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Dear Dr. Seaborg:
We would appreciate *our comments and' opinions about the article by Robert V. Latonr on the SL-1 reactor accident.
There is, as vou know, great concern in northern l
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L FRONT ER THE VOICE OF THE NEW WEST APRIL 1963 35 CENTS BERTRAND RUSSELL The Myth of American Freedom Do You Want Somebody Killed? / The Boom in Land Frauds / Hang Your Clothes on a Hickory Limb l From the New Inn to the Bear's Lair: Oxford and Berkeley Plus Reviews of Upton Sinclair's Autobiography and an angry James Baldwin's The Fire Next Time 4
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the electior; of a Birch-cupported candi-THIS MONTH date as president of the organization.
The sensible element in the California Young Republicans was not so lucky, site sites. Cne ohawk,o former Secretary and, as a result, the CYR is saddled with Reason is Treason of State Acheson, has admitted, accord-a president who thinks GoIdwater has HE headline over a Gallup poll report ing to reports from Washington, that he Tsaid, " Fewer Fear H-Bomb Attack was wrong, and has granted, at least by a chancy to get the 196
" "'nati n and can beat, JFK. Back to on U.S. in War." Five years ago,75 per-inference, that Stevenson was right, but McKinley may be an mspirmg battle cry cent of the American people thought it was Stevenson who became the target for these juvemle reactionaries but it hydrogen-bomb of criticism. We give the far right, has all the clammy appeal to the puhh,c war would mean a assault. Now, only 60 percent think so.
without charge, a slogan thst should of a croakm, g frog m, a bog.
That's nice. The poll also reported that inspire them to greater e6 ort: Reason nine out of ten Americans believe their is treason.
When Fred Hall pinned the fascist l
chances of survival in a nuclear war tag on the Birchers, they and their sym-DR. PAUL TILLICH spooked the far-pathizers cried foul Murray Chotiner, a would be only fifty-fifty or worse.
That's not so nice, but more realistic. out far right recently. "Commumsm " handy man with a hatchet himself, said, a danger here at all," Tillich said, "This tossing of labels around ought to Along with such intelligence, we haven't not What is called be stopped." He added plaintively, "This seen any evidence of an increase in civil-
"but conservatism u.
ian fallout shelters. people evidently are conservatism here seems to be a mee word conservative has come to be recog-name for fascism. I don't see any com-nized as a dirty word." Bruce V. Reagan convinced that if nuclear war comes, the Umted States, and I of Pasadena said CRA leadership "at-the jig is up. Marshal Malinovsky of the 4
munir a m Soviet Union say's he commands enough don't.ee any tendency m the young tempted to pin unpleasant labels on any-l nuclear power to burn the United States people to become Communists. I m e uite one who opposed their dominant leader-i on the face of the earth, and our gen.
able to judge becaa,se I saw tne real ship." Reagan pleasantly labeled Hall a erals say we can return the favor. Our commumsm and fascism develop m Ger.
"dictaton" experts disclose that at the present time many." Tillich, who came to the U.S.
we can deliver enough nuclear explosive in 1933 from Germany, said one of THE B!RCHERS are so restrained in to destroy every major city in the world Hitler's main weapons was "to attack their political activities and so carefu several times over. Yet, both the Soviet the Communists when he was really in their charges (Eisenhower was a " con-Union and the U.S. are pushing ahead attacking the liberals. This is a terrible scious agent of the Communist con.
in the arms race. Desp:te the " overkill thing and once hsving been through it,"
spiracy") that it.is surprising to see I
capacity" (a phrase borrowed from Rand he added, "one must ec<uider the dan.
them attacked by extremists. One mod.
est Birch enort is now under way in Corp.'s romantic vocabulary) of both ger."
na tions, Goldwater fears we may be The theologian said the Birch Society California. Billboards are being phstered duped into making some concession or manifests " tendencies to fascism." That's with signs proclaiming: "SAVE OUR other at the Geneva conference on nu-what Fred Ha!!, recent president of the REPUBLIC IMPEACH EARL clear testing. No doubt the Russian California Republican Assembly, has WARREN." Who could object to that Goldwaters fear the sarne thing in re.
been saying about the Birchers, and kind of mild political advocacy? And verse. Which is the greater risk: trusting enough CRA members agreed to block a defeated cong essman who now heads the western regional organiz3-the Russians a half inch at Ge.
tion of this society of mystics, neva or our putting our entire g
said the other day that govern-faith in the escalating arms race g
i mcnt, education, films and the and relying on fallible human press are saturated with Com.
beings in power never to press munists and sympathizers. We hSticJt faltg resent this impiteit criticism of the buttons?
But the hard line is the safe the greatest living American, J.
j line for politicians. No politi.
Edgar Hoover. In addition to cian advocating war or bellig.
Warren, the Birchers have all erent acts that would lead to sorts of targets. One, at the war need ever fear that he will be suspected of anything but h
moment, is Tom Braden, presi.
l dent of the Califernia State the highest form of patriotism Board of Education, whose re-and courage. The leader who seeks ways of preventing an-appointment they are fighting.
othee war-which would indeed
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Braden, a newspaper publisher, everything else-must be pre.
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opposed Max Raderty for State be the war to end war and Superintendent of Public In.
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abuse. Adlai Stevenson had to i
Braden was against Jack Schrad,
k'Mi the reactionary : t a t e senator brave the New York winter elected last fall in San Diego.
without a coat. He couldn't get D~N Governor Brown noted that the the thing on over that damn mail flowing into Sacramento on knife in his back.
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Braden's reappointment has all- !
l Stevenson counseled caution g
in the Cuban crisis last fall, ipt[
the earmarks of a planned opera-l tion. Many of the letters con-while the " hawks" advocated wy invasion or bombing of the mis-The Expulsion of Pluto (Continued on Page 26)
FRONTIER 2
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THF VOICE OF THE NEW WEST FRONTIER j
EDITORIALS The Democratic Party anc Paic Wor <ers By GIFFORD PHILLIPS
- 1. Agreement that volunteer workers are preferable to paid workers where the former are available in sufficient 4
QUITE a bit of controversy is being generated within numbers; I
California Democratic Party ranks over the use of
- 2. Agreement that the use of paid workers be limited paid precinct workers in elections. Obviously, this con-to those areas where reliable surveys indicate there is a troversy is being fanned by the press, which has been shortage of volunteers; happy to discover that party division is not limited to the
- 3. Agreement that the decision to use paid workers in l
Birch-infested GOP. Certainly there are c,ther issues which any given area be made only by a committee on which i
should be of greater concern to Democratic leaders, such volunteer groups like CDC are adequately represented.
as the urgent need for a Fair Housing Act to insure ade-This should obviate the problem of boss control.
quate dwellings for California's burgeoning minority popu-Governor Brown should give his backing to a proposal lacion. This does not mean, however, that the issue of paid of this sort; otherwise, there is a very real danger that precinct workers is a false one and not deserving of public an irreparable split in the party will develop.
discussion.
By now almost every Democratic leader in California i
has had his say on the subject. Lined up in favor of using ile News that s Fit...
paid workers are Gov. Pat Brown, State Central Committee Chairman Eugene Wyman, and Assembly Speaker Jesse FREE access to the news.is basic m a democracy. In an Unruh; opposed to their use are Tom Carvey, president of emergency, the Government, on occasion, may have withh Id or limit mformation affectmg mditary secu.
j the California Democratic Council; former National Com-t mitteeman Paul Ziffren, the CDC Board of Directors, and rsty, but at no other time should the Government censor, j
the Young Democrats. The lines of this confrontation are
- "'8' 9 **.herwise enamputate the news. Official lymg edifying in themselves: it is evident that volunteer groups is never justified. It rarely deceives other nations, but feel threatened by the introduction of paid workers, and hoodwinks the American people and lessens their faith for this reason, if for no other, the issue becomes an im-
'n the credibility of the Government.
j These mws, unexceptionable in theory but violated portant one. The resurgence of the Democratic Party in California in the last five to ten years has been sparked Iten in practice, were the main burden of testimony by the activity of volunteer groups. If these groups should presented late last month by representatives of the news defect or become quiescent, the loss to the party would be media at a hearmg of the House Subcommittee on Infor.
mation.
great. For this reason, Governor Brown should give this question further attention and as the leader of the party Publishers and broadcasters have an unclouded vision attempt to find a solution which would be reasonably f the responsibility of the Government in this area but satisfactory to all concerned.
do they subject their own performance to the same search-Critics of using paid workers contend that 1) paid and ing scrutiny? The evidence suggests noti volunteer workers cannot co-exist and that use of the Item: When the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights former will inevitably drive out the latter (somewhat in released its report in 195 9, 28 'million readers of the the manner of Gresham's law); and 2) paid workers almost Southern press found no coverage in their newspapers.
invariably become part of a political machine operated by Item: In 1960 when the executives of nineteen elec-
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an organization " boss." Proponents of paid workers argue trical manufacturing companies entered guilty pleas to that volunteer workers are not plerttiful enough in work-price fixing, the press brushed this news aside with little ing-class districts where Democratic registration is great.
mention. One news magazine gave it only four inches of est. They insist that fear of bossism is unwarranted and space.
they believe that paid and volunteer workers can co-exist Icem: The overblown treatment given any acc..
u if the operation is intelligently handled. They quote the relating to communism or subversion. As A. J. Liu
.g White House as supporting this view.
has commented, "Most newspapers accepted and spread a doctrine of universal treason (in the U.S.) during the So far the issue has proven to be a difficult one to resolve. No one appears to have given any ground. It first postwar decade."
appears at this writing in mid-March that sparks will fly Item: The reporting on Cuba before Castro and since over the controversy at the March 29-31 CDC convention never underscored the facts about the Batista tyranny at Bakersfield. It is time to find a solution,if one is possible.
that enabled Castro to come to power. Castro once asked Such a solution might take the followmg form:
a question that, regardless of its source, deserves an April 1963 3
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an' wer. Where was the American press. when Batista was of conformism and sterility."
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I murdering people? Yet, a United Press International Edi.
. Eric Sevarcid suggests that "the bigger our informa-tor, wrote two years after the revolution that before tion media become, the less courage and freedom of ex-Castro Cuba was "a prosperous and ' generally happy pression they allow"-and the news media are concentrated j
island in the sun."
. in fewer and fewer hands.
Item: Aftet one of Castro's marathon talks (Dec.1, The British. journalist, Francis Williams, underscores 1961) in which he reviewed the development of his politi-'
the responsibility of the news media to society and their J
. cal theories, the news media reported that he had con-great influence, but he warns that " journalism is a pro-I fessed being a Communist since his college days. This fession inside' an industry and the industry is in danger statement attributed to Castro was refuted by a transcript of swamping the profession."
of his speech released by the State Department.
Censorship and management of the news by govern.
Item: The arbitrary support by the press of conserva-ment are not a new problem, and, as government grows 1
tive causes with little regard for the merits of issues. For bigger, the problem gmws with it and should be watched example, the automatic press opposition to medicare and more carefully. But in regard to the free flow of news the one-sided reporting here of social medicine in Britain.
in this country, is the stifling of the news at the source-Item: The capitulation of TV and radio to pressure in Washington, in the state capitals or in local govern-j of special interests. (One network cancelled a p ogram-ment-the major problem of the moment? Or does the at the insistence of the AMA and the sponsor-that por-real difficulty lie with the news media?
trayed a doctor in a cri:ical light.)
At the hearing of the subcommittee on information, Item: The blandness of television and radio which no the chief complaints centered about the availability of
- i longer give listeners access to a full range of political the facts in crises like the Bay of Pigs invasion and the commentators as radio did in the '40s. One TV com-eyeball-to-eyeball confrontation with the Soviet Union mentator observes, "I feel we have fallen into a period over the missiles 'in Cuba. Information in an emergency is dramatic but not nearly so important as a steady flow I
of day-to-day news about the ordinary course of events, news that P aces these events in their proper perspective.
l april. 1963 FRONTIER In a crisis, the Government, of necessity, must reach deci-
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In This Issue sions without recourse to a national referendum. But it is THIS MONTH 2
during periods leading up to a crisis, that the people, if EDITORIALS 3
fully informed, may have some influence on their fate.
ARTICLES The Myth of American Freedom QygpQj gg Qygp@
Bertrand Russell 5 Hang Your Clothes on a Hickory Limb T n confronting a hostile, totalitarian nation, an open I
Philhp Abbott Luce 8 1 society is handicapped by the lack of information that The Boom.m Land Frauds Tom Mcdonald to fl ws freely in a democratic country. By reading the press Do You Want Somebody Killed?
Ted McHugh 12 and listening to radio and TV, enemy agents within our j
The Atom: That Idaho Explosion borders can gather significant data, which, though not Robert V. Latour 13 considered secret, is a. valuable aid to a. foreign power.
Oxford and Berkeley Aaron Segal 11 Thus, a democracy is forced to use methods which it de-THE LITERARY FRONTIER 17 tests to obtain essential information about the plans and THEATER 19 intentions of a potential enemy.
j MUSIC 20 All this is true, and it is difficult to argue against the ART 21 need of this country to operate its Central Intelligence LETTERS 24 Agency, but the sorry business of spying should be kept Vol. 14 - No. 6 in proper perspective. The recent penetration of Alaskan air space for a half an hour by two Soviet reconnaissance q
r;ifford Phillips Publisher aircraft was worth headlines in the press for its news value Ludlow Flower Associate Publishcr but scarcely merited the cries of indignation that followed 1
Phil Kerby Editor on many editorial pages.
4 Elizabeth Poe Associate Editor We flew U 2 planes over the Soviet Union for several Ed Cray Busines; Manager years and stopped only because one was shot down and 4 ~
John W. Caughey Books' further flights would have been considered provocative Gerald Nordland Art acts which could have led to serious trouble. We are con.
Byron Pumphrey Theater ducting intensive serial reconnaissance daily over Cuba Charles Weisenberg Musse and have no m.tention of etopping them a.n view of the ffor1 tier Published monthly. Editorial and circulation Soviet attempt to install missiles in Cuba and the presence I
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Second class postage paid at Los Angeles, Calif. Subscribers the power to resist, and the Soviets do not want to risk I
3re reque ted to notify the magazine as well as the local another clash. Nevertheless, these overflights of Cuba have Post Otfice of any chanse of addras. 3 s cents a copy, is a year. Permission to reprint any of the contents must first no sanction in international law. It is well to ke'E this in be obtained from Froeter.
mind, although the editorialist overlook our overflights.
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',THE VdfCE OF THE NEW WEST FRONTIER BERTRAND RUSSELL The Myth 4l of American Freedom HE ACTIVE presence of freedom in American life is vanishingly small. Words and slogans are used for power struggle between the two authoritarian giants, Amer.
l long periods after they have been emptied of content by ica and Russia, which has introduced the concomitant events. Those who know within thsmselves that to chal.
threat of annihilation for mankind. These three develop.
lenge their society fundamentally is a dangerous thing to ments set upon and reinforce one another.
Y do deceive themselves by clinging to such hollow slogans Since the end of World War II, the way to political 1
until they have been sutliciently corrupted to have lost power in the United States has been characterized by the interest in them. The next step is for the absence of vital crudest persecution of dissident opinion. The object of this
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. life for these conceptions to be acknowledged as somethingpersecution has been to impose upon the United States an desirable anyway. " National interest" is the replacement acceptance of capitalism and of the power of large industry, term most preferred.
To further this end, any potential entics of such a power arrangement have been hunted down and declared sub.
I consider that there are three large developments in American society which have made talk of " freedom" and versive. One of the tragic aspects of this development has
" individual liberty" ernpty talk which satisfies the dimin.
been the willingness on the part of " liberals" to swallow the dishonest ished consciences of enose who want to believe that they assumptions, seek to dissociate themselves are motivated by these values at the same time that they from those under attack, and allow the perpetrators to embrace a society which despises " freedom" and "individ.
establish their power and their values as beyond question.
ual liberty."
Questions have been decided to be incompatible with patri.
otism.
These three developments are: 1) Overt and unabashed
" Subversives" are those who pose such questions. They police-state techniques; 2) The evolution of institutional
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life incompatible with " freedom" and " liberty"; )) The are called Communists because it was also a purpose of men who hold American power to discredit alternatives to capi.
[I talism by equating support cf a foreign power with domes.
d At ninety years of age. Bertrand Russell continues to be, tic dissidence.
as he bas heen for 1MaNy decadts, one of the Wor $d's most infuential fgures. Since the development of the hydrogen Communists were a convenience and all who retained an i
bomb, Lord Russell has insistently opposed all nuclear arms, independent mind were obliged to denounce communism and he has been jailed for his leadership of non-violent but if they were to remain free and employed. Communism, militant demonstrations in this cas,se, lie holds the dis.
however, was an issue created as a conscious hoax. The tinguishe. Order of Merit for serv:ce to his country and power of the Soviet Union was real and the power. conflict received t!,e Nobel Prize for Literature in recognition of with the Soviet Union was real. Espionage, as old as nation.
i his pioneering research in mathematical philosophy and states, was sso real. None of these facts had any bearing on l
the use to which they were put by cynical addicts of symbolic logic.
power. Communists had no political significance within i
April 1963 5
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A' merican life. It is not clear why it is illicit for Commu-effect of this systematic and pervasive program of intimi-nists to play a role in the political life of a free country.
dation has been to eliminate politica! alternatives from It was soon clear, however, that Communists would be public discourse in the United States, hunted, for that enabled the hunters to accuse all with whom they had political differences of being this new form Opportunist politicians, such as Joseph McCarthy and of devil, carefully cultivated as a domestic " menace...
Richard Nixon, patterned their careers on the national The Federal Bureau of Investigation is a secret political pastime of inquisiting men with independent minds. The police. Non-conformists have been beset by a posse of press has entirely cooperated in this. The press, like all terrified perjurors who, upon losing their terror, found media of communication, is controlled by large economic odicial lying a lucrative way to live. American political intuests. These very economic interests have nurtured the life centered in the late 40s and f os upon the intimidation attack upon civil liberty and the " concentration camp for of all men of ntegrity prepared to eticicize their country.
the mind" which characterizes the United States of Amer.
Investigating committees have also used the paid in.
former and instructed liar. Scores of individuals have been The justice Department assisted with loyalty boards, jailed and many hundreds more deprived of livelihood. The subversive lists, and prosecutions of individuals for their WHAT DOES AMERICA OFFER HUMANITY?
Human liberty is an abstraction which men of it is very important that this relationship be under-power have profaned. They have profaned this idea, stood. It was understood by Dr. Royal France, whose not alone because they had violated it, but because life's work was testimony to the fact that there re-they have invoked it. Men of power today invoke the main individuals who will not acquiesce in evil, no noblest concepts of our species in the name of their matter the odds against them.
I cruel and insensate brutality. It is in the name of It is not any particular piece of legislation which human liberty that policies of mass destruction, of is significant, although the McCarran Act might he genocide, of extermination, are being perpetrated.
considered to serve as a symbol of neanderthalism It is in the name of human liberty that the American in our time. It is, rather, that the fear of ideas, the government is prepared to incinerate human beings cornpulsion to suppress those who will not bow to in the hundreds of millions. It is, therefore, clear the dictates of authority, the desire to invade the that to preserve a policy of this kind,.again in the privacy of individual human beings and their right name of human liberty, the most primitive e,d sav-to cultivate their own beliefs-these qualities are age legislation of repression must be enacted.
inevitably those which will be developed by a society When such men of power have at their disposal engaged in preparing for mass murder. The cause of the means of conditioning an entire population, it is human survival and the cause of individual freedom a source of extraordinary pain and desperation for are one. The likelihood of human survival is remote those individuals who see the perversity both of the for just so long as men are deprived of the ability to practice and of the language in which the practice challenge authority and talk to their fellow men with is couched. When we consider the McCarran Act and edect.
the entire legislation of repression which has been Professor Smith (Louise Pettibone) deserves our enacted in the United States, we must consider it in the context of a whole range of activity. Paid in-earnest support, because she is playing a leading part in the struggle for individual freedom in the United formers, investigating committees operating in con-States. I believe that this dinner in her honor is an junction with a slanderous press, subversive lists, a expression of an undying hope amongst Americans.
secret political police, loyalty oaths- -all of these-however few, that their country has something sig.
have been part of an setempt to reduce the American nificant to o6er humanity. I suggest that this con.
people to a condition of servility and of hysterical tribution does not lie in missiles or Polaris submarines, fanaticism with respect to independence of thought, in neon light or in mass production. The American professor H. H. Wilson has referred to this climate contribution derives from a concern for intellectual and this pattern of behaviour and has called it the development of "a concentration camp for the mind."
independence and creative intelligence. The spokes.
men are not generals or pedlars of unwanted goods, I wish to consider the way in which this concentra.
nor are they the opponents of liiserty. The former l
g tion camp for the mind has been used by men of concern does honour to America and the latter dis-i power, it has been used by them to keep themselves graces her, Professor Smith reminds us that the strug-(
in control of a society and to remo've from the people gle goes on. I wish to add my own tribute to those the right to question that control without the very loyalty of thee people to their country being called presented this evening, and to convey to all of you my gratitude to her for her personal reminder that in question. This power has been utilized to sustain there are Americans who feel they have as much a struggle for international power which is likely to right to their country as those who debase it.
fead to the extermination of human life on our planet-The Cold War, the struggle for power between the
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Soviet Union and the United States, is a reflection of Lord Russell wrote the above in tribute to Prof.
the mentality of those who have prepared the Mc.
Louise Pettibone Smith, nstional co-chairman of the Carran Act and who would utilize it to create con.
Amcrican Committer for //>e Protection of Foreign ditions of tyranny in the United States. I believe that Born, and the late Royal W. France.-Ed.
6 FRONTIER
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i political views. The F.B.I. persisted in fabricating evidence f
-and even the existence of Communists to be hunted-in order to continue to drain public funds.
The case of Alger Hiss illustrated the proposed fate for all foolish enougl. to defy government charges. The govern.
O ment has never convincingly refuted Hiss's claim that the N
F.B.I. constructed a typewriter to secure a false conviction.
The atmosphere of hysteria se sedulously cultivated by the press and the government of the United States was L
sufficient to murder the Rosenbergs who were accused of espionage on the evidence of a perjuror. Even the law under l(
g which they were tried was substituted for the one under g
F which they were accused because the former carried the death penalty. The Rosenbergs were incapable of havmg copied the documents they were said to have copied be.
i cause, as Einstein pointed out, they lacked the essential training necessary to have done that of which they were
'wg accused. The peace-time death penalty showed the extent to which the persecutors would go in the United States and helped to diminish the danger of intellectual inde.
h, j
- pendence, Espionage, however, was only the guise, for political views of a radical kind would hardly be cultivated by an intended spy. The continued object was the man who dis.
agreed. Af ter a time, however, the persecution of dissidents g
(called ferreting out Communists) became a career in h
itself and more and more victims were necessary to feed j
the inquisition and its victim. hungry administrators.
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The case of Morton Sobell, illegally kidnapped, con.
victed on non-existent evidence, sentenced to thirty years, is one of the more obvious exarnples of " freedom" in the
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United Scaces.
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.y y-The attorney general's list includes today many han.
dreds of organizations which are declared subversive. The 4
Feinberg law of New York requires teachers to report on the political beliefs of their colleagues. Those who are friends or associates of political dissidents are themselves n,om. no.o.,
subject and in danger of overt persecution.
BERTRAND RUSSELL The system of terror which I am describing and which, I am certain, is familiar to Americans, has worked in an braced was created by men of power to destroy political informal way as devastating as its more exhibitionist aspect.
Opposition. McCarthy was an excrescence upon this fact.
Private industry does not employ the political suspect. The The second development to which I have referred earlier right to travel is a consequence of holding dependable views, is an institutional one. The nature of a large industrial A great blackmailing ind istry emerged with journals such society is bureaucratic and impersonal. The individual is as Red Channels destroying careers by smearing men as submerged in vast collective units. Individuals who are Communists. The important fact is that a free society created for such institutions are without features marking would not be one in which a political view could constitute i
a danger to the holder. Nor could someone be " smeared."
independence of mind. Adlai Stevenson said, " Technology, while adding daily to our physical case, throws daily an.
Smears betray the absence of freedom.
other loop of fine wire around our souls."
,I This statement is full of insight. It reveals that the Labels at a Substitute for Thought United States is as collectivized as the Soviet Union in the
'Ile result of this pervasive and systematic terror has sense that both societies are characteristically large and are dominated by bureaucracies. The private or public char.
been that Americans first respond to political discussion by acter of these institutions does not determine the estent to l*
seeking to attach labels to ideas, the better to dismiss them which people are togs. It is technology and size which do without having to consider them.
that. Ideology is largely irrelevant.
It is not possible to have such an environment for fifteen For this important reason, the persecution of men of years without profound effect. Americans prefer to say that independent mind is not the only source of tyranny in the " witch hunt" was a passing phase of bysteria created by nasty men such as McCarthy. On the contrary, the America. The daily lives of people are incompatible with freedom. They no longer have real control over decisions persecution which America has witnessed and largely em-which affect them and this is a fundamental fact.
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_..s isolation the holders o' American power, but to mobilize part of this second development is the nature of power f
itself within American political life. The corporate com-e6ective political opposition to their power and their -
munity constitutes a private govercment. Industries are policy, survival is in doubt.
interlocked and the economic and political life of the If friendship with the Soviet Union is treasonable, if United States cannot seriously be separated. So it is with the power of the military-industrial complex is unchal-economic and political power. The corporate community lengeable, if the insane struggle between the Soviet Union finances both political parties, provides the millions neces-and the United States is not halted, then the absence of sary for both candidates in senatorial elections, owns and freedom will lead to the end of life on our planet, controls the media of communication and, in e6ect, exer-I believe that until a radical analysis of this kind is made cises the power of decm, on makmg. For this reason formal by Americans and acted upon, regardless of the conse-political democracy in the Umted States is largely a sham, quences, we must allliv.e through su6erance of semi-literate and " freedom" is a convenient myth at the disposal of paranoids with their fingers on buttons.
faceless bureaucrats. The overwhelmmg pohtical power of 1
the corporate community is private in character only inso-far as there is no public awareness of its role, let alone
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1 knowledge of its decisions or control over them. The two a
I OW OT WS 1
political parties operate within this system and the formal On a Hic (Ory Lim a...
political institutions---the Congress and the Executive-merely serve to administer for the corporate community.
After fifteen years of persecution, systematic conditioning
.and the eradication of political opposition, the American fT'HE American government in all of its monolithic public accepts national interest as defined by corporate
.l. strength now finds itself in combat with a group of j
capitalism. For these elementary reasons, the political de-150 students and young people in New York City. Work.
j mocracy of which Americaas speak ss, for me, largely ing under the assumption that the best protection against without serious meaning, the views and actions of these young people is to outlaw Intimately related to these two developments which I them, the Department of Justice has recently instigated have sought to describe has been the power struggle be-action against the youth group known as Advance. As tween the Soviet Union and the United States-the Cold far as youth groups go, Advance is known neither for its War. The chmination of dissent was achieved by mdenti.
numbers nor its militancy and throughout its brief history fying dissent in the popular mind with support of the Advance has su6ered from a mentality that seems older I
" enemy," the " devil," the inconceivably wicked " Russians."
than its members.
l The nice thing about this was that it also became impossible In January the Attorney General of the United States, to question the power-struggle itself. Russia was the means Robert Kennedy, spoke before the Annual Convocation of of ending American radicalism and the means itself was the Center for Democratic Institutions and said: "If free-i sacred. I am utterly convinced that if the confhet with the dom is to thrive in any corner of the world, there must Soviet Umon had never existed a di6erent menace would
[1 be communication and a sense of law." He later noted have been adopted for the purposes of pohtical persecution.
that "all great questions must be raised by great voices, Nonetheless, the struggle for power with Soviet Russia and the greatest voice is the voice of the people-rpeaking has enabled American pohticians to sanctdy every oppres.
out-in prose, or painting or poetry and music, speaking I
sive act in the name of national security and to label every out in homes and halls, streets and farms, courts and appeal for freed ;m as sympathy for the Russians.
cafes-let that voi:e speak and the stillness you hear will be the gratitude of mankind.. " At the same time the i
The Two Systems: " Remarkably Alike" Attorney General was speaking of the need to speak out i
on issues, his department was instituting action against in the course of the struggle it has become apparent th2t Advance. The Department of Justice has called Advance neither side is concerned about anything except dominating to appear before the legal arm of the McCarran Act-the the other. The Russians may proclaim hostility to capital-Subversive Activities Control Board, and to prove them-i ism and the Americans to communism. Yet the two syste ns.
selves innocent of being a " Communist-front." Under the under the very pressure of their own conflict, have become provisions of the McCarr3n Act the SACB is to base a l
remarkably alike. The bureaucratic and impersonal char.
determination that any organization is a " Communist.
I acter of these two countries has taken them in very similar front" on any of the following criteria: 1) the extent to h
directions. Stalin,it was true, was exceptipn lly cruel. Since which its managers are active in the management of com-(
Stalin the cruelty has diminished space with the growth munist-action organizations, i.e. the Communist Party; l
of intolerance in America.
- 2) the extent to which support is from communist-action q
~l The United States has created and supported tyrannical organizations; 3) the extent to which its money is used j
regimes around the world. The sole criterion for support to support communist action organizations or their pro-I has been subservience to American military needs and will-grams; 4) the extent to which their policies do not deviate l
i ingne; to allow the resources and peoples of the respective from those of any communist-action organization.
countries to be exploited by American industry.
Advance is the first student group to be cited under This pattern in America has made the question of free-the provisions of the McCarran Act since its legality was dom directly relevant to the unlikely hope of human sur-upheld in June of 1961. Last August the United States vival. Unless it becomes possible not only to question in National Students Association passed a resolution on the s
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I McCarran Act that said in part: "USNSA expresses grave reservations about the e#ects of the McCarran Act on*'They kidnapped our hhermen near their submarine ness" the freedom of speech and the freedom of association and N,
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therefore urges Congress to reconsider the McCarran Act.
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..." Nobody at that USNSA Congress envisioned that the McCarran Act could or would be used against j/
a student group.
CENT A The picture of the federal government wielding the AGENCY
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INTELUGENCE sword of Damocles over the heads of 150 students is absurd, to a student
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but the application of the McCarran Act l
group can only further the plight of those students in this
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country who are trying to investigate new areas of political y
and social action. No matter what the politics of Advance, r
many students believe they have not only a right but an obligation to provide a forum for divergent views. Whether these views support peace and civil rights or Marxism and 4
INT y
AGENCY communism, students still have the right, they believe, to
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advance their ideas.
The action by the Attorney General not only flouts his J
speech before the recent Fund for the Republic Convoca.
tion in New York, but also the provisions of e.he First Amendment to the Constitution. How are we to expect l
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American college students to grow to respect the Consti.
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tution when the Department of Justice violates its pro-g visions?
if Advance is found guilty of being a communist-front
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f it will be called upon to register with the Attorney Gen-i
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cral, none of its members can use a passport, none of its
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V members can apply for e gournment loan under the pro-
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visions of the National Defense Education Act, none of
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its members can apply for a job in a " defense facility."
"We caught their spies near our fishing port" 3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Other equally repressive requirements are involved in
" registering."
admits to being a discussion center for Marxist thought and also admits that Communists and non-Communists
? Il i
slike have spoken from their platforms. The membershipjf The ECLC Supplied Counsel for the Group of Advance has participated in picket lines in favor of in January, Advance was immediately faced with the peace, has opposed the speaker ban in New York City col-r-
problem of appearing before the SACB in a lengthy hear-leges, has been on freedom rides and has also been guilty h
enord a lawyer (the of such obviously subversive activities as holding a party lf-ing. If the organization could not Advance bank account boasted $10.00) then it would be for the members of the Bolshoi Ballet when they appeared found " guilty" on the evidence presented by the govern-in New York.
alone. The Emergency Civil Liberties Committee The Attorney General in his statement to the members ment agreed to take the Advance case, thereby assuring the group of Advance and the SACB noted that the organization had of legal counsel before the SACB. Consider, however, the Communists as members, had received favorable publicityI problems any youth organization might confront if called in Tbc Worker, and had held views that were parallel with to appear before the SACB. Besides the cost of defending those of the American Communist Party. These parallel yourself before the SACB, it is necessary to raise money views are as follows:
to carry your case to the people; it is necessary to fight on
- 1) Opposition to the Japanese Security Pact.
an immediate drop in membership and bad publicity from2) Negotiations on Berlin.
the news media; members are forced to attend school or)) End to nuclear testing-East and West.
a job and yet appear before the board; the group is forced4) Opposition to the Selective Security Act.
to spend its time in defense rather than in positive political 5) Recognition of the government of Cuba and the l,
I activity; it risks losing campus-affiliated organizations.
restoration of the right to travel to that island.
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Advance has made it clear that its membership is open
- 6) Opposition to the McCarran and Smith Acts,
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l to anyone interested in the battle for peace and civil rights It is because of these parallel views that many student j
i It has also admitted that Communists may be members, groups throughout the country are beginning to take a but asks "so what?" The statement of principles of Ad-stand against the persecution of Advance by the Attorney vance says that, "We stand for peace, a world without General. While few of the groups that oppose the Attorney car, total disarmament, and a free exchange of ideas and General's action have anything to do with Advance or its visits among the young people of all nations. By explaining oujook, they are genuinely worried about the Marxist youth's stake in a peaceful world, we will help unite application of parallelism in this case. Almost every liberal young people in the struggle for the future." Advance student political group has taken a stand similar to that of Advance.
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~ pmwr Aesort Luce April l%3 9
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j THE BOOM IN LAND FRAUDS When you buy a dream, you may find a dream is all you get i
quick-ou'" aspects, as well as the long-term investment By TOM McDONAI.D t
angle.
ANYONE with an ounce of greed... honest people No matter how barren or inaccessible the land may who think that maybe once they can gyp their be, none has been found with which all investors were neighbors.. senior citizens who want the chance that unhappy.
passed them by in the 1920's and 1930's... dreamers Considering these factors, it is in raw land sales partic-l for the wide open spaces: such are the victims of the ularly that government is confronted with the problem j
largest swindle in the nation today.
of how far it can go in protecting the consumer. How l
Colorful direct. mail brochures, dnzling newpaper ads, many legal safeguards can be erected rightfully to protect and the siren call of radio and television commercials people frem being misled? Who will decide when people daily urge Californians to invest in distant lands. Ac-are spending their money foolishly? Where will the line cording to Attorney General Stanley Mosk, over $100,-
be drawn between fraudulent sales and foolish purchases?
000,000 in annual sales of raw speculative land occur These are a few of the questions confronting the Cali-in California.
fornia Legislature, the Attorney General and the Real i
California is not just one of the prime I
Estate Commissioner in attempting to regulate promo-consumer i
markets for specuhtive land sales; it is also one of the tional sales of raw land.
greatest producers of such property and schemes.
The attention of the current session of the California What Protection is There for the Consumer?
I Legishture has been sharply focussed on this problem i
by a bill (AB 336) which would apply the stringent
" fair, just and equitable" rule to such real estate promo-On one side is the beleagured consumer besieged by tions. The bill was introduced by Assemblymen John advertising and believing that somewhere there is a nice Knox (D. Richmond) and Lester McMillan (D-Los An-man in government who is Frotecting him from any geles) with the full backmg of Attorney General Mosk.'
adyntising that is misleading.
j On the other side are the rr. ode 4n homes, lush meadows, l
Opponents of many current raw land promotions point beautiful girls, fat cattle and multi-million dollar master to the Florida land bubble of the 1920's and other famous plans-in the fertile minds of a smiling developer and
" bubbles". Proponents reply with examples of once worth-a harried ad man designing brochures for a barren land less California deserts and Florida swamps which are now development.
j enormously valuable.
The pitch is being nnde to the consumer who can afford The debate continues with opponents describing the
$10 down and slo a month-a person unable to visit widow of meager means who sinks her last few dollars his land or bring a law suit when he discovers he has i
into a land fraud. Unfortunately the opponents are been defrauded.
hud. pressed to find an investor who meets this descrip.
Nathaniel Korsack, chief of the Fraud Division of the U. S. Deptrerrient of Justice, considers land frauds Most of the investors are unsophisticated, but not poor, a major part rf the (stinated annual $750 million fraud They are really buying dreams: of quick profits, of long.
"bu.inese in the Uciited Stores, term fortunes, or of a longed.for place in the country.
when they discover that their " rancho" is a waterless,
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"1 estate ventures Iling required reports And for this reason, many are never disappointed, even with the Ct.1.'.,or m.
a Real Estate Commissioner rose from
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soilless wasteland. Their dreams are strong enough to six covning o nues in 1960 6 scal yen to ninny.
fwr c vu g H,000 sem in 1961-62. During the past invest the land with a beauty'or an eventual worth dx yeus, g,iforma. A study by the commission 32 aues of out-of-state property have been which it shall never possess. For some, simply the owner-ffered + J ship of an acre of land which they may never see is q
worth $ 5 00.
that less nan eght percent of these lands had fire protec.
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tion, uwsge, road maintenance, water service, electricity, i
Often the investors are honest people seek.mg to make gas or telephone service. The majority were more than a quick turn-over and stick someone else with the twelve miles from any store.
i l
property. The sales pitch may emphasize the " quick-in, Anothet commission survey found that thirteen sub.
j i
Tom McDoneld formerly was a les Angeles correspondent divisions in five states originally cost the developers $3 5 l
1 for the New York Times.
to $380 per acre. They were sold from $150 to $6750 per acre. The improvement costs to the developer ranged
- At press tirne. the f air. just and equitable" phrase had been amended out of Knon s bal. The Attorney General will seek the introducuan of uP to 60 percent of land costs, while promotion costs rose another bal with the key psiuse.
to 204 percent of the land costs.
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qj Still the question arises: "Isn't the land worth it? Look at the rising land values in the West."
tion which may bring the developers millions of dollars.
The alternatives to the " fair, just and equitable" rule Many of the properties are now being peddled as long.
which have been onered by both industry and government investments. Buyers are encouraged to hold the observers are wide-ranging. The most lement has much term property pending the growth of yet unborn cities in support within the industry. It is simply not to change j
Arizona, Nevada, and even Brazil, the law, based on the belief that the Commissioner now j
At the National Conference on Interstate Land Sales, has enough power to deal with frauds and further regula.
1 which he convened in San Francisco last October, Attor-tion would only harm legitimate operators.
ney General Mosk noted that one remote desert county A maj r altemative has centered on full disclosure of in Arizona "now has 300 active subdivisions." It is doubt-all facts concerning developments. This proposal would ful to most observers that the population explosion or
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q exploding metropolises will anect these developments for c st and pr m ti n C 5t. It
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presentation of these and other facts in a more strik, g m
and enlightening manner in the Real Estate Commis-i How They Hornswoggia the investor sioner's report on the development.
J C. Edward Elias, Jr., of the Real Estate Research According to the law, the buyer must see the Com-4 missioner's report before he buys land. Often, however, Program at UCLA's Business Administration graduate school, outlines in a special report the techniques often the salesmen sandwich the mimeographed report between used by raw land promoters to convince investors of the alluring promotional brochures. At best, its drab govern-(
rise in land values-the simple system of periodically mental approach is not designed to attract attention. As presented, it is easily overlooked. Frequent use of legal increasing prices. In his report, Mr. Elias refers to one developer who arbitrarily raised his prices from $195 for verbiage only worsens the problem, i
It has been suggested that a solution to the land fraud
![
five acres in 1918 to $191 for one acre in 1961. Mr.
Elias points out that such price rises encourage buyers to problem would be " jazzing-up" the report, presenting the maintain the payments on their property. He also notes following information, for example, in large red letters:
p O
that no individual in such a development could normally sell his own land at these higher prices unless he is willing THIS LAND HAS NO WATER, SEWAGE, ELEC-to give the same long term payments and m, dulge in TRICITY OR ROAD MAINTENANCE. IT IS similar costly advertising as the developer.
11 MILES FROM THE NEAREST STORE. DUST STORMS, FLASH FLOODS AND' DROUGHTS Because of this particular aspect of the problem: unseen ARE COMMON IN THE AREA. LIVESTOCK land purchased as an investrnent and edectively dependent CANNOT BE SUPPORTED. THERE IS A on a promoter for its growth, the Attorney General and BLANKET MORTGAGE ON ALL THE PROP-j -
the Real Estate Commissioner are backing the bill to ERTY. THIS LAND HAS BEEN RE-SOLD 5 apply the " fair, just and equitable" rule to such lands.
TIMES IN THE PAST 30 YEARS-ALWAYS AT They feel that the unsophisticated investor in such lands A LOSS. THE DEVELOPER PAID $20 PER i{,1 should be anorded the same protection that is given to ACRE His PROMOTIONAL COSTS WERE $f 0 l
investors in stocks and bonds.
PER ACRE.
Under the " fair, just and equitable" rule, all onerings
,(
of such land would have to meet the approval of the
, A third alternative would be to restrict the "f air, Real Estate Commissioner and his studied decision that just and equitable,, rule to out-of-state lands. The pro-the odering was " fair, just and equitable" to the investor.
p sed law indudes both in-state and out of-state devel-lj
);l opments.
Opposition to the bill will be strong from the Cali.
l fornia Real Estate Association, other real estate organiza.
Lj rions, and lobbyists for v rious developers. It will be the At Least, Snake Oil isn't as Costly iI a
task of the proponents to convince the Legislature and
~j the majority of realtors that this legislation will only Many state oHicials in attendance at the Interstate I
26ect the fringe and fraudulent operator. Attorney Gen-Land Sales Conference felt that the final answer can eral Mosk has stressed his belief that this' legislation will come only through federal legislation due to the direct.
aid the real estate market in California by preventing mail interstate and international character of the business.
l
'i millions of dollars from being siphoned away by promoters Attorney General Mosk discussed this possibility in March I
of worthless land.
with Attorney General Robert Kennedy.
Professor William Warren, Jr., of UCLA Law School, Regardless of the problems surrounding regulated spec.
ulative raw has noted that a correlative of the " fair, just and equi-land sales and the attempts by promoters j
table" rub must be prornpt and efficient administration by involved in the business to assume respectability, Attorney the Real Estate Commissioner. The fact that the wheels General Mosk believes that the true nature of the opera-i of government often grind more slowly than the mills of tions is revealed in a recent incident: "On one day," Mosk the gods hu concerned many developers. They envision said, "a single salesman sold 7500 ' options
- to buy land months of waiting while anonymous gevernment officials sight unseen for $50 each. He sold them from a booth the Texas Stste Fair and I am sure he would have at consider the " fair, just and equitable" facets of a promo-been just as comfortable selling snake oil."
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B DO.YOU WANT SOMEB0DY KILLED?
The current California battle over the death penalty By TED McHUGH occasion was the Judiciary Committee's hearings on Sen.
Wquestion of capital punishment is again agitating theITH Governor Brown as the Fred Farr's bill-carried at the reques,t of Governor Brown in a Special Session ca' led by the Governor-which legisi ture. Since Brown has been bloodied in his earlier would abolish capital puniAment and substitute life im-anti-capital punishment fights, many observers thought h*
prisonment. The bill also prahibited the execution of per-would allow the issue to remain dormant this session. But sons then under sentence ef death, which would have the governor has put aside political tranquility and chosen included Caryl Chessman, whose case had attracted inter-battle once again. To this battle he has committed the national attention. The same committee had killed a similar considerable resources and prestige of his office. The Gov" bill after extensive hearings the year before, and it was a ernor vigorously stated his commitment to the principl*
foregone conclusion that Farr's bill would su6er the same of abolition in his inaugural address:
f ace. Nonetheless, a major battle was put on in the crowded "You are all aware of my position on capital punishment.
committee chamber.
I do not believe it deters crime. I do believe it degrades man.
Two Standards of Justice Prevail "In almost twenty years in public life-as District i
Attorney, as Attorney General, as Governor-I have From 9:30 a.m. to midnight, a stream of witnesses pro.
upheld my sworn duty to enforce the death penalty. But, duced every conceivable argument for and against the with the passing of time, my own conviction has grown death penalty. Senator Farr was brilliantly assisted by Sen.
stronger that capital punishment 26ronts the conscience i
of man. Most often we execute the felon whose skin is Hugo Fisher in eliciting favorable testimony. The opposi-tion was spearheaded by Senator Donald L. Grunsky, J.
I darker than our own - whose position in life is lower than Eugene McAteer, and Chairman Edwin J. Regan. Tempers our own. And, to our shame, we let live the felon whose were short during the long, tense hearing; Democrats were crime we believe less odious because he is snore like us.
particularly incensed ar Senator McAteer's insistence in "I will ask this legislature to enact at least a moratorium establishing that the proponent's witnesses from out of on capital punishment, substituting for it the sentence of state were being reimbursed by the Governor's office for life imprisonment without possibility of parole and retain.
"penses occasioned by their appearance at the hearing. At ing the death penalty only where necessary to protect the
- he end of the long day, the roll call turned out to be stans and inmates of our penal institutions.,,
el ser than anticipated, eight to seven. Farr had amended Since his inaugural statement, the Governor has repeat.
his bill to a three. year moratorium instead of outright edly supported abolition, and has explained the fact that abolition in a last minute e# ore to swing the last vote, but he is asking for a moratorium rather than outright repeal the enort failed.
only because he believes that a moratorium has a better Opponents of capital punishment are carefully re-read-chance of getting through the legislature. The Governor ing the transcript of that hearing. The arraments will be knows that little is to be gained by a vigorous but losing the same now as they were then - the figures need only to fight. One is tempted, therefore, to conclude that Brown be updated. For example, the assertion that the poor, the thinks he can win. Perhaps he is right, but a look at recent ignorant and the Negro are executed while the rich and history could not give him much encouragement.
clever receive lesser sentences, csn be more fully docu.
in the past thirty years, anti-capital punishment bills mented. The recent life imprisonment sentence of Dr.
have been introduced in every General Session of the legis.
Geza dcKlapany will doubtless be used as a dramatic illus-lature, except 1943, 1945 and 1947. In addition, Senate tration of how money and talent can combine to save the Bill 1 (Farr) 'was introduced in the 1960 Special Session.
admitted perpetrator of a particularly gruesome murder Of these bills, four reached the Assembly floor and three from the gas chamber, were passed to the Senate. For reasons lost in the mists of Besides revising their arguments, the abolition forces are antiquity, one of these bills was reported out of Committee also sifting the 1960 Judiciary Committee report for clues (1933-Assembly Bill 11) to the Senare floor, where it was quashed thirty three to six. The other Assembly bills, as to how the committee will vote this year, This plus four Senate bills on the subject, were all exterminated year's eHort-Assembly Bill 692 - was intro-(
in the Senate Committee on Judiciary.
duced on Jan. 31 by Los Angeles Democrat Lester McMil.
The most dramatic episode in the long war againsi lan, co-authored by twenty-seven Assemblyrnen. The bill k
capital punishment took place on March 9,1960. The is expected to narrowly clear the Assembly. It should re-i ceive a "Do Pass" recommendation from Gordon Winton's Ted McHugh is a free leur writer and e former political Committee on Criminal Procedure possibly by only a one-I science teacher.
vote margin-and the Governor's office believes it can 4
I secure the necessary votes to get it passed on the Assembly L
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