ML080220257

License Renewal Application, Environmental Report Page 2-60 Through Page A-10

ML080220257
Person / Time
Site:	Three Mile Island
Issue date:	01/08/2008
From:	AmerGen Energy Co
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
5928-08-20001
Download: ML080220257 (165)

Text

Environmental Report Section 2.6 FIGURES

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Environmental Report Section 2.6 FIGURES

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Environmental Report Section 2.6 FIGURES

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Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES 2.13 REFERENCES Note to reader: Some web pages cited in this document are no longer available, or are no longer available through the original URL addresses. Hard copies of cited web pages are available in AmerGen files. Some sites, for example the census data, cannot be accessed through their given URLs. The only way to access these pages is to follow queries on previous web pages. The complete URLs used by AmerGen have been given for these pages, even though they may not be directly accessible. Also, all references are specific to respective chapter.

AEC (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission). 1972. Final Environmental Statement related to the operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2. Metropolitan Edison Company, et al. Docket Nos. 50-289 and 50-320. December.

Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay. undated. Susquehanna River Fact Sheet. The Susquehanna and the Chesapeake Bay. Available at http://www.acb-online.org/pubs.cfm.

Accessed July 22, 2004.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2004. Three Mile Island 2003 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2005. Three Mile Island 2004 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006a. Three Mile Island 2005 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006b. Three Mile Island Updated Safety Analysis Report, Update 18. April.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2007a. Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report, 1 January Through 31 December 2006, Appendix F, Annual Radiological Groundwater Protection Program Report, 1 January Through 31 December 2006. Middletown, Pennsylvania. April.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2007b. Automatic temperature monitoring data from TMI-1 Intake Screen Pumphouse and Discharge Monitoring Pit from August 2005 through September 28, 2007. Compiled by Ed Fuhrer, AmerGen, September 28.

ASME (American Society Mechanical Engineers). Undated. #57 Kaplan Turbine (1929).

Available online at http://www.asme.org/communities/History/Landmarks_Kaplan_

Turbine_1929.cfm. Accessed February 1, 2007.

Backwoods Angler. 2006. Waters We Fish. Available on line at http://www.backwoodsangler.com/The%20River's.htm.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 2-63 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES BLM (Bureau of Land Management). 2007. Update on Bald Eagle protection requirements Under Applicable Laws and Regulations Post Endangered Species Act Delisting. August 30.

CAI (Commonwealth Associates, Inc.). 1981. Archeological Investigations at the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station. The Susquehanna SES Floodplain. Management Summary. R-2282B. Pennsylvania Power and Light Company. March 26.

Conestoga-Rovers (Conestoga-Rovers & Associates). 2006. Hydrogeologic Investigation Report, Fleetwide Assessment, Three Mile Island Generating Station, Middletown, Pennsylvania. September.

Conestoga-Rovers (Conestoga-Rovers & Associates). 2007. Estimated Mass Flux of Tritiated Groundwater to the Susquehanna River, Three Mile Island Generating Station, Middletown, Pennsylvania. October.

Dauphin County (Dauphin County Planning Commission). 2007. Draft Dauphin County Comprehensive Plan. Prepared by the Dauphin County Planning Commission, 2007 available at www.tcrpc-pa.org/dccompplan.asp. Accessed October 19, 2007.

DU (Ducks Unlimited). 2006. Pennsylvania, Lower Susquehanna Focus Area. Available at www.ducks.org/Pennsylvania/PennsylvaniaProjects. Accessed on October 13, 2006.

Durlin and Schaffstall (Durlin, R.R. and W.P. Schaffstall). 2005. Water Resources Data Pennsylvania Water Year 2004, Water-Data Report PA-04-2, U.S. Geological Survey.

May.

Exelon. 2004. Three Mile Island 2003 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

Exelon. 2005. Three Mile Island 2004 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

Exelon. 2006a. Three Mile Island 2005 Annual Report, Record of Well Pumpage and Water Levels, Susquehanna River Basin Commission Permit No. 19961102.

Exelon. 2006b. Radiological Groundwater Protection Program. CY-AA-170-400. December 16.

Exelon. 2007. TMI Radiological Groundwater Protection Program (RGPP) Sample Point Data and Standard Control Limits. CY-TM-170-4180, Revision 1. October 9.

Frederick, John. 2007. Susquehanna River & Lower Juniata River, Angler Survey and Smallmouth Bass Tag Study. Available at http://www.fish.state.pa.us/images/fisheries/afm/2007/7x06_29tag.htm. Accessed October 12, 2007.

FWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 2006. Species Information, Threatened and Endangered Animals and Plants. Available at http://www.fws.gov/endangered/wildlife.html#Species.

Accessed September 8, 2006.

Page 2-64 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES Global Security. 2005. Defense Depot Susquehanna, Pennsylvania (DDSP). Available online at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/susquehanna.htm. Accessed October 11, 2007.

Hartman, L. 2000. Susquehanna River for Muskie. Available on line at http://www.muskyamerica.com/.

Hoffman, J. 2006. Susquehanna Large River Assessment Project Publication 245, Watershed Assessment and Protection Division, Susquehanna River Basin Commission.

August.

IA (Ichthyological Associates, Inc.). 1979. An Ecological Study of the Susquehanna River Near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Annual Report for 1978.

IA (Ichthyological Associates, Inc.). 1983. An Ecological Study of the Susquehanna River Near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Annual Report for 1982.

Jaworoski, E. Undated1. The Susquehannas Fabulous Smallmouth. Fly Fisherman.

Available on line at http://www.flyfisherman.com/northeast/ejsusquehanna/index.html.

Jaworoski, E. Undated2. Susky Smallmouth. Available on line at http://www.outdoors.net/site/features/feature.aspx+Forum+FlyFishing+ArticleCode+577.

Kleinschmidt. Undated. York Haven Fish Passage Project. Available on line at:

http://www.kleinschmidtusa.com/pds/fish_passage/yorkhaven.htm.

Lancaster County (Lancaster County Planning Commission). 1996. Lancaster County Water Resources Plan. Adopted November 20, 1996. Available online at http://www.co.lancaster.pa.us/planning/ cwp/view.asp?a=476&Q=387355. Accessed July 31, 2006.

Lancaster County (Lancaster County Planning Commission). 2005. Lancaster County 2005-2030 Long-Range Transportation Plan. Adopted by the Lancaster County Transportation Coordinating Committee on June 28, 2004, and the Lancaster County Board of County Commissioners on March 23, 2005. Available online at http://www.co.lancaster.pa.us/planning/cwp/ view.asp?a=478&Q=388860&PM=1.

Accessed July 27, 2006.

Lancaster County (Lancaster County Planning Commission). 2006. The Growth Management Element of The Comprehensive Plan for Lancaster County, Pennsylvania prepared by the Lancaster County Planning Commission and Lancaster County Growth Management Update Task Force, April 2006, available at www.co.lancaster.pa.us/planning/lib/planning/balance_full_report.pdf. Accessed October 5, 2006.

Lindsey et al. (Lindsey, Bruce D., Kevin J. Breen, Michael D. Bilger, and Robin A. Brightbill).

1998. Water Quality in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 1992-95. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1168.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 2-65 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES Mangold, W. and Grace, T. 1987. The Other Side of the Island: Additional Data on the Prehistoric Occupations of Three Mile Island. Presented at the Mid Atlantic Archaeological Conference Annual Meeting, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. April.

McLaren/Hart. 1998a. Confirmatory Sampling Soil and Groundwater Investigation, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Route 441, Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania. McLaren/Hart, Inc., September 24.

McLaren/Hart. 1998b. Facility Assessment Report, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Route 441, Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania. McLaren/Hart, Inc., September 9.

McNally, B. 1997. Small Times on the Susquehanna. Available on line at http://www.boats.com/content/boat-articles.jsp?contentid=2284.

Nicewonger, R. 2002. "Susquehanna Smallmouth." Available on line at http://globalflyfisher.com/patterns/susquehanna/.

Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2007. Summary of Environmental Studies Near The Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. October.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1989. Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement related to decontamination and disposal of radioactive waste resulting from March 28, 1979 accident Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit 2. NUREG-0683, Supplement No. 3, Docket No. 50-320. Washington D.C. August.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS). Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1437.

Washington, DC. May.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2001. Procedural Guidance for Preparing Environmental Assessments and Considering Environmental Issues. Appendix D. NRR Office Instruction No. LIC-203. June 21.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2005. Fact Sheet on the Accident at Three Mile Island, Available at: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.pdf. Accessed September 28, 2006.

PADEP (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection). Undated. Source Water Assessment Summaries for Luzerne and Columbia Counties 2002-2003. Available online at http://164.156.71.80/WXOD.aspx?fs=6f84d840f80b0000800000cf000000cf&ft=1 .

Accessed March 29, 2005.

PADEP (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection). 2005. Survey Information.

Water Supply Data for Dauphin and Lancaster Counties. Available online at www.drinkingwater.state.pa.us/dwrs/HTM/DEP_frm.html. Accessed May 3, 2006.

PADEP (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection). 2007. Pennsylvanias Peregrine DEP Falcon Page. Available online at http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/falcon/.

Accessed on February 1, 2007.

Page 2-66 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES PENNDOT (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation). 2004. PENNDOT Traffic Count Maps. Available online at http://www.dot.state.pa.us/Internet/Bureaus/pdPlanRes.nsf/

infoBPRTrafficInfoTrafficVolumeMap. Accessed July 27, 2006.

Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission. Undated. Smallmouth Bass and Walleye Passage at Susquehanna River Dams 1997-2005. Available online at http://www.fish.state.pa.us/shad01/reports/2005/fish2005.htm.

Pennsylvania Power & Light Company. Undated. PPL Brunner Island. Available online at http://www.pplweb.com/ppl+generatiion/coal+plants/ppl+brunner+island.htm. Accessed on November 3, 2006.

PGA (Pennsylvania General Assembly). Undated. Pennsylvania History. Available online at http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/pa_history/pa_history.htm. Accessed August 19, 2004.

PHMC (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). Undated. PA History. Available online at http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/overview.asp?secid=31. Accessed August 19, 2004.

PHMC (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). 1977. Early and Middle Woodland Campsites on Three Mile Island, Dauphin County, Pennyslvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, William Penn Memorial Museum. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

January.

PHMC (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). 1999. News Release. TMI 20th Anniversary Event to Feature Federal, State, and Local Officials. Historical marker to be unveiled. Available online at http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/news/phmcnews1999_10.htm.

Accessed August 2, 2006.

PNHP (Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program). 2006. State Species List, Updated August 2006, All Species by Dauphin and York Counties. Available at http://www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/AllSpecies.aspx. Accessed September 25, 2006.

PNHP (Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program). 2007. State Species List, updated December 2006, All Species by Lancaster County. Available at http://www.Naturalheritage.state.pa.us/ALLSpecies.aspx. Accessed on January 8, 2007.

Rand McNally. 2006. Driving distance from Middletown, PA to Mystic Island, NJ. Available at www.randmcnally.com/rmc/directions. Accessed August 18, 2006.

RMC (RMC Environmental Services). 1990. An ecological study of the Susquehanna River near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report for 1989. March.

RMC (RMC Environmental Services). 1991. An ecological study of the Susquehanna River near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report for 1990. March.

Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. 2003. Susquehanna River. Available at http://www.serc.si.edu/watershed/december2001/susquehannariver.htm. Accessed July 22, 2004.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 2-67 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 2.13 REFERENCES SRBC (Susquehanna River Basin Commission). 1999. GPU Nuclear, Inc. Application 19961102 (Revised), January 14.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 1990. H005. Vacancy Status - Universe: Occupied Housing Units. Data Set: 1990 Summary Tape File 1 (STF 1) 100-Percent Data. Available online at http://factfinder.census.gov/. Accessed July 3, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 1995. Population of Counties by Decennial Census 1900 to 1990, March 27, 1995, U.S. Census Bureau available at www.census.gov, accessed October 5, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2000a. P1. Total Population [1] - Universe: Total Population.

Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent Data. Available online at http://factfinder.census.gov/. Accessed May 2, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2000b. QT-H1, General Housing Characteristics: 2000. Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data. Available online at http://factfinder.census.gov/. Accessed July 5, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2003. Table 3b. Population in Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Ranked Separately by 2000 Population for the United States and Puerto Rico: 1990 and 2000. Available online at http://www.census.gov/. Accessed May 2, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2005. State and County Quick Facts, People Quick Facts, Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, July 1, 2005, U.S. Census Bureau available at www.census.gov, accessed October 5, 2006.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2006. State and County Quickfacts. Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania. Available online at http://www.census.gov/. Accessed July 7, 2006.

USDOI (U.S. Department of the Interior). 2006. National Register of Historic Places. Available online at http://www.nr.nps.gov/. Accessed April 24, 2006.

USEPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2006. EPA - Envirofacts Warehouse -

Quick Start. Dauphin, Lancaster, and York Counties, PA. Available online at http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/ef_home3.html?p_zipcode=Dauphin%2C+PA&p_type=count y&x=9&y=8. Accessed August 10, 2006.

WHC (Wildlife Habitat Council). 2005. Site Assessment and Wildlife Management Opportunities Report for Exelon Corporations Three Mile Island Generating Station.

October.

York County (York County Planning Commission). 2006. York County Growth Management Plan. Available at www.ycpc.org. Accessed on October 13, 2006.

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Chapter 3 The Proposed Action Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 3.0 THE PROPOSED ACTION NRC The report must contain a description of the proposed action, including the applicants plans to modify the facility or its administrative control procedures. This report must describe in detail the modifications directly affecting the environment or affecting plant effluents that affect the environment. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

AmerGen Energy Company, LLC AmerGen and the Commonwealth of (AmerGen) proposes that the Nuclear Pennsylvania the option of relying on TMI-1 Regulatory Commission (NRC) renew the to meet future electricity needs. Section 3.1 operating license for Three Mile Island discusses the plant in general. Sections 3.2 Nuclear Station Unit 1 (TMI-1) for an through 3.4 address potential changes that additional 20 years. Renewal would give could occur as a result of license renewal.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION 3.1 GENERAL PLANT This design prevents fission products and activated corrosion products, which may be INFORMATION present in the reactor coolant water, from entering the steam used to drive the plants General information about TMI-1 is turbines. Reactor coolant flows downward available in several documents. In 1972, through the tubes and transfers heat to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission generate steam on the shell side. Within published the Final Environmental the shell, the tube bundle is surrounded by Statement (FES) related to the operation of a cylindrical baffle. There are openings in Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 the baffle at the feedwater inlet nozzle to and 2 (AEC 1972). The Generic afford contact feedwater heating.

Environmental Impact Statement for Emergency feedwater is supplied through License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS) an auxiliary feedwater ring located at the top (NRC 1996) describes TMI-1 features and, of the steam generator to assure natural in accordance with NRC requirements, circulation of the reactor coolant following AmerGen maintains the Final Safety the unlikely event of the loss of all reactor Analysis Report for TMI-1 (AmerGen coolant circulating pumps (AmerGen 2006a). AmerGen has referred to each of 2006a).

these and additional documents while preparing this environmental report for The primary containment is the reactor license renewal. Refer to Figure 3.1-1 for building and its associated isolation the general plant layout. systems. The reactor building consists of a reinforced concrete slab and structure with 3.1.1 REACTOR AND cylindrical wall, a flat foundation mat, and a shallow dome roof. The 3-foot concrete CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS cylindrical wall is prestressed with a post-tensioning system in the vertical and TMI-1 is a pressurized water reactor (PWR) horizontal directions. The dome roof is plant with a once through steam generator prestressed using a three way post-system. United Engineers and Constructors tensioning system. The inside surface of were the original plant construction the reactor building is lined with a carbon contractors and Gilbert Associates was the steel liner 3/4 inch thick for the cylinder and architect-engineer. The nuclear steam dome and 1/4 inch thick for the base supply system was supplied by Babcock (AmerGen 2006a).

and Wilcox. Commercial operation for TMI-1 began on September 2, 1974 (AmerGen The reactor fuel is sintered low-enriched 2006a). The initial core thermal power was uranium dioxide cylindrical pellets. The 2,535 megawatts-thermal (MWt). The pellets are sealed in zirconium-based alloy power rate was increased in July 1988 to tubing and caps. All fuel rods are internally 2,568 MWt following the seventh refueling prepressurized with helium (AmerGen outage (AmerGen 2006b).

2006a).

The TMI-1 nuclear steam supply system The containment systems and their consists of the reactor vessel, two vertical engineered safeguards are designed to once through steam generators, four reactor ensure that offsite doses resulting from coolant pumps, an electrically heated postulated accidents are well below the pressurizer, and interconnected piping. The guidelines in 10 CFR 100, Reactor Site steam generators are vertical, straight-tube-Criteria.

and-shell heat exchangers that produce superheated steam on their shell sides at a constant pressure over the power range.

Page 3-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION 3.1.2 COOLING AND AUXILIARY used in the Circulating Water System enters WATER SYSTEMS the intake structure, passes under a skimmer wall, through automated trash At TMI-1, the Circulating Water System and racks with 1-inch vertical bar spacing, service water systems draw from the through traveling screens with 3/8-inch Susquehanna River and cooling tower mesh, through the river water pumps, and blowdown is discharged to the same river finally through strainers of 1/8-inch mesh downstream from the intake structure. before passing to the heat exchangers. The Onsite groundwater wells are also utilized intake structure is also equipped with a for cooling water makeup, domestic water deicing line for operation during subfreezing consumption, and other industrial purposes. weather. After passing through the The following subsections describe the secondary services coolers, river water is water systems at TMI-1. mixed with circulating water in the circulating pumps. The flow velocity at the Intake Structure under normal operating 3.1.2.1 Surface Water conditions is 0.2 feet per second. The maximum withdrawal of makeup water for TMI-1 has a permit with the Susquehanna cooling tower losses is 15,250 gallons per River Basin Commission for consumptive minute (gpm). Under normal operations, use of river water up to 18 million gallons approximately 12,250 gpm is withdrawn.

per day, on a 30 day average, for electric The circulating water pump building generation. To comply with permit contains six circulating water pumps that requirements, TMI-1 participates in the are arranged so three pumps discharge Cowanesque Reservoir water allocation water into each of the 102-inch-diameter project, which will allow discharge of stored mains. The Circulating Water System is water in the event of a drought condition equipped with a chemical injection system protecting TMI-1 from a shutdown during a for controlling bacterial and algae growth drought emergency in the Susquehanna and corrosion. Cooling tower blowdown at River (McLaren/Hart 1998).

a normal rate of 3,000 gpm (maximum of 6,000 gpm) is combined with the Open The TMI-1 Intake Screen and Pump House Cycle Cooling Water and discharged to the (ISPH) structure is located on the western Susquehanna River through a 48-inch-bank of the island. The ISPH structure diameter river discharge line. The intake houses plant river water pumps that take water pumping systems are designed to suction from the Susquehanna River (AEC pump under three river conditions: (1) loss 1972).

of the York Haven Dam; (2) the normal river elevation of 278 foot; and (3) flood levels.

3.1.2.2 Circulating Water System (AmerGen 2006a, 2007).

TMI-1 utilizes two hyperbolic natural draft 3.1.2.3 Groundwater Resources cooling towers for dissipating the heat rejected from the plant steam cycle. In To reduce operations and maintenance addition to this major heat load, there are costs at TMI-1 associated with clarifying several other cooling systems that dissipate river water in the Pre-Treatment System, heat from other portions of the plant. The three groundwater service wells, (A, B, and condensing equipment consists of a single-C), were installed in 1996 to supplement pass main condenser and two-pass units for industrial water withdrawn from the the auxiliary condensers. Makeup water for Susquehanna River (Figure 3.1-1). The cooling tower evaporation, wind loss, and groundwater is used for station fire service, blowdown are obtained from the Open makeup to the demineralized water system, Cycle Cooling Water System. River water bearing lubrication for the screen house Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-5 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION pumps, and service water for other buildings Figure 3.1-2 is a map of the TM-1I and equipment (McLaren/Hart 1998). transmission system.

There are two drinking water wells, (OSF

• Line No. 1091 - TMI-1 to Middletown and 48S), located north of the TMI-1 reactor Junction - This 230-kV line operated by building. The drinking water treatment FirstEnergy Corporation extends system is permitted by the Pennsylvania northeast for 1.5 miles in a 150-foot Department of Environmental Protection. wide corridor to the Middletown Junction Dilute orthophosphate solution can be Substation near Middletown.

added to the drinking water by an automatic pump system at each well house. Zinc

• Line No. 1092 - TMI-1 to Middletown orthophosphate solution is added to the Junction - This 230-kV line operated by system to control corrosion and reduce FirstEnergy Corporation extends concentrations of lead and copper. Sodium northeast for 1.5 miles in a 150-foot hypochlorite solution is periodically added wide corridor to the Middletown Junction as a biocide. If it is not needed to supply Substation near Middletown.

drinking water, the OSF well may be used to augment the supply of service water from

• Line No. 1051 - TMI-1 to Jackson wells A, B, and C (McLaren/Hart 1998). Substation - This 230-kV line operated by FirstEnergy Corporation extends AmerGen operates a sanitary wastewater southward for 4.1 miles in a 150-foot treatment facility with a design capacity of wide, arcing corridor to the Jackson 80,000 gpd (gallons per day). The typical Substation near Jackson, west of the daily flow at the facility is between 10,000 Susquehanna River.

and 15,000 gpd. However, during outages the maximum flow approaches 40,000 gpd.

• Line from TMI-1 to the 500-kV The facility is adequately sized to meet all Substation - This 230-kV line shares the projected outages. first four towers with the TMI-1 to Jackson Substation line. The line 3.1.3 TRANSMISSION FACILITIES extends southeast for 0.7 miles and connects to the 500-kV Substation.

The Updated Final Safety Analysis Report (AmerGen 2006a) identifies four 230-kilovolt In total, the transmission lines of interest to (kV) transmission lines that connect TMI-1 Section 4.13 are contained in approximately to the electric grid. Two of these lines 5.6 miles of corridor that occupy connect the plant with the existing approximately 142 acres. The TMI-1 to substation at Middletown Junction, east of Middletown Junction lines has adjacent the Susquehanna River. Each of these corridors. The corridors pass through land lines extends for 1.5 miles. A third line that is primarily agricultural or forested, but extends for 4.1 miles to the west side of the also pass over residential and urban areas.

Susquehanna River, where it connects to a The areas are mostly remote with low 230-kV line terminating into Jackson population densities. Corridors that pass Substation. through pastures generally continue to be used as pastures. Each of the lines crosses The fourth 230-kV line extends to the TMI-1 State Route 441 after leaving the 500-kV Substation. Inside the substation switchyard. The TMI-1 to Jackson the voltage is converted to 500-kV with a Substation Line also crosses several 230/500-kV autotransformer, which is smaller roads. FirstEnergy Corporation connected to the FirstEnergy 500-kV grid. owns and operates these transmission lines, which connect TMI-1 to the PJM regional transmission system. These Page 3-6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION transmission lines would remain under Radioactive Liquid Waste Disposal FirstEnergys ownership and would most System likely stay in service after TMI-1 is decommissioned. The radioactive liquid waste disposal system provides operating service functions The transmission lines were designed and to the reactor coolant system and spent fuel constructed in accordance with the National pool, allowing recovery of concentrated Electrical Safety Code (for example, IEEE boric acid and purified water from the 1997) and other industry guidance that was reactor coolant, the refueling water, and the current when the lines were built. Ongoing spent fuel pool water. In addition, the surveillance and maintenance of these radioactive liquid waste disposal system transmission facilities ensure continued collects, contains, and processes conformance to design standards. These miscellaneous wastes for reuse and maintenance practices are described in disposal. Such wastes include wastes from Section 4.13. laboratory drains, wastes from building drains and sumps, wastes from equipment 3.1.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND drains and sumps, wastes from EFFLUENT CONTROL regeneration of deborating resins, spent resins from demineralizers, used precoat SYSTEMS from precoat filters, potentially radioactive wastes from showers and the laundry, and 3.1.4.1 Radioactive Waste potentially radioactive oil.

TMI-1 radioactive waste (radwaste) systems The major equipment components of the are designed and constructed to contain, liquid waste disposal system are tanks, control, and release or dispose of pumps, precoat filters, demineralizers, radioactive byproducts generated as a evaporators, coolers, and floor and result of normal and emergency operation of equipment drains with associated sumps the plant. The byproducts are activation and piping. Except for potentially products resulting from the irradiation of radioactive oil, radioactive liquid wastes are reactor cooling water and impurities therein (1) routed through evaporators and (principally metallic corrosion products) and demineralizers, (2) collected in the waste fission products resulting from defective fuel evaporator condensate storage tanks, and cladding or uranium contamination within (3) either reused or discharged into the the reactor coolant system. Table 3.1-1 effluent from the cooling water basin, which contains a list of the radwaste systems at is released to the Susquehanna River TMI-1. pursuant to the TMI-1 technical specifications and NPDES permit.

The liquid waste disposal system, the waste Releases of liquid radwaste to the river are gas system, and the solid waste disposal on a batch basis with activity analyses and packaging system are described more (including an isotopic breakdown) being fully below. These descriptions, unless performed for each batch prior to release. A otherwise specified, are derived from minimum cooling water effluent flow rate of Chapter 11, Radioactive Waste and 5,000 gpm is maintained from the open-Radiation Protection, in the TMI-1 Updated cycle cooling water system during releases.

Final Safety Analysis Report (i.e., AmerGen The actual cooling water flow rate during 2006a). each individual batch release is determined based on the activity analyses for the liquid radwaste in the batch. The flow rate during a batch release is controlled to ensure that the activity in the discharge does not Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-7 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION exceed the specifications in the TMI Offsite design discharge pressure for the waste gas Dose Calculation Manual (AmerGen 2006c). system compressors. At 80 pounds per square inch (psig), an automatic sequencing Discharges of liquid radwaste to the system preferentially selects a new waste Susquehanna River are initiated in gas decay tank for filling based on tank accordance with strict administrative pressures and whether gases are procedures. The liquid radwaste is discharging from other available tanks at combined with open-cycle cooling water in a that time. The tanks are each equipped mixing chamber before being discharged to with a relief valve that activates if tank the river. The mixture enters the river pressure exceeds 85 psig. The design approximately 600 feet downstream from pressure of the high-pressure waste gas the river water intake structure. system piping and other components is 150 psig. Consequently, rupture and major Concentrated wastes are collected in failure resulting from overpressure of piping storage tanks and managed in the solid and other components of the high-pressure waste packaging and disposal system. portion of the waste gas system are not considered credible. Accidental discharges Potentially radioactive oil is collected in a resulting from the relieving of a waste gas 700-gallon tank. Depending on the results decay tank or compressor relief valve also of tank sampling, the oil may be drained are not considered credible because the from the tank, solidified (see the discussion operator would have approximately 8 below describing the solid waste packaging minutes between receipt of the alarm that and disposal system), and managed as low- the automatic sequencer had not level radioactive waste. Alternatively, it may transferred waste gas flow to a fresh tank be managed as non-radioactive waste oil. and activation of the relief valve on the overfilled tank. This time is considered Waste Gas System sufficient for the operator to either bring an alternative tank on-line or terminate gas flow The radioactive waste gas system collects into the vent header system.

and stores gases that emanate from reactor coolant water in tanks and equipment where Shortly after a tank is full (i.e., it has been such gases may accumulate. The system filled to 80 psig), the compressed waste design provides a blanket of inert nitrogen gases within the tank are sampled and gas in which to collect such gases. These analyzed. Administrative approval, based gases consist primarily of hydrogen with on the results of such analyses, is required small amounts of gaseous fission products before initiating release to the atmosphere and activated dissolved gases. The gas of the waste gases stored in the tank.

mixture (i.e., nitrogen, hydrogen, and When stored gas is to be released, double radioactive gases, including isotopes of monitoring prior to the release is required to krypton, xenon, and iodine) collected in the assure compliance with the exposure limits radioactive waste gas system is at the site boundary, as established in compressed and stored for decay of the 10 CFR 20, Standards For Protection radioactive components prior to release to Against Radiation, and to verify compliance the atmosphere. with 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, Numerical Guides For Design Objectives And Limiting During normal operation, three waste gas Conditions For Operation To Meet The decay tanks each provide a 30-day Criterion As Low As Is Reasonably minimum storage period for radioactive Achievable For Radioactive Material In decay before the gases they contain are Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor released to the atmosphere. Each tank is Effluents.

filled until it reaches 80 psig, which is the Page 3-8 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 GENERAL PLANT INFORMATION Radioactive Solid Waste Packaging and shipped to a licensed low-level radioactive Disposal System waste disposal facility.

Radioactive solid wastes being shipped off- When the regulations do not require that site from TMI-1 fall into five general evaporator bottoms, used precoat, or spent categories: resin be solidified, such wastes are properly dewatered, packaged directly into DOT-

• Concentrated liquid waste (evaporator approved containers (without solidification),

bottoms) and temporarily stored until transported to a licensed, off-site processor for volume

• Used precoat (spent powdered resin) reduction and/or disposal in low-level radioactive waste disposal facility.

• Spent resin (bead type)

If waste oil is sufficiently contaminated with

• Dry compactable trash radioactive material, it too is managed in the radioactive waste solidification facility.

• Dry non-compactable trash 3.1.4.2 Nonradioactive Waste Dry compactable trash is either compacted on site (to reduce volume), or shipped to an Nonradioactive waste is produced from offsite processor for decontamination and/or plant maintenance, cleaning and operational compaction prior to recycle or disposal. processes. The majority of the nonradioactive waste generated at TMI-1 An on-site radioactive waste solidification consists of process wastewater and system using cement is available to solidify nonhazardous plant trash. Other concentrated liquid wastes. The nonradioactive industrial wastes generated solidification is accomplished by pumping at TMI-1 include discarded surface coatings, the quantity of waste to be solidified into a glycols/antifreeze, spent oil filters, grease, lined shipping container that has an internal oil-contaminated soil and debris, mixer associated with the liner. The mixer nonhazardous waste oil, and other chemical is started and cement is added. Mixing wastes. Universal wastes, such as spent continues until the mixer motor current fluorescent bulbs and batteries common to increases, which indicates that the mixture any industrial facility are also generated at is beginning to set. Following visual and TMI-1.

tactile verification of solidification, the liner and container are closed and either Nonradioactive wastes classified as temporarily stored or transported to a hazardous under Subtitle C of the Resource licensed low-level radioactive waste Conservation and Recovery Act routinely disposal facility. The U.S. Department of make up a very small percentage of the Transportation (DOT) has approved pre- total wastes generated at TMI-1. Such shielded containers of this type for shipping wastes include spent and off-specification low-level radioactive wastes. (e.g., shelf life expired) chemicals, laboratory chemical wastes, and occasional Depending on applicable regulatory project-specific wastes. Because it requirements, used precoat and spent generates less than 100 kilograms per resins may also be solidified using the month of these wastes, TMI-1 is categorized radioactive waste solidification system. Like as a small quantity generator of hazardous the concentrated liquid wastes, these waste under federal and state regulations solidified wastes are also packaged in pre- (40 CFR 62, Standards Applicable to shielded DOT-approved containers, Generators of Hazardous Waste; 25 PA temporarily stored on site until being Code 262a).

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-9 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section3.2 REFURBISHMENT ACTIVITIES 3.2 REFURBISHMENT ACTIVITIES NRC The report must contain a description of the applicants plans to modify the facility or its administrative control procedures as described in accordance with § 54.21...This report must describe in detail the modifications directly affecting the environment or affecting plant effluents that affect the environment. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The environmental report must contain analyses of refurbishment activities, if any, associated with license renewal 10CFR51.53(c)(3)(ii)

The incremental aging management activities carried out to allow operation of a nuclear power plant beyond the original 40-year license term will be from one of two broad categories(2) major refurbishment or replacement actions, which usually occur fairly infrequently and possibly only once in the life of the plant for any given item.... (NRC 1996, Section 2.6.3.1)

NRC regulations at 10 CFR 51 do not define Each steam generator consists of straight-a refurbishment activity, but Section tube heat exchangers that convert heat from 2.6.2.6 in the GEIS explains that, for the the reactor coolant system into steam to purpose of license renewal, refurbishment drive the turbine generators and produce activities encompass actions that typically electricity. The straight-tubes in the original take place only once in the life of a nuclear steam generators are made of alloy 600MA.

plant, if at all (NRC 1996). Examples of This alloy degrades over time as a result of refurbishment activities provided in this a variety of corrosion and mechanical GEIS section include pressurized water factors. Alloy 600MA degradation affects reactor steam generator replacement, if it both of the steam generators at TMI-1.

would not have to be performed during the Accordingly, AmerGen has determined that current license term, but is elected by the they should be replaced with steam licensee to enable safe and economic generators that use alloy 690TT tubing operation for the incremental term allowed material, which has improved resistance to with license renewal. Because the situation stress corrosion cracking.

at TMI-1 is consistent with this example, AmerGen is analyzing steam generator The replacement steam generators will be replacement in this environmental report as dimensionally equivalent to the original a refurbishment activity, pursuant to 10 CFR steam generators, with the incorporation of 51.53(c)(3)(ii). numerous design enhancements that will minimize the number of pressure vessel AmerGen plans to replace the two TMI-1 welds, thereby improving inspectability. In steam generators with enhanced once- conjunction with the steam generator through steam generators. Replacement replacement, the hot leg elbows, portions of activities are expected to last approximately the piping, and all existing steam generator 70 days and be conducted sometime insulation will be replaced. The steam between October 2009 and date on which generator blowdown system capacity also the existing operating license expires. will be increased. Most of these activities Page 3-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.2 REFURBISHMENT ACTIVITIES would be performed inside existing

• Temporary or permanent removal of structures. interferences, such as narrow tunnels and low-hanging overhead lines; and The replacement steam generators will be manufactured in Chalon/St Marcel, France

• Movement of wide and heavy loads over by Areva NP and transported to TMI-1. The railways and roadways.

transport is expected to involve the following steps: Once the replacement steam generators arrive at TMI-1, they will be transported on-

• River transport from the Areva NP St site by a self-propelled modular transporter.

Marcel plant to Fos S/Mer harbor (near Each replacement steam generator would Marseille). be loaded onto a heavy-duty self-propelled modular transporter and moved to a steam

• Ocean transport from Fos S/Mer harbor generator storage facility (described below) to a U.S. port of call, which may be that will be constructed at TMI-1 Baltimore, Newark, or Philadelphia. (Figure 3.1-1).

• A combination of barge, rail, and/or road To perform the steam generator transport from the U.S. port of call to replacement, a temporary opening TMI-1, using one of the following approximately 26 feet by 25 feet will be options: created in the containment building directly above the existing equipment hatch. The

- Barge from Baltimore, MD through containment building is composed of the Chesapeake Bay and up the reinforced concrete walls over three feet Susquehanna River to Port Deposit, thick with an interior steel liner and is MD. Then, rail or road to TMI-1; tensioned with horizontal and vertical tendons (AmerGen 2006a). The process of

- Rail and/or road from Baltimore, MD creating the opening will include activities to TMI-1; such as de-tensioning and removing tendons, removing concrete, cutting rebar,

- Rail and/or road from Philadelphia, and cutting and removing a section of the PA to TMI-1; steel liner. A hydro-demolition (high pressure water) process and other

- Rail and/or road from Newark, NJ to mechanical methods will be used to remove TMI-1. the concrete and cut the liner. After steam generator replacement, the opening will be A vendor will be selected to perform a sealed and the containment building detailed transportation study that will be the returned to its original configuration and basis for establishing the final transportation integrity.

plan in June 2008. Regardless of which option is selected for transporting the The two original steam generators will be replacement steam generators within the removed from the containment building U.S., all federal, state, and local through the temporary opening. First, requirements would be met for associated however, they must be drained and cut activities, which may include any or all of away from existing piping and supports.

the following: Steel covers would be seal-welded to the nozzles of main coolant, steam, and

• Dredge or fill activities; feedwater piping openings of the original steam generators to seal off internal sections. Loose contamination would be removed from the exterior of each original Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-11 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.2 REFURBISHMENT ACTIVITIES steam generator and a coating would be practices (e.g., watering, silt fences, applied to affix any remaining covering soil piles, hydro-demolition, etc.)

contamination. would minimize the amount of fugitive dust generated by refurbishment activities.

Once removed from the containment building, the original steam generators will Construction activities would result in noise be transported to the new steam generator levels (primarily from hydro demolition) storage facility. Meanwhile, the replacement greater than those associated with normal steam generators will be removed from the TMI-1 operation. Noise from construction storage facility and moved to the vicinity of activities would be intermittent and the TMI-1 containment building. Installation temporary in nature, and would decrease as would include construction of supports, the distance from the source increases.

connection of piping, and testing of system integrity. The peak period of activity would occur when the actual removal and replacement Site planning, construction of facilities, of the steam generators take place.

modification of existing buildings, and other AmerGen anticipates that up to 900 preparation activities will occur at TMI-1 additional workers would be on site at that prior to removal of the original steam time. In comparison, 1,400 additional generators from the TMI-1 containment workers are required for a regular refueling building. The only new permanent facility outage.

will be the new steam generator storage facility. Temporary facilities for offices, AmerGen has determined that the most cost fabrication activities, mock-up activities, effective method for managing the original weld testing, warehouse areas, and lay steam generators is to store them on site in down areas will be used. A 4,500 square a dedicated storage facility and then foot fabrication/weld test shop would be disposition them along with the remaining erected between the south flood dike and plant equipment when TMI-1 is the vehicle barriers east of the gas bottle decommissioned. The steam generator storage building. While the building would storage facility would consist of a 6,000 be removed following the project, the square foot building with approximate concrete floor slab at grade will remain. A dimensions of 100 feet long by 60 feet wide 6,000 square foot decontamination facility by 30 feet high. The building would be will be located across the road from the located within the flood dike, which is part of TMI-1 intake structure. A slab will not be the previously disturbed, developed poured for this building so it will be removed industrial area of the site (Figure 3.1-1).

in its entirety after the steam generators have been replaced. All other temporary The steam generator storage facility would facilities will either use portions of existing be designed in accordance with State and TMI-1 structures and facilities or will consist Local building codes, and would consist of a of temporary structures located within the reinforced concrete structure constructed on developed industrial area of the site. a reinforced concrete mat foundation. The design would include a watertight roof AmerGen estimates that the total area membrane or equivalent roofing system.

disturbed by construction, decontamination, Design and construction would preclude and laydown activities would be less than moisture intrusion through construction 10 acres, all of which would be previously joints, the roof membrane, and wall disturbed property within the bounds of the closures. The front wall would consist of TMI-1 flood protection dike. The small precast concrete panels installed after the amount of disturbed area and original steam generators have been placed implementation of best management inside the building. The building materials Page 3-12 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.2 REFURBISHMENT ACTIVITIES will provide sufficient shielding to ensure

• Excavation for the structure and utilities; dose rates remain within acceptable regulatory limits in accordance with 10 CFR

• Installation of utilities and construction of 20, Standards for Protection Against the foundation slab, walls, and roof; and Radiation. Construction of the steam generator storage facility will include the

• Backfill, grading, and paving around the following activities: completed structure.

• Obtaining required permits and AmerGen anticipates that up to 50 workers approvals; would be required for construction of the facility.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-13 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.3 PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES FOR MANAGING THE EFFECTS OF AGING 3.3 PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES FOR MANAGING THE EFFECTS OF AGING NRC The report must contain a description of the applicants plans to modify the facility or its administrative control procedures. This report must describe in detail the modifications directly affecting the environment or affecting plant effluents that affect the environment.

10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The incremental aging management activities carried out to allow operation of a nuclear power plant beyond the original 40 year license term will be from one of two broad categories: (1) SMITTR actions, most of which are repeated at regular intervals . NRC 1996 (SMITTR is defined in NRC 1996 as surveillance, monitoring, inspections, testing, trending, and recordkeeping.)

In accordance with 10 CFR 54.21, programs Other than implementation of these and inspections for managing aging effects programs and inspections, there are no at TMI-1 are described in the Three Mile planned modifications of TMI-1 Island Nuclear Station License Renewal administrative control procedures Application, Appendix B, Aging associated with license renewal.

Management Programs and Activities.

Page 3-14 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.4 EMPLOYMENT 3.4 EMPLOYMENT that the most additional personnel needed to perform refurbishment activities at a pressurized water reactor would typically be Current Work force 2,273 persons during a 9-month major refurbishment outage immediately before AmerGen employs approximately 525 the expiration of the initial operating license.

permanent employees and 170 long-term NRC also estimates that, after the contract employees at TMI-1. The refurbishment workforce has reached its permanent staff at a nuclear plant with one peak, refueling would be undertaken to reactor normally ranges between 600 and prepare for continued operation of the plant.

800 employees (NRC 1996). Approximately In an effort to account for uncertainty 71 percent of the employees live in Dauphin surrounding workforce numbers, NRC and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania. The performed a sensitivity analysis where remaining employees are distributed across socioeconomic impacts were predicted in 14 counties in Pennsylvania, with numbers response to a work force roughly 50 percent ranging from 1 to 57 employees per county.

larger than the projected bounding case for There are about five employees that live a pressurized water reactor work force, or outside of Pennsylvania (see Table 2.6-1).

3,400 workers. Having established this TMI-1 is on a 24-month refueling cycle. upper value for what would be a single During refueling outages, site employment event in the remainder of the life of the increases above the permanent work force plant, the GEIS uses this number as the by as many as 1,400 workers for expected number of additional permanent approximately 20 to 30 days of temporary workers needed per unit attributable to duty. This number of outage workers falls refurbishment.

outside of the range (200 to 900 workers AmerGen has identified one refurbishment per reactor unit) reported in the GEIS for project for TMI-1. This project qualifies for additional maintenance workers (NRC inclusion in this environmental report and 1996), but for a relatively short period of will be analyzed in Chapter 4. AmerGen time (approximately three weeks).

has determined that the GEIS work force Refurbishment Increment size and scheduling assumptions amply bound the TMI-1 refurbishment work force Performing the refurbishment activities size and scheduling. AmerGen estimates described in Section 3.2 would necessitate that refurbishment activities would last no increasing the TMI-1 staff workload by some longer than 70 days. Construction activities increment. The size of this increment would for the long-term storage facility for the be a function of the schedule within which original steam generators will require AmerGen must accomplish the work and approximately 50 workers and will occur the amount of work involved. first. Steam generator replacement will follow and will require approximately 900 In the GEIS (NRC 1996), NRC analyzed workers.

seven case study sites (including TMI-1) with respect to typical refurbishment In Chapter 4, for analyses based on scenarios. NRC selected a variety of employment numbers, the steam generator nuclear plant sites that would represent the replacement employment numbers are range of plant types in the United States. expected to bound the employment-related Then, NRC based its analyses on bounding impacts of all steam generator replacement work force estimates derived from these activities. Therefore, a peak refurbishment typical refurbishment scenarios at the case work force of 900 workers will be assumed study sites. In the GEIS, NRC estimates for analyzing refurbishment impacts. For analyses based on other criteria, such as Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-15 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.4 EMPLOYMENT land-disturbance, the steam generator have to be performed during outages.

replacement activities and the long-term Although some TMI-1 license renewal storage facility construction will be analyzed SMITTR activities would be one-time efforts, separately. others would be recurring periodic activities that would continue for the life of the plant.

License Renewal Increment The GEIS estimates that the most additional Performing the license renewal activities personnel needed to perform license described in Section 3.3 would necessitate renewal SMITTR activities would typically increasing the TMI-1 staff workload by some be 60 persons during the 3-month duration increment. The size of this increment would of a 10-year in-service inspection and be a function of the schedule within which refueling outage. Having established this AmerGen must accomplish the work and upper value for what would be a single the amount of work involved. The analysis event in 20 years, the GEIS uses this of license renewal employment increment number as the expected number of focuses on programs and activities for additional permanent workers needed per managing the effects of aging. unit attributable to license renewal. GEIS Section C.3.1.2 uses this approach in order The GEIS (NRC 1996) assumes that NRC to ...provide a realistic upper bound to would renew a nuclear power plant license potential population-driven impacts.

for a 20-year period beyond the term of its initial license, and that NRC would issue the AmerGen expects that its existing capability renewal approximately 10 years before the for temporarily supplementing the workforce initial license expires. In other words, the for routine activities, such as outages, will renewed license would be in effect for most likely enable AmerGen to perform the approximately 30 years. The GEIS further increased SMITTR workload without adding assumes that the utility would initiate workers to the TMI-1 staff. However, for surveillance, monitoring, inspections, purposes of analysis in this environmental testing, trending, and recordkeeping report, AmerGen conservatively assumes (SMITTR) activities at the time of issuance that TMI-1 would require 60 additional of the new license and would conduct permanent workers to perform all license license renewal SMITTR activities renewal SMITTR activities and that all 60 throughout the remaining 30-year life of the employees would migrate into the 50-mile plant, sometimes during full-power radius. Adding 60 full-time employees to operation (NRC 1996), but mostly during the plant work force for the period of normal refueling and the 5- and 10-year in- extended operation would have the indirect service inspection and refueling outages effect of creating additional jobs.

(NRC 1996). Considering the size of the 50-mile radius population (2,546,479) and the fact that AmerGen has determined that the GEIS most indirect jobs would be service-related, scheduling assumptions are reasonably AmerGen assumes that the majority of representative of TMI-1 incremental, license indirect workers would already be residing renewal, workload scheduling. Many TMI-1 within the 50-mile radius.

license renewal SMITTR activities would Page 3-16 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 3.1 TABLES Table 3.1-1 List of Radioactive Waste Systems at TMI-1 Radioactive Waste Systems Spent fuel and control rod handling and packaging Incore detector removal and packaging Out-of-core detector removal and packaging Purification filter removal and packaging Liquid waste disposal system Waste gas system Solid waste disposal and packaging Source: AmerGen 2006a Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-17 License Renewal Application

Page 3-18 Environmental Report Main Station Cooling Unit 1 Intake Discharge Structure Water Basin Screen Pumphouse Susquehanna C

River N South Office Bldg B A North Office Bldg Wate Sewage Waste Station Blackout Reactor Bldg r Parking Flo Treatment Facility w Section 3.1 FIGURES Diesel Generator Bldg Unit 1 on Drive uti Fuel Handling Technical Constit Bldg Support Center Meteorological Parking Screen Intake Tower OSF Structure Desilting 48S Utility Bldg Transportation Diesel Basin Facility Turbine Bldg Aux. Bldg Generator Bldg Unit 2 Unit 2 Turbine Bldg Circulating Water Cooling Unit 1 Pump House Unit 1 Towers Proposed Parking Drainage Steam Generator Switchyard Unit 1 Unit 1 Area Storage Facility Cooling Cooling Tower Tower Cooling Tower Desilting Basin Main Stormwater Outfall Flow Water nd sla e ach I B

Sand Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Line From TMI-1 to 500kV Substation Line 1051 to Jackson Substation 441 Line 1091 to Middletown Junction Substation Norfolk Southern Railroad Visitors Center Map Not to Scale Training Center/Simulator Building Line 1092 to Middletown Junction Substation License Renewal Application LEGEND Potable Water Wells Fence Supply Wells Unit 2 facilities (not Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Railroad Tracks operational); not Part of Transmission Lines Pennsylvania License Renewal Environmental Report TMI-1 License Renewal Flood Protection Dike Figure 3.1-1 General Plant Layout Joint Facilities TMI-1 & 2 Discharge Pipe

Environmental Report Section

3.5 REFERENCES

Figure 3.1-2 TMI Transmission System Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 3-19 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

3.5 REFERENCES

Note to reader: Some web pages cited in this document are no longer available, or are no longer available through the original URL addresses. Hard copies of cited web pages are available in AmerGen files. Some sites, for example the census data, cannot be accessed through their given URLs. The only way to access these pages is to follow queries on previous web pages. The complete URLs used by AmerGen have been given for these pages, even though they may not be directly accessible. Also, all references are specific to respective chapter.

AEC (Atomic Energy Commission). 1972. Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2. December.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006a. Three Mile Island Updated Safety Analysis Report, Update 18. April.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006b. Plant Fact Sheet, Three Mile Island Generating Station. Accessed at http://www.AmerGencorp.com/ourcompanies/

powergen/nuclear/three_mile_island_unit_-_1.htm. Accessed on August 25.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006c. Offsite Dose Calculation Manual.

Procedure 6610-PLN-4200.01, Revision 25. August 9.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 1997. National Electrical Safety Code, 1997 Edition, New York, New York.

McLaren/Hart. 1998. Facility Assessment Report, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Route 441, Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania. McLaren/Hart, Inc., September 9.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants. Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1437. Washington, DC. May.

Page 3-20 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Chapter 4 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND MITIGATING ACTIONS NRC The report must contain a consideration of alternatives for reducing impactsfor all Category 2 license renewal issues. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iii)

The environmental report shall include an analysis that considersthe environmental effects of the proposed actionand alternatives available for reducing or avoiding adverse environmental effects. 10 CFR 51.45(c) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The environmental report shall discuss the impact of the proposed action on the environment. Impacts shall be discussed in proportion to their significance. 10 CFR 51.45(b)(1) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The information submittedshould not be confined to information supporting the proposed action but should also include adverse information. 10 CFR 51.45(e) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

Chapter 4 presents an assessment of the and from high-level waste and spent-environmental consequences associated fuel disposal); and with the renewal of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 (TMI-1) operating

• mitigation of adverse impacts license. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory associated with the issue has been Commission (NRC) has identified and considered in the analysis, and it has analyzed 92 environmental issues that it been determined that additional plant-considers to be associated with nuclear specific mitigation measures are likely to power plant license renewal and has be not sufficiently beneficial to warrant designated the issues as Category 1, implementation.

Category 2, or NA (not applicable). NRC designated an issue as Category 1 if, based If the NRC analysis concluded that one or on the result of its analysis, the following more of the Category 1 criteria could not be criteria were met: met, NRC designated the issue as Category

2. NRC requires plant-specific analyses for

• the environmental impacts associated Category 2 issues.

with the issue have been determined to apply either to all plants or, for some Finally, NRC designated two issues as NA, issues, to plants having a specific type signifying that the categorization and impact of cooling system or other specified definitions do not apply to these issues.

plant or site characteristic; NRC rules do not require analyses of

• a single significance level (i.e., small, Category 1 issues that NRC resolved using moderate, or large) has been assigned generic findings (10 Code of Federal to the impacts that would occur at any Regulations (CFR) 51) as described in the plant, regardless of which plant is being Generic Environmental Impact Statement evaluated (except for collective offsite for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants radiological impacts from the fuel cycle (GEIS) (NRC 1996). An applicant may reference the generic findings or GEIS Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROPOSED ACTION AND MITIGATING ACTIONS analyses for Category 1 issues. Of the 92 Appendix A of this report lists the 92 issues total issues, NRC designated 69 as and identifies the environmental report Category 1 and 21 as Category 2. section that addresses each issue.

Page 4-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report CATEGORY 1 AND NA LICENSE RENEWAL ISSUES CATEGORY 1 AND NA LICENSE RENEWAL ISSUES NRC The environmental report for the operating license renewal stage is not required to contain analyses of the environmental impacts of the license renewal issues identified as Category 1 issues in Appendix B to subpart A of this part. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(i)

[A]bsent new and significant information, the analyses for certain impacts codified by this rulemaking need only be incorporated by reference in an applicants environmental report for license renewal.

(NRC 1996b, pg. 28483)

Category 1 License Renewal Issues included evaluation of the impacts, as indicated in the GEIS. AmerGen has AmerGen Energy Company, LLC determined that no refurbishment activities (AmerGen) has determined that 10 of the 69 would change the conclusions identified in Category 1 issues do not apply to TMI-1 the GEIS and therefore, AmerGen adopts because they are specific to design or by reference the NRC conclusions operational features that are not found at regarding those Category 1 issues relative the facility. Appendix Table A-1 lists the 69 to refurbishment.

Category 1 issues, indicates whether or not each issue is applicable to TMI-1, and if NA License Renewal Issues inapplicable provides AmerGens basis for this determination. Appendix Table A-1 also NRC determined that its categorization and includes references to supporting analyses impact-finding definitions did not apply to in the GEIS where appropriate. Issues 60 and 92; however, AmerGen included these issues in Table A-1. NRC AmerGen has reviewed the NRC findings at noted that applicants currently do not need Table B-1 in Appendix B to 10 CFR 51 and to submit information on Issue 60, chronic has not identified any new and significant effects from electromagnetic fields information that would make the NRC (10 CFR 51). For Issue 92, environmental findings, with respect to Category 1 issues, justice, NRC does not require information inapplicable to TMI-1. Therefore, AmerGen from applicants, but noted that it will be adopts by reference the NRC findings for addressed in individual license renewal these Category 1 issues. AmerGen will reviews (10 CFR 51). AmerGen has undertake refurbishment activities included environmental justice demographic associated with license renewal and has information in Section 2.6.2.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-5 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report CATEGORY 2 LICENSE RENEWAL ISSUES CATEGORY 2 LICENSE RENEWAL ISSUES NRC The environmental report must contain analyses of the environmental impacts of the proposed action, including the impacts of refurbishment activities, if any, associated with license renewal and the impacts of operation during the renewal term, for those issues identified as Category 2 issues in Appendix B to subpart A of this part. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)

The report must contain a consideration of alternatives for reducing adverse impacts, as required by § 51.45(c), for all Category 2 license renewal issues. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iii)

NRC designated 21 issues as Category 2. neither destabilize nor noticeably alter Sections 4.1 through 4.20 (Section 4.17 any important attribute of the resource.

addresses 2 issues) address the Category 2 For the purposes of assessing issues, beginning with a statement of the radiological impacts, the Commission issue. Five Category 2 issues apply to has concluded that those impacts that operational features that TMI-1 does not do not exceed permissible levels in the have. If the issue does not apply to TMI-1, Commissions regulations are the section explains the basis for considered small.

inapplicability.

MODERATE - Environmental effects are For the 16 Category 2 issues that AmerGen sufficient to alter noticeably, but not to has determined to be applicable to TMI-1, destabilize, any important attribute of the appropriate sections contain the the resource.

required analyses. These analyses include conclusions regarding the significance of LARGE - Environmental effects are the impacts relative to the renewal of the clearly noticeable and are sufficient to operating license and refurbishment destabilize important attributes of the activities for TMI-1 and, if applicable, resource.

discuss potential mitigative alternatives to the extent required. AmerGen has identified In accordance with National Environmental the significance of the impacts associated Policy Act practice, AmerGen considered with each issue as either small, moderate, ongoing and potential additional mitigation or large, consistent with the criteria that in proportion to the significance of the NRC established in 10 CFR 51, Appendix B, impact to be addressed (i.e., impacts that Table B-1, Footnote 3 as follows: are small receive less mitigative consideration than impacts that are large).

SMALL - Environmental effects are not detectable or are so minor that they will Page 4-6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.1 WATER USE CONFLICTS 4.1 WATER USE CONFLICTS NRC If the applicants plant utilizes cooling towers or cooling ponds and withdraws make-up water from a river whose annual flow rate is less than 3.15x1012 ft3 / year (9x1010 m3/year), an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on the flow of the river and related impacts on instream and riparian ecological communities must be provided. The applicant shall also provide an assessment of the impacts of the withdrawal of water from the river on alluvial aquifers during low flow.

10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(A)

The issue has been a concern at nuclear power plants with cooling ponds and at plants with cooling towers. Impacts on instream and riparian communities near these plants could be of moderate significance in some situations. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 13 The NRC made surface water use conflicts (1.09x1012 cubic feet per year)] (Durlin and a Category 2 issue because consultations Schaffstall 2005), which means that the with regulatory agencies indicate that water Susquehanna River meets the NRC use conflicts are already a concern at two definition of a small river. Therefore, this closed-cycle plants and may be a problem issue applies to TMI-1.

in the future at other plants. In the GEIS, NRC notes two factors that may cause The lowest annual mean flow at the water use and availability issues to become Harrisburg gauging Station is 16,940 cfs important for some nuclear power plants (1.098x1010 gpd). The lowest daily mean at that use cooling towers. First, some plants the station is 1,700 cfs (1.10x109 gpd).

equipped with cooling towers are located on (Durlin and Schaffstall 2005) River flow at small rivers that are susceptible to droughts Three Mile Island is directly controlled by or competing water uses. Second, the York Haven Dam (York Haven consumptive water loss associated with Hydroelectric Station) which is immediately closed-cycle cooling systems may represent downstream of the plant, across the main a substantial proportion of the flows in small channel of the river. A smaller dam (Red rivers (NRC 1996, Section 4.3.2.1). Hill) is located across the east channel of the river adjacent to the site. Together As discussed in Section 3.1, TMI-1 has a these dams form Lake Frederick (York cooling tower-based heat dissipation Haven Pond). The York Haven system. Cooling water lost to cooling tower Hydroelectric Station is operated on a run-evaporation is replaced by make-up water of-river basis and its power output is pumped from the Susquehanna River at a dependent upon river flow. The reservoir is permitted consumptive average rate of 18 used for limited peaking operation during million gallons per day (gpd) (SRBC 1995). periods of low river flow (AmerGen 2006).

Based on data from water years 1891 to At TMI-1, the circulating water system can 2004, the annual mean flow of the withdraw water from the Susquehanna Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, River for consumptive use up to 18 million approximately 11 miles upstream of TMI-1, gpd (SRBC 1995). The average estimated is 34,450 cubic feet per second [(cfs) withdrawal of surface water at the Unit 1 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-7 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.1 WATER USE CONFLICTS intake structure is 24,000 gallons per minute flows of the Susquehanna River. When the (gpm) (AmerGen 2007a). TMI-1 SRBC determines that flows in the river withdrawals from the Susquehanna River have reached a critical level, the SRBC represent less than 1.6 percent of the river directs the Army Corps of Engineers to flow during typical drought periods (lowest release quantities of water identified in a daily mean), less than 0.2 percent of the separate, predetermined plan (SRBC 2005).

lowest annual mean flow, and less than Based on the low percentages of water use 0.1 percent of average annual flow. TMI-1 as compared to stream flow discussed also participates in the Cowanesque Lake above and the potential of releasing water water storage project. TMI-1 has sponsored into the system during periods of drought, a total of 8,274 acre-feet of compliance AmerGen has determined that any impacts storage at the Cowanesque project, of to instream and riparian communities and to which 4,250 acre-feet of water could be alluvial water bearing material (aquifers) released to help mitigate any impact to the caused by TMI-1 make-up water withdrawal Susquehanna River caused by plant from the Susquehanna River would be operations during a drought of record SMALL and would not warrant additional (SRBC 1995). The Susquehanna River mitigation.

Basin Commission (SRBC) monitors water Page 4-8 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.2 ENTRAINMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH IN EARLY LIFE STAGES 4.2 ENTRAINMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH IN EARLY LIFE STAGES NRC If the applicants plant utilizes once-through cooling or cooling pond heat dissipation systems, the applicant shall provide a copy of current Clean Water Act 316(b) determinationsor equivalent State permits and supporting documentation. If the applicant cannot provide these documents, it shall assess the impact of the proposed action on fish and shellfish resources resulting fromentrainment. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(B)

...The impacts of entrainment are small in early life stages at many plants but may be moderate or even large at a few plants with once-through and cooling-pond cooling systems. Further, ongoing efforts in the vicinity of these plants to restore fish populations may increase the numbers of fish susceptible to intake effects during the license renewal period, such that entrainment studies conducted in support of the original license may no longer be valid... 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 25 The issue of entrainment of fish and unit does not utilize a once-through cooling shellfish in early life stages does not apply water system or a cooling pond heat to TMI-1 because condenser cooling at the dissipation system.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-9 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.3 IMPINGEMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH 4.3 IMPINGEMENT OF FISH AND SHELLFISH NRC If the applicants plant utilizes once-through cooling or cooling pond heat dissipation systems, the applicant shall provide a copy of current Clean Water Act 316(b) determinationsor equivalent State permits and supporting documentation. If the applicant cannot provide these documents, it shall assess the impact of the proposed action on fish and shellfish resources resulting fromimpingement. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(B)

The impacts of impingement are small at many plants but may be moderate or even large at a few plants with once-through and cooling-pond cooling systems. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B 1, Issue 26 The issue of impingement of fish and utilize a once-through cooling water system shellfish does not apply to TMI-1 because or a cooling pond heat dissipation system.

condenser cooling at the unit does not Page 4-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.4 HEAT SHOCK 4.4 HEAT SHOCK NRC If the applicants plant utilizes once-through cooling or cooling pond heat dissipation systems, the applicant shall provide a copy of current Clean Water Act 316(a) variance in accordance with 40 CFR Part 125, or equivalent State permits and supporting documentation. If the applicant cannot provide these documents, it shall assess the impact of the proposed action on fish and shellfish resources resulting from heat shock . 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(B)

Because of continuing concerns about heat shock and the possible need to modify thermal discharges in response to changing environmental conditions, the impacts may be of moderate or large significance at some plants. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 27 The issue of heat shock does not apply to water system or a cooling pond heat TMI-1 because condenser cooling at the dissipation system.

unit does not utilize a once-through cooling Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-11 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.5 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING >100 GPM OF GROUNDWATER) 4.5 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING >100 GPM OF GROUNDWATER)

NRC If the applicants plantpumps more than 100 gallons (total onsite) of groundwater per minute, an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on groundwater use must be provided. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(C)

Plants that use more than 100 gpm may cause groundwater use conflicts with nearby groundwater users. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 33 NRC made groundwater use conflicts a for the test was 75 percent of the requested Category 2 issue because, at a withdrawal 225,000 gpd or 168,750 gpd (117 gpm). No rate of more than 100 gpm, a cone of impacts to the operation of the on-site OSF depression could extend offsite. This could well or the 48S well were observed and the deplete the groundwater supply available to SRBC determined that no other wells on offsite users, an impact that could warrant Three Mile Island or along the eastern shore mitigation. Information to be ascertained of the river had been affected by the site includes: (1) TMI-1 groundwater withdrawal production well operations (Wells A, B, and rate (whether greater than 100 gpm), (2) C) (SRBC 1999). Subsequently in 1999, drawdown at offsite location, and (3) impact the SRBC approved the new 30-day on neighboring wells. average flow of 225,000 gpd for Wells A, B, and C. As discussed in Section 2.3, Based on information presented in recharge to the sites groundwater pumping Section 2.3, TMI-1 used an average of area is primarily along subcrops of the between 95 to 115 gpm of groundwater bedrock aquifer in the Susquehanna River from the seven facility wells for the period of and not along bedding planes or joints 2003 through 2005. Therefore, the issue of supplying water to off-site users.

groundwater use conflicts does apply.

Based on the results of the pump test In 1998, TMI-1 applied to the SRBC to performed in 1996 on Wells A, B, and C increase its groundwater withdrawal from production, which indicated no effect on Wells A, B, and C, to 225,000 gpd. As part nearby wells, AmerGen concludes there will of the original SRBC groundwater use be SMALL to no impacts to nearby approval process simultaneous pump tests groundwater users during the period of were performed in 1996. The pumping rate relicensing operations.

Page 4-12 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.6 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING COOLING TOWERS WITHDRAWING MAKEUP WATER FROM A SMALL RIVER) 4.6 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING COOLING TOWERS WITHDRAWING MAKEUP WATER FROM A SMALL RIVER)

NRC If the applicants plant utilizes cooling towers or cooling ponds and withdraws make-up water from a river whose annual flow rate is less than 3.15x1012 ft3 / year...[t]he applicant shall also provide an assessment of the impacts of the withdrawal of water from the river on alluvial aquifers during low flow. 10 CFR 51.53(3)(ii)(A)

Water use conflicts may result from surface water withdrawals from small water bodies during low flow conditions which may affect aquifer recharge, especially if other groundwater or upstream surface water users come on line before the time of license renewal. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 34 NRC made this groundwater use conflict a of the Susquehanna River by the Red Hill Category 2 issue because surface water Dam and the York Haven Dam (York Haven withdrawals from small rivers could Hydroelectric Station) which is immediately adversely impact aquatic life, downstream downstream of TMI-1 across the main users of a small river, and groundwater- channel of the river.

aquifer recharge. This is a particular concern during low-flow conditions and As discussed in Section 4.1, TMI-1 could create a cumulative impact due to withdraws surface water at a rate upstream consumptive use. Cooling towers approximately 1.6 percent of the lowest and cooling ponds lose flow by evaporation, daily mean, less than 0.2 percent of the which is necessary to cool the heated water lowest annual mean flow, and less than before it is discharged to the environment. 0.1 percent of average annual flow of the Susquehanna River. As discussed in The issue of potential groundwater use Section 4.1, TMI-1 participates in the conflicts applies because TMI-1 withdraws Cowanesque Lake water storage project makeup water from a small river, the which allows TMI-1 a sponsored total of Susquehanna River, which as discussed in 8,274 acre-feet of compliance storage at the Section 4.1, has an annual flow of 34,450 Cowanesque project. SRBC can direct the cubic feet per second (1.09x1012 cubic feet Army Corps of Engineers to release water per year) at the Harrisburg gauging station during periods of drought. Of the 8,274 located approximately 11 miles upstream of acre-feet sponsored by TMI-1, TMI-1. As discussed in Section 3.1, TMI-1 approximately 4,250 acre-feet of water has a natural-draft cooling tower heat would mitigate any impact to the dissipation system. Circulated cooling Susquehanna River caused by plant water lost to cooling tower evaporation is operations during a drought of record, thus replaced by make-up water pumped from allowing continued operations. AmerGen the Susquehanna River. TMI-1 is located concludes that impacts of withdrawing water on Lake Frederick, created by the damming Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-13 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.6 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING COOLING TOWERS WITHDRAWING MAKEUP WATER FROM A SMALL RIVER) from the river on the alluvial water bearing additional mitigation measures would not be unit (aquifer) would be SMALL and that warranted.

Page 4-14 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.7 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING RANNEY WELLS) 4.7 GROUNDWATER USE CONFLICTS (PLANTS USING RANNEY WELLS)

NRC If the applicants plant uses Ranney wellsan assessment of the impact of the proposed action on groundwater use must be provided.

10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(C)

Ranney wells can result in potential ground-water depression beyond the site boundary. Impacts of large ground-water withdrawal for cooling tower makeup at nuclear power plants using Ranney wells must be evaluated at the time of application for license renewal. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 35 NRC made this groundwater use conflict a not use Ranney wells. As Section 3.1 Category 2 issue because large quantities describes, TMI-1 uses a closed cycle of groundwater withdrawn from Ranney cooling system with cooling towers that wells could degrade groundwater quality at removes make-up water from the river sites by induced infiltration of poor- Susquehanna River and discharges quality river water into an aquifer. blowdown to the Susquehanna River.

The issue of groundwater use conflicts does not apply to TMI-1 because the plant does Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-15 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.8 DEGRADATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY 4.8 DEGRADATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY NRC If the applicants plant is located at an inland site and utilizes cooling ponds, an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on groundwater quality must be provided. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(D)

Sites with closed-cycle cooling ponds may degrade ground-water quality. For plants located inland, the quality of the ground water in the vicinity of the ponds must be shown to be adequate to allow continuation of current uses. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B 1, Issue 39 NRC made degradation of groundwater The issue of groundwater degradation does quality a Category 2 issue because not apply to TMI-1 because the plant does evaporation from closed-cycle cooling not use cooling ponds. As Section 3.1 ponds concentrates dissolved solids in the describes, TMI-1 uses a closed cycle water and settles suspended solids. In turn, cooling system with natural draft cooling seepage into the water table aquifer could towers that withdraws make-up water from degrade groundwater quality. and discharges blowdown to the Susquehanna River.

Page 4-16 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.9 IMPACTS OF REFURBISHMENT ON TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES 4.9 IMPACTS OF REFURBISHMENT ON TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of the impact of refurbishment and other license-renewal-related construction activities on important plant and animal habitats. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(E)

Refurbishment impacts are insignificant if no loss of important plant and animal habitat occurs. However, it cannot be known whether important plant and animal communities may be affected until the specific proposal is presented with the license renewal application.

10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 40 If no important resource would be affected, the impacts would be considered minor and of small significance. If important resources could be affected by refurbishment activities, the impacts would be potentially significant. (NRC 1996a, Section 3.6, pg. 3-6)

NRC made impacts to terrestrial resources As discussed in Section 2.4, the portion of from refurbishment a Category 2 issue, Three Mile Island that is occupied by the because the significance of ecological station is a developed industrial area that is impacts cannot be determined without devoid of important plant and animal considering site- and project-specific details habitats. The southern portion of the island (NRC 1996). Aspects of the site and project is largely undeveloped and contains to be ascertained are: (1) the identification wetlands that provide nesting and foraging of important ecological resources, (2) the habitat for migratory waterfowl. The nature of refurbishment activities, and (3) southern portion of the island also contains the extent of impacts to plant and animal fallow field areas that are surrounded by a habitats. woodland buffer. Riparian buffer areas around the perimeter of the island are intact.

Activities associated with refurbishment at Forested riparian areas are isolated to the TMI-1 are described in Section 3.2. Most of southern part of the Island. Animal species the refurbishment activities would be that inhabit these natural areas could be performed on equipment inside existing temporarily displaced by noise and vibration buildings. However, laydown areas, a from machinery and personnel associated permanent steam generator storage facility, with refurbishment activities, but such and several temporary facilities would be disturbances would be temporary and needed to support the refurbishment minor.

activities. All new permanent facilities and temporary structures would be located in As stated in Section 3.2, the replacement previously disturbed areas. AmerGen steam generators will be manufactured in anticipates that the amount of land utilized France and transported to TMI-1. The exact would be less than 10 acres. mode and route of transportation once the steam generator arrives in a U. S. port (e.g.,

Baltimore, Newark, Philadelphia) is Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-17 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.9 IMPACTS OF REFURBISHMENT ON TERRESTRIAL RESOURCES undecided at this time. Potential impacts to startle peregrine falcons and ospreys or the terrestrial resources from either a rail or other birds at TMI-1, but these birds have road option would meet the necessary presumably become habituated to industrial federal, state, and local regulatory activities at the site, including movement of requirements prior to transport. Some of personnel and machinery and loud noise.

these activities could involve dredging or fill The steam generator replacement is activities or temporary removal of planned for fall of 2009 to coincide with a interferences along routes, which could planned outage, and these activities would have temporary impacts on terrestrial create significant disturbances at and resources. around the Unit 1 containment dome; however, the peregrine falcon nestlings Table 2.5-1 identifies a number of have historically fledged the nest by late threatened or endangered species that have summer and the adult birds have migrated been recorded in counties within which TMI- to their wintering ranges (PDEP 2007). In 1 and its associated transmission lines are addition, the peregrine falcon nest is not located. As stated in Section 2.5, the only near the ground but is instead high atop the listed species that have been known to containment, which serves to mitigate occur at TMI-1 are American holly (state- potential disturbances that might occur if the listed as threatened), bald eagle (state- nest were lower and birds were late listed as threatened), peregrine falcon vacating the nest. As further evidenced (state-listed as endangered), and osprey from AmerGens consultations with the (state-listed as threatened). The American Pennsylvania Game Commission, the holly is not known to be present in the conclusion that adverse impacts to any industrial or paved areas of the site. special concern species of birds or Peregrine falcons have nested on the Unit 1 mammals is not expected. Copies of Reactor Building every year since 2002. correspondences with all state and federal Ospreys have nested on the meteorological agencies concerning terrestrial resources tower every year since 2004. Bald eagles are presented in Appendix C. In summary, have become relatively common along the AmerGen concludes that impacts to Susquehanna River and are occasionally important terrestrial resources from observed at Three Mile Island. However, no refurbishment activities would be SMALL bald eagle nests are known to occur on the and do not warrant mitigation.

island. Refurbishment activities could Page 4-18 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.10 THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES 4.10 THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES NRC Additionally, the applicant shall assess the impact of the proposed action on threatened or endangered species in accordance with the Endangered Species Act. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(E)

Generally, plant refurbishment and continued operation are not expected to adversely affect threatened or endangered species.

However, consultation with appropriate agencies would be needed at the time of license renewal to determine whether threatened or endangered species are present and whether they would be adversely affected. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 49 NRC made impacts to threatened and endangered species a Category 2 issue because the status of many species is being reviewed, and site-specific assessment is required to determine whether any identified species could be affected by refurbishment activities or continued plant operations through the renewal period. In addition, compliance with the Endangered Species Act requires consultation with the appropriate federal agency (NRC 1996a, Sections 3.9 and 4.1).

Section 2.2 of this Environmental Report AmerGen contacted the Pennsylvania describes the aquatic communities of the Department of Conservation and Natural Susquehanna River. Section 2.4 describes Resources, the Pennsylvania Game important terrestrial habitats at TMI-1 and Commission, the Pennsylvania Fish and along the associated transmission corridors. Boat Commission, and the U.S. Fish and Section 2.5 discusses threatened or Wildlife Service requesting information on endangered species that may occur in the any listed species or critical habitats that vicinity of TMI-1 or its associated might occur on the TMI-1 site or along the transmission corridors. associated transmission corridors, with particular emphasis on species that might Except as discussed in Section 2.5, be adversely affected by continued AmerGen is not aware of any threatened or operation over the license renewal period.

endangered species that could occur at Agency responses are provided in TMI-1 or along the associated transmission Appendix C. All four agencies indicated that corridors. Current operation of TMI-1 and license renewal is unlikely to affect any vegetation management practices along the listed species.

transmission line rights-of-way do not adversely affect any listed species or its As discussed in Section 3.2, AmerGen habitat (see Section 2.5). Furthermore, plans refurbishment in the form of steam plant operations and transmission line generator replacement, including maintenance practices are not expected to construction of a long term storage facility change significantly during the license for the original steam generators. No renewal term. Therefore, no adverse refurbishment-related impacts to special impacts to threatened or endangered status species are expected to occur. The terrestrial species from current or future steam generator replacement is planned for operations are anticipated. the fall of 2009, and adult peregrine falcons Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-19 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.10 THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES and their chicks have historically vacated If an option were to involve dredge or fill the nest on the Reactor Building of Unit 1 by activities, the potential for impacts on August (PDEP 2007). threatened and endangered species would be reviewed (and mitigation measures As stated in Section 4.9, the exact route identified) in the context of seeking over which the replacement steam regulatory consents for the dredge or fill generators will be transported from the port activity. Potentially applicable requirements of call to TMI-1 has not been established. are listed in Table 9.1-3.

The route will depend on the mode of transportation to be used (e.g., barge, rail, Because AmerGen has no plan to alter road). Options being considered are operations after license renewal, has discussed in Section 3.2. It is possible that committed to comply with applicable endangered or threatened species or their regulatory requirements related to habitats would be present along the route, refurbishment activities, and resource regardless of which option is chosen. Even agencies evidenced no serious concerns so, unless dredge or fill activities are about license renewal impacts, AmerGen necessary to implement an option, effects concludes that impacts to threatened or caused by steam generator transport on endangered species from license renewal threatened or endangered species in the would be SMALL and do not warrant vicinity of the route are not expected to mitigation. License renewal of TMI-1 is not differ from or add measurably to the existing expected to result in taking of any effects of other vehicles and materials threatened or endangered species.

already transported along the routes. In any Renewal of the TMI-1 license also is not event, AmerGen will comply with applicable likely to jeopardize the continued existence federal, state, and local regulatory for any threatened or endangered species requirements for the selected option. or result in the destruction or adverse modifications of any critical habitat.

Page 4-20 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.11 AIR QUALITY DURING REFURBISHMENT (NON-ATTAINMENT OR MAINTENANCE AREAS) 4.11 AIR QUALITY DURING REFURBISHMENT (NON-ATTAINMENT OR MAINTENANCE AREAS)

NRC If the applicants plant is located in or near a nonattainment or maintenance area, an assessment of vehicle exhaust emissions anticipated at the time of peak refurbishment workforce must be provided in accordance with the Clean Air Act as amended. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(F)

Air quality impacts from plant refurbishment associated with license renewal are expected to be small. However, vehicle exhaust emissions could be cause for concern at locations in or near nonattainment or maintenance areas. The significance of the potential impact cannot be determined without considering the compliance status of each site and the numbers of workers expected to be employed during the outage.

10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 50 NRC made impacts to air quality during consists primarily of large particles that refurbishment a Category 2 issue because settle quickly and thus have minimal vehicle exhaust emissions could be cause adverse public health effects.

for some concern, and a general conclusion about the significance of the potential During refurbishment, temporary and impact could not be drawn without localized increases in atmospheric considering the compliance status of each concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx),

site and the number of workers expected to carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2),

be employed during an outage (NRC 1996). volatile organic compounds (VOC),

ammonia and particulate matter (PM) would Activities associated with refurbishment at result from exhaust emissions of workers TMI-1 are discussed in Section 3.2. Most of vehicles, heavy construction vehicles, diesel the refurbishment activities would be generators, and other machinery and tools.

performed on equipment inside existing As discussed in Section 3.3 of the GEIS buildings and would not generate (NRC 1996a), air quality impacts from these atmospheric emissions. However, laydown sources would be minor and of short areas, a permanent steam generator duration. The amount of pollutants emitted storage facility, and several temporary from construction vehicles and equipment facilities would be needed to support the and construction worker commute traffic refurbishment activities. AmerGen would be small compared to total vehicular estimates indicate that the disturbed area emissions in the region.

for construction and laydown areas would be less than 10 acres. The small amount of As discussed in Section 2.10, the U.S.

disturbed area and implementation of best Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has management practices (e.g., watering, silt established National Ambient Air Quality fences, covering soil piles, etc.) would Standards (NAAQS) for six common minimize the amount of fugitive dust pollutants and has designated all areas of generated during construction. Also, the United States as having air quality either particulate matter in the form of fugitive dust better than (attainment) or worse than Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-21 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.11 AIR QUALITY DURING REFURBISHMENT (NON-ATTAINMENT OR MAINTENANCE AREAS)

(non-attainment) the NAAQS. TMI-1 is sources of concern due to the countys located in the Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, status as a PM2.5 non-attainment area.

Pennsylvania metropolitan statistical area (MSA), which is designated as a subpart 1 For ozone, the threshold emissions levels non-attainment area under the 8-hour ozone are 100 tons per year (tpy) for NOx and 50 NAAQS and a non-attainment area under tpy for VOC. For PM2.5, the threshold the PM2.5 (fine particulate matter with an emissions levels are 100 tpy for direct PM2.5 aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or emissions and 100 tpy for each of the PM2.5 less) NAAQS. The MSA is designated as precursors, NOx and SO2 (71 FR 40420).

an attainment area for all other NAAQS.

As discussed in Section 3.2, the As noted in Section 3.3 of the GEIS (NRC refurbishment activities would begin with the 1996a), a conformity analysis is required for commencement of construction activities for each pollutant where the total of direct and the steam generator storage facility. The indirect emissions caused by a proposed peak period of activity would occur when the federal action would exceed established actual removal and replacement of the threshold emission levels in a non- steam generators take place during a attainment or maintenance area. Federal 70-day outage between fall 2009 and the conformity rules are defined in 40 CFR date on which the TMI-1 license expires.

Parts 51 and 93. Due to Dauphin Countys Assuming carpooling by some workers and ozone non-attainment status, the generation that all passenger vehicles and all of NOx and VOC, which combine in the construction equipment will not be in presence of heat and sunlight to create simultaneous use, the following vehicle ozone, are a source of concern. Fine numbers have been analyzed. During site particulates (PM2.5) can result from both preparation, an average of about 60 direct and indirect sources. Gasoline and vehicles per day ranging from passenger diesel fueled vehicles emit both direct PM2.5 vehicles to earthmovers would be used for and gases (NOx, SO2, VOC, ammonia) that construction activities, with a peak of react in the air to form PM2.5. The EPA approximately 100 vehicles. During the requires NOx and SO2 emissions to be 70-day steam generator replacement considered in PM2.5 conformity outage, an average of 800 vehicles ranging assessments, but consideration of VOC and from passenger vehicles to earthmovers ammonia emissions is only required if the would be used for construction activities, EPA or the state air agency determine that with a peak of approximately 850 vehicles.

one or more of these precursors are Construction vehicles and machinery would significant (71 Federal Register (FR) be equipped with standard pollution-control 40420). No such determination has been devices to minimize emissions. These made for Dauphin County. Consequently, emissions would be small compared to direct generation of PM2.5 and the regulatory thresholds and a conformity generation of SO2 and NOx emissions are determination for this project pursuant to the Clean Air Act would not be required.

Page 4-22 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.12 MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS 4.12 MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS NRC If the applicants plant uses a cooling pond, lake, or canal or discharges into a river having an annual average flowrate of less than 3.15x1012 ft3/year (9x1010 m3/year), an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on public health from thermophilic organisms in the affected water must be provided. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(G)

These organisms are not expected to be a problem at most operating plants except possibly at plants using cooling ponds, lakes, or canals that discharge to small rivers. Without site-specific data, it is not possible to predict the effects generically. 10 CFR 51,Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 57 Due to the lack of sufficient data from Bacteria pathogenic to humans have facilities using cooling ponds, lakes, or evolved to survive in the digestive tracts of canals or discharging to small rivers, NRC mammals and accordingly have optimum designated impacts on public health from temperatures of around 99°F (Joklik and thermophilic organisms a Category 2 issue. Smith 1972). Many of these pathogenic Information to be determined is: (1) microorganisms (e.g., Pseudomonas, whether the plant discharges to a small Salmonella, and Shigella) are ubiquitous in river, and (2) whether discharge nature, occurring in the digestive tracts of characteristics (particularly temperature) are wild mammals and birds (and thus in natural favorable to the survival of thermophilic waters), but are usually only a problem organisms. when the host is immunologically compromised. Thermophilic bacteria This issue is applicable to TMI-1 because generally occur at temperatures from 77°F the plant discharges to the Susquehanna to 176°F, with maximum growth at 122°F to River, which has an annual mean flow of 140°F (Joklik and Smith 1972).

1.09 x1012 cubic feet per year at the U.S.

Geological Survey gauging station in TMI-1 uses two natural draft cooling towers Harrisburg, approximately 11 miles to transfer waste heat from the circulating upstream of TMI-1 (Durlin and Schaffstall water system which cools the main 2005). It is also relevant because the condensers to the atmosphere (see Susquehanna River in the vicinity of TMI-1 Section 3.1 for detailed description of is used by the public for recreation, condenser cooling system). Thermal including boating, fishing, and swimming. modeling conducted for the Final Environmental Statement (FES) for Organisms of concern include the enteric operation of TMI-1 indicated that the pathogens Salmonella and Shigella, the stations discharge would have a modest Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium, rise in downstream river temperature in thermophilic Actinomycetes (fungi), the summer (AEC 1972). The TMI-1 National many species of Legionella bacteria, and Pollutant Discharge Elimination System pathogenic strains of the free-living (NPDES) permit requires continuous Naegleria amoeba. temperature monitoring of the circulating cooling water systems effluent before discharge into the Susquehanna River.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-23 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.12 MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS Temperatures measured in the Fecal coliform bacteria are regarded as Susquehanna River during thermal plume indicators of other pathogenic mapping conducted in May, June, July, and microorganisms, and are the organisms August 1978, when Unit 1 was operating at normally monitored by state health 100 percent, showed that the delta T (T) at agencies. The present NPDES permit for the discharge ranged from 0.5 F below to TMI-1 requires monitoring of fecal coliforms 1.4 F above the ambient river temperature. in sewage treatment plant effluent In general, the heated effluent was confined (Outfall 101). Samples are collected once to an area of approximately 16 feet offshore per quarter for fecal coliform analysis and and 82 feet downstream of the discharge. other parameters. The TMI-1 NPDES The maximum measured discharge permit calls for effective disinfection to temperature occurred during August 1978 control disease-producing organisms during (77.9 F); when the ambient river the swimming season (May 1 through temperature was 77 F (Ichthyological September 30) and imposes a limit of Associates 1979). Therefore, during this 200 fecal coliform colonies (geometric thermal plume mapping the stations average value) per 100 ml sample. The discharge to the Susquehanna River NPDES permit also stipulates that no more exhibited temperatures indistinguishable than 10 percent of samples tested may from those measured upstream (ambient contain 1,000 colonies/100ml sample.

location) of the plants intake.

Given the thermal characteristics of the Recent temperature data from an automatic Susquehanna River at the TMI-1 thermal temperature sensor at the stations intake discharge and disinfection of sewage screen pump house and at the discharge treatment plant effluent, AmerGen does not monitoring pit (before the water is mixed expect station operations to stimulate with Susquehanna River water) from August growth or reproduction of thermophilic 2005 through September 2007 indicate that microorganisms.

the 24-hr average maximum discharge temperature occurred on August 4 in 2006 AmerGen has written the Bureau of Water (100.2° F) and on September 11 in 2007 Supply and Wastewater Management of the (101.1° F) (AmerGen 2007b). Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP), requesting information Water at these temperatures could, in on any studies that may have been theory, allow limited survival of thermophilic conducted on thermophilic microorganisms microorganisms, but is well below the in the Susquehanna River and any optimal temperature range (122° F - 140° F) concerns PADEP may have relative to for growth and reproduction of thermophilic these organisms. PADEP responded to microorganisms. AmerGens informational request and concurred that the continued operation of Another factor controlling the survival and TMI-1 over the license renewal term would growth of thermophilic microorganisms in not stimulate growth of thermophilic the Susquehanna River is the disinfection of pathogens. Copies of the correspondence TMI-1 sewage treatment plant effluent. This are included in Appendix C of this reduces the likelihood that a seed source or environmental report. AmerGen is not inoculant will be introduced into the aware of reported cases of illness caused Susquehanna River via the TMI-1 by Naegleria or Legionella at, in the vicinity, discharge. Wastewater, whether from or downstream of the plant. Therefore, domestic sewage or industrial sources, is AmerGen concludes that the impact of frequently a source of pathogens in natural thermophilic organisms is SMALL and does waters. not warrant mitigation.

Page 4-24 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.13 ELECTRIC SHOCK FROM TRANSMISSION-LINE-INDUCED CURRENTS 4.13 ELECTRIC SHOCK FROM TRANSMISSION-LINE-INDUCED CURRENTS NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on the potential shock hazard from transmission lines ...[i]f the applicant's transmission lines that were constructed for the specific purpose of connecting the plant to the transmission system do not meet the recommendations of the National Electric Safety Code for preventing electric shock from induced currents 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(H)

Electrical shock resulting from direct access to energized conductors or from induced charges in metallic structures have not been found to be a problem at most operating plants and generally are not expected to be a problem during the license renewal term.

However, site-specific review is required to determine the significance of the electric shock potential at the site. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Table B 1, Issue 59 NRC made impacts of electric shock from and touching a vehicle or a fence receives transmission lines a Category 2 issue an electrical shock due to the sudden because, without a review of each plants discharge of the capacitive charge through transmission line conformance with the the persons body to the ground. After the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) initial discharge, a steady-state current can criteria (IEEE 1997), NRC could not develop, the magnitude of which depends determine the significance of the electric on several factors, including the following:

shock potential. This section provides an analysis of the TMI-1 transmission lines in

• the strength of the electric field which, in conforming with the NESC standard. turn, depends on the voltage of the transmission line as well as its height Production of Induced Currents and geometry; Objects located near transmission lines can

• the size of the object on the ground; and become electrically charged due to their immersion in the lines electric field. This

• the extent to which the object is charge results in a current that flows grounded.

through the object to the ground. The current is called induced because there is In 1977, the NESC adopted a provision that no direct connection between the line and describes how to establish minimum vertical the object. The induced current can also clearances to the ground for electric lines flow to the ground through the body of a having voltages exceeding 98-kilovolt person who touches the object. An object alternating current to ground. The that is insulated from the ground can clearance must limit the induced current due actually store an electrical charge, to electrostatic effects to 5 milliamperes if becoming what is called capacitively the largest anticipated truck, vehicle, or charged. A person standing on the ground equipment were short-circuited to ground.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-25 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.13 ELECTRIC SHOCK FROM TRANSMISSION-LINE-INDUCED CURRENTS By way of comparison, the setting of ground taken from plan-and-profile drawings for the fault circuit interrupters used in residential four lines, and the sag dimensions had been wiring (special breakers for outside circuits determined at a conservative temperature of or those with outlets around water pipes) is 212°F. For analysis purposes, the 4 to 6 milliamperes. maximum vehicle size under the lines is considered to be a tractor-trailer of 8.5 feet TMI-1 Transmission Lines wide, 12 feet average height, and 65 feet long.

As described in Section 3.1.3, there are four 230-kilovolt lines specifically constructed to Analysis Results distribute power from TMI-1 to the electric grid: The analytical results for each line are summarized in Table 4.13-1. The analysis

• Line No. 1051 - TMI-1 Plant to Jackson determined that the maximum values for the Substation four transmission lines are in compliance with the NESC limit and well below the

• Line No. 1091 - TMI-1 Plant to NESC limit of 5 milliamperes. As shown in Middletown Junction the table, the highest induced current was calculated to be 2.09 millamperes for Line

• Line No. 1092 - TMI-1 Plant to No. 1092.

Middletown Junction FirstEnergy Corporation, owners and

• Line from TMI-1 Plant to the 500-kV operators of the transmission lines, conduct Substation surveillance and maintenance to assure that design ground clearances will not change.

Induced Current Analysis These procedures include routine inspection by aircraft on a regular basis. The aerial This analysis of the TMI-1 transmission patrols of all corridors include checks for lines is based on computer modeling of encroachments, broken conductors, broken induced current under the line. The initial or leaning structures, and signs of burnt step of the analysis was identification of the trees, any of which would be evidence of line/road crossings to be analyzed. Only clearance problems. Ground inspections paved roads and highways were considered include examination for clearance at in the analysis; minor roads, i.e., dirt or questionable locations, integrity of service road crossings, were not included. structures, and surveillance for dead or The electric field strength and subsequently diseased trees that might fall on the the induced current were then calculated for transmission line. Problems noted during the transmission line at each location. any inspection are brought to the attention of the appropriate organizations for The electric field strength and induced corrective action.

current were calculated using a computer code called ACDCLINE, produced by the As a result of this analysis performed in Electric Power Research Institute. The accordance with the requirements of 10 results of this computer program have been CFR 51, AmerGen concludes that electric field-verified through actual electric field shock is of SMALL significance for the TMI-measurements by several utilities. The 1 transmission lines because the magnitude input parameters included design features of the induced currents does not exceed the of the limiting-case scenario and the NESC NESC standard. Mitigation measures are requirement that line sag be determined at a not warranted because there is adequate minimum conductor temperature of 120°F. clearance between energized conductors The conductor sag measurements were and the ground. The conclusions on this Page 4-26 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.13 ELECTRIC SHOCK FROM TRANSMISSION-LINE-INDUCED CURRENTS issue will remain valid into the future, voltage, and maintenance practices and no provided there are no changes in line use, changes in land use under the line.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-27 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.14 HOUSING IMPACTS 4.14 HOUSING IMPACTS 4.14.1 HOUSING - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must contain ...[a]n assessment of the impact of the proposed action on housing availability 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

Housing impacts are expected to be of small significance at plants located in a medium or high population area and not in an area where growth control measures that limit housing development are in effect.

Moderate or large housing impacts of the workforce associated with refurbishment may be associated with plants located in sparsely populated areas or areas with growth control measures that limit housing development. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Table B-1, Issue 63 The impacts on housing are considered to be of small significance when a small and not easily discernible change in housing availability occurs, generally as a result of a very small demand increase or a very large housing market. Increases in rental rates or housing values in these areas would be expected to equal or slightly exceed the statewide inflation rate. No extraordinary construction or conversion of housing would occur where small impacts are foreseen. (NRC 1996)

NRC made housing impacts a Category 2 In 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, issue because impact magnitude depends Table B-1, NRC concluded that impacts to on local conditions that NRC could not housing are expected to be of small predict for all plants at the time of GEIS significance at plants located in high publication (NRC 1996). Local conditions population areas where growth control that need to be ascertained are: (1) measures are not in effect.

population categorization as small, medium, or high, (2) applicability of growth control The maximum impact to area housing was measures, (3) the size and growth rate of assessed using the following assumptions:

the housing market. (1) all direct jobs would be filled by in-migrating residents, (2) the residential In the GEIS, Section 3.7.2 (NRC 1996), distribution of the workers would resemble NRC states that the potential for that of the original construction workforce, refurbishment-related impacts to housing Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, (3) would be caused by increased staffing. refurbishment workers that could not find Further, NRC states that impacts on temporary housing within Dauphin and housing would be considered to be of small Lancaster Counties would find temporary significance when a small and not easily housing in other counties within the 50-mile discernible change in housing availability radius, and (4) each new direct job created occurs, generally as a result of a very small would represent one housing unit.

demand increase or a very large housing AmerGens estimate of 900 refurbishment market. employees (Section 3.4) could generate the demand for 900 housing units.

Page 4-28 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.14 HOUSING IMPACTS As described in Section 2.6, TMI-1 is With the amount of temporary and located in a high population area. As noted permanent housing available and the in Section 2.8, the two counties surrounding absence of growth control measures, this the plant are not subject to growth control demand would not create a discernible measures that limit housing development. change in housing availability, rental rates Additionally, the 2000 population of the or housing values, or spur housing 50-mile radius was 2,546,479 and the state construction or conversion in the plant had an average of 2.48 persons per vicinity or region. Therefore, AmerGen household (USCB 2000), suggesting the concludes that impacts to housing existence of approximately 1 million housing availability resulting from refurbishment-units. Hotels and motels in the vicinity, related population growth would be SMALL especially within the Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA and would not warrant mitigation.

MSA, provide temporary housing opportunities.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-29 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.14 HOUSING IMPACTS 4.14.2 HOUSING - LICENSE RENEWAL TERM NRC The environmental report must contain ...[a]n assessment of the impact of the proposed action on housing availability 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

Housing impacts are expected to be of small significance at plants located in a medium or high population area and not in an area where growth control measures that limit housing development are in effect.

Moderate or large housing impacts of the workforce associated with refurbishment may be associated with plants located in sparsely populated areas or areas with growth control measures that limit housing development. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Table B-1, Issue 63

...[S]mall impacts result when no discernible change in housing availability occurs, changes in rental rates and housing values are similar to those occurring statewide, and no housing construction or conversion occurs. (NRC 1996)

NRC made housing impacts a Category 2 created would represent one housing unit.

issue because impact magnitude depends AmerGens estimate of 60 license renewal on local conditions that NRC could not employees (Section 3.4) could generate the predict for all plants at the time of GEIS demand for 60 housing units.

publication (NRC 1996). Local conditions that need to be ascertained are: As described in Section 2.6, TMI-1 is (1) population categorization as small, located in a high population area. As noted medium, or high and (2) applicability of in Section 2.8, Dauphin and Lancaster growth control measures. Counties are not subject to growth control measures that limit housing development.

In 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Additionally, in an area which has a Table B-1, NRC concluded that impacts to population within a 50-mile radius of housing are expected to be of small approximately 2,546,479 and a state significance at plants located in high average of 2.48 persons per household population areas where growth control (USCB 2000), suggesting the existence of measures are not in effect. approximately one million housing units, it is reasonable to conclude that this demand The maximum impact to area housing was would not create a discernible change in calculated using the following assumptions: housing availability, rental rates or housing (1) all direct jobs would be filled by in- values, or spur housing construction or migrating residents; (2) the residential conversion. AmerGen concludes that distribution of new residents would be impacts to housing availability resulting from similar to current operations worker plant-related population growth would be distribution; and (3) each new direct job SMALL and would not warrant mitigation.

Page 4-30 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.15 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY 4.15 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY 4.15.1 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of the impact of population increases attributable to the proposed project on the public water supply. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

An increased problem with water shortages at some sites may lead to impacts of moderate significance on public water supply availability. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 65 Impacts on public utility services are considered small if little or no change occurs in the ability to respond to the level of demand and thus there is no need to add capital facilities. Impacts are considered moderate if overtaxing of facilities during peak demand periods occurs.

Impacts are considered large if existing service levels (such as quality of water and sewage treatment) are substantially degraded and additional capacity is needed to meet ongoing demands for services.

(NRC 1996)

NRC made public utility impacts a Category as indicated in Section 3.4. Section 2.6 2 issue because an increased problem with describes the TMI-1 regional demography.

water availability, resulting from pre-existing Section 2.9 describes the public water water shortages, could occur in conjunction supply systems in the area, their permitted with plant demand and plant-related capacities, and current demands.

population growth (NRC 1996). Local information needed would include: (1) a The maximum impact to area public water description of water shortages experienced supplies was calculated using the following in the area, and (2) an assessment of the assumptions: (1) all direct jobs would be public water supply systems available filled by in-migrating residents, (2) the capacity. residential distribution of the majority of the refurbishment work force would be similar to NRCs analysis of impacts to the public that of the original construction work force, water supply system considered both plant Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, (3) demand and plant-related population growth refurbishment-related workers that could not demands on local water resources. As find temporary housing within Dauphin and stated in Section 2.3, the plant does not use Lancaster Counties would find temporary water from a public water system. housing in other counties within the 50-mile Therefore, there would be no plant demand- radius; and (4) refurbishment-related related impacts to the public water supply. workers would not bring families due to the temporary nature of the refurbishment As such, the following discussion focuses projects (i.e. 70 days or less).

on impacts of refurbishment on local public utilities, and the assumption that TMI-1 The impact to the local water supply would add up to 900 employees during a systems from plant-related population 70-day period for refurbishment activities, growth can be determined by calculating the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-31 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.15 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY amount of water that would be required by Additionally, TMI-1 operates an on-site these individuals. The average American sewage treatment facility with adequate uses about 90 gpd for personal use capacity to accommodate the temporary (USEPA 2003). As described in Section increase of refurbishment employees. If it is 3.4, AmerGen estimates an additional 900 assumed that this increase in population employees. The plant-related population would be consistent with original increase could require an additional 81,000 construction work force trends (i.e.,

gpd (900 people multiplied by 90 gpd) in an temporarily residing in Dauphin and area where the excess public water supply Lancaster Counties), the increase in water capacity is approximately 21 million gallons demand would not create shortages in per day from the Harrisburg Municipal capacity of the water supply systems in Water Authority and the City of Lancaster, these communities. AmerGen concludes alone (see Tables 2.9-1 and 2.9-2). Of the that impacts resulting from plant-related 6 major water suppliers in Dauphin and population growth to public water supplies Lancaster Counties, there are no suppliers would be SMALL, requiring no additional for which demand exceeds supply. capacity and not warranting mitigation.

Page 4-32 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.15 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY 4.15.2 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY - LICENSE RENEWAL TERM NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of the impact of population increases attributable to the proposed project on the public water supply. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

An increased problem with water shortages at some sites may lead to impacts of moderate significance on public water supply availability. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 65 Impacts on public utility services are considered small if little or no change occurs in the ability to respond to the level of demand and thus there is no need to add capital facilities. Impacts are considered moderate if overtaxing of facilities during peak demand periods occurs.

Impacts are considered large if existing service levels (such as quality of water and sewage treatment) are substantially degraded and additional capacity is needed to meet ongoing demands for services.

(NRC 1996)

NRC made public utility impacts a Category hypothetical 60-person increase in TMI-1 2 issue because an increased problem with employment attributable to license renewal.

water availability, resulting from pre-existing Section 2.6 describes the TMI-1 regional water shortages, could occur in conjunction demography. Section 2.9 describes the with plant demand and plant-related public water supply systems in the area, population growth (NRC 1996). Local their permitted capacities, and current information needed would include: (1) a demands.

description of water shortages experienced in the area, and (2) an assessment of the The maximum impact to local water supply public water supply systems available systems was assessed using the following capacity. assumptions: (1) all direct jobs would be filled by in-migrating residents and (2) the NRCs analysis of impacts to the public residential distribution of the workers would water supply system considered both plant resemble that of the current operations demand and plant-related population growth workforce. The impact can be determined demands on local water resources. As by calculating the amount of water that stated in Section 2.3, the plant does not use would be required by these individuals. The water from a public water system. average American uses about 90 gpd for Therefore, there would be no plant demand- personal use (USEPA 2003). As described related impacts to the public water supply. in Section 3.4, TMI-1 estimates an additional 60 employees, which could result As such, the following discussion focuses in a population increase of 149 in the area on impacts of continued operations on local (60 jobs multiplied by 2.48, which is the public utilities and the assumption that average number of persons per household TMI-1 would add up to 60 additional in Pennsylvania [USCB 2000]). Using this employees during the period of extended consumption rate, the plant-related operation for license renewal activities. As population increase could require an Section 3.4 indicates, AmerGen analyzed a approximate additional 13,410 gpd Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-33 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.15 PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY (149 people multiplied by 90 gpd) in an area would be consistent with current employee where the excess public water supply trends (i.e., 71 percent in Dauphin and capacity is approximately 21 million gallons Lancaster Counties), the increase in water per day from the Harrisburg Municipal demand would not create shortages in Water Authority and the City of Lancaster capacity of the water supply systems in (see Tables 2.9-1 and 2.9-2). Of the 6 these communities. AmerGen concludes major water suppliers in Dauphin and that impacts resulting from plant-related Lancaster Counties, there are no suppliers population growth to public water supplies for which demand exceeds supply. If it is would be SMALL, requiring no additional assumed that this increase in population capacity and not warranting mitigation.

Page 4-34 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.16 EDUCATION 4.16 EDUCATION 4.16.1 EDUCATION - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must contain [a]n assessment of the impact of the proposed action onpublic schools (impacts from refurbishment activities only) within the vicinity of the plant. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

Most sites would experience impacts of small significance but larger impacts are possible depending on site- and project-specific factors.

10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Table B-1, Issue 66

[S]mall impacts are associated with project-related enrollment increases of 3 percent or less. Impacts are considered small if there is no change in the school systems abilities to provide educational services and if no additional teaching staff or classroom space is needed. Moderate impacts are generally associated with 4 to 8 percent increases in enrollment. Impacts are considered moderate if a school system must increase its teaching staff or classroom space even slightly to preserve its pre-project level of service.Large impacts are associated with project-related enrollment increases above 8 percent. (NRC 1996)

NRC made refurbishment-related impacts to construction project would be within the education a Category 2 issue because site- range of a refueling outage. Anecdotal and project-specific factors determine the evidence from refueling outages at many significance of impacts (NRC 1996). Local plants in the U.S. suggests that outage factors to be ascertained include: (1) workforces of this size and duration project-related enrollment increases and (2) generally do not relocate families to the status of the student/teacher ratio. plant site region. Therefore, AmerGen estimates that few to no children would As stated in Section 3.4, AmerGen relocate to the region and that impacts on estimates that a maximum of 900 public schools would be SMALL and construction workers would be required for mitigation would not be warranted.

a maximum of 70 days for a steam generator replacement. This number of 4.16.2 EDUCATION - LICENSE construction workers resembles an outage RENEWAL TERM workforce, as it falls near the range (200 to 900 workers per reactor unit) reported in the NRC made license renewal-related impacts GEIS for additional maintenance workers to education a Category 1 issue. Therefore, during a normal refueling outage an analysis is not needed.

(NRC 1996). The duration of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-35 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.17 OFFSITE LAND USE 4.17 OFFSITE LAND USE 4.17.1 OFFSITE LAND USE - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of the impact of the proposed action on... land-use... (impacts from refurbishment activities only) within the vicinity of the plant. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

Impacts may be of moderate significance at plants in low population areas. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 68

[I]f plant-related population growth is less than 5 percent of the study areas total population, off-site land-use changes would be small, especially if the study area has established patterns of residential and commercial development, a population density of at least 60 persons per square mile, and at least one urban area with a population of 100,000 or more within 50 miles. (NRC 1996)

NRC made impacts to offsite land use as a 2,546,479, the population density was result of refurbishment activities a Category 325 persons per square mile within the 2 issue because land-use changes could be 20-mile radius, and the 2000 population of considered beneficial by some community Dauphin County was 251,798. The members and adverse by others. Local Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA MSA, Lancaster, PA conditions to be ascertained include: (1) MSA, York-Hanover, PA MSA and Reading, plant-related population growth, (2) patterns PA MSA are the largest urban areas within of residential and commercial development, a 50-mile radius of the plant, and had 2000 and (3) proximity to an urban area with a populations of 509,074; 470,658; 381,751; population of at least 100,000 (NRC 1996). and 373,638, respectively.

In the GEIS, Section 3.7.5 (NRC 1996), A refurbishment workforce of 900 would NRC stated that, if refurbishment-related represent 0.4 percent increase in the population growth is less than 5 percent of population of Dauphin County and an even the study areas total population, off-site smaller percent increase (0.2 percent or land-use changes would be small, less) in the populations of any one of the especially if the study area has established largest urban areas within the 50-mile patterns of residential and commercial region. As stated in Section 2.8, Land Use development, a population density of at Planning, Dauphin and Lancaster counties least 60 persons per square mile, and at are not subject to growth control measures least one urban area with a population of that limit housing development. Therefore, 100,000 or more within 50 miles. AmerGen concludes that impacts to off-site land use resulting from refurbishment would As stated in Section 2.6.1, Demography, the be SMALL and would not warrant mitigation.

2000 population of the 50-mile radius was Page 4-36 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.17 OFFSITE LAND USE 4.17.2 OFFSITE LAND USE - LICENSE RENEWAL TERM NRC The environmental report must contain [a]n assessment of the impact of the proposed action onland-use. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I)

Significant changes in land use may be associated with population and tax revenue changes resulting from license renewal. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 69

[I]f plant-related population growth is less than five percent of the study areas total population, off-site land-use changes would be small. (NRC 1996, Section 3.7.5)

[I]f the plants tax payments are projected to be small relative to the communitys total revenue, new tax-driven land-use changes during the plants license renewal term would be small, especially where the community has preestablished patterns of development and has provided adequate public services to support and guide development.

(NRC 1996, Section 4.7.4.1)

NRC made impacts to offsite land use Population-Related Impacts during the license renewal term a Category 2 issue, because land-use changes may be Based on the GEIS case-study analysis, perceived as beneficial by some community NRC concluded that all new population-members and detrimental by others. driven land-use changes during the license Therefore, NRC could not assess the renewal term at all nuclear plants would be potential significance of site-specific offsite small. Population growth caused by license land-use impacts (NRC 1996, Section renewal would represent a much smaller 4.7.4.2). Site-specific factors to consider in percentage of the local areas total an assessment of land-use impacts include: population than the percent change (1) the size of plant-related population represented by operations-related growth growth compared to the areas total (NRC 1996, Section 3.7.3).

population, (2) the size of the plants tax payments relative to the communitys total Tax-Revenue-Related Impacts revenue, (3) the nature of the communitys existing land-use pattern, and (4) the extent Determining tax-revenue-related land use to which the community already has public impacts is a two-step process. First, the services in place to support and guide significance of the plants tax payments on development. taxing jurisdictions tax revenues is evaluated. Then, the impact of the tax The GEIS presents an analysis of offsite contribution on land use within the taxing land use for the renewal term that is jurisdictions boundaries is assessed.

characterized by two components:

population-driven and tax-driven impacts Tax Payment Significance (NRC 1996, Section 4.7.4.1).

NRC has determined that the significance of tax payments as a source of local Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-37 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.17 OFFSITE LAND USE government revenue would be large if the Land Use Impacts payments are greater than 20 percent of revenue, moderate if the payments are As stated in Sections 2.6 and 2.9, Dauphin between 10 and 20 percent of revenue, and County experienced significant growth over small if the payments are less than the last several decades. From 1980 to 10 percent of revenue (NRC 1996). 1990, the countys growth rate of 2 percent outpaced the State of Pennsylvania growth Land Use Significance rate that was relatively stagnant at 0.2 percent. From 1990 to 2000, the population NRC defined the magnitude of land-use growth of the county remained positive at changes as follows (NRC 1996): 5.9 percent. During the same period, the state population grew at a rate of 3.4 SMALL - very little new development and percent.

minimal changes to an areas land-use pattern. Dauphin Countys growth can be attributed to the development of the southwest and MODERATE - considerable new southeast sections of the county.

development and some changes to land-use pattern. Dauphin County, Lower Dauphin School District and Londonderry Township receive LARGE - large-scale new development and TMI-1 property tax payments. Although the major changes in land-use pattern. county has experienced growth over the last three decades, the majority of land use NRC further determined that, [I]f the remains rural (87 percent). Dauphin County plants tax payments are projected to be uses comprehensive land use plans and medium to large relative to the communitys zoning and subdivision ordinances to guide total revenue, new tax-driven land-use development. These plans and ordinances changes would be moderate. This is most have been in place for several decades.

likely to be true where the community has The ordinances promote the public health, no preestablished patterns of development safety, and general welfare of residents; (i.e., land use plans or controls) or has not protect agricultural land from urban sprawl; provided adequate public services to and provide a basis for the orderly support and guide development in the past, development. The ordinances require especially infrastructure that would allow building permits, conditional use permits, industrial development (NRC 1996). plat development, zoning district controls, and variance requests. In the early 1990s, Tax Impacts the county adopted formal growth control measures to promote growth in areas with Table 2.7-1 provides a comparison of the existing infrastructure and development.

2000 through 2005 tax payments made by AmerGen to Dauphin County, Lower Conclusion Dauphin School District and Londonderry Township and the tax revenues for each of The TMI-1s property taxes are of small these taxing bodies. Using NRCs criteria, significance to Dauphin County and the land Amergens property tax payments were of use changes in the county have been small significance to Dauphin County (0.2 minimal with less than 13 percent of the percent), Lower Dauphin School District county developed. Population growth has (1.7 percent) and Londonderry Township been attributed to the larger influence of the (0.3 percent). surrounding metropolitan areas and advancements in the transportation network. The county has a preestablished Page 4-38 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.17 OFFSITE LAND USE pattern of development with controls for population growth related to the license future development and has been able to renewal of TMI-1 is expected to be small provide the infrastructure needed to and there would be no new tax impacts to accommodate this growth. The nuclear Dauphin County, the renewal of AmerGens plant's presence is not expected to directly license would have a continued SMALL but attract support industries and commercial financially beneficial impact on land use in development or to encourage or deter Dauphin County. Therefore, mitigation residential development. Because would not be warranted.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-39 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.18 TRANSPORTATION 4.18 TRANSPORTATION 4.18.1 TRANSPORTATION - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must ...assess the impact of highway traffic generated by the proposed project on the level of service of local highways during periods of license renewal refurbishment activities and during the term of the renewed license. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(J)

Transportation impactsare generally expected to be of small significance. However, the increase in traffic associated with additional workers and the local road and traffic control conditions may lead to impacts of moderate or large significance at some sites. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 70 Small impacts would be associated with U.S. Transportation Research Board Level of Service A, having the following condition: Free flow of the traffic stream; users are unaffected by the presence of others.

and Level of Service B, having the following condition: Stable flow in which the freedom to select speed is unaffected but the freedom to maneuver is slightly diminished. (NRC 1996)

NRC made impacts to transportation a temporary removal from the route of Category 2 issue, because impact interferences, such as low-hanging significance is determined primarily by road overhead lines. Movement of wide and conditions existing at the time of heavy loads over roadways are also refurbishment, which NRC could not possible. Such activities may result in forecast for all facilities (NRC 1996). Local temporary, localized, slowing of traffic, or road conditions to be ascertained are: detours. In any case, applicable prior (1) level of service conditions and approvals (see Table 9.1-3) would be (2) incremental increases in traffic obtained at the appropriate time from associated with the refurbishment work federal, state, and local agencies.

force.

The maximum impact to transportation in The following discussion focuses primarily the area of the TMI-1 site as a result of on transportation impacts from the addition additional employees during the 70-day during the 70-day steam generator outage was analyzed using the following replacement outage of up to 900 additional assumptions: (1) all direct jobs would be employees. However, transportation filled by in-migrating residents, (2) the impacts also may occur at some locations residential distribution of the majority of the along the transfer route of the replacement refurbishment work force would be similar to steam generators from the U.S. port of call that of the original construction work force (i.e., Baltimore, Philadelphia, or Newark) to (Dauphin and Lancaster Counties),

the TMI-1 site. As section 3.2 explains, a (3) refurbishment-related workers that could final option has not been selected for the not find temporary housing within Dauphin transfer activities. Notwithstanding, some and Lancaster Counties would find options being considered may involve temporary housing in other counties within Page 4-40 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.18 TRANSPORTATION the 50-mile radius; and (4) each new direct reasonably assumes that LOS job created would represent one additional determinations on this portion of SH-441 vehicle on area roadways. may be similar to those in Dauphin County.

In the GEIS, NRC used the Transportation As stated previously, the TMI-1 site has two Research Boards level of service (LOS) entrances. The entrance to the north is definitions to assess significance levels of used by the operating work force. The transportation impacts. LOS is a qualitative entrance to the south is used by a limited measure describing operational conditions number of operational employees working within a traffic stream and their perception on the southern portion of the station and by motorists (NRC 1996). AmerGen construction and outage workforces. During employed the same definitions to analyze the refurbishment projects, construction transportation impacts. According to NRC workers would use the southern entrance to criteria, LOS A and B are associated with the site. This would alleviate potential small impacts because the operation of congestion problems at the northern site individual users is not substantially affected entrance.

by the presence of other users (NRC 1996, Section 3.7.4.2). LOS data are available for The addition of 900 workers on SH-441 select roads in Dauphin County, specifically would not create discernible change in State Highway (SH)-441 (Table 2.9-3, traffic flows because the LOS Roadway Information). The greatest determinations for SH-441, both directly concentration of refurbishment-related north and south of the plant, are either A or workforce traffic would be found on SH-441 B. Given these employment projections, the between Interstate 76 and SH-241. average number of vehicles per day Dauphin County has determined that the currently using the surrounding roads to LOS determinations for SH-441 on either TMI-1, and the LOS determinations of A and side of the TMI-1 site entrances are either A B on SH-441 in Dauphin County or B. Traffic counts on SH-441, south of (Table 2.9-3), AmerGen concludes that TMI-1s southern entrance in Lancaster impacts to transportation would be SMALL County, are similar to those reported in and mitigative measures would be Dauphin County. Therefore, AmerGen unwarranted.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-41 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.18 TRANSPORTATION 4.18.2 TRANSPORTATION - LICENSE RENEWAL TERM NRC The environmental report must ...assess the impact of highway traffic generated by the proposed project on the level of service of local highways during periods of license renewal refurbishment activities and during the term of the renewed license. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(J)

Transportation impactsare generally expected to be of small significance. However, the increase in traffic associated with additional workers and the local road and traffic control conditions may lead to impacts of moderate or large significance at some sites. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 70 Small impacts would be associated with U.S. Transportation Research Board Level of Service A, having the following condition: Free flow of the traffic stream; users are unaffected by the presence of others.

and Level of Service B, having the following condition: Stable flow in which the freedom to select speed is unaffected but the freedom to maneuver is slightly diminished. (NRC 1996)

NRC made impacts to transportation a an even smaller percentage of employees Category 2 issue, because impact present onsite during a refueling outage.

significance is determined primarily by road conditions existing at the time of license In the GEIS, NRC used the Transportation renewal, which NRC could not forecast for Research Boards LOS definitions to assess all facilities (NRC 1996). Local road significance levels of transportation impacts.

conditions to be ascertained are: (1) level LOS is a qualitative measure describing of service conditions and (2) incremental operational conditions within a traffic stream increases in traffic associated license and their perception by motorists (NRC renewal staff. 1996). AmerGen employed the same definitions to analyze transportation The following discussion focuses on impacts. According to NRC criteria, LOS A impacts of continued operations on and B are associated with small impacts transportation and the assumption that TMI- because the operation of individual users is 1 would add up to 60 additional employees not substantially affected by the presence of during the period of extended operations. other users (NRC 1996, Section 3.7.4.2).

AmerGens TMI-1 workforce includes LOS data are available for select roads in approximately 526 permanent and 170 Dauphin County, specifically SH-441 (Table contract employees. On a 24-month cycle, 2.9-3, Roadway Information). The greatest as many as 1,400 additional workers join concentration of operations-related the permanent workforce during a refueling workforce traffic would be found on SH-441 outage, which typically lasts approximately between Interstate 76 and SH-241.

20 to 30 days. AmerGens projection of Dauphin County has determined that the 60 additional employees associated with LOS determinations for SH-441 on either license renewal for TMI-1 represents an side of the TMI-1 site entrances are either A 8.7 percent increase in the current number or B. Traffic counts on SH-441, south of of permanent and contract employees and TMI-1s southern entrance in Lancaster Page 4-42 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.18 TRANSPORTATION County are similar to those reported in alleviate any potential congestion problems Dauphin County. Therefore, AmerGen at the northern site entrance.

reasonably assumes that LOS determinations on this portion of SH-441 The addition of 60 workers on SH-441 may be similar to those in Dauphin County. would not create discernible change in traffic flows because the LOS As stated previously, the TMI-1 site has two determinations for SH-441, both directly entrances. The entrance to the north is north and south of the plant, are either A or used by the operating work force. The B. Given these employment projections, the entrance to the south is used by a limited average number of vehicles per day number of operational employees working currently using the surrounding roads to on the southern portion of the station and TMI-1, and the LOS determinations of A and construction and outage workforces. During B on SH-441 in Dauphin County the outages and refurbishment projects, (Table 2.9-3), AmerGen concludes that construction and outage workers would use impacts to transportation would be SMALL the southern entrance to the plant. The 60 and mitigative measures would be additional license renewal workers would unwarranted.

use the northern entrance. This would Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-43 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.19 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 4.19 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 4.19.1 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES - REFURBISHMENT NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of whether any historic or archaeological properties will be affected by the proposed project. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(K)

Generally, plant refurbishment and continued operation are expected to have no more than small adverse impacts on historic and archaeological resources. However, the National Historic Preservation Act requires the Federal agency to consult with the State Historic Preservation Officer to determine whether there are properties present that require protection. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 71 Sites are considered to have small impacts to historic and archaeological resources if (1) the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) identifies no significant resources on or near the site; or (2) the SHPO identifies (or has previously identified) significant historic resources but determines they would not be affected by plant refurbishment, transmission lines, and license-renewal term operations and there are no complaints from the affected public about altered historic character; and (3) if the conditions associated with moderate impacts do not occur. (NRC 1996)

NRC made impacts to historic and were included in the FES and indicated that archaeological resources a Category 2 the operation of TMI-1 would have no issue, because determinations of impacts to significant adverse effect on cultural historic and archaeological resources are resources in the area (AEC 1972).

site-specific in nature and the National Historic Preservation Act mandates that Several cultural resource investigations impacts must be determined through have been conducted on the Island, consultation with the State Historic including an archaeological survey and Preservation Officer (SHPO) (NRC 1996). excavation by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1967 (PHMC The Final Environmental Statement (FES) 1977). Results of those investigations related to operation of the Three Mile Island indicate that Three Mile Island has had a Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2 reports that long history of occupation and utilization.

the Advisory Council on Historic Cultures from the prehistoric Early Archaic Preservation, the United States Department through the historic Susquehannock have of the Interior, and the Pennsylvania used the island.

Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) were consulted by the US Atomic AmerGen has identified sites currently listed Energy Commission (AEC) regarding on the National Register and determined issuance of the initial operating licenses for eligible for listing on the National Register the units. Comments from those agencies within the site vicinity (see Table 2.11-1).

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Environmental Report Section 4.19 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Also, AmerGen has corporate procedures cultural resources (Exelon 2007). Additional that protect cultural resources on all refurbishment traffic on area roadways is AmerGen plant sites and has instituted not expected to affect cultural resources.

those procedures at TMI-1, as well. Therefore, AmerGen concludes that impacts from refurbishment activities would be Currently, AmerGen is not aware of any SMALL, and no mitigation would be historic or archaeological resources that warranted.

have been affected by TMI-1 activities. For the steam generator replacement project, Through correspondence with the AmerGen has no plans to construct Pennsylvania SHPO, AmerGen has permanent additional facilities or obtained the Pennsylvania Bureau of infrastructure except for the steam Historic Preservations concurrence that generator storage facility. This facility will refurbishment activities would have no be constructed in a previously disturbed effect on historic and archaeological area on site. Construction activities will be resources. Copies of the correspondence governed by AmerGens corporate are presented in Appendix D.

procedure that ensure the protection of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-45 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.19 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 4.19.2 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES - LICENSE RENEWAL TERM NRC The environmental report must contain an assessment of whether any historic or archaeological properties will be affected by the proposed project. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(K)

Generally, plant refurbishment and continued operation are expected to have no more than small adverse impacts on historic and archaeological resources. However, the National Historic Preservation Act requires the Federal agency to consult with the State Historic Preservation Officer to determine whether there are properties present that require protection. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 71 Sites are considered to have small impacts to historic and archaeological resources if (1) the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) identifies no significant resources on or near the site; or (2) the SHPO identifies (or has previously identified) significant historic resources but determines they would not be affected by plant refurbishment, transmission lines, and license-renewal term operations and there are no complaints from the affected public about altered historic character; and (3) if the conditions associated with moderate impacts do not occur. (NRC 1996)

NRC made impacts to historic and reports that the Advisory Council on Historic archaeological resources a Category 2 Preservation, the United States Department issue, because determinations of impacts to of the Interior, and the Pennsylvania historic and archaeological resources are Historical and Museum Commission site-specific in nature and the National (PHMC) were consulted by the US Atomic Historic Preservation Act mandates that Energy Commission (AEC) regarding impacts must be determined through issuance of the initial operating licenses for consultation with the State Historic the units. Comments from those agencies Preservation Officer (NRC 1996). were included in the FES and indicated that the operation of TMI-1 would have no In the context of the National Historic significant adverse effect on cultural Preservation Act, the NRC has determined resources in the area (AEC 1972).

that the Area of Potential Effect for a license renewal action is the area at the power plant Several cultural resource investigations site and its immediate environs which may have been conducted on the Island, be impacted by post-license renewal land including an archaeological survey and disturbing activities specifically related to excavation by the Pennsylvania Historical license renewal, regardless of ownership or and Museum Commission in 1967 (PHMC control of the land of interest. 1977). Results of those investigations have indicated that Three Mile Island has had a The FES related to operation of the Three long history of occupation and utilization.

Mile Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2 Cultures from the prehistoric Early Archaic Page 4-46 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.19 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES through the historic Susquehannock have required would be done under the auspices used the island. of AmerGens corporate procedures that insure the protection of cultural resources AmerGen has identified sites currently listed (Exelon 2007), AmerGen concludes that on the National Register and determined operation of TMI-1 over the license renewal eligible for listing on the National Register term would not impact cultural resources; within the site vicinity. Also, AmerGen has hence, impacts would be SMALL, and no corporate procedures that protect cultural mitigation would be warranted.

resources on all AmerGen plant sites and has instituted those procedures at TMI-1 as Through correspondence with the well. Pennsylvania SHPO, AmerGen has obtained the Pennsylvania Bureau of Currently, AmerGen is not aware of any Historic Preservations concurrence that historic or archaeological resources that operation of TMI-1 during the term of have been affected by TMI-1 operations. license renewal activities would have no Because AmerGen has no plans to effect on historic and archaeological construct additional facilities at TMI-1 resources. Copies of the correspondence related to license renewal and because any are presented in Appendix D.

land-disturbing activities that would be Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-47 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.20 SEVERE ACCIDENT MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES (SAMA) 4.20 SEVERE ACCIDENT MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES (SAMA)

NRC The environmental report must contain a consideration of alternatives to mitigate severe accidents if the staff has not previously considered severe accident mitigation alternatives for the applicants plant in an environmental impact statement or related supplement or in an environment assessment... 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(L)

The probability weighted consequences of atmospheric releases, fallout onto open bodies of water, releases to ground water, and societal and economic impacts from severe accidents are small for all plants. However, alternatives to mitigate severe accidents must be considered for all plants that have not considered such alternatives.

10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Issue 76 Section 4.20 summarizes an analysis of However, NRC made consideration of alternative ways to mitigate the impacts of mitigation alternatives a Category 2 issue severe accidents at TMI-1. AmerGen because not all plants had completed prepared this severe accident mitigation ongoing regulatory programs related to alternatives (SAMA) analysis, the details of mitigation (e.g., individual plant which are provided in Appendix E, with examinations and accident management).

support from its parent company, Exelon. Site-specific information to be presented in For this reason, AmerGen and Exelon are the license renewal environmental report referred to interchangeably in Section 4.20 includes: (1) potential SAMAs; (2) benefits, and Appendix E. costs, and net value of implementing potential SAMAs; and (3) sensitivity of The term accident refers to any analysis to changes in key underlying unintentional event (i.e., outside the normal assumptions.

or expected plant operation envelope) that results in the release or a potential for AmerGen maintains a probabilistic safety release of radioactive material to the assessment (PSA) model to use in environment. NRC categorizes accidents evaluating the most significant risks of as design basis or severe. Design basis radiological release from TMI-1 fuel into the accidents are those for which the risk is reactor and from the reactor into the great enough that NRC requires plant containment structure. For the SAMA design and construction to prevent analysis, AmerGen used the PSA model unacceptable accident consequences. output as input to an NRC-approved Severe accidents are those that NRC consequence assessment code (MACCS2) considers too unlikely to warrant design that calculates economic costs and dose to controls. the public from hypothesized releases from the containment structure into the NRC concluded in its license renewal environment. Then, using NRC regulatory rulemaking that the unmitigated analysis techniques, AmerGen calculated environmental impacts from severe the monetary value of the unmitigated TMI-1 accidents met its Category 1 criteria. severe accident risk. The result represents Page 4-48 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.20 SEVERE ACCIDENT MITIGATION ALTERNATIVES (SAMA) the monetary value of the base risk of dose AmerGen then performed a cost/benefit to the public and workers, offsite and onsite comparison for these SAMAs using this economic costs, and replacement power. averted cost-risk value and the This value became a cost/benefit-screening corresponding cost estimates for tool for potential SAMAs; a SAMA whose implementing the specific SAMA.

cost of implementation exceeded the base cost-risk value could be rejected as being AmerGen performed additional sensitivity not cost-beneficial. analyses to evaluate how the SAMA analysis would change if certain key AmerGen used industry, NRC, and TMI parameters were changed. The results of specific information to create a list of 33 the sensitivity analyses are discussed in SAMAs for consideration. AmerGen Appendix E.

analyzed this list to screen out any SAMAs that (1) would not apply to the TMI-1 design, During AmerGens TMI-1 SAMA analysis, (2) had already been implemented at TMI-1, certain errors were found in an NRC-or (3) would achieve results that AmerGen sponsored code, SECPOP2000, which had already achieved at TMI-1 by other supports the MACCS2 code. The effect of means. None of the SAMAs were screened these errors on the analysis has been based on these criteria. Hence, AmerGen evaluated, as described in Section E.7.6 of prepared cost estimates for the 33 SAMAs Appendix E, and incorporated into the and used the base risk value to screen out conclusions reported below.

SAMAs that would not be cost-beneficial.

Based on the results of this SAMA analysis, AmerGen calculated the cost-risk reduction AmerGen concludes that fifteen potentially that would be attributable to each of the cost-beneficial options exist to reduce plant remaining SAMAs (assuming SAMA risk that could be examined further, but implementation) and re-quantified the cost- none are related to managing the effects of risk value. The difference between the base plant aging during the period of extended cost-risk value and the SAMA-reduced cost- operation. The potentially cost beneficial risk value became the averted cost-risk, or SAMAs will be considered for the value of implementing the SAMA. implementation through the established TMI-1 work management processes.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-49 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.13 TABLES Table 4.13-1. Results of Induced Current Analysis.

Maximum Voltage Induced Current Transmission Line (kilovolts) (milliamperes)

Line No. 1051 - TMI-1 Plant to Jackson Substation 230 1.09 Line No. 1091 - TMI-1 Plant to Middletown Junction 230 1.38 Line No. 1092 - TMI-1 Plant to Middletown Junction 230 2.09 Line from TMI-1 Plant to the 500-kV Substation 230 1.33 Note: The TMI-1 Plant to the 500-kV Substation transmission line was designed to operate at 500 kilovolts, but it operates at 230 kilovolts.

Page 4-50 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.21 REFERENCES 4.21 REFERENCES Note to reader: Some web pages cited in this document are no longer available, or are no longer available through the original URL addresses. Hard copies of cited web pages are available in AmerGen files. Some sites, for example the census data, cannot be accessed through their given URLs. The only way to access these pages is to follow queries on previous web pages. The complete URLs used by AmerGen have been given for these pages, even though they may not be directly accessible. Also, all references are specific to respective chapter.

AEC (U.S. Atomic Energy Commission). 1972. Final Environmental Statement related to the operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2. Metropolitan Edison Company, et al. Docket Nos. 50-289 and 50-320. December.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2006. Three Mile Island Updated Final Safety Analysis Report, Rev. 18. April.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2007a. Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Water Use Schematic, NPDES PA0009920. March 30.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2007b. Automatic temperature monitoring data from TMI-1 Intake Screen Pumphouse and Discharge Monitoring Pit from August 2005 through September 28, 2007. Compiled by Ed Fuhrer, AmerGen, September 28.

Durlin and Schaffstall (Durlin, R.R. and W.P. Schaffstall). 2005. Water Resources Data Pennsylvania Water Year 2004, Water-Data Report PA-04-2, U.S. Geological Survey.

May.

Exelon (Exelon Nuclear). 2007. Environmental Evaluations. Document No. EN-AA-103-0001, Revision 3. February 28 IA (Ichthyological Associates, Inc.). 1979. An Ecological Study of the Susquehanna River Near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Annual Report for 1978.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 1997. National Electrical Safety Code, 1997 Edition, New York, New York.

Joklik, W. K. and D. T. Smith. 1972. Microbiology. 15th Edition. Meredith Corporation, New York.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1437. Washington, DC. May.

PDEP (Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection). 2007. Pennsylvanias Peregrine DEP Falcon Page. Available online at http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/falcon/.

Accessed on February 1, 2007.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 4-51 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 4.21 REFERENCES PHMC (Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission). 1977. Early and Middle Woodland Campsites on Three Mile Island, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, William Penn Memorial Museum. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

January.

SRBC (Susquehanna River Basin Commission). 1995. GPU Nuclear Corporation, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station-Unit 1, Application 199550302. March 19.

SRBC (Susquehanna River Basin Commission) 1999, GPU Nuclear, Inc. Application for a Revised permit for Groundwater Withdrawal Permit 19961102 (Revised). January 14.

SRBC (Susquehanna River Basin Commission) 2005, Cowanesque Reservoir Water Storage Project Storing Water for Low Flows, Information Sheet. July 14.

USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). 2000. State and County Quickfacts, Dauphin and Lancaster Counties, Pennsylvania. Available online at http://quickfacts.census.gov/. Accessed August 3, 2006.

USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2003. Water on Tap: What You Need To Know. EPA 816- K-03-007. Office of Water. Washington, DC.

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Chapter 5 ASSESSMENT OF NEW AND SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 5.1 DISCUSSION 5.1 DISCUSSION NRC The environmental report must contain any new and significant information regarding the environmental impacts of license renewal of which the applicant is aware. 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iv)

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

• Information that identifies a significant (NRC) licenses the operation of domestic environmental issue not covered in the nuclear power plants and provides for GEIS and codified in the regulation, or license renewal, requiring a license renewal application that includes an environmental

• Information that was not covered in the report (10 Code of Federal Regulations GEIS analyses and that leads to an (CFR) 54.23). NRC regulations, 10 CFR impact finding different from that 51, prescribe the environmental report codified in the regulation.

content and identify the specific analyses the applicant must perform. In an effort to NRC does not specifically define the term streamline the environmental review, NRC significant. For the purpose of its review, has resolved most of the environmental AmerGen used guidance available in issues generically and only requires an Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) applicants analysis of the remaining issues. regulations. The National Environmental Policy Act authorizes CEQ to establish While NRC regulations do not require an implementing regulations for federal agency applicants environmental report to contain use. NRC requires license renewal analyses of the impacts of those Category 1 applicants to provide NRC with input, in the environmental issues that have been form of an environmental report, that NRC generically resolved [10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(i)], will use to meet National Environmental the regulations do require that an applicant Policy Act requirements as they apply to identify any new and significant information license renewal (10 CFR 51.10).

of which the applicant is aware [10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iv)]. The purpose of this CEQ guidance provides that federal requirement is to alert NRC staff to such agencies should prepare environmental information, so the staff can determine impact statements for actions that would whether to seek the Commissions approval significantly affect the environment (40 CFR to waive or suspend application of the rule 1502.3), focus on significant environmental with respect to the affected generic issues (40 CFR 1502.1), and eliminate from analysis. NRC has explicitly indicated, detailed study issues that are not significant however, that an applicant is not required to [40 CFR 1501.7(a)(3)]. The CEQ guidance perform a site-specific validation of Generic includes a lengthy definition of significantly Environmental Impact Statement for that requires consideration of the context of License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS) the action and the intensity or severity of the conclusions (NRC 1996). impact(s) (40 CFR 1508.27). AmerGen considered that MODERATE or LARGE AmerGen Energy Company, LLC impacts, as defined by NRC, would be (AmerGen) expects that new and significant significant. Chapter 4 presents the NRC information would include: definitions of SMALL, MODERATE, and LARGE impacts.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 5-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 5.1 DISCUSSION The new and significant assessment that

• The Susquehanna River acts as a AmerGen conducted during preparation of boundary between the groundwater on this license renewal application included: Three Mile Island and groundwater in (1) interviews with AmerGen and First the rock of the Gettysburg formation on Energy subject matter experts on the either side of the river.

validity of the conclusions in the GEIS as they relate to Three Mile Island Generating

• Under normal Station conditions, tritium Station Unit 1 (TMI-1), (2) an extensive levels in the groundwater do not exceed review of documents related to the EPA drinking water standard of environmental issues at TMI-1, (3) a review 20,000 pCi/L.

of correspondence with state and federal agencies to determine if the agencies had

• The Radiological Groundwater concerns relevant to their resource areas Protection Program (RGPP) at the that had not been addressed in the GEIS, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station has (4) a review of the results of TMI-1 been shown to provide an effective environmental monitoring and reporting, as warning system for releases of tritium to required by regulations and oversight of the groundwater from TMI-1 operations.

plant facilities and operations by state and federal regulatory agencies (i.e., the results

• Station response to RGPP reporting of ongoing routine activities that could bring illustrates that timely corrective action is significant issues to AmerGens attention), effective to remediate and control tritium and (5) a review for issues relevant to the releases to groundwater.

TMI-1 application of certain license renewal applications that have previously been Hence, the contribution of TMI-1 operations submitted to the NRC by the operators of during the license renewal period to the other nuclear plants. cumulative impacts of major activities on groundwater quality would be small.

As part of the assessment described above for new and significant information, In its entirety, AmerGens assessment did AmerGen evaluated information about not identify any new and significant tritium in groundwater at the Three Mile information regarding the plants Island Nuclear Station (Section 2.3). Based environment or operations that would make on that evaluation, AmerGen has concluded any generic conclusion codified by the NRC that TMI-1 is not contributing to changes in for Category 1 issues not applicable to TMI-groundwater quality that would preclude 1, that would alter regulatory or GEIS current or future uses of the groundwater for statements regarding Category 2 issues or the following reasons: that would suggest any other measure of license renewal environmental impact.

Page 5-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

5.2 REFERENCES

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Public Comments on the Proposed 10 CFR 51 Rule for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses and Supporting Documents: Review of Concerns and NRC Staff Response. Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1529. Washington, DC. May.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 5-5 License Renewal Application

Chapter 6

SUMMARY

OF LICENSE RENEWAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATING ACTIONS Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 6.1 LICENSE RENEWAL IMPACTS 6.1 LICENSE RENEWAL conclusion. Chapter 4 incorporates by reference Nuclear Regulatory Commission IMPACTS (NRC) findings for the 69 Category 1 issues that apply to TMI-1, all of which have AmerGen Energy Company, LLC impacts that are SMALL (Appendix A, Table (AmerGen) has reviewed the environmental A-1). The rest of Chapter 4 analyzes impacts of renewing the Three Mile Island Category 2 issues, all of which are either Nuclear Station Unit 1 (TMI-1) operating not applicable or have impacts that are licenses and has concluded that impacts SMALL. Table 6.1-1 identifies the impacts would be SMALL and would not require that TMI-1 license renewal would have on mitigation. This environmental report resources associated with Category 2 documents the basis for AmerGens issues.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 6-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.2 MITIGATION 6.2 MITIGATION NRC The report must contain a consideration of alternatives for reducing adverse impactsfor all Category 2 license renewal issues 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iii)

The environmental report shall include an analysis that considers and balancesalternatives available for reducing or avoiding adverse environmental effects 10 CFR 51.45(c) as incorporated by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and 10 CFR 51.45(c)

Impacts of license renewal and by the PADEP, groundwater monitoring in refurbishment activities have been predicted accordance with the TMI-1 Radiological as SMALL and would not require mitigation. Groundwater Protection Program, and water Current operations include monitoring effluent monitoring in accordance with the activities that would continue during the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination license renewal term. AmerGen performs System (NPDES) permit issued by the routine monitoring to ensure the safety of PADEP. These monitoring programs workers, the public, and the environment. ensure that the plants emissions and These activities include gaseous and liquid effluents are within regulatory limits and that radiological environmental monitoring in unusual or off-normal emissions/discharges accordance with the TMI-1 operating license are quickly detected, thus mitigating technical specifications issued by the NRC, potential impacts. Accordingly, AmerGen non-radiological air emissions monitoring in has concluded that additional mitigation accordance with air quality permits issued measures are not warranted.

Page 6-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.3 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS 6.3 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE IMPACTS NRC The environmental report shall discuss any ...adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented... 10 CFR 51.45(b)(2) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

This environmental report adopts by

• Operation of TMI-1 results in a very reference NRC findings for applicable small increase in radioactivity in the air and Category 1 issues, including discussions of water. However, fluctuations in natural any unavoidable adverse impacts (Table background radiation are expected to A-1). AmerGen examined 21 Category 2 exceed the small incremental increase in issues and identified the following dose to the local population. Operation of unavoidable adverse impacts of license TMI-1 also creates a very low probability of renewal and refurbishment activities: accidental radiation exposure to inhabitants of the area.

• The Cooling Towers and their vapor plumes are visible from offsite. This visual

• Operations of TMI-1 results in impact will continue during the license consumptive use of Susquehanna River renewal term. water. AmerGen is required to have plans for low-flow augmentation during drought

• Procedures for the disposal of conditions and participates in the radioactive and nonradioactive wastes are Cowanesque Lake storage project.

intended to reduce adverse impacts from these sources to acceptably low levels. A

• Land is required to store the old steam small impact will occur as long as the plant generator onsite pending disposal.

is in operation. Solid radioactive wastes are a product of plant operations and permanent disposal of such materials is required.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 6-5 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.4 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE RESOURCE COMMITMENTS 6.4 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE RESOURCE COMMITMENTS NRC The environmental report shall discuss any ...irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented 10 CFR 51.45(b)(5) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

Continued operation of TMI-1 for the license

• Materials used for construction of the renewal term will result in irreversible and steam generator storage building; irretrievable resource commitments, including the following:

• Elemental materials that will become radioactive; and

• Nuclear fuel, which is used in the reactor and is converted to radioactive

• Materials used for the normal industrial waste; operations of the plant that cannot be recovered or recycled or that are consumed

• Land required to permanently store or or reduced to unrecoverable forms.

dispose of spent nuclear fuel, low-level radioactive wastes generated as a result of plant operations, and nonradioactive industrial wastes; Page 6-6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.5 SHORT-TERM USE VERSUS LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 6.5 SHORT-TERM USE VERSUS LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT NRC The environmental report shall discuss the ...relationship between local short-term uses of mans environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity... 10 CFR 51.45(b)(4) as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The current balance between short-term replaced. Air emissions associated with use and long-term productivity at the TMI-1 refurbishment would add small amounts of site was established with the decision to radiological and nonradiological constituents convert approximately 440 acres of to the air. Likewise, noise impacts would farmland and woodland to industrial use. localized and of short duration. The The Final Environmental Statement related productivity of the aquatic community in the to construction and operation evaluated the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of TMI-1 impacts of constructing and operating TMI-1 is minimally impacted by the water use.

(AEC 1972). Natural resources that would be subjected to short-term use include land After decommissioning, most environmental and water. Three Mile Island and the area disturbances would cease and restoration of surrounding it are largely undeveloped. the natural habitat could occur. Thus, the Approximately 200 acres of the 370-acre trade-off between the production of island are devoted to the production of electricity and changes in the local electrical energy. This includes the area environment is reversible to some extent.

occupied by TMI-1 facilities (buildings, parking lots, roadways) and landscaped Experience with other experimental, areas around the facilities. Transmission developmental, and commercial nuclear line construction required about 130 acres plants has demonstrated the feasibility of of land that resulted in the alteration of decommissioning and dismantling such natural wildlife habitats. plants sufficiently to restore a site to its former use. The degree of dismantlement Although TMI-1 consumes water from the will take into account the intended new use Susquehanna River, the impacts are minor of the site and a balance among health and and would cease once the reactors cease safety considerations, salvage values, and operation. environmental impact. However, decisions on the ultimate disposition of these lands Refurbishment would result in the have not yet been made. Continued consumption of additional water during operation for an additional 20 years would hydro-demolition, but the consumption not increase the short-term productivity would be limited in duration and would impacts described here.

cease once the steam generators are Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 6-7 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.1 TABLES Table 6.1-1. Environmental Impacts Related to License Renewal at TMI-1 No. Category 2 Issue Environmental Impact Surface Water Quality, Hydrology, and Use (for all plants) 13 Water use conflicts (plants SMALL. TMI-1 consumptive maximum water use is less than with cooling ponds or cooling 0.1 percent of average river flow. AmerGen complies with the towers using makeup water Susquehanna River Basin Commissions Standards for Surface from a small river with low Water Withdrawals in 18 CFR 803.44.

flow)

Aquatic Ecology (for plants with once-through or cooling pond heat dissipation systems) 25 Entrainment of fish and NONE. This issue does not apply because TMI-1 does not use a shellfish in early life stages once-through or cooling pond heat dissipation system.

26 Impingement of fish and NONE. This issue does not apply because TMI-1 does not use a shellfish once-through or cooling pond heat dissipation system.

27 Heat shock NONE. This issue does not apply because TMI-1 does not use a once-through or cooling pond heat dissipation system.

Groundwater Use and Quality 33 Groundwater use conflicts SMALL. Based on the requirements of the Susquehanna River (potable and service water, Basin Commission permit and results of the pumping tests, and dewatering; plants that negligible impacts are expected to nearby groundwater users.

use > 100 gpm) 34 Groundwater use conflicts SMALL. TMI-1 withdraws from the Susquehanna River at a rate (plants using cooling towers of approximately 1.6 percent of the lowest daily mean. Impacts or cooling ponds and to the alluvial aquifer are minuscule.

withdrawing makeup water from a small river) 35 Groundwater use conflicts NONE. This issue does not apply because TMI-1 does not use (Ranney wells) Ranney wells.

39 Groundwater quality NONE. This issue does not apply because TMI-1 does not use degradation (cooling ponds at cooling ponds.

inland sites)

Terrestrial Resources 40 Refurbishment impacts SMALL. Impacts are expected to be minimal because the steam generator replacement work will be conducted within the existing industrial footprint of the station, which has been previously disturbed. While peregrine falcons nest at TMI-1, they appear to have become accustomed to the activities at the plant. If it is determined that activities associated with the steam generator replacement project warrant obtaining a permit from the PA Game Commission and/or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, an application will be filed at the appropriate time.

Threatened or Endangered Species 49 Threatened or endangered SMALL. Bald eagles are common on the Susquehanna River species during some seasons of the year. Peregrine falcons and osprey are known to occur at TMI-1. The transmission lines cross counties that have known populations of protected species, but none has been identified in the transmission corridors.

Page 6-8 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 6.1 TABLES Table 6.1-1. Environmental Impacts Related to License Renewal at TMI-1 (continued)

No. Category 2 Issue Environmental Impact Air Quality 50 Air quality during SMALL. Impacts are expected to be minimal because Best refurbishment (non- Management Practices would be employed during refurbishment attainment and maintenance activities.

areas)

Human Health 57 Microbiological organisms SMALL. The low temperatures in the Susquehanna River and (public health) (plants using the disinfection at the sewage treatment facility do not support lakes or canals, or cooling the propagation of pathological microbes.

towers or cooling ponds that discharge to a small river) 59 Electromagnetic fields, acute SMALL. The largest modeled induced current under the TMI-1 effects (electric shock) lines is substantially less than the 5-milliampere limit.

Therefore, the TMI-1 transmission lines conform to the National Electrical Safety Code provisions for preventing electric shock from induced current.

Socioeconomics 63 Housing impacts SMALL. The conceptual addition of 60 jobs would not noticeably affect a housing market of more than one million housing units. Due to the short duration of refurbishment activity, no impacts are expected.

65 Public water supply: public SMALL. Water suppliers in Dauphin and Lancaster Counties utilities have excess capacity. The addition of as many as 60 jobs would not adversely affect the available water supply. Due to the short duration of refurbishment activity, no impacts are expected.

66 Public services: education SMALL. Due to the short duration of refurbishment activity, no (refurbishment) impacts are expected.

68 Offsite land use SMALL. Due to the short duration of refurbishment activity, no (refurbishment) impacts are expected.

69 Offsite land use (license SMALL. No plant-induced changes to offsite land use are renewal term) expected from license renewal because TMI-1 taxes represent less than 3 percent of total tax revenue for the school district and Dauphin County.

70 Public services: transportation SMALL. The addition of as many as 60 employees would not noticeably increase traffic or adversely affect level of service in the vicinity of TMI-1. Due to the short duration of refurbishment activity, no impacts are expected.

71 Historic and archaeological SMALL. Continued operation of TMI-1 would require limited resources construction at the site, primarily for steam generator storage.

Construction would occur in a previously disturbed area and therefore, license renewal would have little or no effect on historic or archaeological resources and impacts are expected to be minimal.

Postulated Accidents 76 Severe accidents SMALL. AmerGen did not identify any cost-effective SAMAs related to aging management.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 6-9 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

6.6 REFERENCES

AEC (Atomic Energy Commission). 1972. Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2, Metropolitan Edison Company. Docket Nos. 50-289 and 50-320. December.

Page 6-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Chapter 7 Alternatives to the Proposed Action Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION NRC The environmental report shall discuss Alternatives to the proposed action. 10 CFR 51.45(b)(3), as adopted by reference at 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2).

...The report is not required to include discussion of need for power or economic costs and benefits of ... alternatives to the proposed action except insofar as such costs and benefits are either essential for a determination regarding the inclusion of an alternative in the range of alternatives considered or relevant to mitigation.... 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2).

While many methods are available for generating electricity, and a huge number of combinations or mixes can be assimilated to meet a defined generating requirement, such expansive consideration would be too unwieldy to perform given the purposes of this analysis.

Therefore, NRC has determined that a reasonable set of alternatives should be limited to analysis of single, discrete electric generation sources and only electric generation sources that are technically feasible and commercially viable (NRC 1996a).

The consideration of alternative energy sources in individual license renewal reviews will consider those alternatives that are reasonable for the region, including power purchases from outside the applicants service area.... (NRC 1996b)

Chapter 7 evaluates alternatives to Three the NRC staff, adjudicatory officers, Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 (TMI-1) and Commission shall determine license renewal. The chapter identifies whether or not the adverse actions that AmerGen Energy Company, environmental impacts of license LLC (AmerGen) might take, and associated renewal are so great that preserving the environmental impacts, if the U.S. Nuclear option of license renewal for energy Regulatory Commission (NRC) does not planning decision makers would be renew the plants operating license. The unreasonable. [10 Code of Federal chapter also addresses actions that Regulations (CFR) 51.95(c)(4)].

AmerGen has considered, but would not take, and discusses the bases for AmerGen has determined that the determining that such actions would be environmental report would support NRC unreasonable. decision making as long as the document provides sufficient information to clearly The alternatives discussed in this chapter indicate whether an alternative would have are divided into two categories, no-action a smaller, comparable, or greater and alternatives that meet system environmental impact than the proposed generating needs. In considering the level action. Providing additional detail or of detail and analysis that it should provide analysis serves no function if it only brings for each category, AmerGen relied on the to light additional adverse impacts of NRC decision-making standard for license alternatives to license renewal. This renewal: approach is consistent with regulations of the Council on Environmental Quality, which Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION provide that the consideration of alternatives impacts from the proposed action.

(including the proposed action) should enable reviewers to evaluate their In characterizing environmental impacts comparative merits (40 CFR 1500-1508). from alternatives, the same definitions of AmerGen believes that Chapter 7 provides small, moderate, and large presented in sufficient detail about alternatives to the introduction to Chapter 4 are used in establish the basis for necessary this chapter.

comparisons to the Chapter 4 discussion of Page 7-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.1 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE 7.1 NO-ACTION 1,175-megawatt-electric [MWe] Trojan Nuclear Plant). This description is ALTERNATIVE applicable to decommissioning activities that AmerGen would conduct at TMI-1.

The no-action alternative refers to a scenario in which NRC does not renew the As the GEIS notes, NRC has evaluated TMI-1 operating license. Components of environmental impacts from this alternative include replacing the decommissioning. NRC-evaluated impacts generating capacity of TMI-1 and include impacts of occupational and public decommissioning the facility, as described radiation dose; impacts of waste below. management; impacts to air and water quality; and ecological, economic, and TMI-1 provides approximately 7 terawatt- socioeconomic impacts. NRC indicated in hours of electricity annually (EIA 2006a) the Final Generic Environmental Impact with 802 megawatts of base-load electrical Statement on Decommissioning of Nuclear capacity (AmerGen 2005) to residents and Facilities; Supplement 1 (NRC 2002a, other consumers in the mid-Atlantic region. Section 4.3.8) that the environmental effects Replacement could be accomplished by (1) of greatest concern (i.e., radiation dose and building new generating base-load capacity, releases to the environment) are (2) purchasing power from the wholesale substantially less than the same effects market, or (3) reducing power requirements resulting from reactor operations. AmerGen through demand reduction. Section 7.2.1 adopts by reference the NRC conclusions describes each of these possibilities in regarding environmental impacts of detail, and Section 7.2.2 describes decommissioning.

environmental impacts from feasible alternatives. AmerGen notes that decommissioning activities and their impacts are not The Generic Environmental Impact discriminators between the proposed action Statement (GEIS) (NRC 1996a, pg. 7-1) and the no-action alternative. TMI-1 will defines decommissioning as the safe have to be decommissioned regardless of removal of a nuclear facility from service the NRC decision on license renewal; and the reduction of residual radioactivity to license renewal would only postpone a level that permits release of the property decommissioning for another 20 years.

for unrestricted use and termination of the NRC has established in the GEIS that the license. One of the NRC-evaluated timing of decommissioning operations does decommissioning options is immediate not substantially influence the decontamination and dismantlement, and environmental impacts of decommissioning.

safe storage of the stabilized and defueled AmerGen adopts by reference the NRC facility for a period of time, followed by findings (10 CFR 51, Appendix B, Table B additional decontamination and 1, Decommissioning) to the effect that dismantlement. Regardless of the option delaying decommissioning until after the chosen, decommissioning must be renewal term would have small completed within a 60-year period. Under environmental impacts. The discriminators the no-action alternative, AmerGen would between the proposed action and the no-continue operating TMI-1 until the existing action alternative lie within the choice of license expires, then initiate generation replacement options to be part of decommissioning activities in accordance the no-action alternative. Section 7.2.2 with NRC requirements. The GEIS analyzes the impacts from these options.

describes decommissioning activities based on an evaluation of a larger reactor (the AmerGen concludes that the reference pressurized-water reactor is the decommissioning impacts under the no-Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-5 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION action alternative would not be substantially (NRC 2002a). These impacts would be different from those occurring following temporary and would occur at the same license renewal, as identified in the GEIS time as the impacts from meeting system (NRC 1996a) and in the decommissioning generating needs.

generic environmental impact statement Page 7-6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT the electric industry generating capacity and energy output by fuel type for the PJM MEET SYSTEM region.

GENERATING NEEDS Comparison of generating capacity with actual utilization of this capacity indicates TMI-1 has a maximum net capacity of 802 that coal and nuclear are used by PJM MWe (AmerGen 2005) and generated substantially more relative to their PJM approximately 7.3 terawatt-hours of capacity than either oil-fired or gas-fired electricity in 2004 and 6.8 terawatt-hours in generation. This condition reflects the 2005 (EIA 2006a). This power is sufficient relatively low fuel cost and base-load to supply the electricity used by over suitability for nuclear power and coal-fired 300,000 homes (Exelon 2006), and would plants, and relatively higher use of gas- and be unavailable to customers in the event the oil-fired units to meet peak loads.

TMI-1 operating license is not renewed. Comparison of capability and energy production for petroleum and gas-fired The power consumed in Pennsylvania is not facilities indicates a strong preference for limited to electricity generated within the gas firing over oil firing, indicative of the Commonwealth. Pennsylvania relies on higher cost and greater air emissions electricity drawn from the PJM associated with oil firing. Energy production Interconnection, a regional network that from hydroelectric sources is similarly coordinates the movement of wholesale preferred from a cost standpoint, but electricity in all or parts of Delaware, Illinois, capacity is limited and utilization can vary Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, substantially depending on water New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, availability.

Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia. One 7.2.1 ALTERNATIVES consequence of the network is that electric power consumers in Pennsylvania are not CONSIDERED specifically dependent on electricity generated within the Commonwealth. The Technology Choices current mix of power generation options within the PJM region is one indicator of For the purposes of this environmental what AmerGen considers to be feasible report, alternative generating technologies alternatives. In 2005, electric generators were evaluated to identify candidate connected to the PJM network had a total technologies that would be capable of generating capacity of 164,634 MWe replacing TMI-1s base-load capacity of 802 (PJM 2006a). This capacity includes units MWe.

fueled by coal (41.5 percent), nuclear (19.1 percent), oil (7.2 percent), natural gas Based on these evaluations, it was (27.5 percent), hydroelectric (4.5 percent), determined that new plant systems capable and renewable sources (0.3 percent) (PJM of replacing the capacity of the TMI-1 2006b). In 2005, the electric industry in the nuclear unit are limited to pulverized-coal PJM region provided 728 terawatt-hours of and gas-fired combined-cycle units for electricity (PJM 2006a). Power generation base-load operation. This conclusion is in the PJM region was dominated by coal borne out by the generation information (66.6 percent), followed by nuclear presented above that identifies coal as the (25.2 percent), natural gas (5.6 percent), most heavily used non-nuclear generating hydroelectric (1.3 percent), oil (0.9 percent) fuel type in the region. AmerGen would use and renewable sources (0.5 percent) (PJM natural gas as the primary fuel in its 2006b). Figures 7.2-1 and 7.2-2 illustrate combined-cycle turbines because of the economic and environmental advantages of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-7 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS gas over oil. Manufacturers now have large retail electricity in Pennsylvania (retail standard sizes of combined-cycle gas electric suppliers) to include alternative turbines that are economically attractive and energy sources in the mix of energy that suitable for high-capacity base-load they sell. Eligible resources may be located operation. For the purposes of the TMI-1 anywhere within the PJM region license renewal environmental report, (Pennsylvania General Assembly 2004).

AmerGen has limited its analysis of new generating capacity alternatives to the The AEPS established two tiers of technologies it considers feasible: alternative energy sources and set minimum pulverized coal- and gas-fired units. requirements for each tier. By 2007 at least AmerGen chose to evaluate combined-cycle 1.5 percent of the electricity sold by a turbines in lieu of simple-cycle turbines retail electric supplier must come from Tier I because the combined-cycle option is more sources. Tier I sources include wind, economical. The benefits of lower operating solar photovoltaic energy, low-impact costs for the combined-cycle option hydropower, geothermal sources, outweigh its higher capital costs. biologically-derived methane gas, fuel cells, biomass, and coal mine methane. The Tier Effects of Restructuring I percentage increases by 0.5 percent each year, and by the year 2020, at least Nationally, the electric power industry has 8 percent of the retail electric energy sold in been undergoing a transition from a Pennsylvania must be generated from Tier I regulated industry to a competitive market sources. The AEPS also requires that a environment. Efforts to deregulate the very small percentage of Tier I generation electric utility industry began with passage be from solar photovoltaic technologies.

of the National Energy Policy Act of 1992.

Provisions of this act required electric In addition, a certain percentage of utilities to allow open access to their electricity sold by retail electric suppliers transmission lines and encouraged must be generated from Tier II alternative development of a competitive wholesale energy sources. Tier II sources include market for electricity. The Act did not energy derived from waste coal, distributed mandate competition in the retail market, generation systems, demand side leaving that decision to the states (NEI management (DSM), large-scale 2000). Over the past few years, states hydropower, municipal solid waste within the PJM region have transitioned to generation, utilizing the byproducts of competitive wholesale and retail markets. pulping or wood-manufacturing processes, and integrated combined coal gasification In 1996, Pennsylvania enacted the technology. The AEPS requires 4.2 percent Electricity Generation Customer Choice of energy sold each year through 2009 to be and Competition Act. Provisions of the Act generated using Tier II resources. The opened Pennsylvanias retail electric power percentage increases incrementally until the market to competition. The Pennsylvania year 2020 when at least 10 percent of the Public Utility Commission (PPUC) provides retail electric energy sold in Pennsylvania strategic direction and policy guidance for must be supplied from Tier II sources.

oversight of the electric power industry in the Commonwealth, including the As mentioned above, the AEPS includes restructuring initiative (Pennsylvania provisions for DSM measures to reduce General Assembly 1996). electricity demand within the Commonwealth. Eligible measures include In 2004, Pennsylvania adopted the energy efficiency measures undertaken by Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act residential, commercial, institutional, or (AEPS), which requires all suppliers selling governmental customers; load management Page 7-8 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS and demand response approaches that shift Exelon, owns or co-owns numerous fossil electric load from periods of higher to lower power plants in the mid-Atlantic region and demand; and the reuse of energy from would look to site a replacement for TMI-1 exhaust gases or other manufacturing by- at an existing fossil plant site in this region, products or useful thermal energy for however, this may not be feasible. As electricity production by industrial and mentioned above, locating the new plant at manufacturing customers. These measures an existing plant site would benefit from the also enable electricity customers to benefit existing infrastructure and minimize the from the energy credit market created by environmental impact which would occur at the portfolio standard. Retail customers a new green field location. Consequently, to who reduce their electricity demand through avoid overstating the impacts associated energy efficiency and load management, or with new coal- and gas-fired unit who generate electricity by reusing energy, construction scenarios, AmerGen has will earn alternative energy credits that they elected to assume that any hypothetical can sell to utility companies (Pennsylvania new power station would be constructed at General Assembly 2004). an existing fossil plant site.

Alternatives To compare gas- and coal-fired units on an equal basis, AmerGen set the net electrical The following sections present fossil-fuel- generating capacities of the alternative fired generation (Section 7.2.1.1) and hypothetical gas- and coal-fired units at the purchased power (Section 7.2.1.2) as same values. For comparability, the net reasonable alternatives to license renewal. power of the coal-fired unit was set equal to Section 7.2.1.3 discusses reduced demand that of the gas-fired plant (793 MWe).

and presents the basis for concluding that it Although this provides less capacity than is not a reasonable alternative to license the existing unit, it ensures against renewal. Section 7.2.1.4 discusses other overestimating environmental impacts from alternatives that AmerGen has determined the alternatives.

are not reasonable and the bases for these determinations. It must be emphasized, however, that these are hypothetical scenarios. AmerGen does 7.2.1.1 Construct and Operate not have plans to construct one of these Fossil-Fuel-Fired units.

Generation Gas-Fired Generation Construction of a hypothetical new power For purposes of this analysis, AmerGen station at the present TMI-1 site or another assumed development of a modern natural existing power station would be preferable gas-fired combined-cycle plant with design to construction at a new green field site. characteristics similar to those being This approach would minimize developed elsewhere in the PJM region, environmental impacts by building on and with a generating capacity similar to previously disturbed land and by making the TMI-1. The hypothetical plant would be most use possible of existing facilities, such composed of two pre-engineered natural as transmission lines, roads and parking gas-fired systems producing 263 MWe and areas, office buildings, and components of 530 MWe of net plant power for a total of the cooling system. However, there is 793 MWe (Chase and Kehoe 2000). The insufficient area at the existing TMI-1 site to characteristics of this plant and other construct a new coal- or gas-fired unit, thus relevant resources were used to define the a new plant would have to be located gas-fired alternative. Table 7.2-1 presents elsewhere. AmerGens parent company, Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-9 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS the basic characteristics for the gas-fired adequate supplies of electricity would be alternative. available, and that purchased power would be a reasonable alternative to meet the Coal-Fired Generation Stations load requirements in the event the existing operating license for TMI-1 is not NRC has routinely evaluated coal-fired renewed.

generation alternatives for nuclear plant license renewal. In defining the coal-fired The source of this purchased power may alternative to TMI-1, site- and Pennsylvania- reasonably include new generating facilities specific input has been applied for direct developed elsewhere in the Commonwealth comparison with a gas-fired plant producing or neighboring states in the PJM region.

793 MWe. The technologies that would be used to generate this purchased power are similarly Table 7.2-2 presents the basic coal-fired speculative. AmerGen assumes that the alternative emission control characteristics. generating technology used to produce The emissions control assumptions are purchased power would be one of those based on the technologies recognized by that NRC analyzed in the GEIS. For this Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for reason, AmerGen is adopting by reference minimizing emissions and calculated the GEIS description of the alternative emissions based upon the EPA published generating technologies as representative removal efficiencies (EPA 1998a). of the purchase power alternative. Of these AmerGen assumes that the representative technologies, facilities fueled by coal and plant would be located at an unidentified combined-cycle facilities fueled by natural green field site, which will require new gas are the most cost effective for providing infrastructure (e.g., rail spur, cooling water base-load capacity.

system, transmission, roads, and technical and administrative support facilities). AmerGen anticipates that additional transmission infrastructure would be needed 7.2.1.2 Purchased Power in the event purchased power must replace TMI-1 capacity. From a local perspective, AmerGen has evaluated conventional and loss of TMI-1 could require construction of prospective power supply options that could new transmission lines to ensure local be reasonably implemented before the system stability. From a regional existing TMI-1 license expires. As noted in perspective, PJMs inter-connected Section 7.2.1, electric industry restructuring transmission system is highly reliable, and initiatives in the Commonwealth of the market-driven process for adding Pennsylvania and other states in the PJM capacity in the region is expected to have a region are designed to promote competition positive impact on overall system reliability.

in energy supply markets by facilitating participation by non-utility suppliers. PJM 7.2.1.3 Demand Side Management has implemented market rules to appropriately anticipate and meet electricity As discussed in Section 7.2.1, Pennsylvania demands in the resulting wholesale has adopted Alternative Energy Portfolio electricity market. As an additional facet of Standards that include provisions for this restructuring effort, retail customers in market-based DSM measures to reduce the region now may choose among any electricity demand within the company with electric generation to supply Commonwealth.

their power, resulting in uncertainty with regard to future AmerGen load obligations. Prior to adopting the AEPS, Pennsylvania In view of these conditions, AmerGen had developed a comprehensive program to assumes for purposes of this analysis that promote and advance DSM in the retail Page 7-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS electric market through individual Wind settlements with the Commonwealths major distribution companies. The Pennsylvania Wind power, due to its intermittent nature, is Sustainable Energy Board worked in not suitable for base-load generation. As partnership with regional sustainable energy discussed in Section 8.3.1 of the GEIS, boards, other commonwealth agencies, wind power systems produce power only electric utilities, business organizations and when the wind is blowing at a sufficient environmental organizations to develop and velocity and duration (McGowan and implement tools to save energy. Connors 2000). While recent advances in Pennsylvanias DSM offerings under this technology have improved wind turbine program included from load curtailment capacity, average annual capacity factors incentives during periods of peak demand to for wind power systems are relatively low rebates; financial incentives for commercial, (25 to 40 percent) (McGowan and Connors industrial, and residential customers for 2000) compared to 90 to 95 percent installation of energy-efficient appliances industry average for a base-load plant such and equipment; and educational programs as a nuclear plant.

and demonstration projects (PSEB 2004).

The energy potential in the wind is Since 1997, Pennsylvanias DSM programs expressed by wind generation classes have saved Pennsylvania residents and ranging from 1 (least energetic) to 7 (most businesses over 56 terawatt-hours in energetic). Current wind technology can avoided electricity use, and additional operate economically on Class 4 sites with demand reductions are projected to result the support of the Federal production tax from these efforts (Pinero 2001). However, credit of 1.9 cent per kWh (DOE 2006),

it is expected that projected energy while Class 3 wind regimes will require efficiencies would be anticipated by the further technical development for utility-market. As a practical matter, it would be scale application. In the PJM region, the impossible to increase those energy savings primary areas of good wind energy resource by an additional 802 MWe to replace the are the Atlantic coast, the Great Lakes, and TMI-1 generating capability. For these exposed hilltops, ridge crests, and mountain reasons, AmerGen does not consider summits in Pennsylvania. Areas of highest energy conservation to represent a wind energy potential (Class 5 and 6) are reasonable alternative to renewal of the the outer coastal areas of New Jersey, TMI-1 operating licenses. offshore areas of Lake Erie, and the higher mountain summits of the Appalachians.

7.2.1.4 Other Alternatives Offshore wind resources are abundant (NJDEP 2005) but offshore technology is This section identifies alternatives that not sufficiently mature (DOE 2006) for AmerGen has determined are not present consideration.

reasonable for replacing TMI-1 and the bases for these determinations. AmerGen Based on American Wind Energy accounted for the fact that TMI-1 is a base- Association estimates (AWEA 2006), the load generator and that any feasible PJM region has the technical potential (the alternative to TMI-1 would also need to be upper limit of renewable electricity able to generate base-load power. For production and capacity that could be purposes of analysis, AmerGen assumed brought online, without regard to cost, that the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey market acceptability, or market constraints) and Maryland comprise the PJM region. In for roughly 6,658 MWe of installed wind performing this evaluation, AmerGen relied power capacity. The full exploitation of wind heavily upon NRCs GEIS (NRC 1996a). energy is constrained by a variety of factors including land availability and land-use Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-11 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS patterns, surface topography, infrastructure solar power to serve as a large base-load constraints, environmental constraints, wind generator. Even without consideration of turbine capacity factor, wind turbine storage capacity, solar power technologies availability, and grid availability. By mid- (photovoltaic and thermal) cannot currently 2006, a total of 171 MWe of wind energy compete with conventional fossil-fueled had been developed in PJM region. technologies in grid-connected applications Projected new capacity in various stages of due to high costs per kilowatt of capacity planning or permit review within the PJM (EERE 2006a).

region includes an additional 391 MWe of wind energy (AWEA 2006). Solar power is not a technically feasible alternative for base-load capacity in the Wind farms generally consist of 10-50 PJM region. The PJM region receives 3.5 turbines in the 1-3 MWe range. Estimates to 5.5 kilowatt hours of solar radiation per based on existing installations indicate that square meter per day compared with 4.5 to a utility-scale wind farm would be spread 7.5 kilowatt hours per square meter per day over 30 to 50 acres per MWe of installed in areas of the West, such as California, capacity (McGowan & Connors 2000). which are most promising for solar However, the actual area occupied by technologies (NREL 2004).

turbines, substations, and access roads may occupy only 3 to 5 percent of the wind Finally, land requirements for solar plants farms total acreage, thus the remaining are high. Estimates based on existing area is available for other uses. When the installations indicate that utility-scale plants wind farm is located on land already used would occupy about 3.8 acres per MWe for for intensive agriculture the additional photovoltaic and 8 acres per MWe for solar impact to wildlife and habitat will likely be thermal systems (DOE 2004). Utility-scale minor, while disturbance caused by wind solar plants have only been used in regions farms in more remote areas may be more such as the western U.S. that receive high significant. Therefore, replacement of concentrations (5 to 7.2 kilowatt hours per TMI-1 generating capacity (802 MWe net) square meter per day) of solar radiation.

with wind power, assuming a capacity factor AmerGen believes that a utility-scale solar of 35 percent, would require a large green plant located in the PJM region, which field site about 180 square miles of which 5 receives 2.8 to 3.9 kilowatt hours of solar to 9 square miles would be disturbed and radiation per square meter per day, would unavailable for other uses. The State of occupy about 16 acres per MWe for New Jersey promotes wind power as a photovoltaic and 25 acres per MWe for solar component of its Renewable Portfolio thermal systems. Therefore, replacement of Standard, but concludes that wind, due to TMI-1 generating capacity with solar power its intermittent nature, is unsuitable to would require dedication of about 20 square provide base-load power (NJDEP 2005). miles for photovoltaic and 31 square miles Similarly, AmerGen has concluded that wind for solar thermal systems, and both would power is not a reasonable alternative to have large environmental impacts at a TMI-1 license renewal. green field site.

Solar AmerGen has concluded that, due to the high cost, limited availability of sufficient By its nature, solar power is intermittent. incident solar radiation, and the amount of In conjunction with energy storage land needed (approximately 20 to 31 square mechanisms, solar power might serve as miles), solar power is not a reasonable a means of providing base-load power. alternative to TMI-1 license renewal.

However, current energy storage technologies are too expensive to permit Page 7-12 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS Hydropower rotates turbines that generate electricity.

Typically, water is then returned to the About 7,440 MWe of utility generating ground to recharge the reservoir (NREL capacity in the PJM region is hydroelectric 1997).

(PJM 2006c). As the GEIS points out in Section 8.3.4, hydropower's percentage of Geothermal energy can achieve average United States generating capacity is capacity factors of 95 percent and can be expected to decline because hydroelectric used for base-load power where this type of facilities have become difficult to site as a energy source is available (NREL 1997).

result of public concern over flooding, Widespread application of geothermal destruction of natural habitat, and alteration energy is constrained by the geographic of natural river courses. A small number of availability of the resource. In the U.S.,

hydropower projects, the largest of which is high-temperature hydrothermal reservoirs 2.15 MWe, are being considered in the PJM are located in the western continental U.S.,

region (FERC 2006). These small Alaska, and Hawaii. There are no known hydropower projects could not replace the high-temperature geothermal sites in 802 MWe generated at TMI-1. According to Pennsylvania.

the U.S. Hydropower Resource Assessment (INEEL 1998), there are no remaining sites Pennsylvania has low to moderate in the PJM region that would be temperature resources that can be tapped environmentally suitable for a large for direct heat or geothermal heat pumps, hydroelectric facility. but electricity generation is not feasible with these resources (EERE 2006b).

The GEIS estimates land use of 1,600 square miles per 1,000 MWe for Wood Energy hydroelectric power. Based on this estimate, replacement of TMI-1 generating As discussed in the GEIS (NRC 1996a), the capacity would require flooding use of wood waste to generate electricity is approximately 1,270 square miles, resulting largely limited to those states with in a large impact on land use. Further, significant wood resources. The pulp, operation of a hydroelectric facility would paper, and paperboard industries in states alter aquatic habitats above and below the with adequate wood resources generate dam, which would impact existing aquatic electric power by consuming wood and communities. wood waste for energy, benefiting from the use of waste materials that could otherwise AmerGen has concluded that, due to the represent a disposal problem. According to lack of suitable sites in the PJM region for a the U.S. Department of Energy, large hydroelectric facility and the amount of Pennsylvania is the only state in the PJM land needed (approximately 1,270 square region that is considered to have adequate miles), hydropower is not a reasonable wood resources (Walsh et al. 2000).

alternative to TMI-1 license renewal. However, the largest wood waste power plants are 40 to 50 MWe in size.

Geothermal Further, as discussed in Section 8.3.6 of the Geothermal energy is a proven resource for GEIS (NRC 1996a), construction of a wood-power generation. Geothermal power fired plant would have an environmental plants use naturally heated fluids as an impact that would be similar to that for a energy source for electricity production. To coal-fired plant, although facilities using produce electric power, underground high- wood waste for fuel would be built on temperature reservoirs of steam or hot smaller scales. Like coal-fired plants, wood-water are tapped by wells and the steam waste plants require large areas for fuel Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-13 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS storage, processing, and waste (i.e., ash) advantages, burning municipal solid waste disposal. Additionally, operation of wood- to generate electricity is not a reasonable fired plants has environmental impacts, alternative to TMI-1 license renewal.

including impacts on the aquatic environment and air. Wood has a low heat Other Biomass-Derived Fuels content that makes it unattractive for base-load applications. It is also difficult to In addition to wood and municipal solid handle and has high transportation costs. waste fuels, there are several other concepts for fueling electric generators, While some wood resources are available in including burning energy crops, converting the PJM region, AmerGen has concluded crops to a liquid fuel such as ethanol that, due to the lack of an environmental (ethanol is primarily used as a gasoline advantage, low heat content, handling additive), and gasifying energy crops difficulties, and high transportation costs, (including wood waste). As discussed in the wood energy is not a reasonable alternative GEIS, none of these technologies has to TMI-1 license renewal. progressed to the point of being competitive on a large scale or of being reliable enough Municipal Solid Waste to replace a base-load plant such as TMI-1.

As discussed in Section 8.3.7 of the GEIS Further, estimates in the GEIS suggest that (NRC 1996a), the initial capital costs for the overall level of construction impacts municipal solid waste plants are greater from a crop-fired plant should be than for comparable steam turbine approximately the same as that for a wood-technology at wood-waste facilities. This is fired plant. Additionally, crop-fired plants due to the need for specialized waste would have similar operational impacts separation and handling equipment. (including impacts on the aquatic environment and air). These systems also The decision to burn municipal solid waste have large impacts on land use, due to the to generate energy is usually driven by the acreage needed to grow the energy crops.

need for an alternative to landfills, rather than by energy considerations. The use of AmerGen has concluded that, due to the landfills as a waste disposal option is likely high costs and lack of environmental to increase in the near term; however, it is advantage, burning other biomass-derived unlikely that many landfills will begin fuels is not a reasonable alternative to converting waste to energy because of TMI-1 license renewal.

unfavorable economics.

Petroleum Estimates in the GEIS suggest that the overall level of construction impacts from a The PJM region has several petroleum (oil)-

waste-fired plant should be approximately fired power plants; however, they produce the same as that for a coal-fired plant. less than 1 percent of the total power Additionally, waste-fired plants have the generated in the region (PJM 2006c). From same or greater operational impacts 1990 to 2004, utilities in the PJM region (including impacts on the aquatic reduced the proportion of power produced environment, air, and waste disposal). by oil-fired generating plants by 34 percent Some of these impacts would be moderate, (EIA 2006c). Oil-fired operation is more but still larger than the environmental effects expensive than nuclear or coal-fired of TMI-1 license renewal. operation, and future increases in petroleum prices are expected to make oil-fired AmerGen has concluded that, due to the generation increasingly more expensive high costs and lack of environmental than coal-fired generation.

Page 7-14 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS Also, construction and operation of an oil- replacement for TMI-1 could be sited, fired plant would have environmental planned, licensed, constructed, and brought impacts. For example, Section 8.3.11 of the online by the time the existing operating GEIS (NRC 1996a) estimates that license expires in 2014.

construction of a 1,000-MWe oil-fired plant would require about 120 acres. Delayed Retirement Additionally, operation of oil-fired plants would have environmental impacts As the NRC noted in the GEIS (NRC 1996a, (including impacts on the aquatic Section 8.3.13), extending the lives of environment and air) that would be similar existing non-nuclear generating plants to those from a coal-fired plant. beyond the time they were originally scheduled to be retired represents another AmerGen has concluded that, due to the potential alternative to license renewal.

high costs and lack of obvious AmerGen does not own any non-nuclear environmental advantage, oil-fired power plants and AmerGens parent generation is not a reasonable alternative to company, Exelon, has no plans to retire any TMI-1 license renewal. of its base-load fossil units in the PJM region (PJM 2006c). Thus delayed Fuel Cells retirement of the above generation sources could not replace the 802 MWe generated Fuel cell power plants are in the initial at TMI-1.

stages of commercialization. While more than 650 large stationary fuel cell systems New generation capacity within the PJM will have been built and operated worldwide, the likely not be available to replace TMI-1s global stationary fuel cell electricity capacity. Power generating utilities within generating capacity in 2003 was only 125 the PJM have retired a large number of MWe. In addition, the largest stationary fuel generation retirements totaling 5,700 MWe cell power plant is only 11 MWe (Fuel Cell over the last two years and this has resulted Today 2003). Recent estimates suggest in multiple reliability criteria violations. The that a company would have to produce problem has been magnified by steady load about 100 MWe of fuel cell stacks annually growth and sluggish generation additions to achieve a price of $1,000 to $1,500 per (PJM 2006b). Some potential reliability kilowatt (Kenergy 2000). However, the issues have been forestalled through a production capability of the largest combination of short lead-time transmission stationary fuel cell manufacturer is 50 MWe upgrades, voluntary deactivation deferrals, per year (CSFCC 2002). AmerGen believes and implementation of a process that that this technology has not matured compensates generators that remain online sufficiently to support production for a beyond announced retirement dates.

facility the size of TMI-1, and AmerGen has However, the Federal Energy Regulatory concluded that, due to cost and production Commission recently determined that PJM limitations, fuel cell technology is not a cannot compel the owners of units reasonable alternative to TMI-1 license scheduled for retirement to remain in renewal. service. For these reasons, the delayed retirement of non-nuclear generating units is Advanced Nuclear Reactor not considered a reasonable alternative to TMI-1 license renewal (PJM 2006b).

Increased interest in the development of advanced nuclear power plants has been Combination of Alternatives expressed recently by members of both industry and government. However, NRC indicated in the GEIS that, while many AmerGen considers it unlikely that a methods are available for generating Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-15 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS electricity and a huge number of considered a reasonable alternative to combinations or mixes can be assimilated to TMI-1 license renewal.

meet system needs, such expansive consideration would be too unwieldy, given 7.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS the purposes of the alternatives analysis. OF ALTERNATIVES Therefore, NRC determined that a reasonable set of alternatives should be This section evaluates the environmental limited to the analysis of single discrete impacts of alternatives that AmerGen has electrical generation sources and only those determined to be reasonable alternatives to electric generation technologies that are TMI-1 license renewal: gas-fired generation, technically reasonable and commercially coal-fired generation, and purchased power.

viable (NRC 1996a, pg. 8-1). Nevertheless, for the purpose of comparison, AmerGen 7.2.2.1 Gas-Fired Generation has assumed that a 100 MWe wind farm, along with a 530 MWe natural gas NRC evaluated environmental impacts from combined-cycle unit and 272 MWe of power gas-fired generation alternatives in the purchased from the wholesale electricity GEIS, focusing on combined-cycle plants.

market could replace the TMI-1 generating Section 7.2.1.1 presents AmerGens capacity (802 MWe net). When operating, reasons for defining the gas-fired generation the combined cycle plant can follow the alternative as a 2-unit combined-cycle plant wind load by ramping up and down quickly.

on an existing fossil plant site. Construction When the wind is blowing hard, the of a gas-fired unit would have impacts on combined cycle plant can be ramped down; land-use and could impact ecological, when the wind is not blowing or is blowing aesthetic, and cultural resources. Human too softly to turn the wind turbines, the health effects associated with air emissions combined cycle plant can be ramped up.

would be of concern. Aquatic biota losses Power purchased from other generators in due to cooling water withdrawals would be the PJM market would provide the balance offset by the concurrent shutdown of the of electricity needed.

nuclear generator.

Operation of the new natural gas-fired Air Quality power plant would result in increased air emissions and other impacts. The impacts Natural gas is a relatively clean-burning associated with the wind portion of the fossil fuel that primarily emits nitrogen alternative - land use impacts, noise oxides (NOx), a regulated pollutant, during impacts, visual impacts, impacts on wildlife, combustion. A natural gas-fired plant would etc. - would be more than the stand alone also emit small quantities of sulfur oxides natural gas alternative. The environmental (SOx), particulate matter, and carbon impacts associated with power purchased monoxide (CO), all of which are regulated from other generators would be similar to pollutants. Control technology for gas-fired the impacts associated with the coal and turbines focuses on NOx emissions. From gas-fired alternatives, but would be located data published by EPA (EPA 2000), the elsewhere within the PJM region. emissions from the natural gas-fired plant are calculated to be:

AmerGen concludes that it is very unlikely that the environmental impacts of any SOx = 64 tons per year combination of generating and conservation options would be reduced to the level of NOx = 168 tons per year impacts associated with renewal of the TMI-1 operating license. Therefore, a Carbon monoxide = 1,123 tons per year combination of alternatives is not Page 7-16 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS Filterable Particulates = 36 tons per year [all emissions are still substantial. AmerGen particulates are particulates with diameters concludes that emissions from the gas-fired less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5)] alternative would noticeably alter local air quality, but would not cause or contribute to In 2004, Pennsylvania was ranked 2nd violations of National Ambient Air Quality nationally in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions Standards in the region. Air quality impacts and 5th nationally in NOx emissions from would therefore be MODERATE.

electric power plants (EIA 2006c). The ranking was based on quantity emitted. For Waste Management example, the electric power plants in only 1 state emitted more SO2 than those located The solid waste generated from this type of in Pennsylvania. The acid rain facility would be minimal. The only requirements of the Clean Air Act noteworthy waste would be from spent Amendments capped the nations SO2 selective catalytic reduction (SCR) used for emissions from power plants. Each NOx control. The SCR process for a 793 company with fossil-fuel-fired units was MWe plant would generate approximately allocated SO2 allowances. To be in 500 ft3 of spent catalyst per year (NRC compliance with the Act, the companies 2002b). AmerGen concludes that gas-fired must hold enough allowances to cover their generation waste management impacts annual SO2 emissions. AmerGen would would be SMALL.

need to obtain SO2 credits to operate a fossil-fuel-fired plant. In 1998, the EPA Other Impacts promulgated the NOx SIP (State Implementation Plan) Call regulation that Construction of the gas-fired alternative on required 22 states, including Pennsylvania, an existing plant site would impact the to reduce their NOx emissions by over 30 construction site and the supporting utility percent to address regional transport of corridors. A new gas pipeline would likely ground-level ozone across state lines (EPA be required for the gas turbine generators in 1998b). In 2005 EPA issued the Clean Air this alternative. To the extent practicable, Interstate Rule (CAIR), which will AmerGen would route the pipeline along permanently cap emissions of SO2 and NOx existing, previously disturbed, right-of-way in 28 eastern states and the District of to minimize impacts. A new pipeline of Columbia using a cap and trade program. approximately 10-inch diameter would The NOx and SO2 programs commence in require a 50-foot-wide corridor. This new 2009 and 2010, respectively. To operate a construction may also necessitate an new fossil-fuel-fired plant, AmerGen would upgrade of the Statewide pipeline network.

need to obtain enough NOx credits to cover AmerGen estimates that 32 acres would be annual emissions either from the set-aside needed for a plant site, resulting in the loss pool or by buying NOx credits from other of terrestrial habitat. Aesthetic impacts, sources. Additionally, because all of erosion and sedimentation, fugitive dust, Pennsylvania is treated as a non-attainment and construction debris impacts would be area for ozone, a fossil-fuel-fired plant noticeable but MODERATE with appropriate would need to obtain NOx emission controls. AmerGen estimates a peak reduction credits in the amount of 1.15 tons construction workforce of 483 thus of NOx for every ton of NOx emitted. socioeconomic impacts of construction would be SMALL. However, AmerGen NOx effects on ozone levels, SO2 estimates a significantly reduced workforce allowances, and NOx credits could all be of 27 for gas operations, resulting in issues of concern for gas-fired combustion. adverse socioeconomic impacts due to the While gas-fired turbine emissions are less loss of 600-800 personnel responsible for than coal-fired boiler emissions, the operational activities at TMI-1 and the 200 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-17 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS to 1,400 additional personnel employed Air Quality during TMI-1 refueling outages. Loss of the operational and temporary personnel would A coal-fired plant would emit SO2, NOx, impact various aspects of the local particulate matter, mercury, and carbon community including employment, taxes, monoxide, all of which are regulated housing, offsite land use, economic pollutants. As Section 7.2.1.1 indicates, structure, and public services (NRC 1996a). AmerGen has assumed a plant design that AmerGen believes these impacts would be would minimize air emissions through a MODERATE. combination of boiler technology and post-combustion pollutant removal. Using data Impacts to aquatic resources and water published by the Energy Information quality would be similar to, but smaller than, Administration (EIA 2002, EIA 2006b) and the impacts of TMI-1 due to the replacement the EPA (EPA 1998a), the coal-fired plants use of the cooling water withdrawals alternative emissions are calculated to be from and discharges to the Susquehanna as follows:

River or other naturally occurring body of water. These impacts would be offset by SO2 = 5,241 tons per year the concurrent shutdown of TMI-1. The stacks and boilers of the new gas-fired unit NOx = 690 tons per year may add visual impacts at the existing power plant site where it is constructed, but Carbon monoxide = 690 tons per year these should be minimal because of the presence of existing plant structures. Mercury = 0.11 tons per year Impacts to cultural resources would be possible, but if surveys for archaeological Particulates:

and cultural resources were not already done at the time the existing plant at the PM10 (particulates having a diameter of less selected site was constructed, site surveys than 10 microns) = 49 tons per year would be conducted to identify these resources and mitigate any impacts. PM2.5 (particulates having a diameter of less than 2.5 microns) = 0.21 tons per year 7.2.2.2 Coal-Fired Generation The discussion in Section 7.2.2.1 of regional air quality is applicable to the coal-fired NRC evaluated environmental impacts from generation alternative. In addition, NRC coal-fired generation alternatives in the noted in the GEIS that adverse human GEIS (NRC 1996a). NRC concluded that health effects from coal combustion have construction impacts could be substantial, led to important federal legislation in recent due in part to the large land area required years and that public health risks, such as (which can result in natural habitat loss) and cancer and emphysema, have been the large workforce needed. NRC identified associated with coal combustion. NRC also major adverse impacts from operations as mentioned global warming and acid rain as human health concerns associated with air potential impacts. AmerGen concludes that emissions, waste generation, and losses of federal legislation and large-scale concerns, aquatic biota due to cooling water such as global warming and acid rain, are withdrawals and discharges.

indications of concerns about destabilizing important attributes of air resources.

The coal-fired alternative that AmerGen has However, SO2 emission allowances, NOx defined in Section 7.2.1.1 would be located credits, low NOx burners, overfire air, fabric at an existing plant site.

filters or electrostatic precipitators, and scrubbers are regulatorily-imposed Page 7-18 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS mitigation measures. As such, AmerGen Other Impacts concludes that the coal-fired alternative would have MODERATE impacts on air AmerGen estimates that construction of the quality; the impacts would be noticeable and power block and coal storage area would greater than those of the gas-fired affect 129 acres of land and associated alternative, but would not destabilize air terrestrial habitat. Because much of this quality in the area. construction would be on previously disturbed land, impacts would be SMALL to Waste Management MODERATE. Installation of a new rail spur or expansion of an existing spur would likely AmerGen concurs with the GEIS be required for coal and limestone deliveries assessment that the coal-fired alternative under this alternative. Visual impacts would would generate substantial solid waste. be consistent with the industrial nature of The coal-fired plant would annually the site. As with any large construction consume approximately 2,760,000 tons of project, some erosion and sedimentation coal having an ash content of 15.55 and fugitive dust emissions could be percent. After combustion, 90 percent of anticipated, but would be minimized by this ash, approximately 321,000 tons per using best management practices. Debris year, would be marketed for beneficial from clearing and grubbing could be reuse. The remaining ash, approximately disposed of onsite. AmerGen estimates a 107,000 tons per year, would be collected peak construction work force of 1,328.

and disposed of onsite, if space were Socioeconomic impacts from the available. In addition, if space were construction workforce would be minimal, if available, approximately 205,000 tons of worker relocation is not required with a site scrubber sludge would be disposed of on located near a large metropolitan area.

site each year (based on annual limestone AmerGen estimates an operational usage of about 172,000 tons). AmerGen workforce of 92 for the coal-fired alternative.

estimates that ash and scrubber waste This is a sizable reduction in operating disposal over a 40-year plant life would personnel compared to TMI-1s 600-800 require approximately 188 acres. If this personnel, and the impact on the local acreage is not available at the existing community employment, taxes, housing, off-power plant site where the new coal-fired site land use, and public services could be unit would be sited, offsite disposal may be significant. Thus, reduction in workforce necessary, which would increase disposal would result in adverse socioeconomic impacts. impacts characterized as MODERATE.

AmerGen believes that proper siting, current Impacts to aquatic resources and water waste management practices, and current quality would be similar to impacts of TMI-1, waste monitoring practices would prevent due to the new plants use of the cooling waste disposal from destabilizing any water from and discharge to the resources. After closure of the waste site Susquehanna River or other natural water and revegetation, the land would be body, and would be offset by the concurrent available for other uses. For these reasons, shutdown of TMI-1. The stacks, boilers, AmerGen believes that waste disposal for and rail deliveries would increase the visual the coal-fired alternative would have impact to the new site. Impacts to cultural MODERATE impacts; the impacts of resources would also be possible, but site increased waste disposal would be surveys would be conducted to identify noticeable, but would not destabilize any these resources and mitigate any impacts.

important resource, and further mitigation would be unwarranted.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-19 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 ALTERNATIVES THAT MEET SYSTEM GENERATING NEEDS 7.2.2.3 Purchased Power The existing transmission lines would be expected to transmit power to the south-As discussed in Section 7.2.1.2, AmerGen central region of Pennsylvania, thus new assumes that the generating technology lines would not be required. As a result, the used under the purchased power alternative impact would be SMALL. As indicated in would be one of those that NRC analyzed in the introduction to Section 7.2.1.1, the the GEIS. AmerGen is also adopting by environmental impacts of construction and reference the NRC analysis of the operation of new coal- or gas-fired environmental impacts from those generating capacity for purchased power at technologies. Under the purchased power a previously undisturbed green field site alternative, therefore, environmental would exceed those of a coal- or gas-fired impacts would still occur, but they would alternative located at an existing power likely originate from a power plant located station.

elsewhere in the PJM region. AmerGen believes that imports from outside the PJM region would not be required.

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Environmental Report Section 7.2 TABLES Table 7.2-1. Gas-Fired Alternative Characteristic Basis Unit size = 793 MWe ISO rating net Manufacturers standard size gas-fired combined-combined cycle consisting of 263 MWe and 530 cycle plant ( TMI-1 net capacity of 802 MWe)

MWe systems with heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs)

Unit size = 826 MWe ISO rating gross Based on 4 percent onsite power usage Number of units = 1 Assumed Fuel type = natural gas Assumed Fuel heating value = 1,033 Btu/ft3 2004 value for gas used in Pennsylvania (EIA 2006b, Table 14.A)

Fuel SOx content = 0.0034 lb/MMBtu EPA 2000, Table 3.1-2a NOx control = selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Best available for minimizing NOx emissions (EPA with steam/water injection 2000)

Fuel NOx content = 0.0090 lb/MMBtu Typical for large SCR-controlled gas fired units with water injection (EPA 2000, Table 3.1 Database)

Fuel CO content = 0.0600 lb/MMBtu Typical for large SCR-controlled gas fired units (EPA 2000, Table 3.1 Database)

Fuel PM10 content = 0.0019 lb/MMBtu EPA 2000, Table 3.1-2a Heat rate = 6,090 Btu/kWh Chase and Kehoe 2000 Capacity factor = 0.85 Assumed based on performance of modern plants Note: The difference between net and gross is electricity consumed onsite.

Note: The HRSG does not contribute to air emissions.

Btu = British thermal unit 3

ft = cubic foot ISO rating = International Standards Organization rating at standard atmospheric conditions of 59°F, 60 percent relative humidity, and 14.696 pounds of atmospheric pressure per square inch kWh = kilowatt hour MM = million MWe = megawatt electrical NOx = nitrogen oxides PM10 = particulates having diameter of 10 microns or less

= less than or equal to Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-21 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 TABLES Table 7.2-2. Coal-Fired Alternative Characteristic Basis Unit size = 793 MWe ISO rating net Size set = to gas-fired alternative ( TMI-1 net capacity of 802 MWe)

Unit size = 844 MWe ISO rating gross Based on 6 percent onsite power usage Number of units = 1 Assumed Boiler type = tangentially fired, dry-bottom Minimizes nitrogen oxides emissions (EPA 1998a)

Fuel type = bituminous, pulverized coal Typical for coal used in Pennsylvania Fuel heating value = 11,615 Btu/lb 2004 value for coal used in Pennsylvania (EIA 2006b, Table 15.A)

Fuel ash content by weight = 15.55 percent 2004 value for coal used in Pennsylvania (EIA 2006b, Table 15.A)

Fuel sulfur content by weight = 2.00 percent 2004 value for coal used in Pennsylvania (EIA 2006b, Table 15.A)

Uncontrolled NOx emission = 10 lb/ton Typical for pulverized coal, tangentially fired, dry-bottom, NSPS (EPA 1998a)

Uncontrolled CO emission = 0.5 lb/ton Typical for pulverized coal, tangentially fired, dry-bottom, NSPS (EPA 1998a)

Heat rate = 10,200 Btu/kWh Typical for coal-fired boilers (EIA 2002)

Capacity factor = 0.85 Typical for large coal-fired units NOx control = low NOx burners, over-fire air and Best available and widely demonstrated for selective catalytic reduction (95 percent reduction) minimizing NOx emissions (EPA 1998a)

Particulate control = fabric filters (baghouse- Best available for minimizing particulate emissions 99.9 percent removal efficiency) (EPA 1998a)

SOx control = Wet scrubber - limestone (95 Best available for minimizing SOx emissions percent removal efficiency) (EPA 1998a)

Note: The difference between net and gross is electricity consumed onsite.

Btu = British thermal unit ISO rating = International Standards Organization rating at standard atmospheric conditions of 59°F, 60 percent relative humidity, and 14.696 pounds of atmospheric pressure per square inch kWh = kilowatt hour NSPS = New Source Performance Standard lb = pound MWe = megawatt electrical NOx = nitrogen oxides SOx = oxides of sulfur

= less than or equal to Page 7-22 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 FIGURES Renewable, 0.3%

Nuclear, 19.1% Hydro, 4.5%

Natural Gas, 27.5%

Oil, Coal, 7.2% 41.5%

Capacity Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Pennsylvania License Renewal Environmental Report Figure 7.2-1 PJM Regional Generating Capacity (2005)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-23 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 7.2 FIGURES Natural Gas, 5.6% Renewable, 0.4%

Hydro, 1.3%

Nuclear, 25.2%

Oil, 0.9%

Oil, Coal, Coal, 66.6%

7.2% 41.5%

Generation Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Pennsylvania License Renewal Environmental Report Figure 7.2-2 PJM Regional Energy Output by Fuel Type (2005)

Page 7-24 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

7.3 REFERENCES

Note to reader: Some web pages cited in this document are no longer available, or are no longer available through the original URL addresses. Hard copies of cited web pages are available in AmerGen files. Some sites, for example the census data, cannot be accessed through their given URLs. The only way to access these pages is to follow queries on previous web pages. The complete URLs used by AmerGen have been given for these pages, even though they may not be directly accessible. Also, all references are specific to respective chapter.

AmerGen (AmerGen Energy Company, LLC). 2005. Monthly Operating Reports for the months of January through June 2005. Available at http://adamswebsearch.nrc.gov/scripts/rwisapi.dll/@pip1.env. Accessed September 29, 2006.

AWEA (American Wind Energy Association). 2006. Wind Energy Projects throughout the United States of America. Available at http://www.awea.org/projects/index.html.

Accessed October 19, 2006.

Chase, D.L and Kehoe, P.T. 2000. GE Combined-Cycle Product Line and Performance. GER-3574G. GE Power Systems, Schenectady, NY. October. Available at http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/tech_docs/en/downloads/ger3574g.pdf.

Accessed October 30, 2006.

CSFCC (California Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative). 2002. White Paper Summary of Interviews with Stationary Fuel Cell Manufacturers. Available at http://stationaryfuelcells.org/DOCUMENTS/PDFdocs/Summary_InterviewsAug2002.pdf.

Accessed October 30, 2006.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2004. PV FAQs - How much land will PV need to supply our electricity?. DOE/GO-102004-1835. Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Washington, DC. February. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/pdfs/land_faq.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy). 2006. Wind Power Today. DOE/GO-102006-2319. May. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39479.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

EERE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Program).

2006a. Technology Improvement Opportunities. Technology Pathway Partnership Technical Exchange Meeting, Chicago, IL, April 18-19. Available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_america/pdfs/breakout_atios-041706pdf.

Accessed January 23, 2007.

EERE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Technologies Program).

2006b. Alternative Energy Resources in Pennsylvania. Available at http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/resources_pa.cfm. Accessed January 23, 2007.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-25 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

7.2 REFERENCES

EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2002. Electric Power Annual 2000, Volume II.

DOE/EIA-0348(00)/2. November. Available at http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/

electricity/0348002.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2006a. Pennsylvania Nuclear Industry. Updated August 18, 2006. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/

at_a_glance/states/statespa.html. Accessed September 25, 2006.

EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2006b. DOE/EIA-0191(2006). Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants 2003 and 2004. Tables 11.A, 11.B, 14.A, 14.B, 15.A, 15.B.

June 30. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/cq/cqa2004.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

EIA (Energy Information Administration). 2006c. State Electricity Profiles, 2004 Edition.

DOE/EIA-0629(2004). June. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/

st_profiles/e_profiles_sum.html. Accessed October 4, 2006.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998a. Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Vol. 1, Stationary Point Sources and Area Sources. Section 1.1, Bituminous and Subbituminous Coal Combustion. AP-42. September. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/

ap42/ch01/index.html. Accessed October 30, 2006.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1998b. Finding of Significant Contribution and Rulemaking for Certain States in the Ozone Transport Assessment Group Region for Purposes of Reducing Regional Transport of Ozone. Federal Register. Vol. 63, No. 207.

October 27.

EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Vol. 1, Stationary Point Sources and Area Sources. Section 3.1, Stationary Gas Turbines. AP-

42. April. Available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch03/index.html. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Exelon Corporation. 2006. Power Generation, Three Mile Island Generating - 1. Available at http://www.exeloncorp.com/ourcompanies/powergen/nuclear/three_mile_island_

unit__1.htm. Accessed September 26, 2006.

FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission). 2006. Issued Preliminary Permits as of 10/05/2006. Available at http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pre-permits.xls. Accessed October 30, 2006.

FHA (Federal Highway Administration). 1997. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. Available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pub_details.cfm?id=384. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Fuel Cell Today. 2003. Fuel Cells Market Survey: Large Stationary Applications. Available at http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/FuelCellToday/FCTFiles/FCTArticleFiles/Article_667_

LgeStatSurvey0903.pdf. Accessed on October 30, 2006.

Page 7-26 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

7.3 REFERENCES

INEEL (Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory). 1998. U.S. Hydropower Resource Assessment Final Report. DOE/ID-10430.2. Available at http://hydropower.inel.gov/resourceassessment/pdfs/doeid-10430.pdf. Accessed on October 30, 2006.

Kenergy Corporation. 2000. Fuel Cell Technology - Its Role in the 21st Century. Commercial

& Industrial News 4th Quarter 2000. Available at http://www.kenergycorp.com/

ci/cinews/qtr4ci2000/technology.htm. Accessed on June 19, 2002.

McGowan, J.G. and S. Connors. 2000. Windpower: A Turn of the Century Review. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, Volume 25, pages 147-197. Available at http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.147?cookieSet=

1&journalCode=energy. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Milligan, M. 2006. Tackling Climate Change in the United States: The Potential Contribution from Wind Power. NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). NREL/CP-500-4030.

July.

NEI (Nuclear Energy Institute). 2000. Restructuring the U.S. Electric Power Industry.

Available at http://www.nei.org/doc.asp?catnum=3&catid=621&docid=&format=print.

Accessed October 30, 2006.

NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection). 2005. What Wind Turbine Development Can, and Cannot Do, for the State of New Jersey. April. Available at www.njwindpanel.org. Accessed October 20, 2006.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996a. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants. Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG 1437. Washington, DC. May.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996b. Supplementary Information to Final Rule.

Federal Register. Vol. 61, No. 244. December 18.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2002a. Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities; Supplement 1; Regarding the Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Reactors. NUREG-0586 Supplement 1. Washington, DC. November.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2002b. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants Regarding McGuire Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2.

NUREG-1437, Supplement 8, Final. Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation. Washington, DC. December.

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 1994. Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat Plate and Concentrating Collectors. NREL/TP-463-5607. Golden, Colorado. April.

Available at http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/pubs/redbook/. Accessed October 19, 2006.

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 1997. Geothermal Resource Information Clearinghouse. Available at http://rredc.nrel.gov/geothermal. Accessed October 2006.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 7-27 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

7.2 REFERENCES

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) 2004. PV Solar Radiation (Flat Plate, Facing South , Latitude Tilt. Available at http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/

us_pv_annual_may2004.jpg. Accessed January 23, 2007.

Pennsylvania General Assembly. 1996. House Bill No. 1509, Electricity Generation Customer Choice and Competition Act, as Amended. Available at http://www.puc.state.pa.us/electric/pdf/HB1509P4282.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Pennsylvania General Assembly. 2004. Senate Bill No. 1030, Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards Act, as Amended. Available at http://www2.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/

LI/BI/BT/2003/0/SB1030P1973.pdf. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Pinero, E. 2001. Testimony Summary: The House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Energy and Air Quality Hearing, March 14, 2001. Available at.

http://energycommerce.house.gov/107/Hearings/03142001hearing94/Pinero127.htm.

Accessed October 30, 2006.

PJM (PJM Interconnection, LLC). 2006a. PJM 2006 Annual Report. Available at http://www.pjm.com/about/annual-report.html. Accessed September 27, 2006 PJM (PJM Interconnection, LLC). 2006b. Section 2: Developing an Expansion Plan.

Available at http://www.pjm.com/planning/downloads/20060410-rtep-sec-2.pdf. Accessed September 27, 2006.

PJM (PJM Interconnection, LLC). 2006c. 2005 PJM Load, Capacity and Transmission Report (Draft). August 16, 2006. Available at http://www.pjm.com/documents/

downloads/reports/draft-2006-pjm-411.pdf. Accessed September 30, 2006.

PSEB (Pennsylvania Sustainable Energy Board). 2004. Pennsylvania Sustainable Energy Board 2003 Annual Report. May 11, 2004. Available at http://www.puc.state.pa.us/electric/pdf/PASustainable_Energy_Board_2003AR.pdf.

Accessed October 30, 2006.

Walsh M. E., R. L. Perlack, A. Turhollow, D. de la Torre Ugarte, D. A. Becker, R. L. Graham, S.

E. Slinsky, and D. E. Ray. 2000. Biomass Feedstock Availability in the United States:

1999 State Level Analysis. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN. April 30, 1999. Updated January, 2000. Available at http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/

resourcedata/index.html. Accessed October 30, 2006.

Page 7-28 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Chapter 8 COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LICENSE RENEWAL WITH THE ALTERNATIVES Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 8.0 COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF LICENSE RENEWAL OF THE ALTERNATIVES NRC To the extent practicable, the environmental impacts of the proposal and the alternatives should be presented in comparative form... 10 CFR 51.45(b)(3) as adopted by 51.53(c)(2)

Chapter 4 analyzes environmental impacts identified as major considerations in an of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station alternatives analysis. For example, Unit 1 (TMI-1) license renewal and Chapter although the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 7 analyzes impacts from renewal Commission (NRC) concluded that air alternatives. Table 8.0-1 summarizes quality impacts from the proposed action environmental impacts of the proposed would be small (Category 1), the GEIS action (license renewal) and the identified major human health concerns alternatives, for comparison purposes. The associated with air emissions from environmental impacts compared in Table alternatives (Section 7.2.2). Therefore, 8.0-1 are those that are either Category 2 Table 8.0-1 includes a comparison of the air issues that apply to the proposed action or impacts from the proposed action to those are issues that the Generic Environmental of the alternatives. Table 8.0-2 is a more Impact Statement for License Renewal of detailed comparison of the alternatives.

Nuclear Plants (GEIS) (NRC 1996)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 8-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 8.0 TABLES Table 8.0-1. Impacts Comparison Summary Proposed No-Action Alternatives Action With Coal- With Gas- With (License Base Fired Fired Purchased Impact Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Land Use SMALL SMALL MODERATE SMALL to MODERATE MODERATE Water Quality SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL to MODERATE Air Quality SMALL SMALL MODERATE MODERATE SMALL to MODERATE Ecological SMALL SMALL MODERATE SMALL SMALL to Resources MODERATE Threatened or SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL Endangered Species Human Health SMALL SMALL MODERATE SMALL SMALL to MODERATE Socioeconomics SMALL SMALL SMALL MODERATE SMALL to MODERATE Waste SMALL SMALL MODERATE SMALL SMALL to Management MODERATE Aesthetics SMALL SMALL SMALL to SMALL SMALL to MODERATE MODERATE Cultural SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL SMALL Resources SMALL - Environmental effects are not detectable or are so minor that they will neither destabilize nor noticeably alter any important attribute of the resource.

MODERATE - Environmental effects are sufficient to alter noticeably, but not to destabilize, any important attribute of the resource. 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B-1, Footnote 3.

Page 8-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Alternative Descriptions TMI-1 license renewal for 20 Decommissioning New construction at New construction at an Would involve construction of new years, followed by following expiration of an existing power existing power plant site generation capacity in the PJM decommissioning current TMI-1 license. plant site region.

License Renewal Application Adopting by reference, Adopting by reference GEIS as bounding TMI-1 description of alternate decommissioning, GEIS technologies (Section 7.2.1.2) description (NRC 1996, Section 7.1)

Installation of a new Construct 10-inch-rail spur diameter gas pipeline in a 50-foot-wide corridor.

May require upgrades to existing pipelines Construction of Construction of Construct new transmission lines to switchyard and switchyard and interconnect to the PJM region transmission lines transmission lines Single unit 793-MWe Two pre-engineered tangentially-fired, dry natural gas fired bottom units; capacity systems, with heat factor 0.85 recovery steam generators, producing Environmental Report combined total of 793 MWe; capacity factor 0.85 Page 8-5 Section 8.0 TABLES

Page 8-6 Environmental Report Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Section 8.0 TABLES Construct intake/ Construct intake/

discharge canal discharge canal system system Pulverized Natural gas, 1,033 bituminous coal, Btu/ft3; 6,090 Btu/kWh; 11,615 Btu/lb; 10,200 0.0034 lb sulfur/MMBtu; Btu/kWh; 15.55% 0.0090 lb NOx/MMBtu; ash; 2.0% sulfur; 36,238,318,762 ft3 10 lb/ton nitrogen gas/yr oxides; 2,758,159 tons coal/yr Low NOx burners, Selective catalytic over-fire air and reduction with selective catalytic steam/water injection reduction (95% NOx reduction efficiency)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Wet scrubber -

lime/limestone desulphurization system (95% SOx removal efficiency);

172, 030 tons lime/yr Fabric filters or electrostatic License Renewal Application precipitators (99.9%

particulate removal efficiency)

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power 525 permanent and 170 92 workers 27 workers long-term contract workers (Section 7.2.2.2) (Section 7.2.2.1)

License Renewal Application Land Use Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Not an impact MODERATE - 129 SMALL to MODERATE MODERATE - most transmission reference Category 1 issue evaluated by GEIS acres required for the - 32 acres for facility at facilities could be constructed along findings (Attachment A, (NRC 1996) power block and TMI-1 location existing transmission corridors Table A-1, Issues 52, 53) associated facilities; (Section 7.2.2.1). New (Section 7.2.2.3).

188 acres for ash gas pipeline would be Adopting by reference GEIS disposal built to connect with description of land use impacts (Section 7.2.2.2) existing gas pipeline from alternate technologies corridor (NRC 1996)

Water Quality Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - SMALL - Reduced SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue reference Category 1 Construction impacts cooling water demands, by reference GEIS description of findings (Table A-1, issue finding (Table A-1, minimized by use of inherent in combined- water quality impacts from alternate Issues 1-3, 6-11, and 31). Issue 89). best management cycle design technologies (NRC 1996)

Three Category 2 practices. (Section 7.2.2.1) groundwater issues apply Operational impacts (Section 4.1, Issue 13; and similar to TMI-1 by Section 4.5, Issue 33; using cooling water Section 4.6, Issue 34). Two and discharge to the Category 2 groundwater Susquehanna River.

Environmental Report issues dont apply (Section 7.2.2.2)

(Section 4.7, Issue 35; and Section 4.8, Issue 39).

Page 8-7 Section 8.0 TABLES

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Page 8-8 Environmental Report No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Air Quality Impacts Section 8.0 TABLES SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by MODERATE - MODERATE - SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue reference Category 1 5,241 tons SOx/yr 64 tons SOx/yr by reference GEIS description of air finding (Table A-1, Issue 51). issue findings 690 tons NOx/yr 168 tons NOx/yr quality impacts from alternate Category 2 issue finding (Table A-1, Issue 88) technologies (NRC 1996) 690 tons CO/yr 1,123 tons CO/yr (Section 4.11, Issue 50).

214 tons TSP/yr 36 tons PM-2.5/yra 0.21 tons PM-2.5/yr (Section 7.2.2.1) 49 tons PM-10/yr (Section 7.2.2.2)

Ecological Resource Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by MODERATE - 188 SMALL - Construction SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue reference Category 1 acres of undisturbed of pipeline could alter by reference GEIS description of findings (Table A-1, Issues issue finding (Table A-1, land could be the terrestrial habitat. ecological resource impacts from 14-24, 28-30, 43, and 45- Issue 90) required for (Section 7.2.2.1) alternate technologies (NRC 1996) 48). One Category 2 issues ash/sludge disposal findings (Section 4.9, over 20-year license Issue 40). Three Category 2 renewal term.

issues not applicable (Section 7.2.2.2)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 (Section 4.2, Issue 25; Section 4.3, Issue 26; and Section 4.4, Issue 27)

License Renewal Application

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Threatened or Endangered Species Impacts SMALL - No Federally SMALL - Not an impact SMALL - Federal SMALL - Federal and SMALL - Federal and state laws threatened or endangered evaluated by GEIS and state laws state laws prohibit prohibit destroying or adversely License Renewal Application species are known residents (NRC 1996) prohibit destroying or destroying or adversely affecting protected species and at the site or along the adversely affecting affecting protected their habitats transmission corridors. protected species species and their (Section 4.10, Issue 49) and their habitats habitats Human Health Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by MODERATE - SMALL - Adopting by SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issues reference Category 1 Adopting by reference GEIS by reference GEIS description of (Table A-1, Issues 54-56, issue finding (Table A-1, reference GEIS conclusion that some human health impacts from 58, 61, 62). One Category 2 Issue 86) conclusion that risks risk of cancer and alternate technologies (NRC 1996) issue does apply (Section such as cancer and emphysema exists from 4.12, Issue 57). Risk due to emphysema from emissions (NRC 1996) transmission-line induced emissions are likely currents minimal due to (NRC 1996) conformance with consensus code (Section 4.13, Issue 59)

Environmental Report Page 8-9 Section 8.0 TABLES

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Page 8-10 Environmental Report No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Socioeconomic Impacts Section 8.0 TABLES SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Reduction SMALL to MODERATE SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue reference Category 1 in permanent work - Reduction in by reference GEIS description of findings (Table A-1, Issues issue finding (Table A-1, force at TMI-1 could permanent work force socioeconomic impacts from 64, 67). Two Category 2 Issue 91) adversely affect at TMI-1 could alternate technologies (NRC 1996) issues findings (Section surrounding counties, adversely affect 4.16, Issue 66 and Section but would be surrounding counties, 4.17, Issue 68). Location in mitigated by TMI-1s but would be mitigated high population area with no proximity to several by TMI-1s proximity to growth controls minimizes metropolitan areas several metropolitan potential for housing (Section 7.2.2.2) areas (Section 7.2.2.1) impacts. Section 4.14, Issue 63).

Plant property tax payment represents less than 1 percent of countys total tax revenues (Section 4.17, Issues 68 and 69).

Capacity of public water supply and transportation infrastructure minimizes Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 potential for related impacts (Section 4.15, Issue 65; Section 4.16, Issue 66 and Section 4.18, Issue 70)

License Renewal Application

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power Waste Management Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Adopting by MODERATE - SMALL - Approximately SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue reference Category 1 107,000 tons of coal 500 ft3 spent SCR by reference GEIS description of License Renewal Application findings (Table A-1, issue finding (Table A-1, ash and 205,000 tons catalyst per year waste management impacts from Issues 77-85) Issue 87) of scrubber sludge (Section 7.2.2.1) alternate technologies (NRC 1996) annually would require 188 acres over 20-year license renewal term.

(Section 7.2.2.2)

Aesthetic Impacts SMALL - Adopting by SMALL - Not an impact SMALL to SMALL- Steam SMALL to MODERATE - Adopting reference Category 1 issue evaluated by GEIS MODERATE - The turbines and stacks by reference GEIS description of findings (Table A-1, (NRC 1996) coal-fired power would create visual aesthetic impacts from alternate Issues 73, 74) blocks and the impacts comparable to technologies (NRC 1996) exhaust stacks would those from existing TMI-be visible from offsite, 1 facilities in an industrial setting (Section 7.2.2.1)

(Section 7.2.2.2)

Cultural Resource Impacts SMALL - SHPO consultation SMALL - Not an impact SMALL - Impacts to SMALL - Construction SMALL - Adopting by reference minimizes potential for evaluated by GEIS cultural resources in previously disturbed GEIS description of cultural Environmental Report impact (Section 4.19, (NRC 1996) would be unlikely due soil would be unlikely to resource impacts from alternate Issue 71) to developed nature affect cultural resources technologies (NRC 1996) of the site (Section 7.2.2.1)

(Section 7.2.2.2)

Page 8-11 Section 8.0 TABLES

Table 8.0-2. Impacts Comparison Detail (Continued).

Page 8-12 Environmental Report No-Action Alternatives Proposed Action Base With Coal-Fired With Gas-Fired With Purchased (License Renewal) (Decommissioning) Generation Generation Power SMALL - Environmental effects are not detectable or are so minor that they will neither destabilize nor noticeably alter any important attribute of the resource.

Section 8.0 TABLES MODERATE - Environmental effects are sufficient to alter noticeably, but not to destabilize, any important attribute of the resource. (10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix B, Table B 1, Footnote 3).

a

. All TSP for gas-fired alternative is PM-2.5.

Btu = British thermal unit NOx = nitrogen oxide ft3 = cubic foot PJM = regional electric distribution network gal = gallon PM-2.5 = particulates having diameter less than 2.5 microns GEIS = Generic Environmental Impact Statement (NRC 1996) SHPO = State Historic Preservation Officer kWh = kilowatt hour SOx = sulfur dioxide lb = pound TSP = total suspended particulates MM = million yr = year MW = megawatt Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

8.1 REFERENCES

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants. Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1437. Washington, DC. May.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 8-13 License Renewal Application

Chapter 9 Status of Compliance Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Section 9.1 PROPOSED ACTION 9.1 PROPOSED ACTION NRC The environmental report shall list all federal permits, licenses, approvals and other entitlements which must be obtained in connection with the proposed action and shall describe the status of compliance with these requirements. The environmental report shall also include a discussion of the status of compliance with applicable environmental quality standards and requirements including, but not limited to, applicable zoning and land-use regulations, and thermal and other water pollution limitations or requirements which have been imposed by Federal, State, regional, and local agencies having responsibility for environmental protection. 10 CFR 51.45(d), as adopted by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) 9.1.1 GENERAL agencies. Based on this assessment, AmerGen concludes that TMI-1 is in Table 9.1-1 lists environmental compliance with applicable environmental authorizations that AmerGen Energy standards and requirements.

Company, LLC (AmerGen) has obtained for current Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Table 9.1-2 lists additional environmental Unit 1 (TMI-1) operations. In this context, authorizations and consultations related AmerGen uses authorizations to include specifically to renewal by the NRC of the any permits, licenses, approvals, or other TMI-1 license to operate. As indicated, entitlements. AmerGen expects to continue AmerGen anticipates needing relatively few renewing these authorizations during the such authorizations and consultations.

current license period and throughout the Sections 9.1.2 through 9.1.4 discuss some period of extended operation under the of these items in more detail.

renewed U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) license. Because the Table 9.1-3 lists potentially required NRC regulatory focus is prospective, Table authorizations associated with conducting 9.1-1 does not include authorizations that refurbishment activities.

AmerGen obtained for past activities that did not include continuing obligations. 9.1.2 THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES To support its application for renewal of the TMI-1 license to operate, AmerGen Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act assessed whether new and significant (16 USC 1531 et seq.) requires federal environmental information exists relative to agencies to ensure that agency action is not the information considered by the NRC in likely to jeopardize any species that is listed, preparing the Generic Environmental Impact or proposed for listing as endangered, or Statement For License Renewal (see threatened. Depending on the agency Chapter 5). The assessment included action involved, the Act requires interviews with subject matter experts at consultation either with the U.S. Fish and TMI-1, a review of TMI-1 environmental Wildlife Service (FWS) (regarding effects on documentation, and communications with non-marine species), or the National Marine state and federal environmental protection Fisheries Service (NMFS) (regarding effects Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 9-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.1 PROPOSED ACTION on marine species), or both. FWS and effect on significant cultural resources within NMFS have issued joint procedural the project area.

regulations at 50 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 402, Subpart B, that 9.1.4 WATER QUALITY (401) address consultation, and FWS maintains CERTIFICATION the joint list of threatened and endangered species at 50 CFR 17. Federal Clean Water Act Section 401 requires an applicant seeking a federal Although not required of an applicant by license for an activity that may result in a federal law or NRC regulation, AmerGen discharge to navigable waters to provide the has chosen to invite comment from federal licensing agency with a certification by the and state agencies regarding potential state where the discharge would originate effects that renewal of the TMI-1 license indicating that applicable state water quality might have. Appendix C includes copies of standards will not be violated as a result of AmerGen correspondence with FWS, the discharge (33 USC 1341). The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation Commonwealth of Pennsylvania issued a and Natural Resources, the Pennsylvania Section 401 State Water Quality Game Commission, and the Pennsylvania Certification for the TMI nuclear station on Fish and Boat Commission. November 9, 1977 (included in Appendix B).

Now, AmerGen is applying for NRC 9.1.3 HISTORIC PRESERVATION approval to extend TMI-1 operations under a renewed license.

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (16 USC 470 et seq.) The NRC has indicated in its Generic requires federal agencies having the Environmental Impact Statement for authority to license any undertaking to, prior License Renewal that issuance of an to issuing the license, take into account the NPDES permit by a state implies continued effect of the undertaking on historic Section 401 certification by the state (NRC properties and to afford the Advisory 1996, Section 4.2.1.1). The Commonwealth Council on Historic Preservation an of Pennsylvania has EPA authorization to opportunity to comment on the undertaking. implement the NPDES permitting program.

Council regulations provide for the State In addition, guidance published by the Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to Pennsylvania Department of Environmental have a consulting role (35 CFR 800.2). Protection (PADEP) states that water quality Although not required of an applicant by certifications have been integrated with federal law or NRC regulation, AmerGen other required permits and that individual has chosen to invite comment by the water quality certifications will be issued Pennsylvania SHPO. Appendix D contains only for activities that are not regulated by a copy of AmerGen's letter to the other water quality approvals or permits.

Pennsylvania SHPO and the SHPOs Accordingly, as evidence of continued response. The SHPO stated, in our Section 401 certification by Pennsylvania, opinion the activities described in your AmerGen is providing the existing TMI-1 proposal should have no effect on these NPDES permit (PA0009920) (included in resources. Therefore, the SHPO agrees Appendix B).

that license renewal will have no adverse Page 9-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.2 ALTERNATIVES 9.2 ALTERNATIVES NRC The discussion of alternatives in the report shall include a discussion of whether the alternatives will comply with such applicable environmental quality standards and requirements. 10 CFR 51.45(d),

as required by 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2)

The coal, gas, and purchased power locations. AmerGen also notes that the alternatives discussed in Section 7.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in probably could be constructed and operated the process of revising requirements for to comply with applicable environmental design and operation of cooling water intake quality standards and requirements. structures at new and existing facilities AmerGen notes that increasingly stringent (40 CFR 125 Subparts I and J). The new air quality protection requirements could requirements could necessitate construction make the construction of a large fossil- of cooling towers for the coal- and gas-fired fueled power plant infeasible in many alternatives.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 9-5 License Renewal Application

Table 9.1-1. Existing Environmental Authorizations for TMI-1 Operations Page 9-6 Environmental Report Issue or Agency Authority Requirement Number Expiration Date Activity Covered Federal and State Requirements U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Atomic Energy Act (42 USC License to operate Docket 50-289 Issued: 4/19/74 Operation of TMI-1 Section 9.1 TABLES Commission 2011, et seq.), 10 CFR 50.10 Expires: 4/19/14 Susquehanna River Basin Susquehanna River Basin Consumptive Docket 19950302 Issued: 3/14/80 Consumptive Commission Compact, P.L.91-575, Water Use Permit Expires: 3/14/10 Water Use of up to Article 3, Section 3.10, P.L. 18,000,000 gpd 91-575, and Commission (on a 30-day Regulation 803.61 average) for electric power generation Susquehanna River Basin Susquehanna River Basin Groundwater Docket 19961102 Issued: 1/26/99 Groundwater Commission Compact, P.L.91-575, Withdrawal Permit Expires: 11/26/21 Withdrawal of up to Article 3, Section 3.10, P.L. 225,000 gpd (on a 91-575, and Commission 30-day average)

Regulation 803.43 for industrial use Pennsylvania Department Air Pollution Control Act, Synthetic Minor 22-05029 Issued:1/1/07 All air emission of Environmental P.L. 2119 and 25 Pa. Code Operating Permit Expires:12/31/11 sources at TMI-1 Protection Chapter 127 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station unit 1 Pennsylvania Department Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. NPDES permit PA 0009920 Issued: 10/30/07 Authorization to of Environmental Section 1251 et seq. and Expires: 10/31/12 discharge into the Protection Pennsylvanias Clean (Administratively Susquehanna Streams Law, as amended, Extended Pending River 35 P.S. Section 691.1 New Permit et seq. Issuance)

License Renewal Application

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Table 9.1-1. Existing Environmental Authorizations for TMI-1 Operations (continued)

Issue or Agency Authority Requirement Number Expiration Date Activity Covered Federal and State Requirements U.S. Army Corps of Pennsylvania Public Laws Maintenance CENAB-OP-RPA Issued: 1/3/06 Maintenance Engineers 834, 204, 851, 1987, etc. dredging permit (AmerGen Energy Expires: 12/31/15 dredging of the Company, LLC) TMI-1 Intake Bay License Renewal Application 197500083-4 in the Susquehanna River Pennsylvania Department P.L. 555, as amended Maintenance 21275724 Issued: 01/13/76 Maintenance of Environmental Dredging Permit Expires: No Date dredging of the Protection Listed on Permit intake bay in the Susquehanna River Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Public Water 22296501-T1 Issued: 01/20/00 Operation of TMI-1 of Environmental Water Act (P.L. 206, No. 43) Supply Permit Expires: No Date Plant Site Drinking Protection Listed on Permit Water System Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Public Water 22295502-T1 Issued: 01/20/00 Operation of TMI-1 of Environmental Water Act (P.L. 206, No. 43) Supply Permit Expires: No Date Training Center Protection Listed on Permit Drinking Water System U.S. Environmental RCRA Section 310 Acknowledgement PAR 000037861 Issued: 3/22/99 Generation and Protection Agency of Notification of transportation of Environmental Report Expires: No Date Regulated Waste Listed on Permit hazardous waste Activity Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Storage Tank Storage Tank 22-60170 Issued: 6/4/07 Registration of Section 9.1 TABLES of Environmental and Spill Prevention Act Registration/Permit Expires: 6/4/08 storage tanks Page 9-7 Protection and 25 PA Code 245 Certificate (Annual Renewal)

Table 9.1-1. Existing Environmental Authorizations for TMI-1 Operations (continued)

Page 9-8 Environmental Report Issue or Agency Authority Requirement Number Expiration Date Activity Covered Federal and State Requirements U.S. Department of 49 CFR Part 107, Subpart Hazardous 022307-701- Issued: 5/16/07 Hazardous Section 9.1 TABLES Transportation G and 49 U.S.C. 5108 Materials 002PR Expires: 6/30/10 Materials Certificate of transportation Registration Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Fire Marshall Flammable and 168,466 Issued: 6/12/70 Construction and of Labor and Industry, Combustible Liquid Expires: No Date Operation of TMI-1 Boiler Section Storage Tank Listed on Permit 50,000-gallon Approval aboveground diesel fuel oil tank.

Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Fire Marshall Flammable and 168,465 Issued: 6/12/70 Construction and of Labor and Industry, Combustible Liquid Expires: No Date Operation of TMI-1 Boiler Section Storage Tank Listed on Permit 30,000-gallon Approval underground diesel fuel oil tank.

Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Fire Marshall Flammable and 187,165 Issued: 11/17/77 Construction and of Labor and Industry, Combustible Liquid Expires: No Date Operation of TMI-1 Boiler Section Storage Tank Listed on Permit 200,000-gallon Three Mile Island Nuclear Station unit 1 Approval aboveground diesel fuel oil tank.

Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Fire Marshall Flammable and 203,271-B Issued: 8/4/89 Construction and of Labor and Industry, Combustible Liquid Expires: No Date Operation of TMI-1 Boiler Section Storage Tank Listed on Permit Fire Training Approval Facility 285-gallon License Renewal Application aboveground diesel fuel oil tank.

Table 9.1-1. Existing Environmental Authorizations for TMI-1 Operations (continued)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Issue or Agency Authority Requirement Number Expiration Date Activity Covered Federal and State Requirements Pennsylvania Department Pennsylvania Fire Marshall Flammable and 122-203,393 Issued: 9/22/89 Construction and of Labor and Industry, Combustible Liquid Expires: None Operation of TMI-1 Boiler Section Storage Tank Transportation Approval Department USTs License Renewal Application (4,000-gallon diesel and 10,000 gallon gasoline)

Pennsylvania Department Londonderry Township Sewage Disposal C179678 and Issued: 1/1/95 Approval of of Environmental System Permit C21434 Expires: No Date additional flows to Protection Modification Listed on Permit Visitors Center and Training Center elevated sand mounds.

Pennsylvania Department Water Quality Management Sewage Sludge Letter Agreement Issued: 6/20/00 Disposal of of Environmental Division Disposal Expires: No Date sewage sludge.

Protection Agreement Listed on Permit Pennsylvania Department Bureau of Laboratory Environmental Reg. No. 22-00649 Issued: 04/17/07 TMI-1 Chemistry of Environmental Certification Laboratory Expires: 04/30/08 Laboratory is Protection Accreditation certified to perform Certification accredited analyses for NPDES reporting Environmental Report Pennsylvania Department Londonderry Township On Lot Sewage U003282 Issued: 08/10/07 New Sand Mound of Environmental Disposal System Expires: No Date System for TMI-1 Protection Permit Listed on Permit Training Center Page 9-9 Section 9.1 TABLES

Environmental Report Section 9.1 TABLES Table 9.1-2. Environmental Authorizations Needed to Continue TMI-1 Operation During the Period of License Renewal Agency Authority Requirement Remarks U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Atomic Energy Act License renewal Environmental Report Commission (42 USC 2011 et seq.) submitted in support of license renewal application U.S. Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species Consultation Requires federal agency Service (FWS) Act Section 7 issuing a license to consult (16 USC 1536) with the FWS (Attachment C)

Pennsylvania Clean Water Act Certification State issuance of NPDES Department of Section 401 permit (Attachment B)

Environmental (33 USC 1341) constitutes 401 certification Protection (1977 certification included in Attachment B) (Section 9.1.4)

Pennsylvania Historical National Historic Consultation Requires federal agency and Museum Preservation Act issuing a license to Commission Section 106 consider cultural impacts (16 USC 470f) and consult with State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). SHPO must concur that license renewal will not affect any sites listed or eligible for listing (Attachment D)

Note: No renewal-related requirements identified for local or other agencies.

Page 9-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.1 TABLES Table 9.1-3 Environmental Authorizations Potentially Needed for TMI-1 Refurbishment Activities Responsible Authority Requirement Status Agency AIR QUALITY PROTECTION Pennsylvania CAA, Title V, Requires approval TMI-1 currently holds a Synthetic Minor Department of Sections 501-507 (operating permit) by Operating Permit (No. 22-05029), which Environmental (42 U.S.C. 7661- the PADEP for allows the emission of air pollutants from the Protection 7661f); PA Code construction or TMI-1 site, provided that federally enforceable (PADEP) Chapter 127 modification of an air restrictions are placed on the emissions such pollutant source. that total site emissions will not exceed the threshold for becoming a major source.

AmerGen is reviewing the need to modify the existing permit or apply for a new permit for temporary emissions associated with the following steam generator replacement project air pollutant emission sources: concrete batch plant; fuel oil delivery and storage; painting; sandblasting; generator and truck exhausts; fugitive dust; nitrogen purge release. If permitting action is determined to be required, AmerGen will file an application at the appropriate time.

PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES PADEP Clean Water Act Requires a National TMI-1 currently holds an NPDES Permit (No.

of 1977 (CWA) Pollutant Discharge PA 0009920), which authorizes pollutant (33 U.S.C. 1251 Elimination System discharges into the Susquehanna River.

et seq. ); 25 PA (NPDES) permit prior AmerGen is reviewing the need to modify the Code Chapter 92 to any discharge of existing NPDES permit, or otherwise obtain pollutants from a authorization for the following temporary point source into discharges to surface waters associated with surface waters. steam generator replacement project activities: discharge of treated water from hydro demolition (used to cut the opening through the outside concrete wall of the reactor containment building); discharge of storm water from disturbed area during construction; and discharge of concrete truck washout water. If permitting action is determined to be required, AmerGen will file an application at the appropriate time.

PADEP Clean Streams Requires permits for TMI-1 currently holds an On Lot Sewage Law (35 P.S. large volume, on lot Disposal System Permit (No. U003282).

691.201, sewage systems. AmerGen has determined that no permit 691.202, 691.207 modification is needed to support the steam and 691.402); 25 generator replacement project. The existing PA Code Chapter system is adequately sized to meet the 72 demands of the steam generator replacement project. In addition, a service contract for portable toilets may be implemented at the site during the steam generator replacement project.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 9-11 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.1 TABLES Table 9.1-3 Environmental Authorizations Potentially Needed for TMI-1 Refurbishment Activities (continued)

Responsible Authority Requirement Status Agency U.S. CWA (33 U.S.C. Requires a Spill AmerGen is reviewing the existing TMI-1 Environmental 1251 et seq.); 40 Prevention Control SPCC Plan and will, as appropriate, modify it Protection CFR Part 112 and or develop a separate SPCC Plan for Agency (EPA) Countermeasures activities associated with steam generator (SPCC) Plan for any replacement project activities.

facility that could discharge oil in harmful quantities into navigable waters.

Susquehanna Susquehanna Requires review and TMI-1 holds a Consumptive Water Use Permit River Basin River Basin approval of any (Docket 19950302) for up to 18,000,000 gpd Commission Compact, P.L. project that will result (on a 30-day average) for electric power (SRBC)91-575, Article 3, in consumptive use of generation. AmerGen is reviewing whether a Section 3.10; 18 water from the modification to this permit is necessary to CFR Part 806; 25 Susquehanna River. supply water for steam generator replacement PA Code Chapter project activities, especially hydro-demolition.

806 If permitting action is determined to be necessary, Amergen will file an application at the appropriate time.

Susquehanna Susquehanna Requires any person TMI-1 holds a Water Withdrawal Permit River Basin River Basin withdrawing or (Docket 19961102) for groundwater Commission Compact, P.L. diverting in excess of withdrawal of up to 225,000 gpd (on a 30-day 91-575, Article 3, an average of average) for industrial use. AmerGen is Section 3.10; 18 10,000 gpd for any reviewing whether the steam generator CFR Part 807; 25 consecutive 30-day replacement project activities will require PA Code Chapter period, from ground additional groundwater or surface water 807 or surface withdrawal. If so, an application will be filed Susquehanna River with the SRBC at the appropriate time.

water sources to register the amount of withdrawal.

U.S. Army CWA (33 U.S.C. Requires that a CWA AmerGen is reviewing options for transport of Corps of 1251 et seq.) Section 404 Permit the new steam generators from a U.S. port of Engineers be issued for the call to TMI-1. If the selected option, or any discharge of dredge other activity associated with the steam or fill material into generator replacement project, would involve waters of the U.S., dredge or fill activities, AmerGen or its including wetlands. contractor will apply for the required approval at the appropriate time.

PADEP Flood Plain Requires that a AmerGen is reviewing flood plain elevations Management Act permit be obtained and will avoid steam generator replacement (32 P. S. before construction, activities within the flood plain to the extent 679.101 modification, practicable. If avoidance is not practicable, 679.601); 25 PA removal, destruction AmerGen will obtain the necessary permits at Code Chapter or abandonment of the appropriate time.

106 an obstruction in a floodplain.

Page 9-12 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.1 TABLES Table 9.1-3 Environmental Authorizations Potentially Needed for TMI-1 Refurbishment Activities (continued)

Responsible Authority Requirement Status Agency WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION PREVENTION PADEP Resource Requires that a AmerGen is reviewing the contents and sizes Conservation and permit be obtained of proposed aboveground and underground Recovery Act before operating or storage tanks associated with steam (RCRA), as installing certain generator replacement activities. If any tanks amended by the aboveground and are identified that are not covered by an Hazardous and underground storage exemption or permit-by-rule, AmerGen will Solid Waste tanks. apply for a storage tank permit at the Amendments of appropriate time.

1984 (HSWA)

(42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.), Subtitle I; Storage Tank and Spill Prevention Act (35 P. S.

6021.101 6021.2104); 25 PA Code Chapter 245 PADEP RCRA, as Requires that waste AmerGen will characterize all wastes amended by generators generated by steam generator replacement HSWA (42 characterize their activities to determine applicable U.S.C. 6901 et wastes and ensure requirements for treatment, storage, disposal, seq.), Subtitle C; compliance with and transportation of the wastes. Possible Solid Waste applicable waste categories include low-level radioactive Management Act requirements for waste, nonradioactive hazardous waste, (35 P. S. treatment, storage, mixed waste, nonradioactive nonhazardous 6018.105, disposal, and solid waste, and residual waste. All wastes 6018.401 transportation. will be treated, stored, disposed, and 6018.403 and transported in accordance with applicable 6018.501); 25 PA requirements, based on characterization Code Articles VII results. Permits, if required, will be obtained (Hazardous at the appropriate time.

Waste Management) and IX (Residual Waste Management)

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 9-13 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section 9.1 TABLES Table 9.1-3 Environmental Authorizations Potentially Needed for TMI-1 Refurbishment Activities (continued)

Responsible Authority Requirement Status Agency BIOTIC RESOURCES U.S. Fish and Bald and Golden Prohibits taking of AmerGen is reviewing nest locations and Wildlife Eagle Protection bald eagles and other activities of peregrine falcons, osprey, and Service; PA Act (16 USC 668 birds or animals bald eagles in the vicinity of the TMI-1 reactor Game - 668d); classified by the U.S. containment building. If it is determined that Commission Endangered Fish and Wildlife activities associated with the steam generator Species Act Service or the PA replacement project warrant obtaining a Section 7 Game Commission permit from the PA Game Commission and/or (16 USC 1536); as endangered or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife service, an 34 PA Game and threatened species, application will be filed at the appropriate time.

Wildlife Code and prohibits Sec. 2924 interfering with or destroying the active nest or eggs of a protected bird, unless a permit has been issued for such activity.

OTHER Federal 14 CFR Part 77 Requires notice to AmerGen will evaluate the height of cranes Aviation the FAA of proposed and structures associated with the steam Administration construction that generator replacement project. If it is could obstruct air determined that a notice to the FAA is navigation required, the notice will be filed at the appropriate time.

Pennsylvania 67 PA Code Requires a permit for AmerGen is reviewing options for transport of Department of Chapter 179 movement on a the new steam generators from a U.S. port of Transportation Pennsylvania call to TMI-1. If the selected option would highway of an involve moving the steam generators or other oversize or oversize or overweight loads over overweight vehicle, Pennsylvania highways or the highways of including the load. other states, AmerGen or its contractor will apply for the required approval at the appropriate time.

Page 9-14 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Section

9.3 REFERENCES

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants. Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG-1437. Washington, DC. May.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page 9-15 License Renewal Application

Appendix A NRC NEPA Issues for License Renewal of Nuclear Power Plants Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Environmental Report

Environmental Report Appendix A NRC NEPA ISSUES FOR LICENSE RENEWAL OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AmerGen has prepared this environmental Table A-1 lists these 92 issues and report in accordance with the requirements identifies the section in which AmerGen of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission addressed each applicable issue in this (NRC) regulation 10 CFR 51.53. NRC environmental report. For organization and included in the regulation a list of National clarity, AmerGen has assigned a number to Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) issues for each issue and uses the issue numbers license renewal of nuclear power plants. throughout the environmental report.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page A-3 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

Surface Water Quality, Hydrology, and Use (for all plants)

1. Impacts of refurbishment on surface 1 4.0 3.4.1/3-4 water quality

2. Impacts of refurbishment on surface 1 4.0 3.4.1/3-4 water use

3. Altered current patterns at intake 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.1/4-5 and discharge structures

4. Altered salinity gradients 1 NA Issue applies to an activity, discharge to saltwater, which TMI-1 does not do.

5. Altered thermal stratification of lakes 1 NA Issue applies to an activity, discharge to a lake, which TMI-1 does not do.

6. Temperature effects on sediment 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.3/4-8 transport capacity

7. Scouring caused by discharged 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.3/4-6 cooling water

8. Eutrophication 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.3/4-9

9. Discharge of chlorine or other 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.4/4-10 biocides

10. Discharge of sanitary wastes and 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.4/4-10 minor chemical spills

11. Discharge of other metals in waste 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.4/4-10 water

12. Water use conflicts (plants with 1 NA Issue applies to a plant once-through cooling systems) feature, once-through cooling, which TMI-1 does not have.

13. Water use conflicts (plants with 2 4.1 4.3.2.1/4-29 cooling ponds or cooling towers using make-up water from a small river with low flow)

Aquatic Ecology (for all plants)

14. Refurbishment impacts to aquatic 1 4.0 3.5/3-5 resources

15. Accumulation of contaminants in 1 4.0 4.2.1.2.4/4-10 sediments or biota

16. Entrainment of phytoplankton and 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.1/4-15 zooplankton

17. Cold shock 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.5/4-18

18. Thermal plume barrier to 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.6/4-19 migrating fish Page A-4 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

19. Distribution of aquatic organisms 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.6/4-19

20. Premature emergence of aquatic 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.7/4-20 insects

21. Gas supersaturation (gas bubble 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.8/4-21 disease)

22. Low dissolved oxygen in the 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.9/4-23 discharge

23. Losses from predation, 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.10/4-24 parasitism, and disease among organisms exposed to sublethal stresses

24. Stimulation of nuisance 1 4.0 4.2.2.1.11/4-25 organisms (e.g., shipworms)

Aquatic Ecology (for plants with once-through and cooling pond heat dissipation systems)

25. Entrainment of fish and shellfish 2 NA Issue applies to a heat in early life stages for plants with dissipation system, once-once-through and cooling pond through cooling, that TMI-1 heat dissipation systems does not have.

26. Impingement of fish and shellfish 2 NA Issue applies to a heat for plants with once-through and dissipation system, once-cooling pond heat dissipation through cooling, that TMI-1 systems does not have.

27. Heat shock for plants with once- 2 NA Issue applies to a heat through and cooling pond heat dissipation system, once-dissipation systems through cooling, that TMI-1 does not have.

Aquatic Ecology (for plants with cooling-tower-based heat dissipation systems)

28. Entrainment of fish and shellfish 1 4.2 4.3.3/4-33 in early life stages for plants with cooling-tower-based heat dissipation systems

29. Impingement of fish and shellfish 1 4.3 4.3.3/4-33 for plants with cooling-tower-based heat dissipation systems

30. Heat shock for plants with 1 4.4 4.3.3/4-33 cooling-tower-based heat dissipation systems Groundwater Use and Quality

31. Impacts of refurbishment on 1 4.0 3.4.2/3-5 groundwater use and quality Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page A-5 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

32. Groundwater use conflicts 1 NA Issue applies to an activity, (potable and service water; plants using < 100 gpm or more of that use < 100 gpm) groundwater, TMI-1 usage is

> 100 gpm.

33. Groundwater use conflicts 2 4.5 4.8.1.1/4-115 and (potable, service water, and 4.8.1.2/4-117 dewatering; plants that use > 100 gpm)

34. Groundwater use conflicts (plants 2 4.6 4.8.1.3/4-117 using cooling towers withdrawing make-up water from a small river)

35. Groundwater use conflicts 2 NA Issue applies to a plant (Ranney wells) feature, Ranney wells, which TMI-1 does not have.

36. Groundwater quality degradation 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, (Ranney wells) Ranney wells, which TMI-1 does not have.

37. Groundwater quality degradation 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, (saltwater intrusion) location at an ocean or estuary site, which TMI-1 does not have.

38. Groundwater quality degradation 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, (cooling ponds in salt marshes) location in a salt marsh, which TMI-1 does not have.

39. Groundwater quality degradation 2 NA Issue applies to a feature, (cooling ponds at inland sites) cooling ponds, which TMI-1 does not have.

Terrestrial Resources

40. Refurbishment impacts to 2 4.9 3.6/3-6 terrestrial resources

41. Cooling tower impacts on crops 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, and ornamental vegetation mechanical draft cooling towers, which TMI-1 does not have.

42. Cooling tower impacts on native 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, plants mechanical draft cooling towers, which TMI-1 does not have.

43. Bird collisions with cooling towers 1 4.0 4.3.5.2/4-45

44. Cooling pond impacts on 1 NA Issue applies to a feature, terrestrial resources cooling ponds, which TMI-1 does not have.

Page A-6 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

45. Power line right-of-way 1 4.0 4.5.6.1/4-71 management (cutting and herbicide application)

46. Bird collisions with power lines 1 4.0 4.5.6.2/4-74

47. Impacts of electromagnetic fields 1 4.0 4.5.6.3/4-77 on flora and fauna (plants, agricultural crops, honeybees, wildlife, livestock)

48. Floodplains and wetlands on 1 4.0 4.5.7.7/4-81 power line right-of-way Threatened or Endangered Species (for all plants)

49. Threatened or endangered 2 4.10 Refurbishment species 3.9/3-48 Renewal Term 4.1/4-1 Air Quality

50. Air quality during refurbishment 2 4.11 3.3/3-2 (non-attainment and maintenance areas)

51. Air quality effects of transmission 1 4.0 4.5.2/4-62 lines Land Use

52. Onsite land use 1 4.0 3.2/3-1

53. Power line right-of-way land use 1 4.0 4.5.3/4-62 impacts Human Health

54. Radiation exposures to the public 1 4.0 3.8.1/3-27 during refurbishment

55. Occupational radiation exposures 1 4.0 3.8.2/3-42 during refurbishment

56. Microbiological organisms 1 4.0 4.3.6/4-48 (occupational health)

57. Microbiological organisms (public 2 4.12 4.3.6/4-48 health) (plants using lakes or canals, or cooling towers or cooling ponds that discharge to a small river)

58. Noise 1 4.0 4.3.7/4-49

59. Electromagnetic fields, acute 2 4.13 4.5.4.1/4-66 effects

60. Electromagnetic fields, chronic NA 4.0 4.5.4.2/4-67 effects Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page A-7 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

61. Radiation exposures to public 1 4.0 4.6.2/4-87 (license renewal term)

62. Occupational radiation exposures 1 4.0 4.6.3/4-95 (license renewal term)

Socioeconomics

63. Housing impacts 2 4.14 Refurbishment 3.7.2/3-10 Renewal Term 4.7.1/4-101

64. Public services: public safety, 1 4.0 Refurbishment social services, and tourism and 3.7.4/3-14 (public service) recreation 3.7.4.3/3-18 (safety) 3.7.4.4/3-19 (social) 3.7.4.6/3-20 (tour, rec.)

Renewal Term 4.7.3/4-104 (public safety) 4.7.3.3/4-106 (safety) 4.7.3.44-107 (social) 4.7.3.6/4-107 (tour, rec.)

65. Public services: public utilities 2 4.15 Refurbishment 3.7.4.5/3-19 Renewal Term 4.7.3/4-104

66. Public services: education 2 4.16 3.7.4.1/3-15 (refurbishment)

67. Public services: education 1 4.0 and 4.16.1 4.7.3.1/4-106 (license renewal term)

68. Offsite land use (refurbishment) 2 4.17.1 3.7.5/3-20

69. Offsite land use (license renewal 2 4.17.2 4.7.4/4-107 term)

70. Public services: transportation 2 4.18 Refurbishment 3.7.4.2/3-17 Renewal Term 4.7.3.2/4-106

71. Historic and archaeological 2 4.19 Refurbishment resources 3.7.7/3-23 Renewal Term 4.7.7/4-114 Page A-8 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

72. Aesthetic impacts (refurbishment) 1 4.0 3.7.8/3-24

73. Aesthetic impacts (license 1 4.0 4.7.6/4-111 renewal term)

74. Aesthetic impacts of transmission 1 4.0 4.5.8/4-83 lines (license renewal term)

Postulated Accidents

75. Design basis accidents 1 4.0 5.3.2/5-11 (design basis) 5.5.1/5-114 (summary)

76. Severe accidents 2 4.20 5.3.3/5-12 (probabilistic analysis) 5.3.3.2/5-19 (air dose) 5.3.3.3/5-49 (water) 5.3.3.4/5-65 (groundwater) 5.3.3.5/5-95 (economic) 5.4/5-106 (mitigation) 5.5.2/5-114 (summary)

Uranium Fuel Cycle and Waste Management

77. Offsite radiological impacts 1 4.0 6.2/6-8 (individual effects from other than the disposal of spent fuel and high-level waste)

78. Offsite radiological impacts 1 4.0 Not in GEIS.

(collective effects)

79. Offsite radiological impacts (spent 1 4.0 Not in GEIS.

fuel and high-level waste disposal)

80. Nonradiological impacts of the 1 4.0 6.2.2.6/6-20 (land use) uranium fuel cycle 6.2.2.7/6-20 (water use) 6.2.2.8/6-21 (fossil fuel) 6.2.2.9/6-21 (chemical)

81. Low-level waste storage and 1 4.0 6.4.2/6-36 (low-level def) disposal 6.4.3/6-37 (low-level volume) 6.4.4/6-48 (renewal effects)

82. Mixed waste storage and disposal 1 4.0 6.4.5/6-63

83. Onsite spent fuel 1 4.0 6.4.6/6-70

84. Nonradiological waste 1 4.0 6.5/6-86

85. Transportation 1 4.0 6.3/6-31, as revised by Addendum 1, August 1999.

Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 Page A-9 License Renewal Application

Environmental Report Appendix A TABLES Table A-1. TMI-1 Environmental Report Discussion of License Renewal NEPA Issuesa (continued)

Section of this Environmental GEIS Cross Referenceb Issue Category Report (Section/Page)

Decommissioning

86. Radiation doses 1 4.0 7.3.1/7-15 (decommissioning)

87. Waste management 1 4.0 7.3.2/7-19 (impacts)

(decommissioning) 7.4/7-25 (conclusions)

88. Air quality (decommissioning) 1 4.0 7.3.3/7-21 (air) 7.4/7-25 (conclusions)

89. Water quality (decommissioning) 1 4.0 7.3.4/7-21 (water) 7.4/7-25 (conclusions)

90. Ecological resources 1 4.0 7.3.5/7-21 (ecological)

(decommissioning) 7.4/7-25 (conclusions)

91. Socioeconomic impacts 1 4.0 7.3.7/7-19 (socioeconomic)

(decommissioning) 7.4/7-24 (conclusions)

Environmental Justice

92. Environmental justice NA 2.6.2 Not in GEIS.

a. Source: 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, Appendix A, Table B-1. (Issue numbers added to facilitate discussion.)

b. Source: Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (NUREG-1437).

Page A-10 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 1 License Renewal Application