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This is la response to your letter of June 4,1963 ederessed to I Commisolumer Robert E. Utleen seeseratag the Pacific Gas & Electrie
- ! Ceepemy's proposal te.eenstrust a mesters reestar at Bedess Bay.
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I am analesias hereotth a copy of the letter dated Issy 20, 1963
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"; ) from seesetary udelt to chessama sombers and a espy of the reply therste, elsmed by 3r. utlees. Astias Chatussa of the Commisstem. .
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rested May 23, 1963. The Geolasteal Survey report has est yet been
..j- sesetved by the Caumlestem. E util be happy to esed you a espy e- eben it is available and to advise you of the heartas date, es seen j - ..
as e definits date has been established. I hase else instrusted my
+= we-q.d staff to seed ysis any further mettees and puhtse
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$ 1. Istter dated 3/13/63 a U* I Distribution't .!~ #[- I
Congressional' Liaison (2) /"I H. L. Price', REG '
OGC AJtv .. .m [ C. T. Edwards i Formal '" fDQUf."U3MW6.'D Supplemental ' '
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~ UNITED STATES '-
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; J4i, - : w, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON 25, D. C. .
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,, May 20, 1963
Dear Dr. Seaborg:
p.-- " This letter is in response to requests nade by ifr. Robert Lowenstein,
' Director of your Division of Licensing, and by Mr. Harold Price, i : Director of Regulation, for comment by this Department on the j
[ , Application itnd the Preliminary Summary Hazards Report submitted to
' A the Atomic Energy Commission by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company
[~ $ proposing construction and operation of a 325 megawatt (e) nuclent
. E power reactor on Bodega Ifcad which is on the coast of Sonoma County, f~ j California. Thoso requests were made in accordance with an informal
=-; agreed'-upon Procedure for Cooperation between our two agencies. -
E4 I gi Attached for your consideration are comments by the Director of the
-1 Geological Survey, the Director of the Bureau of !!ines, the' Research If Geologist of the, National Park Service, and thd Assistant Secretary E i for Fish and . Wildlife. The Assistant Secretary's comments are sup-
- h. ,;
f4 plomented by a special report by the Director of the Radiobiological Laboratory, Buroati of Commercial Fisheries. n I g Our three main areas of concern are: (1) probable adverse effects on coastal fisherics in event of accident, (2) possibilities 6; of adverse effecty on public'use of the new Point Reyes National b; Seashore, and (3) seismic hazards that would be involved in locating , N Pd a major nuclear reactor in close proximity to the San Andreas earth-quake fault. . e NI [- With regnrd to points (1) and (2) -- barring 'najor seismic event -- With continuous and vigilant monitoring, adverse effects can probably j- l be held well below the radiological lir.its that have been officially p9 established to safeguard public health and safety. But with regard [. to point (3), I feel there is reason for grave concern. U[ In the Paci[ic Gas and Elcetric Cor:pany's " Preliminary Summary Hazards Report" thero-is a section prepared by Mr. Don Tocher, Consulting Seismologist, (nd Mr. '11111am Ouade, Consulting Ceologist. One of the several conclusions set forth by these men (Appendix IV, page 12) is as follows:' s, N N "The ronion near Bodega Bay is remarkably free of G q '
'small to moderate sized earthquake's. The region is s
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subject to infrequent major earthquakes generated se w r
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3 by Inrge fnuit movements in the Snn Androns foult zone. At least'onc and norhaps two or rore major earthquakes can ha expected near the site within the next century. Those may be ns stront or even soccuhnt stronger than the Californin carthquake 1 of April 18, 1906." l I No detailed studios of scismic hazards at the proposed reactor site on Bodega Head have boon made by this Department. But on the basis of the general knowledge we have concerning the San Andreas Fault, I the above-quoted statement of .'fossrs. Tocher and Quade appears to '
> be a fair statement of probabiljtics that should squarely be faced. ; The Commission's Advisory Comnittee on Poactor Safeguards, in its ) ;j April IS,1963, REPORT m BODEGA BAY PARK--UNIT #1 takes note of the -
{ Er location as an activo scismic area, observes that the reactor build- 'i f[ Ing and the turbino building.are to be anchored in different Ecolog-Q y -t
' ical formations which may introduce stress effects during .and subse-
.quent to ' violent carth. shocks, and suggests the need for design of FE carthifunke-induced reactor shutdown apparatus along with isolation y4 of the primary system.
'7 It therefore seems to me that very thorough investigation of the )
I seismic hazards of the Bodega Itcad site should be carried out before
'. . [ any construction permit can safely be granted. The Geological Survey g is available to undertako such an investigation if that should be g your desire.
.N If this matter involved no more than construction'of a conventional M thermal electric plant, the seismic hazards mirht be tolorable. But
"," the proposed nuelpar-power installa~ tion (planned with ultimate expan ,
@ sion to 1,000 megawatt (c) capacity in mind) would multiply those C hazards many fold. The hazards I am most concerned about.are to
;;, public health and safety, but one cannot completely overlook the -
i C.- Government's further legni obligation to pay " indemnification" up p, to $500 million per nuclear incident for any casualty damage in
.e excess of $60 million and for any property damnge in excess of $60 e I million that might occur in the event of nuclent power plant accident r1l from whatever cause.
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, Sincerely yours, r'"""""
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' Secretary of the Interior. I I
Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg Chairman, United States - 1 Atomic Energy Commission ,. Washington 25, D. C. ;* Attachments (4) .
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. . . IN ntnxiETERTOs .
2 A*. @ 3' "fs.f; N~ N' UNITED STATES 4 j kf- f DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY g,'f , WASHINGTON 25.D.C. l May 20, 1963 f!ccorandum i - To: Assistant Secretary of. Interior - Minorni Resources f From: Dircctor - Coological Survey 5f l.1 I
Subject:
hoquest by Atomic Energy Commission for review and comment on proposed location of a civilian nuclear powo,r reactor on Dodega !! cad, Sonoma County, j E]' L e - California i O! I ld The Preliminary llazards Surmary for the Bodega Bay Atomic Park . Unit 13 umber 1, prepared by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 79 has been reviewed with respect to hydrologic and soismic j
-$ considerations n's rcqucsted by'your office. Wo have also reviewed '
n Ictter of April 19 by Dr. Pierro St.-Acand to Mr. !!arold Gillina, [j} _ Special Assistantrto tho'Secrotcry. That 1ctter is'n report on a l recent personal inspection which Dr. St.-Amand mado of the proposod j
'g reactor sito on Bodega I!chd.
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i 7, t The Itazards Summary contains' evaluations of the earthquake' hazards , j C of the site by D6n Tocher and Uillinm Ouaide, and George W. !!ousner. -
$- Their conclusions agrco that, although earthquakes of hf t h intensity' y have occurred on Bodega 11 cad in the past end are likely to recur M
within the lifetico of the reactor, no surface faulting has occurred d on the sito for c. period of perhaps several thousand years, and that
'it is unlikely that such. faulting vill occur in the futuro. On the
?*
other hand Dr. St.-/cand concludes that the sito is unsafe' for the i
?", preposed construction unicss exceptional nensures are talien to
- j insure safety. )
l ~ f . Dr. St.-Amand's statements are based on obseryntions made in April 1 1963, whereas -ilousner's report is dated Jcnuary 1961, and Tocher's and Ottnide's ob'scrvations woro mado at s'omo unhncun dato. St.-Amand had the cdyruitage of inspecting excavations medo since the observations of Tocher and Quaido. L i The prob 1cm of scisst.ic offects can be divido( into tuo parts.
. a) Uhat cro the maximun accelerations to be expected? b) 1 hot is the likelihood of faulting or sovoro tfIting of the ground at the proposed , reactor site? .4 O
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uw J 1!ousner (A M +cudix V, p. 7) estimatos that the maximum accolorations
- to be c::pected uould bo about 0.3 n, whorcas St.-Amand giyos :pcak acceleration on tho order of I g uith averanc acccicration of . -
nround 0.4 g for several minutes". ' Housner points out (p. 4)' that .
.,. '" strong ground motions produced by magnitudo 0.2 shocks have novor been measured". . !!c, then argues from several points: of vicw that.
the accolorations caused by the El Contro carthquake of May 1940 (magnitudo 7, maximte: accolcration 0.3 g) should bo taken ac the maxir.um to bo expectcl at Dodoga Head. . Although !!ousnor's arguments scy bo. valid, St.-Amand's figures are tho more . conservative and M: . should probably forn the basis for the design critoria. 5
- ' Tho second question regarding' faulting of the ground at the sito jj-jjj cay be tho noro important. It may bo possibic to design for high ceccleration, but "it is quito inpossiblo'to design a. power plant em e to survive without danage to the largo permanent ground surface-dispincetents that might occur if the carthquako fault slippago pj occurred on the sito'", '(!!ousnor,J Appendix' V, p. 3).
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- -] Tho question is then whether faulting at the site is likely or not..
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s Tocher and Quaidef eithough recogni' ing faults in the quartz diorite-forning the basoment rocks of Dodega I! cad, found no evidence of d_y. faulting on Dodega llcad during tho.past several:thousand years. i y ,. Ilowcyor, St.-Amand'is not so suro and points out that the soil cover
;f i eny effectively hido evidence of recent u.ovenont. This is a critical 1
g W point and should be very thoroughly investigated.- O After reading tho,matorini cited wo concludo: , G P 1. Because of the possibility of recent faulting in the aron ib . which may nou be masked by soil cover, and becauso of tho evidence - E : of faulting doccribed by St.-Amand'on the bedrock hill on the northern
@ sido of the pit, caroful examinations should be mado for evidence of l gj rocent faulting. .
\fl l-[ '. .2. If faulting has occurred at the sito, a furthor evaluation '{ t {. should be mado as to its suitability as a reactor site. i~ ' If requested to do so, the Coological Survey is qualified to nako such an investigation'n. We field oxcmination and preparation of a report would tako appr6ximately two wecks. ~ 4 . N% san) Q t
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UNITED STATES _1 a C.L*C . 4
. _ , , o: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. l
- 9 g. Ypy ,,* . BUREAU OF MINES - ,]
Im I' ' WASHINGTON 25. D. C. 1
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May 13,.1963 , 11emorandum 9 4 + p To : J. C. Rettic, Senior Economist, Recources Program Sta,ff, p . ;. . pd Through I.coistant Secretary, Mineral Resources q g D g _d From : Director, DI.trocu of 111nss b< .1 5._ ) {' re . [ Subjects ,The Secretary's memorandum of tapril 25 regarding e:-t con:ments on the location of a civilian nuclear Ki i ! po.:cr' plant on todogs licad, Sonoms County, California
)
@ The Eureau's Chief 1:uclear Engincor, !!r. John E. Crawford, has
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-l cencidered the availablo data concerning the location of the Lodegn necd power rcactor. Because of tho sitets proximity to 4., j ~ the San t.ndrena fa' ult conc the ponnibility of a natural !
catastrophe cannot be tahan lightly. In case of a major carth-
-r[5 p qualic in the aren, ti; chould be datormined if damage to the j i
reactor and its co :ponents would.rcicase radioactivity to the gj environa.mt uith tha subseq'uant contamination 'of natural resources j r and recreational areco. Ground.shaaring action and shock effects 7 hm ', from a ::ignificcat carth tremor near the site might causo , misalignment of critical reactor parts and rupture of coolant
' ire plumbing with uncotimablo resulto'. A more thorough evaluation i of theac possibilities should be made. -*
D ' y . Our Chief Nuclear Engineer will be pleased to assist the Depart-4.c munt in a,more thorough review of the probicm if such a review. y is deemed appropriate. I :. I " f : c mar.bt:0 J. nntxy 1.__.5 .'
.- Dircecor 0
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/ UNITED STATES 1,WM..m DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR i
1 I'? . J ll~ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE . hii'N.+# 3.
; ;/ WASHINGTON 25. D. C. I i
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' May ll:' 1963
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.: 1 pi To: Janco C. Ecttic, Senior Iconcc:ict, Deparksent of the Interior j r..A j lj Fre:s: .Tobert H. Roce, Roccarch Geologist, Untionsi Park Service
.o k"g
Subject:
T5viev cnd Cc:::2ent on Proposed Civilian Nuclear Power Reactor i I E-!e
.on Bodeca Eced, Sono =n County, California
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' r. 3 , Iccatien - The nuclear pover reactor site on Dodega Ecad is located about pj . b) nilec vect and slichtly couth of Santa Rons and 50 miles northwest of Ly San Frcncicco. Point Ecycs Kational Scachore, a recently establi::hed unit
! of the Untional Parh S;ratcs, lies vithin distance limits of 5 and 35 r.iles M[: :fran the reactor cite. I
[f4 - i I b[ y The Ec.tional Scachore in a penimin* tricsslo of land with .its 35 nile-long I E baso zunnin3 the 1cacths of Tenales Iay, 01can Valley, and an edse of f s. Bolinas Ingoon. Point Reyes at the ceaward vertex of tha trianclo io cppr.:c+-tely 10 miles vect of this base lino. The broad central porbion j p of tha trien;ular cres is about 20 miles distant fras Bodeca Head.
- Type of Scactor:- Se Dedesa Head nuclear pover reactor functions ao a L low cn::1cuacnt, u:nniu:2 oxide bccic fuel unit and is light water noderated ,
q end cooled. It supplies stcon to operate a 323 nesavatt turbine Sencretor, q L, -l Unter for c'colins purpocos is draua frc:2 Bodosa Day and returned to the
<I Pccific Cccan. Ec water flow rato is 250,000 callons per r.inute which l fj sppr*tec 50 acro feet per hour, or 1,100 acro fcct per day, baced on Ie cround-the-cloch operation. Under rated load conditions the " radiator" d vater leavco the reactor about 180F. va2r.or than upon enterius the systen.
~
Radiccetivo Wactcs - Followins are the three types of vastes produced by the pl:na: g . Eadicactive 115114 vastes. . Radioactive riolid unctes. -
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The radio ctive litgia vastes are of pinnt origin.: . Disposition ray be effcccca by: (a) retura to components of the reactor c storage en site for. eventual off.cito disposal,- or (c) ystas, . (b) long-ter.2 discharcothm.d.r P a vaste tunnel.into the facific Ocean.- The rcdioactivo solid unstes concist of dmhralizer rcoins or cicancrc,
, filter caccriul, and niecellaneous contaminated trach. .A portica cf the e :
vneten is to be.sluicca to'special storage tanko. Other colid vuotes in 6' this catocory are to be storce in special vaults at the site on a tc:aporary tacis. Final off-site storage, when required, vill be done by a licenced ' {p contractor. , f :tI
, The radioactive enoccus vastes ate coc:ponca of ventilation exhausto, cud
~ Q g I air nad nascoc.mustiv.Lo gasco num around the reactor vc: col, condenscra, and other nujor cc:.penents of the plant. . W e gaseous vastes arc to La I s dicchcr;ca throuch a stcck into the staocphere. .. Apparently the heicht ' l N 0-[ of the stack, discharce velocities, and pcmissible relenco rates are - subject t'o Inter dctcmination. ; ,
. Vorthy of note in the statement i the licenco applicat on to the effect .
l that there vill be no vaste disposal dircctly into tha ground.at the site I
$.;, racerdo Analynia . $otenthi haza'rds in11.into two broad categorics. 'They y incEsf (u) 1, Luce connected with nomal operation of the platt, tad (b)-
a thace existina becaus'c of the close proxicity of the nucicar rcactor and bp its enjor ccaponcats to the San'Andreas t'ault zone. Sie lattcr, for-tr'cvity, are tcmed " scia: sic hazards." . 4 , h The liccase nyplication recognites the presence of those two cincues of ,. I rry haccras and the prevalence of numezwun.Variatico of andctorsincd naturo
>" and r.:asnitudo with regard to them. In the circunstan:es, thereforo, '
- k. thoro in mple justification for rencanabic and cound spccalation on - ,
p juct hov thcoe hazards could conceivably adversely affcct finhcrico r and other public ucco of. Innan and waters in the vicinity of.the reactor 7 m pov'cr unit < including the Point Ecyos lhtionni %nhmc. a With respect to nomal oncretional hazardas without adequate and offcctive
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<l contzvis the followinc caverse conditions within and near Point Iir.;yeu l l_.! 11ational Ocachere could possibly develop:
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The vnmod dita radioactive liquid vastes discharace into the l racific Cccan through the tunnel at the p2nnt uite could bc ; deficcted,thoreward and tend to concentrate in vnter inlets -
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either northunrd or southward from Ecacca Ucad deranMn2 on the direction of novement of the nearby occonic currents. . Dodesn, Toentes. and Drakes Enya and Drakes Inteto and - ; Bolinas Iacoon would be particularly vulnerable. j
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4 Awa14os and abnormal behavior of both the atmosphere and vec.ther gonorally could spread the radioactive gaseous' wastes . .i from the plant stack ovar. the National Scashore and vicinity ,, in higher than permissible or predictable concentrations. , . j ne coments of the Weather Bureau on the license scplication . 1 identifies savaral factors in this category on which considerable' ; further study is needed. ; l 2e locations for the off-site permanont disposal of the ' radioactive solid vastos are not identified. .. Vere thcac selected 1 F7 locations to be chosen nearby on land or in fni M or marine- 1
- L i s vnters, the flora and fauna close to 1he disposal sites could !
t i becoco contactinated. Containment of these vastas vould have i
- h. S to be'cfroctive, not for a matter of a few years but for di .
centuries, to insure against eventual injury to living things t ,[ in'the ganarsi area.
&}d Diform tion is insufficient upon which to base firm safety guarantcos j l
L9 that norml operationni henrds connected with the nucacar powcr unit Wr.I t on Bodoca Ecad vill not adverso2y affect fisheries cnd public use.of N F. g lands and waters in the vicinity including the area of the Point Reyes Nationni Ecashore. In the circuc: stances, havover, it seems recsonable ; y 5 to depend upon effectivs site and off-site controls and monitoring Tri (,_t system to hold cdverno effects within radiological lir.:its required for tho safeguarding'of public health and the protcetion of flora and p fauna in the vicinity. 14 .
@ Boiemic bnerds. on the other hand, give ret. son for scrious if not ec gravo cer.ccrn. S e Bodeca IIcad recctor site is but 1,000 yards from 5:2 8 the grect can Andreas fault., sone. We can Andreas fault is rococnized a e as a r.njor tectonic fonture of the ventern marcin of North Arsarica -i
% and as ons of the world's Great continental rift.s. .
c . . :
% Totales Boy and Ole:S Valley lie alonc a portion of. the San Andreas I
- a. fault sons and ove their configuration to it. Durfac the crest 7 San Francisco earthqu::he of 1905, a cround crcek vns form d alons the i;
", full len:,,th of Oleus Valley and esparently extending along the floor of heales Ecy for it reappenrcd accin on ,the sandopit at the opposite i
j' end near Bodega Day. Interal movement of 20 feet was notad. Eccont geolocical studies in ole =a Vc21ey disclose evidences of sirnile cracks having baan instantaneous 2y forrad at various timas during violentL
, quates procoding'1906. As stated in Calloway's coological report on i "the rer.cins of old cracks arer too indistinct '.
the to be Point Royesbut countedf Peninsula, it is c lear that there has been a' tre: enNous ew. ant i of recurrent mvor. ant along the sons of venhness." (Underscoring l
,sutrplicd.) mems oboorvations'and conclusions further corroborate ;
those mada earlier by the falasd "eerthquake geolocist." the late Bailey Willis, along the San Andreas rift sona Just vest of.Palo Alto !
> and Stanford University. ,
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, 1 Ta' c ocrthquche of April 18,'1906, is determined to have hcd a Mitied ,
Wrealli Intensity of X. This decree of intensity is defInca as one 'l that results in the dcotruction of some of the voll-built wooden structures as voll as thoco of masonry and frame resting on foundations. Cround ficsures and contortion of strata usually occur and there r.ay to
' considerable' rock fall from clofts and mountain' sides., The zone'. of destructive intonsity during the creat 1905,quahe extended for atout
'400 milos. Vatcr lines' wore broken and strcot car tracks bcdly tviated.
Danace of this kind occurred in several cocm: unities located quito coce distanco from'the main San Andreas fault sons.. b l[ ' E Recent studios indicate that continuous. lateral moverdnt on the L i Point noyes side of 01cma Valloy of about two inches a year is occurring i p" " ' relativo to the mainland. And not' to be overloohod in the evidence of vettien1' displacement that has occurred during the socewhat renote Coological past. Along the fault zone north of Dn14nna vertical k._ displaccr.cnt of:st least 500 fact is indicated..-All of these fcets-
,.r civo cephasis to the highly.dynanic nature of the San Andreas fault ,
Pf-. w zono in the sonoral vicinity of Bodeca Head. I g. 7^ A roport by Consulting Seicuolocist and Consulting Coologist Don Tocher and Williau Quado,. appcora in Appendix IV of the "Prn11mincry Cur.sary
$~ Ha:crds E0 port," a part of the licence application to the Atc:aic Enorcy y Cocuiccion by the P4cific Cas and Electric Cccpany. They belicve that r.m the trend of the valloy or saddle crossing Bodeca Hesi vostvard from. )
Q ' Cor:pbo11 Cove is not due to faulting but admit that the evidence is ' p inoca:1usiva. In other words tha possibility oxiutc, thonch parhaps C renoto, that thio valley or soddic does mark the location of a
,3 subsidiary fault zono. .
R Reforring to the presonce of old minor faults in the quartz-diorita L. , c::ps. sed nearby and which they belicyc underlice the reactor cito ' h F approximately at cea'lo'vci,- the consultants stato tict the lack of recent cova:nnt along those old faults "strongly inplics, but docs not
- Cu'ure.ntoa'that there vill be no riover.cnts throuch the life-cxpectancy l l i ._ of a pour plc.ut." They concludo closuhcro in their findings that
'F . this quartz-diorite "should provido as cood foundatica vith respact i . to the hazazds of ground shakin3 in earthquckcc,'ac any rock foraation [ to be found in the Dodega Bay rcCion." Dut they alco cay that "this fortunate cil'ctmbanco ic larcely counterbalanced by tha 1.wdidi~ prd/E d y of T.ha E2an la drous rault zona." (Undcrocoring suppfiH~)
~ '
Ocolociots vou[d be inclined to acreo with the inforcnce of the con. i sultants that the quartz-diorite docs exist at an anticipated acpth. of about soa level beneath the reactor site. Soz:.o roo:s is left for doubt on thic point, houever, na indicated in the following stator.ent
, from the Tocher-Quade conclusions: '
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"If borinco fr.11 to show quartz-diorite nonr sea level at the ..
cite (as succested by ceicnic and ccolo;ic cvidence) the characteristics of the unexpected materini chould be studied . carefully to deteruino if it is cuitablo foundation mat'erial for massive structuros so close to the San Andreas fault conc.!' , Particularly pertinent to the frequency and intensity of the earth. quahon that riight occur in the Dodega Ecad locality 10 the fonowing conclusion from the Tocher-Qaade rcport:
"The recion near Lodega Bay is remarhubly free of sma$L to i
moderato-sized earthquakes. The recion is subject to p.4 infrequant major earthquches generated by large fault movements
- i in the San Andreas fault zone. At least one and perhaps two
. { cr more major earthquakes can be expected near the site within
_j the next century. Thcae my be as strong or even comovhat stronger, than the California earthquake of April 18,1906." Qualified en'c ineering specialists and nucicar scientists must be civen c }+ El the reopensibility for passing judcuent on the typen and standards of Li construction requirca to meet opocified conditions. By the sams token, L-Ji hovcVer, acismolecists and ensincerinG Ecologists must be relici upon y.{ to deten.;ine and define the origin, nature and magnitude of those gg conditiona. - i b{ 7.3 The proposed nuclear reactor power unit includes a number of vulnerable g] ccganente such as a reactor veccol; condenser systems; tanks and vaults m.q' containing hichly radioactive materials; circulation systems for trans.
~
i fer of radioactive liquids, sluiced fragmental solids, cnd gases; and 56 stacks and other reintively tall structures.
.. l
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- l l g; 7 In view of the known.,hictory of seismic activity in the imediate .. I l e" vicinity ani the considerable number of unknown variables involved, it l
$ ocess unreasonable on the basis of present informtion to conclude that ;
pi; , the power plant can be constructed in a manner that would overcomo all " 5" of the seinmic hazards involved. t b ,
.It seems reasonable to concedo that normal operational hazards can be
# l ' overcome throuch continuoas, effective monitoring. With respect to -
, t the sciccic hazards, however, a min 4a = of cention and prudence vould i
?
l uppecr to make it imperative that a very thorough seismic and engineering {_f geolo':y study, be completed before cerious consideration is Given to the granting of a. license or permit for actual construction. . g . $00) ROBERT H. ROSE
=
/
Robert E. Rose Recearch Geologist
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. w Crotic1.1,_ J. c.,1952, Dispie-nt along the can Anarces Itult, califeraia: Cool, soc. Ancrica Special Papar 71, p.1-61..
Galle:rcy, Alen J., 1961, Ocolecy of the Point Royos Peninsulc:
- p. .Q-je, and Uso survey, Proposca Point Royos Eation::.1 Docshore,
- Naticr:cl Park Gervice.
1 Hirins, Oncries G.,1951, Ecn Anircas Fault north of San Francisco, ca.tirocais: Gool. Soc. Ancrica Bull., v. 72, p. 51-63.
, m, Jr &
, Ihrphy, Icr.anrd M.,1950,. United states Earthquakes 1947 : Coast and
{~ . [
. Goom tic curvey Corial Ho 730, p. 1-62. .
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_-. t .' QF Tocher, Ion end cando, Uillinm, Appondix N, of the "Pm'4"4"7 f- l Cuy Aus::xa.a liopat," contained in Pacific Gas cn1 Electric -
& -) Ccz.p::r.y liccase application to the Atcaic Energy Co::xiosion, gg ,
dated Dacc=bor 23,1952.
.. 4 rt 2" ! u m ic,idiley, 1933, San Androca Rift Jour. Geolocy, L i v. u, no. 6, p. 793-&*.7; and 193$, California: can Androcs niit, in p., soutincatern California: Jour. Geology, v. 46, No. 8, p. 1017-1057, c.
G [. Uood, Ecrry O. and IL~..k[ N. H..1951, Earthquake History of the f,,{E
., Odcca 3catos: Coast and Gecdotie Survey Serici No. 609, '
N.1 Part II, p. l'-3J. W m-- s E
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p l t : . f I i L1 . l ', / l - K
- Ecfczeneca#for attachment to statonent, dated thy 14, 1953 under-Subject title: " Review and Coccom, on Proposed Civilian Nuclear '
PoWor Reactor on Bodega Ecad, Sonoma Coanty, California." a g e l t
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UNITED STATES
.j-@f- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR '
t '" r.,g, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON 25. D. C.
^
NAY 151953
._ Memorandum 4
Tor Secretary of the Interior i From: Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlifo p !
Subject:
Request by Atomic Energy Commission for review and coc: ment I t on proposed location of a civilian nuclear power reactor on Dodega Hoad, Sonoma County, California L . ii p {* - In complicnce with your requect of April 25, 1963, we have reviewed i the Licence Application and the Preliminary Hazards Summy Report
.N. by Pacific Cas and Electric Company for the Bodega Bay Atomic Park A project.
i-; .6 , t:.;- ! ' Encloced is an evaluation report prepared by T. R. Rice, Director,
- r. . ..g Radiobiological Inboratory, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, E1 Beaufort, North Carolina. This report has been reviewed and approved
;~[j by the Dureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Bureau of
- .i r.= . g n
Co::nercini Fisheries. - 2-It 'is well established. that certain levels of radioactive vastes .
%)E can be discharged into the oceans without adverse effects on fish p eg and wildlife, since circulation incureo mixing of radioactivity A g with large volumes of water, quickly diluting and dispersing the *
$ radioactivity. However, the permissible lovels and rates of discharge f.t of radioactivity are difficult to determine in advance for any specitin j
d area. Thereforo, an extensive monitoring progrcm is essentini for {-,
- each reactor site to insure that concentrations of radioactivity in r._ ,the organisms do not exceed predetermined =v4==
' levels. ' '
i I p g - t Therefore, it is recommended that - i t
, s
- i. 6 -
- 1. ' After the reactor becomes operational, the circulation pattern d of water frcm the coolant outfall again be determined. It is possible that,.the coolant water may bring about come significant changes in'the, circulation pattern. .
.r *
- 2. .
Copies of the preoperational radiological monitoring survey
' report and the operational monitoring program report be made avail.
able to the U. S. Fish ani Wildlife Service to detcrmine whether or not unsafe levels of radioactivity have been found in the water, sediments, or biota. .
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3 r.crect or each previous stace et development be determined as safo before construction or additional units are approved. !
- 4. A decision be ande concerning the ig(ance whiel t be maintained between reactors. . '?
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' r Frank P. Briggs F : v.
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s L k L I Enclosure
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. AN EVAIDATION OF POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON FISH AUD SHELLFISH.0F T12 OPEMTION OF A liUCLEAR RE.%'r03 AT Tilt D0DEGA BAY POUER PIldlT OF '
TIIE PACIFIC GAS AND EIECTaIC COIIP!JiY IDCATED AT BODEGA BEla, CALTJ0PliIA
.By I
. ,' l J
T. R. Rice, Director ; Radiobiological Laboratory . , j
, - - U. S. Bureau of Com:2creial Fisheries _.
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Beaufort, N. C. I p .. i 4 .
. d F-.4 g I Stat'amant o'f problem.'.. I
, . ';i . I. G E:II: - The Pacific Gas and Electric C rpany has submitted an applica. ge .. tion to the Atomic Energy Comission for a construction permit for a pfg ' , Nk nuclear reactor at Bodega Baade. California. The reactor site is on the u_ y Lgt shore of the Paciff.c Ocean in an area'of some importance for comercial l V - -
. i k fisheries. The entry of radioactive materiale into the ocean'or Bodega i
[d** Bay, either by design or by' accident, might conceivably result in. damage g3 , 1 to the fisheries. ,Kt was therefore deemed advisable that' the Bureau of, , h f Comercial Fisheries of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service review the {-- proposal and evalusta possible effects of the operation of the proposed r: - { l reactor on the comercial fisheries of the Bodega Bay area. . [k ! II. Proposed reactor type., - L
~[ j f The . proposed nuclear installation at' Bodega Ecad will consist
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e of a single-cycle, forced-circulation, boiling water reactor of the ther-
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, mal neutron, beterogontous type, using'slightly enriched uranium oxide as fuel and ordinary water as moderator and coolant. . Operating at a rated. i 1003 megawatts thermal output, the reactor will supply steam to a 325
& megawatt turbine. generator. The steam then passes through'a6 condenser !
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G ..)) ~.].. . 2 . and 'a eenincrali::cr beforo being returned to the reactor. Cooling water for the condenocr will be drawn from Bodoca Harbor at the rato of 250,000 gallona por minuto and diccharged into the Pacific Ocean. , III. Handling, treatment, and discharge of usatos. The installation vill includo a radioactive wasto facility to T~'T.
- handle solid, gascoua, and liquid wastes. The solido, which includo spent i i domineralizer resins,_ filter materials, and miscellancoun trash, will be P f%
a stored offatto by a licenced contractor.. Casco will be released from a - m( ,3
.stach after a 20-30 minuto holdup in buried piping. Liquid wastos will hf- bo handled on a batch basis, which pomita accurato monitoring and control; tit g N
Disposition'of liquid wastes may consiot of return to the condensate Egg i
- c. k I cystem, long term 'st'orago pending offaite dicpocal, or disposal to the j ,
g discharge tunnel which' flows into the Pacific Ocean. Wasten diluted with r$ condenser cooling water havin's a flow rate of approximately 250,000 gallons'
..W , -
l
${ per uinute will be monitored in the discharge tunnel before being releace(
- E if-into the ocean and will conform to limits established in Code of Federal p, ,
$ Regulations, Title 10, Part 20 1
/_
IV. Commercial Ticheries of Bodega Bay area. ' P _ .. Co::mercial fichorica of economic importance are located in
] Bodega Harbor and in the nearshora voters of Bodega. Hood. Bodoca Harbor is a protected shallounrater harbor with entensive tide flats that are tho habitat of a(Trich invertebrate fauna. Pinheries of commercial inte--
i rest are tha' horceneck or gaper clams, the Washington clamo, the soft '
'choll clama, and cockles. The nearshore waters of Bodega Head are nursery
, and spawning grounds for such fishes as ling cod, crocaling,.ned and blach
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L .) 3 [ 1 rock fichoo, floundoro, and coloo. Silver and chinook salmon inhabit thcon vatoro during their migratory movemonto. Abalone are harvected in and about the rocky covco. 3odega Harbor is also a port of. landing for cocucreial specico including salmon, the edible crab, shrimp, ling j , cod, rock fish, and sole and nico 10 used as a port for private and C charter sport fishing boats. - i
\
! !. V. Proposed monitoring program by Pacific Cas and Elecitric Company. l em i
W Three curveyo are either being carried out or will soon be i L.. { - i Fhj
- w. ,
initiated by the Pacific Cao and Electric Company. These surveys are j py as follows: h"
- 1. An oceanographic survey which will include studies of
{, 9 the circulation of water in the vicinity of the'outfall. t {f ,
'2 . An ecological survey which will include an inventory of E '
g the organisns in the vicinity of the outfall. Prom another survey made N;~ after the reactor be'comeo operational it can be determined whether or 75 nct any changen are occurring in either the kinds or numbers of plants E E and animslo present in the area. W N .
- 3. An environmental survey which will include a gross deter-
,k , mination of the radioactivity in the marino organioms at the present t
time. After the. reactor becomes operational, tentative plans call for quarterly sampling of the marino waters, plankton, bottom sediments, in-i vertebrates,'sh[11 fish,residentfishes,andoftheintertidalalgaeand eel grass; quarterly sampling of the soil, vegetat! ion, local agricultural
, producto, well water, stream water, and stream mud; weekly sampling of
, sir particulatos and air background; and continuous sampling of atmospheric he, ,
e
- 4
,7
(, / .,) 4 . fallout. Fco::1 this campling program any significant increano in the radioactivity of the organions or environment can be detcetod and compared uitti that occurring prior to the reloacc of radioactive wanto.. i VI. Possible adverso offceto of disposal of radioactive wanto into the 1 i marine environment. i M Unfortunately the problem of radioactive usato dioposal into 3 , l :. [ - tho aquatic environment io compicx and unicos adequate controla cro c::cr-1 (:'j l l cioed could involve at lenot the four following adverse effects, (1) Pon=
.. f sibic hazard to. people from eating conta ,4nnted seafood. The degrco of h:= ::
2 l hE radionuclides concentration which constitutco a contaminant to not cicarly g defined but IM 4 " Permiocible Levels of radioactivity which can be vr . l [- 1 disposed of have been eniculated based on available knowledge to date,
; i '
i 61 (2) Possible economic damage to ,the fisheries of the area resulting fron l M
% the otigma conociated with radioactivity by the consumer public, (3)
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Poonible da::cco to.xmrino orca'nismo from interuni radiation which could. E.-
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reoult in reducing a fi hory, and (4) Pocoible hacard to peopic from E$,I r e::posure to radioactivity ascociated with sand on boschen or with sedi-odnto in shallow unter. -
.I ; VII. Fato of radionuclides in cea water.
! 1 d When radionuclides are released into the' aquatic environment, various factoro 'cond to dilute and dioporco them uhile other fcctors
~
tend to concentrate them. If the rate of dilution,u' ore the only concia [' doration, undoubtedly the Maximum Pormissiblo Concentrations of radio- l
, nuclideo which can be disposed of as vasten vould be adequate criteria in datormining the maximu:2 safe rate of dischargo. Houevert radioactive I
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elements are corbed onto codimento and are conecotrated by organica traich require many of theco cicnento for their norani notabolic acti-vitico. In addition, co to organicas concent.:sto radioicotopeo not nor.asily required but which are chemically siatlar to c1cuento cacen-tial for uctaboliom. Further, the distribution of radionuclides is r nico complicated by the transuiccion of radionuclides fro:a one orca-M , , nica to anothoi through various trophic lovels of the food web and by L v > hj the nigration of organions from the area. u.~g 9 VIII .Knouledge gained from pact radioactive vasto dicpocal operations. l.
!Er:.d .Poccibly the moat uccful information on which to banc estimateo c
of futuro radioactive contamination in any cpecific caso may bo obtained E-
- c' ~ 4 from obacrvationc of environment contaminated by radioactive tractco from
< _.. 3 f :M, reactors circady in operation. There are many cuch reactors throughout .
m:q y . the world which havo o'porated without any apparent hacardous conccquences
~...
ff .to the aquatic environment. Norinctancetherehavobocanoadverco ? "* . s h effecto on fich or shellfich froi the operation ' of reactors at Hanford, , h Wachington; Uindscale, Eng1 cud, and Chalk River, Canada. The Windccale l-l Q r,, = reactor in England has been discharging radioactive vastoo into conceni l W , waters for several years. Concurrently, a conitoring program of the marino l L ' j environment has been carried on and the amount of radioactivity concon-i 6 f;,j .trated by organismo.has been related to' the rato of diccharco. Particu ' lar attention hao}een given to the amount of radioactivity concentrated by flousjers an@#cdible soavecds., These two organ 1cus vero determined , to be good Lucicators of contamination since they vero intimately asso-cintod with highly radioactive sediments, resulting in relatively 'high e . A - s o
- esp. - -am .%..* -en w+ .me .
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.I c6acentaccians of radiacetivity in theco fo.zas. At a diccharco reta j l
of 15) ch.rics of ctrontict 3J per :::onth, floundcas in the ceca conces- '
.trated only 5.4 = 10'O uiercburies per crc::1, dich uns belev the per-miccDio 161ts cet for food crunnicus. At n dicchcrac reto of 27v0
]
caries of ruthentua-100 per tunth, flounders conecatected only 2 u 10*0 . f
~
, nLerocurics por Cr=2, cico within the pc=iccibic limito for cofo
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ha ua ccc:st.ption. Thc30.obcorvctions cod oce:urca:nts indicated it l v:s pos:1ble to inercoco the n++m pcmiccibic diccharco rato of l strontiu.>70 to 3000 curico per conth ccd ruthentua.105 to 5300 curies l l [{I g-
?-a per trnth. The incrocacd rcto of dispassi allouco ct Uindseslo chws e._. k -
h th:t the calculated rates cro based on con =crvativo cathstes. r R l- 4 I;;. Occout.cnded icyclo of radioactivity in ces uster. t- . t . { i 2 '. Severst virthuhilo op;ircaches to determining the caount of l G^ i ' I g.. redisectivity dich can bo disp 60cd of into the occcas have beca ete-i Z", , C1 cc:t:d. Oac of tho,noot recent of theco sacthods is deceribed in Pub. . 1: . E lic tion 035 of the Ucticani 1.cadcq of Scicaccc--U:tional necesrch EO. Cauncil. This report presents Upc' values for con uater CDCC'o) rather c:- ' E~ then for tho effluent v: tor itacif. The cpproach is quito realictic E.~ i
, ' n that the concentration factors of the various clo.unts in ocafood. -
apacific cativity, biological hsif-life, decay, and IPC'o are all considered 1$ deriving the 120C valuco.- In Code of Fedaral Reculs.
, /
tions, Titto 10; Part 20, uhich contains the 1ccol criterin for cufo discharco of vactes,. thor question of the probabic fato of the radio- ' nuclides is cocpictoly ncclocted. '
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. X. Vicit to Lodega Uced, Californis and perconal intervicuo.
On April 23, the cuthor, ceco =penico by Mr. Floyd A. Hendcrcon, Dureaued Recreation; Mr. Gerald D. Talbot, Durcsu of Sporto Ficherico cud Uildlifc; IIr. Dons 1d R. Johncon, Durecu of Coascrcist Ficherica; IIr.
. Cordon V. Richardo, Pacific Goo cnd Licetric Ce.apany; Mr. Amscs C. Cornich,.
If i i California Depart:1ent of Public. Hoolth, usde a trip to Dodega Day, Califor- ,
'I i nis. Uo incpected the recctor cito and the location of the outfall and 0
Y nico had a very stimulating diccuccion about the reactor, the possible
' cffect of the recetor on the marino environment, and the public oppo-
- b. -
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-g cition the propocod enaccruction of the reactor created.- I made a specisi d effort to contact cevoral oc'icntict in thic area that are' concerned
[. vith the propoced'n'uclear-installation. . , e.
- Hr. Amsca'C. Cornich, Radiological Desith, California Department fit e-of Public Ecalth, ctated that the environments 1 monitoring is being con-je ducted for the Pacific Csc cad ' Elcetric Company.by Dr. Ernest D. Salo, p uho collects the csuploc, and the Hacolton Uucicar Science Corporation r1 . . .
E uhich analyzes the scapico for radioactivity. Hr. Cornich said that b-g.? P. C. & E. instructed the Unsolton Corp. to check with hic group and to [f follow hic instruction for analyces. Alco,'Ur. Cornich's group will go I along once a,ycar to collect ocmpics and to run their oun radiological ] 1 I moscurcsents as a check on the Unzelton Corp. The California nadio- ;
/
l l logical Group.i t s requiring P. C. & E. to'heep the radioactivity of l
~
son unter below 10 microcuriec por nilliliter dhich they'believe vill - 1
- cafeguard the marine organioms'and man.. .
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., e I ocdo a pheno call to !!r. Ilarold Disso11, the radialenical . j
- Facatetivo at Secmacato for the Califo.;uis Departnant oh Fich 'and ca.:n. ho vorho closely with Itr. Cornich's group. !!o stated that he : ]
o .. , vas not concerned about the dischargo of varm coolant vetur to the ocoan. j In other creas d ero P. G. (s E. has outfalls koni conventions concrators 9~ I?
- t hc 24.1 found no oicnificant chancor due to the vom votor c::copt in tha 1
iamn11sto vicinity of the outfall. De ' stated that 6, C. & E. had fc11oped I t'_. 1 L- c1L rocmmtations cado by his department at the 'first heariac.. Cinco ' 20 .000 callons'of unter vill be used por minuto for cooling pu:pocco ha' , s gij L
. stated that a scroon chould be placed over the intoko to provent the L!
t-cost =uction of f sh which othorviso nicht he ps: pod is with h coolant vator. coroons'havo, boon plooed over othoc intahas alonC the California l
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. .r be,+.. coact.
h,.. , lle. Arnold'Joacph. Environnontal sciences, AEC, and 1 visited Nt Dr. Cadot IIand of thn Ecolocy Department, University of California at =
>~
p n.- Bachicyo' n U~1aedy, April 24. Dr. Band has an AEC contract to study . ., c:- p the usrino ocolo;;y of Bodo n,Dond. Rio contract hocca about Septochor,
~ , .
h 1 1%3. !!d hno c&sidorod the proposod placcoont of the nue15ar roactor r I / o .
,e - -
and in of tha opinion that it will not be hamful to the marino biota, neither from'rndiction ' mor from a tocporacuro chance from the coolant
, v: tor. As ho continnon his survey abd then the reactor to placed in p . . -i -
operation bo u111 be able to dctcet may chanCoo that nicht occur. Also,
!!r. Joseph and I visited the ABC Bra $ch Offico located at Dorkley. 'We .
discussed the history of the Bodoca reactor with Itr, Rodney L. Smitlarick and thoicquironents for obwwa a'Itconoa to operato a t'occtor. '
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e'" '% UNITED STATES '
/ % ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION i H & * '
wAsninavon s.o.c.
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Hay 23, 1963 Dear Mr. Udall bi m .. Your letter of May 20, 1963 connenting on the application by i t:-3 Pacific Gas and Electric Company for a construction permit F' to build a nuclear power reactor on Bodega Head has been (jj 5 received and referred to our Regulatory Staff. The letter and 1ts attachments will be helpful in the further evaluation of the application.
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F .Our Regulatory Staff is making a thorough evaluation of the [yy suitability of the proposed Bodega Head site and we appreciate your assurance of the availability of the Geological Survey fs ' to assist in this evaluation. As you know, the Geological 7 f, Survey has made personnel available to the Regulatory Staff at i to assist in the geological aspects of this evaluation and
$[ those personnel are currently working on a geological report.
[NI~, Mr. Harold L. Price, Director of Regulation, will be in touch
=' with the Director of the Geological; Survey to discuss what .
v further geological studies may be appropriate to assure that F the geological conditions of the site are fully understood. ,
. Sincerely yours, ,
k- I - F e f, /s/ Robert E. Wilson , , r i l Acting Chairman vh - The Honorable Stewart L. Udal'1 . Secretary of the interior
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,7 C. UNITED STATES 1 gM) DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR '
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- wf; OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY j
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WASHINGTON 25. D. C. . , May 20, 1963 j i i
Dear Dr. Seaborg:
l . 'This letter is in res'ponse to requests made by !!r Robert Lowenstein, Director of your Division of Licensing, and by ?!r. Harold Price, - f j. Director of Regulation, for comment by this Department on the
' Application hnd the Preliminary Summary Hazards Roport submitted to
, f t the Atomic Energy Commission by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company )
.' iI proposing construction and operation of a 325 megawatt (e) nucienr J l power' reactor on Bodega Ifcad which is on the coast of Sonoma County, !
- l. California. Those requests were made in accordance with an informal l
l kli C~ r agreed-upon Prpeedure for Cooperation between our two agencies. -
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{ g;g Attached for your consideration are comments by the Director of the -
-.3 Geological Survey, the Director of the Burcau of !!ines, the' Research .
D il Geologist of the National Park Service, and the Assistant Secretary Eh i for Fish and . Wildlife. The Assistant Secretary's comments are sup- ] plemented by a special report by the Director of the Radiobiological F[t
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Laboratory, Bureau _of Commercini Fisheries, j l kL Our three main areas of concern are: (1) probable adverse effects g y on coastal fisheries in event of accident, (2) possibilities of adverse effects on public use of the new Point Reyes National i
. ,e seismic hazards that would be involved in locating l' l 7-7 Seashore, a major nuclear and (3)Isactor r in close proximity to the San Andreas earth
- p quake fault.
With regnrd to points (1) and (2) -- barring major seismic event -- l t" with continuous and vigilant nonitoring, adverse effects can probably J l by be held,well below the radiological limits that have been ' officially ) l Elt established to safeguard public henith and safety. But with regard i
/ to point' (3), I feel there is reason for grave concern.
e n In the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's " Preliminary Summary !!azards . Report" there-is a section prepared by Mr. Don Tocher, Consulting Seismologist, and Mr. '11111am Ouade, Consulting Ceologist. One of the i severni conclusions set forth by these men (Appendix IV, page 12) is as follows:' / i
- g. nl N "The region near Bodega Bay is remarkably free of G -'q small to moderate sized earthquake's. The region is ,
subject to infrequent major earthquakes generated l 7 3 '. .g % % j . ;
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by Inr.cc fault movements in the Snn Andreas foult t zone. At ! cast one and oerhaps two or more major-cartho,unkes enn bs expected nonr the site within - the next century. Those may he as stront or even somewh1t stronger than the Californin earthqualc , of Anril 18, 1906."' - No detailed studios of scismic hazards at the proposed reactor site on Dodega 1tcad have been made by this ' Department.- But on the b' asis-of the gencrn1 knovicdge we have concerning the San Andreas Fault, the above-quoted statonont of .'tessrs. Tocher and Ounde appears to *
- be a fair statement of probabilities '-'
s that should squarely be faced. . , g-g . , l .
/ The Commission's Advisory Ccenit1see on'P.cactor Safeguards, in its i I April 18, 1963, REPORT N BODEGA BAY PARK--11 NIT #1 takes note of the .
> L location as an activo scismic area, observes that the reactor build-a Ing and the turbino building are to be anchored in different geolog-
"! i ical formations which may introduce stress effects during and subse-L. _. quent to' violent carth shocks, and suggests the need for design of *
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) .carthquake-induced reactor shutdown apparatus along with isolation of the primary system.
t? , M b{ It therefore seems to me that very thorough investigation of the seismic hazards of the Bodega Itcad site should be carried out before l [g any construction permit can safely be granted. The Geological Survey Kg is available to undertako such an investigation if that should be 1 your desire. j-c.
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I If this matter involved no more than construction of a conventionni 6 ' thermal electric plant,'the seismic hazards might be tolerable. But the proposed nuclear-power installn' tion (pinnned with ultimate expan-C sion to 1,000 megawatt (e) canncity in mind) wnuld multiply those . hazards many fold. The hazards I am most concerned about are to 9 public health and safety, but one cannot completely overlook the N Government's further legal obligation to pay " indemnification" up
- l~- to $500 million per' nuclear incident for any casualty damage.in f !
excess of $60 million and for any property dannee in excess,of $60
- j inillion ,that might occur in the event of nuclent power plant accident Lp from'whatever cause.
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,! Sincerely yours, U '
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7 [g j# ' Secretary of the Interior- \: Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg
- Chairman,linited States Atomic Energy Commission
- Washington 25, D. C. '
Attachments (4) P 1
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