear was not utilized in the Palisades survey.
Amnicola (Gastropoda) showed a significant increase in numbers at three stations, F-1, H-2 and F-2. It decreased significantly at B-1 and I-5. The thermal requirement of one species of Amnicola (A. limosa) was found in the literature, but this cannot be directly related to the Paiisades situati9n as the gastropod was only identified to genus.(4) An optimum temperature of l8°c was given and this was never exceeded during the postoperational sampling periods at any of the stations where changes had occurred. Another snail to show changes was Valvata, which decreased significantly at C-2 and CNl. Both molluscs were present in low numbers during the survey and were not found at every sampling period. Of the sphaeriids (Pelecypoda), both Pisidium and Sphaerium showed
- some significant changes. Sphaerium increased significantly at H-2 and Pisidium at C-5 and F-5, two of the deepest stations. There were significant decreases in the Sphaerium populations at C-5 and CSl. Pisidium decreased significantly at H-2, C-2, CSl, B-1, C/2, A-2 and I-5. Significant changes in population density were indicated in some of the control charts which in-cluded a few of the above stations. In constructing the bivariate control charts, organism density for the specific month represented on the chart was used. The Mann-Whitney test incorporated the density for a specific organism for all the pre- and postoperational surveys at one station only, thus sig-nificant differences will not always be correlated for the same organism when comparing the results of the two methods of analysis. Changes which were indicated as significant by both types of analysis were at Stations H-2 (in June 1973 and October 1972 and 1973) and B-1, C/2 (in August 1973), where sig-nificant decreases occurred. A large increase in sphaeriids occurred at Inner stations in June 1974 but this increase was only significant for this month in 1974 alone, and over the whole postoperational period there were no sig-nificant changes at the stations represented by the control chart.
Molluscs are sensitive to temperature changes, and if the plume was having an adverse effect on the benthic region, much larger changes in the population of these organisms, especially at stations close to the dis-charge, would have occurred. It should be noted that the B and C lines, however, were also mentioned in the discussion of the Cladocera and Ostracoda. The third group of organisms used in the control charts, the chironomids,showed considerable species preference for various depth ranges
- The generally dominant chironomid in each depth range is shown in the follow-ing table:
5
- Dominant Chironomid Chironomus Water DeEth {ft)
<~
Chironomus and Cryptochironomus 13 to 26 Cryptochironomus 23 to 47 Prodiamesa bathyPhila 50 to 70 f* bathyPhila and Procladius 60 to 70 Heterotrissocladius, 95 (ParacladoEelma, ~* bathyphila) The chironomids had a few significant changes in the density of individual genera from preoperational levels. Significant decreases occurred in the populations of Cryptochironomus at I-2 (13 ft) and I-5 (28 ft), both lying south in fairly shallow water and at least two miles from the discharge. C~tochironomus in-creased at C-2. Chironomus decreased significantly at A-2 ~ ft), E/2 (24 ft), H-1 (25 ft), and CSl (70 ft); none of the stations were close together in a particular section of the sampling grid. They all had water depths of 25 feet
- or less except CSl. Chironomus was dominant at stations with depths up to 26 feet and Cryptochironomus at depths between 13 and 47 feet. The populations at the shallower stations were never large and could be affected by wave action.
The bottom temperatures at E/2, also the nearest to the discharge, were very similar to nearby stations during the sampling periods. Heterotrissocladius, dominant at the deepest stations in the survey, showed a significant decrease at F-5. This genus is usually found in oligo-trophic waters and its decrease may indicate increasing eutrophic conditions. Procladius decreased in numbers and did not appear in any of the, postoperational samples at CSl. It is usually associated with eutrophic conditions, so that increased eutrophy could not have been the cause of its disappearance. Significant increases were indicated in Cladotanytarsus populations at D/2, F/2, H-1 and CN2. This genus was absent from all the samples at D/2, F/2 and CN2 before June 1972 (but not from the whole survey grid). It was present in the June samples only after this date and was not present in the samples in October. Cladotanytarsus was present in low numbers in June 1968 at H-1. It was also found intermittently in samples from the Campbell Plant near Holland about 40 miles north of Palisades. Paracladopelma, dominant at the deeper stations, increased at C-5, F-5., and A-1. It was first present in samples from A-1 in June 1972 and was recorded in subsequent June samples. It begins emerging in July, so immature specimens would be too small for retrieval in October. The genus was present only in low numbers at other shallow stations, so may have been previously missed by th~ grab at A-1 *
- The only significant increase in chironomid numbers indicated by the control charts was in the 30 to 50 foot depth range for June 1973 and 1974 and in August 1974. Statistical analysis of the pre- and postoperational June data
6
- by the Mann-Whitney test indicated that the June results were caused by a significant increase in Polypedilum at C-1, but when all the surveys were examined, the increase in Poly;pedilum was not significant. The October control chart had .the postoperational results lying within th,e control limits.
In August 1974, the large increase in chironomid density at 30 to 50 feet was caused by Chironomus, but over the whole postoperational survey period, this increase was not statistically significant. Changes in the various chironomid populations occurred at stations both close to and at some distance from the discharge, and were not confined to one specific station or area of the sampling grid. All the chironomid ( ) genera found at Palisades were also recorded in the Donald C. Cook Plant surveys 3 and also showed quite large seasonal and annual variations in density. None of the oligochaetes in the samples from the following stations were analyzed in detail: B/2, H/2, A-1, I-1, I-2 and E/2. The control charts for these stations did not indicate any significant changes. Oligochaetes at stations where changes in population density had been indicated by control
. charts were analyzed in detail so that the Mann-Whitney test could be applied to individual species.
_ Only Potamothrix moldaviensis (Tubificidae) showed any significant changes in density. This species increased at F/2 and H-1, two stations lying in the south quadrant of the sampling grid. The largest increase at F/2 was in June 1974 and at H-1 in October 1972 and June 1974. The percent organic carbon showed an increase between 1971 and 1973 and may have contributed to the increase. Potamothrix moldaviensis is associated with eutrophic condi- ( ) tions found in the southern part of Lake Michigan but not in the open water. 5 Of the total counts of oligochaetes, significant decreases were shown at A-2, A-5, I-2, I-5 and C-2. These were all control chart Outer stations except C-2, an Inner station in the group with depths greater than 50 feet. Direct comparisons cannot be made with the control charts as they deal with a particular month and with a number of stations grouped together. The changes in the grouped communities of worms.may show an increase for one or more particular months, such as October 1973, but the Mann-Whitney would indicate no change when all the samples for the postoperational period were used in the calculations. Two organisms which were not sampled regularly showed a significant change in density at two stations. The Neorhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) de-creased significantly at C-1 and the Planariidae (Platyhelminthes) decreased significantly at C-5. These organisms do not preserve well, requiring special fixatives, and were not identified in detail. The water quality tolerances of the Platyhelminthes are wide and unless the species are known, they cannot be used as indicators. Ver-y little attention was paid to them in the Palisades survey because of the ver-y low numbers found in the samples.
- Besides density changes, benthos diversity variations also occurred over the sampling grid. Increases in diversity occurred in.the June post-operational samples at Inner stations between 30 and 50 feet lying west of the
7
- discharge on the C a.nd F lines and at stations lying northwest of the plant in 20 to 30 feet of water. Diversity at corresponding stations lying south-west of the plant showed a decrease to have occurred. June diversities at the greater depths were more stable, possibly reflecting a more constant environment, more isolated from the wave and temperature changes which are felt in the shallower inshore zones, though October diversities at all depths remained within the control chart limits for 1972 and 1973.
The significant changes in density a.nd diversity, shown by the bivariate. control chart a.nd Mann-Whitney methods of analysis, are summarized in the following table by relating the number of stations where changes occurred to distance from the discharge. They are also illustrated in Figure C-1. Number of stations with Significant Changes in Total No. Discharge (miles) The Benthic Population Of Stations
> 5 3 4 5 4 4 2 6 6 1 5 6 0.5 6 7
- If the thermal effluent was directly related to the community changes, the number of stations affected should increase as the distance from the discharge decreased. It should be noted that only four 5-mile stations were sampled and changes occurred at all four of them.
The conclusion to be drawn.from the benthos survey program is that no direct thermal effects are apparent in the benthic communities, but some indirect effects may be present. Statistically significant increases and decreases have occurred in some of the organism groups but they are not all concentrated in any one area and may reflect the general process of eutrophi-cation which is occurring in Lake Michigan. The Palisades area of Lake Michigan does not provide a very good habitat for benthos and does not support a diverse and numerous benthic community. Crayfish During the fish impingement studies, in 1972 and 1973, a benthic in-vertebrate, the crayfish (Orconectes propinquis), was found.among the fish sluiced off the traveling screens. A total of 4,768 crayfish was impinged and the majority of these were alive when sluiced off the screens. Like the fis~, Q. propinquis showed seasonal movement into the area of the intake. Figure C-2 shows the monthly totals for this species as they appeared in the screen count. Scuba diving observations near the intake showed this species to be numerous under the rip-rap surrounding the intake crib, indicating the intake crib and associated rip-rap acted as a habitat for the crayfish *
- 1. Campbell, R.
REFERENCES c., 1967. "Statistics for Biologists," Cambridge Univ. Press.
- 2. Pennak, R. W., 1953. "Fresh-Water Invertebrates of the United States~'
The Ronald Press Company, New York 'PP* 769.
- 3. Ayers, John c., and Erwin Seibel, 1973. "Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies, Pa.rt XIII." "Cook Plant Preoperationa.1 Studies 1972." "Great Lakes Research Div. Univ. Michigan Special Report No. 44."
- 4. Van der Schalie, H., and E. Go Berry, 1973. "The Effects of Temperature on Growth and Reproduction of Aquatic Snails." EPA-R-3-021: 164 pp.
- 5. Beeton, A. M., 1969. "Changes in the Environment and Biota of the Great Lakes, IN: Eutrophica.tion: Causes, Consequences, Correctives."
Proc. Symposium *
- TABLE C-1
SUMMARY
OF MAY 1973 BENTHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS USING BIVARIATE CONTROL CHARTS DEPI'H INNER RANGE STATION (ft.) LOCATION OLIGOCHAETES SPHAERIIDS CHIBONOMIDS AMPHIPODS 0-20 1/2 lliile from I discharge 20-30 1/2 to 1 mile NC NC I NC NW of discharge 20-30 1/2 to 1 mile NC NC I NC SW of discharge 30-50 1 mile off shore NC NC I NC of discharge 50+ 2 miles off shore NC NC NC NC
- NC The density lies within the control chart limits.
I The result lies outside the control limit. Changes have occurred at both Inner and Outer stations or at Outer stations only which lie beyond the influence of the plume. E Significant changes have occurred at Inner stations. Summary NC - 13 I - 4
- E - 0
TABLE C-2
SUMMARY
OF JUNE BENTHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS USING BDTARIATE CONTROL CHARTS DEPrH DIVERSITY RANGE INNER STATION OLIGOCHAETES SPHAERIIDS CHIRONOMIDS. AMPHIPODS INDEX
~ft. J LOCATION '72 '73 '74 '72 '73 '74 '72 '73 '74 '72 '73 '74 '72 '73 '74 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile NW NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC I NC I of discharge 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile SW NC I NC NC NC NC NC NC NC NC I NC I I E of discharge 30 to 50 l mile offshore NC NC I NC I E NC E E NC NC NC I I E of' discharge 50+ 2 miles offshore NC NC NC NC I I NC NC NC NC Density Diversity NC = The density lies within the chart control -limits.
I = The result liew outside the control limit. Changes have occurred NC = 31 NC= 2 at both Inner and Outer stations or at Outer stations only which I = 6 I= 1 lie beyond the influence of the plume. E = 3 E = 2 E = Significant changes have occurred at Inner stations.
- TABLE c.:.3
SUMMARY
OF AUGUST BENTHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS USilJ'G BIVARIATE CONTROL CHARTS DEPrH IlJ'NER STATION RANGE LOCATION OLIGOCHAETES SPHAERIDJS CHIRONOMIDS AMPHIPODS (ft.) '73 '74 '73 '74 '73 '74 '73 '74 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile NW NC NC NC NC NC I of discharge 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile SW NC I I NC I NC NC NC of discharge 30 to 50 1 mile offshore NC NC NC NC I E NC NC of discharge 50+ 2 miles offshore E NC I I Summary NC = The density lies within the chart control limits.
= The I result lies outside the control limit. Changes have NC = 17 occurred at both Inner and Outer stations or at Outer I = 7 stations only which lie beyond the influence of the plume.
E "" 2 E = Significant changes have occurred at Inner stations *
- TABLE C-4
SUMMARY
OF OCTOBER BENTHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS USING BIVARIATE CONTROL CHARTS DEPrH INNER STATION DIVERSITY RANGE LOCATION OLIGOCHAETES SP.HAERIIDS CHIRONOMIDS AMPHIPODS INDEX (ft.) '72 '73 '72 '73 '72 '73 '72 '73 '72 '73 0 to 20 1/2 mile from discharge NC NC - - E NC NC NC NC NC 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile NW NC NC NC NC NC I NC I NC NC of discharge 20 to 30 1/2 to 1 mile SW E E NC NC NC NC NC I NC NC of discharge 30 to 50 1 mile offshore NC I I E I NC I I NC NC of discharge
)O+ 2 miles off shore I NC I NC I NC NC NC NC NC
- NC The density lies within the control chart limits.
I The result lies outside the control limit. Changes have occurred at both Inner and Outer stations or at Outer stations only which lie beyond the influence of the plume. E Significant changes have occurred at Inner stations. Summary Summary - Diversity NC - 23 NC - 10 I - 11 E - 4
- Table C-5:
Significant changes in density between pre- and post-operational years for individual organisms as determined by the Mann-Whitney test Stations Within lnflt~ence of Plume (Based on Significant Increase Significant Decrease Control Charts) H/2 Eurycercus (Cladocera) B-1 o*s t racoda* Pisidium (Sphaeriidae} Amnicola (Gastropoda) C/2 Eurycercus (Cladocera) Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Ostracoda* D/2. Eurycercus (Cladocera) Cladotanytarsus (Chironomidae)* F/2 Eurycercus (Cladocera) Ostracoda Cladotanytarsus (Chironomidae)* Potamothrix moldaviensis (Oligochaeta) C-1 Eurycercus (Cladocera) Ostracoda Neorhabdocoela
*F-1 Amnicola (Gastropoda)
C-2 - Eurycercus (C*ladocera) Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Cryptochironomus (Chironomidae) Valvata (Gastropoda) Oligochaeta F-2 Amnicola (Gastropoda)* G-2 Pontoporeia hoyi (Amphipoda) E/2 Chironomus (Chironomidae)
- Indicates new appearance or disappearance of organism.
- Table C-5: (continued)
Stations Within Influence of Plume (Based on Significant *1 ncrease Significant Decrease Control Charts) H-1 Cladotanytarsus (Chironomldae) Chironomus (Chironomidae) Potamothrix moldaviensis (Oligochaeta) Stations Used As Control Stations Beyond Immediate Influence of Plume A-1 Paracladopelma (Chironomidae)* A-2 Pisidium (Sphaertidae) Pontopore ia hoyi (Amph i poda) Chironomus (Chironomidae) 0 l i gochaeta A-5 01 igochaeta 1-2 Cryptochironomus (Chironomidae) 01 igochaeta 1-5 Eurycercus (Cladocera) Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Amnicola (Gastropoda) Pontoporeia hoyi (Amphipoda) Cryptochironomus (Chironomidae) 01 i gochaeta H-2 Sphaerium (Sphaeriidae) Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Amnicola (Gastropoda) C-5 Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Sphaerium (Sphaeriidae) Planariidae
- Indicates new appearance or disappearance of organism.
Table C-5: (continued) Stations Used As Control Stations Beyond Immediate Sign.ificant Increase Significant Decrease Influence of Plume F-5 Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Heterotrissocladius (Chironomidae) Mysis (Amphipoda) CN2 Ostracoda* Cladotanytarsus (Chironomidae)* CNl Valvata (Gastropoda) CST Pisidium (Sphaeriidae) Sphaerium (Sphaeriidae) . Pontoporeia hoyi {Amphipoda) Chironomus {Chironomidae) Procladius (Chironomidae)*
- Indicates new appearance or disappearance of organism.
- Figure C-1 CN 1 1
CN2 2 B c 1 2
- \ 1 Os.
llJi/9 llJ;1e Nuclear Power Station
\
H Significant Changes :
- 1. Decrease of individual densities.
- 2. Increase of iridividual densities.
- 3. Change at Inner control charts.
CS1 1 See Figure C-1a Benton for enlargement of 0-2 miles. Harbour CS2
- Figure C-1a 8
c
- F Nuclear G 2 3 Power Station H
Key- see Figure C-1
- Figure c'-2 Total Number of Crayfish, Orconectes propinquis, Observed on the Traveling Screens. May 1s, 1912 to October 2s, 1913.
2,130 ..1. ! __ 1.600 I\"" 1.500 \ 1,400 1.300 I
\
1,200 1.100 I
- .r::
.!!! 1.000 >ra-()
0 900 800 Cl>
.c E
- I 700 z
600 500 400 I II I
\
300 200 100 0 May 16 to Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 25 July 1, 1972 Months 1973
SECTION D
- FISH
- FISHERIES SURVEYS
, The preceding sections discussed the effects of the thermal dis-charge from the Palisades Plant on the lower trophic levels of Lake Michigan, primarily the benthos and plankton. Important as these lower life forms are to the overall ecosystem, it is the next trophic level, the fish, which has the most direct relationship to man.
This section of the report summarizes what has been learned about the effects of the heated discharge from the PaJ..isades Nuclear Plant on the fish of adjacent Lake Michigan. The first part of the following discussion briefly summarizes the results of fisheries studies by Michigan Department of Natural Resources(l) and Consumers Power Corovany. These two groups conducted the most detailed fisheries surveys on site. Following this, each major species encountered is considered in terms of relative abundance, population structure, seasonal abundance, entrapment, and overaJ..l ecology as established by research conducted thus far. A total of 57 species of fish was observed during the Palisades Plant study program and they are listed in Table D-l. It should be noted that sampling programs were somewhat inclined towards sampling the littoral zone off Palisades, and results must be interpreted with this fact in mind. Other studies and reports relevant to an interpretation 9f the obser-
- vations made at Palisades are also incorporated into this summary.\2)
Fisheries Surveys at Other Similar Locations Studies of the fish populations near the Donald c. Cook Nuclear Plant in 1972 indicated that the vast majority of fish in the area belonged to a relatively small number of species.\3) Five species (in order of highest abundance), spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus morda.x), yellow perch (Perea flavescens), and trout-perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus), made up more than 98 percent of all fish captured. capture methods included gill nets, seines, and trawls. Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), longnose sucker (C. catostomus), lake trout (SaJ..velinus namaycush), chinook salmon (Oncor-hY'nchus tshawytscha), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), emerald shiner (N. atherinoides), and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), made up the next 1.7 percent, while the remaining 0.3 percent consiated of 16 additional species, all in relatively low abundance. Thirty-six different species had been taken through 1972. Maximum fry abundance in the shallow zone near the Cook Plant occurred in August and September, and consisted primarily of spottail shiners, alewives, and smelt. Fish eggs found in benthos samples were most abundant at depths greater than 9.1 m (30 ft) and were identified as yellow perch eggs
- Fisheries surveys in 1972 and 1973 at the Ludington Pumped Storage
- Power Plant produced data very similar to that obtained from the Cook surveys. ( 4)
Once again, a small number of species accounted for a large percentage of the
- catch. Yellow perch, alewife, rainbow smelt, spottail shiner, and white sucker, account for 91.4 percent of the gill net catch in 1973. .Other major species sampled in 1972 and 1973 were longnose suckers, lake trout, and round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum). Seine catches showed a prominence of smelt, alewife, and spottail shiner. Young-of-the-year alewives accounted for the largest number sampled, particularly near the plant. Trawl tows produced eleven different species, mostly alewives *. A total of thirty-two species were sampled by these methods. Many minor species ( <" 30 individ-uals/year) were caught, and among these the following were considered to be important; chinook salmon, coho salmon, brown and rainbow trout, lake white-fish (Coregonus clupeaformis), and bloater (Q. hoyi).
Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc conducted laboratory studies which .considered the(effects of water temperature fluctuations on various Lake Michigan fishes 5). Responses which they investigated included per-formance, survival, and behavioral reactions. This study was conducted with reference to the heated discharges from Commonwealth Edison Company's Zion and Waukegan generating plants on the west side of Lake Michigan, opposite Palisades. Several general observations were made from this study. First, the more heat-sensitive species were those which normally inhabit the deep, cooler waters of Lake Michigan during the sunnner, thereby isolating them from maximum temperatures during surmner months. Second, avoidance temperatures were well below heat shock levels in all species tested (i.e., alewife, lake trout, brown trout, brook trout, chinook salmon, coho, yellow perch, golden shiner, largemouth bass, rainbow smelt, and slimy sculpins), except yellow perch, and generally approximated or were slightly below upper lethal tem-peratures. Third, all species tested preferred temperatures above ambient during at least some time of the year and may therefore be attracted to the plumes. These preferred temperatures were consistently well below avoidance temperatures. MDNR Fisheries Surveys at Palisades The Institute for Fisheries Research of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources conducted preoperational surveys of the fish stocks in Lake Michigan near the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant beginning in the summer of 1968. These surveys continued when~the plant was operational. A total of forty species of fish was sampled by a combination of gill net, seine, and trawl techniques. The dominant species in the gill net catch were alewives (53.2 percent) and perch (40.0 percent). The seine catch was dominated by alewives, spottail shiners, longnose dace, and trout-perch, and the trawl catch by smelt (shallow zones) and bloaters (deeper zones). Summary )abulations of data from the Department of Natural Resources project report~ 1 are included in Appendix D. Gill net catches of perch and alewives, the two most numerous species, were compared statistically for the periods before and after plant start-up. No significant difference could be demonstrated at the 90 percent level of con-fidence. In an attempt to determine the effect of the thermal plume on species distribution, a paired 't' test was used to compare catches of the four most numerous species caught both in and ont of the plume. No significant differences could be demonstrated. Species tested were yellow perch, alewife, longnose sucker, and white &ucker. However, it was pointed out that the nets were bottom nets, whereas the plume was a floating plume and therefore did not necessarily encompass the nets.
3
- Seine catches of spottail shiners, longnose dace, and trout-perch were aiso statisticaJ_ly (paired 't' test) compared to determine if a change in the inshore populations had occurred following the introduction of the thermai disc~arge in 1972. No significant differences were found in the mean catches. Changes in catch had occurred, but variability was such that a change of 50 to 60 percent was required in order to be significant.
Smelt, alewife, and trout-perch dominated the trawl catches, however, the data were not sufficient for the results to be related directly to plant operation. Some apparent effects of plant operation were observed as a result of the fish sampling program. The spawning period for approximately 1/3 of the perch collected in the vicinity of the plant in 1973 appeared to have been advanced by as much as three to four weeks, from the'normal early-June period, to mid-Mey. It was suggested that this advanced spawning period was a reflection of the warmer spring water temperatures due to the thermai discharge from the plant. Samples of saJ:monids taken in and out of the plume indicated that lake trout and brown trout may have been attracted to the plume, whereas salmon were not. Sample numbers, however, were very smaii. It should be pointed out, however, that due to the seasonal nature of the sampling program, the presence or absence of fish species oetween late October and early May
- was not monitored.
It is also worth noting that water temperatures along the beach, as monitored by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources during their seining operations over the six year period, were not noticeably greater during plant operation in 1972. Data~indica.te that all 1972 seining tem-peratures were equalled or exceeded in preoperational years at comparable times of the year. On the other hand, 1973 nighttime temperature maximums along the beach seining area did exceed previous maximums by 4° to 9°F ( 2. 2 to 5° C) *
*The Department of Natural Resources report(l) concludes by stating.
that there were no statistically significant differences in fish abundance before and after the presence of a thermal plume. It is careful to point out, however, that catches of all major species declined in 1973, with the exception of the spottail shiner. Perch declined despite an overall increase in the lake population, their growth rate was depressed (possibly due to a strong 1969 year class), and their spawning period seemed to be slightly advanced. Appendix D includes information on gill net catches of perch in the form of percent age composition, average length and calculated weight by sex, M;d instantaneous rates of growth. Consumers Power Surveys Consumers Power Company fishery surveys during 1972 and 1973 included seine, trawl, and gill net sampling. In addition, fish entrapment on the plant intake screens was monitored between 23 January 1972 and 25 October 1973.
4.
- Seining operations were carried out at five areas along the shoreline.
The total catch results were normalized by year and a.Pe graphically displayed in Figures D-1 and D-2. The species catch data are included in Appendix D. Seining operations at stations in heated water yielded considerably higher catches than at stations in non-heated zones. It was concluded that the warm discharge water acted as an attractant to alewives, carp, spottail shiner, trout, salmon, and centrarchids. Large numbers of alewife, carp (eyprinus ca.rpio), and spottail shiner were observed visually in the discharge canal. Fish abandoned the discharge area as their temperature preferenda were exceeded. Trawling results, graphically displayed on a normalized basis on Figures D-3 through D-6, also indicated that the discharge acted as an attractant to fish. Highest relative catches were obtained directly off the discharge point, but only when there was a discharge, either heated or non-heated. Smelt and alewives were the prominent species. Trawls were at the 10-foot depth, below the direct influence of the plume. The largest trawl collections were obtained where the water was more turbid, indicating this method of fish collection may not have captured truly representative samples of the fish populations. *similar difficulties were also encountered in seining operations. The trawl species catch data are included in Appendix D. Additional gill net data were collected in 1973 from the general discharge area and the immediate vicinity of the discharge. The data were organized according to species caught and the temperature at the time of fishing and are presented in Table D-2. Nets set in different temBerature ranges indicated that perch were tolerant of temperatures up to 90 F (32.2°c) and possibly higher. The range up to about 70°F (16°c) appeared to be the maxi~ toler~ble l~mit fo 0 the salmonids, which indicated a preference for the 50 to 60 F (10 to 16 C) range. The gill net data, together with seine and trawl data, indicate that many fish species, normally occurring in the area off the Palisades Plant, inhabited the area of the discharge at some time during the year. The reason for the attraction of these fish may have been temperature and/or current, but the attraction seemed definite. It should be noted that the discharge, because of its attraction to fish, provided an active sport fishery during spring, early summer and fall. The plant intake was monitored for fish eggs and larvae between May 1972 and October 1973. Of the eggs collected (Table D-3), most were unfertilized. It is believed that some of these eggs were expelled by fish entrapped in the intake. Thirty-six larvae were collected from the intake water and consisted of the following: smelt (13), sculpin (9), alewife (12), and perch (2). These represent the most numerous fry in the area as monitored by the U. s. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife in 1972 and 1973. Fish entrapped in the plant's intake system were collected by the 3/8 inch mesh traveling screens. The total numbers and percentages of each species and the periods of greatest impingement are shown in Table D-4
- Figures D-7 and D-8 graphically present the seasonal variation of total num-bers and percents of fish collected. Appendix D contains srnmnary tabulations of each species by reporting period with the total weight of each species cap-tured. Between 23 January 1972 and 25 October 1973, a total of 653,890 were
5
- impinged. Dominant species were as follows: Alewife (58.6 percent), spottail shiner (7.2 percent), slimy sculpin (27.5 percent) and perch (4.2 percent). By comparison, few game fish were entrained. These included salmonids (158),
coregonids (553), smelt (7,633) and pike (18). over 50 percent of the impinged fish were observed to be physically damaged when taken off the screens. Many of the species appeared on the screens on a seasonal basis. The seasonal entrap-ment of alewives, perch, spottail shiners, and slimy sculpins is shown graph-ically in Figures D-9 through D-12. On August 15, 1972 and October 14, 1973, scuba divers descended in the vicinity of the intake to observe fish movement and measure current velocities at the intake crib. Observations at the time of the survey, and other times, indicated many fish inhabit the crib and actively swim in and out of the structure~ Perch, alewife, longnose suckers and white suckers were observed by the hundreds in the area of the crib. The rip-rap around the base of the crib provided habitat for crayfish, johnny darter, and slimy sculpin, which accounts for the presence of these organisms in the screen counts. Appendix A shows the results of current measurements during both surveys. MAJOR FISH ENCOUNTERED Coho salmon - Oncorhynchus kisutch Coho salmon were successfully introduced into Lake Michigan in 1966, and have since become an important sport fish. Consequently, stocking efforts were intensified in many areas. A fish stocking program, beginning in 1970, included the planting of over one million coho in southeastern Lake Michigan. Coho salmon approach parent streams in September and generally remain in the stream until early winter, by which time spawning activities are completed. During the remainder of the year, January to September, the salmon occuBy the deeper areas of the lake, avoiding temperatures in excess of 60°F (16 c). The optimum preferred temperature of the adults is approx-imately 55°F (13°c). In early spring, when Lake Michigan is considerably below this temperature, these fish may have been attracted to the Palisades plume when temperatures were near 550F (13oc). Coho were collected in the immediate area of the discharge in temperatures up to 700F (21oc). They con-stituted a very small percentage ( <1.0 percent) of the catch at all times. Numbers impinged were also <. 1.0 percent. Experiments indicate(5) that coho salmon will avoid temperatures exceeding 700F (21oc). Coho a.re stream spawners, so the plume should have had no effect on egg hatching dates or larvae and fry development. After one to two yea.rs in the pa.rent stream, they migrate out into Lake Michigan as smelts. At this time, they may be subject to plume exposure. However, the numbers sampled and personal communications with Michigan Department of Natural Resources indicate that the smolt remain for some time in the general vicin-ity of the mouths of their pa.rent streams .and then gradually migrate into the deeper waters of Lake Michigan, where they enter a period of rapid growth.
6
- overall abundance of this species must be considered low in the immediate area of the discharge. Almost all specimens caught or impinged were young fish, 6 to l2 inches long, and were no doubt a result of Michigan Department of Natural Resources' stocking program. Catches at two other power stations on the east shore of Lake Michigan, Ludington and Cook, also indicated relatively low numbers of coho inhabiting these areas.
Chinook salmon - Oncorhynchus tshawytscha The chinook salmon is another non-endemic species, currently being introduced into the Great Lakes. Stocking efforts in Lake Michigan began in l967, and included the introduction of approximately 800,000 chinook salmon yearlings in two rivers flowing into southeastern Lake Michigan, the St Joseph River and Kalamazoo River. The closest, St Joseph River, is approximately 20 miles from the plant site. All fish sampling programs at Palisades indicated the presence of relatively low numbers of chinook. Six years of gill netting by Michigan Department of Natural Resources yielded only five individuals. All were young fish, and believed to be from the stocking efforts. The majority were impinged during the early summer period, before the young migrate to the deeper waters of the lake and become piscivorous. Similar results were obtained during the Ludington studies( 3 ). Eleven (11) chinook fingerlings were caught during seining operations. All had migrated down the Lake Michigan shoreline from stocking areas north of the plant. Some shoreline movement is to be expected as a result of these stocking efforts. However, data do not indicate any large mortalities or impingen:ent of either juvenile or adult chinook salmon at the Palisades Plant. Steelhead - Salmo gairdneri Like the chinook and coho, this species is not endemic to Lake
.Michigan, but like these two Pacific salmon, the rainbow trout is a logical introduction in view of the large numbers of forage fish, especially alewives, available to them. Stocking efforts through 1974 in southeastern Lake Michigan totaled approximately 800,000, of which 95 percent were the "steelhead" variety.
The steelhead introduced were spring-spawning stock; these fish enter streams from late October to early May, and spawn from late December to late April. Observations at the plant discharge indicated that steelhead were attracted to the heated discharge. This attraction was most evident in December 1972 and January 1973, when many steelhead were observed in the discharge area and considerable numbers were caught by sports fishermen. When plant shutdown occurred, the fish immediately left the area, with no apparent harm:ful effects. Gill netting efforts by Consumers Power Company indicated that steelhead movements in and out of the discharge area, partic-ularly during later fall and early spring, coincided with plant start-ups and shutdowns. Gill net data indicated that steelhead were present in the discharge area up to temperatures of 70°F (21°c). Maximum abundance was observed in the 51° tg 60°F (60° to 16°c) range. This coincides with th6 prefe~red ~empera~ure (55.4 F, 13.2 C) and preferred spawning temperatures (50 to 60 F 10 to 16 C)
7
- of this species. No steelhe.ad were taken in gill netting over a six year period ,
by Michigan Department of Natural Resources personnel. Their efforts were not concentrated at the outfall and the absence of steelhead from the catch records supports the observation that the fish are attracted only to the immediate discharge area. Discharge temperatures approximating the 50° to 60°F (10° to 16°c) range occuired in the period from December to February, and some attraction could be expected at that time. However, data do not indicate any deleterious effects of the discharge on this species. Some impingement of younger age classes, during movements along the shoreline, can be expected. Impingement data indicate this occurrence to be rare. Adult steelhead were observed avoiding a warm discharge in the Columbia River during their summer spawning migration. The gill net data suggest a similar reaction at Palisades, once their temperature preferendum has been exceeded. Considered together, the three anadromous salmonids frequenting the Palisades area, namely coho salmon (o. kisutch), chinook salmon (o. tshawytscha), and steelhead (s. gairdneri), cannot be Judged as en-dangered due to operation of the Palisades Nuclear Plant(6J. Despite con-siderable stocking efforts near the Palisades Plant (i.e., Black, St Joseph, and Kalamazoo Rivers), very few (71) were impinged during the study period
- and very few were sampled by gill net, trawl, or seine. Provided the thermal plume did not impede migration up the spavming streams pr~viously named, which seems highly unlikely, no threat to this stage of the reproductive cycle exists.
A factor which must be considered is the effect the Palisades facility had on the forage species, particularly alewives and smelt, upon which these salmonids feed so extensively. This will be considered in a later section of this report. Also, with steelhead, the effects of increased exploitation by the sports fishery on concentrations of fish associated with the plume area on the regional stock might be considered. La.ke trout - Salvelinus namaycush Although lake trout stocks throughout the Great Lakes are still much below previous levels, the recent sea lamprey control program and sub-sequent trout re-stocking efforts justify an evaluation of the species with regard.to the possible eff'ects of power generating facilities such as Palisades. Results of gill netting operations off Palisades by Michigan Department of Natural Resources between 1968 and 1973 yielded a total of 46 lake trout. Of these, 33 were caught in the first four preoperational years and the remaining 13 in the first two operational years. Thus there would seem to be a slight decrease in abundance since the plant became operational, if populations were assumed to be constant over this period. In its final environmental statement relating to the Palisades facility, the U. s. Atomic Energy Commission cited test fishing carried out near Palisades in late 1971 by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-life(7), which indicated that some lake trout may be spawning in the area. Spawning occurs in October to November over rocky or ruQgie areas, often shoals, in depths less than 120 feet in the Great Lakest J. At present, most
8
- lake trout production occurs in hatcheries but, as stated above, some natural reproduction is believed to occur in southeastern Lake Michigan. Lake trout eggs are demersal and therefore should be in no danger from the intake structure.
Should some spawning take place in the Palisades area, incubating eggs may periodically be exposed to a sinking plume. However, the frequency of spawning in the :immediate area is questionable. A total of 86 lake trout was impinged during the study period and the majority of these fish were observed between January and March, which suggests winter attraction to the plume rather than an effect on spawning activities, which occurred two months earlier. In addi-tion, a series of cruises in 1972 off Palisades to obtain fry samples did not reveal any lake trout fry present in the area, as only perch, smelt and alewife fry were collected. Sampling programs off the Ludington pumped storage facility indi-cated that the few lake trout caught preferred the deeper waters. Most were caught in October to November, which also suggests that their presence was related to spawning activity. The success of the lake trout in future years in Lake Michigan will largely be a function of lamprey control, connnercial fishing pressure, and food availability. Like the anadromous salmonids, lake trout feed largely on alewife and smelt, but may also feed extensively on sculpin in Lake Michigan. Brown trout - Salmo trutta Brown trout did not constitute a large percentage of the fish sampled at Palis8'.des. This sBecie~ has a higher optimal growth temperature range (65° to 75 F, 18° to 24 c)(8J than the coho, chinook, rainbow or lake trout. It would appear that brown trout are attracted to the plume area but a.re not readily impinged, as only one specimen was taken from the traveling screens during the study period. Seining efforts at Palisades by both consumers Power Company and Michigan Department of Natural Resources yielded small catches ( < 1. 0 percent), although total seine catch (approximately 20) exceeded the gill net catch.
- Fishing efforts at nearby power facilities yielded comparable numbers of brown trout. Brown tr9ut sampled by all methods in 1972 at the Donald C.
Cook Plant totaled seven \3~. Most were taken at night, by gill net. At the Ludington facility, 68 brown trout were sampled by seine, and 12 by gill net.(4) Brown trout captured by seine at the Palisades Plant were all one year old fish. No brovm trout fry, eggs or larvae were collected at Palisades and results indicate that present stocks in the area are very small. Lake whitefish - Coregonus clupeaformis Historically, the lake whitefish was a major component of the commercial fishing catch in northern Lake Michigan. Several factors, notably
- the sea lamprey and over-fishing, contributed to its catastrophic decline, with all-time low levels being reached in the late 1950's in Lake Michigan.
In the 1960's, production began to increase along with the intensity of the lamprey control program and the increase in lake trout. Lake whitefish abundance is still relatively low.
9
- The sampling programs at Palisades, Ludington, and Cook revealed very small populations in these areas. The southern half of Lake Michigan is a marginal zone for the whitefish. No whitefish were sampled in Lake Michigan in l972 off the Cook Plant and the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife found none off Palisades in 1971, nor did the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in their six year gill netting program, also off Palisades.
A total of 28 was impinged on the traveling screens at Palisades, the majority of them during the month of August. Most were immature fish (average weight = o.6 lb.). Lake whitefish normally inhabit the deep coal regions of the lake until late fall, when they move into shallow areas to spawn. Some areas off Palisades may be suitable for spawning, however, it is considered unlikely and no data exist to suggest that any of these areas are currently in use. Round whitefish - Prosopium cylindraceum Very few round whitefish have been caught off Palisades. Gill netting operations over six years yielded only six (6), and the impingement count totaled one (1). This may be a result of the benthic-feeding habits of this species, which would lessen the susceptibility to intake at Palisades. The 'round whitefish inhabits the cooler parts of Lake Michigan, although not usually deeper than l50 feet. Spawning occurs in late fall, at which time this species moves into shallower water. Data collected do not indicate that the round whitefish was significantly influenced by the Palisades Plant. Cisco - Coregonus artedii Cisco or lake herring have traditionally exhibited wide fluctuations in abundance in all the Great Lakes. Cisco production was often the highest of any species in the early fishery of Lake Michigan, with major catches from the Green Bay fishery. However, like lake whitefish, the cisco population in Lake Michigan suffered a catastrophic decline, and is today considered insignificant. One of the major reasons for this decline is the competitive effect of the alewife on this shallow-water planktivore. Fish sampling efforts at Palisades and Cook yielded very small numbers, and no cisco were caught off Ludington. At Palisades, three (3) were impinged during the first 21 months. Gill netting by Consumers Power Company near the discharge area yielded no cisco, and gill netting near the Palisades Plant in and out of the plume, by :V.dchigan Department of Natural Resources yielded only four (4) over a six year period. Trawling and seining by both Consumers Power Company and Michigan Department of Natural Resources did not yield any cisco. overall abundance of cisco in Lake Michigan near Palisades therefore appears to be very small. Bloater - Coregonus hoyi
- The bloater, largely because of its deepwater habits, did not figure prominently in any of the sampling programs off Palisades, nor on the intake screens. It represented 0.7 percent (ll2) of the total gill net catch by Michigan Department of Natural Resources. No bloaters were ta.ken by gill net
10
- in the immediate discharge area. Trawling efforts by Consumers Power Company produced a total of 28, most of which were taken off the discharge when a thermal plume was present. Trawl tows in 1969 by Michigan Department of Natural Resources produced 94 bloaters, most at the deepest levels. Tows made in 1972 did not produce any bloaters, but were not comparable, primarily because of depth and trawl differences. No bloaters were taken in seining operations by either party. Impingement totaled 521, mostly in early summer, and corresponded with peak catches by trawl and gill net.
The bloater is currently the most abundant of the remaining dee~water ciscoes in Lake Michigan, and dominates what remains of the cisco fisheryl4). None of the remaining ciscoes (i.e., Coregonus nigripinnis, c. johannae,
- c. zenithicus, C. alpenae, c. reighardi, c. kiyi) were taken-by any method, or Impinged during-the Palisades surveys. T'heirTecline in Lake Michigan was largely a function of overexploitation, and need not be considered further.
Although the bloater is now connnon throughout Lake Michigan, its deepwater habits preclude any major influence by Palisades. Although they migrate inshore to some extent in early summer, as catch data indicate' the magnitude of the catch does not indicate any serious threat. Depth of the in-take is far above their preferred depth range. Studies on larval distribution in Lake Michigan by Wells(9) indicated that larvae were most abundant at depths between 300 and 360 feet. Spawning occurs over a wide, deep depth range (120 to 300 feet)(8). It must be concluded that the bloater, because of its deep-water habits, could not be significantly influenced by the Palisades Plant
- Spawning, early development and adult life stages all occur in depth zones of Lake Michigan that are out of the range of influence of the thermal plume or the intake. Relatively low catches at Ludington and Cook also substantiate this view.
Alewife - Alosa pseudoharengus The alewife accounted for a major part of the catch by all sampling methods, and 58.6 p~r~ent by number of the total impinged fish. As discussed by Wells and McLain~ 2), the alewife unquestionably has had detrimental effects on native fish stocks through feeding competition and predation of young, yet as a prolific forage species it h.as also formed the base for the successful introduction of salmon in Lake Michigan. Major impingement of adults occurred in April 1973 during the spawning run. Alewives were one of several species observed by the hundred in the area of the intake crib. Peak catches in gill nets were obtained in May by Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Trawling efforts by Michigan Department of Natural Resources showed a peak abundance of alewife in late July 1969, at approximately 42 feet and 72 feet, indicating that the schools were beginning to leave the shallower areas. Maximum numbers of adult alewives were taken by seine in the inshore areas during May 1970, also corresponding to the spawning run. There is little doubt that peak abundance of adults occurs in April to May, as the fish move in to spawn. Trawl tows and seining data indicated that the adults were attracted to the discharge, particularly when the plant was in operation and the discharge water warmed. An opposite response was indicated in the trawl catch for young alewives, which showed maximum abundance in the nonheated discharge. Maximum abundance of young-of-the-year and yearling alewives occurred in late summer through fall. This was also the period of greatest impingement.
11
- The catch and impingement data for alewives at Palisades can be directly related to their life cycle. Adults inhabit open lake water most of the yea:r. In April, they move to shallow inshore areas to spawn. Spawning activities follow a diurnal cycle as the adults move inshore at night and offshore during the day. Seining results during the night and day strongly reflect this. Adults appeared to be attracted to heated discharges and gill net data indicated that adults frequented the discharge area in temperatures0 up to 80 0 F (27 0 c), although the maximum catch was ~t 51 0 0 to 60 0 F ( 11 0 to 16 C)
- Ha~ching has been shown to occur much faster at 72 F (22 C) (3 days) than at 60 F (16°c) (6 days).
Alewives mature very quickly in freshwater, males at age 2+ and females at age 3+. The species is very prolific, a ripe freshwater female can have 10,000 to 12,000 eggs. Assuming 100 percent hatching success, approximately 30 females could replace the 340,000 adults impinged during the study period or, assllllling 1 percent hatching success, 3,000 females would suffice. These figures tend to oversimplif'y a situation which is in reality
~uite complex. However, they do serve to illustrate that a single stress point (Palisades) in an alewife population reproducing along many miles of Lake Michigan shoreline will not, in all probability, seriously threaten the population. Fish egg and larvae entrainment was monitored and results indi-cated that very few alewife larvae were being entrained in the plant's intake system. Data obtained by the US Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife during this entrainment study indicated large numbers of alewife fry, as well as perch and smelt fry, in depths of 30 feet or less. Based on the intake data it does not appear that entrainment posed a great danger to larvae.
The relative abundance of alewives at Ludington and Cook was com-parable. At Ludington, alewives constituted l0.6 percent of total catch in 1973 (second most abundant) and were also the second most abundant fish sampled at the Cook Plant (32.l percent). The effect of the alewife on previously abundant near-shore species is not well-defined. However, the sudden increase in alewife stocks in Lake Michigan has occurred almost simultaneously with a decrease in cisco and emerald shiners. Perch and smelt have also declined, possibly due to heavy predation on their eggs and larvae during the alewife spawning runs. Alewives are believed to be extremely sensitive to thermal shock, particularly during their spawning season. Acclimation to higher temperatures, due to ~ beated discharge, may increase their susceptibility. Laboratory studies~5J on several species, indicated that the alewife was the only one of the species tested which appeared to be susceptible to cold death resulting from a station shutdown and the sudden disappearance of a heated plume. These studies were carried out in relation to the Waukegan Generating Plant, on the west side of Lake Michigan, and this susceptibility was limited to a brief period in the spring. Several shutdowns of the Palisades Plant did occur during the study period; however, there was no evidence of any resulting alewife mortality *
- Rainbow smelt - Osmerus mordax Rainbow smelt was one of the more common species encountered during the Palisades study. Over 7,500 were impinged, mostly adults and largely dur-ing April to May 1973, during the spring spawning migration. The highest seine catch was also in May 1973. Adult smelt did not constitute/ a large percentage
12
- of the gill net catch, however, this may have been a function of the mesh size fished. Smelt were more prominent in the trawl catch, particularly young-of-the-year and yearlings. Trawl and seine data indicated that they were attracted to the discharge, whether heated or non-heated. Entrainment of eggs and larvae appeared to be minimal, and it is highly unlikely that any of the eggs entrained were smelt eggs.
The smelt is an anadromous species, ascending freshwater streams in the spring to spawn. Like the alewife, it is of marine origin, having success-fully adapted itself to ~he Great Lakes environment. Spawning sometimes occurs offshore on gravel shoals in the Great Lakes, if streams are not available or stormy- weather prevails. There is no evidence of such spawning at Palisades. Impingement data indicate that the only impact of the power plant was on young and adults. Use of the discharge channel as an artificial tributary in spawning runs is considered unlikely.* Yellow perch - Perea flavescens Considerable number~ of yellow perch were taken during all sampling operations, and approximately 28,500 were impinged, primarily adults. Impinge-ment of adult perch peaked in May to June of 1972 and 1973. This peak corre-sponds to the spawning period for perch in Lake Michigan. Many perch were observed in the area of the intake crib during diving operations. Gill net
- catches by Michigan Department of Natural Resources were high (40.l percent) and peaked in mid-summer. Gill nets set in the immediate discharge area indi-cated that perch were among the most thermally tolerant of any fish present.
Highest trawl catches were near the discharge, when there was a heated effluent. Most perch collected by seining were young-of-the-year and yearlings, and were taken in late summer. Only two larvae were collected during the intake study. More detailed information on yellow perch at Palisades was obtained by Michigan Department of Natural Resources during their six year study. Pop-ulation age structure, growth, maturity, mortality, and spawning time were investigated. Interpretation of the data was made more difficult because of a strong 1969 class, possibly due to a cessation of commercial perch fishing in 1970. Analysis of their data revealed differences in length-weight relation-ships between 1973 and previous years. Female perch (all age classes) grew slower in 1972 and 1973 than in preoperational years. Mean lengths for males of all age groups were smaller in June 1973 than for the other periods. Differ-ences in growth rate were observed, but the exact cause was uncertain. Causes of a depressed growth rate both in 1972 and 1973 could have been one, or a combination of, higher water temperature, overcrowding in the plume, high fish abundance because of high survival of the 1969 year class, and/or reduction in food availability. However, netting evidence from in and out of the plume contradicts the overcrowding theory, and similarly, higher temperatures generally result in faster growth. It was suggested that the abundance of the 1969 brood may have had a greater influence on growth rates than any other factor, including the heated effluent. There was evidence that the warmer water temperatures advanced the spawning period for perch in the discharge area by about three weeks, this being the major effect noted with reasonable certainty. Although it could not be demonstrated as statistically significant, the perch catch at Palisades in 1973 dropped, despite an overall increase in the lake population.
13
- Yellow perch were the most abundant game fish in the Palisades area throughout the summer and fall. Commercial production has declined consider-ably, possible because of the alewife. Perch and alewives are closely asso-ciated temporally and spatially during spawning and the alewife is suspected of inhibiting perch reproduction, although no strong proof exists. However, the a.:ie~ife decline in 1967-1968 was followed by a strong 1969 year class of perch( J. Adults move into deeper water in the fall, and the danger of entrain-ment or impingement decreases. At this time, however, young perch begin to appear on the traveling screens. In relation to the adults, however, :impingement of young would seem insignificant.
All shallow areas of Lake Michigan have produced connnercial quantities of perch, but Green Bay is the greatest producer. Perch spawn up and down the entire shoreline, and are not noticeably concentrated off Palisades. The intake may have exerted a stress on the local population, but a lakewide effect is highly doubtful. Studies at the Cook Pl~t indicat~d that most eggs were de-posited in depths between 30 and 80 feett2). Wells~lOJ found that in south-eastern Lake Michigan, perch usually spawn in depths less than 40 feet, during ( 4) May to June. By autumn, adults have moved to deeper zones. Studies at Ludington indicated a similar pattern. The spawning period for perch off Ludington in 1973 did not change from 1972, whereas that off Palisades was somewhat advanced. This suggests the heated effluent was the factor involved. Trout-perch - Percopsis omiscomaycus The trout-perch was sampled at Palisades by all methods, however trawling in the near-shore waters was most successful. Impingement totaled 3,485 and occurred primarily between April and June of both 1972 and 1973, during the spawning season. Spawning in the Great Lakes occurs boto tn tri-butary streams and along the shoreline over sand and gravel bottoms\ 8 J. The trout-perch remain in deeper waters during the day, moving into shallow shore water after dark. Most trout-perch caught were taken by daytime trawling and nighttime seining. Gill net efforts were largely unsuccessful, possibly due to the small size (3 to 5 inches) of this fish. The trout-perch is of little direct importance to man, but is of great importan~e js a forage fish for many piscivorous species. It has also been suggestedl 11 that, because of its daily inshore-offshore movements, the trout-perch serves as a nutrient transporter. The data do not indicate if this species was attracted to the heated plume. Slimy sculpin - Cottus cognatus The slimy sculpin was the second most abundant fish impinged on the traveling screens. Impingement totaled 180,203 during the study period and was concentrated, as with many other species, during March, April and May. The rip-rap around the base of the intake crib provided ideal habitat for slimy sculpins, which may largely account for the presence of these fish on the screens. Very few were taken by seine (only 5 between 1969 and 1973). Six (6) were taken in trawl tows and seven (7) by gill net. The data do not indicate if the heated
14
- discharge attracted large numbers to the general area or in any way accounted for the large numbers entrained. Normal depth distribution of this species in Lake Michigan covers a wide range (18 to 270 feet), but it occurs most commonly in depths of 120 to 240 feet(B). As most were impinged during the spring spawning period, it appears that considerable numbers are spawning in relatively shallow depthso Fecundity ~f this species is relatively high - a 4-inch felnale may deposit 1,400 eggs~8Jo Spawning habits of the slimy sculpin are not well documented in the Great Lakes and general life history is not known.
Spottail shiner - Notropis hudsonius The spottail shiner is probably the most abundant minnow in Lake Michigan. As forecast by the u. s. Atomic Energy Commission in its final environmental statement relating to Palisades, the normal distribution of this species places it in proximity to the intake crib and impingement data verify this. Impingement peaked during early spring and late fall, especially Decem-ber 1972. Data also indicate that the spottail shiner preferred the warmer discharge area. The gill net catch was low, due to the mesh sizes fished. Trawl data indicated a preference for the area 1/2 mile south of the plant, whether heated or non-heated. Seining data indicated a preference for the immediate discharge area, for both young and adultso Little information is available on temperature preferences of this species. However, seining by Michigan Department of Natural Resources indicated a preference for the 55° to 64°F (13° to 18°c) temperature range. Gill nets set in the immediate discharge area by Consumers Power Company caught 17 spottail shiners, 14 of which were in water temperatures of 51° to 6o°F (11° to 16°c). Seining in temperatures ex-ceeding 70°F (21°c) was relatively unproductive. It appears that the preferred temperature range is approximately 57° to 65°F (14° to 18°c), and when plume temperatures fall in this range, relatively high concentrations of spottail shiners can be expected. Spawning occurs during spring and early summer. The spottai3 shiner is quite prolific - a two year old female may deposit over 2,000 eggs'~ ). Maturation time is only one year. In view of the high fecundity and reproductive potential, approximately 200 femaJ.es could replace annual impingement losses, assuming a 1 percent hatching successo Entrainment data do not indicate any significant amount of egg or larval entrainment. Spottail shiners do not migrate over large distances. In view of this, any effect by the Palisades Plant on this species would probably be localized. Longnose sucker - Catostomus catostomus Both the longnose and the white sucker (c. commersoni) were caught in the sampling programs off Palisades. The longn'Ose was consistently more abundant. Approximately 1,300 were impinged; mostly in June. Longnose suckers spawn in the spring, usually April to May, and usually in tributary streams. Tributary streams along eastern Lake Michigan doubtless act as major spawning grounds, however some lake spawning may occur in shallow areas. The high impingement rate in June may have been a result of spawning activity, as suckers follow the shoreline in search of tributary streams. Fecundity is high, ranging
15
- from 17,000 to 60,000 eggs per female. Considering this, the magnitude of im-pingement loses significance. Since most reproduction occurs in tributary streams, 'the Palisades Plant would not influence ha.tching or early larval de-velopment of progeny in rivers. Lake spalming is questionable; however, eggs are demersal and would not be subject to entrainment. Sampling of the intake did not indicate any larval entrainment.
Life history of the white sucker is similar, and the same cormnents can be applied to this species as well. Both species are bottom dwelling, which was certainly a key factor in the low impingement figures. Gill netting data collected by the Michigan Department of NaturaJ. Resources over six years, indicated higher catches of both suckers a~er the plant began operations. These fish were, therefore, apparently attracted to the discharge. Other Species Many other species were captured during the Palisades studies, either by impingement on the traveling screens or by one of the sampling methods employed by Michigan Department of Natural Resources or Consumers Power Company. These species did not represent a large percentage of the total. This may have been due to one of several reasons, notably: (1) depth and habitat at Palisades was not favorable for a particular species; (2) Palisades is at one extreme of their zoogeographical range; (3) a species is rare due to natural or artificial
- (e.g., commercial fishing) reasons. In view of these factors, it was not deemed necessary to consider them in more detail. *
- REFERENCES
- 1. Patriarche, M. H., 1974. Effects of heated discharge at Palisades Nuclear Power Plant: Fish population survey at Palisades Power Plant; and age and growth of yellow perch. Project No. F-28-R-8, Job 1-1,2; Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
- 2. Wells, L., and A. L. McLain, 1973. Lake Michigan. Man 9 s effects on native fish stocks and other biota. Great Lakes Fishery Connnission, Technical Report No. 20.
- 3. Jude, D. J., T. w. Bottrell, J. A. Dorr, III, and T. A. Miller, 1973.
Studies of the fish population near the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant, 1972. Great Lakes Research Division~ The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, March 1973.
- 4. Liston, c. R., and P. I. Tack, 1973. A study of the effects of installing and operating a large pumped storage plant on the shores of Lake Michigan, near Ludington, Michigan. Final Report, Phase I, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, May 10, 1973.
- 5. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., 1973. Temperature effects on fish; Laboratory studies IBT No. 64309862. Report to Commonwealth Edison Company, Chicago, Illinois *
- 6. United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1972. Final environmental statement related to operation of Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant, Consumers Power company, Docket No. 50-255, June 1972. Directorate of Licensing.
- 7. Wells, L., S. Jorgensen, and R. House, 1972. R/V Cisco, Cruise XII, 1971, Lake Michigan, November 16-December 4. U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, .Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- 8. Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman, 1973. Freshwater Fishes of Canada.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 184.
- 9. Wells, L., 1966. Seasonal and depth distribution of larval bloaters (Coregonus hoyi) in southeastern Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
95 (4) : 388-396.
- 10. Wells, L., 1968. Seasonal depth distribution of fish in southeastern Lake Michigan~ U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin 67:
1-15. ll. McPhail, J. A., and c. c. Lindsey, 1970. Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 173 *
- Table D-1: List of species collected by seining, trawling, gi l 1 netting, and impingement on the traveling screens from 1968 of the pre-operational studies to 25 October 1973 of the post-operational studies PRE! POSTg TRAVEL-COMMON NAME OBS ER- GILL ING OP. OP. SEINE TRAWL NET (Scientific Name) VATION SCREENS Sea lamprey x x (Pteromyzon ma ri nus)
Lake sturgeon x x (Acipenser fulvescens) Bowfin x x (Ami a calva) Longnose gar x x x (Lepisosteus osseus) Gizzard shad x x x (Dorosoma cepedianum)
- Alewife (Alosa pseudoha rengus)
Chinook salmon (On co rhyn ch us tshawytscha) x x x x x x x x x x x x Coho salmon x x x x x x (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Brown trout x x x x x (Salmo trutta) Rainbow trout x x x x x (Salmo gairdneri) Lake trout x x x x x x (Salvelinus namaycush) Lake whitefish x x (Coregonus clupeaformis) Lake herring (cisco) x x x (Coregonus artedi i) Bloater x x x x x
- (Coregonus hoyi)
- Table D-1 (continued)
COMMON NAME (Scientific Name) PRE-OP. 1 POST-OP. 2'. OB SER-VAT ION SEINE TRAWL GILL NET TRAVEL-ING SCREENS Round whitefish x x x x (Prosopium cylindraceum) American smelt x x x x x x (Osmerus mordax) Central mudminnow x x (Umbra 1 imi) Northern pike x x x x x x x (Esox 1uci us) Grass p i eke re 1 x x (Esox americanus vermi cul at us) Goldfish x x (Carassius auratus)
- Carp (Cyprinus carpi o)
Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) x x x x x x x x x x x Creek chub x x x (Semot i 1us at romacu 1at us) Lake chub x x (Hybopsis plumbea) River chub x x (Hybopsis mi c ropogon ) Common shiner x x (Notropis cornutus) Spotfin shiner x x x (Notropis spilopterus) Emerald shiner x x x (Notropis atherinoides) Spot ta i 1 shiner x x x x x x (Notropis hudsonius)
- Table D-1 COMMON NAME (continued)
(Scientific Name) PRE! OP. POST~ OP. OBS ER-VAT ION SEINE TRAWL GILL NET TRAVEL-ING SCREENS Buffalo fishes x x (lctiobus spp.) Quillback carpsucker x x x (Carpiodes cyprinus) Northern redhorse x x (Moxostoma macrolepidotum) Redhorse sucker x x x (Moxos toma s pp. ) Go 1den . red horse x x x x (Moxos toma e ryth ru rum) White sucker x x x x x x (Catostomus comme rson i ) Longnose sucker x x x x x x (Catostomus catostomus) Channel catfish x x x x x x (lctalurus punctatus) Ye 11 ow bu 11 head x x (lctalurus natal is) Brown bullhead x x x (lctalurus nebulosus) Black bullhead x x x x (lctalurus melas) Trout-perch x x x x x x (Percops is omiscomaycus) Burbot x x x x x (Lota l ota) Brook stickleback x x (Eu ca 1 i a inconstans) Nine-spine stickleback x x x (Pungitus pungitus) Sl i my s cul pin x x x x x {Cottus cognatus)
- Table D-1 (continued)
PRE! POST~ OBSER- GILL TRAVEL-COMMON NAME SEINE TRAWL ING (Scientific Name) OP. OP. VATION NET SCREENS Mottled sculpin x x x (Cottus bairdi) Largemouth bass x x (Micropterus salmoides) Sma 1lmouth bass x x x (Micropterus dolomieui) Black crappie x x x (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) White crappie x x (Pomoxis annularis) Rock bass x x (Ambloplites rupestris)
- Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
Bl ueg i 11 (Lepomis macrochirus) x x x x x Pumpkinseed x x (Lepomis gibbosus) Ye 1low perch x x x x x x (Perea flavescens) Johnny darter x x x x x (Etheostoma nigrum) Log perch x x (Percina caprodes) 1 Two species collected in pre-operational surveys not collected in post-operational surveys. 2 Twenty-five species collected in post-operational surveys not collected in pre-operational surveys .
Table D-2 Number of fish collected with 125 foot variable gill net sets at or near the mouth of the discharge, 1973 (Data from Consumers Power Company) TEMPERATURE 1-4. 5°c 5-10°C 10.5-15.5°c l6-21°c 21 .5-26.5°C 27-32°c 33-38°c SPECIES 33-40°F. 41-50°F. 5l-60°F. 61-70°F. 71-80°F. 8l-90°F. 9l -I00°F. Gizzard shad 3 Alewife 36 192 12 134 Coho 2 Brown trout 3 13 Lake trout 7 9
- Steel head 3 5 18 6 Northern pike Smelt 1 Carp 5 1 2 Spot ta i 1 shiner 3 14 Channel catfish White sucker 7 23 2 3 Longnose sucker 4 Trout-perch Burbot 2 SI imy sculpin r 2 5 Perch .4 3 61 39 B1uegi11 Black crappie TOTALS 5 68 281 32 202 43
- Table D-3 Number of fish eggs and larvae collected from the intake 16 May 1972 to 17 October 1973 METHOD PUMP SAMPLES SUSPENDED NET SAMPLES Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number of Depth of of of of of of of Hours Eggs Larvae Ga 11 ons Hours Eggs Larvae Gallonsl 503.5 Surface 10,456 11 362,520 1,020 2 ,877 5 7,737,040 259.5 Middle 20 10 186,840 257.5 45 2 1 ,9!)3,223 1'93 Bottom 167 4 138,960 187 469 4 1,418,457 TOTALS 3,391 113 956 10,643 25 2 688,320 l ,464. 5 11 ' l 08 '720
- 1. Theoretical number of gallons passed through net, based on plant specifications.
- 2. Thirteen of these were smelt fry, four were sculpin larvae, and eight were alewife larvae.
- 3. Five of these were sculpin larvae, two were perch larvae, and four were alewife larvae.
- Table D-4 Total number of fish collected from traveling screens at the Palisades nuclear power plant from 23 January 1972 to 25 October 1973 SPECIES TOTAL NUMBER PERIOD OF
(%) GREATEST IMPINGEMENT Sea lamprey (<1.0) Gizzard shad 9 (<1.0) Alewife young 42,565 ( 6.5) October, 1972; October, 1973 adult 340' 774 (52. 1) April, 1973 Cisco 3 (<1.0) Steel head 16 (<1.0) Spring Coho salmon 26 (<1.0) May-June, 1972 and 1973 Chinook salmon 29 ( < 1
- 0) June-July, 1973 (young)
Lake trout 86 (< 1 .0) January-March, 1973 Lake whitefish 28 (<1.0) August, 1973 Round whitefish (<1.0) Brown trout (<1.0) Bloater 521 (<1.0) May-August, 1972 and 1973 Smelt young 874 (<1.0) June-August, 1973 adult 6,759 ( 1.0) April-May, 1973 Northern pike 18 (<1.0) October, 1973 Central mudminnow ( < 1 .0) Carp 17 (<1.0) Winter Longnose dace 5 (.< 1 . 0) Spotfin shiner 1 ( <1 .0) Spottail shiner 46 ,897 ( 7 .2) October-Apri 1, 1973; ~'<Dec. (esp.) Lake chub 3 ( < 1 .0) River chub 2 (<1.0) Northern redhorse 1 (<1.0) White sucker 395 (<1.0) December-January, 1973
- Longnose sucker Channel catfish 1,294 168
(<1.0) (<1.0) June, 1973 December-January, 1973
- Table D-4 (continued)
TOTAL NUMBER PERIOD OF SPECIES (%) GREATEST IMPINGEMENT Yellow bullhead 2 (< 1 .0) Black bullhead 76 (<1.0) Apri 1-June, 1972 Trout-perch 3,485 ( <1 .0) April-June, 1973; May, 1972 Burbot 513 (<1.0) December-March, 1973 Nine-spine stickleback 409 (<1.0) Apri 1-June, 1972, 1973 Slimy sculpin 180 '303 (27.5) March-Apri 1-May Rock bass ( < 1 .o) Pumpkinseed 2 (<1.0)
- B1uegi11 Perch -
Logperch young adult Johnny darter 27,433 5 1 ,084 1 27 (<1.0) (<1.0) ( 4. 1) (<1 .0) (<1.0) October-December, esp. Dec. 1972 May-June, 1972, 1973 May, 1972, 1973 Bowfin 54 (<1.0) February-May, 1972 Total 653,890
LOCATION KEY TO FIGURES D-1 and D-2 Seining Area 1 Control area located approximately five miles south of the plant and out of the influence of the plume. Area 2 South boundary area located approximately one-half mile south of the discharge. Area 3 South of discharge area, approximately 600 feet in length going south from the discharge piling. Area 4 North of discharge area, approximately 600 feet in length going north from the discharge piling .
- Area 5 North boundary area located approximately one-half mile north of the discharge .
- FigureD-1 Relative daytime se1n1ng catch of fish in the study areas of Lake Michigan for 1972-73 (Relative catch = catch of area/ mean catch of all areas) .
2.a 2.6 2.4 2.2
*-*-*- 1972 2.a 19.73 1.a
*/
/'"' ..
1.6 /
* ~ ..
/
s:.
....cuu 0
1.4
/
/
~ 1.2
- cu
'i
- a: 1a
./
a.a a.6
........ ........ /
a.4 ........ a.2 a.a 2 3 4 5 Areas
Figure 0:-2
- Relative night time seining catch of fish in the study areas of Lake Michigan for 1972-73.
(Relative catch = catch of area 4.0 I mean catch of all areas) I
\
3.8 I \ I \ I \ 3.6 I \ I \ 3.4 I \ I \ 1972 I \ 1973 3.2 I \ I \ I \ 3.0 I I '\ I \ 2.8 I \ I \ I \ 2.6 II '\ I \ 2.4 I ' I \
- 2.2 I \
I \ I \
"fi C'CI
(.) 2.0 CD 1.8 I I I I \
\
\
\
> I \
C'CI I \ a; 1.6 I \ a: I \ I \ 1.4 I \ I \ I \ I 1.2 I \ I \ 1.0 I \ I \ I \ o.8 I \ I \ I \ 0.6 I \ I \. I 0.4 .I I '
-..__ I
........ ..._ I 0.2 -- ........ ..._ I
-------...__ ..__,I 0.0....,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
1 2 3 4 5 Areas
- LOCATION KEY TO FIGURES D-3, D-4, D-5 and D-6 Trawling Area 1 Control area located approximately 5 miles south ;
of the plant and out of the influence of the plume. Area 2 South boundary area located approximately one-half mile south of the discharge. Area 3 Discharge area directly off the discharge structure. Area 4 North boundary area located approximately one-half mile north of the discharge .
FigureD-3 Relative 10 ft level trawling catch for heated and non heated discharges for 1972-73 ( Relative catch = catch of area / mean catch of all areas ) Heated Discharge
*-*-*- Non Heated Discharge 1.e 1.4 1.2 .c (J
cu (.J 1.0 QI
> o. ,_ ,_ ....cu a;
a: 0.6 0.4 0.2 o.o+---------------------i---------...., 2 3 4 Areas
- FigureD-4 Relative perpendicular trawling catch for heated and non heated discharges for 1972-73 (Relative catch = catch of area / mean catch of all areas) 3.0 Heated Discharge 2.a
*-*-*- Non Heated Discharge 2.6 2.4 2.2 CJ I'll u
2.0 1.8 1.6
\
\
Cl)
.~
1.4 \ ltJ
- a; \
a: 1.2 *
\
1.0 \ a.a ____ .. \ 0.6 -*-* -* -*-* \
\
\
0.4 *
\
0.2
\
o.o_,..._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _..,.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _** \ 2 3 4 Are~s
Figure D-5 Relative density of 4 species of fish collected in 10 ft level trawl tows for heated & non heated discharges 100 Perch 80 60 Heated Discharge 40 * - * - * - Non Heated Discharge 20 0 100 80 Sb *-*-*-*- ................. Spottail Shiners 60 40
- - ---. -*- *-*-*-...-*-- .----~*-- ---* --*
GI
-~
m GI a: 00 60 40
- Figure D-6 Relative density of two species of fish collected in perpendicular trawl tows for 1972-73 for heated and non heated discharges.
Heated Discharge
- *- *-
- Non Heated Discharge Perch 100 BO
- 60 40 20 x 0
....>- Alewife "iii 100 c
c CD
.~
Sb
~
CD BO
/ ~
CD er: 60 40
/
20 0 2 3 4 Areas
- Figure D-7 Number of all fish species observed on the traveling screens May 16, 1972 -October 25, 1973 .
.'"""J.
44,000 42,000 40,000 32,000 26,000 24,000
.s::.
II) 0 GI
,Q 22,000 20,000 18,000 E
- J z 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,oocr 4,000 2,000
- 0 ""l====r=====;r======r====;=====;=====;r======r====;====F====;=====;=====;=====T===='j====-pm==""""I May 16 to July 1,1972 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Months Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 25 1973
- Fig1:1re D-8 Number of Pounds of Fish observed on the Traveling Screens. May 16, 1972 - October 25, 1973.
25,000 24,000 23,000 15,000 14,000 13,000 12,000
- 0 I/)
"C c ~
0 Q, 11,000 10,000 9,000
~ 8,000 E ~
z 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000
- 0 May 16 to Jul July 1, 1972 Aug Sep
- Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Months Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 25 1973
- FigureD-9 Number of Alewife Observed on the Traveling
*May 16, 1972 - October 25, 1973.
Screens
'"*"'l 41,025 young 256,088 adults 41,025~_J_- 214 adults 20,00~: I_-_*
16,000 15,000 14,000 13,00 Q)
.c E
- I z
- May 16 to July 1,1972 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Months Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Figure D-10 Number of Perch observed on the Traveling Screens May 16, 1972 - October 25, 1973. 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000
.c .2?
u.. 0 Cl) 6,000 5,000
.Q E ~
z 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 561 young 171 0 ~~--~....,.~--,~~~~..,...~""""'yo~u~n~g..,.........;;;;;;;;-.........,.::;~....,.~~I""""'"~.,.-~..,....~--~....,.~--, May 16 to Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 25 Oct July 1 1972 1973 Months
- Figure D-11 Number of Spottail Shiners observed on the Traveling -,Screens - May 16, 1972 to Oct 25, 1973.
15,000 14.000 13,000 12.000 11,000 10,000 9,000
.c en ii:
8,000 0 Cl) 7,000 -
.0 E
- l z 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 o~---r-.......::::~==~--,,_..---,--~--.....,..--_,..~....,..----r-----r---..,..---~~:;::::=!!~---.
May16 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar , Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 25 1973 to July 1972 Months
Figure D- 12 Number of Slimy Sculpin observed on the Traveling Screens. May 16, 1972 - October 25, 1973 36,030 10,000 9,000 8,000 I
.c 7,000 I
I tn LL 0 G>
.c 6,000 5,000 E
- J z 4,000 3,000 I
I
\
\
/~
2,000 1,000
\
0 May 16 to L Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 25 July 1,1972 1973 Months
S::irtwl aoo.iI v m:
.LN:V'1d ~Od !ii:HJ. CINV SWSI.MVBHO .!IO NOI~W:!WIT NO NOISS!lDSia I -
- INTERACTION OF ORGANISMS AND THE POWER PLANT IN A FOOD WEB The plankton, benthos and fish have been discussed in the preceding sections as discrete units. They will now be drawn together and discussed with reference to their importance in natural food webs.
The cooling water use and thermal effluent could affect the biota o:f the lake in various ways. The plankton are affected directly by heat and mechanical abrasion in the condenser tubes and by heat in the plume. Added heat can be either too high, decreasing productivity, or it can stimulate productivity, resulting in increases of all species or possibly changes in species composition. Increases in plankton mortality and the subsequent fallout of organic material from the plume could provide additional food for benthic organisms; bacteria, fungi and higher forms O*f life. Zooplankton consume phytoplankton and smaller forms of zooplankton as food and they in turn are eaten by fish. Benthic organisms can be filter feeders or browsers, eating anything that they encounter, selective detriti-vores, or active predators. Some benthos burrow or build tubes and nets, which may help them trap food. Only in the case of a sinking plume are the benthos directly af-fected beyond the immediate vicinity of the discharge. However, they may be influenced indirectly by the higher mortalities or production of organisms living in the surface waters. The area of Lake Michigan which was studied included water to a depth of about 100 feet. The coldest temperature encountered at this depth during the survey period was 4.5°c. Some of the coldest temperatures were present in August 1973, when an upwelling of deeper lake water occurred in a period of a few hours and ambient temperatures became as cold as, or colder than, those of May. The natural annual temperature fluctuations are greater than those caused locally by the plume. The latter would only be critical if the upper lethal limits of resident organisms were reached, but this usually only occurs in southern warm waters where ambient temperatures are very near lethal levels for some organisms. Fish use inshore areas for a variety of activities: migration, feeding, reproduction and rearing, all or some of these activities taking place, depending on the species present. Some fish are pianktivores all their lives and some only as juveniles, progressing in their diet through benthos to various sizes of fish. The following discusses the results of the Palisades surveys rela-tive to the importance of the entire food web. Lake Michigan phytoplankton in the vicinity of the Palisades Plant were found to be patchily distributed throughout the water mass. The com-munity was dominated by diatoms, which parallel the results of other studies
- on the lake. The Palisades plankton studies detected no gross changes in the composition of the phytoplankton groups. Annual variations were present, but no general trend was shown.
- Phytoplankton losses which could be expected to result from passage through the condensers demonstrated extreme variability. The response of the phytoplankton ranged from 76 percent gain in productivity to 89.3 percent loss.
The net loss due to heat was very similar in magnitude to that caused by mechani-caJ. damage. The dead cells would not be a loss to the food web, as bacteriaJ. breakdown or direct ingestion by bottom feeders would keep the materiaJ.s in circulation. Annual variations in plankton density were also studied and showed that very large fluctuations were present over the whole survey grid both before and during power plant operations. There are very little data on the use of algae by zooplankton, so only hypothetical estimates can be made on the effects of the power plant on the algal food supply available to zooplankton in the vicinity of the plant. Many zooplankters are detritus feeders, especially in eutrophic lakes or turbid conditions. In oligotrophic lakes, many zooplankters feed on phytoplankton, especially diatoms. Other zooplankters are omnivorous or active predators, the latter being larger forms which actively compete with larval or plank-tivorous adult fish. The power plant can be considered as a somewhat inefficient size-selective predator on the lake biota in the vicinity of the intake. It could cause variable changes in the numbers of phytoplankton and zooplankton, de-pending on the amount of heat put out and the predominance of the larger zooplankton species, which are especially vulnerable to mechanical damage. The power plant thus competed with fish and zooplankton for plankton, and with predatory fish for the fish which are entrained as larvae or impinged on the traveling screens. Psa.mmolittoral fauna, the microscopic organisms inhabiting the interstitial spaces between sand grains, were studied for two years. This study was discontinued as there were no indications of a.lower grade psa.mmolittoral community developing near the plant and the shorebirds, which it was postulated would be involved in this part of the food web, were seen only occasionally during the surveys. Perch was one of the commonest fish in the Palisades area. It is very adaptable and can utilize warm and cool habitats. In 1973, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources reported that three weeks advanced spawning occurred in about 1/3 of the population sampled in the vicinity of the plant. The thermal plume was cited as a possible cause. Fingerling perch feed on cladocerans, ostracods and chironomid larvae which, in May, were found to be less abundant than in the normal spawning period of June. The range in den-sity per grab of the small crustaceans and midges was from 1 to 10 and l to 15, respectively, in May and from l to 25 and l to 50, respectively, in June. No unnaturally large decreases.in population densities were observed in May for the major groups of benthic organisms which would be consumed by finger-ling perch. Considering the whole of Lake Michigan (22,420 sq mi) and that the area of the lake affected by the plume in the 1972-1973 measurements averaged about 231 surface acres, this could have had only a very low impact on the perch population as a whole.
- When analyzing the benthic samples, significant increases were cal-culated for ostracods, cladocerans and some chironomid species. The two former groups are primarily planktonic and plankton densities showed large fluctuations with no trend to larger populations. Significant decreases oc-curred at some stations in some of the larger invertebrate organisms such as Pontoporeia hoyi (Amphipoda) which are included in the food of first-year perch. No specific area of the sampling grid exhibited significant decreases in the population densities. These occurred only at isolated sampling.sta-tions, so there could have been no widespread effect on perch populations.
Other bottom feeding fish should not have been affected by the de-creases in benthic organisms which occurred at isolated stations, such as chironomids at E/2, H-1, A-2 and 1-2, since they could have benefited from areas where some of the benthos had increased, for example, F/2, C-1, C/2 and D/2. Other fish such as salmonids are predators on fish and as the screen impingement counts show, there were large numbers of possible prey in the area. The power plant "caught" considerable numbers, thus acting as a food competitor. Alewives feed on zooplankton and phytoplankton, especially diatoms, and the adults take benthos, mostly chironomid larvae and amphipods. There was no apparent decrease in the plankton populations, and diatoms consistently dominated the phytoplankton. As previously discussed, the benthos showed natural fluctuations, and no general decrease or increase was apparent in any specific section of the survey grid. The alewife spavin in April to May and a summer to fall maximum of young occurs in the inshore areas. At the time that these fish are growing, the density of the benthos is increasing. Bloaters are deep water spawners, so the effects of the plume should never influence their young. Bloaters were caught inshore in depths of 35 to 40 feet in the early summer. The small crustaceans, amphipods such as Pontoporeia hoyi, which compose this fish's food, were increasing in density at this time, for example, from an average of 100 per square foot in May to 300 per square foot in June at the 30 to 50 foot stations. Smelt spawn in rivers and on gravel shoals in lakes, and there was no evidence of spawning at Palisades. Adults eat benthos and small fish. Mysis relicta is a major food item. No changes which have occurred in the benthos and plankton should significantly affect this fish. Mysis relicta is a cool, deep water form and should not be influenced by the plume. There were no significant changes in numbers of the dominant fish in the Palisades area, but the gillnet catches of perch were less in 1973. Numbers caught per 250 feet of net dropped from an average of 74 to 46 in 1973 while other lake surveys indicated an increase in perch populations in the area. It is a spring spawner and does very little migration in its life history, so any power plant effluents would affect the local population only. Very little is known about the food of the spottail shiner but it
- seems to have a higher proportion of plankton in its diet than some other shiners. Chironomid larvae also form a large pa.rt of its diet. There a.re no indications that such food organisms would become so scarce as to seriously affect the minnow popuJ.ations.
- The longnose sucker and white sucker usually spawn in streams, so the Palisades plant could not affect hatchi~g or early larval development.
They are both bottom feeders and are not in competition with piscivorous fish. The slimy sculpin, also a bottom feeder, with quite a wide foraging range, was abundant in the area. Although this species was frequently im-pinged on the intake screens, there was no indication that the plant opera-tion was having an influence on local populations. Other species of fish found in Lake Michigan are of little relative importance to this study. They were,not abundant in the vicinity of the Palisades Plant and thus their populations in this area of Lake Michigan as a whole would not be much affected by the plume .
- INTRODUCTION TO APPENDICES The attached f!.ppendices to this "final report" of the once-through cooling operation of the Palisades Nuclear .Plant serve two basic purposes.
First, at the beginning of each appendix, is a reference key which identifies the sources where the basic data or original descriptions of particular sur-veys may be found. Where the data exist in more than one source or location, preference is given to the most recent *official submittal. All data pertain-ing to the study are, of course, available through Consumers Power Company and/or the coinvestigators who participated in various aspects of the study. The second purpose of each appendix is to place in the record addi tion*a1 data and the' results of investigations which have not been in-cluded in previous submittals *
- 1.
KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - TEMPERATURE Preoperational Lake Temperature Profiles Near Palisades Plant - CP Co Data File.
- 2. Palisades Plant Intake and Discharge and Plume Temperatures:
Dec 31, 1971 - June 30, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC July 1, 1972 - Dec 31, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4 Jan 1, 1973 - June 30, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5 July 1, 1973 - Dec 31, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6
- 3. Thermal Plumes by Argonne National Laboratory 1972 - "Field Investigations of Heated Discharges from Nuclear Power Plants on Lake Michigan; 1972" ANL/ES-32.
4.. Lake Temperature Profiles During Operation Biological Surveys - Attached Tables A-lA Through A-7A.
- 5. Ice Melt Photographs - Semiannual Operations Report #5.
- 1.
KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - INTAKE CURRENTS Intake Current Measurements - 8/72, 10/73 ~ Attached Table A-BA. KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - SEDIMENT ANALYSIS
- 1. Sediment Particle Size and Organic Carbon 10/71 - Attached Table A-9A.
- 2. Sediment Particle Size and Organic Carbon 10/13 - Attached Table A-lOA .
Table A-1A: Temperature Profile (°C) Lake Michigan near Palisades 19 June 1972 DEPTH STATION (ft.) A-5 A-1 1-5 1-5 1-2 1-1 CS-1 CS-2 cs- cs- B-1 B-1/2 10 1 21 1 12 1 13 I 10 1 70 I 20 1 10 I 24 1 Surface 9.7 16.65 16.3 16.2 16.7 17.5 11. 5 15.5 14.8 15.0 18.4 19.5 5 9,7 15. 1 13.9 12. 1 16.7 17.5 9,7 16. 1 13. 5 14.3 15.4 16.7 10 9.7 15.0 11.2 11. 3 16.7 17.5 9.3 12.7 12.6 12. 5 14.6 15.0 15 14.5 11. 1 16.7 8.4 12.3 12.3 14.5 14.7 20 11. 0 7.4 12. 1 12. 1 13.9 25 6. 1 11.9 30 5.8 35 1t.6 40 5.2 45 50 5.2 55 60 5. 1 65 70 4.5 DEPTH STATION (ft.) C-1 C-1/2 D-1/2 E-1/2 F-1 F-1/2 G-1/2 H-2 42 1 26 1 2Q I Surface 17.0 16. 1 17.2 16.7 17.0 17.0 19.8 14.9 5 16. 1 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.6 15.6 19.7 14.9 10 14.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.7 14.7 19.7 14.9 15 13 .9 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.5 14.7 19.7 14.7 20 . 12. 8 14.5 14.7 14.5 13 .9 14.5 19.7 14.7 25 12.0 12.8 12.8 12.8 14.7 30 11. 1 11.4 14.7 35 10.3 14.7 40 10.3 14.6
Table A-lA: (continued) DEPTH STATION (ft.) H-1 H-1/2 1-5 C-2 F-2. G-2 25 1 28 1 C-5 F-5 Surface 18.4 20. 1 18.7 17. 1 16.2 15.9 15.5 15.9 5 18.4 20.0 12.9 11. 5 11. 7 12. 7 11. 6 12.3 10 18.4 20.0 11. 1 9.9 9.8 12.5 10. 1 9.7 15 18.4 20.0 10.0 9.7 9.2 12.0 9.4 8.8 20 18.4 9.4 9.3 8. 1 10.4 8.5 8.2 25 18.4 8.9 9. 1 8.0 9.6 8. 1 7.9 30 9.0 7.9 8.7 8.1 7.9 35 7.9 8. 1 7.9 40 8.6 7.9 8.3 8. 1 7.8 45 7.9 8 .1 7.7 50 8.2 7.9 8. 1 8. 1 7.7 55 7.7 60 7.6 7.9 65
- 70. 7,5 75 80 7.5 7.6 85 90 . 7. 4 7.6 95 100
Table A-2A: Temperatur*e Profile (°C) Lake Michigan near Palisades 9 October 1972 DEPTH STATION (ft.) A-5 A-5 A-5 A-2 A-2 A-1 A-1 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-2 1-1 CS-1 CS-2 cs- cs-20 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 20 1 lQ I 13 1 12 I 20 1 . lQ I Surface 13 .4 13.4 13.4 13.9 13.4 13.6 13.4 13.1 13. 1 13 .4 13. 1 13 .1 13 .4 13. 6 13 .4 13.4 5 13.4 13. 1 13.6 13.4 13.6 13.4 13. 1 13 .1 13.4 13 .1 13. 1 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 10 13. 4 13.1 13. 1 13.6 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.1 13.1 13.4 13. 1 13. 1 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 15 13.4 13.6 13.4 13. 1 13.1 13 .1 13.4 13.4 13.4 20 13.4 12.8 13.6 13 .1 1.3. 1 13.4 13.4 13.4 25 13. 4 13.6 13. 1 13.4 13.4 30 13.4 13 .1 13.4 13.4 35 13.4 13 .4 13.4 40 13. 4 13.4 45 13.4 50 13.4 55 13.4 60 13.4 65 70 11.1 STATION DEPTH (ft.) CN- CN-;'* F-l F-1/2 C-1 C-1/2 D-1/2 E-1/2 E-1/4 CN-1 "' CN-2 20 1 10 I B-1 B-1/2 .B-1/4 Surface 13. 4 13.4 . 13:6 13.9 14. 1 13.6 14.2 13.9 14.5 14.7 13 1 a 14. 1 5 13.4 13.4 13.6 13.6 13.9 13.4 13. 9 13.4 14.5 14.2 13. 1 13. 1 10 13.4 13.4 13.6 13.4 12.8 13.4 13. 4 13. 1 13 .4 13. 1 13. 1 13.1 15 13 .4 13.4 13.6 13.1 13 .4 1 3. 1 13 .1 13. 1 12.8 13. 1 13. 1 20 13.4 13.4 13.4 13. 4 12.8 13. 1 13.1 12.8 13 .1 13. 1 25 13.4 13.4 13.1 13. 1 13.1 13. 1 30 13.4 13 .4 13. 1 35 13.4 13 .4 13 .*1 40 13. 1
Table A-2A:(continued) DEPTH STATION (ft.) H-2 H-1/2 H-1/4 G-1/2 H-1 13 I c-5 C-2 F-5 F-2 G-2 47 1 8* Surface 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 13 .1 12.8 13.6 12.5 13. 1 12.8 5 13. 1 13. 1 13.1 13. 1 12.8 13 .6 12.5 13. 1 12.8 10 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 13.1 12.8 12.8 13.6 12.5 13. 1 12.8 15 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 12.8 13. 4 12.5 13. 1 12.8 20 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 12.8 13 .4 13. 1 12 .8* 25 13. 1 13. 1 13.1 12.8 - 13 .4 12.2 13. 1 12.8 30 13. 1 12.8 13.4 12.2 13. 1 12.8 35 13. 1 13. 1 12.2 12.8 12.8 40 13. 1 12.5 12.8 12.2 12.8 12.8 45 13. 1 12.8 12.2 12.8 12.8 50 12.2 12.8 12.2 12.8 12.8 55 12.2 12.2 60 12.0 12.2 12.2 65 12.2 70 11. 7 75 11. 1 11. 7 80 9.5 8.6 85 8.6 90 8.6 95 8.9 8.6 100
- Not recorded
.l 0
Tab le A-3A Temperature Profile ( c) South Haven - May, 1973
~ I B-1 I B-1/2 I B-1/4 I C-1/21 C-1 I D-1/2 A-1 A-1 A-2 *A-2 A-5 A-5 A-5
) 10' 10' 20' 10' Surface 10.5 10.8 10.0 12.5 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.3 5 10.3 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.3 10 10.3 10.5 9.5 9.7 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.3 15 lo-.o 9.5 9.7 9.5 10.0 10.3 10.0 10.5 10.3 20 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 25 9.5 10.0 10.0 30" 9.5 10.0 35 9.5 9.5 40 . 9.5 9.5 45 9.2 I I I I I I' 50 i I
Table A-3A (continued) ~ cs cs E-1/2 E-1/4 F-1/2 F-1 G-1/'1. H-1/4 F-2 C-2 C-5 F-5 CS-1 CS-2 T
)
20' 10' Surface 10. 5 . 10.8 10.5 10.8 10.8 17. 2 10.8 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.5 10.5 9.5 9.5 5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.8 12.0 10.8 10.5 9.5 9.5 10.3 10.0 9.5 10 10.5 10.5 10.5 . 10. 5 10.5 11.1 . 10.8 10.5 9.5 9.5 8.2 10.3 10.0 9.5 15 10.5 10.s 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.3 9.7 20 10.3 10.5 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.8 10.3 9.5 9.5 9,5 10.0 9.7 25 10.3 10.3 10.5 10.5 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.7 30 10.5 10.5 10.3 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.7 35 10.5 10.0 10.3 9.5 9.5 8.4 9.5 40 10.3 . 10.0 10.0 9.5 9.5 8.4 45 10.0 9.7 9.5 8.9 8.4 50 10.0 9.7 9.5 8.9 8.4 55 60 9.5 8.9 7.8 65 70 9.2 8.9 7.2 75 80 8.9 8.4 85 90 8.4 7.5 95 100
- I . 7.8 I
Table A-3A (continued)
~ )
Surface I-5 9.5 I I I I-5 20' I-5 10' 10.0 10.3 I-2 10.5 I I I-1 11.6 H-1/21 H-1 11.6 10.5 I H-2 IG-2 ICN -1 ICN -2 ICN20'. ICN10' 11.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.8 11.1 5 9.5 9.7 10.3 10.5 11.6 11.6 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.8 10.5 10 9.5 9.7
- 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.6 10.3 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 15 9.5 9.5 11.l 10.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 10.3 20 9.5 8.4 10."0 9.5 10.0 10.0 9'. 7 10.0 25- 8.9 10.0 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.5 30 9.5 9.7 9.5 9.5 35 9.5 9.5 9.2 9.5 40 9.5 9.5 9.2 45 9.5 9.5 50 9.5 8.9 55 60 9.2 8.9 65 70 75 l I l I I I I I I I- 8.3 7.5
- Table A-4A: Temperature Profile (0 c)
South Haven - June, 1973 ~ Surf ace A-1 15 I
- 20. 5*
A-1 10' 19.5 A-2 23' 19.5 A-2 10' 20.8 A-5 40' 19.5 A-5 20' 21.4 A-5 10'
- 21. 6 B-1 24' 21.4 B-1/2 15' 21.6 B-1/4 11' 25.5 C-1/2 23' 25.0 C-1 37' D-1/2 20.5 18.6 5 19.5 18.9 18.9 18.9 19.5 18.9 18.9 18.9 20.0 22.8 23.0 20.0 18.4 10 18.4 18.4 18.4 18.4 19.2 18.4 17.0 18.6 18.9 18.9 19.5 15 17. 8 17.8 19.2118.4 18.9 17. 8 18.4 18.4 18.6 19.2 18.1 20 17 .2 18.9 18.2 16.7 19.2 18.1 25 17. 2 17.2 17.0 15.5 17. 8 17.2 30 16.1 16.6 16.1 35 15.3 15.3 40 14.2 45 I i
- Table A~4A: (continued)
~ Surf ace E-1/2 26' 21.1 D-1/4 18.9 F-1/2 18.6 F-1 42' 19.2 G-1/2 23' 18.9 H-1/4 8' 20.3 F-2 51' 19.5 C-2 50' 21.1 C-5 98' 20.8 F-5 95' 21.4 CS-1 70' 21.1 CS-2 35' 21.6 cs 20' 21.1 cs 10'
- 21. l 5 20.8 18.6 18.4 18.9 18.6 18.6 18.9 20.5 20.5 21. l 20.8 21.4 20.8 20.5 10 18.9 18.4 18.1 18.9 18.4 18.1 18.9 20.0 18.6 20.3 20.0 20.3 20.3 20.0 15 17.2 18.2 18.1 18.6 18.1 18.9 19.7 19.4 19.4 20 16.1 17 8 0 17. 8 18.4 17. 8 18.9 19.5 17.2 19.5 17.5 19.2 18.9 25 13.9 16.9 16.8 18.4 16.4 17. 2 19.5 18.9 30 15.8 17.2 18.9 17. 2 17. 2 16.5 17.8 35 13.l 11.6 17. 5 16.6 40 10.5 15.5 16.6 16.4 15.8 45 10.0 12.8 50 10.8 16.1 16.1 15.3 55 14.4 60 15.3 15. 5 13.4 65 9.7 70 14.5 15.0 9.7 75 13.9 12.7 80 I I
7.5 11.3 85 7.5 8.3 90 i I 7.5 8.1 95 I 7.5 8.1 I
Table A-4A (continued) I.
~ Surface I-5 28' 21.6 I-5 20' 21.1 I-5 10'
- 21. 5 I-2 15' 23.4 I-1 12' 22.2 H-1/2 13'
- 21. l H-1 24' 18.4 H-2 47 1 G-2 58' 19.4 20.0 CN-1 70' I35' I
l CN-2 20.0 18.9 CN 20' 19.2 CN 10 1 17.8 5 21.6 20.5 20.0 20.5 20.8 19.5 17. 8 18.9 19.5 19.5 118.9 18.4 17.5 10 19.5 19.5 18.4 18 ..9 18.4 18.4 17.8 18.9 19.5 19.5 18.6 18.1 17.2 15 18.l 17 .2 17. 8 18.1 17. 8 17 .8 18.9 19. 2 18.6 18.1 20 17.5 16.4 17 .8 18.9 19.2 18.9 18.4 17 *.s 25 14.7 17. 2 16.6 16.6 16.1 17. 8 30 13.9 15.5 13.4 15.0 14.7 35 12.2 12.2 14. 5 12.8 40 11.1 10.0 14.5 45 10.0 8.9 13.l 50 9.5 8.9 13.1 55 8.9 60 8.9 65 70 8;4 75
- Table A-5A: Temp~rature Profile ( c) 0 South Haven - August, 1973
~Surface A-1 15' 8.9 A-1 10' 8.9 A-2
. 23' 8.9 A-2 10' 9.5 A-5 40' 11.6 IA-5 20' 12.2 A-5 10' 9.2 B-1 24' 8.9 B-1/2 8.9 B-1/4 10.5 C-1/2 23'
- 11. 7 C-1 37' 11.1 D-1/2 25' 11.1 5 8 .4 . 8.4 8.9 8.4 10.6 8.9 8.9 8.4 7.8 7.8 11. l 11.1 11.1 10 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.9 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 8.9 8.4 15 7.8 8.4 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.2 7.8 7.8 8.4 20 8.4 7.8 8.4 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 25 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 30 7.8 7.8 35 . 7.8 7.8 40 7.8 45 ~,,;.;::.*
Tab le A-5A: (cont"i nued) ~I E-1/2! E-1/41 F-1/21 F~l 26' I 26' 42 1 I G-1/21 23' H-1/41 F-2 IC-2 I C-5 IF-5 Ics-1 Ics-21 cs I cs 8' 51' 50' 98' 95' 70' 35' 20' 10' Surface 10.5 10.0 11.1 11. l 9.4 8.4 11.l 8.9 13.9 13.4 15.0 10.0 10. 6 10.6 5 7.8 8.4 11.1 '11.1 8.9 7.8 11.l 8.9 13.9 13.4 15.0 9.5 .10. 0 9.5 10 7.8 7.~ 10.0 8.4 8.4 7.8 9.5 8.4 13.9 13.4 14.4 8.9 8.9 *8. 9 15 7.5 7.8 8.4 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 13.4 12.8 14.4 8.4 8.9 20 7.5 7.5 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 ll-1 11.1 13.9 8.4 25 7.5 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.4 12.8 8.4 30 7.8 7.2 7.8 9.5 6.7 12.2 8.4 35 7.8 . 7.2 7.8 7.8 6.1 7.8 8.4 40 45 1 7.8 7.2 7.2 7.8 7.8 7.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 7.2 7.2
- 50. I 7.2 7.2 6 .. 1 5.5 7.2 55 60 5.0 s. s I 7.2 65 70 5.0 5.5 I 1.2 75 80 5.0 5.5 85 90 s.o 5.5 95 100 5.5
- Table A. . 5A: (continued)
~TH Surface I-5 28' 10.0 I-5 20' 10.0 I-5 10' 8.9 I-2 13' 9.4 I-1 12'1 ro.o H-1/2 13' 10.0 H-1 24' 10.5 H-2 47' 10.0 G-2 58' CN-1 70' CN-2 35' CN 20'
- 11. 7 12.2 11. 7 8.9 CN 10' 8.9 5 8.9 8.4 8.4 8.4 7.8 7.8 8.4 8.9 11. 7 12.2 11.1 8.9 8.9 10 8.4 7.8 8.4 7.8* 7.8 7.8 7.8 8.9 11.1 11. 6 8.4 8.4 8.9 15 7.8 7.8 7.8 1.2 7.8 7.8 8.4 7.8 11.1 8.4 8.4 20 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.2 10.5 8.4 8.4 25 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.2 7.8 8.4 30 7.8 7.8 7.2 6.2 8.4 35 7.2 7.2 5.6 8.4 40 7.2 7.2 5.6 45 7.2 6.6 5.6 50 6.6 5.6 55 6.6 5.6 60' 5.6 65 70 5.6 75 I
- 0 Table A-6A: Temperature Profile ( c)
South Haven - Octobe~, 1973
*~ A-1 15' A-1 10' A-2 23' A-2 10' A-5 40' A-5 20' A-5 10' B-1 24' B-1/2 15' B-1/4 11' C-1/2 23' C-1 37' Surf ace 14.5 14. 5 14.25 14. 5 14.2 14.5 14. 5 14. 5 14. 75 15.0 15.0 15.0 5 14.25 14.25 14.25 14. 5 14.2 14.5 14.5 14. 5 14.5 14.75 15.0 14.75 10 14. 25 14.25 14.1 14 .25 14.2 14.5 14.5 14 .25 14.25 14. 75 14. 75 14.5 15 14 .25 14.0 14.2 14. 5 14.25 14.25 14. 75 14.5 20 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.0 14. 5 14. 5 25 14.2 14. 5 14.25 30 14.2 14.25 35 14.*2 14.25
- 40. 14.2 45
- Table A-6A*(continued)
Table A-6A: (continued)
~
I-2 I-1 H-1/2 H-1 H-2 G-2 CN-1 CN-2 CN CN 15' 12' 13' 24' 47' 58' 70' 35' 20' 10 1 Surface 15.2 15.5 ~5.o 15.2 15.0 14. 75 13.6 14.5 14.5 14.2 5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14. 75 13.6 14. 5 14.5 14.2 10 15.0 14.9 14. 75 14.9 14.5 14.5 13.6 14. 5 14.5 14.2 15 14. 75 14.75 14.50 14. 5 14.5 14.5 13.6 14.2 14.5 20 14.25 14.25 14.25 13.6 14.2 14. 5 25 14.25 14.25 14.25 13.6 14.2 30 14.25 14.25 13.6 14.2 35* 40 14.25 14.25 13.4 45 50 14.0 13.4 55 60 14.0 12.8 65 70 11. 7
. 0 Table A-7A: Temperature profile ( C)
Lake Michigan near Palisades June 1974 DEPTH STATION (ft.) A-2 A-5 B-1 C-1/2 C-1 D-1/2 F-1/2 F-1 G-1/2 CS2 i-5 H-1 H-2 CN2 Surface 15.3 15.0 17. 0 15.0 15.0 17. 0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17 .o 16.5 16.0 14.7 5 15.3 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 14.7 10 15.3 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.0 17 .o 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17 .0 16.5 16.0 14.7 15 15.3 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 14.7 20 15.0 15.0 17.0 15.0 15.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 14.7 25 15.0 15.0 17. 0 15.0 15.0 . 17. 0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 16.5 16.0 14.5 30 15.0 14.7 16.5 16.5 17.0 16.0 14.5 35 15.0 14.7 16.5 16.5 16.0 14.5 40 1'5. 0 15.0 16.5 16.0 45 16.0
- Table A-BA Results of current measurements made at the Palisades nuclear power plant intake crib:
Au~us t 15, 1972 Current Station Time Location Speed (ft./sec.) 1420 North side .75 2 1427 East side . 79 3 1433 South side .75 4 1437 West side .82 October 14, 1973 Current Station Time Location Speed (ft./sec.) 1330 North side .95 2 1338 East side .75 3 1345 South side .69 4 1354 West side . 71
- Table A-9A: % sample, substrate particle size (m.m.)
and % organic carbon, squth Haven - October 1971 SUBSTR1\TE >4.76 >1.4 >0. 707 >0.297 >0. ll+9 >0.074 <0. 07l+ PARTICLE SIZE: 'lo Passit)g ORGA~ac I MESH SIZE: DEP'l;II
'* 14 25 50 100 200 200 CAP.. r,o~:
STATION ZONE I
- 62. 5 . 6'.1 I A-1 I B-1/2 0 - 20 feet 0.0 o.o
- 1. 8 0.6 2.8
- 1. 7 26.0 9.1 57.5 28.0 0.8 3.0 1.07 0.33
! H-1/2 0.0 0.4 2.1 13 .. o 66.5 17.7 0.3 0.15 i
I-1 0.0 0.3 5.6 23.7 54.8 13.8 1.8 0.42 0.0 0.0 0.1 89.8 2.1 0.4 I-2 7.6
-x 1.3.30054 CN-2 21 - 40 1.4 3.2 2.2 30.5 54.8 7.7 1.lf 0.95 CS-2 feet 0.0 0.2 0.4 3.4 69.5 25.8 0.8 0.37 A-2 0.0 1. 6 6.1 27.7 47.6 15.1 1. 8 0.38 A-5 0.0 0.3 3.1 22.8 62.8 10.2 0.8 1. 37 B-1 0.0 0.3 3.1 24.5 66.6 5.2 0.3 4.24 C-1/2 0.0 0.2 2.5 33.2 57.6 5.9 0.6 0 .l+9 C-1 0.0 . 0.1 1.9 9.9 47.5 40.3 0.3 0.38 D-1/2 o.o 0.4 1.3 29.7 58.2 9.4 0.9 0.25 E-1/2 0.0 0.0 2.4 33.0 58.0 5.4 1. 2 1. l l F-1/2 0.0 0.2 0.6 11.6 60.0 26.1 1. 5 0.0 G-1/2 0.0 3.2 7.0 26 .1 58.8 4.3 0.6 2.65 11-1 o.o 0.7 1. 6 If. 9 72.6 20.0 0.2 0.17 I-5 0.0 0.6 1. 5 9.1 66.8 19.9 2.1 0.24 x 1. 054 C-2 41 - 60 0.0 0.0 2.2 27.2 46.0 20.5 4.1 6.82 F-1 feet* 0.0 0.0 2.5 19.1 62.3 15.3 0.8 2.03 F-2 0.0 0.3 1. 7 24.0 6/f. 0 \
9.3 0.8 2.58 G-2 0.0 0.0 0.5 20.0 69.6 7.8 2.1 6.31 11-2 0.0 0.8 . 1. 2 7.2 75.0 13.5 2.2 0.51 x 3.65 CN-1 Over 60 o.o 0.3 8.6 37.5 l15. 2 7.8 0.6 0.0~ cs-1 feet 0.0 0.2 0.9 5.1 53.8 39.7 0.3 0.63 C-5 o.o 0.5 3.1 33.5 55.1 7 .1. 0 .If 1. 21 P-5 0.0 0.2 1.0 10.l '*5. 9 1.2. 5 0.2 3.27 x 1. 288
- Table A-lOA: % sample, substrate particle size (m.m.)
and % organic carbon, South Haven - October 1973 SUBSTRATE
>4. 76 >1.4 >0.707 >O. 297 >0.149 >0.074 <0.074 %
PARTICLE SIZE: ORGANIC MESH SIZE: 4 14 25 50 Passing 100 200 CARBON
' 200 STATION DEPTH ZONE A-1 0-20 o.o <0.01 0.08 1.83 88. 92 7.44 1. 72 o. 21~
B-1/2 feet o.o <0.01 0.42 5.8 83.15 9.87 0.76 0.17 H-1/2 o.o o. 3 7 1.08 13.48 79.76 5.11 0.20 0.14 I-1 o.o 0~01 0.13 9. 74 85.60 4.38 0.14 0.14 I-2 o.o 0.04 0.16 15.53 81.58 2.34 0.35 0.13 Ne an 0.16 CN-2 21-40 o.o 0.03 0.11 5.56 37. 03 56.60 o. 77 o. 30 CS-2 feet o.o 0.28 0.98 9.59 55.96 28.11 5.08 1. 01 A-2 o.o <0.01 0.09 0.62 68. 39 29.32 1. 57 0.29 A-5 o.o 0.16 0.29 25.85 50.38 22.67 0.65 0.23 B-1 o.o 0.33 0.73 1. 21 70.06 . 26. 29 1. 3.8 o. Jl1 C-1/2 o.o 0.05 0.17 1.29 52.16 45. 67 0.66 0.28 C-1 o.o 0.01 0.31 6.41 26.98 64.98 1.31 o. 3 7 D-1/2 o.o 0.01 0.08 1.09 46 .l16 5.1. 33 1.03 0.32 E-1/2 o.o 0.50 0.32 2.01 48.48 4 7 .31 1.38 0.37 F-1,/2 o.o 0.07 0.06 0.89 55.39 42.33 1.26 o. 3!f G-1/2 o.o 0.02 0.10 0.59 68.86 29.5? .0.86 0.22 H-1 o.o 0.25 0.09 1.23 55.32 42.29 0.82 0.112 I-5 o.o 0.17 0.05 1. 05 64.08 33.40 1.25 0.37 Mean Q.J7 C-2 41-60 o.o 0.06 0.40 17.23 66.95 14. 52 0.84 0.23 F-1 feet o.o 0.10 o.so 11. 26 49.36 37.31 1..47 6.43 F-2 o.o 0.08 0.25 8!99 46.15 41.68 2.85 0.59
~-2 o.o 0.02 0.06 5.89 68.26 2l1. 55 1.22 O.lr8 H-2 o.o 0.09 . 0.09 6. 71 56.73 34 .l1 7 1. 91 I
0.59 Mean O.l16 CN-1 Over 60 o.o 0.03 0.12 6.21 60.84 29.99 2.81 0.96 CS-1 feet 0.90 16. 92 27.88 26.10* 21. 69 5.88 0.63 o. 3 7 C-5 o.o o.o 0.17 7.02 11. 90 58.07 22. Bl~ 2.08 F-5 o.o 0.08 0.25 5.41 8.67 57. 29 28.30 2.56 Mean l.li~f
- l.
KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - PLANKTON Plankton Volumes 1968-1970 - Sepcial Report #4 to AEC, App A.
- 2. *Plankton Volumes 1971 - Special Report #4 to AEC, App D.
- 3. Plankton Volumes and Identification 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #5, App B.
- 4. Plankton Volumes and Identifieation 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6, App A.
- 5. Plankton Volumes and Identification 1974 - Attached Tables B-lA - B-3A.
- 6. *Plankton Entrainment Mortality: 1972 - Semiannual .Operations Report #4 l/73-6/73 - Semiannual Operations Report #5 7/13-10/73 - Semiannual Operations Rept #6
- 7. Plankton Concentration Control Chart Comparisons - Attached Figures BlA-Bl9A.
KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - ATTACHED . FILAMENTOUS ALGAE & BOO.TED AQUATICS
- l. Periphyton Analyses 1968 & 1969 - Supplement to ER - App B.
- 2. Periphyton Analyses 1970 - Special Report #4 to AEC, App A.
- 3. Periphyton Analyses 1971 - Special Report #4 to AEC, App D.
- 4. Scuba Diving Surveys: 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6 KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - PS.AMMOLITTORAL ORGANISMS
- l. Psa.mmolittoral Analyses 1972 Semiannual Operations Report #6, App B.
- Packed Cell Volumes 1974 SURVEY - PLANKTON The pa.eked cell volumes of plankton were measured at several stations in June and August and the results are shown in Table B-lA. The volumes were higher in June 1974 than at any time since June 1970. Sampling for plankton in October was prevented by bad weather and rough lake conditions.
Zoo plankton Results of the detailed identification and enumeration of zooplankton sampled in June l.974 are given in Tabl.e B-2A. The zoopla.nkton standing crop was dominated numerically be Keratella cocblearis and Polyarthra spp, Kellicottia spp and Keratella qu&dra.ta were also connnon. The cl.adoceran frac-tion was dominated by Bosmina spp. The zoopla.nkton were at a m11ch greater density in June 1974 than in June 1973 or June 1972. Phytoplankton Results of the detailed identification and enumeration of phytoplank-ton taken on 12 and 13 June 1974 are shown in Tabl.e B:-3A. The phytoplankton standing crop was again dominated by the diatoms as expected. Synedra and Melosira were dominant, with Tabellaria, Asterionella. and Fragilaria occurring commonly. The chrysophyte, Dinobryon was also present at relatively high densities. Oscil.latoria was observed in most of the samples. The total standing crop of' phytoplankton was greater in June 1974 than at any time since counting began in 1972. This high standing crop corresponded with a high packed cell volume
- Table B.:.18 Plankton packed cell volume 1974 (mi plankton per 80 i lake water)
Date: June August 12 - 13 12 - 14 Weather: sunny to thick overcast Lake Conditions: 2-4 ft. waves Stat ion: A-2 0.55 0. 15 A-5 0.35 0.50 B-1 0.50 0. 15
- C/2 C-1 D/2 F/2 o.45
- 0. 10 1.10 0.60 0.20 0.30
- 0. 15 0 .15 F-1 0.70 0.20 G/2 0.40 0. 15 H-1 2.30 0. 15 H-2 0.60 0.20 1-5 2.00 0.25 CN2 o.4o o.45 CS2 o.4o 0.20
- Table B-2A: Detailed identification - zooplankton no. /liter lake water, June, 1974 STATION CN-2 A-2 A-5 B-1 C/2 PROTISTA Difflugia sp. 2 3 7.5 13 p p ROT IF ERA Asplanchna sp. 4.7 Keratella cochlearis 290 280 590 638 113 K. quadrata 33 17 13 66 25 Kellicottia sp. 75 43 104 192 71 Polyarthra sp. 225 160 79 258 125 Lepadella sp. 3.8 Synchaeta sp. 14 13 28 CLADOCERA Bosmina 4.7 13 47 13 COPEPODA Naupllus 14 7.5 33 16 Cyclopoid copepod 24 16 4.7 8.4
*calanoid copepod p1 ~* 100 130 250 338 125 TOTAL NUMBER OF ZOOPLANKTON 780 640 1100 1600 500
- Rotifera, Crustacea
- no fish eggs observed in plankton 1
P2 - present but less than 13/litre P3 - present but less than 9.3/litre p - present but less than 13/litre
- Table B-2A:
STATION (continued) C-1 D/2 F/2 F-1 G/2, PROTISTA Difflugia sp. 94 ROT I FERA Keratella cochlear is 17 1200 520 480 280 K. quadrata 1.9 75 120 94 75 Kellicottia sp. 4.2 480 240 270 200 Ploesoma sp. 9.4 Polyarthra sp. 6.3 380 280 380 280 Synchaeta sp. 38 50 25 14 Trichocerca sp. 6.3 Filinia sp. 9.4 CLADOCERA Bosmina 19 31 56 52 Chydorus 4.7 COPEPODA Nauplius 38 69 56 28 Cyclopoid copepod 9.4 19 25 4.7 Calanoid copepod 9.4
~* 13 540 250 230 200 TOTAL NUMBER OF ZOOPLANKTON 42 2900 1600 1600 1100
- Rot if era, Crustacea
- no fish eggs observed in plankton
- Table B-2A:
STATION (continued) H-1 H-2 I-5 CS-2 PROTISTA Difflugia sp. 3.1 ROT I FERA Asplanchna sp. 3.1 Conochilus sp. 6.2 6.3 3.1 Keratella cochlearis 580 770 460 660 K. quadrata 88 50 63 13 Kellicottia sp. Ploesoma sp. 160 190 150 gt p Polyarthra sp. 360 430 130 150 Synchaeta sp. 13 50 59 Rotifera indet. 8.4 3.1 CLADOCERA
- Bosmina COPEPODA Nauplius Cyclopoid copepod 6.2 43 44 19 25 21 8.4 16 38 6.3
~* 160 330 380 330 TOTAL NUMBER OF ZOOPLANKTON 1400 1900 1200 1400
- Rotifera, Crustacea
- no fish eggs observed in plankton 4
p - present but less than 6.3/litre
- Table B-3A Detailed identification - net phytoplankton no. cells/liter lake water - June 1974 STATION CN-2 A-2 A-5 B-1 C/2 PYRRHOPHYTA 1 2 3 4 Ceratium hirundinella p p p p 690 Pyrrhophyta indet. p 520 p5 BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Tabellaria sp. 600 1,400 690 1,000 1,400 Asterionella sp. 6,800 2,800 4,900 5,700 2,800 Synedra sp. 27,000 45,000 31,000 30,000 30,000 Fragilaria sp. 5,800 7,000 4,900 12,000 4,900 Melosira sp. 30,000 77 ,000 11,000 42,000 45,000
- Rhizosolenia sp .
Surirella sp. Gyrosigma sp. Centrales indet. Pennales indet. 3,200 p 18,000 5,200 p p 39,000 p 4,200 p 2,800 14,000 1,000 p 6,800 5,800 p p 37,000 1,400 CHLOROPHYTA Scenedesmus sp. p p p Pediastrum sp. p p p 520 p Spirogyra sp. p p p 520 p Staurastrum sp. p p Actinastrum sp. 1,400 p Cosmarium sp. 690 Closterium sp. p p Mougeotia sp. 1,000 p 1,600 1,400 Filaments indet. p p CHRYSOPHYTA Dinobryon sp. 1,600 p 4,200 5,200 1,400 Mallomonas sp. 520
- Table B-3A(continued)
STATION CN... 2 A-.2 A-5 B... l C/2 CYANOPHYTA Agmenellum sp. p Anabaena sp. p p p p p Chroococcus sp. p p p 520 p Coelosphaerium sp. p Gomphosphaeria sp. p p p p p Oscillatoria sp. 2,600 4,200 2,100 1,600 2,800 TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS 100,000 180,000 80,000* 110,000 130,000
- present present present present present but but but but but less less less less less than than than than than 520/l 1,400/l 690/1 520/1 690/l
- an underestimate because of clumping of organisms.
Centrales, indet. include Cyclotella and Stephanodiscus Pennales indet. include Diatoma and Navicula
- Table B-3A(continued)
STATION C-1** D/2 F/2 F-1 G/2 PYRRHOPHYTA 8 10. Ceratium hirundinella 1,ono p p 6 p7 Pyrrhophyta indet. p BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Tabellaria sp. 350 2,100 690 2,800 3,700 Asterionella sp. 350 7,400 9,100 6,300 3,700 2,800 100,000 58,000 45,000 34,000 Synedra sp. Fragilaria sp. p 20,000 3,500 4,200 6,800 Melosira sp. 2,800 120,000 44,000 52,000 32,000 Rhizosolenia sp. 1,000 1,400 Surirella sp. 1,000 pg Amphiprora sp. 1,000 Centrales indet. 690 59,000 4,200 2,100 2, 100 Pennales indet. 2,100 3,100 1,400 690 4,200 CHLOROPHYTA Scenedesmus sp. p 1,000 690 p p Pediastrum sp. p 3,100 p p p Spirogyra sp. 1,000 2,800 p p Staurastrum sp. p Cosmarium sp. p Closterium sp. p p Sphaerocystis Schroeteri p Mougeotia sp. p 9,400 2, 100 2,800 1,000 CHRYSOPHYTA Dinobryon sp. 350 21,000 4,200 3,500 2,600
- Table B-3A(continued)
STATION C-1** D/2 F/2 F-1 G/2 CYANOPHYTA Anabaena sp. p p p Chroococcus sp. p Gomphosphaeria sp. 690 p p Oscillatoria sp. 7,400 2,100 2,100 2,100 Microcystis sp. p TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS 10,000 360,000 130,000 120,000 92,000
** Extremely dense population of very small coccoid cells, probably yeas~
present. 6 P7 - present but less than 350/1 P3 - present but less than 1,000/1 Pg - present but less than 690/1 P10 - present but less than 690/1 p - present but less than 520/1
- Table B-3A(continued)
STATION H-1** H-2 I-5** CS-2 PYRRHOPHYTA Ceratium hirundinella 12 14 p p Pyrrhophyta indet. 13 p p BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Tabellaria sp. 1,000 4,900 4,200 1,000 Asterionella sp. 9,000 11,000 6,300 4,500 Synedra sp. 65,000 53,000 32,000 11,000 Fragilaria sp. 13,000 11,000 11,000 4,200 Melosira sp. 57,000 55,000 53,000 12,000 Rhizosolenia sp. 690 Surirella sp. p 11 p p Centrales indet. 9,000 29,000 2,800 690 Pennales indet. 15,000 13,000 4,200 CHLOROPHYTA Scenedesmus sp. p 690 p Pediastrum sp. p p p p Spirogyra sp. p 350 Staurastrum sp. p Cosmarium sp. 1,000 Closterium sp. p p Mougeotia sp. 690 1,800 CHRYSOPHYTA Dinobryon sp. 6,000 6,300 4,200 4,200
- Table B-3A: (continued)
STATION H-1** H-2 I-5** CS-2 CYANOPHYTA Anabaena sp. p p Chroococcus sp. p Gomphosphaeria sp. p p Oscillatoria sp. 7,400 p 1,400 690 Microcystis sp. 690 TOTAL NUMBER OF ORGANISMS 180,000 190,000 120,000 45,000
** Extremely dense population of very small coccoid cells, probably a yeast, present.
11 P12 - present but less than 1000/l P13 - present but less than 690/l P14 - present but less than 690/l p - present but less than 350/l
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... .-.re TRANSLAn OD:J
- 1.
KEY TO DATA LOCATIONS - BENTHOS Benthos Data and Control Chart Comparisons 1968 Semiannual Operations Report #5, App A.
- 2. Benthos Data and Control Chart Comparisons 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #5, App B.
- 3. Benthos Data and Control Chart Comparisons 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6, App A.
- 4. Benthos - Summary of Significant Changes and Control Chart Comparisons 1968-1974 - Attached Text and Figures C-lA Through C-81A.
- 5. Pre- and Postoperational Biomass Determinations on Amphipods and Oligochaete Samples - Attached Appendix Ca .
1974 SURVEY - BENTHOS The fol1owing section contains a discussion of the fina1 control charts which carry the results of the small sca1e survey of 1974. Of the 40 stations surveyed prior to 1974, only ~he fol1owing 14 were sampled: A-2, A-5, B-1, c/2, C-1, D/2, F/2, F-1, G/2, H-1, H-2, 1-5, CN2 and CS2. RESULTS Changes in population density for the Inner groups of stations were indicated on .the control charts as being significant in 1973 for chironomids at 30 to 50 feet in June, for oligochaetes at stations with depths greater than 50 feet in August and a1so at 20- to 30-foot depths south of the dis-charge in October, and for sphaeriids at 30- to 50-foot depths in October. The benthos at stations with depths over 50 feet were not considered to be directly infl.uenced by the thenna1 plume so were not sampled in the 1974 survey. Stations where changes had occurred in both Inner and outer groups of stations were a1so studied and are given in the following table:
- Amphipods June Oligochaetes -_20 to 30 Ft S
- 20 to 30 Ft S August Oligochaetes Chironomids Chironomids Sphaeriids
- 0 to 20
- 20 to 30
- 30 to 50
- 20 to 30 Ft Ft S Ft Ft S October Oligochaetes - 30 to 50 Ft Chironomids - 20 to 30 Ft N Amphipods - 20 to 30 Ft N Amphipods - 20 to 30 Ft S Amphipods - 30 to 50 Ft Amphipoda to 30-Foot Depth Both charts represented the densities of Pontoporeia hoyi at depths between 20 and 30 feet. Densities for this organism had a1ways been low at these stations and the June results continued to lie inside the control lim-its of the chart for stations lying north of the discharge (Figure C-lA) and returned in 1974 to lie inside the control limits of the chart representing stations south of the discharge (Figure C-2A), after being just outside the
- control limits i~ June 1973
- A statistical analysis of the biomass of the amphipods at the five stations composing the south auadrant chart was conducted to detennine whether
- populations at.stations within the area of the plume were exhibiting an overall decrease in size as well as numbers. No significant differences were found between the means of the:*preoperational and postoperational biomass. (See Appendix Ca.) As the June 1974 results lay within the control limits, the small changes noted in June 1973 were concluded to be natural phenomena.
Depths of water of 20 to 30 feet never contained large numbers of P hoyi. The August charts for the stations discussed in the previous para.- graph had results which lay within the control limits in 1973. There were no significant changes in amphipod densities in August 1974 in the south quadrant {Figure C-llA). An increase at outer stations in the north quad-rant (Figure C-lOA) caused the August 1974 result to lie just outside the control limits but within the extended limits of both sets of stations. The 1974 October survey was abandoned, so the amphipod populations at the 20- to 30-foot depths could not be studied :f'urther. As the October 1973 densities were very low (Figures C-15A, C-16A), an investigation of the bio-mass was considered, but a..n:i.ma.l.s were too few to make this a meaningful study. After 1968, the October Inner amphipod densities were more stable than those at the outer stations. The relative positions of the annual results on the two charts were very similar and pointed to a change which was occurring at the same water depths a.long a.t least a seven-mile stretch of shoreline, both north and south of the discharge. The changes in density were considered to be a natural phenomenon.
- Am.phipod.a to 50-Foot Depth All June postoperationa.l amphipod densities at the 30- to 50-foot depth range lay within the control limit (Figure C-7A). The density of both Inner and outer stations had more than doubled in 1974 over the two previous postoperational yea.rs. A large number of the animals were noted as being small young of the year. The August figure lay within the control limits (Figure C-12A) with reduced numbers from those of June *
.Amphipod densities for October 1972 and 1973, at stations in the 30- to 50-foot depth range (Figure C-17A), were outside the control limit in both postoperationa.l years, but still within the projected limits for both Inner and outer groups. There had been a steady drop in the preopera.tiona.l Inner densities from the initiation of the study, with possibly a halt in this trend in 1973, as there was very little difference between the two post-operationa.l densities. The condition of the amphipods was studied using bio-mass, to determine whether this had deteriorated together with the decrease in density, but no significant differences in biomass were found. (See Appendix Ca.)
As the postoperational results were within the projected control chart limits, the decreases had occurred at both Inner and outer stations. The changes, which were similar to those occurring in populations at other shallow stations, were probably due to broad environmental effects. Low numbers. of amphipods were also recorded at stations with similar depth range~ ~d substrate type in the Donald C. Cook Plant preopera.tiona.l sur-
- veys. llJ
- Chironomid.a.e to 30-Foot Depth Chironomid densities shown on the control chart for depths of 20 to 30 feet in the north quadrant' of the survey grid were within chart control limits in June 1974 (Figure C-25A) and August 1974 (Figure C-30A). Changes which had occurred in October (Figure C-35A) at these stations in 1973 were caused by increases at both Inner and Outer groups of stations, and could not be followed up in 1974 as the October survey was abandoned.
The charts for the south quadrant in the 20- to 30-foot depth zone showed both June (Figure C-26A) and August (Figure C-31A) 1974 results lying within the control chart. In August 1973, the result lay just outside the control limits and was thought to be due to natural fluctuations as small de-creases had occurred at the Inner and Outer groups of stations since 1971. There was no August survey in 1972. Chironomidae to 50-Foot Depth A significant increase in chironomid densities occurred at the 30-to 50-foot depth zone in both June 1973 and 1974 (Figure C-27A). Detailed analysis showed this to be caused by one genus, Polypedilum sp. By August 1973 (Figure C-32A), the Inner chironomid densities had returned to within the Inner control limits but the Outer density was still greater than pre-operational levels. In August 1974, the density at the Inner and Outer had greatly increased with an average of 82 per square foot at the Outer stations and 71 per square foot at the Inner. This increase was caused by Chironomus sp. Further statistical. analysis, as discussed in Section c, indicated that for the whole postoperationaJ. period these increases were not significant for either genus at any of the stations represented by the chart. Statistical. analysis using the Mann-Whitney test, for the month of June only, showed (as the chart had illustrated) a definite statistically significant increase in PolyPedilum density at one of the stations, C-1. In October 1973 the 1973* density lay within the control limits. Oligochaeta Significant changes occurred in the oligochaete populations at sta-tions with depths greater than 50 feet in August, and at stations with depths of 20 to 30 feet south of the discharge in October. As the former stations were at least two miles from the discharge, they were not considered critical for f'urther study in 1974. Also taken into consideration was the fact that the changes had occurred at both Inner and Outer stations. Oligochaeta to 30-Foot Depth The chart for June (Figures C-43A and C-44A) showed that the Inner and outer station densities both north and south of the discharge had in-creased considerably. The 1974 point lay within the control limits but at a higher density than for any of the other surveys *
- The August 1974 densities for Inner stations showed a further in-crease over June. The Outer densities decreased from those in June 1974, but were similar to 1973 August levels.
To determine whether the condition factor of the oligochaetes had
. also increased, biomass determinations were done on same of the samples com-paring pre- and postoperational surveys, but no significant differences be-tween preoperational and postoperational biomass were found. (See Appendix Ca.)
The control chart for oligochaete densities at stations lying south of the discharge in 20- to 30-foot depths were all within limits and showed significant increases in October 1972 and 1973 (Figure C-34A). A~er a low density in October 1970, there had been a steady increase at the Inner sta-tions. The overall trend seems to be that of natural fluctuations, the den-sities :remaining within expected limits in the earlier part of the year, but with overall higher levels being maintained. Changes in October were larger than had been occurring in that month prior to start-up of generating opera-tions. The survey by Ayers and Seibelll) showed oligochaetes to be locally abundant in the autumn. The Mann-Whitney test, used to show significant changes in the population densities of individual organisms at each station, showed a significant increase at F/2 and H-1, both of which are presented in this chart (Figure C-54A).
- Oligochaeta to 50-Foot Depth The June 1974 density at the Inner stations was of the same magni-tude as in October 1973 (average 390 and 34o per square foot, respectively}
and lay within the projected Inner control limits. The Outer station densi-ties had increased considerably in June 1974, averaging over 800 per square foot, and lay well outside the control limits for those stations. The densi-ties in August 1974 (Figure C-50A) were low and lay within the control limits. Oligochaete densities were higher at both Inner and Outer stations at the 30-to 50-foot depth range in October 1973 (Figure C-55A) and lay well outside the control limits. Since biomass had not been shown to increase at the sta-tions in the 20- to 30-foot depth range, this parameter was not investigated for the 30- to 50-foot stations. No individual oligochaete species showed a significant increase at any of the stations in this depth range. (See the Mann-Whitney section.) Sphaeriidae to 30-Foot Depth The densities of sphaeriids were low at stations which lay south of the discharge at depths between 20 and 30 feet. The 1973 August (Figure C-65A) result lay outside the control limits. In both 1974 surveys, June (Figure C-60A) and August results lay within the control limits, and showed small in-creases in density over those of previous years. The charts were examined to see whether a general trend in organism
- density could be seen at any of the depths, :hut only three indicated such a change. There were steady decreases in density for amphipods in May at both
- ' \ .
Inner and Outer stations south of the discharge at depths of 20 to 30 feet (Figure C-2A). The month of October had a similar decrease in den~ity for sphaeriids at stations north of the discharge at the same depths, but a re-versal occurred in l973 (Figure c-69A). A similar decrease occurred for amphipods at 30- to 50-foot depths (Figure C-l7A) with the tr,end halted in 1973. The density that year hardly changed from the level in 1972. S;phaeriidae to 50-Foot Depth Densities of sphaeriids at the 30- to 50-foot depths were signif-icantly lower at the Inner stations for October 1972 and 1973 (Figure C-70A). In June, the 1973 result also lay outside the control limits with an average of 12 per square foot (Figure* C-62A). In June 1974, there was a large in-crease at the Inner stations and the average density was 92 per square foot. Examination of al.l the samples showed that very small-sized sphaeriids were present in high numbers in most of the samples, indicating an initial breeding success. The density increases occurred at both C-1 and F-1 (Inner) and at H-2 (Outer). The other Outer station densities were low, but still contained a high proportion of young individuals. By August 1974 (Figure C-66A), the Inner average density had decreased to 38 per square foot and lay within the control limits, very close to the October density levels (45 per square foot). The organic carbon composition of the sediments was checked to see if this could have had an effect on the sphaeriids by creating a larger food supply, but the percent organic carbon remained constant at C-1 and H-2 in 1971 and 1973 with a decrease at F-1 in 1973; thus, the sphaeriid densities could not be correlated with changes in this parameter. Ayers and Seibel(l) discussed the seasonal changes which occurred for some of the more connnon organisms throughout the year. These compared well with the fluctuations in density found during the year in the Palisades samples. Am.phipods were most numerous in June at the shallower stations, and in August and October at the deeper stations in the vicinity of Palisades, while they were most numerous in July and September at the Cook Plant. Oligochaetes were most numerous in August and October at Palisades and in September and November at Cook. The June, August and October samples con-tained very simi1ar numbers of chironomids at the shallower Palisades sta-tions, but the densities at the deepest group of stations fluctuated more and corresponded with the Cook samples which contained the most chironomids in July, while Palisades samples contained the highest numbers in August. Control Charts for Benthic Community Diversity Diversity indices were calculated for the three June control charts which incorporated the stations with depths ranging between 20 and 50 feet. None of the indices fell within the control limits of the charts. The diversity index at stations lying north of the discharge at depths between 20 and 30 feet (Figure C-73A) fluctuated at both Inner and Outer stations between 1968 and 1971, then increased steadily at the Inner
- stations *
- The diversity decreased. at the outer statipns between 1971 a.nd 1974 with a similar diversity present in 1972 a.nd 1973. The Inner 1974 diversity chWtged very little in 1974 from that of 1973 and was similar to the 1968 diversity, but the outer average diversity was the lowest recorded for the seven years. The two outer stations involved in this chart, A-2 and 1-5, I were two of the stations where more than the average (4 and 5, respectively')
number of significant decreases in density occurred in the postoperational
~eriod.
- Statio11s at the same depth but lying south of the discharge (Fig-ure C-74A) had the June 1974 diversity lying well outside the control limits, the position being caused by decreases at both Inner and outer stations.
The diversity at the Inner 30- to 50-foot stations was very similar to 1972 and 1973 (Figure C-75A). The point lay outside the control limits but very little change had occurred since 1972. The biggest change occurred at the outer stations when, as in the 20- to 30-foot north quadrant, the 1974 diversity was the lowest that had been recorded in the seven years *
- REFERENCES Ayers, John C. and Erwin Seibel, 1973. Benton Harbor Power Pl.ant limnologica.J.. studies, Pa.rt XIII. Cook Plant preoperationa.l studies, 1972. Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan Special Report No 44
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- PRE- AND POST-OPERATIONAL BIOMASS DEI'ERMINATIONS ON AMPHIPODS AND OLIGOCHAEI'E SAMPLES A statistical analysis of the biomass of a.mphipods at the five stations composing the south quadrant chart was conducted to determine whether popula-tions within the area of the plume were exhibiting an overall decrease in size as well as numbers.
The variances were large at all th~ stations except G/2 and the F test gave appafe~t significant differences between the populations. The modified 't' test lJ indicated that there were no significant differences between the means of the biomass of the pre-operational and post-operational amphipod populations at any of the five stations (Table Ca-lA). Fixatiye~ cause benthic organisms to lose weight, especially during the first month.\2J The intent of this study was not to determine actual live biomass, but just to compare biomass between surveys. For this study, it was assumed that as the majority of weight loss occurred in the first month.after fixing, and the biomass determinations for comparisons between surveys were made after that time, the comparisons would be valid. Table Ca-lA: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Operational Amphipod Biomass PRE-OPERATIONAL POST-OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE TESTS STATION x s2 n x- s2 n 't' F F/2 0.276 0.084 3 0.016 0.0004 2 3.105 NS 210.0 s G/2 0.012 0.0001 3 0.011 0.0001 2 0.111 NS l.O NS H-1 0.144 0.055 4 0.017 1 x 10-6 2 3.182 NS 55,000.0 s A-2 0.049 0.002 4 0.0006 4 x lo-7 2 2.181 NS 5,000.0 s 1-5 0.625 0.295 4 0.011 2 x lo- 5 3 2.274 NS 14,750.0 s n "' number of samples A steady drop in density had occurred in the a.mphipod populations at the 30 to 50 foot depth range since the initiation of the study. To determine whether the condition of the organisms was also on the decline, biomass measurements were.made on some of the pre- and post-operational samples. When the variances about the pre- and post-operational means were analyzed using the F test, they were not found to be significant (Table Ca-2A). The amphipod biomass at Station C-1, where the largest density changes had occurred, was studied, but there was no significant difference in biomass between the two time periods (Table Ca-3A) . 1 The change in percent organic carbon showed no direct relationship with the amphipod density changes (Table Ca-4A).
- Lellak(3) could show no correlation between population densities and the organic carbon content of the sediments. Pontoporeia hoyi is thought to be an omnivorous form consuming bent~t~ algae, bacteria and small benthic in-vertebrates. Other investigators( J showed a preference of P. hoyi for organic sediments, and Marzolf showed a direct relationship between bacterial populations in the sediments and population densities of P. hoyi. Further study would have to be done with the sediments to investigate the bacterial content, but this did not lie within the scope of the project. Like Lellak, BEAK was unable to find a correlation between the results of sediment analysis and~ hoyi population densities.
Table Ca-2A: Comparison of pre- (1971) and post- (1973) operational amphipod densities at the 30 to 50 foot level SIGNIFICANCE TESTS YEAR - x s s2 F 't' 1971 44.36 49.67 2,467.10 2.43 NS 0.02 NS 1973 28.1~5 31.8 1,011.24
- p = 0.05 for 5 degrees of freedom Table Ca-3A: Comparison of pre- and post-operational amphipod density at Station C-1 PRE-OPERATIONAL POST-OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE TESTS STATION x- -
x s2 F 't' C-1 2.359 0.352 0.038 62.018 NS NS
- Table Ca-4A: Percent organic carbon and amphipod density at stations with depth of 30 to 50 feet for .
October 1971 and 1973 OCTOBER AMPHIPOD DENSITY PERCENT ORGANIC CARBON (Avg[sq ft) STATION 1971 1973 1971 1973 C-1 0.38 0.37 31.5 12.3 F-1 2.03 o.43 54.4 43.8 A-5 1.37 0.23 22.8 10.4 CN2 0.95 0.30 8.0 11.7 CS2 0.37 1.01 9.8 5.5 H-2 0.51 0.59 139.7 87.0 To determine whether the condition factor of the oligochaetes at the 20 to 30 foot depth stations had increased with the density, biomass measurements were
- done on some of the samples comparing pre- and post-operational samples .
Sediment changes had occurred at some of these stations, with a higher pro-portion of silt being present in 1973. Analysis of variance about the mean using the F test and a study of the differences between biomass means using Students 't' test indicated that there was no significant difference between the June biomass of the two groups at the Inner stations F/2, G/2 and H-1, and at the Outer station A-2 (Table Ca-5A). At F/2 and 1-5, there were large var-iances between the biomass of the replicate samples at each station, giving an apparent significant difference between the pre- and post-operational samples, but using a modified 't' test, the differences between the means of the oligo-chaete biomass were not significantly different. Any apparent differences were caused by the non-random distribution of the oligochaetes, which is a known natural phenomenon in oligochaete populations. The large variances giving a significant F test seem to point to the need to use a greater number of repli-cate samples to determine the distribution of the clumps of oligochaetes, the numbers of oligochaetes in the clumps, and the species composition. Even the original six replicates were probably not sufficient for these organisms, especially when they are of major concern and are known not to be randomly distributed .
- Table Ca-5A: Oligocbaete biomass, June 20 to 30 foot stations, south of discharge PRE-OPERATIONAL POST-OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE TESTS STATION x- s2 n -
x s2 n 't' F A-2 28.93 76.38 3 53.33 653.31 3 1.56 NS 8.55 NS G/2 *19.92 119.46 3 39.56 116.64 2 0.18 NS 1.02 NS H-1 4.49 21.99 2 45.05 2,170.6 2 1.22 NS 98.70 NS F/2 22.18 54.90 3 115.08 7,848.18 3 1.81 NS 142.95 s 1~5 30~68 598.29 3 183.39 65,705.o6 3 1.02 NS 109.82 s
. C:C= O.Q5
CONCLUSIONS Analysis of some of the pre-operational and post-operational samples of oligochaetes and amphipods to compare biomass indicated that no changes had occurred in the condition of the organisms. The samples studied were from stations where density had shown a persistent* low from pre-operational levels since the power plant began operations .
- REFERENCES
- 1. Bailey, Norma.g. T. J., 1959. Statistical Methods In Biology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc, N.Y.
/
- 2. Howmiller, Richard P., 1972 .. *Effects of preservatives on weight of some common macrobenthic invertebrates. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 101 (4):
743-746.
- 3. Lellak, J., 1965. The food supply as a factor regulating the population dynamics of bottom animals. Jour. Intrnl. Assn. Theor. & Appl. Limnol.:
120-136.
- 4. Kidd, Charles c,., 1970. Benton Harbor power plant limnological studies Part VI. Pontoporeia affinis (Crustacea, Amphipoda) as a monitor of radionuclides released to Lake Michigan. Great Lakes Research Div.
Univ. Michigan Special Report No. 44 .
- Impingement Data Key to Data Locations - Fish
- 1. January 23-June 30, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 2. July 1-December 31, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 3. January 1-June 30, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 4. July 1-0ctober 25, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6 Seine, Trawl and Gill Net Data
- 1. DNR 1969 and 1970 - Appendix c, Supplemental Information on Environmental Impact of Palisades Nuclear Pl.ant. *
- 2. BSF&W October and December, 1971 - Special Report #4 to ~.EC
- 3. BSF&W April and May, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 4. CPCo May and June, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 5. CPCo July and August, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 6. DNR June, August and October, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 7. CPCo January through June, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 8. DNR May and June, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 9. CPCo July, August, September and October, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6
- 10. DNR August, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6
- 11. DNR Final Report, 1968-1974 - Semiannual Operations Report #8 Egg and Larvae Entrainment Data
- 1. May 16-June 30, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 2. July 1-December 29, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 3. March 21-June 28, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 4. July 2-0ctober 17, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6 Other Data
- 1. BSF&W Fry collections; cruises III through VIII and XI; April through October 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- Impingement Data Key to Data Locations - Fish
- 1. January 23-June 30, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 2. July 1-December 31, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 3. January 1-June 30, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 4. July 1-0ctober 25, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6 Seine, Trawl and Gill Net Data
- 1. DNR 1969 and 1970 - Appendix c, Supplemental Information on Environmental Im.pact of Palisades Nuclear Plant.
- 2. BSF&W October and December, 1971 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 3. BSF&W April and M!ey-, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 4. CPCo May and June, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC 5, CPCo July and August, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 6.
- DNR June, August and October, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4 7, CPCo January through June, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 8. DNR May and June, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5 9, CPCo July, August, September and October, 1973 - Semia.nnuaJ.. Operations Report #6
- 10. DNR August, 1973 - Semiannual Operations' Report #6
- 11. DNR Final Report, 1968-1974 - Semiannual Operations Report #8 Egg and Larvae Entrainment Data
- 1. May 16-June 30, 1972 - Special Report #4 to AEC
- 2. July 1-December 29, 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- 3. March 21-June 28, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #5
- 4. July 2-0ctober 17, 1973 - Semiannual Operations Report #6 Other Data
- 1. BSF&W Fry collections; cruises III through VIII and XI; April through October 1972 - Semiannual Operations Report #4
- Table D-1 A Summary of fish caught in g ii 1 nets May .,. October, 1968-1973 (Michigan Department of Natural Resources)
PERIOD SPECIES TOTAL % TOTAL May;'; June Aug. Oct.** Alewife 2,956 4,314 446 231 7,947 53.3 Yellow perch 107 1,846 2 ,976 1,049 5,978 40. 1 Longnose sucker 218 86 101 62 467 3. 1 White sucker 37 38 49 61 185 1.2 Bloater 3 80 25 4 112 0.7 Sme 1t 17 5 18 22 62 0.4 Lake trout 16 15 7 8 46 0.3 Coho salmon 4 11 6 21 0. l Chinook salmon 3 5 <O. l
- Channel catfish Brown bullhead Carp Burbot 12 8
2 5 6 2 18 14 5 l
- 0. l
<O. l
<O. 1
<O. 1 Golden redhorse 3 2 6 11 <O. l Northern pike 3 5 8. <O. 1 Round whitefish 3 2 6 <O. 1 Lake sturgeon l <O. 1 Gizzard shad 1 <O. 1 Brown trout 3 2 5 <O. l Lake herring 4 4 <O. 1 TOTAL 3,373 6 ,399 3,653 1,472 14,897
- Not fished in 1971, 1972
** Not fished in 1973
- D-34
- Table D~2A Number of fish per 100 lineal feet of beach seined both day and night at Van Buren State Park in May 1970 and 1973 ~~
(Numbers in parentheses are total number caught) Night Date ~ 5/14/70 5/7/73 Water temperature (F) 57 46 54 Lineal feet seined 800 420 800 Spottail shiner 30.6 36.2 8.4 Longnose dace .... 55.6 1. 1 Alewife (adult) 8.0+ 553.6 8.0+ Alewife (yearling) 10.6 ....
- Sculpin Black bullhead Chinook salmon (1)
(1) (1) Trout-perch 1. 7 1. 1 Rainbow trout 1. 1 .... 1.9 Brown trout 0.3 .... 0.3 Smelt (adult) .... .... 12.9 Carp (aduit) .... (1) Largemouth bass .... .... (1)
*Sampling by Michigan Department of Natural R~sources
- D-46
Table D-:-3A.Number of fish per 100 lineal feet of beach seined both day and night at Van Buren State Park in June 1969-1973 * (Numbers in parentheses are total number caught) Day Night 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1970 19.71 1972 1973 Date 6/25 6/22 6/ 16 6/15 6/13 6/22 6/ 16 6/13 6/11 Water tempera-ture (F) 56 65 69 69 64 67 69 64 73 Lineal feet seined 1200 900 1000 550 450 900 1000 550 1050 Spottail shiner 19.3 0.9 40.7 36.7 10.0 91. 0 43. 6 106. 2 18.3 Longnose dace 3.8 12.7 3.7 5.3 7.8 11.7 10.2 16. *o 0.6 Trout-perch 1
... (1) ... ... 8.4 4.1 (1) 0.2 Coho salmon ... ... * ** ... ... (2)
Brown trout ... ... 2.2 0.3 ... ... Lake trout (2) .. . (2) ... ... ... ... ... Chinook salmQn (3) 0.7 (2) 1.8 7.6 ... ... (1) Rainbow trout (1) ... . .. (1)
- Alewife (adult)
Perch (year.ling) Carp (adult) (1) 0.3 12.9 5.6 0.9 25.1 (1) (1) 43.9 0.2 0.4 0.9 33.5 17.2 0.7 (1) 0.5 5.5 0.3
- 1. 6 Bluegill* (1) ... ... (2) (1)
Golden redhorse (adult) ... ... ... . .. ... (1) Johnny darter 0.3 0.3 *** ... (1) ... Emerald shiner (2) ... ... ... . .. Bloater (2) ... ... ... Sculpin (1) ... ... ... . .. (2) Grass pickerel ... (2) ... ... (1) ... Black bullhead ... ... (1) ... (1) Smelt ... ... '(2) ... ... . .. Pumpkinseed ... ... ... ... (1)
- Creek chub
'{; Samp 1i ng by
\
Michigan Department of Natural Resources;
... (1)
D-44
Table D-4A Number of fish per 100 lineal feet of beach seined both day and night at Van Buren State Park in* August 1969-1973 ** (Numbers in parentheses are total number caught) Day Night 1969 1970 1971 1972 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Date 8/4 8/24 8/17 8/ 16 8/4 8/24 8/17 8/16 8/13
. Water tempera-ture (F) 80 76 66 65 73 71 66 72 78 Line.al feet seined 900 820 1020 1045 600 820 1020 1045 1200 Spottail shiner 0.7 (1) 0.7 13. 2 9.7 0.9 1. 0 8.0 14.0 Longnose dace 2.1 1. 6 (1) 1. 3 11. 7 4.8 (2) . 1. 3 0.5 Alewife (adult) (1) ... (1) (3) 2.4 (4) (3)
Alewife (yearling) ... * ** 4.1 .... ... Alewife (young) 418.0 2.0+
*
- 5 .. 1
* ... 8. 3+
Common shiner ... (2) ... . .. . .. Yell ow perch (young} ... 2.6 ...
- (yearling)
(adult} Brown trout
... (1) ... 13. 5 cu ...
(3) 4.4 (3) (2)
- 1. 5 Trout-perch ... ... ... ... 2.5 6.0 (1) 1. 1 0.8 White sucker ... ... ... ... (.1) ...
Sculpin ... ... ... ... ... (1) ... Black bullhead ... ... ... ... (2) . .. Smelt ... ... ... (2) ... Carp (adult)
... ... (1) U>
Quillback (adult) ... ... (2) (1) (1) Sma.llmouth bass (adult) ... ... ... ... (2) .... ... (1) Rainbow trout ... *** ... ... 0.5 Northern pike ... ..
~ ... (1)
Bluegill (adult) -~ (1)
- Numerous
*: Sarnpl ing by Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
D-45
- Table D-5A Number of fish per 100 lineal feet of beach seined both day and night at Van Buren State Park in October 1969-1972**
(Numbers in parentheses are total number caught)
*Day Night 1969 1970 1972 1969 1970 1972 Date 10/2 J0/12 10/2 10/1 10/12 10/4 Water temperature(F) 64 59 59 64 59 62 Lineal feet seined 1200 840 780 1260 840 780 S pottail shiner 1. 1 . ... .... .... 14. 1 Longnose dace 12.0 9.4 1. 1 .... 0 *** 6.8 Alewife (adult) (1) ..... .... . . ' . (1)
Alewife (young) (1) 13.7+ 50.1 White sucker (1) .... White sucker (adult) (1) .... .... Smelt (yearling) (1) .... (2) Smelt (young) (2) .... .... . ... Trout-perch .... .... .... . ... .... 2.0 Rainbow trout .... .... .... (1) Longnose gar (adult) .... .... .... .... .... (1)
~*: Numerous ** Sampling by Michigan Department of Natural Resources .
- D-43
- Table D-6A Species composition and total numbers of fish captured in trawl tows made in 1969 and 1972 in the vicinity of the Palisades nuclear power plantl **
39-foot trawl 15-foot trawl Ma~ 3, 1969 July 25, 1969 August 17. 1972 Species Depth (feet) Depth (feet) Depth (feet) 24 42 18 42 72 10-15 Smelt (adult)~:: 1 52 *** 17 89 ... Smelt (yearling) 264 86 *** * ** *** *** Smelt (young) ... *** *** * ** ... numerous Alewife (adult) ... 150 67 195 190 35 Spottail shiner 1 26 27 3 *** 5 Trout-perch 18 *** 254 *** ...
- Bloater Yellow perch Lake herring
.1 1
21 72 1 l In 1969, one 5-minute tow was made at each depth under 50 feet; on 10-minute tow at 72 feet. Five 5-minute tows were made in 1972.
- Fish over 100 ITTI1 (4.0 inches) in length.
**Sampling by Michigan Department of Natural Resources .
- D-38
Table p....7A_ Pe ~cent age compos i ti on of ye 11 ow perch in man th 1y g i 11 net catches near the Palisades Power Plant, 1968-1973 (Number in parentheses is number of fish.) Month Age-group Total and number year I II III IV v VI VII VIII caught May 1968 22 30 22 13 9 (l)* 23 1969 (3) (3) {2) (2) ( 1) 11 1970 {1) 47 21 16 11 17 1973 9 23 29 16 9 56 June 1968 54 43 (1) 2 94 1969 12 40 25 .. 5 3 2 161 1970 6 35 49 8 1 1 384 1971 37 22 37 4 (1) 339 1972 10 64 16 10 222 1973 3 5 20 4 1 646 August 1968 70 17 ( 1) (1) 7 30 1969 29 23. 27 21 .. 473 1970 31 27 19 21 2 .. .. 595 1971 1 81 11 5 1 1 380 1972 (1) 45 50 3 1 850 1973 3 5 46 43 4 {2) 648 October 1968 17 31 ' 35 10 2 4 .. 116 1969 {1) (5) (5) (2) .. 13 1970 55 . 15 *19 11 .. 522 1971 15 73 10 1 1 314
- 1972
- XI 16 17 41 20 5 (1)
Data collected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources 76 D-47
- Table D-8A Percentage age composition of yellow perch in gill net catches near the Palisades Power Plant for the years 1968-1973 1 (tr = trace or < 1. 0%)
Age Year group 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 I 8 22 31 5 1 1 II 43 21 17 64 37 4 III 35 32 24 14 52 31 IV 7 24 24 14 7 54 v 2 tr 3 2 3 7 VI 4 1 tr 1 tr 1 VII-IX tr 1 tr
- Total number caught 262 631 1, 518 1,033 1,.148 1, 350 1 Underlined values pertain to the 1969 year class ..
Data collected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources . D-48
- Table o.,,.9A Average length (inches) at capture and calculated weights for male yellow perch of five age groups captured near the Palisades Power Plant before (1970-1971) and after 1972-1973) release of thermal discharges Age group June 12-14 August 16-17 October 4-6 and year Length Wt Num- Length Wt Num- Length Wt Num-of (oz) ber (oz) ber (oz) ber capture of fish of fish of fish I*
1970-71 3.2 18 5.0 20 5.8 10 1973 5.3 21 *** CJ II 1970-71 6.3 1. 6 22 7. 1 2.3 18 7.9 3.3 18 1972 6. 1 1.4 10 7.7 3.0 5 7.5 2.8 2 1973 6~ 1 1. 4 10 7. 1 2.3 3
- III 1970-71 1972 1973 7.8 7.9 3.2 3.3 7
21
- 9. 2
*8. 2 5.4 3.7 8
13 9.4 8.9 5.8 4.9 6 3 7.5 2. 8 5 8.3 3.9 35 IV 1970-71 9.2 5.4 9 9.7* 6.5 9 *** 0 1972 9.2 5.4 5 .... 1973 8.5 4.2 35 9.2 5.4 32 v 1970-71 9.6 6.2 4 9.9 6.9 3 . . .. 1972 10.2 7.6 5 ..... 10.9 9.4 1 1973 I
- 9. 1 5.2 2 10.3 7.8 3 ....
- Sex not determined.
- Data collected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
D-49
- Table D-lOAAverage length (inches} at capture and calculated weights for female yellow perch of five age groups captured near the Palisades Power Plant before (1970-1971} and after (1972-1973} release of thermal discharges Age group June 12-14 August 16-17 . October 4-6
- and year Length Wt Num- Length Wt Num- Length Wt Num-of (oz) her (oz) her (oz) her capture of fish of fish of fish I*
1970-71 3.2 18 5.0 20 5.8 10 1973 5.3 .... 21 II 1970-71 6.9 2. 1 20 8. 1. 3.6 19 . 8. 7 4.6 23 1972 6.4 1. 7 12 7.2 2.5 9 8.4 4.0 11 1973 6.3 1. 6 12
*** 0 III 1970-71 8.9 4.9 28 10.2 7.6 19 11. 2 10.3 2 1972 9.1 5.2 43 9. 6 6-. 2 43 10.0 7. 1 26 1973 8. 1 3.6 22 9.0 5. 1 12 IV 1970-71 10.2 7.6 25 11. 4 10.9 9 Cl
- 0 0 1972 11. 2 10.3 23 11.6 11. 5 14 11.9 12.5 14 1973 10.2 7.6 93 10. 8. 9. *1 31
- 0 **
v 1972 11. 7 11. 8 10 12.5 14.7 11 12.7 15.4 4 1973 11. 8 12.2 27 12.2 13.5 4
~'c Sex not determined.
Data collected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources . D-50
l
- Table D-11A Instantaneous rates of perch growth for the periods mid-June to mid-August and mid-June to October 4 in Lake Michigan near the Palisades Power Plant Age Year of June-August June-October group capture Males Females Males Females II 1970-71 .37
- 54
- 79 1972 . 76 .39 . 86 1973 . 50 III 1970-71
- 53 .44 .60
- 74 1972
- 11
- 18 .48 .37
- IV 1973 1970-71 1972
- 28
- 18
- 55
.35
- 36 .
- 11 . 19 1973
- 25 . 18 v 1972
- 22 . 27 1973
- 10 Data col_lected by Michigan Department of Natural Resources .
D-51
TABLE D-12A Numper of fish collected by seining during daytime 1972-1973 ZONES 2 3 4 5 YEARS: 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 SPECIES Alewife - A 47 607 717 71 26 137 l '786 88 374 203
- y 1,619 16 4 7,200 691 390 l '328 82 8 Chinook 3 28 21 28 Lake trout - y Coho salmon 17 164 8 12 5 2 Steelhead 20 111 2 5 Brown trout 6 4 4 32 5 2 Smelt - A 22 8 32 21 2 3
- y 7 6 5 6 18 Carp 4 81 2 Spottail shiner - A 310 257 182 154 224 119 842 102 151 174
- y 50 113 40 33 5 1,549 35 15 9 River chub Fathead minnow Longnose dace 4 4 2 Emerald shiner 4 0
I w l..D
Table D-12A (continued}
*
- 0 I rn co N)>
0 7'
\.Tl
.i::-
n ZONES 2 3 4 5 YEARS: 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 SPECIES Common shiner 9 10 2 Longnose sucker White sucker Northern pike 14 Trout-perch 2 2 Bluegill 3 9 6 29 Pumpkinseed 8 Black crappie 2 Johnny darter 3 Perch - Y 2 263 39 TOTALS 2,053 1 ,022 1 '134 630 7,456 2,743 3' 114 1,658 629 456 '- A =Adults Y = Young-of-the-year and yearlings 0 I .i::- 0
Table D-13A Total number of fish co 11 ected by seining during nighttime 1972-1973 ZONES 2 3 4 5 SPECIES YEARS: 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 Alewife - A 240 25 528 500 20 2,074 501 l l ,058
- y 3 10 24 28 35 12 Chinook Coho salmon 16 23 5 4 Steel head 6 Brown trout 5 Smelt - A 4 Carp 2 20 43 12 2 Spottai l shiner - A 43 55 6 77 20 43 l ,445 73 7 164
- y 9 6 38 13 17 l Spotfin shiner 300 Longnose dace 6 Emerald shiner 3 Longnose sucker 2 3 Northern pike 0
I .i:-
Table D-13A(continued) ZONES 2 3 4 5 SPEC IES YEARS: 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 Trout-perch 3 3 Bluegill 5 16 Pumpkinseed ll Smal lmouth bass Black crappie l Johnny darter 4 2 2 Perch - A 51 TOTALS 314 91 65 622 521 135 3,983 640 47 l ,233 A = Adults Y = Young-of-the-year and yearlings 0 I -'=" N
- Table D-14A Total number of fish collected by trawling for 1972-1973 HEATED DISCHARGE NON-HEATED DISCHARGE ZONES: 2 3 4 2 3 4 SPECIES Alewife - A 717 279 2,003 288 134 150 63 200
- y 13 20 13 6 2 80 89 19 Steel head 2 Brown trout Bloater 2 11 10 2 Coho salmon 2 Smelt - A 40 11 47 42 11 3 123 62 97
- y 3 2 6 443 335 546 109
- Longnose sucker White sucker Spottail shiner 4 262 8
59 99 28 5 154 5 2 122 2 70 4 Trou-::-pe rch 7 6 3 3 Northern pike .2 2 2 Perch - A 2 532 92 86 39 139 19 38
- y 4 109 17 11 Channel catfish Johnny darter 2 Carp 2 4 Slimy sculpin 2 2 TOTALS 786 1 '134 2,233 535 769 1 'l 0 3 927 557
- A= Adult Y = Young-of-the-year and yearlings D-36
- Table D-15A Total number of fish co 11 ected by perpendicular trawling hauls for 1972-1973 HEATED DISCHARGE NON-HEATED DISCHARGE ZONES: .l 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 SPEC I ES Alewife - A 94 140 l ,562 193 138 191 646
- y 11 10 17 Bloater 2 Smelt - A 17 13 9 24 5
- y 2 5 Longnose sucker 4 Spot tail shiner 3 5 18 15 9 14 92
- Perch - A Trout-perch Carp 63 22 222 18 13 6 18 3
Johnny darter 2 Slimy sculpin TOTALS 180 186 l '813 263 164 227 776 5 A= Adult Y = Young-of-the-year and yearlings D-37
TABLE D-16A
'l'ot&l number of tiah collected fJ'Clll the tr&Yeling 1creenm &t the Pal.11a4e1 Nuclear Power Pl&nt *
- !!J:!ecieEJ Marine 111111pro:r Gizzard *had
.Alewife Mul.t YOWl8 ll2~t:Jl.-7llt:Jl.
(14,o49) 7lll'J1.-12{11l.t:Jl. 1.6,190 41,290 4 12t1J.l'J].-6l29ln 281,882 175 1 2
~J'j0/73-10/25/73 22,713 1,100 3
Ci1co - - 3 Steelhead Coho llalmon 13
- - 5 Chinook !!&lmon l 2 '
1.6 10 3 Lake chub 18 - 3 Lake trout - 3 56 9 Lake whitefuh - - 8 20
!10W1d whitefilh - - ].
Brow tr011t - ]. Bloater 199 139 6 l.77 Smelt Adul.t 598 288 4,61.6 l,257 YOWl8 525 349 Borthern :pike - 2 3 l.3 Central mudldnnov - - 1 C&rp 14 3 Longno11e dace 3 - 2 Spott&U 11biner 3,955 19,717 21,095 2,130 ll1nr clmb - - 2 lforthern redhor11e - - 1 White nucker 5 1.69 189 32 Longno11e 1aclter 6i. 313 6o3 254 Channel catf111h 12 89 67 Yellow bullhead - ]. 1 Black bullhead 25 10 39 2
!!'mt-perch ~3 610 J.,IJ25 t)CY1 Barbot li6 136 287 44 lfine-spine 231 17 157 4 1ticltl.ebaclt
~ *cul.:pin 8,00, l,Ol.l l71,lli6 41
!lock bUll 1 l'bm,pldn1eed
- 2 Bluegill ]. ]. 3 Perch Adlll.t (6,305) 4,718 10,676 l.34 YOWl8 593 357 5,674 JobmQ' darter 10 l 13 Sp.,', r1D *biller
- 1
- Bucker (undefined)
Log perch Total 45 34,368 85,376 499,311 34,877 l}}