Text

Forwards 20 Copies of the References Requested in NRC Question 323.58(2A.94): the Deming Axis, Southeastern Az, Nm, and Trans-Pecos, Tx, and the Texas Lineament and Its Economic Significance in Southeast Az
	ML18192B288
Person / Time
Site:	Palo Verde
Issue date:	08/22/1975
From:	Van Brunt E; Arizona Public Law Advocates
To:	Parr O; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	Download: ML18192B288 (62)
	v • d • e

's J i

IIIERC DISTRIBUTION FOR PART 50 DOCKET MA IAL (TEMPORARY FORM)

CONTROL NO:

FILE FROM. Arizona Public Service C ~ DATE OF DOC DATE REC'D LTR) TWX RPT OTHE R Phoenix, Ariz.

Edwin E Van u TO: ORIG CC OTHER SENTNRC PDR Olan D. Parr ,1 Signed SENT LOCAL PDR CLASS UNCLASS PROPINFO INPUT NO CYS REC'D DOCKET NO:

XXX 0-528 529/530 DESCRIPTION: ENCLOSURES:

Submitting references which were requeste by NRC.. ~

1-Ref. $k 90,Turner,G,L.,1962,The Deming Ax sy Southeastern Ariz.,New Mexico,6 Trans Peco p Tex 2-Ref. 8 97~Wertz,J.B ~ ,1970, The Texas Lin ament & its Economic Significance in South east Ariz. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .W/Maps & Diagx. ~ .. ~ ~

PLANT NAME.',Palo P l Verde 1-4 FOR ACTION/INFORMATION VCR 8-29>>75 BUTLER (L) SCHWENCER (L) ZIEMANN (L) ~REGAN (E)

W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/( Copies CLARK (L) STOLZ {L) DICKER (E) LEAR (L)

W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies PARR (L} VASSALLO (L) KNIGHTON (E) SPIES W/%Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies KNIEL {L) PURPLE (L) YOUNGBLOOD (E) LPM W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ Copies W/ opuses INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION I TECH REVIEW DENTON LIC ASST A/T IND ~

SCHROEDER GRIMES R. DIGGS (L) B RA ITMAN

/OGC, ROOM P-506A MACCARY C~AMMILL H. GEARIN (L) SALTZMAN

~~~ GOSSI CK/STAF F CASE C GIAMBUSSO (

TL W,

KNIGHT PAWLICKI SHAO KASTNER BALLARD SPANGLER E. GOULBOURNE (L)

P. KREUTZER (E)

J. LEE {L)

MELTZ PLANS BOYD STELLO M.RU3HBROOK(L) m MCDONALD MOORE (L) HOUSTON ENVI RO S. REED(E) CHAPMAN

/DEYOUNG {L) l f4, NOVAK ~MULLER CT+ M. SERVICE (L) DUBE (Ltr)

SKOVHOLT {L) ROSS DICKER S. SHEPPARD (L) E. COUPE GOLLER (L) (Ltr) IPPOLITO KNI6HTON M. SLATER {E) PETERSON

~ P. COLLINS DENISE TEDESCO J,COLLINS YOUNGBLOOD H. SMITH (L)

REGAN S. TEETS (L)

HA RT F I E LD (2)

KLECKER REG OPR LAINAS PROJECT LDR G. WILLIAMS(F) EISENHUT

+FILE 8 REGION {2) BENAROYA V. WILSON (L) WIGG INTON MIPC VOLLMER HAR LESS R. INGRAM {L)

M. DUNCAN E TERNAL DISTRIBUTION

~1 LOCAL PDR

~1 TIC (ABERNATHY) (1)(2){10) NA IONAL LABS~~4 %) 1 PDR-SAN/LA/NY NSIC (BUCHANAN) W. PENNINGTON, Rrn E-201 GT ~1 BROOKHAVEN NAT LAB

~1 1 ASLB 1

CONSULTANTS 1 G. ULRIKSON ORNL 1 Newton h,nderson NEWMARK/B LUME/AGBA BI AN ADRS HL LDING/SENT

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P h KFEJMM(Q RES -

P. O. BOX 2I666 P

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NIX, ARIZ O

NAt~36 August 22, 1975 ANPP-2913 6'.

S g FPPgp Mr. Olan D. Parr, Chief Light Water Reactors Project Branch 1-3 (

Division of Reactor Licensing U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (

Washington, D. C. 20555 ~t, Re: Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1, 2 and 3 Docket Nos. STN 50-528/529/530

Dear Mr. Parr:

Submitted herewith you will find twenty (20) copies of the following references which were requested in NRC Question 323.58 (2A.94):

Reference 90; Turner, G. L., 1962, The Deming Axis, Southeastern Arizona, New Mexico,~and Trans-Pecos, Texas..

2. Reference 97; Wertz, J. B., 1970, The Texas Lineament and its Economic Significance in South-east Arizona.

Very truly yours, '

0 Edwin E. Van Brunt, Jr.

APS Vice President, Nuclear Services ANPP Project Director EEVBJr/JlfA/pk cc: Ms. Barbara E. Fisher, Esq.

Mr. Carmine F. Cardamone, Jr.

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The Pure Oil Company, Houston, Texas actonic element As indicated on Figure I, the Deming axis seems to n to Trans-Pecos Texas. consist o f a c h ain o iye I asser t ff toi fot ~

h Y The trend of this axis is partially expressed by a choin of Horn, ori a, urro, o >a hih Yon Horn u lift in western individvality of these vptifts is only raaat>va Qatlath ovcch' aar,h a

~

Taxos, the Florido ori o an and Burro u r vplifts in southwestern New 'eems to hove become I occ IIy p

~ i o ond the Groham ond, Florence uplifts in south-, more intervalss of o gecolo g ic time. 'Strvctvral and strati-

'f The Demin axis seems to h ave b aan an escrip i grao h ic descriptions have been published for the Yan Horn, and its presence hos had Florida' and Burro uplifts {see bibliography).'ha features o signifiront f e ffec I on the subsequent sedimentary on d here<n're h erra d t o ds 'he e Graham ond Florence v~tifts ore strvcturat patterns tterns of o this is area. These features are illus.- previously undescribe d b oleo eo rophic mops of the Pa P I eozoic on d Th e Graham ro am uplift centers around the Precaniiorian gl olo ic ma s off outcrop patterns tt d a-. 'oss o thee Pinalano ina a.n Mountoins ond is noined forr Mt..

'dvrin intervals of motor tectonisin ond erosion. Graham, G h t h a h <g h es t peox o'- in h o 5 fiotloal

~ The general north-south s i e, o ertiari ry structures oand uplift up i an and. . erosion, er occurred in the area of this element to o ra hic features ' in this region ore da- during the l,ate Juro'ss<c = eva an on o e d to o a no northwest-southeast - trend across t h e D eming to t aar Iy Tertiary er ia "Loramide" orogenies. The effect of t 'asis for the concept of the Texas . Nevadan deformation has been mapped in the Dos Cc be- e-ral continuations of the Den<ing axis h e-- ~ zas an d norar'harn am Chiricohvo ii Mountains where Cretaceous yond the area of <nvestigat on ore op too p I tio o . "

d t o oddP I ox'oi ok dloolly

'l I p An onolysis of the'reg onal structure and ~ i> stra fig ra p h y on Precambrian granite on sc is . an Arixona and New Mexico, western Texos and erosion during Laramide time >s evidence y e p r ond Chihuahua, Mexico, as revea e e o f Lo t e ..Cretaceousr and'ertiary volcanics resting uncon-o or linear tectonic element which >s here f fornio y onn Mesozoic esoz i, Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks e,

termedd the Ii D eming axis. x s. fhis featvre con b ba trace d from <n.. IIh e D osa C bezas eza, Pinalcnoi Sonta Taraso, Tvrnbull ond i f the town of Florence in sovth-centrol Arizona Mescal Mountains.

f Yan Horn in Trons-Pecos Texas, an as N evo don on ond on l.aramide movement on the Florence up-min New Mexico,.which h h is near Ith e I ft can b e in t erpra li prated fran> field woik in the ranges to thc area of investigotion. The Darning axis east an d sov th o fth e ci t fFIo Aio o 'N oda n initioll devefoped during Mississippian M .Iectonism is is racor e by the occvrrcnra of Cretaceous sadi-i recorded time ond its presence has hhod a si g nificont affect ff on th the ments an d vo I conies c unconformably unc overlying Paleozoic and r I otterns o'f the late Paleozoic, Precoinoaan b oe d s in th e Black b ac, Sanlo Cotalino, s>Yaterman d Y ' M t' B d pl ft and erosion of l.ara-The evolution of the Darning oxis ro'n bast be o b serve d mi d e oga,. <s eviidence d in th 5 io.o o,o dth Tor-var',

p o <<p through the construct<on o f paateo o

eog colo giic and palaotec-strati g ra hic se uence.

are eneralixed summories

~

tilla, Block, Torlolita, urson, i Reeff MountainsM suite rests on o ar roc w h ere the Crafacaovs-Tertiary volcanic s o vari s d orth-re re ared for the most port, rock outcrops are rare*in th e from a detoiled survey of published and unpublished litara- 't wes't of F-lorencc orencc,'n 'and thee w I th t western limit of this uplift con-

-'n examination of available well not be delerminad.

g o een" corn p iled from ie 5 epara t ion b e I ween the Florencc ond Graham vpaia s, observotions. 'For reference purposes, r 'oses the trend of the and between I a ra >am an Deming axis is indicated by o dashed lin ine ((D A) extend-. ~

'h contertvre. . ' a proo f'<s hidden i beneath .the piles of Ter-ing across each map. A comp e e docvmentotion of the m late liory volconics farming in .thee Goliuro

. o iu and Paloncitlo Moun-control doto used in ossem several hundred references.

has been se I ecte semblin ing these maps would cover The a pp ended bi iograp y T

t d t o sv bstantiata only the structural cia-I, toins. Parha grophira h ar aps thcc best sa ves, wi'th th a volcanic IIy ond vo 0 on sstrurturally es cevidence rur ura i

lower is the mountains them-rocks in these ranges being than the in to Precambrian op o-on ments catical to the theine o f this short nota.

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]At. Graham.

"Figure l illustrates lhe regional trend off the h

".. Demin g 'Evidence E d forr o Precambrian recam expression of the Den <in g oxis is inconc us<ve. zon - a ax>s -c I A izona to Trans-Pecos Texas. T as. An a ion of >s axis to thc est of the mop a q area ea has a not combrian structures zona is s ill imperfectly k v s ua d ua to the walter of Precambrian exposures are Polaozoic Mesozoic and Cenozoic struc tural ura ave events of tna vam>ng axis is no un e western Taxos ond northern Mexico. Even oalon ong thee known . by a signi,ican t b asaament structural clement.

trend of the axis tl<c con<plate understanding i of its g aologic Figurc 2 d apirtst th e genera ral paleogeology of eorly history owcits the results of additionol field work. Paleozoic tiine. Th This region oppeo rss to have been a part

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fh o ORD FIGURE c GAMB.
. PRE "LATE DEVONIAN !I.',I,gal
",i)4: 'RECAMB PALEOGEOLOGY
I 1
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' 1e southwestern extension of the Centrcl Stnbte region southeastern Arizo'nc cf southwestern New h'mexico, the r !he North.An!ericon continent. The Defiance-Zuni and no'rthwest-trending Pec!recdso basin began to focnl, or d
..1 positive crc.'ns mny hcve been p'resent os local the c.'ign:reritto. its northeastern nlnrgin provides cn e.-..
nrps on this ptatfoinl, but this is by no nleons certain. p~ession of he tcctontc devetoplllent of lhe De:llillg oxis Cnnlbrinn deposits ore thin or obsent'ver most of (Figure 4). The ef'ect of this nxis on sedimentation is
- = .'h rn New Mexico and western Texas. However, they revecled by the thick, mnssively-beclded deposits of Eorly
%sicken to the southwest across Arizona and Sonoro to- h(ississippian limestone found in th>> Pedregoso basin which
=rds the Paleozoic Sonoron geosynclire, ond to the north- contrast with the thinner, somewhot more clastic, occa-
t toward the Cordilleran geosyncline. <<nmbrian beds sionally reef-bearing units found to the north and nortll-so thicken to the southeast across Texos into a seowcy ecst of the oxis. In sovth-central Nevi hlexico, Kinderhook
-cssib!y coincident with that of the late Paleozoic Oucchita ond'Osage rocks ore present in the Son Andres nnd Sacra-g>>osynctine. Due to prelate Devonian erosion, the record mento hfovntoins, but have not been identified in cf Eorly Ordovician sedimentation is obscure over the north- hhountcins ond Sierro Diablo outcrop areas of Trons-the'ueco err! ond western parts of the mop area, but strata of this Pecos Texas. This absence is ottributed to the initial ap-
,age cre present across southern New h(exico and Texas, pearance of the Ycn Horn uplift on the Demincj axis. This and thicken southeastward to the site of the Cambrian uplift was evidently not active in Lote h(ississippion tin:e', as
-csin. Chester rocks ore present in the ovtcrops of both Texas nnd The history of later Ordovician, Silurian and Early New Mexico.
D>>vonion sedimentation is likewise unknown through much The second important cycle of uplift ond erosion fo of southern Arizona and northern Sonoro, although beds affect this region occur'red prior to Pennsylvanicn deposi-r presenting ports of these time intervols are present in tion. Pre-Pennsylvanian paleogeologic mapping (not il-central and southern Sonora along the frend of the Sonoran lustrated) suggests thot over much of Arizona ond New g . osyncline. Me'xico this rnovernent was largely epeirogenic in noture.
- Another depositional feature of this period is the To- The Defiance-Zuni cnd Pedernol lcndmasses werc devel-bosa bcsin, which wos centered around the present site of oped ct this time. A local, short-lived uplift occurred in the Central Basin'platform of West Texas and southeastern the vicinity. of the Caballo Mountains in south-central New
?.' h'mexico. The Tobosa basin seems to have been a Mexico; and in southeasfern New. Mexico and W'est Texas p.rsistent structural and depositional sag from Middle the Pecos uplift, the foundation of the Central Basin plot-Qrdovicion through Devonian time. form, also oppeored. The tectonic behaviour of most of Gaps in the fossil record suggest that during several Trans-Pecos Texas during this time interval is unknown due periods in the early Paleozoic this rec ion was subjected to to the widespread effects of the succeeding pre-Permicn epelrogenic upwarping, resulting in non-deposition of sedi- erosion period. The Deming axis docs not seem to hove r>>ents and mild erosion. The first strong cycle of uplift played an important role during this interval of structural arid erosion occurred in Late Devonian time when the pre- movement.
]Acrlin, pre-Percha, pre-Woodford and pre-Chattonooga At the beginning of Pennsylvanian sedimentotion,
. vrconformity was developed throughout the southern Unit- numerous structural chonges occurred in New Mexico and ed States. During this time the brood Tlcnscontinenlcl arch western Texas, resulting in the development of the paleo-wos raised across northern New. Mexico and central Ari- cjeogrcphic elements illustroted on Figure d. During this zona, cnd early Poleozoic beds were eroded off this arch time the Deming axis begon to ossume a more significant tn the approximate limits shown on Figure 3. Southwest- effect on the structural and sedimentnry patterns of this ern Arizona wos broadly upwarped ("Mnzofzal land") region. The Pennsylvanian record is obscure in the moun-ond post-Cambrian strata were stripped bock to the vicinity. tain ronges of Trons-Pecos Texas, bvt the limited omount of the Ariz'ona-New Mexico boundary. Over most of cen- of dato now avciloble suggest that the Yan Horn uplift truf nnd southeastern Arizona Late Devonian beds rest on (Diablo platform) moy hove been nlildly positive and pro-late Cnmbrion, with only a slightly discordant contoct rep- vided a separation between the Delaware and Mnrfa resenting Ibis extensive period of erosion. There is no basins. To the northwest there is good evidence from definite evidence from lithofacies, thickness and structurol thickness and lithofacies dcla,that the Florida uplift s!vdies in this region that a significant tectonic element was (Florido islands) wos developed on the trend of the Dem-present along the trend of the Deming axis during early ing axis in ond around Luna County, New h(exico. The Paleozoic lime. trend of the Deming oxis again seems to hove provided a Although seporoted from the older rocks by a major flexure controlling a xone of regional fncies change for vrlconforn!ity, the tectonic patterns of the Late Devonion Pennsylvonion sedimentation in southeastern Arizona and g all era lly reflect those of earlier Paleozoic. A limestone southvrestern New Mexico. Thick vnits of relatively clastic-facies thickens to fhe southwest across southern Arizona free ccrbonotes accumulated in the Pedregosa bosin in ir to the Sonoran geosyncline in northwestern Sonora. The contrast to the much more clastic sections deposited in the dork shale focies of southern New h'.exico and western Central New Mexico bosins, ond on the flanks of the De-Teins thirkens into a sag over-lying the eorlier Tobosa fiance-Zuni landmass. The retotively slable Derning axis b i.in. Again there is no stratigraphic o: s'.ructurol evidence provided a fovornble environment for tate Pennsylvanian of the Denling axis having been prese;..'uring this time reef development a'long the 'northeastern margin of fhe in f er vol Pedregosa bosin in New Mexico.
Although the record of Mississip~n deposition hos The third signilicont pulse of Paleozoic orogenic move-been obscured over much of this ore= by pre-Pennsyl- ment in this region occurred prior lo, or early in, Permian vnnion epeirogenic upwarp and erosic-. ~ enough evidence time. The result of this feclonisnl is illustrated on fhe polco-renloins to indicate that a significant c ange occurred in geologic mop of Figurc 5. Through southeostcrn Arizona, the regional tectonic fromework dvrir. ~ this Period. In most of southwestern Nevr Mexico, ond in the depositionol
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4 oF southeqstern New Mexico .and stern Texds, ico. A significant tecto" shift Qccurr<<d dvriilg l,le Upp<<r
- ik titltf.'vidence for a break in sedimentation between Cretcceous, and rocks is age were prl Lvbty d<<pa 'bi,el
<<<'~nsyjvanian and Pe;mien times. However, thc comptex only in the Rocky Mouo ain basin encroaching frooi t i<<
~r<<'.eric eleaients of thc Oucchita structural'ett reached north. The 4w ct'<<pcsits of very late Cr<<tcc<<cvs <<,<<Fuvod
-.<<.'r cvlminction at this time, and subsidiary deformation is t th sovth oF the D<<oiinc axis in Ariizooc aad ncr!Ii<<in recorded on the positive structurat features to the north- , Sonora {Figure 8) moy bi. attributed to Iccct poet <<ts o west of this trend. At the southeastern end of the Dem- debris resulting from ecrty t.oramidc: moveaicnts.
ing axis, the area of the Ycn Horn uplift was upwarpe Marine sedimentohon" witliin the orco of investigation crd deeply eroded, with atl pre-Permian sediments being was terminated by the widespreod deforraotion of the lcra-
'.ripped ofF its crest. To the northwest. the deformation mide orogeny. The history of this oror'eny is quite coos-
~cs tess severe in the area of the Florida uplift. AI{ Penn- plex ond it seems to hove developed in several stages ex-sytvcnicn strata were removed in the vicinity of the Florida tending from Lcfe Cretaceous into early Terticry time. A Mountains, and beds of Yirgit age are ritissing over a some- detailed discussion of this progression of events is beyond what brooder region. Similarly, the Pecos uplift wos re- fhe scope of this paper, ond reference is mode here only to Ivvenoted cnd deeply eroded; however, this tectonism is the cartiest moveaient. The result of this period oF uptil't significantly recorded on the Pedernal landmass only and erosion is summarized on the paleogeotogic map o oround its southern margin. Figure 8, the title of which may be som<<what aiistecding.
During Permian time the region of the Ycn Horn up- ln southeastern Arizona and part of southwestern New lift provided a stable environment {Diablo platform) for Mexico this "pre-Tertiary" mop is drawn ct the base of thc extensive, reef devetopment, as did the Pecos vp)ift (Cen- . volcanic section, part of which is considered to be late tral Basin platform) to the east. To the w'est the "flexure Cretaceous in age. In Trans-Pecos Texas ond some areas along the trend of the Deming axis continved to provide in New Mexico, where the volcanics are thouglit to b<<en-r gional environmental control. for Early Permian sedimen-rcglon tirely Tertiary in age, this niop more nearly reflects a true tation. The Pedregosa basin on Ihe south continued I pre-Tertiary picture.
sink cnd receive predominately carbonate deposition, ~
As shown on Figure S, the earliest expression of l.ora-ogoin accompanied by reefing'n southwestern New Mex- mide movemenf consisted of the rejuvenction and re-erasion ico. To the north,!he Early Permian is largely represented of the tectonic features associated with Deming oxis. Up-by an extensive clastic redbed shelf facies.'he record of warping appears to hove been more or less regional in fhc late Permian is obscured by fhe effects of extensive nature and preceded the extensive folding, faulting, vol-post-Paleozoic erosion. However, there is a similarity e- canism and intrusive igneous activity that ore usually con-tween late Permion strata preserved on either side of t e sidered to be chorocteristic of I.aramide time. tn Trans-axis, i'uggesting that this feature was not a particularly sig- Pecos Texas, a subsidiary fold was developed in fhe vicin-nificant tectonic element during this time. ity of the Chinoti Mountains south of the main trend of the The regional paleogeography of Mesozoic time (Fig- Horn uplift. In addition, there is good evidence that
'an ure 6) is much simpler thon that of the late Paleozoic. The a long, possibly boomerang-shaped, trend was developed chcrccter of the Deming axis was generally positive through to the north of the Deming axis in southwestern New Mex-this period, and it appears to have acted as an intermittent ico. This feature, here termed the Hillsboro uplift, con be barrier (Mogollon highlands) between depositional basins traced through the Lemitcr, Magdaleno, Son Mateo, Cu-to the north and south. Sediments of Triassic and jurassic c h i It oi Block a and hhimbres ranges where the Creloceous is ogd are found on either side of this structural trend. How- absent and Tertiary racks rest on Pofeozoic beds loca IIy as ever, the present limits of their occurrence ore due to pre- old as Ordovician. The southeast-trending orm oF this up-Cretaceous uplift and erosion, and consequently there is I ft q "e conjecfurol but has been postutotedin order to sonic question as to whether or nof these widely-separated tie in areas of pre-Tertiary erosion in the southern Ca bollo o o, rock vnits were once connected over the Deming axis. Robledo, Tonvco, Dona Ana ond (possibly) Organ Moun-The regionol effects of the Nevadan orogeny is de- tains.
picted on the paleogeologic map of Figure 7. In contrast A sfudy of structures known to have been primcri r rily to the late Paleozoic tectonic events, which were more 'eveloped during the Laromide orogenic period has in-severe along the eastern part of the Deming oxis, the Ne- dicoted th'at the persistent Deming axis hcd a significant '
vodan movements were more strongly expresse fowar effect on the strike trends of these elements. Similarly, fhe west; and the Florence, Graham and Bvrro uptifts were axis was also ins'trumentat in determining the 'his developed at this time. In each of these areas the Paleo- of the Basin ond Range structures developeddeflect- dur-strike'irections zoic rock column was removed, exposing sizeable terrains ing the late Tertiary Coscadian orogeny. Figure 9'is a plot of Precambrian. To the east, this upwarping resulted in of the strikes of mojor Lcraiaide ond Cascadian structures the erosion of only the post-V/otfcamp Permian section, present in the crea of investigation. Y/ith supplementary olthovgh Precambrian rocks were re-exposed in a small reference to Ihe recently-published tectonic aiops of thc cree on the crest of the Yan Horn uplift. Just'to the south United States and Mexico, it can be seen that the domi<<
of the Deming axis, a sharp uplift in the vicinity of the nant strvctvral groin of this region is north to north. north-Mute Moyntairis was also eroded to the Precambrian. west. However, across fhe Deming axis this grain is
'stThe regional control of deposition and structure y the Deming axis was.wett-expressed during the Cretaceous.
D uflilg aios of l.ower Cretaceous time, sedimentation was confined to Ihe Mexican geosyncline lying immediate I y too sharp/y deflected to a west-northwest trend. This ionn is also obvious on an examination of the present topo-graphic'rends ond is the basis for the concept of the Texas lineament (sec bibliography) . An analysis of tinco-the south of the axis. Only during Washita time were ap- ment recognition cnd lineament tectonics. is also beyond preciable amounts of sediment deposited over the eastern the scope of this poper. However, it is thought that the end of the axis in Y/est Texas and southeastern'ew Mex- structural ond topographic strike deviations atong the.Tcx-
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FtGVRK 9 LARAMlDE AND GASGAD I AN STRUGTURAL .TRENDS 4
I r'4EW MEXICO 'GEOLOG L SOClETY THI RTE ANTH EL D CONF ER ENCE 71
/~'css lineament ore more likely due to refraction effects across the ancient Deming axis thon to some form of regional sheor or wrench-foult tectonics.
Lateral conlinuolions, if any, of the Deming axis be-Schwarlz, ll. J. ~ 1954, Oetoiled gcologicol reconnaissance of lhe central Torglla Mountains, Pincl Covnly, Arizonas M. S. thesis, Vnsv. Ari-xona, 82 pp.
Short, M. Nss Galbrailh, F. Wss Harshmon,'E. H. ~ Kvhn,.T. H., ond Wil son E. Dss 1943, Geology ond ore deposits of the Superior Min-yond the area of lhe present sludy are open to question. ing area, Arhonos Arizono Bvr. Mines Bull. 1$ 1 ~ 1S9 pp.
However, if lhe definilion of the Texos lineament is of sig- Wilson, E. D., and Moore R. Tss 19S9 ~ Geologic mop ot Pinal County, Arizonas Arizona Bvr. Mines, Tucson, Arszona.
nificonce it might extend to the west through Ihe Trans- Wihons E D s Moore, R. T., ond O'Hoite, R. Tss 1960, Geologic map of verse ranges of southwestern Arizona ond southern Pima ond Santa Cruz Counhes, Arhonos Arizona Bvr Mines, Tvc California. To tbe east, cogent arguments could be mode son, Arszona.
for extending it: (1) along !he trends of the Fort Stockton GRAHAM UPLIFf high, Yates-Todd (Ozona, Pecos) orch, Llano uplift and Bromhcld, C. Sss and Shride, A. Fsi 1956, M'snerol resources of lhe Son Carlos Indion Reservation, Arhonas V. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1027-H, Son Marcos arch; (2) along tbe trend of the Ouachito Plate 52.
structurol belt arid Devils River uplift; (3) post lhe Mara- Cooper, J. Rsi 19dO, Reconnaissance map of Ihe Willcox, Fisher Hilb, thon uplift to lhe Burro uplift and Tamaulipas peninsula of Cochise, ond Dos Cobexas quadrangles, Cochise and Gtohom Coun-Mexico; or (d) southward along the axis of the Coahuila lies, Arizonas U. S. Geoi. Survey Minerol Invcs., Field Studies Mop MF-231.
peninsula. It moy olso be speculated that unstable east- Sobins, F. F., Jrss 19$ 7a, Stroligrophic relations in Chirscahua and Dos ward branchings of the Deming axis may have successively . Cobezas Mountains, Arixonas Am. Assoc. Pclrolevm Geologists established each of these !rends during different intervals Bull., v. 41 ~ p. 46d-$ 10.
of geologic time. .., 19S7b, Geology of the Cochhe Heod and western park of lhe Yanar quadrangles, Atizonai Geol. Soc. Amcrico Bull., v. 68 ~
~~p. 1315-1342.~~
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY WHson, E. Dsi ond Moore, R. T., 19SB, Geologic mop of Grohom and BURRO UPLIFf- Grccnlee Counties, Arizonas Arizona Bureau ol Msnes, Tucson, Elslon, W. E., 1958, Burro vptifl, norlheaslern limit of sedimentary Arizona.
bostn of southwestern New Mexico and soulheaslcrn Arixonas- TEXAS LINEAMENT Arn. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 42, p. 2513 2517 Hill, R. T., 1928, Tronsconlinenlol slruclvtal digression (abs.l t Geol.
Soc. America Bull.~ v. 39, p. 26$ .
FLORIDA UPLIFT Kelley, Y. C., 195$ , Regsonal leclonics of lhc Colorado Plateau and re- ~
Konlowski, F. E., 19SB, Pennsylvanian ond Permian roc'ks near Ihe laic ~
lolionshsp lo lhe origin and dhltibulion of vroniums Univ. New Paleozoic Florsda istonds, p. 79-87, in Guidebook of lhe Holchet Mexico Pvbl. in Geology, No. 5, p. 5&.63.
Movnlains ond Coo'ks Range. Florida Mountain areas, Gtanl, Hi- Mayo, E. B., 1958, ltneoment lectonics and some ore dsslricls of the dalgo ond lvna Counties, soulhweslern New Mexicos Roswell Geo- Sovlhwesli Minsng Engineering, Nov. 1958, p. 1169 1175.
logical Society. Moody, J. D. ~ and Hill, M. J. ~ '1956,.Wrench.fault lectonicss Geol. Soc.
19do,. Summary of Pennsylvanian sections in south America Bvllss v. 67, p, 1207-1246.
western New Mexico and sovlheaslern Arsxonos N. Mcx. Bur. Osterwotd; F. W., 1961, Critical review of some leclanic problems in Mines and Min. Rcs. Bull. 66, 187 pp. Cordslleran Foreland: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologhls Bull., v. 45,
~~p. 219-237.~~
FLORENCE UPLIFT Ronsome, F. k.s 1915, The Terliory orogeny ol the North Americon Cor-Bromheld, C. S., 19SO, Geology of Ihe Movdsna seine, northern Santa dillera ond ils problems, p. 2lf7-376 In Problems of Americon geo-Colalina Movnlains, Pinal County, Arixonas M. S. Ihesis, Univ. logys Yale Unsv. Press, Hew Hoven, Conn.
Arizona, d3 pp. s VAN HORN UPLIFT Corpenler, R.'. ~ 1947, The geology find ore cfeposils of Ihe Yekol Boker, C. k., 1934, Moior slrvclural features of Trans. Pecos Texas, Mounloins, Psnal Covnly, Arizonai Ph.D. disserlolion, Stanford ~
p, 182-185, in The geology of Texas, vol. Ili Univ. Texas Bull.
Univ. 111 pp. 3401 Hillebrond, J. R., 1953, Geology ond ore deposils in Ihc vicinity of Pvl- King, P. B., 1942, Permian of West Texas and soulheoslern New Mex nom Wash, Pinot Counly, Arixonoi M. S. thesis, Univ. Arizona, icos Am. Assoc. Pelrolevm Geologists Bvll., v. 26, p. 53$ -763.
~ and Flown, P. T., I 953, Geology onsf mineral deposils McClymonds, H. E., 1957, Thc slraligrophy and structure af Ihe south- of Pre-Combrian rocks ot Ihe Yon Horn oreo, Texoss Unsv. Texas ern portion ot lhe Walermon Mountains, Psma Covnly, Arizonas Publ. 5301, p. 111-112, '132-133, Plate 19.
M.S. thesis, Univ. Arizono, 157 pp.
s ~
4 r
z>ro~~p<c r>c.>logy v<>>. <>$ , >p>0, pp. ><>i>->s>
TI!e Texas Lineament <<nfl, Its Eco>>ot>>ic Sigrtific nce in Southeast Arizona JhcQU>:s B. W>>RTz Abstract 1 With'ln b foad structural fran>e>vork construed in southeast Arizona, attempt is herc made to: (1) give further evidence on the location a>>d relative movements off thee roughly parallel components to the Texas lincai>>ent, (2) analyze thc structura setting of the major fracture centers, mainly the mi>>cralized ones that occur inside or out of the lineainent belt, and to (3) bring out thc apparent cconon>ic significance of t!iis i>>iporta>>t structural belt.
In this area, the componc>>ts or stra<>ds of <lie Texas lineament appear to have been broken, thereby following slightly differing dircctio>>s (SSOE to S75E in the eastward direction) suggesting a mild, irregular bc>>d davit!>in the xvhole belt, xvith a slight con-t t th o th ast Those places tv!>crc >hc su<<c<<ssivc changes in'irection occur, generally coincide with intersections of tlic>>orth->>orthwcstern fractures, a t oug some>>or>lieastcrn ones also join these sai>>c cc>>ters.
Recurring movements, remotely co>>>>cc>nl ivith the iXfurray transcurrc>>t deep-seated
'fracture a>>d the San Andreas fault coi>>plex, c;>>isi>>g i>>creased torsio>>al tangential ef-f cts, must son>eho>v have affected the co<npo>>e>>ts of the fexas lincamcnt as a whole, exerting a structural impact on all fracture cciitcrs tliat exist within its confines in southeast Arizona. Seemingly, this i>>fl>>c>>cc co>>hi have bcc>> n>>ich more intense along the convex or southern fri>>ge of thc li>>ca>>icnt tlirough accrue<1,ta>>gentiat tc>>-
sio>>nl st>'esses i>>hcrcnt to the i>>cipic>>t drifti>>g of Baja Califor>>ia.
Altliough thc north-northwestcrii and, prul>:il>ly to a greater cxtc>>t, the northeastern
- sets of fractures generally are acccplcil as propitio>>s >o nr partly rcspo>>sible for min-eralization, it is postulated herc that thc Texas li>>ca>>ic>>t l>as increase<1 the potentialities for ore throughout the area by additional p<<rtiirhaiicc anil fracturing, sliglitly jarring loose, so to speak, some of the niajnr fracture i>>tcrsectio>>s, allnwi<ig for better ground preparation, as evidenced in Ajo, To>>ibsto>>e, Bisbee, a<id several other >>>ajor <ni>>ing centers. New mining districts, ccrtai>>ly co>ild bc uncovered some <by within this important structural belt.
Xntroduction c<>>>text, folio>> ing ass>>ptio>>s are co>>s>octal A I URGE nu>>>ber of local fracture arrangcme>>ts oc- ncccss:>ry .'I curri>>g i>> 'southeast Arizona have been previo>>sly ) Secondary 'fi>>>Its (Wertz, 1966a; 196%) ><c analyzed {'>Vertz, 1966a; 196Sa; 196Sb) and the oniitted in this regional study leaving o>>ly for c<>n:
importance of the orientation trends of elongated sideration the pri>>iary fractures or ancient breaks'nn batholiths has been emphasized in an effort to detect generally cnncca!ed; it is not the intent, ho>vevc<, R some of thc ancestral breaks in tl>e upper cartl>'s mii>imize the importaiice of these secondary faul>s'i:
crust, althi>ugh exceptions will arise (Krauskopf, later search f>>r ini>>cralization.
196$ ). Tlie co>>ju>>etio>> of fracture i>>lcrsections (2) Being r<<latively local features, all domal str<x.
tur<<s (Wcrtz, 19<>%, b) are temporarily set asiilc, zI;a:.>
a>>d do>>>cs was recog>>ized to be gerierally a uscf>i) xvi>hoot the i>>tent to mini>>>ize their economic in>por>an<<
g>>ide in>>>i>>eral exploration. These structural ar- at places (Wisscr, 19<'>0).
ran ><>eiits were expa>>ded, next, i>>to the regio>>al (3) U>>less tl>ey happen to fall alo>>g soi>>e di>>>ciisio>> through i>>terpolatio>> and extrapolation of all block-faii)ts nrc disregnriled as a ru1c. r.
remi<<<>.'rends, both k>>o>vn and ii>fer<'ed local structure trends oc- >>iatter ho<v large or important, as they usually a:.
curring within outcrop areas, aided by st>>dies of undecipherable and accompanied by chaotic effects.
aerial photographic mosaics to help bridge the gaps (4) The very lo>>g sinuous fault boundaries, sl><>>,>
within t)ic alluvial plains, and furtl>er s>>pported by on'>>iaps to occur aln>>gside chains of mnimtains.'>:,
scco>>d- a>><l ti>ird-order evidc>ice revealed by stra- niisleadi>>g anil arc also ilisregardcd bccaiise they <cp><
tigraphic a>>d gco>>iorpl>olo ic mea>>s. sei>t o>>ly "surface str>>c>>>res>> that follow I.aran>inc,.
I>> order to further consider the fu>>dame>>tal later trends, oftc>> wit!>out any rapport with the anci<-
breaks tliat cut through the upper crust, in a regional de<<pseated structure (FIunt, IN3, page 139).
166
I
,1
'I'III 'I'I!X~
\
I.IA'I:Ii>II¹I'INI) I'I'~ rcovtr>IIc @If (5) Q>rater>>ary a>>d Tertiary-Q>rrr>cr>>ary Iavas, as II:I< >ref'r 'G7 The various do)v>>throw sit>>atioiis sho>vn i>> Fig-iudica>CLI orl S>atc geol<)gicrrl 1>>:Lps, are >>Iso r>>>>i>>crl in iire I s>>ggest tliat several lo>> breaks I>ave bc<<n af-
~
this>>rrdy:r>>:Lssirrrihrtcrl, to:L ccr>;ri>> cx>cirt, tu:Llliiviu>>> fL:clcil l)y scissor >>>L)virlliclltid>bi)lay>>>g i> do)'vll'tbfo)v curer, oli olle side of a fr:u.> Lire, at oii<<place, tb<<>> a do>v>>-
Ala>>y lo>>g and iniportant fract>>r<<s, sonic eco- tbfoLv 0>> thc otlicr side soi>>e liu>>dred >>>iles away no>>iically rluitc i>>tcrcsti>>g and supported by striiigs or, si>>>ilarly, a horst structure i>> one area then a of >>u>>>cr'ous pi<<ces of cvide>>ce (>Ycrtz, 1966a), gradual rcvcrsal to a graben in another area aloiig
>ccrc revealed throu liout so>>tlicast Arirona (Fig.
the sa>>ie priniary fault. While Moody and XIill I). 1'ro>>> tl>c r<<lativcly large>>ui>>b<<r (>>iorc tlian (1956, p. 1214) suggested that such deep-seated ISO) of papers, theses, govcri>>>>c>>t reports com- hults>>iay be of tbe wrench tylrc, Goguel (1952, p.
pil<<d o>>to>>iaps at the scales of o>>e>>iile to the inch 62) found then> to be co>>>>>ion and added that this aud sire i>>iles to the i>>cli, aiialyzc<l a>>LI i>>tcrpreted, reversal of appare>>t dip-slip displacemc>>t occurs aud frun> added evidc>>ce fro>>i st;ite g<<ologic maps Lvhcrever a tra>>scurrciit movement cuts obliquely
L>>LI i>cfi'll pbotogralrblc>>ios>L'ics, lt 1s l>opcil tbiat thc i>>to existing fokls. This is exactly what happens resultii>g 1>>aps, altho>>gh certainly far front perfect, in southeast Arizoiia to a large niajority of tlie pri-i>>ay prcsciitly be a rcasoiiable attci>>pt at represc>>t-niary fractures that transect the anticlinorium, re-i>> soine of the major, deep-seated breaks tliat criss-
~
sulting i>> "incomplete" or "partial" horsts and graben, as shown in Figure 1. Later block faulti>>g,
~~cross southeast Arizona.~~
tilting, aiid differential erosion certainly complicated Xfuch remains to be do>>c, hoLvcvcr, to weed out these situations, maki>>g many structural problems
>hose relatively insig>>ifica>>t or local breaks from the diffic>>It to solve.
iruportant and regional o>>cs. To deter>nine and dc>u>e the weighiiig factors for tliat purpose and, Lineaments in addition, to introduce thc ti>>>e elc>>ient will be
>be>>ecessary tasks ahead. Caille>L~ (195S) certainly Ancestral structural elements of Ia'rge magnitude,
>r>a>lc a useful and iveII-doc>>>nc>>ted step in that the tccto>>ic lineaments (Kellcy, 1955, p. 58), in
~ I>rect>o>>. later years sin>ply referred to as lineainents, are Attention to tlicse fractures is now focused on charac!erizcd by a remarkable alignment of geologi-cal or topographical features, too precise to be ilivir oriciitatioii a>>d ii>>porta>>ce in le>>gtb, on their iirtcrscctioiis aiid relatioiisliips Lviti> each otlier, on fortuitous (Brock, 1957, p. 130). They can be ilrc roi>fig>>ratio>>s a>>d pat terns tliat tl>c> display, and compared with the geofracturcs or geosut.ures of also on some of their coiiicide>>ce with mi>>i>>g rcn-Haiis Cloos (1948) and their paths would coincide
>cfs. Tbl'cc>>lal>> sc'ts of ff Lctiifcs Lfc Lck>>o>vlcrlged (Brock, 1957, p. 130) with fracture zones or geo-a>>d coiilir>>>ed i>> tliis stu>ly:
logical barriers, Lvith straight stretches of rivers or elongated lakes, with rifts or volcanos, with a seismic idered (I) a north-north)custer>> group, assunicd to folio>v cpice>>ters (Richter and Gute>>berg, 1954) or thcrnial ihe KVasatch-Jerdmc orogc>>ic belt anil the overall trerrd sources.
,,> ar> Arizo>>a a>>ticli>>oriu>>>
part of tbe Cordilleran Eit)ier magnetic, gravity or geothermal anomalies
~~1) are Lcm>icli>>e (Sclu>>itt, 1959, Fig. 1), sce>>is to have may be e>>countered" at places along a lineament r cor>- ~~~
rdrr!nl ihc ge>>eral eric>>>:r>ior) of many chai>>s of moun-(Robert, )96S, p. 746-47) and also thick halite
~s no>v >.Lrrls lli Aflznlia, deposits, not necessarily related to sedimentary se-vcr, to (2) a>>or>bras>em group, broadly - ci>>pbasizcd by quences nor to diapiric domes, can occur along these ults in laird>vcbr (IM7, p. 499), sho)vs here a co>>vcrgence
u >tre northeast, occurring in western Ne>v 1>fexico; and deep fractures (Robert, 1968, p. 744). A possible case in point in southeast Arizona, ivithin gravity struc- (3) a west->>or>l>)vestcrn set, b<<having as a continu-
'~ i>giil>> ~,Lr> a>>d >cell.defined group of roughly parallel fractures,
. Iows, are soi>>e halite occurrences several thousands ort:Ll>CC r,.rrrt f)0 to SO miles wide as a whole, without any of feet in thick>>ess that seem to coincide with deep-
<<rrd of this iia><<re to tire i>or>i> >>or >o >bc south, as seated breaks, some possibly )vithi>> or north of the r"i>)nal. a5 k>>own ls ilssil'lllcil >o pertain to the Texas fracture system that composes the Texas lineament.
>>le, >)o hire:rr>rcr>t. SL>cb a )vide group of more or less parallel Of economic importance, ho>vcver, are magma occur-lly are .>>rrc>>rral" fca>ures should rc:illy be referred to as a rences in the form of elon ated intrusions or isolated
) I> (I clley, 1955, p. 5$ ). 1>> idilitior>, the strands of
~~ts. stocks ci>>placed along the li>>eament trend, with the~~
~~ris lineament deli>>i>ely appear to be broken (Fig. 2) sbo)vn probability of nietallic deposits in their vicinity.~~
LLhibi>irrg a slight cn>>cavi>y to >bc northeast (Eiur>>,
115 LfC Li>>eanients >vl>ich consist of a conspi<<nous group-I <<3. I'ig. 5, p. 135).
rcprc- iiig of in>porta>>t, parallel, primary bi'c:iks that cut
>>ide or >'I'I~ relative amount uf i>>fere>>ce 11>a> nccci>errrily r>>>cr- through the s>>rface of the earth's crust preferably IN'i i>> >br'> kind >)f re>dr.)rrrrt Lvork will unduuh>cdly leave l>>LCICI>>> ~
"r d ~r upc>> >o errors, ai >bees, nn accuu>>1 uf tire ra>her sbo>>lil Ii>: called a Ii>>ea>L>e>>t belt (Kciley, 1955, p.
r.h )cu>>cr uf dc>oiled pieces L)f ir>furrru>iun. 5S). Tliese I)cits are csseiitially straiJ>t for long
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THli TEXrlS Ll(VEtlhlE)VTrf/ID ITS ECOL>'Oil/IC SICIVIFIC;lXCE 169 distances, nicasured in h<<ndrcds and in some cases on the surface by an en echelon pattern (Moody thonsa>>ds of >>iilcs, witli a>> ali>>ost constaiit orie>>ta- a>>d Hill, 1956, p. 1215; Schmidt, 1956, p. 443; tion but ivi!hout pro>>iinciit curvature>>ornic>>tio>>goal the si>>>>ous Osterivald, 1961, p. 231), or be disco>>ti>>uous (I<clley, trc>>d of subscquc>>t surface str>>cture in 1955, p. 5S) for hundreds of miles, a>>d this latter the above ass>>>>iptio>> 4. 'Ii>>Ice(1, the relative rccti- pcc<<liarity probably is the best distinction between a li>>car cliaractcristic of liiieanic>>ts studied by Robert li>>eanie>>t and a fault (Brock, 1957, p. 131). Linea-i>> Europe, Cc>>tral America a>>d North Africa, and mcnts on the North American Continent should of by Brock (1956, 1957, 1959) in South Africa reflects course be just as old, deeply-rooted and active aii aplnrciit >>icchaiiic honioge>>city of the rocks at throughout a nuiiiber of tcctogenetic periods of the great depth, without >>iuch, if any, rapport with sur- earth's history as their European counterparts de-face struct>>re. Also, there does>>ot scei>> to bc'a>>y scribed by Cloos (1943).
correlation or coiIicidcnce in orientation betwce>> the deep-seated structure as i>>dicatcd here and tlie broad. The Texas Lineament. and Its Economic i tectonic trc>>ds or base>>ic>>t highs or lows shown on in Southeast Arizona 'ignificance regional structural inaps. I>>deed, Cloos maintained, Initiated in the northeastern Pacific Basin through I
and Ostcrwald (1961, p. 223) co>>curred, that gco- the iXfurray fracture zone (iife>>ard, 1955, p. 1166-i fractures can rctaiii their i>>dividuality even ivliere 67), a tra>>sciirrent move>>ient. (Moody and Hill, surrou>>dcd or e>>g>>lfcd i>>to younger geosyncli>>es 1956, p. 1217-21; Vacquier et al., 1961) extends a>>d that a<<active geofracture can even "underphss" castivard apparently as a large fracture belt into Ari-an active gcosy>>cliiie (Cloos, 1948, p. 99). EIills zona and New Mexico (Albritton and Smith, 1956, (1956, p. 339) called tlie effects of such structural p. 507 and 1 ig. 4, p. 511). This is the Texas linea-rejuvc>>ation "resurgciit," i>>iplyi>>g riot so much tlie >>ie>>t which is composed of a number of segments co>>ti>>uity of tectonic move>>ie>>ts over a perioil of i>>ferred from these studies and sliown on 1'igure 2.
ti>>ie as their rcappeara>>ce along old tre>>ds after a The prcpo>>dera>>ce of right-lateral slip along the period of quiesce>>ce a>>d stability. The straightness A>>dreas fault, resulti>>g in the relative displacement ai>>l co>>ti>>uity of >>iost deep-seated breaks, as opposed of the whole Northeast Pacific Basin with regard to to local fract>>rcs a>>d faidts, ivould thus not tolerate the co>>tinent (Hill, 1965) has caused a serious east-iily obstacle, dcflcctio>>>>or offset aloiig tlie iiay, a>>d west tension situation to the south as compared to locally i>>iporta>>t disturbances sucli as domi>>g a>>d co>>ipressio>>al effects fartlier north. Some reper-til'i>>g, for i>>sta>>cc, slio>>kl ccrtai>>ly he of no sig- cussions of these moveme>>ts u>>doubtedly shoukl niCicaiicc ivliatsoever. have affected parts of soutlicast Arizo>>a with tangen-Hoivcver, if an i>>staiicc were to occur where a tial, torsional stresses. Re>>eived movements within ivliole syste>>i of breaks>>iay appear to have been the whole San Andreas fault complex, and relayed
, I sfi htl> disturbed by stresses of very large>>iagni- throiigh their'astern Garlock-Pinto Mountains fault tuile, as secnis to have liappc>>ed in soutlieast Ari- exte>>sions, must have tlicrefore strongly disturbed zona, a>>d if this co>>tc>>lion of sliglit disrupt>>re or the Texas lincamcnt belt and very plausibly could lie>>di>>g alo>>g the trend were established and con- lnve been responsible for, the sliglit clnnge in course firmed, one ivo>>ld particularly want to investigate oliserved in the latter from SSOE to S75E in the ihc eco>>oniic i>>ipact and implications of such an eastivard direction througliout the crossing of the anus>>al acciilc>>t. Arizona anticli>>orium. Concurrently, all the inter-Thc Texas li>>carne>>t (Albritton and Smith, 1956; section centers belo>>ging to the Texas lineament..
~food> and Ilill, 1956; Tur>>er, 1962) has become >>inst have bee>> slowly strained aiiil disturbed be-accepted as traversing tlie so>>thwest part of the cause the motions represented in tliese centers were 1'>>itcd States. Tra>>sgressi>>g all k>>oivn structure, once the local phases of crustal movenicnts of the it coi>>cidcs thro>> hoot much of its length in Ari- continent, as indica'ted by Billingsley and I.ocke lo>>a, New Alcxico, and Texas witli the northern (1941, p. 47), and the tensional and torsional effects iuar"i>> of tlic Mexicaii gcaiiticliiie (Ostcrivald, 1961, must apparc>>tl> have bce>> felt >>iorc intcnscly toivard
~~p. 233), but its brcailfli as iicll as thc co>>teiition tl)e solltllerll p'irt of the lille inieilt belt.~~
ihat it is co>>iposed of a ii>>iiihcr of strands or inipor- The sloiv, progressive nortliivestivard rift of Baja twit l>rcaks still rci>>ai>>s soi>>civlnt dchafed. Tlie California frnni'he niaiiiland (Hamilton, 1961, p.
ia<liviiliial coi>>po>>c>>ts (as rcprcse>>ted on Figure 1 1314; Rus>>ak and Fislier, 1963, p. 153; a>>d Yeats,
~~or inst>>>>ce), each o>>c niade to coi>>cidc for sake of 196S) which presently becomes more and more men-~~
~i>>iplirity ivitli i>>divi<l>>al axes witlio>>t tlie necessary acing, has not been respo>>sibir iii any wiy to tlie I
iuiplirati>>>> of clear-faut fract>>rcs, nny in reality te>>sion i>>curred to the soufliwcst of the United I o rrcsfio>>ii to a wide fractiirc or slicar z/>ne, up to States as it was only initiated iiiiicli later in Xlio-
<terai i>>iles ividc at plares, hc clscivlicre rcAertcd cc>>e time.
I Il
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f
17I '<'1CQUBS 8. lPERTZ 1'hc 0 tvvo vve<1 O tinn wit faults, d S't 1'CSSCS Cl1 tI'll
)aggcd lnctlts ot The v
'1vlthln Q
'tions: (,
of infcrr<
(150-201 RENCl n1iles), c breaks (
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10 20 30mi generally long fractures, ~~
HIS BEE component of Texas lineament
~
tion par, southern nlay llav turbance conlponc qt.l de< rccs oriented S 50-55 E. cross fractures N.E. to E.N.E.' further s vertical short or long fractures, S.GOE. vr edge the Tcxa Mountai short breaks, S. 65-70 E. evidence for vredge ments at short fractures, S. 70-75 E. Q~ Q major intersection (4) a gr Ajax Hi Frc. 2. Broken segments of fractures pertaining to the Texas lineament, as it curves while crossing the Arizona antic)inoriunz in southeast Arizona. on the no dcn, 1950; Tank fau "ivedges"'hat side (Sit According to the arrangen1ent of inferred frac; stretch in a direction parallel to the thc Tcxa tures, the slight chan "e in course that seemingly lineament. wedge: tl affected the Texas lineament did not seem to have z KVedges disptacczn are here dcftned as regional, narrow and vs. Sycamore happened very smoothly, and the coinponents of this elongated "stivers" or strips of land bounded on bath si*q 1941) vvi broad structural belt were broken and dislocated at by major, favell recognized faults affected by such izterzt. a<hli1 lanai a number of places, (Fj . 2) allowing for stretching compleiueIuary >novenleuts (one mile or morc) on each si<k }958), co that a relative displacement of the wedge could happen. shear, pa
~
and elongation of the area, as evidenced by a 1'1urn- hfajor evidence for the wedges (shovvn shaded on Fig.21 and Lou ber of tear faults and especially by t1vo narrow a/ for the northern one: the left-lateral h,fogut fzuh 're:
(Lcc an ndte of r V
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~
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O. I THE TLXrlS Ll<VL.I)IEIIT rf<VD I'I'S ECO'VO.<IIC SIC<VIFICA<VCE 171 The btcral clisplaccmcnts, rcprcsc>>tcd by these of feet must have witnessed the tangential stresses O t<vo ivc<lgcs, each lravi>>g>>roved in the opposite dircc- i>>volvcd at the junction of t<vo major component linn ivith at least o>>e mile of offset, a>>cl by tear directions of the Texas lincarnent.
c<j faults, dcf>><itcly correspo>>d to tange>>tial, torsional When the available magnetic information (Dcrnp-
.tresses or to torsional e(fccts resulting in a differ- scy ct al., 1963a, b, c, d) is placed in overlay on par.'f ential strctchi>>g tint ace>><>>pa>>led the irregular, the prese>>t structure picture, the interpretation jagged bc:uli>>g now evide>>ced by the brof'en scg- seems to co>>firm the importance of the Texas linea-n<c>>ts of thc Tcx <s I<nc u>>c>>t. ment as a>> ancient and profound zone of rupture ancl The various stra>>ds that co<>>pose this linea>>icnt also c<nphasizcs the validity of some of its strands u'ithin so<<theast Arizona show four prefcrrcd direc- as now construed on the neap. Those of its major lions: (I; gc>>orally long breaks, 150 to 200 miles compo>>e>>ts showing a lateral displace<>>e>>t, such as of i>>fcrrcd length, oriented SSO-55E; (2) some long the A>>tclope Tank, are found to coincide with a (150-200>>>iles) and so>><c very short breaks (20 very steep, conspicuous slope in magnetic contours miles) orie>>tcd SSS-60E; (3) somewhat shorter as if the shear were reflecting a sudden drop in breaks (100-150 miles of i>>ferred length) oriented magnetic intensity. Offsetting effects seem particu-565-70E; (4) short breaks (15 to 50-100 miles) larly stro>>g wherever all three sets of fractures meet ncic>>tcd S70-75E. These four sets of fractures (as in the Dragoo>> and Cochise quadra>>glcs) al-follow one another from xvest to cast in irrcgular, though, by themselves, thc northwestern and'north-
~ <lisco>>>>ected fashion, for<>>i>>g ~ very broad curve eastern fractures do not seem to be necessarily re-
.'lightly concave to the>>orthcast, as shoivn o>> Fig- flecte in the acromag>>ctic results. However, the ures I a>>d 2, a>>d are to bc s>>bsequc>>tly referred >>orthwestcrn ones, very co>>spicuous from Bisbce to tn as No. I; 2, 3, a>>d 4 tre>><Is,'respectively. Jero<ne, a>>d particularly in the San bf~nuel area,
&o>><c observations fro<>> the ~>>ap can already lend show a very strong parallelis<>> in the acromag>>ctic crc<lcncc to thc hypothesis of a regional distortion ridges and valleys.
nf sor>>c sort or to a rcgio>>al te>>sio>>al strai>res ~vith differc<it orientations can;e 1916, p. SS) that resulted from or at least accom- togcthcr a>>d mct {such. hs in Ajo; Tombstone, Bis-ianicd thc apparc>>t bc>>d of thc Texas li>>camcnt: bcc), the c>>tire vicinity of these interscctio>>s must (I) pro>>0<>><ccd vcrt<c >lc>>t xvith a stro>>g certainly have been shattered a>>cl shaken, alloivi>>g
<Ioiv>>throw to the>>orth occ>>rrcd worth of the for n<<nicrous openi>>gs of all sizes and all types:
lh<acl>><ca block, north of the Whctsto>>c block, and these ~vere therefore icleal places ivith the riglit also north of the Ajo sty>>et>>ral block, alo>>g a dircc- gro>>>>d prcparatio>> for n)ineraliz~tion to develop.
tio>> parallel to the Texas Ii>>ca<ncnt and aloiig the Altho>>gh the northeast and the north-northwestern w<<ti<ern fri>>ge of the lineament, xvhcre the strain fractures nuy really be the ones along ivhich min-may I<ave been the stro>>gest; (2) thc stro>>g dis- eralization is to be recognized, the Texas lincamckt .
1>>rbance suffered by the Ajo block, hinged upon a most certainly must have accentuated this propensity co<>>pone>>t of the Texas li>>came>>t a>>d tilted 50 by i<>>parting additional favorability to the fracture
<legrccs to the so>>thivcst a>>d aivay fro<>> the belt, centers and helping to bring forth the occurrence of further s:<pf<orts the hypothesis; (3) stccp, multiple orcbodies through its recurring and perturbing vertical displaccments are to be observe>t at Bisbee and in the Baboquivari i>>ves:igators (hfayo, 1958; Schn>itt,
~fn>>>>tai>> area, together with transcurrcnt move- ]966) have already suggested that the Texas line@-
n<e>>ts at right angle (as ivill be shoivn in detail); me>>t must have infI>>enccd the presence of some (4) a gfca't structural d<stufhancc that uphcavccl thc orcbodies in southeastern Arizona, and this divas Ajax Hill l>lock in Tombstone for several thousa>>ds recently reasserted in stronger terms by Guilbert and Sumner (1968). However, the economic con-
~ s the north si<fe neith aln<nst one mile dispbeen<cnt (I.ud- tribution of this important structural belt cannot dcn. )o5D: '6'a)bee, 1955; Pilkinglnn, 1962) an<1 tbc Antelope Tank faults vcith a right-lateral di~placcmeut on the snuth e:<siiy be ascertained, being ovcrshadoivcd by the
<idc (Silver, 1956; Cooper, 1959) regarded as clcn<cnts nf >>orth-nortl>>vcstcrn and mainly by the>>ortheastcrn
',hc <hc Texas lincau<cne (Cooper, 1959): b/ for <be southern (La>>d<vehr, 1967, Fig. 3, p. 499) fracture belts
<cc<)gec tbe An<lrada fault ivi<h an S,DOD-fnot rightdalcra) avh<ch, rightf>>lly it seems, could bc acccptcd as the
~ !i<place<ucnt ( <lberding, 193S) on tbe nnr<h aide, an<1 the cry 5<camnre fault on the couth <ide (fni<n~nn, 1941; Jones, main avc>>>>es for mineralization in this part of the
<les 1'>All <ci<h a S.f<DD-font lef<-la<eral <ti!p)aee'<>>cnt; c/ vvi<1< Sou<h>> est.
rat, a t li:S). con<pored nf fm<r sub-vccdges forming a 1cft-lateral aThe term "perturbanee," as applied bere, bas ren<n<ely bc;<r. para>>el <o the Texas line~ment, amiat <hc Nnceut tl<e broader ennnnta<ion used in astronon<y of a great physical
'P
) an<i I.nug-%file faulted. <:liel<<ly obiinuc <o the iincamcnt <li~turbanee cxerte<1 by an outsi Ic force upon a body, cwucing ult fl.cc and Bnriand. 1935: Browne, 195S) <ci<l< aimnst one <bc lancr to bc deviated Crom its nvrmal course of orienta-
<aiic nf right-la<eral <novcu>cnt. tion.
0 I

Far froiw>>>i>>iizi>>g tliis cniitc>>tio>>, it is here concedes tlic cxistc>><;e fartlicr nortli of a>> a>>cic>>t, postulate<1 tli:it southeast Arizoiia I<as bccnlllc silc11 p;ira!lcl structural brcak cxtc<>>liiig alo>>g tlie soiitli-ao cxtraor

>;<rily>>)i<icralizc> boun<Iary of tlie anticlinal do>>ie (Ju>>ipcr I lat tio>>al sliatt<<ring of fracture centers a>>d for tlie Craiiite <<fou>>tain) to>>icrgc i<ito tlie Divi<lciul fault. opportunity for tc>>siniial gaps that dcvclopcd at a It see>>is, tlierefore, oiost u>>likely that the Quarry >>umber of a>>gular discontinuities of the strands of fault ivoukl be the co>>ti<iuation of tlie Dividend, as tli" lincaoiciit, especially along the southern fringe of spccu!ate>)cot. It appears that most of tbc of tbe ivcst flank of tlie northeast-trc>>ding graben. ao<<uk<r disco>>ti>>uitics generally corrcspond to the The Sacra<iie>>to stock, center of <niiieralization at oiajor fracture cc>>ters or, i>> the ivor<Is of IIilli>>gslcy Bisl>ec, bccaoic cniplaccd ah>>ost exactly at tlic i>>ipor-ar:d Locke (1941, p. 59), ore districts bccaioc clus- taot junction for<>>ed by tlie axis of the N25E graben . tered at nodes dctermiiied eitlier by the presence of with a No. 2 strand of'the Texas liiieament. En<- supcrimposcd orogenic ))iovcoie<its or of intersecting placed where the Divide>>d fault appears to cha<<ge lines of successive oiotion, or of persistent dcep- its orie>>tation, this stock suffered <oultiplc intrusions seatcd breaks. with a, diversificatioo of intrusive breccias, inte>>se Frooi tlie study of n)i>>eralizqtion occurrences a>>d strong alteration. U ith the proxi>>iity I'ractiiriiig within tlic fracture <ict io southeast Arizo>>a, it could of tlie proper li<nesto>>c forioatio>>s as well as a rather teiitatively hc predictc<l tliat a long, important frac- coinp!ex.horse-taili>>g as occurs where the east branch ture tliat cuts through a sizeable orehody some- of the Dividend fault splits the stock, the co>>di. ii;here along its strike may possess some intrinsic tioos were obviously perfect and ideal for an ore- <I:<alities as nii>>cralizer and is likely to indicate more body to be prese>>t at Bisbee. As is often the case occilrrcllccs 'it otllc<'l'iccs. (Sclo>>itt, 1935, p. 42), tlicse ore deposits ivere found on'the downthrow side within the dcpressin>>. Major Fracture Centers Connected with the If one were to expect. a southwestivard evtrapola-Texas Lineament Belt tion Eroni a rather important, deep-seated fracture tliat cuts its ivay through ivestero Neiv hfexico,.fr<)> the Texas linea- 5->>iile width) then through Santa. Rita-(ivith a 6-ment i iare to be aiialyzcd iicxt i>> structural skctc liics ~ ~ 1 1 mile )vidtli) straight in the direction of Bisbee, one that ivill bri>><<aboiit tlie rclatio>>sliip ~, ivith some o f wnul>ot to <Ietect any t!ie four dit'fcri>>g dircctio>>s of the coinpn>>cuts of northeast tre>>d through the Chiricaliua 4>fou>>tai>is the li>>eaioent. or at Bisbee, or fartlier southivest, tlirough Canauea. As a matter of iiitercst, Bisbec, ivliich is foun<1 Bisbce (Rausoioe, 1904; Trischka, 1928; Bryant at the i>>tersectiol aod Metz, 19'; Bryant, 196S) along tbc biscctriv of tivo sets of double angles as A rather spectacular i>>tcrscctio>> sta>><ls out i>> thc is To>>)4~to))e), fon>>i<ig a very syoioictrical arra<lt>e southeast cor>>er of the ioap, at Bisbee (Figs. 1 ant (insert, Fig. 3). Could tliis io)agi>>ary,bisec- " 2). It is a Iiub-like center toivard which several very trix represent a possil>le unexpressed trend such ai large fra<.tures coiiverge, so>>ie para)lel to a>>d part an iricipient rupture belonging to, the a>>ticiinorium nf, the Texas li>>ea<iicnt, otlicrs cuttiiig at right angles. settiiig? This coincidence is here reflect'ed upon A closer look (Fi<<. 3) shoivs a nortli->>orthcast sct because these exist siniilar examples of deposits <x-of crnss-fractures that constitute an importaiit troug curring along a bisectrix within this province bat ivhich appears to exert its influe>>ce over a 5-;nile >>ot necessarily alo>>g the anticlioorium {Safi<)<<I. width in this vicinity. This trou<<h cuts almost a Czi)a>>ca, and other parts of the continent). a riglit angle throiigh the Texas linea>>ient trend, the gtitbuq<<it><<ri Dfu<r>rlai>< .'1rea (<Vargo, 1954; Donal<i. co>>ipoocnts of wl)ich exhibit here a series o im-1959; Fair, 1961) porta>>t doivnthroivs to the south-southwest, aionunt-iog to a total vertical displacement of more t )an Following ivestward the southern boundary of tI>e a mile. Texas lincamc>>t, oiie encounters tbe Babnquivari Tlie actual iotersectio>> resembles a rectangular, Mountain area which also preseiits a fascinati>r box-like depression, approxii>>ately four by two miles interscctioii of fractures (Fig. 4) that in many ivai> i>> size, lioiitcd to tlic >>orth by the Dividend fault. resei>>ble the Bisbee center. Observing to the west the parallclisoi bchvcen the Although apparc>>tly barrc>>, the 1>ah<)>i<ag Xfou>>tain area is a particularly de<isc intersccti<ii N55-75%<, in an eastivard direction, and botli.found that is characterized, as in Hisbee, by a sioii1ar M to occur within and west of the depression), one of three faults more or less orie>>ted in the saax . ii i i TIIr? l(.Yrf.C I.IXL:Itll.'.VT;l<VD ITS I=COXO.tlIC SIG'.i'll:ICAPCE 1?3 o N2O N.25 E. N N.n5 vl. .S- 't Dividend Cr) f oui t Sa era me nto 'C r( stock 'S Or ++ p // \
e o.cd) /1 "v Open pit 7 v r/

h E I pa R.-
1 l . "I zest.
.e
'o /'J" /'p e f total 0' 0o l I dovlnthrow of .e more than Quarry ~ 8g p"+ ~= ./ r~r~ 0/1'S one mile foul t t~ ~ i )- barr like 1C ly e<ruc<ura< + qu"'I" side "+ 1S epresslon.: I 1S . I I bi S CC t riX C-TOM BSTG('<t nt (I. INSERT IC Curious Syrnrnetry presented ri 'by the Bisbee center t 'F with regard to surrounding fractures 0, IO 20 30Mi. G BlSBEE l 1 CS Ft<.. 3. Strnrtnral;t rtrh llf ni:t~c ittnetrntint: the inllre<rtinn of a einlthrrn cont<<<nant of the le'one linl'nn 'nt ~ 'llilh;l nnrth nnr'.t<<".<it rrok<e fr(lrtnrl. I t I 1.74 JrfCQUI:S II. I I'I'.Ii"I'8 0 Mineralized Center of 8isbee ~ . ~IOp ~i/ ~ ~ 0 4 +/ Baba q~uiva 1 2Mi. Mountain Area Component No.4 and southern fringe of the Texos lineament belt Cross Fracture <</ PERSPECTIVE SKETCH apparent hinge line the mineralized Bisbce center. Striki>>g rc.'nnblance between the barren BalMqui vari area an<1 l Fm. 4. 4 co)>>ilo>>c>>t of the Texas lineament belt. The north. so>>th-direction a>>il si>>)ilarl> doxv>>'.brown to the east fracl>>re is ailditio>>al here, xvhcreas perhap; ~ ri ht-laleral fault occur-vvcst a>>d Also by a sir>>>> i>>cipi(,>>t in Bisbee (xvith the Tyrone-Santa Rita axi> ring at ri 'ht A>>"les ivl>ich is shnilarly,dow>>thrown the Baho- in mind), as arc the>>utoeroos dikes that crisscross to the xvcst..O>>l> 1M i>>iles Al)art, both the ccoter. alo>>g a No. quivari aod Bisb<<c ceolers are located ~ 1'IIG 'I'I'X:/.') LIB'I::/.'IIE,V7'/')IIII'I'S I:COsVO.IIIC Sl( XII'ICc/XCC 1Vitl> this a>>>azi>>g stru<<tural si>>>ilarity, thc geo- sulta>>t of the tangc>>tial effects that i>><luced the l<>"ical set ti>>g is of course quite diffcrc>>t: I>>a>>y>>>ore slight curvature to thc gc>>eral belt. It is rc>>>arkable, vnlca>>ics a>>(l /lo<vs, >>>a>>y fcrtiary i>>trusivcs, >>>ore i>>deed, to co>>>pare Ajo ivith Bisbcc i>> spite of their 1)1<:ta>>>orl>l>ics, tng<<tl>cr 1vitl> a spc<<ta<<ular plug in large geological diss<:mhla>>ccs: both of these mines Ihc>>>i<1st of thc B;<boquivaris co>>trast ivitl> tl>c Pre- which follow tl>c southern fringe of tl>e lineament, c>>>>brian gr:u>itcs a>>d schists, thc li>>>esto>>cs and a>>d sinu>lta>>co>>sly, occ>>r at the i>>tersection of other sc<li)>><<>>tary for>>>atio>>s, displayc<l i>> tl>c Bis- No. 2 aud No. 4 trends and also along a major lcc area. Altl><>>>gl> the basic, pri>>>ary structural cross-fact>>re that cxtcnds northeastwards into the al'ra>>gc>>><.'l>t >>>I>y s<<c>>1 n>ost. 1)fol)itious, thc. >>cccs gc>>eral hforcnci area. An apparc>>t but not neces-ivory i>>gr<<<lic>>ts for an ceo>>n>>>ic>>>i>><<r:>lizc(l target sarily Inajor flaw i>> this tc>>tative co>nparison is the tn oc<<ur so>>>e>vhcre withi>> thc Baho<iuivari cc>>tcr fact that Bishcc a>>d Ajo arc porphyry coppers be-rc>>tcr >>>ust have bce>> dcficic>>t or>>>issi>>g (or the lo>>gi>>g to ra<lically difkrcnt a 'es'. the cmplaccmcnt letc>>tial orcbody could have been cro<lcd a)vay or at Bisbcc bei>>g approximately 165 million years as .till hc <Iccply buried). agai>>st 60 to 65 for 17 other orcbodies in this min-Such l>o>nologous structural arra>>gc>>>c>>ts as those eralized province, Ajo being one of these seventeen nf Bisbcc a>>d tl>c Baboq(>ivari hfou>>tain build up (Livingston et al., 196S). the l>yl>oth<<sis of a. torsio>>al strai>> cff(':ct i>> this part Thc Ajo orebo(ly, ivl>icl> tl>us far remains a struc- <>f thc province. I>>deed, the subtle d>a>>gc i>> ori- tural puzzle, could plausibly constitute a third key-, <'I>/atio>> observed by both tl>e>>orth->>orth>vest and sto>>e to the southern edge of the li>>eament belt. thc>>orthcast fract>>res at these t<vo ce>>ters, ivhich Gilluly stated that "thc trc>>ds of the faults that are o>>ly 100 >'>>iles apart, <<crtai>>ly al>pc:Irs co>>>patible brought about vertical displace>>)e>> ts ivere controlled Ifith thc slight curvature i>>herc>>t to thc Texas belt. by ta>>gcntial forces and>>ot hy the grain of tl>e Altl><>>~gl> th<<ir regio>>al rclatio>>ship c;u>>>ot clearly expose<1 geologic for>uatin>>s. The differential sup-1'c l/>praised at prese>>t, botl> cc>>t<<rs scc>>> to rcprc- port of thc cru tal blocks divas pres>>>>>ably the priruary '<<llt h>>lgc hkc>>o(lcs, ol kcy tgc>>t>I>l-tc>>s>o>>al cause of thc faulting but, i>> ge>>eral, the regional tress sit>>atin>>s pert;>i>>i>>g to tl>c s<<>>ther>> fri>>ge of ta>>gc>>tial forces govcr>>ed thc orientation of the the Texas li>><<a>>>c>>t, a>>d tl>c> co>>l<l p<<rhaps be con- surface of the shear" (Gilluly, 1946, p .5$ ).
i<lcrc<l as kcysto>>cs withi>> tl>c fr;u>>c(vork of tl>e li>>ca>>><n>t belt.
SI'I"'cr Bc/i (Riel>ards a>><l Courtri l>t, 1954; 1966) Thc cc>>tral part of the Texas li>>ca>>>ent belt in ./Jo (Gilluly, 19 16; Dixo>>, 1966; AVa<lsw<<rti>, 196S) Figure 2, with its upheaved a>><l its <lo(v>>thrown Co>>ti>>ui>>g the cxa>>>i>>atio>> farth<<r westward blncks, hri>>gs out quite co>>spicuously t)vo areas that >1!>1>g the souther>> ~ c<lge of the li>>ca>>>c>>t, thc next sunk>>ot;>bly 'A ) th fcgaf<l to tile adjacent blocks, as fa>'s fracture c<<>>ter of i>>tcrest occurs at Ajo. There is, present str>>c/ural knowledge can tell. Instead . l><)wcver, vcrv little i>>for>>>ati<>>> to hc fo>>>>d nn the nf being relatively planar a>>d>>arrow grabens, these area surrn>>>>
> ~ this i>>tcrscctio>> to allo>v for broad rather large areas appear>>>>>ch more important be-y<fc I>>fcfc>>ces Rvitl>>>> thc Ajo stf<>ctuf:>l sct't>>>g. cause they are three-<limcnsin>>al dn)vnthro>vn areas, ~ Thc l)rcsc>>t Cor>>clia orcho(ly divas con.i<lcr<<<l si>>ce that is structural ivin<lows or broad negative blocks 1>>36 (Gilluly, 1946, p. 105) a>>(l is>>o)v co>>fir>>>cd tl>at relatively sa>>k by gravity a>>d tension for I 4 a<lsw(>rtl>. I DC)S, p. 101) as l>ciug tl'>e do(v>>f:>ultc<1 several thousa>><ls of feet. O>>e>>>ajor mining area, o>/ala of the Chico-Shu>>i <luartz>>>o>>zn>>ite pluton, Silver Bell, concurs )vithi>> o>>c of these lo)vs a>>d I<<atcd two >>>iles to tl)c snutl)west. This <<upola alo>>g a No. 1 tre>>d (Fig. 1) a>>d, o>> the basis of <4a<ls<vnrth, 196S, Fig. 2, p. 103) r<<prcsc>>ts a a prc(licate en(n>>>ccd prior to Chapter C, could per-Ivxthnnk cxa>>>l>lc of n>ultiplc, (li/Tcr<<>>ti:It<<(l intru- haps lead to thc expectation of economic importa>>ce .i<>>ls that dis(lose a (kfi>>it<<nric>>t:>tin>> cxpfcssed in because this No. 1 stra>><l of the lineament is quite Ih>> later sta"c>> of a>> i>>trusin>>. Tl>c gc>>eral axis, lo>><<a>><l tren<ls straight tnwar<l thc Bisl>ee orebody.
>v<<l>/v<1 as a l)ri<>>:>ry fr:>et>>re (II<> <<rtz, 19(>%> a>><l Co>>>l>arisnn of thc gc>>cr;>lizc<l structural map
/~l. is nri<<>>tc<l X>'55K:>>><1 follows a Yo. Cn>>>- (Fi ~. 5-a) will) the actual locati<>>> of the two l >)<<>>t nf the texas li>>ca<>><<>>t wl>i<<l).:I;>i>>, i>>)l)lies >>)i>>eral dc/>osits at Silver Hell (Fig. 5-b) generally <I<'C>>>ltc cc(>>><)>>>ic c< >>>t rihut i<)>> < <ff<.f<<d b) thc sho(vs goo<1 agrcc>>>c>>t. The t)vo major directions 'i<I<<:>>>><<>>t to s<>>>>c hi ~l)ly>>)i>>cr:>liz<<<l cc>>lors in of i>>/crest at Silver Bell (c>>)pl>asizcd by heavier lines "'1>)ll('>st:,> f I/<>>>I>. n>> 'Fig. 5) arc thc co>>)/>n>><:>>t Yn. 1 of the Tcx'>s I'hc 50-<I<<r(c tilt t<) thc ui>>tl>west >>>>(lcfg n>>e l<y ~ belt:u>d a trc>><1 tl>at l>crtai>>s t<) tl>c Arizn>>a a>>ti-
l><<.hjn i<i<i<<k:>>>d hi>>"<<<1 ui<n>> thc l.i<<le .Xjn Xf<)u>>- cli<u)riu>n. fhis co>>t<<>>tin>>, 1vhich do<~~> I:>>>lt ()vhi<<h:<lsn <.'<ii>><<id<~~vi)h a Xo. 2 c(>>n- witl> 1>rcvio>>4 i>>v<<stigatin>>s, is l>asc<l on tl>c fact~~~~

n>v>>t of tl>c 1 cx

>s li>>c:>>>>v>>t) .
<<c>>>>> t<> hc a rc- that )>u>>>crnus '>>>all n>o>>zo>>ite>>>ass<<s follow these t t V 4 I t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ C ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ E I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I ~ ~ I ~ C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ < 'I ~ s) s TH>: re.IS usVC.Ulr:.Vr i<VO lzS C'COVO)llC SlCVlrlC.f<VCC 177 L hllAhll . GLOBE SUPERIOR 33o p RAY COPPER CREEK . ARAVAIPA MORENCI / KLOhIDYKE j/ SAN ANU y 6),')X t r C3 i>< 4J ~ ', ~4g,/, I / es)/~
', / .
/ 32 rz i / "/: y P*LO VSSOS~ / / i'.I,) MISSION/ / s c / lhlA s HARSH' / HELVETIA' l Ml I miles hsi EX I CO')n.
6. Configuration of the various s>rue>ural "lows" isifcrrchi>> the Texas lineament in southeast Arizona.
t>vo trends rather faitlifully a>>d tl>at the largest line'ament belt, tl)cre is a>>otlier elongated, regional >>-onzonite body (Richards and Courtright, 1954), low (B) that occurs north of the Palo Verde-Mis-oy its broatier size aod by its angular sliape tliat sion-Pima and of tlie Helvetia mineralized areas. <<M>braces botl> trends, defi>>itely marks the iiiaii> Poth these mioing centers seem to be found on the
ra<<tore intersection, so>>)cwhat remii)iscei)t of the upthroivn, southern side of tlie long Sycaniore fault,
<'i>>ii:>r kcy po:itin>> held by tl>e Sacraoiento stock outhern boundary of this lo>>". Flolvever, the Palo Disbce. Tlic dillcrc>>ce is that here lioth o>ines Vcn1e->slissinn-Pi>>)a group sliould most likely be -re In<<ate)I vvitliio oi)e mile or so froo> tlie jui)etio>>, disregarded prcscotly because it occupies, structurally ~ <ne >oi>le along c;lcll direction. In>lie:ltioils of a speaking, an artificial; out-of-place position in the a>>rilieast lireak, enoforoiable lvith tl>e striictural area (Cooper, 1960; Lacy and Titlcy, 1962), lcavi>>g v.ck.ro>>>>d, tliat is, tnivanl Sa>>- tfa>>ocl, Copper tlie lfclvetia group alone to follow a strand of the Creek, a>>tl <Afore>>ci, certainly ct>>iltl co>>fir>>> the Texas li>>caine>)t. 'fhis regional lo>v is mostly ~sitin>> of Silver Pell as ooc of tlie oiajor fracture covered by alluvium except toivard the soutl>east 'I in>iers i>>sitlc tl>c Texas li>>eao)e>>t belt. con>er. Farther to the so>>th and strasldliog the soutl>em frin< e of tlic Texas linea>>icot, tliere is a large lo>v .'<trll)< uxl nssrl 5'ss)slis< nsl of ilia fs ra< s'al Sit'rrils>:1raa '~iles r, I t>56); Ctst tiser, Is>60; I.aey:>>)tl 1 itlcv, 1962) (C) orie>>teil cnissivisc a)id rather toivard tl>e anti-cli>>oriu>n. Its lvestcrn boun>lary shows a goosl In at!
io>> to thc stniet>>ral lo>v at Silver Bell nu>>)bcr of s>>iall niiiics a>>d prospects all alon<<a>>d I.f in 1'i<. 6) >vithi>> a>>sl li:tr:illcl to thc Tcyas cast of tlic Patagonia Range, but these striii out.~ I r 5 17S JifCQUI)S 8. I Villi"I'8'i>>rilarly alo>>g tl>c a>>licli>>orio>>) trc>><l, I>>)plyi>>g thc Practure Centers Outside of the Texas Ill lack of i>>flu>>cc fro>>) thc li>><<an)<<>>t h<<rc. Lineament Belt sh Near arul soutlnvcst of Bisb<<c, there is a>>other Irr order to better assess the apl)arcnt structural struct>>ral low (D) for 1<<hi<<h th<<rc is not c>>or>gh st> ioflueocc of the Texas lineament belt throughout I>>f<>>r>>:>tin>>:<v:)il:)hlc:u)>I >>o stu>l> 1>>:ul<<so far, d)rc iaaf. so>1tlreast Arizo>>a io tcnns of ruioeralizatioo, it l><<rh;>p>> ir) I>;<rt lo lh<roxi>)rily of tire hfcxicr<r) of 1vould seer>>>>>>cccssary lo compare such cffccts ivith border. North of Bisl>cc,:)Ithorrgh>>ot <lire<<tly coo- SC) si>>>itar sihratio>>s occurriog outside and away from nc<<t<<d with a low, is Tor>>bstorre, a farooos n)io-this belt. O>>c would very probably expect more t)v cralizcd center (Butler, 193S; Gilluly, 1956) 1vhich intcrcsti>>g structural features accompanied with ore Yc occurs where ai) a>>cicr)t r)orth-south fracture (along to occur within the lineament belt than outside be- lV, 1vhich the Schicffclio gr<)r)o<Iioritc 1vas croplaccd) cause of the adtlitiooal disturbances that it created e>>cour)ters an apparcr)t i>>tcrscctior) of ir)fcrred No. ola and of the renewed tangential'-tensional stresses in-2 and 4 trc>>ds. The for)ocr of these trcruls parallels co<
a. number of )oajor fractures oricotc<l N60>>V south-volved. of east of the Ajax IIill horst whereas thc latter tr'eod To the north, there arc three more lo)vs (Pig. 6). 'u>>I follows, it seer))s, a short 1vedgc-like basin or graben Thc Aravaipa-Klondykc area (Ross, 1925; Creasey far tlrat relatively moved )vcstward alorrg a N751rV aver- et al, 1961; Simons, 1961) (I) is also a partial So<>
aged direction, north of the horst. The latter was grabcr) tl)at may perhaps still belong to the main Iac! upheaved as )ouch as 6,500 feet oo its western edge, belt. An apparent lo)v at lvforenci (Lindgren, 1905a rcl; and b; ihfoolick a>>d Dorek, 1966) (K) could exist mir pcfhaps th<'oil rh 'thc lrltcf;rcl.)o>> of 'the two coolpo south of the n)i>>in<<center, but there may oot be nents of the fexas lioear>>cnt, acting as a couple, 1vith enough evidence for interpreting its presence. As ( the@orth-south fault. >>)tf to the Safford orebody (Cook and Robinson, 1962; fau Norlhern Fringe of llrc Te.ms Li>rennr c)r l Bell Robinson and Cook, 1966), it is rather symmetrically lat another virtual bisectrix, between two (Scl>>var tz, 1953; Pellctier a>>d Cr<<asey, 1965; located along 1Vf< ir>>porta<)t structural belts: a shear zone, 3,000 feet the Lo<vell, 1968) wide, passing through the San Juan mine to,the pre To the northwest, the i>>for>>)alio>> g<<ocrally be- >>orth aod a shear zone 5,000 feet wide, practically ) )1c comes>>)ore scanty. Two s)>>all ar)gular lows (2 coincident with the Trojan fault to the south. Sa aod F) ivhich arc oi)ly partial grAbcos, arc located The group of mi>>es tl)at includes Christmas, Ray, Ca) outside aod north of thc linea)>>cot belt, in ho- Superior, ihfiami, Castle Dome, Copper Cities, and nor mologous arrar)ger>>cr)t a>>d ti<<d up 1vith a No. 2. Globe, fart)rcr north seems as a whole to be ir)ter- bte co>npo>>cnt: oc<<urrir)g e>>tircly ir),alluviuro, there,is sccted solely by the>>orthcastcrn and north-north- n)cl >>o o)ineralizalioo to be readily cxpcctcd. wester)) fractures, sec>>)iogly remote from the in-Farther cast a>>d abotti>>g ag;<ir)st a ))orthcr>> coro- flr)cr)cc of lhe Texas belt (ivith the possible except>0>l tha poneot of the Texas linea)neot, there is a p;<rtial of a No. 2 strand, oriented ir) the general <lircction lir) graben (G) tl)at ccono>>)ically is particularly io)por- of these n)i>>es, "corning from the so>>theist). This tho tant. The western boundary of this lo)v is recognized i>>)portaot agglor>>eratior) of mines exhibit con)plex, ) Crr for sei'eo rr)iles as tire %>far))r>>otlr fa>>lt, parallel to, square-shaped partial-gr;<ben situations (Iow L) )t )) the anricli>>orir)n) a>><l strongly co)phasizc<l by lo>>gi- north and a)viry from the Texas linea)ocnt b<<lt. 'io tudi>>al, acro)))agoetic 1>atter>>s. It seems entirely Structure, as rationalized thus far in this study, .possible (as ir)<licaled on Figurc 1) that the'I ara- does not explain the occurrence of these mining mide moozooite-porphyry dike swarr))s that brought centers. It does not explain either why certain parts <bout the ol'>grill ll, u>>f:url<<<l S:ro Afa>><lcl Kalaolazoo of this <<rca were so i>>tensely disturbed as to display ~ tho or<.body (I.owcll, I96S, p.'47) 1vas c>>)placed at nr)n)crous pl;>ces the regional brecciation long ago for alo>>g this a>>ci<:>>t, prio)ary fault. A>>)oog thc rcgion- <lescribc<l as ) <<rrazo pave>>) cnt (Ransome, 1904; the )vi<le structural disturl>a>>ces that followed, cross- Baker, 1934; P<<lersoo, 1954). The hypothesis of occ cutting a>><l tiltiog the area, some 1vithout doubt a broa<ler, 1vid<<r version. of the lineament belt as OCC could reflect recurreot CK<<cts of the Texas lin<<:uoent a possible cxplanatioo for this brecciation on such Te. belt, namely the ir>>porta<)t Rc<l Hock fault, implyirrg )arge scale, this far north, docs not agree 1vith the east that the linear>>cot C<>>)I<l co>>ccival>ly occur this far pr<<sc>>t lio
>"s, a>>>)ay'c appropriate to con- 1arg north. The caster>> 1>ou>>>l:)ry of thc graben (C) is si<ler the i>>lerv<<olio>> a>>>ro>><<raus o)ines of the COI>I>er cl<<r lo o>><lcr l:uul thc pcrplcxing frag>>)<<otation that nor Creek area (huh>> 1941; Crc:<scp ct:<I, 196I). <<v<<>>lu:<le<I-over such I:<rge areas. Another hypoth- coo Cnocer>>i>>g thc I;)rge Iow (ll) there is oot t:>>ougrh esis, to bc expouo<1ed in a subsequent paper, is C )S )llfoflo>)t>oil lo>>1:<kc .) colljecl>>fe at this t)>>)e. related to several P;rleozoic basins 11>hich once existed tl)e i ~ ~ "k 'i r.' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7/I/ TEXifS I /:V/ill )II:IVT il<VD ITS I'CQXO IIIC SICH// /Crl/I CE 179 in this part of the state. Tlicir flanks, xvcakcned a>>d lhc stock varies from contiguity to one to tivo miles, sh:illcrc<l througli co>>)1>actino, coi>>ciilc ratlicr ivcll tlie broa<l i>>fh)c>>cc of tile Texas li>>eaincnt belt is )villi l lie lircsci)ce of tliosc lliillcs>>nw foiii)rl to hc. o>><lc>>i;ihlc. A I>rc<licatc, ciioii>>cc<l 'arlier, that a sir<<>>" all aro<<lid tlic 1>asi>>s (as f:ir soolli as Sao lo>>g fractiirc, all>>ig tlic trono(ly is >>)ore likely tliaii another, so-call<If tlic places )vhcrc tlic tcrrazo pavcnic>>t was dc- barren, trc)id to bring oot a milieralircd ccotcr else-I scribe<I. wlierc, as if possessing some inlicrent favorability of Outsi(lc aii<l so<<tli of tlic belt, in Aifcxicao territory, a sort, still scen> acceptable. ~ tivo i>>ajor )i)iiies, Caila>>ca (Vale>>ti>>e, 1936; The vol iVade a)id dctcr>>ii>>c<1, will hai'c to be reioforcc<1, or corrected )Va>>IItke, 1920) do>>ot apl>arciitly fall oii cxtrap- as thc celsc>>>a) bcI ')vith tl)c gra<liial up<lati>>g an<1 nlatc<l str<<ctural trc>>ds (>>ot illustrated licre). This ad<litioii of ficl(l data. Co>>lirniation of tlicsc breaks ((><<III bc explai>>cd by tile fact tl)at trends loose mucli ivill also col>>c about tlirough an iocreasi<<g number <)f tlicir evi<lcnce ootside of tlic area un<lcr scrutiny, of techniques soo>> to bccoinc available. These tcch-unless constantly reinforced by additioiial field data >>iques i>>ay coioprise the folio)ving: detailed and brtlicr alo>>g the )vay. Such eKorts toward the general gravity determioatioos, acromag>>etic and I w<<th arc ii<<Iced lian)pere>fnr>>)ation as well as rather scanty cor- thermal gradicot and heat flow studies, infrared and rclat:ible data pertaioi>>g to the structure of the fciv radar investigations, and photogeologic analysis )ni>>ii)g cc>>ters occurriog in northern Sonora. (Harman, 1967; Parmcoter, 1968), not to forget Ca>>a>>ca is o)ai>>ly characterized by a multiplc- satellite photograpliy (although much surface struc-i))trusio>> granite e>>close<1 ivithin an earlier, complex ture is expected to blur the aivaited results). bolt systc>>), l>otli oriciited oorth<vcs<. Ei.i<lence of AVhcrcas soine of these techniques <vill or n)ay not late xvi(lc ffactilfcs;uld shcelf 701)cs s'trlklllg nof tll necessarily bri>>g out convergent results, nor even )var<I, togctlicr witli tl)e siioilar orientatioii sliown by coinpatible o>>cs, snme )vill nevertlieless re>>lain re-Illc Gu)a>>ca Ra>>gcs, gives so)lie )vcight to 'tllc i<n )vafdi>>g. Indications of depth, <vidth, aod conti>>uity pression tliat G)oa>>ea a)so occurs along an iniagi>>ary, of fractiircs as interpreted from their patterns a>>d iuciliic>>t >>ortli-so>>tli biscctrix p;lssi>>g tlirnugli thc co>>tiguity to k>>ow>> mines slioul<l also reveal anom-San B,>>to>>lu,uld Tcl'1;ill;ltc pfospccts, l)ol'tll of alies alo>>g sonic of tlie trc<<<ls, as io<licate<l tlirough Ca>>a>>ea.'licre is prese>>tly no iiulication that a coinputcr i>>ctliods aod statistical aiialyscs. Furtlier )><>rthcastcr>> trciul joiiis Cai)anca to Bisbce, to st<<dies by various geopliysical nicans, the use of later joi>> tlic Lordsburg-Tyrone-Sa>>ta tiita align- geochronolngic data, geochemical i>>vestigatio>>s and )i)cot <leep-well Iog analyses should be pursued and con-All tlie above consiilcrations certainly ii)dicate firmed, of course, in conjunctioii with repeated iield Illat tlie fracture cc>>ters tliat occur within the Tcvas )vork. ')elore locally, the gconiorphologic ioiplica-liocanlcnt belt arc as a <vhoie )iiore mi>>cralized tha>> tions, as tlie obvious eloiigatioo of lakes and of Iho. c centers located outside. The economic signif- stretches of rivers, cvcn in scrni-ari<l areas, the more icance of tliis belt should certainly be recognized, as subtle controls of erosion mccl)anisms aod effects, it nul:t liave significantly coi)tributed to the forma- a>>d cliannel hchavioiir (hertz, 1963; 1964-65; Ii<>n of a riclily nii>>cralized province. 1966b; 1970b), etc., cannot be n<<glcctcd. From exhaustive structural st<<ilies )vithin the Conclusions - district cn>>siilcr<<d for cxplnr:ition, t<>gether with the . >Iten)I>t h<ls bccll >>1;lde to llldlc<llc b) )llductlnll stratigraphic anil alter<)t)on settings, a>>il:ilso the III<~.'c IIrna<l. regioiial paranictcrs possibly responsible evciitoal response to a numl>cr of >>cw techniques, IIIr llic (Iccurrc>>ce of major mines, then to cxamiiie those unexplai>>able annnialies alo>>g certain trends
hc local structural sct ting i)t ')vhich so>>ie of tlicse nr close to spccilic interscctio>>s shn>>M require close
~ ~'c<<r. I nr instance, thc niii)cralized stock at L'ishce i>>vc;tigation. flic s>>m of tliese procc<lures and vI<<rs cxactl) at tile i>>terscctinn of a sl rand of thc i<lcas )viII s<>>))c ikiy yield a valiiable key to tile 1vsas liiica>>ic>>t with tile axis of ao iiiiliorla>>t >>orth- localizatii>ii of future niioes and n)iiiiiig districts, fraclure or trnugh, vvhile at Silver PCII the -"v.'t llln>>7n>>llc bod)'ccufs cx;lctl);it lh<.'lltcf man) of tlicse bci>>g still buried uo<lcr lava or ~ i vliuo of t lie same li>>ca>>)cot t rco<l <v ith a nnrth-alhlvi<<in. 1)liiv<<sl fr:i('t>>rc, tile 'fcxas Ii>>va>>1<>>t li> tli<: Ark>>nwlc<II >>)c>>I 'IIIII eii II II eiiiiil:llssl'. ~s I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ Iei:il. Klilieeii II iii lice)li lle '.I ' I I'I".' 'I el ll "ei>I'I II".' 'li IIII I, I '\ III IIII I "~ \'l I I~ I I I~ \ I I . ~ elolll~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ I'e Il .Iei I I Ililei'>~e loll'II~),liie\'ie oil 'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1<I'II Ill K eli'irI I ~ 1 I I e le i I+ I Il'I'l<<lli ~ II IellIeII II II~I II~ 0, t, w F ~ ~ 1SO J(IC() f)r>. /I. If'Irl(IZ as are t)>u cc>>> t>r><.>>)s s(>u<cgust<<rl ))> sever:>) )>)c>>>l>cfs ~ .'<Iol ~ ))c<3 >>ag>>otic map uf lcir(s vf (h<< ~ c>f t)iu st:<A'. Wilb:<<x cl I <14<1>>:\ ()i>:i<)r:o>g)es, C<<h>sc Cci., Ariz<>>>a: U.S.G.S. C<<I<)ihys. 1>>v<<>>tig. hlap Gl'-I (8, I'(..w<:g>< I)gv>'.t.o uzi gs r I.i si i'('>><i, I';iir, C. I., I')(<l, )'r<>b:ct>)c Greta<<<<<ms.)'c.r(i;<ry snlivo io I'r<<so:i) ( ally<<ll ))ah<<<to>v:<r> Mr<ill>ticoi>>, Ar>reI>>:it ltf>c. VAxcuUv>!><, 8. C.> ~ C<<v) bvc, l)>g<<st> v. 4, p. 93-9a. AI>>u vl;>1 <<<)l>><o>llo<<c<t>. r1><gris) 25; Nuz'<.>>>bur 20, I949 Cilluly, J., )946, )'hc Aju hlioi>>g District, Aricvoa: U.S.G,S. ) ~ 1'ruf. I'aper 09 1)d pp. 195 G, Cco<<ra) gcvlugy uf c<<otrat Cvclrisc County, IIEI'ERENCES Arizona: U.S.G.S. I'ruf. Pap<<r 281, IG9 pp. A)b<<rc)log, I I. ~ 193S, C<<ulugy vf the Northern E>>>pire: h)vu>>- Cog>>el, J., I<)52, fr@i(c d<<T<<<<tv>>i<(uc( Pari>>, Izraoce, 'Afa>>uu 383 p. I'c taios, Arizvoa: U. uf Ariz. I'h.D. <dissertation, )0(> pp. ck C<>., Albrittvo, C. C., Jr., aiid Sioitli, ). F., 195G, )flic '1'c:xas Coil)><<rt, J. hl., a>>><<r, J. S., 196S, Di>>tril>u(ion <<>>t( 1>>tcr>>. Geol. Cc<ogrcss, hlcxicu City, Sec. 5, purpliyry cup)<<<r d<<pvsits in thc light of rcceiit te<<h oic I'i
p. 501-518. ailvao<<cs: Ariz. C<c<>l. Suc. Cuii)<<bo >k Ilf, p. 97-1)2.
Bal'cr, C. L., 1934, chfajvr str>>c(ural features of Tra>>s- II:oniltun, W., 1961, Origin uf thc Gulf uf Ca)ifuroi>i: Ccx)). I'ccus Texas: I>> L. Il. S<<llards ai>d u(li<<rs, Tlic g<<vlvgy Suc. An>. Bull., v. 72, p. 1307-1318. 14;I of Texas, Vol. 2, Struc(ural aod ).c:vo<iioic: Ccolugy. )farm o, P. J., 1967, I'hotog<<nlogy applied to min og ex-Texas Univ. Bull. No. 3401, p. )37-2)4. p)urn(i<<n in the T<<rrace Area, B.C.: Wcs( Can. R<<s. Billiogsley, P., and Locke, A., l<)4), Stro<<tore. of ore districts I'ul>l., Calgar); 12 pp. I)ill, hf. I... 1965, The San An<lrcas syst<<r>>, Califnriiia and io (hc conti<><<otal fra<ocivvrk: A.).h).E. Tra>>s. v. 144,
p. 9-(>4.
hl<<xi<>>t~>>iui>>, Rii Bru<<k, B. B., 195G, Structural iov>>aics and rcdatvd co>>c<<pts: Ol(ac<<<>, Pa(><<r 66-14, C<<ol. Surv. Cao., p. 239-245. i Flit)s, S. &., 1956, Thc t<<c'.tuoic style of Australia: Cent<<k- , Trans. Cc,'ol. Soc. So. Africa, v. 59, p. 14)-)97. 1957, KVor)d patterns and lineamcnts: frans. Geol. tc>oischcs Sy>opvsiuio. I.nke Verlag. p. 336-346. Ifunt, C. B., 19G3, 'Cwtooic fran>ccvcirk of soutliwc:stirn , Soc. So. Africa, v. 60, p. 127-160. 1 1959, On orogc>>ic evolution, cvitl> special references to United States a>><l pc>>>sible cnntincntal rifting: I>> Back-soot)>crn Africa: Tra>>s. C<<vl. Suc. Su. Africa, v. 69, bone of the Americas, Syroposium. Memoir 2, p. 130-139.
p. 325-37? Am. Ass. I'<<t. Geol. Ri<
Broivne, J. F., 1958, The gco)ogy of the Cuprite mining area Jul>>>son, V. )f., 1941, G<<ulugy of the 'ffc)v<<tia Xclioiog ))is- c )'io>a I'o., Arizoi>a: U. of Ariz. I>I.S. thesis, 39 pp. trict, Arizuia: U. uf Ariz. Ph.D. Dissertation, 111 pp. c Jones, W. R., 194), Thc geology of the Sy<<a>>>ore Ridg<<area, Rv Bryant, D. G., a>>d Mctz, H. G., 19G6, Gculugy aod ure <lc-pusi(s uf tlie KV:<rr<<o hfioi>>g District: I>> C<<utugy of the Pio>a Cn., Arizona: U. of Ariz. hI.S. th<<sis, S9 pp. Purpliyry Cot>pcr Deposits, Svotlicv<<ster>> North America: K<<lley, V. C., 1955, Regional tectonics of the Colorado P)i>tc<<ii> and relationship to the origin and distribution of Ro U. of Ariz. I'ress, p. 189>>203, by S. R. Tit)cy aml C. L Hicks. Urn>>i>>i>>: U. of N. hfcx. Press, Pub). No. 5, 120 pp. I Bryant, D. G., 19G8, Iritrusive br<<ccic<s associated )vith orc, Kraoskopf, K. B., 19(i8, A tale of teii plu(ons: C<<vl. Si)c. >tYarr<<o (Bi>>bc<<) X)ioiog District, Arizu>>ia: Eco><. Gzoi. Aio, Bi>)). v. 79. p. 1-18.
v. 63, No. I, p. 1-)2. Kubo, T., 1941, I'it@ cl<<posits of the Copper Creek area, .
Ariz<>>>a: Ecvx. Cvi<r., v. 36, p. 5)2-53S. Rc Botl<<r, B. S., Wi)sc<n, F.. Dv anil Ra>>or, C. A, 193S, Gev)n),'y aod vrc d<<pnsits c<f tlic Tc>>>>b>>to>><<District, Ariz@>>a> Ariz. I acy, %V. C., aml Titl<<y, S. R., 19(2, Geological d<<celnp-Bureau of hfir>cs B>ill. )43, )14 pp. nieios in the Tcvio Buttes District: 3fioir>g Congress Juoro:il, v. 4S, No. 4, p. 62-65. Ri> Caill<<ux, A., )958, Etude qiaiitita(ivc des faillcs: Revue de G<<uo>urpho)ngic Dynan>i<luc, IX a>>oce, p. 129-145, io)d I.amliv<<br, W. R., 19('>7, Belts of major mincraliz:ctivn iu personal co>ll>>lllll><<at>oo. we>>t<<rn Unit<<d Stir(<<s( Ecole. Gzoc< v 62, p. 494-50). Ch>osr H,, 194S, Tlic ancient E>>ropcan bas<<ment blr><<ks (prc- Lce C. A., an<) Bor)aod, G. C., 1935, C<<o)ngy anti nrc ifc-Sv li>>>iiary no(c) t Trans. An>. Ccop)iys. Union, v. 29, Nu. I, posits of thc Cuprite ininiii district, Arizona: U. of Arin ~
p. 99-)03. M.S. thesis, 54 pp.
Cook, A., and Rob>nsoo, R. F., 19<<2, Ccology of tlie K<<iiiie- I.io<lgrcn, lV., 1905a, The copper <lcpn>>its nf tbe Cliftuu. cot( Copper Corporation's Saffc>rd Ci>ppcr D<<)esit> N. Xf< rc>>ici District, Arirvna: U.S.G.S. Pr if. Pal <<r 43. hfex. Soc. G>>i<le;bonk, )3(h Field Conf., p. 143-148. Cooper, J. R., 1959, Su>>><< gc.ologic f<<aturcs of tl>e Dragoo>> Quadrangle, Arizona: Ariz. Ccu). S<+. Guidebook No. 2, , 37a pp. Folio 1905b. Dcs<<riptioo of the Clifton Qua<lrangle: U.S.C.S. )29, 13 pp. , p. 139-145. )960, Some gcvlogic features of tlie Piina Mining Di'i-trict, Pi<>>a Co., Arizona: U.S.G.S. Bull. 11)2-C, p.63-103. I.iviogstor), D. F, M:niger, R. L, aml Dain<)n, P. F, )%$ . Ce<<l>ro>>><h<gy i)f the <>l>laceiocot, enri<<loo<<iit and prcser-v>itic>n uf Arizc>a p)r) liyry copper dcposi(s: Fcnx. Gz... Creasey, S. C.. Jacks<co, E. D., and C<ulbra>><lseo, R. A., v. 63, p. 30-36. 1961, Rccoiin:iicsanre g<<olo< ic map of parts of the Sao Lnic el), J. D., 196S, Gcolo y of thc Kalamazoo orebndy, San Pedro and Ara'v:>ipa Valleys, South-Central Arizc>na: hfai>u<<l District, Arirn>>a: Ecox. Gzn(... v. 63, p. 645<54. U.S.C>>.S. Map %IF-238. Dixon, D. AV., 19(G, Gco)ogy I.ud<len, R. lV., 1950. Geology of thc Ca>opo Bnnito ares. of tl>e Neiv Curnclia <)i>>e, Orac/e, Ariz<<oat U. of Ariz. M.S. (h<<sis, 52 pp. Ajo, Arizona( I>> Geology of tli<<Pnrpliyry Cvp(>cr De- Lutt<o), R. J., 1958, Some structural features in so>>them posits, South>vest Nnrth A>>><<:ica, U. of Ariz. I'ress,
p. )23-)32 by S. R. Titlcy a>>d C. I.. Hicks.
Arirnna: U. nf Ariz. I>I.S. thesis, 138 pp. Do>>aid, P. G., 1959, Gcob>gy nf tlie Fre>>nal Peak Ar<<a, .<fi>yn, F. B., 1958, Lineament tectnoics and soine nre di>- Baboquivari Mountains, Arizo>>a: U. of Ariz. %if.S. t'he>>is. trirts of the south>vest: 'hfiniog Eogo><<eriog, v. 10, p. ))69~ 45 pp. )175. D<<mpsey, W. J., Pack)er, W. D., el al., 19G3.a, Aernniag- M<<o:ird, H. W., 1955, Defor>>ation of the north<<cist<<rn Pz. netic ioap of tlic Dragon>> Qi>ailra>>gle, Cnchisc Co., ri(>c ba>>ill an>vectig. Map GP-412. Qiadrangle, ct al., loii3-h, Acrnnagoetic map of Cn bise Co<<hi>>e Co., Ariz<>na: U.S.G.S. G<<npbys. 'hfn< ly, J. D., ao I Ilill, M. J., 1956, Wr<<nch-fault tec( )i>ic". Geol. Snc. Ain. 13>>))., v. 67, p. 1207-1246. Investig. hfap G>P-4)3. Moo)i<<k, R. 'f., a>> ~ D<<r>>psey, W. J., a>)d Hill. Ar. E., )I)(3 c, Acr<un;ignct>c >nap trirt: In C<<nlogy>>f the Porpliyry Copper D<<)~)sits, South. of the Marnrnoth Qiadranglc. Pi>>al aod Piioa Counties, west Nvr(h Am<<rica. U. nf Ariz. Press, p, 221>> 3) by Arizona: U.S.C.S. Geop'hys. I>>ve>>tig. Map GP-419. S. R. Titl<<y and C. L. IIi<<ks. .0 t ~ ~ ~i i ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ 'I 't ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ < . ~ ~ i'" "-::"':: ':'z. ))'az:.c'.e:, V.. <~o;., A;. ~ 1 '~ ."..'far:c>>..'4. Z., 19GI, "or.- " Va<c. ').. < ve c>>.< '35~ t " < s 0> l);e Cao>u>ca h10)o)'tal)is< Sn:.-Cz, Xfclico v o ~w fc.l. z): i., V. 47> i)gy D tb>> (, a>>a>>ca 1)l>>tflet Iii ':tfiiw>>, ):> r ' >>62, >>>>tru>>t cc l '> o)ovv <lf a 1)aft . 4cn]c:~ of:he I'o;:.;:7:J Cf.p;~.- D:;)osits, Soutliivcstcro <1) )c>> <<act 'bL'fi o t >c Iw't ) ( <t'lbi)a hbi'>)Illa>ns, Pl))la bort:". Anicfica, (.'. o: Ariz. Press, 1>. 245-249, by S. R. Co., Ariz<<:)a: ~. l: Ariz. I'b.L). dis.>>rlatio>>, 155 pp. Titlcy an<) C. L.:-Iicks. '. ~ ~ Raus n)i<<. b. I 904a, Ti)c gcoliigy:i:wl < rc ikli)sits of (lie KVa<)c, W. R., and )))<".>-..6:kc, A:, 1920, (.<cology an<1 iwiniwg llichfc ()>>: ilr. "glc< Arizo:>a: U.S.(i.S. I'rof. I':>per 21, )n<<tl><x)$ at Pilar<<3 I L >'4)4L, 1)c>>eriptioi) of t'Iie G]obc Q)):>>]r>~>>g)c, Ariznoa: .S.t:.S. !'olio 111, 17 pp. KVads)vnf th, W. B., I".4't, The Co"wc))a l'Iiitoo, Ajn, Arizo>>a: Eqov. Gro>, v. G3, p. 101-115. ltifblrilc. V.. a>><1 Ciwirtright, J. If.. 1954, Str>><<lure a>>d KVa]lace, R. hf., 1955, Struc>ore of thc i)or(bern <<nd of tbe min<<ra)ization at Silver J)c]l, Ariz>>>>><t hli>>iog I'.>>gi>>ccr- Sa>>ta Catalina h!nun)aine, Arizo>>l: U. of Ariz. L'b.D. ing, ao I A.I.M.I'raoc., v. 199, p. ]095-]0'>9. dlsscf tltlolli 45 pp B<<)l t a>><l I>> , lo(4, Structure anil >>iio<<falizalion at Silver Gee<logy of thc 1'nrpbyry Copter ))<<t<osits, S>th- %argo, J. G., ]954, Genliigy of a portion of the Coyotc-Qoin]ao Coi>>p]cx, I'iiiia (.o., Arizona: U. of Ariz. h!.S. ))<<st co<th Ao)crica, U. Ariz. 1'rcsc, p. 157-)63, by S. R. tllcsls 67 prl aiol C. I I licks. 'itl<<y Wcrtz, J. B., 1963, Mcc)uwiic>>) of crocion aod ilcposition Riilit<<r. (... I'.,:>>>il (.1>>t<<olicrg, B., ]964, S<<is>>)icily of So>>th- along c]iao))c])v>>yst Jour. Ariz. A<<a<1. of Scicore, v. 2, <<fn (::ilifor>>ia I>i Gco)ogy of So>>ther>> Califiiroia, Stile iif Calif. ))<<I<t..of i%at. Rccu>>r<<cs. 1)iv. of hli>>cs, Boll. )I I<v>t, I)., ]9N, Gcolngic lii>i'aiw<<>>]aire ct richcsscs oiin- , p. 14G-163. 1964-65, I ')'.nlaille ct la capture. <\'arroyo: Accidc>>ts gcologiA>>cs c>>rvcnaot a>>ic <<a]lees ital>itucllcme>>t scclics du efa)vs; Iw~<<voc <Ic I'1iiil>>stric hlio<<r:<lc, St. I'.)i<<one, I'rance, Sud-()>>est ]cs E>ats-Unis: Revue de Gc<>>>>orplmlngic ~ i>'ill>l<jlle XV All>)CC ll 145-157. R v a0, p. /43 7>>7<:)ll<l pcfs<lll:)I cowl<Ill>Ill<<)i(loll. 4iiu o, R. i., a>>il C<)uk, A., ]<)(fii. Thc S:iffird Cnplicr ])<'lxc it ~ I.i>>>c Star h) i>>i>>g 1)ictrict. Gr><I)>>i>> Cn.. Arizona: , D} to )966ia, Rclatin>>chip of ) act gco)nomic structural processes thc rock n)a>>scs asw".;<1<<d cvith mining <lictricts Open- > I>> Gc I gy < f >hc P rpliyry Co; I r ])<<;c>sits. S<>>tliiv<<ct- I.ilc Rctx)rt of l>>vcstig.. U. S. Bor. Df <%fines, )31 pp. rr>> .i<irth A>>>iriiii, U. of Ariz. I'rrcc, p. 251 2M< Ii}'. R. ,]9(<(l), lhc Aood cyc)c f <<pbcm<<ral >w nmt:iin ctrcaios 'I'itl<<y a>><l C. I I licks. in south)icctrro (. >>it<<' States: Aonals, 'hssoc. Aincr. )l< sc, (:. I'.. )>>25, ( cilhig}';ill<Iufc <1<<lxisitc < f thc Arlvailll iu>d Stl>>lc} hli>>iiig l)islrictc, (.r:iliaio Cn., Ariz>l: L.'5.(i.S. B>>ll. 763. )20 pp. , (<cograpbcrs. v. 56, p. 5')8-633. 19(<ca an<) Range St>i)ctiiral cl<<>>><<ots of nrc search io I'Iic Bacin J'rovii)ce. So>>tli<<:ist Ariz<>>)a-<Inn)cs a>>>64. St <lift>>r:il l>i ct< iry ~ >iir<< ii>ter.<<c".i<>>>s: S.h].J'li>>iwg Tra>>s. A.l.h).]'... v. 241. a>>inn <if Gulf nf Calif<ir>>ia: A>>i. As ix:. I'ctrnl. G l., h)v>>> ir 3: hlari>>c ( col ~gy f )lic ( wlf nf Cali- , )l. IG )!>L%, J.ra<<t>>rc i>>tcr<<etio>>s a>>d domes, <<ctdnfatioo gwi<]cs in sn>>>li<<r>i ArizI>>>a: -W<<ster>> <Miner, v..4), )i. 22-iia<oia. p. 144.]5(). >>fin:>xb. I'.. R.. I')5(). C<<ktooicfhc S>>t>>I)i<<w:>>Is <lclll vl'Iglfi- >>>>'f)l /<<'i vl>i'Ilg<'ifgc (I<' <tck <i)l<i'lies Syolpiici>>ill, I'like Vff]ag. p. 441-452. ~ . 28. 1970a. The Arizo>>a Cn)<pcr Pr<ivii)cc anil >lie T<<a)ac ).i>><<a>neat: A.r.h).E. Preprint 70-l-50. >><Ic>>i>t. )1. A.. 1935, Struct>>ra] accociatin>>c <if i'crtain )970b, Sur la pre)lsion dc la prcccncc d'afA<<>>rcments ~ ii'>'<I!if<roue <]<<I~'sits b) sou)In) <<>>t<<r>>. I. >>it<<d Sta)<<c aml )e I >>>g des rivicres (Predicting the )ocati<o) of n>>tcropc ~ ->>>!ivro 51<.sic'o: A.).hf.E. Trl>>c.. v. )15. p. 3h-5A. along rivcrc) t 7eitcchrif> Bir Ggom<irlihob<gie (in )irecc). I'i:o. Tli<<<<<q<t>> r pr iviof<<nf tlic . <>>tlio<<ct: hliniog' Wicccf. F. 1960. Re)a>ifu> nf nrc <Jcp<<cition to do>lli>>g in cch)iiri>>g. v. ] I. p. 5>>7~4)0. thc )i<orth Amcri<<an C<ir<lilhra: t,icnl. S<c. Am. hf<n>>iir . I'x>. Tlli ]<<pl>'if} C'>>]<le f Ihl~lcl>s lli th<<ir r<<gin>i:Il 77. )17 pp. ~ u:<g: Ii> t.c>>due<< i<f tlii I') ]4)}r) (<itq<<r ])<
c)ts, >> c: in<a->i f>> %orth A>>><<rica. L. <if Ariz. Prccs. p. 17-Yeats. R. S., )9(S. S<<utlicrn t:ilifiroia sir>>ft>>re. Sca Aoor spreading, a>>>2. 'ii.if>f. ti. hl.. )<>:3. (.,c<s]<q~ nf thc San hfaw>><<l Copper 7ietz, l., et al.. )'.>Glt, Transc<witi>><otal geopbycica)'urvey: Arjf. >>a: \:.S.G.S. I'mr. I'iip<<r 2. (i. 63 )ip. ': ".. .it. U.S.G.S. Ge<d<igic ) nv<<stigatioo hl aps J-532-A,B,D; I)<",- ~ I.. 'I'.. I'>5<<. Strilc l>fc ll>d t+tr<<1 igy if tlic .Iolwi>>y "w llillc aria. Ariz>>ia: Calif. ]>>St. iif T<<ch. I'h.)). '"~ i "w<'>ll. . n>hers. )969. The ci arch f.ir <irc Ictxicitc uciog vvi<lcly spared ~ acro>>)ago<<tie tir <fil< c: Ahc>r)i<t <if I'lpcf )if<<sclltc<l at thc '-533-A.B.I):<n>il . <'<'>i.>>>s <>I >lie ngth Aw>>. hl<<<t.. A.].h).E. 0-

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Dear Mr. Parr:

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