ML20205R824
| ML20205R824 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 11/04/1988 |
| From: | Mattsen C NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES) |
| To: | NRC |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20195E797 | List:
|
| References | |
| FRN-53FR32914, RTR-NUREG-BR-0053, RTR-NUREG-BR-53, RULE-PR-20, RULE-PRM-20-15 AC14-1, SECY-88-198, NUDOCS 8811100137 | |
| Download: ML20205R824 (3) | |
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b UNITED STATES
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N NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION i
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wAsm NGTON, D. C. 20665 '
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" N0V ~4 '. g MEMORANDUM FOR: Nuclear Document System Mail Stop P1-137 FROM:
Catherine k. Mattsen,' Regulation 1 Development Branch, DRA, RES
SUBJECT:
REGULATORY HISTORY {53 FR 32914)
Enclosed for your processing are the regulatory documents comprising the regulatory history of the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ei. titled "Disposal of Waste 011 by Incineration". This notice was published in the Federal Register on August 29,1988(53FR32914).
b/W $$4Y Catherine R. Mattsen Regulation Development Branch Division of Regulatory Applications, RES
~~
Enclosures:
1.
Regulatory History Index 2.
Regulatory History Documents
$$11fjf37001104 l
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PDR Regulatory History Index Disposal of Waste Oil By Incineration,10 CFR Part 20 (August 29, 1988; 53 FR 32914) d.
Petition for Rulemaking from Edison Electric Institute and the Utility
.g Nuclear Waste Management Group (July 31,1984;PRM-20-15).
!2.
Development of Recomended Regulatory Cutoff Levels for Low-Level Radioactively Contaminated Oils from Nuclear Power Plants, prepared for Utility Nuclear Paste Management Group by OTHA, Inc., Bland, J. Stewart, et.al., October 1983 (submitted by petitioners).
3.
Notice of Receipt (September 19, 1984; 49 FR 36653 with correction October 1, 1984; 49 FR 38643).
Public coments on PRM-20-15, numbers 1-14.
. y NUREG/CR-4730, "Evaluation of Potential Mixed Wastes Containing Lead, 2
g1$
Chromium, Used Oil, or Organic Liquids," prepared by Brookhaven National Laboratory for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission, Jar,uary 1987.
Request for initiation of rulemaking; memorandum from Eric S. Beckjord to Victor Stello, Jr. dated March 11, 1987.
[.
Approval of rule initiation; memorandum from Victor 5tello, Jr. to Eric S. Beckjord dated May 19, 1987.
8.
Memorandum from Lemoine J. Cunningham to Robert E. Alexander, dated December 17, 1987, t
5 1
V....
Division Review Request, February 24, 1988, from Bill M. Morris to Division Directors.
.[10. Memorandum to Chairman of CRGR a'nd Executi.4 Director of ACRS, 9/29/88.
11.
Formal Division Coments:
DREP/NRR, 2/29/88, J. Philip Stohr VPMAS/NRR, 3/9/88, Frank Gillespie v'DRR/ ARM, 3/9/88, Donnie H. Grimsley s - Supplemental, 3/19/88, Brenda Jo Sheltor to David L. Meyer p o OGC, Stuart A. Treby V LLWM, NHSS, 3/17/88, Malcolm E. Knapp
/
V12. Memorandum from Edward L. Jordan, CRGR, to Eric S. Beckjord, 4/1/88.
v13. Office concurrence request, 5/24/88, from Eric S. Beckjord to Office Directors and the General Counsel
14 Office Concurrences /Coments:
'/GPA, 6/3/88, l!arold R. Denton
/ ARM, 6/6/88, William G. Mcdonald t
V0GC, 6/7/88, Stuart A. Treby te NRR, 6/7/88, Thomas E. Murley p'NMSS, 6/7/88, Hugh L. Thompson V'15. Memorandum submitting rule package to EDO, 6/21/88, from Eric S. Beckjord v' 16. Comission Paper, SECY-88-198 y 17. Memorandum from Samuel J. Chilk, Secretary of the Comission, 8/3/88
- 18. Memorandum transmitting rule and letter to petitioners to EDO for g y,4 i'
signature, 8/16/88
- 19. Letter to petitioners
'"(( s 20.
Implementation Memo from B.M. Morris to John Philips, 8/23/88 21.
Federal Register Notice, 8/29/88, 53 FR 32914 Y:,1fl>IJo 2
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C.
20555 Att,ention:
Chief, Docketing and Service Branch Re Petition for Rulemaking Regarding the Disposal of Radioactively Contaminated Waste Oil from Nuclear Power Plants Which Is Below Regulatory Concern
Dear Six:
The enclosed Petition is submitted on behalf of the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and the Utility Nuclear Waste Management Group (EnEMG) for the issuance of a regulation governing the disposal of low-level radioactively contami-nated waste oil from nuclear power plants,__Specifically,-
EEI/UNWMG are requesting that a regulation be promulgated establishing radionuclide concentrations in waste oil from I
nuclear power plants below which disposal may be carried out l
without regard to the radioactive material content of the l
waste.
Only waste oil with radionuclide concentrations above limits set forth in the regulation would be considered to be of regulatory concern.
EEI/UNWMG ground this request upon the information contained in the Petition, as well as the I
i technical analyses and data set forth in a report entitled l
"Development of Recommended Regulatory Cutoff Levels for Low-Level Radioactively Contaminated Oils from Nuclear Power l
Plants," a copy of which is also enclosed.
In view of the current complexity of procedures associ-ated with the disposal of slightly contaminated waste oil --
and especially because the levels involved are believed to be below regulatory concern -- EEI/UNWMG would appreciate your i
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7 Ninrwur O Hemrncum,P. C.(
Secretary July 31, 1984 Page Two prompt attention to, and action on, the enclosed Petition.
Further, action now would be particularly appropriate in view of the recent Advisory Ccmmittee on Reactor Safeguards state-ment expressing strong support for the establishment of values identifying levels below regulatory concern.
If you have any questions or if we can otherwise be of assistance, please let me know.
Sincerely,
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f Michael A. Bauser MAB mjb Enclosures e
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA f
NUCLEAR REGULTORY COMMISSION CE..f U..E D el 6-j c o.a?
e-In the Matter of
- )
)
RULEMAKING
)
)
Docke'e No. -
Disposal of Radioactively Contaminated )
Waste Oil from Nuclear Power Plants at )
Levels Below Regulatory Concern
)
)
I.
IJtroduction Pursuant to 10 CFR S 2.802, the Edison Electric Institute
("EEI") and the Utility Nuclear Waste Managsment Group ("UNWMG")
hereby petition the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ("NRC" or s
"Commission") to issue a regulation governing the disposal of low-level radioactively contaminated waste oil from nuclear power plants.
Specifically, EEI/UNWMG request that a regula-4 tion be promulgated establishing radionuclide concentrations in waste oil at which disposal may be carried out without regard to the radioactive material content of the wasta.
Only
~
disposal of waste oil with radionuclide concentrations above limits set forth in the regulation would be considered of regulatory concern.
EEI/UNWMG ground this Petition upon the information contained herein, a: well as the technical analyses and data set forth in the enclosed report entitled "Develop-ment of Recommended Regulatory Cut Off Levels for Low-Level Radioactively Contaminated Oils from Nuclear Power Plants"
("Report").
4 L MA A A N
V [ V(T V [ V y Q f ~
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II.
Background
On December 27, 1982, the Commission published its final rule establishing licensing requirements for the land disposal of low-level radioactively contaminated waste (10 CFR Part 61).
47 Fed. Reg. 57,,446.
In the supplementary informa-tion accompanying the rule, the Commisaion noted that numerous commentors had requested that it develop a,"de minimis" standard pursuant to which certain wastes could be disposed of by less restrictive means than existing practices.
Id. at 57,453.. The Commission expressed its agreement that establish-ment of such de minimis standards would reduce disposal and long-term site maintenance costs, help preserve disposal capacity for wastes with higher activity levels, enhance over-all stability of disposal facilities and tend to reduce ground-water migration impacts.
Thus, the Commission expressed its willingness "to accept petitions for rulamaking
. for declaring certain waste streams to be of no regulatory concern,"
and identified some of the information necessary to support such a petition.
Id.
More recently, the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safe-guards (ACRS) recommended that de minimis levels of radiation exposure be established, finding that the development of such values "would complement the Commission's efforts to establish safety goals."
Letter, Jesse C. Ebersole to Honorable
- d.
i Nunzio J. Pallcdino (Tcbruary 13, 1984).
Tho ACRS ccnclud:d that tha davolcpmcnt of og minimis valuas would fester consistency, equity and reasonable-ness in regulations it would help in setting regulatory priorities; and it would help expedite the solving of certain regulatory problems.
In addition, such values would reduce regulatory and compliance costs by obviating the need to devote resources to consideration of trivial levels of radiation exposure.
Establishment of such values would also promote better public under-standing and acceptance of the potential effects of radiation.
Id-The' Commission has already developed certain criteria
~
defining regulatory cutof f levels for radioactively contani-nated waste.
For example, 10 CFR $ 20.306 authorizes the disposal of liquid scintillation media and animal tissue containing no greater than 0.05 microcurie per gram of H-1
- or C-14 without regard to their radioactivity, on page
~ ' '
nine of the value/ impact appraisal accompanying the regulation when it was proposed, the Commission concluded that "since the probable dose to exposed r. ambers of the i
l public is less than 1 mram per year, it is concluded that the proposed snendments have no significant impact on the l'
environment."
It is also our understanding that, in draft proposed revisions to 10 CFR Part 20, the NRC Staf f has defined de minimis exposure as that exposure to radiation which would present a calculated risk of biological harm so low, I
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i rolctiva to tuo riska fcccd reutinoly frv3 daily cetivitics, that the risk from radiation would be a triflo cnd of n) regulatory concern.
We understand further that a numerical dose level of one mram was determined to represent this negligibly small risk.1/
In addition, the Commission has ayproved alternative methods of disposing of very low-leve) radioactively con-taminated waste at several nuclear peser. plants pursuant to individual requests filed under 10 C1'R S 20.302.
In several of these instances, dose estimates for various postulated individu'ais hav'e' exceeded 1 mram per year.
~
In sum, Commission policy, as evidenced by its ongoing regulatory activities, recognizes a dose rate of 1 mram/ year
- /
It should be noted that a distinction can be made between a truly de minimis level of exposure to radioactivity, and a level of exposure below regulatory concern.
A de minimis level of exposure is one which han been deter-mined to represent a negligibly small risk to the public such that it may be disregarded in evaluating compliance with HRC regulations without a consideration of the costs or resources associated with compliance.
The Ccmmission's reposed 10 CFR Part 20 revisions reflect such a truly Je minimis value.
On the other hand, the determination 6? a level of exposure deemed to be below regulatory con-cern (i.e., where the expenditure of additional resources for further reduction is unwarranted), does not necessari!,y mean that that level of exposure may be considered insig-nificant without regard to the costs of compliance and enforcement.
The purpose of this Petition is to provide the analfses l
and information needed to support an amendment to NRC regulations identifying a level of exposure frem waste oil which may be deemed below regulatory concern when con-sidered in conjunction with the costs of continued dis-It should be pointed posal at licensed burial facilities.
however, that the 1 mrem per year standard suggested
- out, herein has been considered to be a truly de minimis standard in the Commission's draft revisi6ns to 10 CFR Part 20.
i
i co d2 ninimis, or prosenting an insignificant Icval of risk' to tha public.0/
Each year, quantities of waste oil containing very low levels of radioactive contamination are produced at nuclear Power plents.
At present, however,.the only generally approved disposal method for low-level radioactively con-taminated waste oil involves absorption or solidification, transportation to, and burial at, a licensed disposal faci,11ty.
Disposal nf waste oil in this manner is costly, inconsistent with the NRC's policy in f avor of volume reduction, and represents an inefficient use of Commission, licensee and
~
burial site resources.
See Report V-1 to VI-3.
As this Petition demonstrates, however, waste oil, under certain conditions, may be disposed of in a considerably more efficient manner, while providing adequate protection for both the environment, and public health and safety.
Accord-ingly, the Commission should adopt the regulation propcsed herein establishintf radionuclide concentrations in waste oil below which disposal may be carried out without regard to the.
radioactive centent of the waste.
III. The Waste Stream Low-level radioactively contaminated waste oil is generated at all operating nuclear power plants.
The principal
- /
An individual total body effective dose of 1 mrem / year is also within the operating guidelines of 10 CFR
~
Part 50, Appendix I; is a small fraction of both the 40 CFR 190 environmental radiation dose standard and regional variations in natural background radiation; and represents an annual health effect risk factor of approximately 10-7
~ '
- w - - - - - - -.
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scureco of such vasto oil oro primary cystem pump motors (including reactor coolant pumps) at pressurized water reactors (" PWR s " ), and turbines and pump motors, such as recirculation and feedwater pump motors, at boiling water reactors ("BWRs").
Wa'ste oil also collects in turbine and radwaste building sumps, equipment drain trays and during maintenance operations (miscellaneocs waste oils).*/
Report at V-1.
Radioactivity levels for sources of waste oil such as 3
pump tyrkines and motors at both PWRs and BWRs are typically in the 10 tp 10 p Ci/ml range with Mn-54, Co-58,
~
~
Co-60, Cs-134 and Cs-137 the dominant radionuclides.
Miscel-laneous waste oils at PWRs and BWRs -- from sumps, drains, etc. -- generally contain the same dominant radionuclides, but concentrations are more variable, typically ranging
~4 from 10 p Ci/mi to 10 jtci/nl.
Thest often are oil-
~
j water mixturis'.~ 'Piior processing might be necessary before
~
disposal by some of the methods addressed in this Petition.**/
See Report at V-1 to -5.
,/
Other oily wastes consist predominantly of oily rags, heavy sludges and oily absorbents.
Thkse wastes are better characterized as a miscellaneous waste product and are not within the scope of this Petition.
Report at V-1.
For the mixtures, prior processing to remove the bulk of 11/
the water would be required, for example, in order for the wastes to have any recycle potential.
For the these purposes of evaluating regulatory cutoff levels, oily, water mixtures f all within the scope of this Petition and the Report to the extent that the ac*.ivity levels are within the bounds of the Report analysis, and the nature of the oil (either before or after any pro-is cessing needed to separate the bulk of the water) suitable for the identified disposal process.
See Report at V-1.
-........ nuw.vuvivvf Tho objoe<wivo of tho analysis prosonscd in tho R port, snd upon which this Petition is largely based, was to deter-mine the maximum concentration of a mixture of fission and activation product radionuclides in waste oil, such that the waste oil can be disposed of by one or more methods without resulting in a' postulated radiation dose to the most exposed person greater than a regulatory cutoff level of one aram per year.
Data on generation cates, radionuclide concentra-tions and content ware gathered from 15 operating plants >
~
including 29 units (16 PWRs and 13 BWRs).
A number of specific disposa1' methods were considered individually.
~
Those methods were to burn the oil on the nuclear reactor site in a controlled location; to burn it offsitti to spray it on an unpaved. read, as is done for dust controit to solidify it and bury it in a landfill; and to recycle it in' the same manner as is done commercially with waste oil.
Report at VII-1 to VIII-3.
The ultimate objective was to identify mechanisms by which waste oil at specific levels of contamination could bu disposed of in an efficient, environ-mentally acceptable, cost-beneficial manner while assuring that the pestulated radiation dose does not exceed the regulatory cutof f level.
V.
Results The detailed analysis presented in the Report yields --
in essence, for each specified disposal scenario -- the limiting concentration of Jach radionuclide which would produce an(ef f ective deso equivalent (of one milliram per year of exposure.
See Report at VII-1 to IX-3.
Below, in 4
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Tablo 1, io o tummary of tho dicpocol li ts, wnich would t
rosult i.n o daso of eno tillirem per yoor, oc prosanted in Table IX-2 on page IX-5 of the Report.
Table 1
SUMMARY
OF DISPOSAL LIMITS Disposal Limit Key Limiting scenario vC1/cm3 Isotopos*
Pethways Burn on-site 3.9L-04 Co-60 Ata-Ground-Irrad tatfon Short Stack 7.1E-04 Sr-90 Ata-Veget-Ingest 8.1E-04 Cs-131 Ata-Ground-Irradiation 1.2E-03 Cs-134 Ata-Ground-Irradiation 2.4E-02 Ag-110m Ata-Ground-Irradiation Burn on-site 3.9E-03 Co-60 Ata-Ground-Irradiation Tall 5 tack 7.1E43 3r-90 Ata-Veget-Ingest 8.1E-03 Cs-137 Ata-Ground-Irradiation 1.2E-02 Cs-134 Ata-Ground-Irradiation 2.4E-02 Ag-110m Ata-Ground-Irradiation Burn off-site 3.9E-05 Co-60 Ata-Oround-Irradiation Short Stack 7.1E-05 3r-90 Ata-Veget-Ingest 8.1E-05 Cs-137 Ats-Ground-Irradiation 1.2E-04 Cs-134 Atm-Ground-Irradiation 2.4E-04 Ag-110m Ata-Ground-Irradiation Spray on Road 2.9E-03 Ag-110m Irradiation 3.1 E-03 Co-60 Irradiation 4.1E-03 3r-90 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 4.4E-03 C s-134 Irradiation 6.6E-03 Fe-59 Irradiation 7.5E-03 Co-58 Irradiation 9.1E-03 Mn-54 Irradiation 1.1E-02 Zr-Nb-95 Irradiation 1.3E-02 Cs-137 Irradiation
~
1.3E-02 In-65 Irradiation 1.4E-02 Ru-106 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.5E-02 Ru-103 Irradiation 1.5E-02 Ce-144 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident Solidify-Bury-Landfill 3.8E-05 Sr-50 Ata-Veget-Ingest 2.1E-04 Cs-137 At:n-Yeget-Ingest Recycle 5.9E-05 Ag-110m sludge-Irradiation 6.3C-05 Co-60 Sludge-Irradiation 8.9E-05 Cs-134 Sludge-Irradiation 1.3E-04 Fe-59 Sludge-Irradiation 1.5E-04 Co-58 Sludge-!rradiation 1.8E-04 Mn-54 Sludge-!rradiation 2.1 E44 Ir-Nb-95 sludge-Irradiation 2.5E-04 Cs-137 Sludge-Irradiation 2.7E-04 In-65 Siudge-Irradiation 3.0E-04 Ru-103 Sludge-Irradiation
- All isotopas whose limits are within a f actor of ten of the most limiting isotops are listed.
9 8
,-...,,.,,..,,-_m____--,,,.-_-.w
Comparison of these concentration values with those derivcd from the 15 plant study discussed in the Report reveals that some of the recorted oils can be disposed of by all of the disposal scenarios, and all of them can be disposed of by some such scenario, without exposing any individual to more than 1 mram per year.
The Report noted that, from the values tabulated above and by conservatively assuming that all ace.ivity is from the most restrictive isotope, it is possible to specify limiting gross activity levels for each disposal method.
Specifically, waste oils can be disposed of via the six scenarios considered if the gross activity levels are less than those shown below.
Table 2 GROSS ACTIVITY LEVELS Gross Activity Limit Diseosal Scenario PCi/cm3 (1)
Burn on-site 4E-04 Short Stack (2)
Burn on-site 4E-03 Tall Stack (3)
Burn off-site 4E 05 Short Stack (4)
Spray on Road 3E-03 (5)
Solidify-Bury 4E-05 (6)
Recycis 6E-05 Report at IX-2 to
-3, IX-6.
It should be noted that, for disposal by methods (1),
(2), (3) and (6), limiting concentrations of radionuclides e
M O
4
in contaminntcd oil oro invorsoly pr portion 31 to tho voluma of oil disposed of each year.
For these teenarios, the concentration limits presented in the above table are based on the most limiting radionuelide and disposal of no more than 1,000 gallons of oil per year.
Appendix C of the Report contair_2 concentration 1Lmits for individual nuclides, based on disposal of 1,000 gallons of oil per year.
If the amoun*.
of oil actually disposed of during a year at a site by one' of these scenarios differs from 1,000 gallons, the sum of the ra,tios o.f each n.uclide present to the concentration limit for the same radionuclide s.hould not exceed the value of 1,000 divided by the number of gallons disposed of during the year.
See Report X-1 te
-3.
VI.
Conclusion Both the Commission and the ACRS have expressed support for the development of regulatory cutoff levels.
The Co==is-sion, in particular, has invited petitions for rulamaking on particular waste streams which might be considered. below regulatory concern, and has formulated some criteria identi-fying exposure levels deemed de minimis, and certainly below regulatory concern.
Waste oil generated in nuclear power plants appears to be particularly suitable for such treatment.
Current methods of disposal are unnecessarily costly, inconsistent with NRC
/
e
policy fcvoring voluma rcouction, cnd rcprosant en Anoifi-cient use of NRC, licensee and burial site resources.
The analyses described herein, and set forth in detail in the accompanying Report, demonstrate that ter_ niques are available by which waste oil can be' disposed of without resulting in exposures to the public in excess of 1 mram/ year.
The 1 crem/ year standard is a conservative value which is consistent with current NRC policy.
Thus, the radionuclide concentrations set forth in the attached Report should be utilized by the NRC in establishing guidelinea for the dis-posal of waste oil without regard to its radioactive content.
Specifically, the Commission should amend its regulations as described in the Attachment to this Petition, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Respectfully submitted,
~
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Michael A. Bauser Dated:
July 31, 1984 NEWMAN & HOLTZINGER, P.C.
1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C.
20036 (202) 862-8400 Counsel to Edison Electric Institute Utility Nuclear Waste Management Gro.
e
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In tho M0tte, of RULEMAKING Disposal of Radioactively Contaminated Waste Oil from Nuclear Power Plants at Levsis Below Regulatory Concern Attachment Amend 10 C.F.R. Part 20 by:
(1,)
Add,ing a new subsection (c) to section 20.306 zeading as follows:
(c) Waste oil not exceeding the following gross activity limits by the indicated methods, pro-vided that, the total quantity of oil disposed of at a single location by methods (1), (2),
(3) and (6) either not exceed 1,000 gallons per years or that the sum of the ratios of each radionuclide present to the
~~
~ -
~' ~~ concentration of that radio-nuclide in Part 20, Appendix E not exceed the value of 1,000 divided by the number of gallons disposed of per year at that
- location, i.e.,
concentration of radionuclide i 1,000 I radionuclide i Part 20, App. I volume of gallons dis-
~~
g concentration posed of at location (g al./yr)
(-
.)
Grass Activity Limit Disposal Method mci /cm3 (1) Burn on-site 4x10~4 Short Stack
~3 (2) Burn on-site, 4x10 Tall Stack
-5 (3) Burn off-site 4x10 Short Stack t
(4) Spray on Road 3x10~3 (5) Solidify-Bury 4x10-5 (6) Recycle 6x10-5 (2)
Redesignate existing subsections "(c)" and "(d),'
"(d)" and " (e)" respectively.
(3)
Add a new Parc 20, Appendix E, as folleds:
I
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Appendix E -- Concentration Lim!.ts for Wasta 011 Disposal Under the Provisions of 10 CFR $ 20.306 (c) by Elament and Disposal Method i
CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARlo (pCi/cm3 )
1 Ag110m 5.9x10 Recycle 2
2.4x10 Burn offsite-short stack u 2.4x10 Burn onsite-short stack l
3 3
2.9x10 Spray on road 4
2.4x10 Burn ensite-tall etack 5
%.3x10 Soli 61fy-bury / landfill 2-e
CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT F.*SPOS AL SCENARIO
~'
(pci/cm3)
Cel41 1.9x10 Recycle 4
1.9x10 Burn offsite-short stack 4
9.'6x10 Spray on road 5
v-1.9x10 Burn onsite-short stack 0
1.9x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 12 1.0x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 2
Ce144 6.5x10 Burn offsite-short stack 3
3.3x10 Recycle 3
6.5'x10 Burn onsite-short stack v
4 1.5x10 Spray on road 4
6.5x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 5
2.2x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 2
Cc58 1.5x10 Re ycle 3
2.2x10 Burn offsite-short stack 3
7.5x10 Spray on road 4
t 2.2x10 Burn onsite-short stack 5
2.2x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 9
1.6x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 1
Co60 3.9x10 Burn offsite-short stack 1
6.3x10 Recycle 2
1.6x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 2
e 3.9x10 Burn onsite-short stack 3
3.1x10 Spray on road 3
3.9x10 Burn ensite tall stack
t CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO (pci/em3) 3 Cr51 4.9x10 Recycle 1.8x10' Burn offsite-short stack 2.'4x105 Spray on road 6
- 1.8x10 Burn onsite-short stack 7
1.8x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 12 1.0x10 solidify-bury / landfill 1
Cs134 8.9x10 Recycle 2
~'
1.2x10 Burn offsite-short stsek 3
- 1.2x10 Burn onsite-short stack 3
1.7x10 solidify-bury / landfill 3
4.4x10 spray on road 4
1.2x10
-Burn ensite-tall s' tack 1
Cs137 8.1x10 Burn offsite-short stack 2
2.1x10 Sclidify-bury / landfill 2
2.5x10 Recycle 2
8.1x10 Burn onsite-short stack 3
8.1x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 4
1.3x10 Spray on road 4
re55 2.6x10 Burn offsite-shert stack 2.6x15 Burn onsite-short stack w
6 1.8x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 6
2.3x10 Spray on road 6
2.6x10 Burn ensite-tall sthek 12 1.0x10 g,,ygg,
1 CONCEN.
NUCLIDE I,IMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO (pci/cm3)
Fe59 1.3x10 Racycle 3
3.0x10 Burn offsite-short stack 6.'6x10 Spray on road 4
3.0x10 Burn onsite-short stack v
5 3.0x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 11 3.7x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 2
Mn54 1.sx10 3,,y,7 2
6.2x10 Burn offsite-short stack 3
6.2x10 Burn ontite-short stack y
3 9.1x10 Spray on road 4
6.2x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 5
5.2x10 Solidify-bury / land' fill 2
Nb95 2.1x10 Recycle 3
6.1x10 Burn offsite-short stack 4
1.0x10 Spray on road 4
v 6.1x10 Burn onsite-sl. ort stach 5
6.1x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 12 1.Ox10 Solidify-bury / landfill Ni63 8.5x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 4
2.1x10 Burn offsite-short stack l 5
2.1x10 Burn onsite-short stack v
6 l
2.0x10 Spray on road 0
2.1x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 12 1.0x10 Recicle 5-
CCNCEN.
\\
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENAAIO_
(pci/cm3) 4 Pr.143 2.6x10 Burn offsite-short stack 5
,2.6x10 Burn onsite-short stack l
0 2.6x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 7
1.3x10 Spray on road 12 i
1.0x10 g,,ygg, 12 1.0x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 5
Te127 1.1x10
,,,ycy, 6
~*
4.2x10 Burn offsite-short stack 5.3'x100 Spray on road 7
,4.2x10 Burn onsite-short stack 8
4.2x10 Burn ensite-tall stack-Rb86 1.7x10 Recycle 3
8,8xiO
._2 urn offsite-short stack 4
8.4x10 Spray on road 4
8.8x10 Burn onsite-short stack 5
8.8x10 Burn ensite-tall stack' 12 1.0x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 3
Te127m 1.7x10 Burn offsite-short stack 4
1.7x10 Burn ensite-shor stack 5
1.7x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 5
9.7x10 3,,ygg, 0
1.3x10 Sprai on road 7
3.3x10 Solidify-bury / landfill.
(
CONCEN.
'a NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO
(pci/cm3) lC Te129 1.Sx10 Recycle f,
4 7.4x10 spray on road 3-7 1.3x10 Bdrn off site-short stack -
,1.3x10 Burn onsite-short. stack.,
1.3x10' Burn ensite-tall stack Te 2 9',
1.4x10 Recycle 3
3.8x10 Burn offsite-short stack l
4
/ 3.8x10 Burn onsite-short stack.
6.9x10 spray on road
.f 5
3.8x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 12 1.0x10
's olidify-bury / landfill 2
Rul03 3.0x10 Recycle 3
7.6x10 Burn offsite-short. stack 4
1.5x10 Spray on road 4
- 7.6x10 Burn onsite-short stack,
5 7.6x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 12 1.0x10 solidify-bury / landfill,
i 2
Rul06 5.9x10 Burn offsite short stack 2
7.1x10 Recycle l
3
/ 5.9x10 Burn onsite-short stack 4
1.4x10 Spray on road 4
5.9x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 5
4.7x10 Solidify-bury /lar.dfill.
n-
,,,,,,,,,,,_-c--,,-
', '.i' i
CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO PCi/cm3) 3 Sr89 3.1x10 Burn offsite-short stack 4 3.1x10 Burn onsite-short stack 5
4.9x10 Spray on road 6
1.9x10 Recycle 6
2.1x10 Burn onsite-tall stack 10 2.9x10 Solidify-bury / landfill Sr90 3.8x10 Solidify-bury / landfill 1
7.1x10 Burn offsite-short stack 2
4 7.1x10 Burn onsite-short stack 3
4.1x10 Spray on road 3
7.1x10 Burn ensite-tall stark 12 1.0x10 Recycle 3
Y91 2.9x10 Burn offsite-short stack 4
2.9:410 Burn onsite-short stack 4
4.4x10 Recycle 2.9x10 Burn ensite-tall stack" 5
5 4.4x10 Spray on road 8
6.2x10 Solidify bury / landfill 2
2n65 2.7x10 3,cycy, 1.ax10 Burn offsite-shert stack 4
1.0x10 Burn onsite-short stack 4
1.3x10 Spray on road 5
1.0x10 Burn ensite-tall stsek 5.8x10 Solidify-bury / landfill l
5
(
... 's CONCEN.
,.~
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO (pci/cm3) 2 ErS5 2.1x10 Recycle 3
3.4x10 Burn offsite-short stack 1.1x10 Spray on road 4
3,4x10 Burn onsite-short stack a
5 3.4x10 Burn ensite-tall stack 4.Ox10, Solidify-bury / landfill 9
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'84 J1 31 P?$2 DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDED REGULATORY CUTOFF LEVELS FOR LOW-LEVEL RADI0 ACTIVELY
^
CONTAMINATED OILS FROM NUCLEAR POWER PtANTS prepared for UTILITY NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT GROUP by OTHA, Inc l
J Stewart Eland Joseph A Lieberman Henry W Morton Walton A Rodger j
L 8ethesda, MO October 1983
.i t
l I
i aiGeo1osk) lien.
I Errata Sheet l
DEVELOPMENT OF RECOMMENDED REGULATORY CU10FF LEVELS FOR LOW-LEVEL RAD 10ACl!VELY y
CONIAMINATED OILS FROM l
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS t
Page IX-5 Under column Disposal Scenario third item should read
- Burn off-site
[
Short Stack 1
t Page IX-6 The Gross Activity Limit in uti/cm3 for Land Fill should be 4E-05 (not i-3E-06).
e s.** e 4
e~'
i
l TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND I-1 II OVERVIEW OF CURRENT REGULATIONS 11-1 A C-14 & H-3 in Medical Waste 11-1 B Draft Proposed Revision to 10CFR20 11-2 C 10CFR 20.302 Approvals 11-4 Case 1
!!-4 Case 2 11-5 Case 3 II-6
-Case 4 II-6 Case 4 (amended)
II-7 III - RADIATION DOSE CRITERIA FOR A REGULATORY CUTOFF LEVEL
!!I-1 IV INFORMATIO:4 REQUIRED T0 SUPPORT A REGULATORY CUTOFF LEVEL IV-1 V
CONTAMINATED WASTE OILS IDENTIFICATION, QUALIFICATION. AND CHARACTERIZATION Y-1 VI WASTE OIL DISPOSAL COSTS--AS RA0 WASTE VI-1 A Solidification Cost VI-1 B Shipping Cost VI-2 C
Burial Site Costs VI-2 0 Total Cost VI-2 VII CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATION LIMITS FOR DISPOSAL VII-1 A Disposal Scenarios & Exposure Pathways VII-1 1
Burning VII-1 2 Spraying on Roadway VII-2 3 Recycling VII-3
.4 Solidify & Bary VII-3 VI!!
METH00 0F ANALYSIS VIII-1 IX RES%TS IX-1 X
APPLICATIONS X-1 XI REFERENCES XI-1 APPENDICES A Recycling B Equations C
Detailed Results 1
TABLE OF TABLES Title Page Table No.
h Overview of Existing Regulatory Dose Limits III-3 111-1 IV-1 Summary of Inf ormation Needed to Support IV-2 a Regu'atory Cutoff Level V-1 Summary--Waste Oil in Storage, Generation L
V-4 Rates and tontamination Levels VIII-3 VIII-1 Scenarios & Pathways Considered IX-1 Radionuclide Minimum Concentration Limits IX-4 s
IX-5 IX-2 Summary of Disposal Limits IX-6 IA-3
.Suggtsted Gross Activity Levels 9
D
\\
e d
e 0
r--
OEVEL.0PMENT OF RECOMMENDED REGULATORY CUT 0ff LEVELS FOR LOW-LEVEL RADI0 ACTIVELY CONTAMINATED OILS FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS I
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4
The NRC has recognized the need for establishing levels of radioactivity that are so low as to pose an insignificant risk and thereby allow for the disposal of certain types of waste without regard to their radio-active material content.
In response to a direct request from the Radiation Policy Council, on November 24, 1980, the NFC Orovided a policy statecent (Go80) entitled 'The Nuclear Regulatory Comission Interim Plan for Identification and Analyses of Specific Wastestreams Which Pose Such a Small Risk that Cont.rol for Radiation Protection Purposes is Not Necessary.'
The position presented by the policy is that the NRC intends
~
to address the issue of regulatory cutof f levels of radioactivity on a waste stream by waste stream basis.
In the Federal Register Notice promulgating the rule on low-level waste disposal (10. C F R Part 61), the NRC noted its willingness to consider petitions for rulemaking on regulatory cutof f levels (NRC82a):
...the Comission believes that the p roc e s ?,
of examining a few specific waste streams will facilitate the development of generic requirements and is accelerating its ef forts on setting standards for disposal of wastes by less restrictive means.
In this regard, the C,omisticn staf f is willing to accept petitions for rulemaking f rom iteensees, liscensee crganizations. or othert for declaring certain waste streams to be of no regulatory concern.'
It also identified the information requirements for such petitions.
In the NRC draf t proposed revhion to 10 CFR 20, that is mainly directed to incorporating 1,he principles of ICRP 26 and 30 into the hRC reguia-i tions, dt, minimis criteria for the evaluation of radiation doses have I-1
- s been incorporated.
These criteria as proposed are intended to define a I
i truly A.t minimit level, a level that has been determined to represent a negligibly small risk which can be disregarded in further evaluating The concept of a d.t minimis level compliance with the NRC regulations.
for radioactive waste is a level below which the waste can be disposed of without regard to its radioactivity content.
A regulatory cutof f level l
4 is not necessarily intended to represent a d,t minimis level but is su:h i
that expenditure of resources for further reduction is clearly not i
is of no regulatory l
justified, and the associated radiation dose level I
I concern.
i l
The NRC's direction in addressing the issue of very low-level contami-l nation ani$ ' establishing regulatory cutof f levels is clearly identified.
i However, it has been the lack of a well-established data btse and clearly j
identified and evaluated costs and benefits of such regulatory cutof f f
l j
levels that has hindered timely NRC actions.
IE Information Notice 83-05 licensees the opportunity to pursue alternative (NRC83) of fers to NRC l
disposal methods until generic provisions f or disposing of very low-level
{
radioact'ive waste can b2 adopted through a rulemakitig.
'As stated in the l
information notice:
i I
this information notice is to bring the i
i "The purpose of provisions of 10 CFR 20.302(a) to the attention of l
1 i
licensees.
The NRC staff believes that submittals and
)
approvals in accordance with 10 CFR 20.302(a) can provide a f
}
reasonable alternative to high cost disposals by shallow I
1anii burial at waste repositories of large volumes of l
l material contaminated at low levels.
Such submittals could also provide a data base for further development of regula-l tory provisions for disposing of specific wastes below some j
activity level without regard to their radioactivity f
l
)
similar to the provisions of 10 CFR 20.306 for disposing of f
certain licensed materials containing low levels of I
1
}
5 f
1 t
I I-2
s The NRC has recer.tly autho?ized several nuclear power plants to relocate and/or dispose of radioactivity contaainated soils and oils in a manner other than at a licensed radioactive waste burial site.
This authorized relocai,lon and/or disposal, unlike the it minimis provisions of the draf t revision to 10 CFR 20, have not been 'without regard to its radioactivi-ty.'
The environmental and occupational radiation exposures and the costs of required disposal at a licensed 'ourial site have been con-sidered.
An evaluation of the risks and benefits (or in keeping with the NRC terminology, a' value-impact analysis) was performed to justify the alternative disposal method.
These alternative disposal methods have been authorized by the NRC ut. der *he provisions of 10 CFR 20.302.
Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to provide the analyses and information required to support a recomendation regarding radioactive material concent-ations in a specific waste stream, namely waste oil, I
below which alternative' disposal methods can be used without regard to the radioactive material content.
This report also is inteided to serve as a basic ref erence that individ-ual utilities may use in evaluating their specific waste oil storage, trtJtment, and disposal prot,lems and options available for alternative disposal under the provisions of 10 CFR 20.302 and can serve as a support document for a petition to the NRC for a generic rulemaking on criteria I
for the unrestricted release of waste oils f rom nuclear facilities.
I-3
II OVERVIEW 0F CURRENT REGULATORY CRITERIA A
C-14 and H-3 in Medical Watte In March,1981, the NRC amended its regulations to allow for the disposal of liquid scintillation medium and animal tissue containing 0.05 micro-curie or less of H-3 or C-14 per gram of medium without regard to its radioactivity (NRC81).
This regulatory cutof f level was oriented pradem-inantly toward medical and research waste and was incorborated into the regulations as 10 CFR 20.306.
The driving force for this NRC action was the intned tate urgency in addressing the continued disposal of these wastes.
Because of the flammability and leaching characteristics of
. liquid. scintillation medium, the pathogenic hazards, and the trench voiding which results,from decaying animal cercasses, the continued disposal of large quantities of these wastes was undesirable for both the regulatory bodies and the buria's site oporators.
At the time of the amendment, it was estimated that approximately 30% of the total vaste being disposed of at licensed burial' sites could be
~
classified as institutional wast? (NRC81).
Of this 30%, approximately half was liquid scintillation counting waste (13% of total) and biologi-cal waste (3% of total).
Estimated annual costs of disposal of these I
wastes at licensed radioactive waste burial sites was estimated to be $13 million for the scintillation waste and $3.3 million for the biological waste for a total of approximately $16 million.
A net savings of $13 annually was estimated recognizing some continued cost of disposal as non-radioactive waste.
For the radioactive dose analysis (ie, impact of the rule) the most likely disposal methods and pathways of exposiire were evaluated *.
Incineration was identified as providing the highest potentia
- radiation dose.
Doses were evaluated for an individual living a distance et 40 meters from an incinerator stack from which anneal releases were 275 mci 4
US Nuclear Regulatory Comission, Preliminary Vtlue/ Impact Statement of Amendments to 10 CFR 20 for Disposal of Biomedical and Aqueous Wastes.
11-1
For continuous occuparay and an incinerator annual operating time of 2000 hours0.0231 days <br />0.556 hours <br />0.00331 weeks <br />7.61e-4 months <br />, the inhalation doses were calculated to be 0.01 mrem to the total body f rom H-3 and 0.04 mrem /yr to the bone For the ingestion pathway, doses were estimated to be 0.03 f rom C-14.
mrem /yr to the total body f rom H-3 and 5.3 mrem /yr to tne bone f rom Recognizing the overly conservative a.sumptions used in evaluating C-14.
the doses, the NRC estimated that any actual doses to a member of the public would likely be much less than 1 mrem /yr.
Population exposures were estimated to represent a total of about 0.4 health ef fett during the next 1,000 generations.
(Details were not provided on the methods used to estimate population doses.
From *he information included in the Federal Register Notice, it is impossible to attach any real significance to the fop'ulaton risk evaluation and importance in developing the final numerical criteria--except.to present a final conclusion that no real population risks were involved.)
The important result of the NRC's value-impact analysis (NRC81) was
...since the probable dose to exposed inembers of the public is less than 1 mrem per year, it is concluded that the ' proposed amendments have no significant impact on the environment.'
B Draf t Prooosed Revision to 10 CFR 70 13, 1983 ver-In the NRC draf t proposed revision to 10 CFR 20 (January l
sion) the issue of disposal of licensed radioactive material is addressed in a general manner as two distinct issues:
- 1) (3,minimis levels (draft proposed Subpart E--93, minimis levels for Ooses to Individual Members of I
the Public) and 2) trestment and disposal of specific waste (draft Subptri K--Waste Dispnsal).
The distinction is between a truly d.t minimis level and what can be interpreted as consideration of regulatory cutoff levels for alternative disposil methods.
In the definition section of the draf t proposed revision, the Comnission has defined d_1 minimis exposure as *... exposures to radiation which would present a calculated risk of biological harm so low, relative to the risks f aced routinely f rom daily activities, that the risk f rom radiation 11-2
would be a trifle and of no regulatory concern.'
A numerical dose level s
of 0.001 rem (1 arem) has been determined to represent this negligibly small or trifle risk.
As addressed in the introductory material to the l
draf t proposed rule, a primary purpose of the draf t h minimis criteria i
is to limit the unnecessary expenditure of resorrees that would otherwise
)
be required to evaluate and control exposures (and radioactive material) that are negligible arid need not be considered in assuring adequate protection of the public henith.
The henith effects and risk rationale adopted by the NRC for the deriva-tion of the 0.001 rem h minimis level is in keeping with other govera-mental agency actions and with the recommendations of the scientific comunity.
The Food and Drug Administration concluded a risk of 1 diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced cancer death in 1 million persons over a l '. f e t ime constituted an, acceptable risk being an insignificant incre-mental risk to the ' normal expectation' risk of abou' one chance in three of contracting cancer (FDA79).
The International Conrnission on Radiolog-ical Protection (ICRP) has judged a risk of health ef fect in the range of 4
10 to 10-5 per year as being likely to be acceptable to any indi-vidual member of the public (ICR17).
From these basic guidelines (FDA and ICRP), the NRC has selteted a draf t proposed h minimis level of 0.001 rem.
(Based on the total risk coeffi-cients of ICRP 26 (cancer and hereditary) a risk of 1 in 1 million corresponds to an individual dose of about 10 mrem per year.
Neverthe-less, the NRC selection of the 1 mrem per year h minimis level even acknowledges the extreme improbability of any single individual receiving this h minimis dose every year for a 70 year lifetime.)
The d_3, minimis level as proposed is applicable to any licensed activity--
applicable to the unconditional disposal of contaminated oil, soil, or trash--as long as such disposal does not result in exceeding the d e_
minimis individual dose level.
It is unclear at this time what the final rule may look like, much less how the NRC would implement such a require-ment and how NRC licensees wou16 demonstrate compliance.
However, sibce these criteria have been includeo in the proposed draf t revision te 10 CFR 20, they at least represent the NRC's current thinking in this area II-3
and may provide guidelines f or the devt.opmen2 of regulatory cutof f level for waste oils.
Subpart K of the draf t proposed revision sets forth requirements for disposal of radioactive waste that results in exceeding the individual Q3, minimis level.
In addition to requiring data and analyses on waste description and environmental ef fects of a proposed alternative disposal method, the draf t proposed Section 20.1002 of Subpart K identifies as limiting dose criteria the dose limits and reference dose limits of 500 urem and 100 mrem, respectively.
(For nuclear power reactors more limiting dose criteria would result from the operating guicelines of 10 CFR 50. Appendix I and the (EPA) Environmental Dose Standard of 40 CFR 190 TI)e, selec' tion of an appropriate maximum individual dose limit applicable to a cutof f level f or waste disposal is discussed in more
~
detail later.)
I C
10 CFR 20,302 Aoorovals The NRC has approved alternative methods of disposing o'f very low-level radioactively contaminated waste at several nuclear power plants.
These
^ ~
authorizations have been accomplished under the provisions of 10 CFR 20.302.
As addressed in IE Information Notice 83-05 (NRC83), the NRC is receptive to examining methods and believes that such licensee-proposed alternatives can help provide a basis for the f urther development of generic regulatory cutof f levels ior other waste streams similar to what l
was done for medical waste (10 CFR 20.306).
For the cases to date, the foi10 wing is an overview of the NRC's evaluations and bases for the auths rization of alternative disposal methods.
j Case 1 In November 1982, the NRC authorized the relocation of approximately 11.000 cubic feet of centaminated soil f rom within the radiation con-trol'sd area to an area on-site but uncontrolled for radiation protection Based on average soli concentrations of 5 pCi/g of Co-60 and 3 purposes.
l pC1/g of Cs-131 and a six-inen uncontaminated soil cover, the NRC esti-mated a direct radiation dose to the total body for a person continuously
!!-4
occupying the area to be 60 trem/yr.
For a worker spending 2000 hr/yr, l
the dose would be 14 mrem /yr.
By paving the area with asphalt (6 inches), doses would be reduced to 3 mrem /yr.
Actual doses to any member of the public were anticipated to be much lower due to inf re-quent occupancy.
The NRC's authorization for the relocation of the soil concluded that these estimated doses were negligibly small from the standpoint of occupational exposure limits.
They were close to or within the dose design objectives of 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix ! for controlling l
radioactive of fluents f rom light-water-cooleo reactors, and were within nominal spatial and temporal variations in annual natural background exposure.
Case 2 In February 1983, the NRC authorized the transfer for disposal of
{
slightly contaminated sediment from an on-site settling basin to an on-site ash pond.
Approximately 6,000 cubic meters of sediment contain-3 3
ing 75 mci of Co-60 (12 pCi/cm or 5 pCi/g 9 2.5g/cm ).
By conserva-tive ' evaluations, the NRC estimated that any of f-site concentrations of j
radioactive material resulting f rom an instantaneous release of the total activity resulting f rom resuspension would be lest than 1x10 percent (0.00001%) of the MPC value.
For the radiation exposure pathways evalu-ated, direct exposure was identified as controlling.
For an individual spending sixty-seven hours a year on the shoreline of the pond, the dose j
would not exceed 5 mrem.
The food pathway was determined to result in a much lower dose.
Occupational raciation exposures wire estimated to be f
16 person-millirem for the sediment transfer.
The hRC's Environmental Impact Appraisal supporting the authorized disposal of the sediment l
concluded:
(1) the radiation risks to the workers inv'olved in the e
sediment transfer were very small compared to routine occupational
}
.xposures, and (2) the possible radiation risks to members of the general public as a resuit of such sediment transfers were well below r:gelatory l
limits, and very small in comparison to doses members of the public receive each year f rom exposure to natural background radiation.
11-5
\\
Case 3 In September 1981, the NRC allowed an operating reactor to discontinue excavation of very low-level contaminated beach sand af ter determining that continued excavation f or control (and burial as radioactive waste) was unjustified considering the costs and the associated radioactive material levels and potential radiation exposures.
Prior to this NRC approval, the utility spent in excess of $800,000 to 3
dispose of 21,600 f t of low-level contaminated beach sand.
Continued excavation to remove an estimated 0.05 to 0.2 mci of total activity wouid have cost an additional $850,000.
The NRC evaluation of the residual contamination concluded that individ-ual doses, assuming that the remaining activity was available for uptake by fish (a highly unlikely event), would not exceed 1. mrem.
External doses for an indhidual situated for 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> per day for 300 days at the bottom of the excavated pit would be 12 mrad per year.
Actual external dose rates were expected to be much lower (essentially background) due to backfill.
Case 4 l
In March 1981, the NRC authorized an operating PWR to dispose of very l
low-level radioactively conteminated waste oils by incineration in the facility's auxiliary boiler.
The authorization was included as a techni-cal specification amendment to the facility's operating license and limited the incineration to oils not exceeding the quantities of 10 CFR 20, Appendix C in any single SS-gallon drum (eg,10 vCi or 4.8 x 10 vCi/mi of C5 -137 ).
Concentiatton in the auxiliary boiler stact was limited to 0.5 MPC for environmental releases.
Burning of contaminated oil was not to exceed six (6) hours in any calendar quarter.
The oils that were in storage at the f acility at the time of the license amendment consistee of twenty-four SS-gallon drums of oil containing a total of 31.9 vCi (with the most abundant radionuclide being Cs-137 at II-6
22.9 vCi--equivalent to 4.6 X 10-6 vCi/al).
(Other oils were in storage at the f acility; however, due to limit; on activity levels and quantities imposed isy th* NRC, incineration of these oils was not allowed.)
These activity levels and total quantities of oil were considered in evaluating the maximum of f-site doses and allowable burn rates.
The NRC estimated a whole body dose comitment of less than 0.01 mrem to an of f-site individual for..the incineration of all 24 of the SS-gallon drums.
Case a. Arended In November 1982, the Nkt amended the techrical specification require-ments" that had previously authortred the incineration of contaminated waste oils to relax the restrictions on burning.
Over the approximately one and a half year period that the plant, had been authorized to inciner-ate contaminated oils, the plant had experienced little success in decreasing its contaminated waste oil volume in storage due in part to the generation of additional quantitles and also due to the technical' specification limitations on incineration.
By the revised technical specificaiions, the f acility was allowed to incinerate contaminated oils as long as the ef fluents did not exceed C.1%
of a design objective dose of 5 mrem /yr of f-site to the maximurn exposed individual (ie, 0.005 mrem /yr).
The NRC's dose ana'ysis included expo-sure via the pathways of cow-milk, ground plant and inhalation at the nearest residence.
At the time of the amendment, the f acility had in storage' approximately 6600 gallons of waste oils, containing 1725 vCi mostly cesium and cobalt isotopes (average of 6.9 x
10 vCi/m1, total) that were suitable for incineration as a fuel t'.end to the auxiliary boiler.
11-1
RADIATION DOSE CRITERIA FOR A REGULATORY CUT 0FF LEVEL.
t t
In the context of this study it must be recognized that the considera-tions involved in setting an individual dose limit in accordance with generally accepted rediation protection principles and establishing a level of no regulatory concern are not the same.
A level of no or below regulatory concern is one below which exposures. are considered trivial and no further expenditure of resources for additional radiation protec-t tion is justi?ied.
In the framework of the system of dose limitation reconinended by ICRP, a level below regulatory concern can, be defined as not requiring any further reduction in radiation detriment through the i
application of the optimization ( At. ARA) principle.
This is.not to dismiss any recognition or acceptance of the linear, l
non-threshold hypothesis--or generally accepted var'ations thereof--but
{
simply to recognize that" from a practical, valid administrative or t
l regulatory standpoint there are levels of radiation exposure so low as not to warrant any expenditure of resources to reduce them.
Sc hert.a t-l
}
ically, the relation of prescribed dose limits, the region for applica-f tion of the optimization principle and the level of no regulatory concern is shown below.
i Natural Background (-100 mrem /yr)
ALARA (-50 mrem /yr)
Prescribed Dose Limit (25 or 5 mrem /yr) f
.- No Regulatory Concern (1 mrem /yr) f In this simple schematic the prescr*, bed dose limit is, in effect, the lower' boundary of a region of unacceptable ;xposures.
In fche existing j
regulatory framework, compliance with the dose limit is not considered-l sufficient.
An acceptable exposure is that which is defined At. ARA.
Any exposure at or below that of no regulatory concern is 1 oriori ALARA.
[
lt is conceivable that for a specific set of circumstances associated with other waste streams and alternate disposal methods, higher individ-j ual dose levels marking the level of regulatory concern might be 111-1
l I'
l justified but., in ef fect, such higher levels would have to be justified j
by an ALARA assessment which presumably would have to be approved by NRC
~
and hence W.gE1 ).g,' of regulatory concern.
Such an approach is obviously 1
l not precluded in any way by this study.
i For this study an individual total body of fective dose of 1 mrem /yr is proposed as the level at or below which there should be no regulatory This value is the same as that associated with th.e unrestricted l
concern.
disposal of C-14 and tritium at 0.05 wCi/g or less in medical wastes i
(10 CFR 20.306) and that proposed as it, minimis in the draf t revision of 10CFR 20 as noted earlier.
It is also well within the operating guide-l l
lines of,10 CFR 50 and is a small f raction of the 40CFR 1g0 environmental f
radiation dose standard as well as regional variations in natural back-ground radiation.
It is ' consistent with the bases used for the dose j
analyses supporting the 10 CFR 20.302 approvals previously described.
based on ICRP suggested risk f actors (ICR 77). ;t represents an annual l
-I health offact risk f actor of about 10 This compares to a current
[
A l
risk f actor for cancer death in the US of about 2x10-3 per year.
l Table 111-1 provides an overview of various regulatory dose limits for purposes of comparison.
A collective dose assessment in accordance with l
rad'.aton protection principles recomended by ICRP is not deemed justi-l fled in the context of this study.
i The critical population group that might be associated with any of the j
alternative disposal practices analyzed will very likely be relatively f
small 'and the actual average exposure would be only a fraction of that t
proposed as below regulatory concere.
Accordingly the value of the 1
collective detriment would not exceed the benefit of the use of the j
alternate practices.
Perhaps stated in other terms, the collective j
detriment sumed f rom persons exposed et levels below regulatory concern l'
4 should also be of no regulatory concern, j
\\
s t
I i
5 l
lil-2 l
r TABLE !!!-1 Overview of Existing Regulatory Dose Licits Annual I
Reculatory Basis Descriotion Dese Criteria 10 CFR 20.306 Unrestricted disposal of 1 mrem, effective medical waste < 0.05 uti/g total body 10 CFR 32.23 Manufacture of self-luminous 1 mrem whole body consumer products 15 mrem skin L
3 mrem, other organs 10 CFR 32.27 Manufacture of gas and aerosol 5 mrem, whole body detectors containing 75 mrem, skin byproduct material 15 arem, othee organs 10 CFR 50, ALARA for radioactive tinuids Appendix 1 effluents from LWR 3 mrem, total body 10 mrem, organ Gaseous 5 mrem, total body 15 mrem, organ 10 CFR 61.41 Licensing Requirements for 25 trrem, total body Land Disposal of Radioactive 15 *arem, thyroid Wav.e-Performance Objectives 25 mrem, other organs NRC Oraf t Pro-de mir.imis levels for doses 1 Wem, individual posed Revision inoivicual members of the 0.1 mrem, individual 10 CFR 20 public for collective dose 10 CFR 20.302 Approval case 1 Relocation of very low-level 5 mrem, total body contaminated soil Case 2 Relocation of very low-level 5 mrem, total bovi contaminated settling basin bottoms NRC BTP on Storage Guidelines for disposal of 1 mrad, iung or Disposal of Th or U residues on privately 3 mrad, bone Th or U Residues owned lands 40 CFR 190 EPA Environmental Standards 25 mrem, total body f:r the Uranium Fuel Cycle 15 mrem, thyroid 25 mrem, other organs 40 CFR 141 National Interim Primary 4 mrem Drinking Water Standard III-3
.IV INFORMATION REQUIRED TO SUPPORT A REBULATORY CUTOFF t.EVEL As previously discussed, the NRC has recognized the need for provisions
~
for' the disposal of other radionuclides and other wastes similar to those i
for nwdical waste in 10 CFR 20.306.
The NRC has also stated that in order for the Comission to pursue and approve regulatory provisions for disposing of specific wastes below some activity level without regard to its radioactivity, a better data base is needed.
The NRC has in several l
places expanded on the types of data and analyses that would be needed to i
support a regulatory cutof f level.
Table IV-1 provides* a sumary of l
these informational requirements.
As presented in the table these i
informaticnal requirements can be categorized it.to 5 dilferent types of
[
data and analyses.
These categories are:
o waste description, including
- 7urce, generation rate and radio-i activity concentrations o
description of proposed disposal method (s) o evaluation of environmental impact and radiation doses
(
o evaluation of overall benefit operational procedures for radiation protection and compliance.
o t
9
(
l IV-1
Table IV-1 Summary of Information Needed to Support a Regulatory Cutof f Level Recu14 tory Basis Information Reauirements description of licensed material and any 10 CFR 20.302 other radioactivity quantities and kinds of material levels of radioactivity proposed matner and condition of disposal J
analysis and evaluation of environmental impact nature and location of other potentially l
affected facilities procedures to minimize risk of exposure descriptici and volumes of waste NfiC's Value-Impact costs of cisposal as radioactive waste and Analysis of 10 CFR 20.306 Rule cost savings other detrimental effects of burial as i
radwaste individual doses collective dose commitments / population risks TO CFR 61 Federal description of waste generation process description of waste, including chemical Register Noti:e (17FR57446) characteristics principal radionuclide
- content, including 7
and trace contaminants potential changes in radionuclide content as a function of process variations description of process control and quality control programs by which compliance is assumed description of waste, including physical and Oraft Proposed Revision to chemical properties proposed manner and conditions of disposal 10 CFt 20 aialysis and evaluation of environmental (Part 20.1002) inpact nature and location of other potentially arfected licensed and unlicensed facilities piocedures to minimize the risk through ALARA efforts and to ensure operation within the dose limits and reference levels IV-2
V CONTAMINATED WA5TE OILS IDENTIFICATION, QUA1.lFICATION AND CHARA;TERIZATION To identify, quantify and characterize the contaminated waste oil problem at nuclear powter plants, data were gathered f rom 15 operating plants (29 units--16 PWR and 13 BWR).
Table V-1 presents a sumary of the data collected.
The principal. source of waste oils at nuclear power plants that potentially contain radioactive material contamination is from the primary system pump motors (eg, reactor coolant pumps at NR and recircu-lation and f eedwater pumps at BWR).
Except under unusual circumstances radioactive material levels are typically in the 10' vCi/mi to 10-6 vCi/mi range.
Due predominately to inadvertent contamination during oil changing, subsequent handling, or higher than normal quanti-10
ties of contained water, activity levels can bt as high as
-5 vC1/mi, a1though 10 vCi/mi is more typical of the upper bound.
j For miscellaneous oils--oils that collect in the turbine and radwaste building sumps, equipment drain trays, and f rom maintenance operations--
-7 radioactive material levels are highly variable from 10 vCt/mi to 10 uti/ml.
These oils are more typically represen'ted as an oily water mixture.
Other oily wastes are also generated, consisting predomi-nately of oily rags, heavy sludges, and oily absorbents.
(Due to the I
nature of these wastes, recycling as a waste oil is not feasible and as
[
such they are better characterized as a miscellaneous waste product.
j These types of oily wastes are not within the bounds of this study but f
i should be addressed as a part of an evaluation of regulatory cutoff levels for miscellaneous waste products.)
I For the oily water mixtures, prior processing to remove the bulk of the water would be required in order for these wastes to have' any recycle potential.
For the purposes of evaluating regulatory cutoff levels, these oily water mixtures f all within the scope of this study to the j
extent that the activity levels are within the bounds of the analysis and the nature of the oil (either before or af ter any processing needed to i
separate the bulk of the water) is suitable f or the identified disposal I
process.
l v-1 t
From the data received (and as surunarited in Table V-1), the coata2inated waste oil problem at nuclear power planti can be characterized as follows:
PWR:
o Primary system waste oil generation rate is f rom 600 to 1,500 gallons per unit per refueling, depending on pump motor oil reservoir capac-ity and number of pumps.
A typical value is around 1,000 gallons per refueling, o
Generation of miscellaneous vaste oils range f rom negligble to 200 gallons per year of a varying o*1y water mixture.
-I o
Contamination levels are typically in the 10 to 10' vCi/ml range for primary system oils with the dominant radionuclides being l
Mn-54, Co-58, co-60, C s -134, and C s -131.
On infrequent occasions (more typical of some misc'ellaneous oils), contamination levels may
~4
-3 approach 10 to 10 vCi/ml;
- however, such oils usually contain higher levels of water and/or sludge which would require pre-processing before being of any recycle potential.
I BWR:
o Primary system waste oil generatior rate is f rom 3,500 :o 5,000 gallons per unit per year with a higher degree of vart:'oility fae in part to the potential inclusion of oils from the steam /make-Jp side of the system (eg, turbine lube oil and condensate and feedwter pump oil).
o Ceneration rates of miscellaneous waste oils are typically higher than f or a PWR.
A factor of 2 to 3 would act be unexpected; however.
definitive data are sketchy.
-6 I
o Contamination levels are similar to those of a PWR (10' to 10 vCi/mi, typical) with a
higher potential of 10-5 vCi/ml I
values.
For miscellaneous oils, similar pre-processing as for PWR miscellaneous oils would be needed prior to any recycle potential.
V-2
Table V-1 shows there is a wide variation in generation ra%es and to a lesser extent in contacinaBion levels.
One reason for this variation is the different interpretations of the regulatory requirements and the dif ferent approaches to contaminated waste oil identification, treatment and disposal used by the utilities.
It has only been retently (and still with some variation in NRC and industry interpretations and applications) that the NRC has attempted to clarify the regulatory requirements for radioactive material identification and control (NRC IE Information Notice 83-05).
It follows that data received f rom utilities reflect some of the dif f erent interpretations and in particular the applications to the subject of waste oil management, contamin'.. lon identification and control.
Sy, selective data analysis, it is believed that the above characteri-zation of generation rates and radioactivity levels is typical of the industry situation and can serve as a basis for evaluating the economics of contaminated waste oil disposal.
e V-3
Table V-1 Sunnary Weste 011 in Storage, Generation Rates and Contamination Levels Vol In Plant
- Storage, Generation Rate. Gal /vr
- Conc, Nuclides Sal vCi/ml Identified Primary System Misc Total PWR-1 2500 na na 2500 1E-07
Co-58 Cd-109 l
PWR-2 0*
1110 200-300 1400 1-2E-06 Co-60,Cs-137 (2 units)
PWR-3 2750 na na na 3-8E-06 Co-60,(
(2 units)
- Cs-137,.3-134, Mn-54 1600/ref 10-7 Co-60 Cs-137 PWR-4 175 1600/ref (1 unit) 8E-06 Co-60, Cs-137, PWR-5 l's,000 1000/ref iou (3 units) per u.iit Cs-134 Co-58 F.:.i - 5 1100*
900/ unit 450 2250 2C-06 Co-60, ts-137 (2 unit,)
2E-06 Co-60, Cs-137 PWR-7 1650 795/ref 220 (2 units) 600/ unit 2E-07 Cs-137, Co-60
)
PWR-8 0*
600/ref 200 (3 unt:s)
PWR-9 6000 na na 8000 9E-05a Co-60 Co-58, (2 units)
Mn-54. C5-137 na - not available Predominant source is Reactor Ccolant Pump
- - Previously generated oils solidified and disposed as radwaste 4
- Anticipated maximums l
t t
i l
I i
l l
l V-4 1
o Table 1 (cont.)
Vol In P,la nt
- Storage, Geseration Rate. Gal /vr Conc.
Nuclides Gal vCi/ml Identified Primary System Misc Total SWR-1 17,000 na na 1000 9.6E-06 Co-60 Mn-54, Cs-137, Co-58 (2 units)
C S -134 BWR-2 0*
na na na 4.2E-06 Io-40, ts-137, Cs-134 (2 units)
.BWR-3 0*
na na na E-04-E-06 Co-60 Cs-137, Mn-54, 2n-65, (2 units)
Zr-95 BWR-4 1000 na na 15.500 2E-04a Co-60, Cs-137 (3 units) dWR-5 0*
na na f400 na Co-60, Cs-131, Cs-13 4, 2n-65 Sources identified - Reactor coolant pump, feedwater pump Turbine oil reservoir
- - Previously generated waste oil solidified and $r'.pped as radwaste a - Anticipated maximums l
Y h
i l
I I
P i
e v-s i
VI WASTE OIL DISPOSAL COSTS--AS RA0 WASTE I
e The Barnwell, South Carolina burial facility does not accept wastes (in t
any form) with scre than 1% absorbed oil by volume.
Therefore disposal of contaminated oil as radweste requires its solidification and shipment to the Richland, Washington radioactive waste burial f acility.
Use of absorbents to immobilize liquids (oils) is acceptable (using an approved absorbent) and several utilities have used this method of processing oily waste in the past.
However, the State of Washington license requirement that twice as much absorbent be used as is necessary to completely absorb the liquid so increase' the volume that it is expected future disposals will predominately be by use of a solidificatlan agent.
A Solidification Cost I
All present solidification metheds for oils employ the use of a cement or cement-like base with an emulsifier and/or polymer.
The methods
- dif fer slightly (eg, type of cement, type emulsifier, and mixing ratios) but in general all the processes can be bound within a relatively narrow range of monetary costs, t
Estinates received from the vendor / manufacturers ranged from about 15 to 25 gallons of oil per SS-gallon drum (or an oil to solidification medium mixing ratio of between 1:2 to a naximum of 1:1).
Cost estimates for solidification were from $150 to $200 per 55-gallon drum, including cost of materials, container, and where applicable vendor-supplied equipment and personnel.
The processes examined include:
US Gypsum--Envirostene process, Delaware Custom Material--Cement-Silicate process, and the VIKEM-NUTEK process.
No attempt was made to characterize the final waste product or evaluate waste product acceptability.
Literature provided by the vender / manufacturer was used only for the purpose of estimating costs of waste oil solidification and burial.
VI-1
t 8
Shineine Cost Shipping costs for the transportation of a legal site and weight, one-way radweste shipment to Rict. land, Washington is around $1.70 per utle,'
A legal weight shipment is at a maximum of around 45,000 pounds.
Typical radwaste shipments are much less.
For the purposes of estimtting typical costs, 9 shipping weight of 35,000 lb' was assumed that contained 50 SS-gallon drums of solidified waste oils with an oil content of 20 gal per drum (ie, 1,000 gallons of oil).
From the east celst., shipping costs would be around $4,000 to $5,500; from the midwest costs would be around
$3,000 per shipment.
C Burial Site (2111 As of March 1,1983 the baseline burial cost for radwaste at the Richland facility is $18.97 per cubic foot.
This cost includes the perpetual care and maintenance fee, site closure fund, and radioactive waste surveil-lance surcharge but does not include any surcharges for radiaton levels or cask handling fee, neither of which should apply to waste oil.
O Total Otsoosal Cost Estimates I
Based on the range of cost estinates as outlined above for solidifi-cation, shipping and burial, overall estimates have been derived for the disposal of law-level contaminated waste oils' as radwaste.
These cost 4
estimates are summarized as follows:
cost oer callon oil
)
i i
Solidification
$6.00 - $13.00
$5.50 i
Shipping
$3.00
$9.50 Burial
$5.70 Total Cost
$15.00 - $28.00
($21.50 arithmetic mean)
These cost do not include in-house labor costs.
Cost estimates f or radwaste shipments were obtained verbally f rom Tri-State Motor Transit Company, Joplin, MO.
VI-2 i
At $15 to $30/ gallon total cost, the savings which could be realized by having a regulatory cutof f lovol which pormittod less exponsivo disposal metheds could approach $15,000 to $30,000 per thousand gallons, since some disposal hiethods might be quite inexpensive and even achieve some str.all economic benefit.
O f
s i
e t
VI-3
VII CALCULATION OF CONCENTRATION LIMITS FOR DISPOSAL Calculations were performed to determine maximum concentrations of radionuc1' ides in vast oil which can be 'Jisposed of in several f easible 2
ways without exceeding a regulatory cutof f value.
In these calculations the value used for regulatory cutof f was one millirem ef fective dose equivalent to a hypothetical, most exposed person per year of exposure.
The objectives in the analysis were to identify feasible ways of dis-posing of the waste oil, to identify and describe the attendant environ-mental pathways which might lead to the most exposure to a person, and to estimate the concentration of a mixture of radionuclides in contaminated waste oil which, if disposed of in one of the ways, would not cause a dose in excess e,f the chosen regulatory cutof t value.
- A
'Di'soosal Scenarios and Exoosu.re Pathways Several ways of disposing of waste oil were considered which may be feasible for oil contaminated with radioactive fis'sion and activation produts at less than egulatory cutoff level.
The disposal methods were to burn the oil on the nuclear reactor site in a controlled location, to burn it offsite, to spray it on an unpaved road as is done for dust control, to-solidify it and bury it in a landfill, and to recycle it in l
the same manner as is done comercially with wa<te oil.
1 1.
Burnin3 b
ing waste oil on a site in a f acility owned by the utility which generated it would enable that utility to control the circumstance of oisposal.
For the analysis, two conditions for discharging the combustion gases were examined.
In one case, average
, atmospheric dispersion from an
- elevated, stack discharge to an of f s',te location of 1x10-5 3,ef,3 was assumed.
In the other case, an average atmospheric d'.spersion of 1x10~4 sec/m, repre-3 senting a dispersion f rom point of discharge near ground level to an offsite 'ocat'.on, was assumed.
VII-1
An essentially uncontrolled circumstance of burning the waste oil in which she' atmospheric dispersion from the point of discharge of combustion gases to a hypothetical receptor was assumed to be 4
3 1x10~3 sec/m was also examined.
. In each of the disposal scenarios in' which burning waste oil was postulated, three potential exposure pathways to man were analyzed.
They are 1) discharge combustion gases to atmosphere--atmospheric transport dispersion--inhalation by receptor
- 2) -discharge combustion gases to atmosphere -- atmospheric trans-port and dispersion deposition on the ground--irradiation of receptor 3) discharge of combustion gases--atmospheric transport and dis-persion--deposition on the ground and the vegetation-- ingestion of vegetation i
One of these pathways is expected to provide the maximum potential dose for each radionuclide when waste oil is burned.
2.
Soravino Onto Roadway Historically, a comon use of waste oil l
has been to suppress dust on unpaved roads by spraying it onto the i
surface.
If contaminated waste oil were disposed of by using it for this purpose, the pathways that would present the most exposure potential to a person would be r
1) ta irradiate the worker who sprays the oil onto a road or a pedestrian who regularly travels on the road, l
l l
for cor.taminants in oil on a roadway to be resuspended int. '.he 2) i I
air and be inhaled by a nearby resident, or VII-2 i
l 3) for contaDinants in oli on a roadway to be resuspended into t
~
air and be inhaled by the worker who sprays the oli or by a pedestrian.
3.
hrvelina Refining waste oil to recycle it is widely practiced *;
it would be an attractive disposition of oil contaminated with 16 5 than the regulatory cutoff concentration.
A major advantage of refining contaminated waste oil would be the likely dilution with Typically, the 1000 to 5000 annual gallons of waste l
other waste oil.
oil from a nuclear facility would be a very small fraction, about 1/10,000, of oil processed by a commercial recovery facility.
i Most i
of the radioactive material contamination in waste oil woul!
concentrated in the refining process by-products.
For the present analysis, a concentration of 6.7 in by-products to 1 in recovered oil it ' assumed to be representative.
Since reclaimed oil will have a lower activity concentration than the contaminated waste oil and is likely to be blended with a larger ' volume of oil f rom non-contami-l nated sources, the exposure potential via the reclaimed oil is expected to be lower than via other pathways associated with refining, waste oil.
i The concentrated radioactive material in refinery by-products may I conceivably present an exposure potential to a refinery worker if
{
collected in a batch and not diluted with other byproduct material, f
This 1athway, involving concentration of waste oil contaminants and
{
1rradtetion of a worker, was evaluated for the refinery scenario.
l e
4.
Solidifv and Burv in Landfill As an alternative to burying solidified waste in a iteensea, comercial low-level waste burial e
ground, when it has a concentration below an appropriate regulatory f
cutof f, burial in a landfill has been considered.
In this disposal scenario, waste oil was assumed to be solidified in a mix of one-half oil and one-half solidification agent.
In the ground, the solid
(
waste was assumed to be interspersed with an equal volu e of earth.
- A more detalled description of the waste oil reclamation process is I
given in Appendix A.
1 v11-3 1
i
Af ter burial, a fraction. 0.1 year, of the radionuclides were assumed to leach into groundwater and migrate to a nearby well or t
to a nearby surface stream.
Exposure by drinking water from the well and by eating fish and shellfish taken f rom the stream 1,000 days af ter waste burial were each evaluated.
Af ter ten years of institutional control, access to the burial site was assumed to be allowed.
At that time, gardening on and excavation into the buried waste were assumed.
When evaluating the garden-vegetation-ingestion
- pathway, the contaminated oil solids disposed of during a year and the inter-spersed earth were assumed to comprise a garden spot, one plow-layer deep in order to maximize the calculated dose to an indi-tidual.
An intruder into the buried waste solids was assumed to be exposed by irradiation and by inhaling contaminated particles made airborne by his excavation.
The duration of his exposure by i
each pathway was assumed to be 80 hours9.259259e-4 days <br />0.0222 hours <br />1.322751e-4 weeks <br />3.044e-5 months <br />.
A sumary list of the disposal scenarios and exposure pathways considered es given in leble Vill-1.
f i
{
f f
VII-4 l
V!!! METH00 0F ANALYSIS The objective of the enalysis was to determinc the maximum concen.
~
tration o'f a mixture of fission and activation product radionuclides in waste oil such that the waste oil can be disposed in one or more of the ways described without causing a radiation dose to a person of more than one millirem per year.
The, general method was to calulate the concentration of each radionuclide which produces a (otintial dose of one millirem per year as if it were the only radionuclide in a given volume of waste oil causing the dose.
When the concentration cistribution of radionuclides in the volume of oil to be disposed is known and the sum of the ratios of the concentration of each r3dio-nuclide to the concentration of it which causes one millires does not exceed unity, then disposal c/ the oil containing the mixture would not curse a potential dose of more than one millirem per year.
Under that condition, the concentration of a mixture of radionuclides in the waste oil will satisfy the regulatory cutoff.
The determination was performed for radionuclides which were observed in waste oil according to the survey reported above and which would Itkely prospects to observe af ter a reasonable period of seem most storage.
A model was formulated or adopted to describe,each environmental pathway and permit the calculation of radiation Jose to a hypothett-cal person exposed via each of these pathways.
To the extent appro-
- priate, model:
and quantities in Regulatory Guide 1.109 were i
adopted.
The equations describing each pathway and quantity assigned each variable are stated in Appendix 5.
Translation from exposure by inhalation or ingestion to dose equiva-lent was derived f rom the correspondence between the NCRP's recom-mended dose limit for stochastic effects, 5000 mrem /yr of exposure, and the annual limits of intake for stochastic ef fects.
At the very low doses involved, one millirem or less, limits appropriate for non-stochastic ef fects would not be governing and so were ignored.
V111-1 Q
As a result, a comuted dose f rom exposure by inhalation or ingestion
~
is the connitted dose equivalent causing a stochastic risk to an adult equal to the same dose equivalent produced by uniform irradiation of the whole body.
As such, an effective..'ose equivalent computed in this way ruy be compared directly with a whole body dose computed for exposure by garra irradiation f rom a source outside the body.
I A person's time integrated axposure to radioactive ruterial dispersed l
in the environment via some pathways is proportional to the quantity l
(released) in the environment, particularly according to models in l
Regulatory Guide 1,109.
This applies to pathways 1 through 6, 8, and l
9. listed. on Table VI!!-1 and described in Appendix B.
In those pathways and in a disposal scenario involving only those pathways, l
the dose equivalent is proportional to the product of the concentra-l tien of radionuclide in waste oil and the volume of oil disposed of j
during a year.
l e
Vill-2
Table VIII-1 Scenarios and Pathways Considered 01SPOSAL SCEMARIOS 1.
Burn onsite--short stack 2.
Surn onsite--tall stack 3.
Burn of f site--short stack 4.
Spray on road 5.
Solidify--bury in landfill 6.
Recycle PATHWAYS 1.
Atmosphere--inhale 2.
Atmosphere--ground--irradiation 3.
Atmo sphere--vege ta t ion--inge s t
(
4 Leach--well--ingest H O 2
5.
Leach--Stream--ingest fish 6.
Irradiation 7.
Resuspend--inhale--resident 8.
Resuspend--inhale--worker 9.
Sludge--irradiation 10.
Excavate--inhale I
11.
Excavate--irradiate 12.
Ga rd en--vegeta tion--ing e s t Vill-3
IX RESULTS The results of analyses involving these pathways (and tabulated in Appendix C of this report] are based upon disposal of an assumed 1000 gallons of contaminated vaste oil during a year.
Each tabulated concentration limit involving pathways 1 through 6, 8, and 9 is then inversely proportional to the volume of waste oil disposed of during 3 year.
This applies wholly to the following disposal scenarios:
burn oil onsite and discharge combustion gases. via a tall o
stack burn oil onsite and discharge combustion ghses near ground o
c burn oil' of fsite and discharge combustion gases near grourd o
recycle the oil 1
The er aputed concentration limit involving other pathwaps is inde-r:ndent of the volume of waste oil disposed.
In many instances, the concentration of a radionuclide in waste oil l
could be high and yet not cause a potential dose to a person via a given exposure pathway which would exceed the regulatory cutoff i
j dose.
This could result from radioactive decay or absence of pene-trating radiation.
In the report, each computed concentration limit in excess of 1 C1/cm3 of oil has arbitrarily been truncated and is tabulated as 1.0x10 " pC1/cm.
o For each specified disposal scenario, the (limiting) concentration of each radionuclide which would produce an effective dose equivalent of one millirem per year of exposure via each pathway individually was calculated as if it were the only nuclide and pathway causing the dose.
The results were then sorted and tabulated for each disposal scenario separately and for all disposal scenarios combined.
IX-1
Appendix C contains the results tabulated i.. the followint ways.
For each disposal scenario separately, o
The minimum concentration limit and associated pathway is 11sted for each radionuclide.
l o
For each-radionuclide, the concentration limits and associated pathways are listed in ascending order, it, smallest value of i
concentration liett to largest value, for all pathways evaluated.
a P
o All of the concentration limits are listed in escending order, accompanied by the associeted radionuclide and pathway.
I i
For 411 dispr aal sc'enarios combined, the results are tabultted in the
~
same three ways.
i i
Determining the minimum concentration limit of each radionuclide from among all disposal scenarios and pathways combined represents a l
general determination of a concentration limit for each radionuclide corresponding to the t egulatory cutof f f rom among what seem to be l
reasonable ways of disposing of lightly contaminated oil.
Table IX-1 l
presents those concentration limits in this manner.
Actually this
)
method of presentation only indicates the levels at which individual nuclides could be disposed without limitation on the disposal method.
3 i
r I
j The limits for the individual disposal scenarios. as presented in
)
Appendix C. are more useful and less restriettve.
A sumary of the f
disposal scenario limits is given in Table IX-2.
To facilitate I
compa rison with expected oil concentrations (see Table V-1 ) the
(
3 limits in Table IX-2 have been expresed in vCi/cm vice l
3 I
DCi/cm.
It can be seen that some of the oils reported can be a
j disposed of by all c,f the disposal scenaries studied and all of them i
j can be disposed of by some scenario without exposing any individual l
to more than 1 mrem / year.
I s
IX-2
Stated another way, wste oils could be disposed via the six l
scenarios studied if the gross activity levels are less than the values shown in Table IX-3.
)
a 9
s e
IX-3
,u--
TABLE IX-1 RA010NUCL11E MINIMUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS
.11 Disposal Scenarios CONCEN NUCLIOE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENAR10a PATHWAY (vCi/cm3)
~
i CR51 4.9E-03 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation MN54 1.8E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation l
FESS 2.6E-02 Burn offsite-short s';ack Atmosphe re-Vegetation-Ingest FE59 1.3E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation C058 1.5E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation C060 3.9E-05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphe re-Ground-Irradiation N163 8.5E-03 Solidify-bury / landfill Ga rden-Vege ta tion-Ingest ZN65 2.7E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation RB86 1.7E-03 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation SR89 3.1E-03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphe re-Vegetation-Inges t SR90 3.8E-05 Solidify-bury / landfill Garden-Vegetation-Ingest l
Y91 2.9E-03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vegetation-Ingest t
IP95 2.1E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation NB95 2.1E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation RU103 3.0E-04 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation RU106 5.9E-04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vegetation-Ingest
.AG110M 5.9E-05 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation CS134 8.9E-05 Recycle Sludge-Irradiation CS1b7 8.1E-05 Burn offsite-short Stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation TE127M 1.7E-03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vegetation-Ingest TE127 1.1E-01 Recycle Sludge-Irtcdiation TE129M 1.aE-03 Recycle Sludge-Irradution TE129 1.5E-03 Recycle Sludge-Ir adiatun CE141 1.4E-03 Recycle Sludge-I rrr.diatier.
CE144 6.5E-04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphe rit-Vege cation-Inges t PR143 2.6E-02 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Myetation-Ingest 1
4 Minimum values are defined by pathway; thus, the minimum values listed may i
be generated by more than one disposal scenario, although only one disposal scenario per radionuclide is Itsted.
i t
l l
IX-4
Table IX-2
SUMMARY
OF DISPOSAL LIMITS Dispostl Limit Key Limiting Scenario uC1/cm3 Isotopes 4 Pathways Burn on-site 3.9E-04 Co-60 Atm-Ground-Irradia ion Short Stack 7.1E-04 Sr-90 Atm-veget-Ingest 8.1E-04 Cs-137 Atm-Ground-Irradiation 1.2E-03 Cs-134 Atm-Ground-Irradiation 2.4E-03 Ag-110m Atm-Ground-Irradiation Burn on-site 3.9E-03 Co-60 Atm-Ground-Irradiation Tall Stack 7.1E-03 Sr-90 Ata-Veget-Ingest 8.1E-03 C s-137 Atm-Ground-Irradiation 1.2E-02 C s-134 Atm-Ground-Irradiation 2.4E-02 Ag-110m Atm-Grouno-Irradiation Burn on-site 3.9E-05 Co-60 Ate-Ground-Irradia tion Short Stack 7.1E-05 Sr-90 Atm-Veget-Ingest I
8.1E-05 C s-137 Atm-Ground-Irradiation l
1.2E-04 C s-134 Atm-Ground-Irradiation l
2.4E-04 Ag-110m Atm-Ground-Irradiation l
Spray on Road 2.9E-03 Ag-110m Irradiation 3.1E-03 Co-60 Irradiation 4.1E-03 Sr-90 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 4.4E-03 C s-134 Irradiation 6.6E-03 Fe-59 Irradiation 7.5E-03 Co-c8 Irradiation 9.1E-03 Hn-54 Irradiation 1.1E-02 Zr-Nb-95 Irradiation 1.3E-02 Cs-137 Irradiation 1.3E-02 Zn-65 Irradiation 1.4E-02 Ru-106 Resuspend-Inhale-Resicent 1.5E-02 R u-103 Irradiation l
1.5E-02 Ce-144 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident l
Solidify-Bury-Landfill 3.8E-05 Sr-90 Atm-veget-Ingest 2.1E-04 CS-137 Atm-Veget-Ingest Recycle 5.9E-05 Ag-110m Sludge-Irradiation i
6.3E-05 Co-60 Sludge-Irradiation l
8.9E-05 C s-134
$1udge-Irradiation 1.3E-04 Fe-59 Sludge-Irradiation 1.5E-04 Co-58 Sludge-Irradiation 1.8E-04 Hn-54 Sludge-Irradiation 2.1E-04 Zr-Nb-95 Sludge-teradiation 2.5E-04 C s-137 Sludge-Irradiation 2.1E-0a 2n-65 Sludge-!rradiation 3.0E-04 Ru-103 Sludge-Irradiation aAll isotopes whose limits are within a factor of ten of the most limiting isotope are listed.
IX-5 i
1 I
Table IX-3 SU64ESTED 640$$ ACTIVITY LEVELS Gross Activity Limita vC1/cm3 l
Otsposal Scenario 4E-04 Burn on-site Short Stack 1
4 E-03 Surn on-site Tall Stack 4E-05 l
Burn off-site l
Short Stack.,
3E"03 l
Spray on Road
.3E-06 t.and fill I.
6E-05 l
l Recycle l
i l
aconservatively assumos all activity is the most restrictive isotope.
?
l I
t h
I i
i i
l l
l i
IX-6 1
e "O
X APPLICATION TO A SPECIFIC WASTE O!8 INVENTORY ANO DISPOSAt. METHOD For each given disposal scenario and exposure pathway, the regulatory cutoff concentration, ie, concentration limit of each ragionuclide that might be in waste oil, was computed as if it were the only radionuclide present in 1000 gallons of waste oil disposed of during a year.
Once the (average) concentrations of the radionuclides in waste oil have been measured, the sum of the ratios of the concentra-tion of each radionuclide present to the contentration limit for the same radionuclide can be calculated.
The regulatory cutof f concentrations of radionuclides in contaminated waste rsil is inversely proportional to the volume of oil disposed of during a year if it is disposed of by burning onsite and discharging combustion gases via a tall stack, o
o burning onsite and discharging combustion gases near the ground, o
burning of f site and discharging ccmbustion gases ne,r the ground, or o
recycling the oil.
For these scenarios, the concentration limits tabulated in /.ppendiz C are based on disposal of 1000 gallons of oil per year.
If the amount of oil actually disposed of during a year by one of these scenarios dif fers, the sum of the ratios of each radionuclide pretent to the concentration limit for the same radionuclide should not exceed the value 1000 divided by the number of gallons disposed of during a year.
- Suppose, for example, 4000 gallons of waste oil containing the f ollowing measured radionuclide concentrations is produced annually at a nuclear station.
X-1
i Radionuclide Concontrations 3
l.
(uct/cm )
Mn-54 1.1x10 5 Co-58 2.2x10-5 Co-60 5.5x10-5 Cs-137 5.3x10-6 Further, suppose the utility proposes to dispose of it by ourning it onsite and discharging the combustion gases near ground-level, ie, short stack.
For that disposal scenario the regulatory cutof f concentrations are:
Radionuclide Concentration limit 3
3 (pct /cm )
(uti/cm )
Mn-54 0.62E+04 6.2x10'3
-2 Co-58 0.22E+05 2.2x10
-4 l
Co-60 0.39E+03 3.9x10 Cs-137 U.81E+03 6.1x10'#
The proposed disposal will satisfy the regulatory cutoff level provided:
cc-entration of radionuclide i 1000 f co'Mentratters of limit of radionucitde 1 5 volume of oil to be burned (gal /yr)
In this elample 6.2 x 10'3 2.2 x 10-2.2 x 10-2 5,5 x 10-
, 5,3 x 10-6 5
5 1.1 x 10-5 1000 3.5 x 10 8.1 x 10'4 4000 e
4 P
X-2
The result.
0.15 1 0.25 satisfies the inequality, hence the proposed disposal satisfies the regulatory cutof f criterion.
The potential dose due to waste oil disposal by burial in a landfill or by spraying' the oil on a road is considered to be independent of the volume of oil.
Thus, when either of these disposal scenarios is examined, the requirement is concentration of radionuclide i I concentration limit of radionuclide i I
i o
X-3
i FDA79 US Food and Drug Administration Federal _ Recister, Volume 44, March 20,1979,17092.
t Go80 Letter f rom K.R. Go11er, Of fice of Standards Development.
NRC to C.
Gerber, US Radiation Policy Council, dated November 24, 1980.
i ICR71 International Comission on Rad'.ological Protection, ICRP Publication 26, lecomendations_ gf, 2.g, International _ comission 2.q Radiolootcal Protection, January,1977, Pergamon Press.
L NCRP80 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, t
Rerception. of Risk',
Preceeding of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and
{
Measurements, March 14-15, 1979, Issued March 15, 1580, i
NRC81 US Nuclear Regulatory Comission, ' Biomedical Waste' Disposa),"
Federal Recister, Volume 46, March 11,1981,16230.
i f
' ~
NRC82a US Nuclear Regulatory Comission, ' Licensing Requirements for i
Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste,' Federal Recister, Volute j
47, Number 248, December 27, 1982, 57453.
l r
NRC82b US Nuclear Regulatory Comission,
' Safety Goals for Nuclear Power Plants: A Discussion Paper *, NUREG-0880, February 1982.
i i
NRC83
, US Nuclear Regulatory Comission, IE Information Notice No I
83-05:
' Obtaining Approval for Disposing of Very-i.ow-Level Radioactive Waste - 10 CFR Sect, ton 20.302,* February 24, 1983.
I x!-1 L
l l
f
Appendix A WA5TE 01L RECYCLING Most waste oil collection and recycling
- is performed as a small scale j
operation--individuals with one or two tank p
trucks p'eriodically collecting l
waste oils on a contract basis from industrial and comercial sources.
A
{
typical operation will include several f torage tanks to allow some source i
segregation and settling for bulk water and sludge removal.
Some flitration
{
i may be employed for finer suspended particle separation.
For these su ll
)
scale operations. little if any additional processing is employed prior to
{
i re-use.
Re-use is predominately by blending with other oils to achieve j
suitable fuel specifications and sale as a fuel oil (EPA 80).
Delivery price of used oil to a l
recycle f acility ranges from 25 to 40 cents per gallon (00t.82):.. price to the genera. r is f rom 5-15 cents per gallon (8100).
The degree of care taken by a waste oil recycler to keep separate dif ferent types i
i and grades of waste oils (eg, auto crankcase oils from industrial oils) is j
j highly dependent on the individual and type and site of operation.
Generally though little ef fort is exerted for oil segregation except where the waste oil
{
collection is coordinated or condu:ted by a larger scale, re-refiner, oper-(
ations, whare oil segregatien allows for better control on processing and t,
quality of re-refined oil (B180).
f j
At present about 30% of all recycled waste oil is re-used directly as a fuel
{
l blend.
An additional 50% is diverted for use as a fuel blend after some
(
j degree of processing to remove major contaminants.
However, within the past
{
several years there has been increased government attention and incentives for i
f the re-refining of waste oils to produce a usable oil lubricant.
It can be i
expected that in the future an increasing proportion of waste oils from all 1
sources will be directed into the re-refining stream for re-use as an oil j
lubricant product.
However, it will be some time bef ore re-refinifig will l
l accomodate a major f raction of the waste oils.
Modern re-refiners typically
(
i l
~
2 Recycling 45 f
i used herein refers to the utilitation of waste otis for any profitabit purpose, including blenci.g and use as a f uel and re-refining and
{
use 45 4 lubricant..
i L
]
A-1 l
1 i
i l
l r
-m.
require 10-20 tillion gallons of oil a year in order to be economically practical; although some smaller re-refiners may be profitable with as little as 1-3 at111on gallons oil througheut per year (5180).
Currently about 5% of waste oils is re-refined for re-use as an otl lubricant (EPA 80).
f I
The most common use of waste oil is blending and use as a fuel.
The next most viable option is re-refining.
The major product of the re-refining process is usable oil lubricant.
However, each process results in several by-products--
some of conenercially usable value, others of no value and of ten requiring f
disposal at a hazardous waste site.
The current major methods of re-refining waste oils include (5180, 00EB2, Wet 2):
- acid / clay i
- clay,
c
- caustic clay l
- dist1114 tion / clay l
t l
- solvent treatment / distillation /hydrotreatment l-Most re-refining processes employ a pre-treatment process (settling heat /
l-l chemical, and/or filtration) to remove gross contrminents (water, dirt, etc).
Waste waters removed during the process generally are treated to meet dis-
. charge ?tQuirements and released to environment.
t l
Past projections have estimated that about 15% of all waste oils are diverted j
l for miscellaneous uses with road spraying for dust control being a predominant application (EPA 80).
However, road spraying for dust control is unlawful in many states.
And, more states are expected to take similar action, as is also under consideration by the era for a national policy.
(
l I
The major steps in all re-refining processes generally include:
I L
rough screening and settling for bulk water separation and to remove I
any foreign materials, such as rags and Sant';
, dehydration to remove major water contamin4 tion by a heating process to boil off water; i
r A-2 v.-.w.,,
sludge and conta31 nation removal, which varies by type of re-refini process but is typically either vacuum dittillation, acid or caustic clay content, or chemical / solvent treatment process; and finishing step, characterized bodies, and odoriferous compounds are abso-bed.as an absorption process l
For the processes identified, the major by-preduct streams include (8180 00E82. We82):
Distillation bottoms i
Spent clays Acid sludges Solvent treatment sludges Filter cakes For these by-products, utilization or disposal options include'(We82):
81ending and use as a fuel Asphalt extender Heavy lube oil / grease Sanitary landfill disposal
.- Ha,rtrdous waste disposal For processes utilizing a disttilation process, the predominant contaminants (f or example. PCB) will be concentrated in the distillation bottoms.
These bottoms are maintained as a Itquid so as to prevent process fouling.
The most predominant usa of these bottoms is an asphalt extender or blending 45 a fuel oil.
Contaminants for the clay processes will concentrate on the clays which are typically disposed of at a sanitary landfill or at a hazardous waste
' burial site.
Disposal of the acid sludge is exlusively at a hazardous waste burial site.
The disttilation bottoms are typically 15% of input volvet
('.4eSt).
The actuai percentage of bottoms is dependent on the type and quality cf the waste oil, with automobile crank case oil yielding the reference value of 151 bottores.
Waste products of the acid / clay, clay and caustic clay processes (acid and caustic slydges) at present demand disposal at a hazardcas vaste site.
Some developmental work has been done on use of the acid sludge as a fuel in cement kilns, as an asphalt additive, and for incorporation into brick and paving raterials (We82).
However, the continued opinion is that these acid and caustic clay processes are no longer viable re-refining technologies because of the unusable deleterious by-products generated (BrS1).
A-3
Additional developmental /fessibility research has been done in the following applications of the by-products:
solvent sludgest fluidized bed composition and asphalt additive spent (lay: lube oil extraction and fluidized bed combustion filter cake: fuel source and asphalt additive A process developed by DOC at its lartlesville (nergy Technology Center at Bartlesville, Oklahoma (trademarked the IETC process) yields a
solvent-produced sludge and distillation bottoms
(- 15% of input, volume) that is reusable 45 a fuel with no additional treatment other than blending with appropriate fuel oil to meet flow and burning specifications (trll).
e a
A-4
r o
REF(R(NCES FOR APPEN0!K A r
lito
- ligda, R.J.
and Dowan, T.N.,
kl.t.1 Q11 Retefining Collection Technoloov-tconomies,
- 1980, Richard J.
Sigda and Associates i
publishers.
I trtl
- Brinkman, D.W.,
et.
41.,
' Environmental, Resourc e, Conserva-tion, and Economic Aspects of Used Oil Recycling,' 00C/IETC/
RI-80/11. April 1981, available f rom NTIS i
DOE 82 Program Gu'de to used Oil Recycling, January 1982, 00E/CS/
40402-1, available from NT!S (PASO Recon Systems, Inc. and ITA Engineering, Inc., kit.( Q11 Burned 31 1 EVtl, EPA Report, 1980, available from NTIS i
We82 Weinstein, A.D., et. al., ' Enhanced Utiltt: tion of Used Lubri-cating 011 Recycling Proces,s By-Product',
00E/IC/100059-19 March 1982, available from NT!X I
i b
l l
i I
7 A-$
I I
APP (NOlX l EQUATIONS FOR 00$E RATE VIA EACH EXPOSURE PATHWAY AND RA010NUCL10E Symbols of Variables O
= effective dose equivalent resulting from exposure to g
radionuclide; during a year (mrem /yr)
C
= concentration of radionuclide i
in weste oil 3
)
(pC /cm )-
g y
= volume of contaminated waste oil disposed of annually (liters) j X/Q
= atmospheric dispersion from point of-airborne offluent discharge to receptor (sec/m )
[
I 3
t
= breathing rate of an adult (m / set) l AL,1t
= annual ihtake of radionuclidet by inhalation which l) g produces $000 mrem /yr ef f ective dose equivalent to l
I.
an adult (vC /yd
[
g
]
SF
= structural shielding and occupancy factor'(unttless)
(
Ta
= exposure time (days) i 0/Q
= relative deposition from air to ground (m-2) i 0FG
= external dose factors for standing on ground ren-g 2
j taminated by radionuclide 1 (arem/hr per pC1/m.,
r
= fraction of deposited radioactive particulates l
retained on vegetation
}
2 Y
= vegetation production per unit area (kg wet vt/m )
i i
te
= duration of vegetation exposure to depositing j
radionucHdes (days)
I
- P
= surface density of soll in plow 14yer (kg/m )
i tb
= d:;; & L.on o f d7 position and accumulation if radio-active particulates in soil (days)
Av
= f raction of leafy vegetables ingested that are gro.m f
in a contaminated garden of interest
[
Uv
= amount of leafy vegetable enten annualy (kg) j tv
= time between harvesting and eating leafy vegetables j
l (da)
I i
B-1 l
I
Ap o f raction of produce ingested that is grown in a contaminated garden of interest Up
= amount of garden produce eaten annually (kg) tp
' hae between harvest and consumption of garden produce (da)
AL1
= annual intake of radionuclide i by.ngestion which
{
g produces $000 arem/yr ef fective dose equivalent to an adult (vci/yr) l Z
= f raction of radioactive material leaching annually (yr~I)
WW
= aqueous dilution f rom point of leaching f rom waste l
to a well (unitiess)
Tg
= time elapsed from disposal of waste to consumption of water or fish (days) tN
= annual drinking water consumption (liters /ys) l W
= aqueous dilution f rom point of leaching from waste l
to a surface stream (unitiess)
RIY
= aqueous dilution in surface stream (unttless)
I?g
= bicaccumulation of radionucitee i
in' freshwater l
fish (pC1/kg fish per pC1/ liter water) l l
Uf
= amount of fish eaten annually by a person (kg/yr) t isg
= bicaccumulation of ra61onuclide t
in freshwater j
shellfish (pC1/kg shellfish per pC;/ lit, r water)
Us
= amount of shellfish eaten by a person annually j
i (kg/yr)
= rate of application of oil onto road by spraying (liters /hr) l R
'. resusprnston factor (pti/m air per pCi/cm road 3
3 dust) j BW
= breathing rate of a working adult (m /sec)
CO
= ratto of radioactive materal concentratt n in sludge i
^
to the concentration in waste oil K
= dust concentration in air (vg/m )
f 3
Tx
= duration of excavation in buried waste (days) l l
To
= time elapsed between disposal of waste and exca-i vation or gardening (days)
Y B-2 6
_._,_.m.
-q J
o fractior of burial solids which is contanineted wast) (oil)
BV
= amount of uptake of radionuclide i in vegetation g
from contaminated soil (pti/kg of vegetation per pCi/kg of soil)
Y'I
= concentration of radionuclide i
in vegetation C g (pci/kg wot wt)
A
= areal density of vegetation harvested (kg wet I
wt/m )
YQ 'I
= amount of vegetation grown on garden area contami-noted to one plow 14yer dep.h (kg wet wt) e I
B-3
t TABLE B-1 QUANTITIES AS$1GNED TO VARIABLES l
l l
l l
l Variable Quantity '
last; i
V 3745 iiters Assigned by authors t
2.53 x 104 m3 see RG 1.109, adult j
/
BW 3.41 x 10-4 m3 see 10 m3 per 8 hrs, I
/
working adult
(
5F 0.1 RG 1.109 Ta 365 da 1 one year exposure 0/0 burn onsite-tall stac'k 10- m2 Assigned by authors burn ensite-short stack 10- m2 burn offsite-short stack 10-. m3 i
i 0FG RG 1.109 Table E-6 r
0.2 RE 1.101 y
2.0 kg/m2 RG 1.109 i
te 60 days RG 1.101 l}
RG 1.101 Table E-1 p
240 kg/m2 RG 1.101 tb 5.475 da RG 1.101 Av 1.0 RG 1.101 i
e Uv 64 kg RG 1.109 l
tv I da Ap 0.16 RG 1.101 l
t Up 315 kg RG 1.109
(
to 60 da RG 1.101 i
1 0.10 Assigned by authors t
W 100 Assigned by authors I
l l4 i
l l
tg 1000 days Assigned by authors LN 730 liters /yr RG 1.109
' groundwater flow through waste 1.3 x 106 liters Assigned by authors yr W
100 Assigned by authors R1Y 350 Assigned by authors Bf RG 1.109. Table A-1 g
Uf 21 kg/yr RG 1.109 Bs tG 1.109. Table A-1 g
Us 5 kg RG 1.109 SP 200 liters /hr Assigned by authors A
3 R
5 x 10 pCi/m air per pC1/m waste y
C0 6.67 Assigned by authors 3
K 300 vg/m Assigned by authors TF lo days Assigned by authors Tq 3650 days Assigned by authors J
0.25 A
2 2 kg wet wt/m RG 1.109 X/Q Burn onsite-ta11 st.ck 10-5 set /m3 Assigned by authors l
Burn ensite-short stack 10-4 sec/m3 Burn offsite-short stack 10-3 sec/m3 l
B-5
EQUATIONS DESCRIBING EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 1.
Atmosphere-Inhalation The af f ective dose equivalent due to exposure by inhaling atmospherically dispersed airborne effluent containing radionuclide:
O = 10-3 C, V 1 B iqqq g
g Q
Al.I B g 3
3 where 10'3 10 cm x 1 9C
=
3 liter 6
10 pC g
5000 mrem /yr 5000
=
2.
Atmos phe re-Ground-I rre dia tion The ef ective dose equivalent due to irradiation by radionuclide:
deposited on the ground by atmospherically dispersed airborne ef fluent.
r1 - eru (-x. t )
3 b
. SF. Ta 66. C V Q. OFGg O
=
g g
0 i
10 c,3 3
x 1
x 24 h.t
.where 66
=
liter 365 da da 3.
Atmosehere-Vegetation-Incestion Ef fective dose equivaient due W ingestion of vegetation containing radionuclide i on surf aces and by root uptake f rom ground resulting f rom deposition f rom ataospherically dispersed airborne ef fluent.
I-
'7
- 1 - exp (-x'.t,)
l 1 - exp (-x ty) v~
g
+g1
)
Og=Cg V.g(7 g
x,g P
K g
a A,. u,. exp <-x,. 1,).,. u, exo <-x,. y xg x
B-6
-6 3
where 2.7 x 10
= 10 x 365 da
- 10 pC1 6
K' = la2/14 days + K g 4
Leach-Well-Orink H E 2
Effective dose equivalent due to leaching of radionuclide i from (buried) waste, migration via groundwater into a well from which drinking water is withdrawn
-10 3
V.I.exp(-K.T ).Uw. 5000 7.7 x 10
.C D
=
g g
WW ALI g 3
2 10 cm 1
19 C 3
-10 where 7.7 x 10
=
x x
6 ters 6
liter 1.3 x 10 10 pCg 6
1.3 x 10 liters /yr = groundwater flow through waste (assumed).
5.
l.each-Surface Stream-Fish-Incestion Effective dose equivalent due to leaching of radionuclide i from (buried) wastes, migration via groundwater to a surf ace. stream.
Fish and shellfish exposed to water in the stream are assumed to be caught and eaten by man.
5000 g = 7.7 x 10~10. C.V.Z exp(4,Tg) 3 (8I.Uf+Bs us)
O t
g All W.Riv g
l 10 g,3 1
19 C 3
g where 7.7 x 10-10 6 11ters
- 6
=
x I
liter 1.3 x 10 10 pC year g
6-7
o
/
6.
3.p.rav en Road-Irradiation Ef fective does equivalent to a person who sprays contaminated waste oil on roads and is irradiated by radionuclide' i in the oil 3
10 C
. Y. DFG g
g Og=
3p 3
3 3
where 10
= 10 cm /11ter 7.
Sorav on Road-Resusoend-Inhale by Resident Effective dose equivalent to a resident besite a road onto which contaminated waste oil has been sprayed.
Contamination is assumed to be resuspended by vehicles and inhaled by a nearby resident.
F l I~'*PC-k Ta)
S000 g = 4. 3 x 10"3. R. C i
O g
.B.
i At.18 i 1pC g where 4.3 x 10~ = 0.05 x 86400 sec x 6
da 10 pC g 8.
Soray, on Road-Resuspend-Inhale by Worker Ef fective dose equivalent to a person who sprays contaminated waste oil on a road.
Contamination is assumed to be suspended in air and resuspended f rom the road surf ace and inhaled by a person who sprays the
)
oil onto the road.
C. V. R BW 5000 g
Og = 3.6 x 10-3 x
SP ALIB g I
19C 4 where 3.6 x 10-3 = 3600 sec x
6 nr 10 pC g 8-8
9.
Reeve 10-51udeo-feradiation 1
l if fective dose equivalent to a refinery employee from irradiation by a batch tank of contaminated sludge produced by refining contaminated waste oil 4
-4 O
10 C
. CO 5.3 x 10 V
7 OFG g =4 3 2 where 10 = 10 cm /m 0 1 cm depth 5.3 x 10-4Y = exposure time (hrs) 7 = radiation buildup factor (unitiess)
- 10. Lx.c a va te-In ha le Effective dose equivalent due to inhalation of radionuclide i in ea rt'h containing contaminated waste solids.
Intruder is assumed to
~'
excavate site of buried, contaminated waste and inhale suspended dust
~
containing contaminants.
5000 g = 2.9 x 10-3 Cg J. K < BW. Tx. exp(-X Tq) x O
g At.I B g 1g lvC where 2.9 x 10-3 4
x 2.88 x 10 le_c, x
=
e 6
6 10 v4 work day 10 nC g
- 11. Excavate-Irradiation Ef fective dose equivalent to a person who excavates buried, contami-nated waste solids and is exposed by irradiation.
Og = 8 x 104.C
. J. exp( ug.Tq). Tx. 7. OFG g
3 l
4 4
3 8 x 10 = 10 cm x _ 8 hrs
,2 work day 7 = radiation buildup f actor (unitless)
B-9 l
- 12. Garden (on t.andfill) - Vegetation - Incest Effective dose equivalent due to radionuclide i in vegetab45 and i
produce, eaten f rom a garden with contaminated soil.
No deposition from l
the atmosphere is assumed.
This model simulates exposure via a garoen in which soil contains the equivalent of 5% residual f rom coataminated oil buried or deposited earlier.
The concentration of radionuclide i in the vegetation via root uptakt would be Cf'9=33C exp(-A.Tq).B{
g g
I' 10 o 33 = 0.05 x ),$ g x
g) g The ef fective dose equivalent due to eating vegetables and produce containing radionuclide i from a garden with contaminated soil is g = 10-6 Cf9 V.Uv.exp(-A.TV) + Ap.Up.exp(-A.Tp x
O g
g i
where:
10-6,
W 6
10 pci h
I B-10
'e e
APPENDIX C DETAILED RESULTS t.
2 e6 e
e 4
h e
O
ISOTOPlc t.IMITS BY DISPOSAL SCENARIO LIMITING PATHWAY 4
4 4
e 9
9 C-1
U g
RAD 10NUCLIli[ MINIMUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS Disposal Scenarto: Burn unsite-short stack CONCENTRATION.
RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT P'ATHWAY (PCi/cm3)
CR51 1 8E+06 A t m o t ehe r e-G round-I r r a di c t i on MN54 4 2E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation "
FE55 2.6E+05 At mos e he re-Vege t a tion-Inses t FE59 3.0E+04 Atmo$shere-Ground-Irradiation C058 2 2Et04 Atmouchere-Ground-Irradiction C060 3.9Et02 Atmosshere-Ground-Irradiation NI63 2 1Et05 At mos e he re-Vece t a tion-Insus t ZN45-1.0Et04 Atmosphore-Vedetatien-insett RP86 8.8E+04 Atmosphere-Vesotation-Insest Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest SR89 3 1Et04 SR90 7 1E+02 Atmosphe re-Vecet ation-Inces t Y91 2.9Ef04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 2R95 3.4E+04 Atmoechere-Ground-Irradiation NB95 6.1Et04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation RU103 7.6Et04 At h o GPhe r e-G r ound-I r r adi a tion RU106 5.9Ef03 At m osshc ro-Ve ne t a tion-Inces t
^ '
AG110M 2.4E+03 At mos phe r e-G round-I r r adi a ti on CS134 1.2E+03 A t mos Phe r e-G r ound-I r r a di a t ion CS137 8.1Et02 Atmosehwre-Ground-Irradiation TE127M 1.7Et04 Atmosphere-VeJetation-Ingest TE127 4.2Ef07 Atmosrhere-Inhalv TE129M 3.8E+04 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insest TE129 1.3E+0B Atmosphere-Inhale CE141 1.9E+05 Atmos 3herv-Veuetation-Insest CE144 6 5E+03 Atnoonhere-vegetation-Incest PR143 2.4Et05 Atmos >here-Vesetation-Insest Entries arrearins as 1 0E12 eCi/e=3 re> resent concentrations srtater than 1 Ci/en3e thosen arbitrarils as un urrer cutof f value.
4 C-2
RADIONUCLIDE MINIMUM C0ftCENTRATION L!n!TS Disecsul Scenario: Purn onsite-tall stae>
CONCENTRATION RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWA)
(*Ci/en3F CRS1 1.8Ef07 Atmosehere-Ground-Irrodistion MN54 6.2Et04 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiat;on FY55 2.6Ef06 Atmoc>here-Vegetation-Infest FE59 3.0Et05 Atmosphere-Ground-Irrcd.ation C058 2.2E+05 Atm ost he re-G round-I r r.,di ac tion C060 3.9Et03 Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation N!63 2.1Ef06 Atmosphere-Vesc'ation-Insest ZN65 1.0E+05 Atmosphere-Vegetation-Insest RP86 8.8Et05 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Ingest SR89 3.1Et05 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insest SR90 7.1E+03 Atmosphero-Vesetation-!nuest Y91 2.9Et05 -
Atmosphore-Vesetation-Insust 2R95 3.4E+05 Atmosthere-Ground-Irradiation NB95 6.1Et05 Atmosshere-Ground-Irradiation
^
RU103 7.6Et05 Atavsrhere-Ground-Irrudiation RU106 5.9Et04 Atmosphere-VeJotation-Inuest AG110M 2.4E+.04 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation CS134 1.2Et04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation CS137 8.1Ef03 Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation TE127M 1.7Et05 Atmoc>hore-Vegetation-In.1est TE127 4.2E+0B Atmosphere-Inhale TE129M 3.8E+05 Atmos >hore-Venetation-Insest TE129 1 3E+09 Atmosrhere-Inhale CE141 1.9Et06 A t a o s.*he r e -Ve s e t a t i o n-I n s e s t CE144 6.5E+04 Atasschere-Vesetation-Incest PR143 2.6Et06 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest Entries appearins as 1.0E12 PCi/cm3 represent concentrations creatus-than 1 Ci/en3, chosen arbitrarils as on urect eutoff value.
i e
I k
r C-3
RADIONUCLIDE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS Disposal Scenario: Burn offstte-short Stach CONCENTRATION RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY (PCi/es3)
CR51 1 8E405 Athosehere-Ground-Irradiction MN54 6.2Ef02 Atm ossha re-G r ound-I r r adi a ti on FE55 2 4E+04 Atmosrhore-Venetation-Insest FE59 3 0E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation C059 2.2Et03 Ateoschere-Ground-Irradiation C060 3.9Et01 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2 1E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Incest NI&3 -
ZH65 1.0E+03 Ateosphere-Vesetation-Insest Atmosphere-Vesetation-Ingest RB86 8.8Ef03 SR89 3.1E+03 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insest SR90 7.1E+01 Atavsrhere-Vesetation-Insyst Y91 2.9E+03 Atnosphert-Vesetation-Insest IR95 3 4Ef03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation NB95 4 1E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation RU103 7.6E+03 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation RU106 5.9E+02 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Ingest AC110M 2.4E+02 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation CS134 1.2E+02 Atmosshere-Ground-Irradiation CS137 8.1E+01 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation TE127M 1.7Et03 Atmosphere-VeJotation-Insest TE127 4 2E+06 Atmosehere-Inhale TE129M 3.8Et03 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insest TE129 1.3E407 Atmosphere-Inhale CE141 1.9Et04 Atmosphere-Venetation-Insest CE144 6.5Ef02 Atmosphere-Vesetetton-Ingest PR143 2.4Et04 Atmoschore-Vesetation-Insest Entries appearins as 1 0E12 PC1/en3 represent concentrations sreater than 1 Ci/cm3e chosen arbitrarily as un urper cutoff value.
1 4
Y C-4 P
w
o RADIONUCLIDE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS Disposa'. Seenorio: Serav on road CONCENTRATION RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT.
PATHWAY (PCi/cm3)
CR51 2.4E+05 Irradiation l
MN54 9.1E+03 Irradiation FESS 2.3Et06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident FI59 6.6Et03 Irradiction l
C058 7.5E+03 Ir.adiation l
C060 3.1Ef03 Irradiction NI63 2.0Ef06 Resuscend-Inhale-Resident ZN65 1.3Ef04 Irradiation R886 8 4E+04 Irradiation SR89 4.9E+05 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident SR90 4.1E403 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident Y91 4.4Et05 Resuurend-Inhale-Resident ZR95 1.1E+04 Irradiation NB95 1.0E404 Irradiation RU103 1 5Et04 Irradiation RU106 1.4Ef04 Resuseend-Inhw!v-Resident A0110M 2.9Et03 Irradiation
- CS134, 4.4E+03 Irradiation CS137 1.3Et04 Irradiation TE127M 1.3Ef06 Resvurend-Inhale-Resident TE127 5.3Et06 Irradiation TE1'9M 6.9E+04 Irradiation 4
i TE129 7.4E+04 Irradiation CE141 9.4Ef04 Irradiction CE144 1.5E+04 Resuscend-Inhale-Resident PR143 1.3E407 Resuspend-Inhcle--Vorher Entries aerearins as 1.0E12 PCi/ce3 represent concentrations sreater than 1 C1/en3e chosen arbitrarily :s en verer eutoff value.
7 1
1 J
i i
s s
i C-5 1
i
~
. - - - +.
RADICHUCLIDE MIN! MUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS Diseosal Seencrio: Solidifv-burv/lcndfill CONCENTRATION RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY feCi/cm3)
CRS1 1.0E412 Leach-Well-Insest H2O MN54 5.2Ef05 Excavate-Irradiate FE55 1.8Ef06 Leach-Well-Insest H2O FE59 3.7E+11 Leach-Well-Ingest H2O C058 1.6E409 Leach-Well-Incest H2O C060 1.6Et02 Exetvate-Irradiate NI63 8.5Ef03 6arden-Vesetation-Insest 5 9Ef05 Darden-Vesetation-Insest ZN65-SR89 2 9E+10 Leach-Wv11-Insect H2O Garden-Vesetation-Indest SR90 3.8Ef01 Y91 6.2E+0?
Leach-Well-!esust H2O ZR95 4.0E+09 Leach-Well-Insest H2O NB95 1 0E412 Leach-Streen-Insest Fish RU103 1.0Et12 Loach-Well-Insest H2O RU104 7.2Ef04 64rden-Vegetation-Incett AG110M 7.3Ef05 Leach-Well-Insest H2O CS134 1.7E+03 Excavate-!rradiate CS137 2.1E+02 Oarden-Vesetation-Insest TE127M 3.3E+07 Leach-Well-Incest H2O TE129M 1.0E+12 Leseh-Well-Insest H2O CE141 1.0E+12 Leach-Well-Insest H2O CE144 2 2E+05 Leach-Well-Insest H2O Entries cerearins as 1.0E12 PCi/en3 represent concentrations seester than 1 Ci/en3e chosen arbitrarily as an urcer cutof f value.
o C-6
RADIONUCLIDE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION LIMITS Disposal Scenario: Reevele CONCENTRATION RADIONUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY iPCi/ n3)'
CR51 4.96+03 Sludst-!rradiation MN54 1 8E+02
$1uduc-Irradiation FE55 1.0E+12 Sludse-!rradiation FE59 1.3Ef02 Sludge-!rradiation C058 1 5Et02 Studse-!rradiation C060 6.3E+01 Sludse-!rradiation N!63 1.0E+12
$19dse-!rradiation f
ZN65 2.7Ef02 Sludse-!rradiation R386 1.7E+03 Studse-!rradiation
~ '
SR'89 1.'9E+04 Sludse-f eradiation SR90 1.0E+12
$1udse-!rradiation Y91 4.4E404 Sludse-!rradiation ZR95 2 1E+02
$1udse-!rradiation NP95 2.1E+02 Sludsc-Irradiation RU103 3.0E+02 Studse-!rradiation RU106 7.1E+02 Studov-Irrediation AG110M 5.9E+01 Studse-!rradiation CS134 9.9E+01 Sludue-!rradiation CS137 2.5Et02 Sludue Irradiation TE127M 9.7E+05 Sluddu-!rradiction TE127 1 1Et05 Sludae-!rradiation TE129M 1.4E+03 Sludue-!rrediation TE129 1.5E+03 S tudse-! r radiat ion CE!41 1 93+03 Sluduv-Irradiation CE144 3.3E+03 Studse-!rradiation FR143 1.0E+12 Sludse-teradiation Entries appearins as 1.0E12 eCi/ce3 represent concentrations secater than 1 Ci/en3e chosen arbitrarily as an urrer eutoff value.
f l
I l
e I
I
[
c-7 f
ISOTOPIC t.1MITS IN ASCENDINS PATHWAY ORDER BY DISPOSAL SCENAkIO O
e
.e S
S e
d a
e C-8
l CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCENDING O!: DER DisPusal Scenario: ktrn unsite-short stsch A
CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT FATHVAY (PCi/cm3)
CR51 1 8E+06 Atmosphere-Ground-Irr:diation 4.3Ef06 Atmosphere-Vegetation-In=est 4.2E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale MN54 6.2E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2E+04 Ateoschere-Vesetation-Ingest
)./Et06 A t mo sp h e r e-t r.hu l e FE'5 2.6E+05 Atmosrhere-Vegetation-Intest 4.2E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale 1.0E+12 Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation FE59 3.0Ef04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiatien 5.4E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Ingest
~'
6.3E+05 Atmosphere-Inhale C058 2.2E+04
' Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation S.1E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insust 1 5E+06 Atmosphere-Inhole C060 3.9E+02 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4E+03 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.3E+04 Atmosehere-Inhale
~'
N!63 2.1E+05 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insest 2
4..!Ef 06 Atmosrhere-Inhale 1.0E+12 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation ZN45 1 0Ef04 Atmocchere-Vesatation-Insest 1.1Ef04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 6.3E+05 Atmosphere-Inhale RB86 8.8E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Ingest 9.3Ef05 Atmosrhere-Ground-!rradiction 1.7Ef06
..t m osehe r e-!reh a l e SR89 3.1E+04 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 2.1E+05 Atmosrhere-!nhale 3.7E+08 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1
SR90 7.1E+02 Atsusehere-Vesetation-Insust 8 4E+03 Atmosphere-Inhale 1 0E+12 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation Y91 2.9Ef04 A t mosphe r e-VJ s e t a t f or.-!nsys t J.1E+05 Atmosphere-!nhale 7.7E+06 Atmosphere-Grour4 !rradtatton ZR95 3.4E+04 Atnosehere-Ground-!readiativn 5 4Etos At m osshe re-Vese.sti er. Ine.9 t C-9
6.3E+05 Atcoschere-Ithale NS95 4 1E+04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.8Ef05 Atmosehere-Vecetation-In=est 2.1Ef06 Atmosshere-Inhale RU103 7.4E+04 Atmosrhere-G round-I r radist f un 1 4E+05 Atmosphere-Vedatation-Indest 1.3Ef06 Atmosphere-Inhale RU104 5.fE+03 Atmosphere-Vedetation-InJest 2<0Ef04 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 2.1Ef04 Atmosphere-Inhale A6110M 2.4E+03 At mo sphe re-G round-I r r a di a t i on 1.5E+04 Atmosehere-Venetation-Indest 1.tE+05 Atmosphere-Inhale CS334 1.2E+03 Atmosphere-8round-Irrodiation
~
~ '
2.0E+03 Atmosphere Vegetation-!ncest 2.1E+05
, Atmosrhere-Inhale CS137 8.1E+02 Ateosphere-Ground-!rradiation 2.5E+03 At mosehe r e-Vez et a tion-Inses t' 4 2Ff05 Atmosphere-Inhale TE127M 1.7E+04 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-!nsest 1.0E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale 9 1E+07 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation I
TE127 4.2E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale 2 2E+08 Atsusehere-Vosetation-Intest i
2.8E+09 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation TE129M 3.8E+04 A t m o sph e r e-Veg e t a t i on-!n g e'. t i
4.2E+05 A t mosphe r e-G r ound-! r r adi a t i on 4.2E+05 Atmosshere-Inhale i
i TE127 1.3E+08 Atmosphere-Inhale 3.1E+08 Atocs here-Ground-trradiation 1.0E+12 Atmosphere-Vedutation-Indest CE141 1.fE+05 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Indest l
4.0E+05 Atmost here-Ground-Irrodf otion 1.3Et04 Atmosshere-Inhale CE144 4.5E+03 A t mo st he re-Veget a t i on-!nse s t 4
l 2.1E+04 Atmosphere !nhole 1 2E+05 Atmosrhere-Grovrid-Irrodistion i
PR143 2.4E+f4 A t m o sshe ro-Ve J e ta t ion-!ris y s t j
1 7F404 Atmosehere-Inhale
]
1.0L412 A t mo s ph e r e-G r our.4-! r r a d i a t 4 on Entries a>>earins as 1.0E12 PCi/en3 represent concer,tratteret creater I
than ! C1/en3e choser. arbitraril*/ as an useer eutof f value.
Aeie *athwart i
examir.ed but not listed also exceed the ut per outef f.
i C-10
CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCENDING ORDER Dispos s! Scer.a rio: Burn entite-tall stack CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY (PCi/en3)
CR51 1.BEf07 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 4.5E+07 Ateos.*here-Venetation-!ncest 4.2E+08 Atmosrhere-Inhole MN54 6.2E+04 Atmosphere-Ground-trradiation 6 2E+05 Atmosphert-Vegetation-Incest 1.7E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale FESS 2.6E+06 Atmosphere-Venetation-Indust 4.2E+07 Atmosphere-!nhale 1.0E+12 Atmosehere-Ground-!rradiction FE59 3.0E+05 Ateosphere-Ground-!rradiation 5.6E+05 tteoschere-Vesetation-Insest 4.3E+06 Atmosahere-Inhale
~
C058 2.2E+05 Ateosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.1E+05 Atmosehere-Vesetation-!ncast 1.5E'07 Atmosphere-Inhalt C;60 3.9E+03 Atmosphere-Grcund-Irradiatien 5.4E+04 Ateocchere-Vecetation-Insest 6.3E+05 Atmosphere-Inhale i
NI63 2.1E+06 Atmosehere-Vecetation-!nsest 4 2E+07 Ateosehere-Inhale 1 0E+12 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation IN65 1.0E+05 Ateosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.1E+05 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 6.3Et06 Atacephere-Inhale RB06 8.8E405 Atmosphere-Venetation-Insest 9.3E406 At m o s rhe r e-G r oun d-I r r a d i a t '. s n 1.7E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale o
SR89 3.1E+05 Atmosehere-Vecetation-Insest 2.1E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale 3.7E+09 At m osehe re-G round-! r r aF a ti on SR90 7.1E+03 Atmosshere-Vesetation-Insyst 8.4E404 Atsusehere-Inhalt 1 0E+12 Ateosphere-Ground !* radiation Y91 2.9E+05 Atmosehere-Veset& tion-Intest 2.1E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale 7.7E+07 Atmost here-Ground-I r t:dt:t !'n ZR95 3.4E+05 AteoJPhere-Gruvnd-Irradistter.
'J.4t+05 Atmosphere-Vesetettoo-Inse'.t C-11
6.3E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale NB95 6 1E+05 Atapsrhere-Ground-Ittadiction
~
1.8E+06 Atmosshere-Vosetation-Indest 2 1E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale RU103 7 6E+05 Atmosshere-Ground-Irradiation 1 6Ef06 Atsuschere-Venetation-Incest 1.3Et07 Atmosphere-Inhale RU106 5.?E+04 Atmosrhere-Vesvtation-Insest 2 0Et05 Atmosehere-Ground *rradiation 2 1E+05 Atmosehere-Inhale AG110M 2.4E+04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiction l
1.5Et05.
Atmosphere-Vesetation-In9est 1.9E+06 Atmosphere-Inhale CS134 1 2Et04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation
~ ' 2.0E404 Atmosrhere-Vegetation-Indest
~
2.1Et06 Atmosphere-Inhale CS137 8 1E+03 Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 2.5E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-InJast 4.2Ef06 Ataoschere-Inhale TE127M 1.7Et05 Atmosphere-Vesotation-Insest 1.0E+07 Atmosphere-Inhale 9.1E+08 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation TE127 4.2Et08 Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2Et09 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 2.8E+10 Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation r
TE129M 3.8Et05 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.2Et06 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
4.2Et06 Atmosphere Inhale i
TE129 1 3Et09
'Ataosphere-Inhale 3 1Et09 Atmosehere-Ground-!rradiction 1 0E+12 Atmosehere-Vesotation-Insest r
CE141 1.9E+06 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-!ncest 6.0Et06 Ateoschere-Ground-Irradiattor.
1.3Et07 Atmosphere-Inhale CE144 6.5Et04 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 2.1E+05 Atmosehere-Inhalt.
1 2Et06 Ataosphere-Ground-Irradiation PR143 2.6E+;6 Atmos >here-Vesttation-Irisest 1 7E+07 Ateoccherr-Inhale 1 0E+12 Atmosphere-Ground-Itradiation Eritries appearins as 10E12 pct /cm3 represent concentrations creater Any r & t h w r.'s then 1 Ci/ce3e chosen arbitrarilw as an up>er eutoff value.
enantner, L.Jt not listed also vreece the usper evtuff.
C-12
CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCEND 1WG ORDER
, }
Dispossi Scenario: Burn offsite-short stact CONCEN.
NUCLIDE
' LIMIT PATHWAY (PCi/cm3)
CR51 1 8E+05 Atmosshere-Ground-Irradiation 4.5Ef05 Atmosphere-Vesutstion-Insest 4 2E+06 Atmosthere-Inhale MN54 4.2E+02 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2E+03 Atmosehere-Vegetstion-Insest 1.7E+05 Atmosphere-Inhale FE55 2.6E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4 2E+05 Atmosphere-Inhole 1.0Et12 Atmosehere-Ground-Irrediattor.
FE59 3.0E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4Ej03 Atmosphore-Vesetation-Insest 4.3E+04 Atmosehere-Inhale C058 2.2E+03 teosphere-Ground-Irradiation l
5.1E+03 Atmosphere-Vesetstion-Insect 1.5E+05 Ataosphere-Inhale 9
C060 3.9E+01 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4E+02 Ateosphere-Vocetation-Insest 4.3E+03 Atmosphere-Inhcle N!43 2 1E+04 Atmosphere-Vasetation-Insest 4.2E+05 Atmosehere-Inhale 1.0E+12
' Atmosphe re-f rouraN!r radiation i
ZH65 1 0Ef03 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.1E+03 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.3E+04 Atmosehere-Inhale RB86 8.8E+03 Atmosphere-Vedetation-!nivst
'9.3Ef04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradistion 1.7Ef05 Atmosphere-Inhste e
SR89 3.1E+03 Atmosehere-Vegetation-Insest 2.1E+04 Atmosphere-Inhale l
3.7Ef07 Atmosphere-Ground-!rras'istion l
SR90 7.1E+01 Atmosphere-Vegetation-!n.'ust 8.4E+02 Atmosehere-Inhale c
1.0E+12 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiatici.
Y91 2.9E+03 Ataosphere-Veuttation-Insest 2 1E+04 Atmosehere-Inhale 7.7E+05 Atmosphere-Ground-teradietton ZR95 3.4E+03 Atsusehere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4E+03 Atmosphere-Venetation InJ.st C-13
~
c 6.3E+04 Atcosphere-!nhale NB95 4.1E+03 Ateoa*here-Ground-Irradiation 1.8E+04 Atmosebere-Venetetion-Incest 2.1E+05 Atmosphere-!nhale RU103 7.6E+03 Atmos >here-Ground-Irradiation 1.6E+04 Atmosphere-Vosotation-Indest 1.3E+05 Atmosphere-Inhale RU104 5.9E+02 Atmosehoro-Vegetation-Ingest 2 0E+03 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 2.1Ef03 Atmosrhere-Inhale AG110M 2.4E+02 Ataosehere-Ground-Irradiation i
1 5E603 At mo sphe r e-Vece s a tion-!ris e s t 1
1.9E+04 Atmosphere-Inhale CS134 1 2E+02 Atmosphere-6round-!rradiction 2.0Ef42 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 2.1Et04 Ateosphere-!nhale CS137 8 1Et01 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.5Et02 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.2E+04 Atmosphere-Inhale TE127M 1.7E+03 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E405 Atmosphere-Inhale 9.1Ef06 Atmosphe re-G rour d-I r radia tion TE127 4.2E+04 Atmosphere-!nhale 2.2Ef07 Ateosphere-Vesetation-Incest 2.8E+08 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
TE129M 3.8Ef03 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Incest 4 2E+04 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2E+04 Atmosphere-!nhale TE129 1.3Et07 Atmosphere-Inhale l
3.1Ef07 Atmoschere-Ground-!rradiation 1.0E+12 Atmosphero-Vesetation-Indest l
CE141 1 9E+04 Atmosehere-Vesetetion-!nuvst e,.0E+04 Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation 1.3Et05 Atmosphere-Inhale CE144 4 5E+02 Atmosphere-Veset0 tion-Insest 2.1Ef03 Atmosphere-Inhalt 1.2E+04 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiction i
{
PR143 2.4E+04 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Indest i
1.7E+05 Atsusehere-!nhale 1.0E+12 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation Entries appearins as 1.0E12 PCi/en3 re> resent concentrations sreater
{
that. 1 Ci/ce3. chosen ar'ottractiv ts an verer cutoff value.
Anv os'bwavs exantned but not listed also exceed the urrer eutoff.
CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCENDING ORDER Disposal Seer.ariu: Serav on road CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY (PCi/es3)
CR51 2.4Ef05 Irradiation 1.8Ef08 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3 4E408
.Resusrend-Inhale--Vurker MN54 f.1Ef03 Irradiation 1.2E406 Resuspend-Inhtiv-Resident 1.3Et07 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker FE55 2.3E+06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.4E+07 Resuspend-Ir. hale--Worker 1 0Et12 Irradiation FE39 4.4Et03 Irradiation 1.7E+06 Resuspend-Inhalv-Resideret 5.0Et04 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker C058 7.5Ef03 Irradiation 2.6Et04 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1 2E+07 Resustend-Inhale--Worker C060 3.1E+03 Irradiation 3.2Et04 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 5.0Et05 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker N!63 2.0Et06 Resusrend-Inhale-Resident 3.4Ef07 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1.0E+12 Irradiation ZN45 1.3Et04 Irradiation 4.8Et05 Resuspend-Inh 61v-Residvnt 5.0Et06 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker R396 8.4E+04 Irradiation 1.1Et07 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.3Et07 Resuspend-Inhale--Vorher o
SR89 4.9E+05 Resuspend-!nhale-Resident 1.7Ef06 Resusrend-Irihole--Worker t.4E407 frradiation
$Rf0 4.!E+03 Resuspend-!nhale-Residvnt 4.7E+04 Resuspend-!nhale--Vorher 1.0E+12 Irradiation Y91 4.4Ef05 Resusrend-Inhale-Residvnt 1.7E+06 Resuseend-!nhale--Worter 2.2E+06 treadiation ZR95 1 1E+04 treadiation 1.2L+06 Resusrend-!nhalv-Resideret C-15
5.0E+06 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker Ml95
.1.0Ef04 Irradiation 7.3E+06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.7Ef07 R e s u s r e nd-I rihe l e--Wu r k e r RU103 1.5Et04 Irradiation 3 9E+06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1 0E+07 Resuspend-!nhale- '/t rke r RU106 1.4Ef04 Resusrend-Inhale Resident 3.5Ef04 Irradiation 1.7E+05 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker AG110M 2.9E+03 Irradiation 1 4E+05 Resussend-Inhale-Resident 1.5E+06 Resusrend-Inhale--Worker CS134 4 4E+03 Irradiation 1.2E+05 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.7Et04 Resussend-Inhale--Worker
~
CS137 1 3Ef04 Irradiation 2.0E+05 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.4Ef06 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker TE127M 1.3E+06 Resussend-Inhale-Resident 8.4Ef06 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 4.8Et07 Irradiation TE127 5.3E+06 Irradiation 3.4E+08 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1.3E+10 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident TE129M 6.9Et04 Irradiation 1.5E+06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.4E+06 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker TE129
'/.4Ef04 Irradiation 1.0Ef09 Resuspend-!nhale--Worker 3.0E+11 Resuspend-Inhalv-Resident CE141 9.6Eio4 Irradiation 4.4Et06 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1 0E+07 Resutrend-inhale--Wurker CE146 1.3E+04 Resussend-!nhale-Resident 1.7t+05 trradiation 1.7Et05 Resuspend-!nhale--Worker PR143 1.3Ef07 Resuseer.d-Inhalv--Vurker 1 5E+07 Resuspend-!nhale-Resident 1 0L+12 Irradiation Entries a**earins as 1 0E12 PCi/ce3 re* resent concentrations sreater than 1 Ct/en3, chosen arbitrarily as an up*er eutuff value.
Any *.'thwJv.
exantned but not listed also er.cev1 the unter cutoff.
C-16
CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCENDING ORDER Disposal Scenario 1 Solidifw-burv/ landfill CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT PATHWAY (PCi/cm3)
CR51 1.0E+12 Leach-Well-!risest H2O
~
1 0Et12 Leach-Strean-Instst Fish 1.0E+12 Garden-Venetetion-Insest MN54 5.2Et05 Excavate-!rradiate 1.0E+06 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1 9Et06 Ler.ch-Well-Incest H2O i
5.4E+06 Garden-Vegetttion-Ingest 8.9Et10 Excavate--Inhale FE55 1 8Ef06 Leach-Vell-Insyst H2O 3.4Ef06 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 2.5Ef07 Leach-Streaa-Insust Fish 7.5Et08 Excavate--!nhale 1.0E+12 Excavate-!rrodicte FE59 3.7Ef11
' Leach-Vell-!nsest H2O 1.0E+12 Leach-Strean-Incest Fish 1.0E+12 Exccvate-!rradiate 1.0Et12 Garcen-Vesetation-Insest C D.59 1 6E409 Leach-Vell-Ingest H2O 2.0Et11 Leach-Strean-Incest Fish 1.0E+12 Exccvate-!rradiate 1.0Et12 Garden-Venetation-Insest 1.0E+12 Exccvate--!nhale C060 1.6Et02 Excavate-!rradiate 1.3Et03 Garden-Vesetation-Incest 2.7Et04 Leach-Well-Incest H2O 2.9E+06 Exenvate--Inhale 3.4Et06 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish N!63 8.5Ef03 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 8.6Et05 Leach Vell-Insect H2O 5.7E407 Exetvete--!rehele 8 5Ef07 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Excavate-!rradiute ZN65 5.8E+05 6 a r d e ri-Ve s e t c *,l ori-I nc e s t 6 4E+05 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1 8Ef06 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 5.5E+06 Excavate-!rradiate l
2.4E411 Excavete--Inhale l
R886 1 0Et12 Garden-Vesetation-!nuest I
1.0E+12 Leseh Well-Inse',t H2O 1 0E612 Leach Strean-Insett Fish FR89 2.9E410 Lusch-Well-Indest H2O C-17
~
1.0E+12 Leach-Strean-Indest Fish 1 0Ef12 Garden-Venetation-Insest
.1 0E+12 Excavate-!rradiate 1 0Ef12 Excavate--Inhale SR90 3.8E+01 Garden-Vesetation-Invest 3.0E+03 Le ach-Well-Irisest H2O 1.3Et05 Excavate--Inhale 6 8E+05 Leach-Streta-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Excavate-!rradiate Yt1 4.2Ef09 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 2.fE+11 Leach-Strean-Indest Fish 1.0E+12 Sarden-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E+12 Excavate-!rradiate 1 0E+12 Excavate--Inhale ZR95 4 0E+09 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1 0E+1' Leach-Strean-!nsest Fish 1.0E+12 Excavate-!rradiate 1.0E+12 Garden-Venetation-Insest 1.0E+12 Excavate--!nhale N895 1.0E+12 Leach-Strean-!ngest Fish 1 0Ef12 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 Excavate--Inhale RU103 1 0E+12 Leach-Well-Insest H20 1.0E+12 Lesch-Strean-!nuest Fish RU106 7.2E+04 Garden-Vesetation-Insect 1.2E+05 Leach-Well-!nsest H2O 4 7E+05 Excevate-teri *iate 1 9E+07 Leveh-Strean-Insest Fish 2.4E+08 Excavate--Inhale AG110M 7.3Ef05 Leach-Well-Insect H2O 8.7E+05 Excavate-!rradiate 1.4Et06 Garden-Vesetation-Indust 5.2E+10 Excavate--Inhale 1 0Et12 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish CS134 1.7E+03 Excavate-!Pradiate 3.6E+03 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1 7Et04 Leach-Well-Insest H2O f.0E+04 Leach-Stresa-Incest Fish 7.7E407 Excavate--Inhale CS137 2.1Lt02 Carden-Venetatiori-Insett 2.!E+02 Excavate-treadiate 1.0Ef04 Leach-Well-Incest H2O 5.4E+04
' each-Strean Invest Fish 6.4E+06 Excavatv--Inhale TE127M 3.3E+07 Leach-Well-frse2t H2O 2.!E+08 teach-Strece-Innest Fish 1 3C&11 C a r d e n-V e s o t a t i o n - t ris c s '.
C-18 9
a u
1 0E+12 Exesvate-!rradiate 1 0Et12 Excavate -inhale TE127 1.0E+12 Ga rder -Venet ation-Inces t TE12?M 1 0E+12 Leach-hell-Innest H2O 1.0E+12 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Exc avste--Irihal e TE12?
1.0E+12 Garden-Venetation-Insest CE141 1 0E+12 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Excavate--Inhale CE144 2.2E+05 Leach-Well-Insest H20 1.1E+07 Leach-Stream-Irdest Fish 1.tE+07 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1 7Ef07 Excavate-!rrediate 1.fE+09 Excavate--Inhale PR143 1.0Ef12 Garden-Vesetation-!ngest 1.0E+12 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1 0E+12 Leach-Strean-Incest Fish Entries arrearins as 1.0E12 PCi/en3 represent concentratiens seester than 1 Ci/es3, chosen arbitrarilv as an urrer eutoff value.
Any rathways
. examined but not listed also exceed the urPer eutoff.
l o
e C-19
r-CONCENTRATION LIMITS--ASCENDING ORDER Dispossa Seentrio: Reevele CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT FATHWAY (PCi/es3)
CR51 4.9E+03 Studse-!rradiation MN54 1 8E+02 S'ludse-!rradiation FE55 1 0E+12 51udse-!rradiation FE59 1.3Et02
$1udse-!rradiation l
\\
C058 1.5E+02 Studce !rradiation
[
C040 4.3Et01 Studse-!rradiation N143 1.0Ef12
$1udse-!rradiation ZW45 2.7E+02 Studse-!rradiation R384 1.7E+03 Sludse-!rredic'. ion SR99 1.9E+04 Studse-!rra'distion SR90 1.0E+12 Studse-!rradiation Y91 4.4E+04 Studge-!rradiation ZR95 2.1E+02 Studsc-Irradiation
.1895 2.1E+02 Studse-!rrad!Jtion RU103 3.0Ef02 Sludge-!rrediation RU104 7.1E+02 Studse !rradiation A0110M 5.9Ef01 Studse-!rradiation CS134' 8.9Et01 Studse-!rradiation I
CS137 2.5E+02 Studse-trred'istion TE127M 9.7E+05
$19dse-!rradiation TE127 1.1E+05
$19dse !rradiation TE129M 1.4C+03
$19due-!rradiation TE129 1.5E+03 Sludse-!rradiation CE141 1.9Et03 Studve-teradiation l
CE144 3.3E+03 S19ese-!rradiatter.
.C-20 t
o PR143 1 0Et12
$19dse-!rradiation Entries semearins at than 1 Ci/en3, chosen arbitrarily 1 0E12 PCi/en3 represtait coricentrations tresten-as an up>er cutoff value.
Anv eathways examined but not listed also exceed the ueper cutoff.
4 3
44 0
e 4
9 4
4 P
(
i I:-21
/
ISOTOPlc LIMITS IN ASCENDING (ROER BY SCENARIO AND PATHWAY 9
0 e4 4
9 e
l C-22
CONCENiiATION LIMITS--ASCENDING ORDER All Diposel Seonarios CONCEN.
NUCLIDE LIMIT DISPOSAL SCENARIO F' A T HW A Y (PCi/en3)
CR51 4.9E+03 Reevele Sludve-!rradiation 1.8Et05 Burn olfsite-short stack Atac39here-Cround-Irradiation
?. 4Ef05 Serav on road Irradiation 4.5Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosshe re-Vesetatf or -InJest 1.8Et06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Gruund-Irradiattun 4.2Ef06 Burn offsite-short stack Atrosphere-!nhale 4.5Ef06 Burn onsite-short stack Ataut.here-Vegetation-!nsest 1.RE407 lurn onsito-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2Ef07 Burn onsite-short stack Atmusehere-Inhale 4.5Ef07 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vestsation-Insect 1 8E+0B serav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.4Ef08 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 4.2Et08 3 urn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1 0If12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Innest H2O
~
1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Ls'ach-Stream-Indest Fish 1.0Ef12 Multiple Garden-Venetat4on-Instst MN54 1.8E+02 Reevele S19dse-!rradiation 6.2Et02 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irraciation 6.2E+03 turn onsite-short stack Atsosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 6.2Et03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest 9 1E+03 Serav en road Irradictiun 6.?Et04 lurn ensite-tall stack Ateosphere-Ground-Irradiatien 6.2Ef04 Burn onsite-short staeA Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Innest 1.7Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 5.2Ef05 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavtte-!rro'inte 4.2Ef05 Burn onsite-tall stack Ataosphere-Vesetatio.i-Insest 1.0Ef06 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Streen-Insest Fish 1.2E+06 Sprav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.7Ef06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-!nhale 1.9Et06 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Le 'h-Well-Insest H2O 5.4Ef06 Solid!rn-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetttion-Insest 1.3E+07 Sera.
a'. road Resuspend-Inhalv--Yorker 1.7Ef07 Burn ansite-tall stack Atmosrhere-!nhale 8<9E+10 Solidifv-bur 4/ landfill Excavate--!nhale FE55 2.6Ef04 Burn offsite-short stack Ateosphere Vecetation-Incest 2.6Ef05 Purn onsite-short stack Atmosthere-Vesetation-Insest 4.2E+05 Burn offsite-short stock Atmosphere-!nhale 1.8Et06 Solidi'v-burv/ landfill teach-Well-Insest H2O 2.3El06 Straw on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 2.6F+06 Purn ensite-tall steek Atavsehert-Vesetation-Invess 3.4E+06 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vedetation-!n=est 4.2E+06 Purn onsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Inhale 2.5Et07 Solidifv-burv/ landfill teach-Stree6-Inseat Fish 3.4E+07 Straw on road Krsustend-Inhale--UueAt*
4.2E+07 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmospherv Inhale 7.5E+08 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 1.0E+12 Reevele Sivese-!rrectation C-23
1.0Et12 Burn offsite-short staet Atmusrhere-Ground-leradiatior.
1 0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1.0E+12 Burn onsite-short staet A t mo s rh e r e-G r our.0-I r r a d i a t t ori 1.0E+12 Sprav on road Irradiation 1.0E+12 Burn onsite-tall stack A t susehe r e-G r ound-I r r e di c t t ur-FE59 1.3Et02 Reevele SludJv-Irradiation 3.0Et03 Burn offritv-short stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 5 4E+03 Burn offnite-short stack Atmosrhere-Venetetton-Insest 6.6Et03 Serav on road Irradiation 3.0Et04 Burn onsite-short stack Atsusehere-Ground-teradi6 tion 5 6Et04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 6.3Et04 Burn offsite-short stael Atmosphere-Inhale 3.0Et05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irrad.ation 5.6Et05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Vvuetatien-Innest 6.3Et05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.7E+06 Sprav on road Resuseend-Inhalv-Resident 5 0Et06 Sprav o.: road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 6.3Et04. Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 3.7Et11 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1 0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0Et12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1 0E+12 Solidifv burv/ landfill 6arden-Vesetction-Incest C058 1.5Et02 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 2.2Et03 Burn offsite-short staet Atmosphere-Ground-Irr&diation 5.1Et03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-VesetJtien-In3est 7.5E+03 Serav en road Irradiation 2.2Et04 Burn onsite-short stacl Atmosrhere-Ground-!Pradiction 5.1Et04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.5Ef05 Burn offsite-short stack Atsusthere-Inhale 2.2Et05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.1E+05 Burn onsite-t:11 stceh Atmovehere-Vesetation-Ir.cest 1.5Et06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 2.6Et06 Serav en road Resutrend-!nhale-Resident 1.2Et07 Sprav en road Resuspend-!nhJ1e--Verker 1.5Et07 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.6Et09 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Ingest H2O 2.0E+11 Solidifv-hurv/ landfill teach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden.Vcsetation-Insest 1.0E+12 Sc 'difv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale C060 3.9E+01 Burn offsite-short staet Atmosphere-Ground-1crediation 4.3Et01 Reevele Studse-teradiation 1 6E+02 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rrediate 3.9Et02 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4E+02 Burn offsite-short stack Atsusehere-Vesetation-Insest 1.3E+03 Solidifv-burs / landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 3.1E+03 Scrav en rood Irradiation 3.9Et03 burn ensite-tall stact Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4E+03 Burn onsite-qnort stack Atmosphere-Vecet: tion-!hsrst 6.3E+03 Burn offsite-thort stack Atsosphe e-Inhale 2.7E+04 Solidifv-buru/lancft11 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 3.2E+04 Sprav en road R e s u s r e nd -Inh:1 r - R e s i d er.t 5.4E+04 Burn onstte-tall stae>
A t m o s s be r e -V e s e t a t i or.- !ne e s *.
o.3E+04 Purn onsite-9.hort steth Atmosthere-!nhste C-24
5.0Et03 Serav on road Resussend-!nhale--corker
~
6.3E+03 Durn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhele 2.tE+06 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--!nhale 3.4C+06 Solidifv-burv/landfil!
Leach-Strean-!ncest Fish N!63 8.5Et03 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation Insest 2.1Ef04 Burn offsite-short stack Atausthere-Vesotetion-Insust 2.1Et05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Veset*
on-Insest 4.2Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 8.6Et05 Solidifw-burv/ landfill t each-Well-Insest H2O 2.0Et06 Serev en road Resuspend-Inh:le-Resident 2.1Et06 Durn ensite-tall stael Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest
+
4.2Ef06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Inhale 3.4Ef07 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 4.2E107 Burn onsite-ts11 stack Atmosphere-Inhcle 5.7Et07 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Er.cavate--Inhale 8.5Ef07 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strece-Incest Fish 1 0E+12 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1.0Ef12 Reevele Sludse-Irradiation 1.0Et12 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 Serav on road Irradiation l
ZN65 2.7E+02 Reevele Studse-Irradiation 1.0Et03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest l
1 1E+03 Purn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1 0Et04 Burn ensite-short stack A t mos phe re-Ve n e t a ti'on-Ins e s t 1.1E+04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Groun1-Irradiation 1.3Ef04 Serav en road Irradiation 1
6 3Ef04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhale 1.0D :5 Burn ensite-tall stack Atnesphere-Vesetation-Insest i
1.1Ef05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 4.8Et05 Serav on road Resussend-Inhale-Resident 5.8E+05 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 6.3Et05 turn onsite-short stael Atmosphere-Inhale 6.4Ef05 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H2O l
1.8Ef06 Solidifw-burv/isndfill Leach-Strean-Insett Fish l
5.0Ef06 Sprav on road Resuspend-!nhale--Worker 5.5Ef06 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradicte 6.3Et06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale
[
2.4E+11 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale o
RPS6 1.7Ef03 Reevele
$1udse-!rradiation 8.8Ef03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Venetction Insest 8.4E+04 Serav on road Irradiation i
8.8Ef04 burn onsite-short stack Attobrhete-Vecetation-lusett 9.3Et04 Burn offsite-short stae)
Atmosphere-Ground-!rratistion 1.7Ef05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale C
8.8E+05 Surn onsite-tall stack Ateosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
9.3E+05 Furn ensite-short stack Atroschere-Ground-Irradiati:n f
1.7E+06 Burn ensite-short stack Atmo4Phere-!nhale 9.3E'06 Purn onsite-tall stael Atmotrhere-Ground-! r:d:atten 1.1E+07 Sorav on road Resuseend-Inhale-Resident i
7 1.3Et07 Sprav en road Resustend-Inhale--Wor 6er 1.7E+07 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.0E+12 Multiple G a r den-Ven e t. t a en-I ns t s '.
t l
C-25 t
l t
1 0E+1?
Solidifv-burv/landft!!
Leseb-Well-Incett H2O 1 0E+12 Solidifw-burv/landfil!
Leach-Strean-Indest Fish SR89 3.1E+03 Burn offsite-short stack A t masthe r e-Veur t ation-inses t 2 1E+04 Burn offsite-short stact At.osphere-Inhste 3.!Ef04 Burn onsite-short stack Ats.esehere-Vesetstion-Incest 2.1E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhJ1e 3.1E+05 Burn onsite-tall stcek Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest 4.9E+05 Serav on h:-d Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1 7E+06 Serav en road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1.9E+06 Reevele Studse-Irradiation 2.1E+06 Burn onsite-ta!! stack Atmosphere-Inhale 3.7E+07 Burn offsite-short stack A tmos phe re-G round-! r r adi a tion 9.4E+07 Serav en road Irradiation 3.7E+08 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-!.' radiation 3.7E+09 B u rre onsite-tell stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.9E+10 Solidifw-burv/1Jndfill Leach-Well-Inject H2O 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/landfil!
Leach-Streca-Instst Fish 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetatten-Insest
- 1. 0E + 12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-Irradiate 1 0E+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale SR90 3.8E+01 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Incest 7.!Ef01 Burn offsi^.e-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetction-Insyst 7 1E+02 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Venetation-!nsest 8.4E402 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Inhale 3.0E+03 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Vell-Insest H2O 4.1E+03 Serev on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 7.1E+03 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 9.4E+03 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 6.7t+04 Sprav en road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 9.4E+04 Burn ensite-tall ssrek Atmosebere-Inhale 1.3E+05 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 6.8E+05 Solidifv-burv/1cndfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Burn offsite-short steek Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-Irradiate 1.0Et12 Reevele
$1udue-frradiation 1.0E+12 Burn ensity-short stack At mot Phe re-G round-I r r:di s tion 1.0E+12 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irrad:stion 1.0E+12 Sprav on road Irradiation o
Y91 2.9E+03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Vesetetion-Insest 2.1E+04 Burn offsite-short stack Nteosphere-InhJ1e 2.9Ef04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Venetation Insett 4.4E+04 Reevele Sludse-Irradiation 2.1E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmos?here-Inhcle 2.9E+05 Burn onsite-tall stack Ateosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.4Ef05 Serav on road Resusrend-Inhale-Aesident 7.7E+05 Burn offsite-short stsek Atmosphere-Ground-Irrediatien 1.7Ef06 Sprav en road Resusrend-Inhale--Wurter 2.1E+06 Burn ensite-tall stsek Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2E+06 Serav en road Irradistion 7.7E+06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmos >here-Ground-!rradiation 7.7E+07 Burn onsite-te!! stact Atmosphere-Ground !rra01stion 6.2E+09 Solidifv-burv/landfi11 Leach-Vell-Indett H2O 2.9E+11 Solidatv-burv/ landfill Leacn-Stre:r-Incest F:sn 1.0E+12 Solictfv-burv/lancft!!
Garoen-Vesetat:en-Inset *.
C-26
1 0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--labele IR95 2.1Et02, Reevele
$19dse-!rradiation 3.4Ef03 Surn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradia' ion 5 4E+03 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest 1.1E+04 Serav on road Irradiation 3.4Ef04 Burn onsite-short stcek Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiction 5.4Et04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Inaest 4.3Et04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-!nhale 3.4E405 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 5.4Et05 turn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
4.3Ef05 Durn onsite-stiort stack Atmosphere-Inhcle I
1.2Et04 Sprav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 5 0Et06 Serav on road Resuspend-Inh 01c--Worker 4.3Et06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 4.0Et0?
Solidifv-turv/ landfill Leach-Well-Itidest H20 1 0Et12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Streat-Indest Fish 1.0R+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Exenvate-!rradiate 1.(2+12 Soltdifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1.4E+12 Felidifv-burv/lendfill Excavate--!nhale NB95 2 1Et02 Reevele
$1udse-!rradiation t
4 1Ef03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et04 Sprav on road Irradiation l
1.8Ef04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vecetation-Insest 6.1Et04 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.8Et05 Burn onsite-short stack Atm osphe r e-V e d e t a ti'on-In s e s t 2.1Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhale 6.1Et0S nurn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.8Ef06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest
[
2.1Ef06 Surn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 7.3Et06 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.7E+07 Sprav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 2.1Ef07 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosrhere-Inhale
(
1.0Et12 Solidifw-bury / landfill Leach-Strean-IrrJest Fish 1.0E+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale f
i 4
RU103 3.0E+02 Reevele
$1udee-frradiation 7.6Et03 Burn of f site-shor', stack Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation j
1.5E+04 Sprav on road Irradiation f.6Et04 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 7.6Ef04 Burn ensite-short stack Atsusehe rt-G round-I r r a di s t t en 1.3Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale l
1 6E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetstion-Insest
?.6Et05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1.3E+06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Inhale 1 6Et06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insett 3.9E+06
$3rav on road Resuseend-Inh:!r-Residen*
l 1.0E407
$Prav on road Resuspend-!nhale--Wurter 1.3Et07 Surn onsite-tall stock Atmosphere-Inhale 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/16ndfill Leech-Well-Incest H00 1.0E+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fasn f
l RU106 5 9E+02 Purn offsite-short sicch A t s.e s e he r e -V e s e t a t t en-I nses t
^
7.1E+02 Reevele Studue-!rracistion C-27 4
~
2 0Ef03 Durn offsite-sheet stack Atoosehere-Ground-!rradiation 2.1E+03 Surn offsite-short stack Atmosenere*InhJ1e 5.9Ef03 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 1 4E+04 Serav on road Resus end-Inhale-Restdent 2.0E+04 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.1Ef04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 3 5Ef04 Serav on road Irradiation 5.9E+04 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 7 2Et04 Solidifv-burv/16ndf111 Garden-Venet: tion-Intest 1.2Et05 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Indest H2O 1 7E+05 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 2.0Et05 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.1E+05 turn ensite-tall staet Atmosebere-Inhale 4.7E+05 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-feradicte 1.?t+07 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Loach-Strean-Innest Fish 2.4E+0B Solidifw-burv/ landfill Exesvate--Inhale AG110M 5.tE+01 Reevele
$1udse-!rradiation 2.4E+02 Durn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiction
.1.5Ef03 Durn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Indest 2.4Ef03 Surn onsite-short steek Atmos >here-Ground-Irrediation 2.9E+03 Sprav on road.
Irradiation 1 5E+04 Surn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.fE+04 Burn offsite-short steer, Atmosphere-Inhale 2.4E404 Burn ensite-tall stock Atmosebere-Ground-Irradiation 1 4E+05 Serav on road Resuspend-!nhale-Resident 1.5E+05 Durn onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Vrsetationa:nsest 1.9E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 7.3E+05 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leech-Vell-Incest H2O 8.7E+05 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1.4E+06 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Venetation-Insest 1.5E+06 Serav on road Resuseend-Inhale--Worker 1.9E406 Burn ensite-tall stsek Atmosphere-!nhale 5.2E+10 Soliditv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhele 1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach Streaa-Indest Fish CS134 8.?E+01 Reevele Studse-frradiation 1.2E+02 Surn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Gruund-Irradiation 2.0E+02 Purn offsite-short Stack Atmosrhere-Vesetation-insest
{
1.2f+03 Burn onsite-short steek Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation l
- 1. 7,E + 03 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 2.0Ef03 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 3.6Ef03 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vegetation-Incent 4.4t+03 Serav on road Irradiation 1.2E+04 Burn onsite-tall stock Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiatiun 1.7E+04 Solidifv-burv/ landfill teach-Well-Indest H2O
.2.0E+04 Durn onsite-tall stack Atauschere-Vesetation-Insest 2.1Et04 turn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 9.0E+04 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strega-Insest Fish 1.2E+05 Sprav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 2 1Ef05 Burn onsite-short stack Atopsehere-Inhalt 1.7E+06 Sprav en road Resus.*end-InhJ1e* Vorker 2.1E+06 Burn onsite-tell stack Atmosphere-Inhale 7.7E+07 Solidifw-burv/14nctill Excavate--Inhele CS137 9.1Ef01 Burn offsite-short stack Atteschere-Groun1-!rradtation 2.!E402 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-vetet:tton-In:tst C-28 j
2.1E+02 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 2.5Ef02 Burn offsite-short stael At co s phe r e-Ve s e t a t i ori-!ris e s t 2.5E+02 Reevelt Sludae-!rradisticn 8.1E+02 Burn onsite-short stock Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiatten 2.5E+03 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vedetation-Inuest 9 1E+03 Burn ensite-tall sitek Atmosehere-Ground-!rr dictivn 1.0E+04 Solidifw-burv/landfi!!
Leach-Well-InJest H2O 1.3Ef04 Serav on road Irradiation 2.5E+04 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere"Vesetetten-Indest 4.2EiO4 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 5.4E+04 Solidifv-bury / landfill Leach-Streaa-triuest Fish 2.0E+05 Sprav on roar)
Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 4.2E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 3.4Ef06 Sprav on road Resusetnd-Inhalo--Worker 4.2Et06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-!nhale 6.6E+06 Solidifv-burv/1&ncfill Excavate--Inhale TE127M 1.7Et03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmusehere-Vetetation-Innest 1.7E+04 Burn onstte-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E+05 Burn offsite-short sta:L Atmosphere-Inhale 1.7E+05 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Innest 9.7E+05 Reevele Sludse-!rradiation 1.0E+06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.3Et06 Serav en road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 8.4E+06 Sprav en road Resus.*end-Inhale--Worker 9.1Et06 Burn offsite-short stack Ats.esehere-Ground-Irredtetton 1.0E+07 Burn ensite-tall stack Atsosphere-Inhale 3.3E+07 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insett H2O 4.8E+07 Serav on ruad Irradiation 9.1E+07 Burn onsite-short stack Atees >he r e-G r ourid-I r r a di a tion 2.1E+08 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Stream-Indest Fish 9.1E+08 Burn onsite-tall steck Atmosphere-Ground-!rrodiation 1.3E+11 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-!nsest 1.0E+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1 0E+12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale TE127 1.1E+05 Reevele S19dee-!rradiction 4.2E+06 Burn affsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 5.3E+06 Serav on rocd Irradiation 2.2E+07 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Indest 4.2E+07 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2E+0S Burn ensite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 2'. 8 E 4 08 Purn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 3.4E+0S Serav on road Resuspend-Inhalv--Vu'ther 4.2E+08 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2E+09 Burn ensite-tall stack A t s u sche r e-Ve n e t a ti on-t ris e s t 2.8E+09 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irractation 1.3E+10 Serav on road Resusrend-Inhale-Resident 2.8E+10 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+12 Multiple Garden-Venet:tien-Insest TE129h 1.4E+s3 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 3.8E+03 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetction-Intest 3.SE+04 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Venetation-Innest 4.2E+04 Burn offsite-short stack At mosphe re-G round-I r r:e n t t: r' 4.2E+04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-trihale 6.9E+04 Sersv en reae I r r a di a t i er.
C-29
9 3.8Et05 Burn onsite-tall stock Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.2Et05 Surn onsite-short stack Atmosphers-0round-Irradastaun 4.2Et05 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.5Ef06 Serav on road Resuseend-Inhsle-Resident 3.4Et06 Serav on road Resuspend-!nhale--Vorher 4.2Et06 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2Et06 Burn onsite-tall stack Atsusehere-Inhale 1 0Ef12 Solidifw-burs / landfill Leach-Vell-Insest H2O 1.0Ef12 Solidifw-burv/landfi!!
Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0Et12 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale TE129 1.5Et03 Revvele Studse !rradiation 7.4Et04 57 raw on road Irradiation 1.3E+07 purn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhete 3.1Et07 Burn offsite-short stack Ataosehere-0round Trradiation 1.3Et08 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehete-Inhale 3.1Et08 lurn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground !rradiation 1.0Ef09 Serav en road Resuspend-!nhsle -Worker 1.3E+09 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosehere-Inhaf e 3.1Et09 Burn.onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 3.0E+11 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.0Et12 Burn offsite short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.0Et12 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest 1.0Et12 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest 1.0Et12 Multiple Garden-Venetation-Insatt CE141 1.9E+03 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 1.9Et04 nurn offsite-short stack Atmosphero-Venetation-Insest 6.0Et04 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiatt:i 9.6Et04 Serav on road Irradiation 1.3Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhale 1.9E+05 Purn ensite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 6.0Et05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-0round-!rractation 1.3Et06 Jurn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1.9E+06 Burn onsite-tall stacA Atmosphere-Vesetati:n Insest 4.6Et06 Serav on road Resuspend-!nhale-Resident 6.0Et06 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+07 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Wurker 1.3Et07 Burn ensite-tall stach Atmosphere-!nhale 1.0E+12 Salidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Vell-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0Ef12 Solidifv-burv/1cndfill Excavate--Inhalt-CE144 6.5E+02 turn offsite-short stack Ataosphere-Vesetation-!nsest 2.lEt03 Burn offsite-short stack Atsusehere-Inhcle 3.3Et03 Reevele Sludse-!rradiatten 6.5E+03 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-Insest 1.2Ef04 Burn offsite-short stack Atausehere-Ground-Ir*astat4on 1.5E+04 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 2 1Et04 Burn crisite-short stack Attost he re-Inhale 6.5E+04 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1 2E+05 Burn onsite-short steek Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiatacr.
1.7E+05 Serav on road
!rradiation 1 7Et05 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Vorker 2.1E+05 6 urn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2E+05 Solidsfv-burv/ landfill Leach-Vell-trsest H2O 1.2E+06 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere G r und-I r rJ a.it ar C-30 i
1.1Ef07 Solidifv-burv/landt !1 Leach-Strese-Insest Fish 1 1E+07 Solidifw-burv/ landfill
^*rden-Venetation-Insyst 1.7E+07 Solidifv-bvrv/1chdfill Exce ste-!Pradiate 1.9E+09 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--!nhale PR143 2 6E+04 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest 1.7Et05 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhste 2 6E+05 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.7E+06 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Enhale 2.6Ef06 Burn'onsite-tall stock Atmosphere Vesetation-Insest 1 3E+07 SPrav on road Resuseend-Inhale--Worker 1.5E+07 Serav on road Resuseend-!nhale-Resident 1.7E+07 Durn entite-tall stack Atmosehere-Inhcle 1 0E+12 Reevele Sluose-!rradiation 1.0E+12 Serav en riad Irradiation 1.0Et12 Burn offsis*-short staet Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
1.0E+12 Burn onsite short stack Atmosphere-Ground-1.' radiation 1.0E+12 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-0round-freadiation i
1.0E+12 Multiple Garden-Venetation-Insett 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H20 1.0E+12 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leech-Strese-Insvst Fish Entries aPPearins as 1.0E12 PCi/ce3 represent concentrations trester than 1 Ci/em3, chosen arbitrarily as an uePer eutoff value.
Any pathwavs examined but not listed also exceed the upper eutof f.
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CONCENTRATION LIMIT 3 IN ASCENDING ORDER I
SY ISOTOPE AND PATHidAY FOR EACH 015P05At GCENARIO t
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C-32
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CONCENTRAT!0N LIMITS IN ASCEND!NS ORDER Diioosal Scenario: Burn onsite-shoPt stack i
CONCENTRATION LIMIT RADIONUCLIDE PATNWAY
(>C1/en3) 3.92+02 C040 At?osthere-Ground-Irractatier, 7 1E+02 SR90 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 8 1E+02 CS137 A t m o srhe r t-G round-I r r bdi a ti on 1.2Ef03 CS134 Ateosphere-Gruvnd-Irradiation 2.0E+03 CS134 ntaosphere-Vesetation-Insest 2.4Et03 A0110M Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation 2.5Ef03 CS137 Atmosehere-Vesetation-Innest 5.4E+03 C060 Atmosphere-Venetation-insest 5.9E403 RU106 Atmosebere-Vesetition-Insett 4.2E+03 MN54 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 6.5Ef03 CE144 Atmos >here-Vesetation-!nsest 8.4Ef03 SR90 Atmosphere-Inhale 1.0E+04 IN65 Atmosphere-Vesotation !ncest
-1.1Ef04 TH65 Ateosphere-Ground-IrraJiation 1.5Ef04 A0110M Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.7Ef04 TE127M Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest t
2.0E+04 RU106 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2 1E+04 RU106 Atmosphere-Inhale
(
2.2E+04 C058 Atmosphere-Cround-Irradiation 2.9Ef04 Y91 Atmos >here-Venetation-Insest 3.0E+04 FE59 l
Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 3.1E+04 SR99 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
3.4E+04 IR95 Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation A
3 8E+04 TE129M Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest 5.lE404 C008 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 5.4E+04 ZR95 Atmosphere-Vecetation-Insest 5 4E+04 FE59 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest i
6.1E+04 Hl95 Atmosphere-Ground-Irrediation 6 2Ef04 MN54 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.3E+04 C060 Atmosehere-Inhale l
7.6Ef04 RU103 Ataoschere-Ground-Irradiation S.t:404 RPS6 Atnesrhere-Vesetation-Insest l
1.2Ef05 CE144 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1 6E+05 Rul03 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest
[
,1.9E+05 Hl95 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.9E+05 CE141 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.9C+05 A0110M Atmosphere-!nhale 2 1E+05 N!63 Atmosphere-Vesetation Innest 2 1E+05 SR89 Atmosphere-Inhale i
2 45+05 PR143 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
2.6E405 FESS Atees>here-Vesetation-Insest 4.2Ef05 TE129M Atmosphere-Ground-!rractation 7
4 2E+05 CS137 Atmos >here-!nhale 4.0E+05 CE141 Atmosphere-Grounc-Irradiatto.,
6.3E+05 FE59 Atmosehere-Inhale I
9 3E+05 R)86 Atmosphere-Ground-Ifradiation 1.0E+06 TE127m Atmos >nere-Inhale j
1.3E+06 RU103 Ateesthere-Inhale i
1.5E+06 C058 A t m os Phe r e -!r.ha l e C-33
1.7E+04 MN54 A t m o',*he r e-Inhal e 1.Itt04 CR51 Atmosphere-Grovne-trradiation 2 1E+04 N)?5 Atmospherr* Inhale 4.2Et04 FE55 Atmosphere-Inhale 4.5Et04 CR51 A t m o sph e r e-Ve s e t a t ie r.-In s e s t 7.7E+04 Yt1 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 4.2Et07 CR51 Atmosenere Inhale f.!E+07 TE127M Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1.3Et08 TE129 Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2Et08 TE127 Atmosphere-Veuetation-Insest 3 1Ef00 TE12?
Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation 3.7Et08 SR89 Atmosphere-Groune-!rradiation 2.8Ef09 TE127 A t m o s phe re-G round-I r r a di a t t or.
1.0Ef12 T[129 Atmosphere-Vesitation-Insest 1.0E412 N!43 Ateosphere-6round-Irradiation s
1.0E+12 SRio Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Ef12 FE55 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiatter.
1.0Et12 PR143 A t m o s phe re-G round-!P r a di a t i on Entries aercarins as 1.0E12 PCi/e=3 rerreser.t concentrations sreater than 1 Ci/ce3, chosen arbitrarily as an upper cutoff value.
Anw pathways examined but not listed also exceed the upper cutoff.
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CONCENTRATION 6!MITS IN ASCENDING ORDER Disposal Scenariot Furn onsite-tall staet CbHCENTRATION LIMIT RADIONUCLIDE PA!NWAY (PC1/cm3) 3.9E+03 C060 Atmoc>here-Ground-Irradiation 7.1Et03 SR90 Atmosphere-Venetation-!nsest 8.1E+03 CS137 AteetPhere-Ground-!rradiction 1.2E+04 CS134 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.0E+04 CS134 Atmourhere-Vesetation-Insest 2.4E+04 A0110M A t m os phe r e-G r ound-! r r a di a t t er.
2.5E+04 CS137 Atmosphere-Vesetation !risest 5.4E+04 C060 Ateosphere-Vesotation-Insest 5.9E+04 RU106 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4.2Et04 MN54 Ateosphere-Ground-!rractation 6.5Ef04 CE144 Atmosphere-Vssttation-Incest 8 4E+04 SR*0 Atmosphere-Inhale 4,0E+05
.TN65 Atmos v +v-Vesetation-Insest 1 1E+05 ZN63 Atmos >c e-Ground-!rradiation 1.5E+05 A0110M At mos r he r e-Ve n e t a tion-In s t's t 1.7Ef05 1E127M Atmosphere-Venetation-Insest 2.0E+05 RU104 Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation 2.1E405 KU106 Atmotrhere-Inhale 2.2E+05 0058 Atmosphere-Grov..d Irradiation 2.9E+05 791 Atmosphere-Vcsetation-Insest 3.0E+03 FE59 Atmosphere-Ground-Irr:11ation 3 1E+05 SR89 Atmosphere-Vetetation-Insest 3.4E+05 2R95 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 3.8Et05 TE129M Atmosphere-Vesetition-Insest 5.1E+05 CD'9 Atmosphere-Vestt tion-Incest i
5.4E+05 ZR95 Atmosphere-Ve.netation-Insest 5.6E+05 FE59 Atmosphere-Vssetstion-Incest l
4.1Et05 NB95 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
6.2Ef05 MN54 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Incest 6.3E+05 C060 Atmosphere-Inhale f
7.4E+05 RU103 Atmosphere *0round-Irradiation 8.8E+05 RPB6 A t m osehe r e-Ve s e t a tier.-Ins e s t I
1.2E+06 CE144 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
1.6E+06 RU103 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insett
'1.8Et04 NI95 Atmosphere Vesetation-Insest-1 9E+06 CE141 Atmosphere-Vesetction-Insast i
1.9E606 A0110M Atmosphere Inhale 1
2.1E+06 N!63 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest l
2.1E+06 SRB 9 Atmosphere-Inhale 2.6Et04 PR143 Ateosphere-VesetJtton-Inses' f
2.6Ef06 FL55 Atmos *here-Vesetation-Insest t
4.2EAJ4 TE129M Atmosphere-Ground-teradiation 4.2E+06 CS137 Atmosphere-!nhcle f
6.0E+06 CE141 Atmosphere-Ground-!rractation L
6.3E+06 FE59 Atsos*here-Inhale
'9.3E+06 RP86 Atmosthere-0tovnc-Irredtatt35 l
1.0E+07 TE127M Ateosphere-Inhste 1.3E+07 Rt103 Atmo.Shere-!r. hale i
1.5E+07
/,059 Atmo;>here-!nhsle j
0-35
1.0E+07 20103 Resuspend-Inhale -Worker 1.1E407 R)le Resuspend Inhale-Resident 1.2E+07 C058 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1.3E407 MN54 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1 5E407 PR143 Resuspend-It hal e-Resident 1 7Ef07 N895 Resussend-Inhale--Worter 3.4Ef07 FE55 Resuspend-Inhale--Wurker 4 8Ef07 TE127M trradiation 9.4Ef07 SRet Irradiation
- 8Ef08 CR51 Resuspend-Ir. hale Resident 3.4E+08 CA51 Resussend-Inhale--Worker 1.0Elef,
TE129 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1 3E+10 TE127 Resuspend-Inhale-Rosident 3.0E+11 TE129 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1 0E+12 FE55 trradiation Entries appearins as 1.0E12 PCi/ce3 represent concentrations steater than 1 Ci/ce3e-chosen arbitrarily as an verer cutof f value.
Anv Pathwavs examined but not listed also exceed the upper eutoff.
l l
l r
l l
l C-36
"~
CONCENTFAf!ON LIMITS IN ASCENDING ORDER Disposal Scenario! Sprav on read CONCENTRATION i
LIMIT RADIONUCLIDE PATHWAY (rct/ce3) 2.?E+03 AG110M Irradiction 3 1Et03 C060 Irradiation 4 1E+03 SRt0 Resuvrend-Inhale-Resident 4.4Et03 CS134 treadiation 4.6E403 FEst Irradiation 7 5E+03 C058 trradiation 9 1E+03 PN54 Irradiation 1.0E+04 Nt?5 Irradiation 1.1E+04 2Rt5 Irradiation 1 3Et04 CS137 frradiation 1 3E+04 ZN65 trradiation 1.4Et04 RU106 Resus>trid-Inhale-Resident 1.5Et04 RU103 Irradiation 1.5Ef04 CE144 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.2Et04 C040 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident l
3.5E+04 RU106' liradiation 6.7E+04 SRt0 Resuspend-Inhale"-Worker 6.tE+04 TE12tM Irradiation 7.4E404 TE12t Irradiation 8.4E+04 R886 Irradiation 9 6E+04 Celt!
Irradiation 1.2E+05 CS134 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.4E405 AG110M Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 1.7E+05 CE144 Irradiation 1.7Et05 RU104 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 2.0E+05 CS137 Resusrend-Inhale-Resident 2.4E+05 CR51 Irradiation t
4.4E+05 fil Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 4.8Et05 ZN45 Resuspend Inhale-Resident 4.tE405 SR89 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident l
5.0E+05 C060 Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1 2Et06 MN54 Resussend-Inhale-Resident 1.2E+06 IRt5 Resusrend Inhale-Resident 1 3Et06 TE!27M ResasPend-Inhale-Resident
,J.5E+06 TE12tM Resusrend-!nhale-Resident l
i l
1.5E+06 AG110M Resuspend-!nhale--Worker i
4 7E406 SRif Resuspend-Inhale--Worker 1.7E+04 FE59 Resuspend Irihalea Resident l
2.0E+06 HI63 Resuspend Inhale-Resident l
2.2E+06 T91 Irradiation j
i 2.3E+06 TE55 Resussend-Ir. hale-Resident 2 6E+06 C058 Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 3.4E+06 CS137 Resussend !nhale--Worker 3.tt+06 RU103 Resuseer.d-Inhale Keticent 4.6E+06 CE141 Re s us e e n t-! r.n a l e - Re s i d e n t l
5.0E+06 FEtt R e su s p eno-Irihcl e--Wo o e r
+
5.3E+06 TE127 I r r a di a t i sr.
7.3E+06 Hit 5 Resuseend-Inhale-Resicer.t t
8.4E+04 TE127m Resuspenc-!nnele--Vor6er C-37 L
1.7E+05 MN34 Atmosphere
- Inhale 1 8E+05 CR51 Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation 2.1E+05 N895 Atmosphere-!rihale 4.2E+05 FE55 Atmosphere-Inhale 4.5E+05 CR51 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 7.7C+05 Yt1 Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation 4.2Ef06 CR51 Atmosphere-Inhale f.1E+06 TE127M Atmosphere Giound-!rrediation 1.3C+07 TE129 Atmosphere Inhale 2.2E+07 TE127 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Inses,t 3 1E f 0't TC12?
Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation 3.7Ef07 SR87 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.8C+08 TE127 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Ef12 TE129 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E+12 N!63 A t e osehe r e-B round-I r r a dia ti on 1.0Et12 SR90 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+12 FE55 Atmosphere-Bround-Irradiation 1.0Ef12 PR143 Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation Ent ri e s s p'r e a r fns' a s 1 0E12' PCi/cm3 represent concentrations dretter than 1 Ct/ce3e chosen arbitrartiv :s an upper eutof f value.
Anw rathwavs examined but not listed also exceed the uPret cutoff.
O C-38
C0::CENTRAf!0N LIMITS IN A5CENDING ORDER Discosal $cenario! Furn offbite-short statt CONCENTRATION LIMIT RADIONUCLIDE PATHWA1
(*Ci!ce31 3.fE+Ct C040 Ateosphere-Ground-Irradiation 7 1Et01 SRt0 Atmosphere Venetation-Insest 8 1E+01 Ct137 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiction 1.2Et02 C5134 Atmos *here-Ground-Irradiation 2.0E+02 CS134 Atmosphere Venetation-Insest 2.4Et02 40110M Ateosphere Ground Ir.'adiation 2 5E+02 C5137 Atmosphere Vesetation Insest 5.4Et02 C060 Atmosphere Vesetation-Insest 5.tE402 RU106 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Incest 6.2Et02 MN5#
Atmosphere Ground Irradiation 4 5E402 CE144 Atmosrhere-Vesttation-Insest 3.4Et02 SRt0 Atm o t.she r e-Inha l e 1.0E+03 2N45 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Instst i.iEf03 ZN65 Ateosphere-Ground-Irradiation l
1 5Et03 A6110M Atmosphere-Vesetation-Innest 1 7E+03 T(127M Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insett 2 0E+03 RU106 Atmosphere Ground-!rradietion 2 1Ef03 RU106 Atmosphere-!nhale 2.2Ef03 C058 Atmosphere-Ground-!rrediation 2.tt+03 Yt1 Atmosrhere-Vesetation~!nsest 3.0Et03 FE59 At m osphe r e-G round-I r r a die t t on 3 1E+03 SR89 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insect 3.4E+03 ZRt3 Atmos *here-Ground-!rradiation 3.tE+03 TE13?M Atmosphere-Vesetation-!ncest 5 1E+03 C05I Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest 5.4E+03 ZRt3 Atmospherc-Vesetation-Insest 5.6Et03 FE59 Ateolenere-Vesetation-Insest 6 1Et03 Nt?5 Atmosphere-Ground-!Pradiation l
4.2E403 MN54 Atmosphere-Vesetation*Insest 6.3Et^3 C060 Atmosrhere-Inhale 7.4E+03 RU103 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 8.8Et03 RI86 Atmos >here-Venetation-Insest 1.2E404 CE144 Atmosrhere-Ground-Itradiation 1.6Ef04 RU103 Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insett t
1.8Ef04 nit 5 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 1.9C+04 CE141 Atmosehere-V&setation-Insett 1.tE+04 AC110M Atmosphere-Inhale 2 1E404 N!63 Atmosphere-Veevtation-Infest 2.1E+04 5R89 Atmos *here-Inhale 2.4E+04 FR143 Atmosrhere Vesotation-Instst 2.4E404 FE55 At o pnere-Vesetstion-Insess 4.2E+04 TE12?M Atmospi'ere-Ground Irradiati:n 4 2E+04 CS137 Atmosphere-Inhalv i
4 0E+0a CC141 Ateosphece-Grovns-Irractation i
6.3E404 FE59 Atmosphere-Inhale 9.3E+04 RB86 Atmos *here-Cround-Irradiation 1 0Ef05 TE127M Atmosphere-!nhele 1 3E+05 RU103 Ateo?>here-Inhale i
1.5E+0 C058 Ateos*nere-Inhale C-39 L
L l
1 l
l l
1 7E+07 MN54 Atmosphere-Inhale 1.8Ei07 CR51 Atmosphere 6round-leradiatien i
2.1Et07 N895 nteesehere-Inhale 1
4.2Et07 FE 5 Atmosphere-Inhale l
4.5Et07 CR5:
Atmotehere-Venetation-Insest i
7.7Et07 ff!
Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation i
4.2Et06 CRf1 Ataosphere-!nhale I
i f.1Et08 TE127M Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.JE409 TE129 Atmosrhere-Inhale 2.2Lt09 TE127 Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 3 1E+09 TE129 Atmosphere-Sround-Irradiation t
3.7Et0?
SR89 Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation 2 8Et10 TE127 Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1 0Et12 TE1??
Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest i
1.0Et12 M143
'4*osphere-$round-Irradiation
+
1.0Et12 gg9o Atmosphere-Ground-!rradiation L
i 1.0E112 FE55 Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 PR143,
Atmosphere tround-Irradiation r
l Entries spreerins as 1.0E12 PC1/cm3 represent concentrations srector l
than 1 C1/em3, chosen arbitrarilv
..s an usPer cutoff valve.
Any pathways f
examined but not listed also er,eed the uppe'r eutof f.
l 5
i l
e i
l i
t I
t C-40 1
o
- C00CENTRAT10N LIM!7$ IN A$CENDING ORDER Disposs! Seer.ario: Solidife burv/lariefill CONCENTRAi!0N LIMIT RADIONUCLIDE PATWWAY
(>Ci/en3) 3.tEt01 SR90 Garden Vesetattoo-Insest 1.6Et92 C060 Excavate-!rradiats 2 1E402 CS137 Garden-Veneta' son Insest 2 1E402 CS137 Excavate-!rrautate 1.3E403 C040 Garden Vesetation-Instst 1.7t+03 CS134 Excavate-teraitate 3.0E+03 SR90 Leach-Well-Insest H20 3.4E+03 C3134 Garden-Venetation !nsest 9.5E403 N!43 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E404 CS137 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.7t+04 C5134 Leach Well-Insest H2O 2.7E404 C060 Leach-Well-Ingest H2O 5.4Et04 C2137 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish
.7.2Et04 R0106 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 9.0Et04 C$134 Leach Strean Insest Fish 1.2E+05 R0106 Leach Well-Insest W20 1.3Et05 SRt0 Excavate--Inhale 2.2E+0" CE144 Leach Well-Insest H2O 4.7Et05 RU106 Ex c rea t e-! r ra di a t e 5.2Et05 MN54 (xcavate-!rradiate 5.5E405 2N45 Garden-Vssetatien-Insest 6.4Et05 2N45 Leach-Vell*!nJe*,t H2O 6.tEf05 SR90 Leach-Streat-Insest Fish 7.3E405 A0110M Leach-Well-!r,s st H2O l.4Et05 N!63 Leech-Well-Invest H2O 8.7E405 A0110M Excavcte !rradiate
- 1. ',E t o o hM54 Leach-Strese*!nsest fish
- 1. 4E 406 AG110M Garden-Vesetation-Insest
!-2E+04 FE55 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.tE404 ZN45 Leach-$trean-Insest Fish 1.9E+06 i:M54 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 2.tt+06 C060 Excavate--!nhale 3.4E+04 C040 Leach-Stream-!nsest fish 3.4E+06 FE55 Garden-Vesetation Insesi 5.4E+06 MN54 Sarden-Venetation-Insest
'5. 5 E + 04 ZN65 Excavi ta-!r radiate 6 6E406 C5137 Excavate--Inhale 1 1E+07 CE144 teach-Strean-Insest fish 1.ttt07 CE144 Gareen Vedetation-Insest 1.7E607 CE144 Excavate-!rradiate 1.?Et07 RU106 Leach Strean Indest rish 2.5E+07 FE55 Leach-Streen-!risest Fisn 3.3Et07 TE127M Leach-Well-!nsest H2O 5.7t+07 N!63 Excavate -Inhale 7.7E+07 C5134 Excavate--Inhale 8.5E+07 N!63 Leach-Strean-Insest rish 2 1E+0B TE127M Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 2.6E+09 Rut 06 Excavate--Inh le 7 5E409 FESS Excavate--lehale C-41
~
l 1 4E+0?
C058 Leach Well-Insest H20 1.?E+0?
CE144 Excavate--Inhale l
4.0E+09 Int 5 Leach Well-Insett H2O 6.2E+0?
Y91 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 2.tt+10 SR89 Leach-Well-Insest H20 l
5.2Et10 A0110M Excavate--Inhale 8.tE+10 Md54 Excavate--Inhale t
i.3E+11 TE127M Garden-Venetation Innest 2.0E+11 C054 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 2.4E+11 ZN65 Excavate--Inhale 2.ttt11 Yt1 Leach Strean-Insest Fish 3.7E+11 FE59 Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 FE59 Leach 5trean-Innest Fish 1.0E412 5R89 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish l
1.0E+12 RU103 Leach Well-InJest H2O 1.0E+12 ZRt 5 Leach-Strean-Inses. Fis*.
1.0E+12 N895
- each-5trean ! ass.st Fish 1.0Et12 TE12?M Leach Well-Insest H2O i.0E+12 N895 Leach Well-!nsest H2O 1.0Et12 TE12tM Leach Strean-!nsest Fish 1.0E+12 CE141 Leach-We!!-Insest H2O 1.0Et12 N!63 Excavate-!rradiata 1.0E+12 SRt0 Ercavate-!rradiate 1.0E+12 RU103 L ach-StreJa-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 TE1274 Excavate-!rradiate 1.0C+12 FE55 Eneavate-Irradiate 1.0Et12 CE141 Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0E+12 TE127M Excavate--Inhele 1.0E+12 CR51 Leach-Well-Insest H*J
(
1.0E+12 C058 Excavate-!rradiate 1 0E+12 CR51 Leach Strean-Insett Fish 1.0Et12 C05I Garden-Venetation-Indest 1.0E+12 ZRt3 Excavate-!rrediate 1.0E+12 CR51 Garden Venetation Insent 1.0E+12 R884 Leach-Well-!nsest H2O 1.0Et12 R884 Leach-5trean-Ingest Fish 1 0E+12 2Rt3 Garden-Vesetation Insest 1 0E+12 Yt1 Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1 0E+12 C058 Excavate--Ichale 1.0E+12 Yt1 Excavate-!rradiate 1.0Et12 ZRt3 Excavate--Inhale 1 0E+12 SRBt Garden-Venetation-!nsest 1.0E+12 Yt1 Excavate--Inhale 1 0E+12 FE59 Excavate-!rradiate l
1 0E+12 PR143 Leach-Vell-Insest H2O 1 0E+12 5R89 Excavate-!rradiate 1 0E+12
$R89 Excavate--Inhale 1.0E+12 PR143 Leach Streaa Insest Fish 1 0E+12 FE59 Garden vesetation-Insett f
Ent'ies a**earins as 1.0E12 PCi/ce3 represent concentrations greater than 1 Cg/ce3. ebosen arbitrartiv as an uPate cutoff value.
Any pathways exa6ined but not listed also exceed the upper eutoff.
L C-42 1
C0: CENTRATION LIMITS IN A5CENDING ORDER Disposal Scenario: Reevele t
~
l CONCENTRATION r
LIMIT RAD 10NVCLIDE FATHWAY (PC1/ce3) 5.ttt01 AG110M
$1udse-!rrediation 4.3Et01 C040 Studse-trradiation 4
8.?t+01 CS134
$1udst-!rradiation 1
1.3Et02 FE59 51udse-!* radiation i
1 5Et02 C054 Sludge-!rradiation l
1 8Et02 MN54
$1udse-!rtadiation i
2 1E402 Wlt5 sluds?-Irradiation 4
I 2.1E+02 ZRf5 Studse-!rradiation 2.5Et02 CS137 51udse-!rradiation 2 7t+02 IN45
$19dse-teradiation 3.0Et02 RU103 Studge-!rradiation 7 1E402 RU104 Sludge !rradiation 1 4E+03 TE12fM
$1udse-!rradiation 1 5E403 TL129 Sludse-!rradiction 1 7Et03 RBI4.
$1udse-!rradiation 1.ftt03 CE141 Sludst-!rradiation 3.3E+03 CE144
$1udse-!rradiation 4.tt+03 CR51 51udse-!rradiation i
4.4E+04 Yt1 Studge-!rradiation i
1 1E+05 TE127 51udse-!Pradiation l
(
9.7E405 TE127M Studse-!rradiation 1 9Et04 SR89 Studse-!rradiation 1.0Et12 FE55 51udse !rrediation l
Entries appearins as 1.0E12 pct /cm3 represent concentrations areater l
than 1 C1/en3e chosen arbitrarilw as an upper eutoff value.
Anv pathwavs j
4 examined but not listed also exceed the uePer cutoff.
l 1
i h
t I
I i
i L
r C-43 j
i
CONCEN1 RAT 10N LIMITS IN ASCENDING ORDER 8Y ISOTOPE. DISPOSAL SCENARIO ANu PATHWAY e
e e
O e
C -4 4
CONCENTRATION i!M!TS IN ASCENDING OR!'ER All Disposal Scensetos l
CONCEN.
l LIMIT NUCL!DE DISPOSAL SCENARIO PATHWAY I
I 3.st+01 SRf0 Solidify-burv/landft!1 Carden-Vesetation-Insett 3.9E+01 C060 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irrestation 5 9Et01 A0110M Reevele Studse-!rradiation 6.3E+01 C060 Reewe)e blud s e-! r r a c t e ti er.
7.1E+01 SR90 Burn ifsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetatior Insest i
3.1E+01 CS137 lurn offsite-short stack A t m o s p h e r e -G r o und-I r r a di', t i o n l
S.fEf01 CS134 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 1.2E+02 CS134 Burn offsite-short stack Atmos *here-Ground Irr3diation 1.3E+02 FE59 Reevele Sludse-!rradiction i
1 5E+02 C058 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 1 6E+02 C060 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-1rradiate 1 8E+02 MH54 Reevele 31udse-!rradiation 2.0C+02 CS134 Sarn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest 2.1E+02 NBf5 Reevele
$1udse !rradiation l
2 1E+02 C S'13'7 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 2 1Et02 ZR95 Reevele Sludde !rradiation 2.1E+02 L5137 Solidifv burv/ landfill Excevate-frradiate f
2.4E+02 A0!!0M Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 2.5E+02 CS137 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-Incest 2.5E+02 CS137 Reevele Sludse-!rradiation J
2.7E402 ZN65 Reevele
$1udse-!rradiation 3.0E+02 RU103 Reevele Sludse-!rradiation 3.9E+02 C060 Burn ensi'e-short stack Ateosehere-Ground Irradiation 5 4E+02 C040 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere Venetation-Intest l
5.fE+02 RU106 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Venetation-Insest i
6 2E+02 MN54 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-6round-Irradiation l
a 6.5E+02 CE144 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 7 1E+02 RU104 Reevele
$1udut-Irradiation
[
7.1E+02 SRfC Burn onsite-short stack Ateosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
8.1E+02 CS137 Burn onsite-short stack A t m o s phe r e-G r our.d-I r r a dia t i o n 8.4E+02 SRt0 Burn offsite-short stock Ateosphere-Inhale 1.0E+03 ZN65 Purn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Vesetation-In=est t
1.1E+03 ZN65 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation J
1.2E+03 CS134 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation
^
1.3E+03 C060 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation Insest i
1 4E+03 TCl?tM Reevele
$1udse-!rradiation 6
1 5E+03 AG110M Purn offsite-short stack Atmoser.ere-Vesetation Insest i
1 5E+03 TE129 Reevele
$19dse-!rradiation 1.7E+03 TE127M Purn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-Instst 1.7[+03 RBB&
Reevele
$19dse-!rradiation 1.7E+03 CS134 Solidifv-burv/1 ndft11 Excavate-!rrastate CE141 Reevele
$1udse-trradiation i
1.9E+03 4
2.0E+03 RU106 Sven offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Grovne !rredtation i
(
2.0E+03 CS134 Burn onsite-short stack Ataosphere-Vesetation-!nsest 2.1E+03 RU106 Furn offsite-short stack Ateesehere-Inhale i
- 2. E603 C058 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere Ground Irradtstler.
2.4Et03 AG110M Purn onsite-short stack Atmosohere-Grev o Itt 11 t '. i o r-l l
2.5E+03 CS137 Burn ensite-short staet Atmosebe re-Venetatien-!n vs t 2.9E+03 Y91 Burn offsite-snort stact At sios t he r e-Ve s e t a t ion-!ns et t i
2.9E+03 A0110M Sprav on roac Irrastatter.
C-45 i
l 3.0E+03 SRfC Solidifw-bure/ landfill Leach-Well-!nsest H2O 3.0E+03 FE59 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosphere 0round-Irradiation 3.1E+03 C060 Strav on road Irradiction 3.1Et03 SR89 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere Venetation insest 3.3E+03 CE144 Reevelt Sludse-!rradiation i
3.4E403 2R95 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere Ground-Ittaciation 3.4E+03 CS134 Solidifv-burv/isnett11 Garden-Vegetation Innest 3.St+03 TE12tM Surn offsite-short stack Atmos >here Vesetation Insest 3.?E+03 C040 turn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation 4.1E+03 SRt0 Serav on road Resuspend Inhale Resident 4.4Et03 CS134 Serav on road Irradiation 4.fE+03 CR51 Reevele Sludse-!rradiatiote
- 5. E+03 C058 Durn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Venetation !nnest 5.4E+03 IRt3 turn offsite-short stack Atessehere Vesetation Invest 5.4E+03 C040 Durn onsite-short etack Ateosphere-Vesetatson-Insest 5.4E403 FE59 lurn offsite-short stack Ateosphere-Vesetation Insest 5.?E+03 RU106 turn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Venetation Insest 6 1E+03 mbt 3 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Grcund-!rradiction 6.2E+03 hM54 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere Ground teradittien 4.2E+03,
M85.4 Burn.offsite-short stark Atmosphere Vesetation Insest 4.3Et03 C060 Burn offsite-short sti A Atmosphcre-Inhale 4.5E603 CE144 Burn onsite-short stack Ataosphete-desetation Insett l
6.6E+03 FE59 Sprav on road Irradiation 7 1E+03 SRto turn onsite tall stack Ataosphere-Vesetation Insest 7.5E+03 C058 Spraw on road Irradiation i
7.4E+03 RU103 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation 8.1E+03 CS137 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation i
8.4E+03 SRt0 turn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhale 8.5E+03 N!43 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-!nsest 8.8E+03 Rl84 lurn offsite-short stack Ateosphere-Vesetation Insest 9.1E+03 MH54 Serav en road Irt;distion 1.0E+04 CS137 Sulidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H2O i
1.0E+04 2H65 turn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetetton-Insest 1,0E+04 HI?5 Sprav on road Irradiation 1.1E+04 2Rf5 Serav on road Irradiation 1 1E+04 ZN45 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere Ground-!rradiation 1.2E404 CE144 turn offsite-short stack At e o s ehe r e-G r ound-I r r a di a tion i
1 2E+04 CS134 lurn ensite-tall stack Atmosrhere-Ground-Irradiation l
l 1.3Et04 CS137 Sprav en road Irradiation i
1.3E+04 ZN65 Serav en road Irradiation
(
1.4E+04 RU106 Strav en road Resuspend-!nnale-Resident 1.5E+04 RU103 Serav nn road Irradiation 1.5E+04 AG110M Iurn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest 1 5E404 CE144 Serav on road Resespend-Inhale Resident 1.6E+04 RU103 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Venetation-!nsest 1.7E+04 CS134 Solidifw-bvev/2andfill Leach-Vell-Insest H2O 1.7t+04 TE12?h turn ensite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest i
l i
1.8E404 Wl?5 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest l
1.9E+04 CE141 Burn offsite-short stack Atnosehere-Vesetatio.v!nsest 1.fE+04 A0110h Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-!nhale i
2.0E+04 RU106 Purn ensite-short stack A t m os phe r e-G r ouni-I r r:St a t i on 2.0E+04 CS134 Durn ensite-tall stack Atmosphe re-Ve se t a t ion-!nse s t l
2.!E404 W143 Burn offsite-short stack Attosthere-Vesetstion-Ingest l
2 1E+04 SR89 Burn offsite-short. stack Atmos *here-Inhale 2.2E+04 CC58 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere Groune-!rrsitat aan i
2.4E+04 AG110m turn anstte-tall stack Ateosphere-Greync-!r.adtation 2.5E+04 CS137 turn onsste-tall stack Atoos.nete-Venetatten !ntest i
C-46
3 6E+04 PR143 luan effsite-short stack Atmosphere Vesetation-Insest 2 6E+04 FE55 Burn offsite-short stack Attotehere Vesetation-Insest 2.7E+04 C06e Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach Well-Insect W20 2.tE+04 YS1 Burn onsite-short stack Ate 0sehere Vecetation-!nset t 3 0E+04 FLSe Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere Cround teradiation i
3.!E404 SRit turn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insett 3.2E+04 C060 Sprav on road Resuspend !nhale-tesident 3.4E+04 2Rt5 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irrediation 3 5Ef04 RU106 Sprav o., road
!rradiation TE129M Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-!ncest I
i 3 8E404 4.2E+04 1E12?M Surn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-!Pradiation 4 2E404 CS137 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Inhale 4.4Ef04 Yt1 Reevele
$19due-!rradiation 5.1E+04 C054 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 5.4E+04 2Rf5 turn onsite-short stack Atmosrhere-Venetation Insest 5.4E+04 C060 lurn ensite tall stack Atmosphere-Venetation-Insest 5.4E+04 C$137 Solidifw burv/leadtill Leach-Strese-Insest Fish 5.6E+04 FE59 Burn onsite-shors stach Atmosphere-Vesetation !cgest 5.tE+04 RU106 Sven ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 6.0Ef04 CE141 Burn offsite-short itack Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation 6.!E+04 Ntf5 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-!Pradiation 6.2E+04 r.N5 4 Burn entite-tall stack Atmosphere-0round-!rradiation 6.2Ef04 hW54 Durn onsite-short stack A t m o s r h e r e-Ve s e t at i on-Ins es t 4.3E+04 FE59 lurn offsite-'short stack Atmosphere-Inhale 4.5E+04 CE144 Burn onsite tall stack Atmosphere Vesetation-!ncest 6.7E+04 SR90 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhele-Worker 6.9E+04 TE12fM Sprav on road Irradiation 7.2E+04
.>106 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 7.4Et04 1E129 Sprav on road Irradiation 7.6E+04 AU103 Surn onsite short stack Atmosehert-Ground Irradiction 8.4E+04 SR90 Surn ensite-tall stack Ateciphere-!nhale 8.4E+04 R386 Sprav on road
!Pradiation 8.8E+04 RB96 Burn onsite-short stack Ateosphsre Venetation-Insest I
t.0E+04 CS134 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Lereh St'ase-Instst Fish f.3E+04 Alle Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation f.6Ef04 CE141 Serau on road Irradiation 1.0Et05 ZN65 Burn entite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest l
1 0E+05 TE127M Surn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Inhale 1 1E+05 TE127 Reevele Studse-!rradiation 1.!E+05 ZW65 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere Ground-!Pradiatier.
l 1.2E+05 CS134 Serav en road R* suspend inhale-Resident l
l 1 2E405 CE144 turn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-6round-Irradictivt.
[
l 1.2E+05 RU106 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Well Insest N20 l
1.3E+05 RU103 Burn offsite-short Stack Atsosrhere-Inhale l
1.3E+05 SR90 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 1 4E+05 A0110M Serav en road Resuspend-tehale Resident 1.5E+05 C059 lurn offsite-short stack Ateosphere-Inhale l
1.5E+05 A0110M Burn ensite-tall stack Atmo.*here-Vesetation-!nstst i
1.6E+05 RQ103 Sven onsite short stack Ateesehere Vesetation-Insett
(
1.7Et05 CE144 Serav on road Irr.'tation 1.7E+05 TE127M Sven onsite tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation !nsest 1.7C+05 MN54 Burn offsite-short stsek Atmosphere-!nhale i
1.7E+05 RU106 Strav on road Resuseene-Inhale--Vueler l
1.8E+05 N595 Burn onsite short staet Atmosphere-Vesetataan-Insest 1.8E+05 CR51 Purn offsite-short staet Atmosehere-Grown:-!Pradiation 1 9E+05 CE141 lurn ensate-short stacA A t m o s > h e r e-Ve s e '. a t t e r. t r. a e s t 1.9E+05 AG110n Purn onstte-short stack Atmos > he r e*!r hal+
[
l C-47 f
l t
(
l 2.0E+05 RU106 Durn casite-tall stack Atmosphere *0round !Pradiatign 2.0E+05 CS137 Sprav on road Resuspend inhale Resident 2 1E+05 W163 lurn onsite-short stsek Atmos >here-Venetation Incest 2 1E+05 RU106 Burn onsite-tall stsek Atmosphere Inhale 2.1E+05 M)t5 lurn offsite-short stack Ateosthere-Inhale 2.2E+05 CE144 Solidifv burv/ landfill Leach Well-Insest H2O 2.2E+05 C058 luri onsite-tall stack l
2.4E+05 CR51 Sprav on road Atmosphere-Ground teradiation Irradiation 2 4E+05 PR143 Surn onsite-short stack Atmosrhere Vesetation-Insett 2.6Et05 FE55 turn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesotation-Insest 2.tEf05 Yt1 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Venetation-Incest 3.0E+05 FE59 lurn ensite-tall stack Atmosphore Ground Irradiation 3 1E+05 SR39 lurn ensite-tall steek Atmosehere-Vesetation-!nsest 3.4E+05 ZRf5 turn entite-tall stack Atmos *here-0round-!rr:11stion 3.tt+05 TE12tM Wurn onsite tall stack Atmosrhere-Vesetation-Insest l
4 2Et05 TE12fM Surn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Orcund teradietton l
4 2E+05 CS137 Durn onsite-short stack Atmosehere !nhale 4 2E405 FE55 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Inhale l
4.4E405 ft1 Sprav en road Resuspend-Inhale Resident l
4 5E+05 CR51 Surn offsite-short stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-!nsest 4.7t+05 -
RU104 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 4.8E+05 IN63 Spraw on road.
Resutrend-Inhale-Resident 4.9Et05 SRif
$*rav en road ResusPend-Inhale-Resident l
5.0E+05 C060 Sprav on road Resusrend-!nhals-Worke r 5 1E+05 C058 lurn ensite-tall stack
- teosphere-Vesetition-Insest 5 2E+05 MH54 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate 1rradiate 5.4E+05 ZPf5 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 5.6E+95 FE59 lurn ensite-tell stack Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest 5.8E+05 ZN45 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Venetation-Insett 6.0E+05 CE141 Surn onsite-short stack Atactahere-Ground Irradiation
'4 1Ef05 N895 Burn ensite-tall steek Atectahere Orcund-Irradiation 4.2E405 MN54 Sven onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vetetation-Insest 4.3E+05 C060 turn entite-tall st ek Atmosphere-Inhale 4.4E+05 ZN65 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach Well-Intest H2O 4.8E405 SR90 Soliditv burv/ landfill Lesch-Strean-Innest Fish 7.3E+05 A0110M Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-!ngest H2O 7.6E+05 RU103 Burn ensite tall stack Ateosrhere-Ground Irradiction 7.7Ef05 Y71 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation 8.4E+05 W163 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach Well !nsest H2O t.7C+05 A0110M Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate !rradiste 8.tE+05 Rl86 Durn ensite-ta!! stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Innest 9 3E+05 RIS6 lurn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-0round-Irraciation 9.7C+05 TE127M Reevele Sludee-!rradiation 1.0E+06 MN54 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach Strean-!r.1est Fish 1.0E+06 TE127M Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere Inhale 1 2Ef06 MN54 Sprav on road Resuspend Inhale-Resident 1.2Ef06 ZR95 Sprav on road Resuspend Inhele-Aesidert 1 2C+06 CE144 lurn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-0round-Irradiation 1.3E406 RU103 Purn onsite-short stack Atecsphere-Inhale 1.3E+06 TE127M Sprav on road Resus>en1-Inhale-Resident 1 4E404 AG110M Solidifv-burv/ landfill 8seden Vesetation-Insest 1.5E+06 C058 Burr onsite-short staet Atocsehere-Inhale 1.5E+04 fE129M Sprav on road Resus>end-Inhale-Resident 1.5E+04 A0110h Spray on road Resuseend-Inhale--Worker 1.4C+06 RU103 Burn onsite-tall stae6 Ateosehere Venetation-Insest 1.7E+04 MN54 Purn onsite-short stack Atmosrhere Inh 314 1.7E+06 SR99 Serav on road Resuspen1-lanale--Worker C-46
e e-0 1.7E+06 FE59 Serav en road Resusesnd !nhale* Resident 1 8E+06 FE55 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach "ell-Insest H2O 1.IEdO6 Mlf5 Burn ensite-tall staet A',sosehere Venetation-Ingest 1.IE+04 IN45 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach Strean Insest Fish 1.IF.+06 CR51 turn onsite-short stack Ateosehere-Ground Irrastatter.
1.9E+04 MN54 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach Well-Insest H2O 1 9E+06 CE141 Sven onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Vesetation-tr. nest 1.9E406 A0110M Surn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1 9Et06 SR89 Reevele Sludse-trradiation 2.0E406 N!63 Sprav on road ResusPend-!nhale-Resident 2.1Ef06 N!43 lurn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest 2 1Ef06 SRI?
Surn onsite-tall staet Atmosphere-Inhale 2.2E+04 Yt1 Sprav on road Irradiation 2.3E+04 FE55 Sprav en road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 2.4E+04 C05I Serav en road Resuspen? !nhale-Resident 2 4E+04 PR143 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Venetation-!ncest 2 6t+06 FE55 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Venetation Insest 2.tt+04 C060 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 3 4E+04 CS137 Serav on road Resuspend Inhale--Vorker 3 4E+06 C060 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 3.4E+04 FE55 Solidifw-curv/ landfill Garden-Venetation-Insest 3.fE+06
- RU103 Sprav'on road Resuspend-Inhale-Resident 4 2E+04 TE12th turn onsite-tall stack Ateesphere Ground-!rradiation 4 2E+06 CR51 Burn offsite ~short stack Atmosrhere-Inhale 4.5E+04 CR51 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 4 6E+06 CE141 Serav on road Resuspend-Inhele-Resident J.
5.0E+06 FE59
$Prav on road Resustend-Inhale--Worker 5.3E+06 TE127 Sprav on road Irradiation 5.4E+04 MN54 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vecetation Instst 5.5E+04 ZH65 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-trradiate 6.0E+06 CE141 Burn ensite-tali stack Atmotrhere Ground-Irradiation 4.3E+06 FE59 lurn onsite tall staek Atmosehere-Inhale
]
6.6E+06 CS137 Solidifw-burv/!andfill Excavate--Inhale 7.3E+06 nit 5 Sprav en road Resuspens Inhale-Resident
\\
7.7E+06 ft1 Burn onsite-short stack Atactrhere Ground-!Pradiation 4
1 4C+06 TE127M Sprav on road Resuspend-Inhale--Worke*
t.1[+04 f[127M lurn offsite-short Stack Atmosrhere-Ground-!rradiation e.3E+06 RBI6 Surn ensite-tall stack Ateosphere-Ground !rradiation
.itE+07 RU1Pa Straw on road Resutrend-Inhale--Worker 1.0E407 TE127M Surn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1 1E+07 RIB 4 Sarav en road Resusrend Inhale Residant 1 1E+07 CE144 Solidifw burv/ landfill Leach Strean Insett Fish 1 1E+07 CE144 Solidift burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-!nsest 1 2E+07 C058 Serav en road Resuspend-Inhale--Vorker 1
1.3E+07 RU103 Burn onsite-tall stack Ateos*here-!nhale 1.3E+07 TE129 lurn offsite-short stack Atmosrhere-!nhale 1.3E+07 MN54 Sprav en road Resussent-Inhale-Worker 1.5Ef07 C058 lurn ensite tall stack Atmosphere-!nnale I
1.!E+07 PR143 Sprav en roat Resussend-Inhale Res. dent
)
1.7E+07 CE144 Solidifw-bu.v/ landfill Excavate-!Pradiate i
1.7E+07 MN5a turn onst'e-tall stack Atmosphere-!nhale 1.7E+07 Wit 5 Strov er, road Re susrend-Inhal e --Wo rk e r 1.8E+07 CR51 lurn onsite tall stack Atmosphere-0round-Irrastation
]
1.9E+07 RU106 Solidifw-burv/ landfall teach-Strean-!htest f ish 2.!E+07 NI95 turn onsite-tall stack Atmos 5nere-!nnale 2.2E+07 TE127 lurn offsate short stack Atmosthere-Venetstien-!nsett l
l 2.5E+07 FE55 Solidifv-burv/lancft11 teacn-Streae-Insest F:t>
1 C-49
~
3 1E+07 TE129 S:en offsite-short stack Atmosehere Ground-teradiatior.
3.3E+07 TE127M $311dife burv/ landfill Leech Well Insest H20 3.4Et07 FE55 Serav en road Resuspend-Inhale -Worker 3.7E+07 SR89 Sven offsite-short stack Atmosehere Ground-Irradiation 4 2E+07 FESS Surn ensite-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 4 5E+07 CR51 Durn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest 4.8E+07 TE127M sprav on road Irradiation 5 7Et07 N!43 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Enesvate--Inhale 1
7.7Et07 C5134 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Encavate--Inhale 7 7E+07 Yt1 Ivrn onsite tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiatien 8.5E607 M143 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish t TE+07 TE127H purn onsite-short stack Attosphere-Ground frradiation 9.4E+07 SRtf Sprav en road Irradiation l
1 3E+08 TE129 Durn onsite-short stack Atocsphere Inhale l
1.tE408 CR51 Seity on road Resuspend-Inhale-Restdent 2 1E+08 TE127M Solidif? burv/ landfill Leach-Stress-!nsest Fish l
2.2E+08 TE127 Durn onsite-short stael Atmosphere-Vesetation Insest i
2 4E+08 RU104 Solidifv'burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 2.tE+09 TE127 Sven offsite-short stack Ateesehere-Ground-Irradiation 3 1Et08 TE12?
Sure onsite-short stack Ateosphere-Ground !rraciation
- 3. 4 E + 01
- CR5~1 Spraw on road Resuseend-!nhale-Worker l
3 7E+0B SR89 8ven ensite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground Irradiation 4 2E+0B CR51 Durn entite-tall stack Atmosehere-43 hale 7 5E+08 FE55 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Int.le f.1E408 TE127M Surn onsite-tall stack Atmosrhere-6round-Irradiation 1 0E+09 TE129 Serav en road Resuspend-Inhale Worker 1 3E+0?
TE129 Purn onsste-tall stack Atmosphere-Inhale 1 4E+09 C0ht Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach Well-Innest H2O 1.tE409 CE144 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavete--Inhale 2 2E+09 TE127 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Vesetation-Insest 2 5E+09 TE127 lurn ensite-short stack Ateesehere-Ground-Irradiation 3 1E+09 TE129 Burn entite-tall stack Atmosphere Ground-Irradiation 3.7t+09 5RIt turn onsite-tall stsek Atmosphere-0tound !Pradiation 4 0E409 IRt3 Solidifw-burv/landff!!
Leach-Well-Insest H2O 4 2E+09 Yt1 Solidifv-turv/ landfill Leach Well-Insest H2O 1 3E410 1E127 Serav on road Re sun e end-!rthal e-K e si de nt 2.tt+10 TE127 Burn entite tall stack Ateosrhere-Ground-!rradiation i
2.tE+10 SRtt Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach Well-Incest H2O i
5 2E+10 A0110M lolidifw burv/ landfill Excavate-Inhale 8.fE410 MW54 Solidifw burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 1 3E+11 TE127M Solidifv-bvrv/landft11 Garden-Vesetetton invest i
2.0E411 C058 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-strean-Insest Fish 2.aE+11 ZN45 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Emeavste--!n><1e i
2.fE+11 191 loliditv burv/ landfill Leath-Strean i andt Fish i
l 3.0t+11 1E129 Sprav en road Resusrend-l'.iv 44 stient 3.7E611 FC59 Solidifv burv/ landfall Leach Well 3f n 10 i
1.0E+12 FE59 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Streas*!m 4 - 6 Fish 1.0E+12 SRet Solidirv-burv/ landfill Leach Strean-!nsest Fish l
1.0E+12 RU103 Solidifv burv/landf111 Lesch-Well-Insest H2O 1.0E+12 IR15 Solidtfv-Durv/ landfill Leach Street Insest Fish 1.0E+12 Nht5 Solidifv burv/lanofill L each-St rean-16sest F sh l
j 1.0E+12 TE12tM Solidifv burv/laneft11 Leach Well Innest H20 1.0E*12 WBt5 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Vell-Incest H2O 1 0E+12 TE129 lurn offsite-short stack Atactshere-Vesetetten Insest i
3 1.0E+12 TE129M Solidifv burv/10ndfill Leseh-5trean-Insest Fish l
1.0E+12 CEla!
Solidstv-eurv/landft11 Leach-Vell-Insest H2O i
1.0E+12 W163 Burn offstte-short staet At 6 0s r+e t e-G r our 1*!' r a t: s t l et i
C-50
1 0E+12 SR90 Burn offsite-short stack Atcosthere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 N!63 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-Irrediate 1.0E+12 SR90 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate 1 0 Ell 2 FE55 Reevele Sludse-!rradiation 1 0Et12 RU103 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Stream-Insect Fish 1 0E+12 FESS Durn offsite-short stach Atmosehere-Ground-Irrediation 1.0Et12 TE129 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosehere-Venetation-Insest 1 0E+12 N163 Burn one.ite-short steek Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1 0E+12 SR90 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irrodiation 1.0Et12 TE127M Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiste 1 0E+12 FES5 Solidi.fv-burv/ landfill Excavete-Irr:diate 1 0Et12 FE55 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+12 TE129 Burn ensite-tall ttack Ataosehere-Vesetstion-Innest 1 0E+12 CE141 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Insest Fish 1 0Ef12 N163 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Et12 SR90 Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0Ef12 FESS Serav on road Irradiation 1.0E+12 PR143 Burn offsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1 0Ef12 FESS Burn onsite-tall stack Atmosehere-Ground-Irradiation TE127M Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhole 1 0Et12 1.0Ef12 CR51 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach '?
- 1-Ins'est H2O 1.0E+12 C053 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate.rradiate 1.0Et12 PR143 Burn onsite-short stack Atmosphere-Ground-Irradiation 1.0E+12 CR51 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Lecch-Strean-Insest Fish 1.0Ef12 C058 Solidifv-bury / landfill Garden-Venetation-Insest 1.0E+12 PR143 Burn ensite-tall stack Atmosehere-3round-Irradiation 1.0Et12 ZR95 Solidiyv-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiste 1.0E+12 CR51 Multiple Garden-Vesttation-Insest 1.0E+12 RB86 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-insect H2O 1,0E+12 RB86 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach-Strean-Incest Fish 1.0Et12 ZR95 Solidifv-burv/ landfill GJrden-Vesetation-Insest 1.0E+12 Y91 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insect 1.0E442 C058 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--InhJ1e
- 1. 0 E+ 1 '
Y91 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavete-Irradiate J
1.0E+12 ZR95 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 1.0E+12 SR89 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Insest 1.0Et12 Y91 Solidifv-ourv/ landfill Excavate--Inhale 1.0E+12 FE59 Solidifw-hury/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate l
1.0Et12 PR143 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Leach-Well-Insest H2O 1.0Et12 SR89 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Excavate-!rradiate l
1.0Et12 SR89 Solidifv-burv/landrill Excavate--Inhale I
1.0E112 PR143 Solidifw-burv/ landfill Leach Strece-Insust Fish I
1.0Et12 FE59 Solidifv-burv/ landfill Garden-Vesetation-Inses't l
l Entries arrearins as 1 0E12 PCi/en3 reeresent concentrations srester
(
than 1 Ci/en3e chosen arbitrarily as an umeer eutoff value.
Any pathways examined but not listed also exceed the ureer-eutoff.
l
=
l l
4 C-51 l
l
m N
AC14-1 PART 20 e PETITIONS FOR RULE MAKING pg
)
' Actiom Notice of recMpt of petition for overall stability of disposal facilities rulernsking fmm Edison Eaectric and tend to reduce groundwater lastif ste (EEI) and Utdity Nuclear Weste ml 78 don impacts.ne Commission also 8
Ma n4sement Group (UNWMC).
expressed its wulinsness "to accept
---s
=
suesstAnn The Commission la petitione for ridemaking... for publish!ng for public comment this declaring certain waste streams to be of notlect of receipt of a petition for no regulatory concern." and identified rulemking dated July 31.1964, which some of the inic.mation necessary to was filed with the Commission by support such a petition.
Michel A.Bauser on behalf of EE! and More recendy,the Advisory UNWMC The petition was docketed by Commetee an Reactor Safeguards the Commission on July 31.1964, and (ACRS) recommended that de minimle has Men assigned Docket No.PRM-20 levels or radiation exposure be
- 15. Es petit oners request thet the established. Presently, certain criteria Corr.rnission issue a regulatlan defining regulatory cuteff levels for goveming the disposal of low level radioactJvely contaminated weste exjsts radincth ely contaminated waste oil in 10 CFR 20.306, which authorizes the from nuclear power plants by disposal ofliquid scint1Dation media estaMishing radionuclide concentrations and animal tissue containing no greater in waste oil at which disposal may be than 0.05 microcurie per gram of 11-3 or carritd out without regard to the C-14 without regard to their radioactive material content of the radioactivity.ne petitioners stated that was ter, it was also their understanding that the OATO Submit comments by November draft proposed revisions to 10 CFR Part
- 19. W3 Comments acceived after this to defined de minimis exposure as that datu s-ill be conaldered if it is practical exposure to radiation which would Present a calculated risk of biological to ds so, but assunnce of consideration harm so low, relative to the riake faced carwat be given as to comments routinely from daily aethities, that the received on or before this date, risk from rad!ation would be a trifle and Acoasssss:A!! persons who desire to subrlJt written commente concerning the
[f
- d th t 5 $od th "8 '
petition for rulemaking send their numerical dose level of one mrem wa:
corrnents to the Sacretary of the determined to represent the de minimis Com njssion. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory level of rodistion exposure
- Com nission. Washington DC 0555, Attention: Docketing and Service II.Weste Oil at Nuclear Power Plote Branch.
Each year, the petitioners state, Fe a copy of the petition write to the quantities of waste ou containing very Division of Rules and Records Office of low levels of radioactve contamina"on Adn,tnistration, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory are produced at nucleat power ptants.
Commission. Washington DC 20555.
De principal sources cf the waste oil T1 a petitice. copies of comments, and are rimary system pump motors the accompanying document to the (incfuding reactor coolant pumps) at titjon may be inspected ud copied pressurized water reactom (pWRs), and or se fee at the NRC Publive DocrJnen'.
turbine and pum motors, such as n.1717 H Street NW., Washington, recirculation en feedwater pump motors, at boiling water rea: tors Poe mnmen nacmesAnow coorf Act (BWRs). Waete oil also collects in John Philips. Chief, Rules and turbine and redwaste building sumps, Procedures Branch. Division of Rules equipment drata trays. and during and Recorda, Office of Admin!stration, maintenance operations (misceUaceous U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, waste oils).
Weshington. DC 20553, Telephene: 301-Radjoactivity levels for sourcee of 492-7086 or Toll Free:800-368 4 642.
waste oil, such as pump turbines and supulasasetARY usroansAnoec motors at both PWRa and DWRs are es Fm 36s53
- 1. Bisckground typicady la the 10"to 10% C1/ml Fw.h d s/ts/s4 range with Ma-54, Co-58, Co.60, Co-134 comment pened empires 11/1s/s4.
The petitioners stated that when the and Co-137 the dominant radionuclides.
Commission published its final rule ulacellaneous waste oils at PWRs and creating to CML Part et (December 27 BWRe-from sumps, drains, etc..-
de Fm seeds PwWehad 10/1/s4 1982; 47 FR 87446), the Commisalon genetsuy contain the same dominant Ceneetion noted that numerous commentors had,,
radionuclides, but concentrations are requested that it develop a de minimis more variable, typically ranging from 10 CFR Part 30 standard which would permit certain 10*'y C1/ml to 10"p C6 ml.nese often wastes to be disposed of by less are od water mixtures. Prior processing ll W tIss. prs 6 30 101 restrictive meana than existing mj ht be neces:ary before disposal by g
Emeon Electric institute (tEI) and practices. At that t%e, the Commission some of the methods addressed in the y
j Uti#ty Nuclear Weste Mar:=,;
expressed its agreement that petition.
Group (UNWWG); Finng of petition f,,
estshlishment of such de minimis Currendy, accord 2ng to the petitioners, Rutemel.ing standards would reduce disposal and the ont generally a$ proved disposal
(
- tho[for low *leve radjtj*el long term site maintenance costs, help Y
Acessen Nuclear Regulatory preserve disposal capac1ty for wastes Commission.
with higher activity levels, enhance 20-P R M.3 December 31,1987 (reset)
. +,
PART 20 o PETITIONS r'OR RULE MAKING contaminated waste od involves specific levels of contamirsttion could be each rodsoonchde present to the absorption or sobdiacation, disposed ofin an efLcient.
concestration of that radionuchde in transportation to, and burial at a environ.entalJy acceptable, cost.
Part 20, Appendtx E. not exceed the licensed disposal facility. Disposal of beneficial manner whde assuring that value of Looo darided by the raanber of waste oilin this manner is coady, the postulated radia6on donc does not gallons dasposed of per year at that inconsistent with b NRC's Ptcy in exceed at regulatory cutofflevel.
locahon. Im favor of volume reduction and ne detailed analysis which fuem b AP9(wof t E-Cowcxwmatow Laers eoe l
represents an inefficient use of basis of b peution is found in the Wasts Ot Dssom twota tue p.o#
l Commission licensee and burialaite report scutled "Deselopment of ac=s ce to CFA ro 304c) er Etrwtwt resources.
Recomrnended Regulatory Cutoff levels Awe Dssom uttwoo-Conten ed w
III. Peddooms % dos b & Problem f r 14w44 vel Radioactively contaminated Ods frorn Nuclear Power nu
,,,c.,
ei,,,,,,,,,.
De petitioners state that waste oil, Plantar This report was prepared for ander certain condiUons, may be the UNWMG by 01RA. inc in October disposed ofin a considerably more 1981 De report notes that it is possible
$$ 0,,,"*"%""*
efficient manner, whde providing to specify limiting gross activi:y levels ee,, sen,
attquate protection for both the for each disposal method. SpecificaHy.
t,';'l 7',
)
environment and public health and waste oils can be disposed of vie the six e.se ime a.,.
safety. Data on generation rstee, desposal methods set out la the 8-*
- 'w====
radionuchde concentrations and content ProPoHd ernendment E
U,",',l",,,,,,
I cluTng to PWIs h
"' " N 1
sw.
e BWRs). A number of specific disposal sw oc.a snethods were considered individually.
The petitioners request annendment of
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- e*=***'a=*
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as fouows-10 CFR Part 30 as foDow :
L To born the od on the nuclear
- 1. Redesignate existing paragtaphs (c) smo s.
reactor site La a controUed lociaLion.
and (d) and (e), roepectiveJy; and a dd
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s
- 2. To burn b ou off site.
Paragraph (c) to l 230.300 to tea d as see e..
- 3. To apray it on an unpaved road. as foUow':
is done for dust control.
(c) Wwse oni not exceedtng &
, E@ U,",.,,5."".*
- 4. To sohd iy it and bury it in a foHowing groes actmty bmits by b mee e see may,w e
- landfill, indicated methods, prmided that, b
- 5. To recycle it in the me menner as total guaalay of od daeposed of at a sa+
n==,.
is done commercially with weste ett single location by methods (1). (2). (3).
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6 ne ultimate objective was to identify and (6) either not exceed 1.000 gaHons was aere me a
mechanisms by which waate ou at Per year: or that the sum of the ration of g$ ******,,a=*
sme er..,,.s Concentretion of rehnsetide i 1 000
$M O.w,,n,,as 1
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I redsonucide i Part 30, App. E volame of gallona dmoned of ame m,=.esa..ren.esa coccastreuon at locatxa (pal /yrj s wea saw anna n.o.e ame,
Anne...aen a
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a a m,108 fees 1P on AP*cos E-Comervinanow L. nets Pon see w e n ca a
e a.,$@,*, *,**,,,,,,,,
cm.onsi res w"*,'&
Wastt OtL Dspon Uects tus Paow achs ce 10 CFR 20306(c) ey EArvort er ce an.r s s
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n ns foHows:
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December 31,1987 (reset) 20L P R M.4
r s.
PART 20 o PETITIONS FOR RULE MAKING Appe.ox E h =tmAtoM Lastis Pom waats Oit DsposAL Unoen TMs Pnovi-teosis or 10 CFR 20 306(c) av Etsist,tr As.o Dsmosat becTMoo-Conheed
.y.
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ne petitionere conclude that both the Commission and the ACRS have expressed support for the development of regulatory cutofflevels.De Commission. In particular, the petitioners note. has invited petitions for rulemsking of parti.:ular weste streams which inight be considered below regulatory concem, and has formulated some c8teria identifying exposure levels deemed de minimis, and certainly below regulatory concem.
f f.
Waste oil genereted in nuclear powe*
plants. the pe'if ners state. appears to be particularl) suitable for such treatment, because current methods of disposal are unnecessarily costly.
inconsistent with NRC policy lavoring volume reduction, and reptesent en inemelent use of NRC. licensee, and burial alte resources. The petitioners conclude that the 1 m emheer standard la e conservative value which is consistent with current NRC polley.
Dated et Washington. DC. Ws 12th day of September 1964.
For the Nuclear Regulatory Commluton.
samuel J. Chalk.
Secretaryof the Cocuainion.
20 PRM 5 December 31,,1987 (reset)
DOCKET tlUMBER PRM o8d-8 PE11T ;N rU.' E
' CHEM-NUCLEAR SYSTEMS, INC.
...... n o.. c,.n a,~..
. ew..
'M OCI 24 P2:rt October 18, 1984 RA-0505-4 A
u.,i m ;,,,
- R A tK-m s
Mr. Chi 1K Secretary Docketing and Service Brancn U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commicsion Washington, DC 20555 Daar Mr. Chilk:
IUBJECT:
Docket No. PRM-20-15 Cnem-Nuclear supports development of "de minimus" standards that would allow flexibility in the disposal of wastes tnat will not pose a nazard to the public or the enviroament.
In this light, we support tue rule proposed by Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and tne utility Nuclear haste Management Group (UNhhG) for tne disposal of waste oil, he nave reviewed both tne rule and the report prepared for UNhMG and feel tne report adequately demonstrates tnat disposal of tne waste oil by tne stipulatec tethods meets the criteria for "de minimus."
he encourage the adoption of this proposed rule and urge the NRC to continue in its efforts to develop "de minimus" standards for other waste streams.
Very truly yours, CHEM-NUCLEAR SYdTEMS, INC.
W A
M. S. Wnittaker Director Licensing MSh:ps cc:
D.
G.
Ebennack, Columbia G. A. Rae J. P. Staehr g gpg pg
' M in issa'F/p.
DOOKET NUMBER PRM o8d-/[
P[ETlVCN i:ULEp M JMgFan Francisco. CA 94131 480 30th St.
cetobe r 26. 1984
'04
~ 'I UD p Feeretary of the Comission t'.S. Muelear 9erulatory Commission Washincton. D.C.
20555
[;,
Ds Dear Seentarys I am com-entint on the Petition for Ruler.aking No.10 CTR Part 20 (r deral Rerister vol. 49. No.183. September 19, 1984 e
- o. 36653). I find the rule proposed by the petition to be totally unacceptable. The economic benefits to the petitioners do not come close to balancing the hirh derne of risk which will be imposed on the public should the rule be adopted.
To borin with, there is a areat deal of controversy retard-ine "aceeotable levels of radioactivity set by the NRC for "low level waste in reneral. But this proposal dispenses with limits alterether. "without regard to the radioactive content of the waste." (n. 36653). It arbitrariiv attempts to find a "de minimis" cut-off coint, with no rationale besides lowerint costs, enhpeine "disposal espacity' and "stability" (two factors which are not explained), and reducing aroundwater mirration (p. 36653).
As to the last point. how will burning the oil -- and havint particles mix directiv with surface water over a wider ana --
and soraying the oil on rvads -- with no control over seepare, etc. -- orotect the water table, any more than vill proper burial in sealed containers at certified wasta disposal sites?
You claim the radiation from the oil would be a ' trifle."
(p. 36653). What are the facts supeorting this assertient You sosak of policies of "volume reduction" (p.'36653), but not of any policies encourarine safety.
Durnine the oil "off-site" (c. 36654) sounds like the proverbial free lunch. How will the cuantity,at these "off-sites" be monitored? Unless there are as many of these sites as there are nuclear cover plants, the ceneentration of radio-activity at the sites will be sirnificantly hither than the "aceeotabis" levels at the plants.
Sprayine oil on roads, burying it in landfills, and recycline "in the same,snner as is done with vaste oil" (c. 36654) borders on the reckless. When is the protection from radiation? Cer-tainly not in indiscriminately spraying.
Nryinr oil in landfills will lead to the same troundwater mirration problems with which you seem so concerned, not to mention all the other contamination with which proper sites attemot to deal. And I am not aware of any facilities for ham 11nt radioactive natorials at nomal oil recycline operations.
"Develooment of Recomended Rerulatory Cutof t Levels for & fj [ h & s
/.f..g_
- % by :ng...//
Low-Level Radioactively Contaminated Oils from Nuclear Power Plants," the report supplying "the basis of the cetition" (c.
3669), was co.missioned by the r>etitioners themselvec. It may haN1v be considered objective. It refers to "limitina cross activity levels" (which of course can be done with almost any-thint) but has no provisions for monitorine or contro111er the levels of radioactivity resultine from these activities. Is the WC assumine this technolery will develoo at a later date? Also, a*. I to understand that I must travel to Washington, D.C. in -
order to see a cooy of this report?
Fection I'! (e) p. 366% refers to "method (6)' but only five mthods are listed. What is "mthod (6)"7 On care 36655, you appear to adoet, as a rationale for this oroposal, the fact that the NRC has "expressed support" for such a proeosal. Such reasoninr is eirealar at best.
In conclusion, this proposal shows a reckless disregard for public safety. If anythine, in licht of the dismal failure of pant policies in preventing thousands of radioactive leaks and wassive toxic contamination, the rules should be strengthened, not weakened. This petition should be sumarily rejected.
Sincerely,
- ,. /
(,,/
Jorathan C. Scop i
I l
f (
i
DOCKET NUfGER l
PET ri.'.
\\
COAV*n..JLE_ PRMp.f@
\\
mam Carolina Power & Light Company 1
NOV 0'l 1984 7 " "(
- [ '
Mr. S. J. Chilk Secretary of the Commission U. S. Nuclear Regulation Commission Washington, DC 20555 Attention: Docketing and Service
Dear Sir:
Carolina Power & Light Company (the Company) supports the Edison Electric Institute (EEI) and the Utility Nuclear Waste Ihnagement Group (UNWPG) petition for rulemaking (PRh-20-15) as noticed in the Federal Register
( 49FR36 '25 3). i'he Company oelieves that the Commission should amend I
10 CFR Part 20 to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactively contaminated waste oil from nuclear power plants by establishing radionuclide concentrations in waste oil at which disposal may be carried out without regard to the radioactive material content of the waste.
The issuance of such sn amendment would (1) enhance the ability of the utilities to dispose of waste oil in a timely and economical manner, (2) ease the burden of the Commission for the review and study of 20.302 alternative disposal proposals for a large number of individual utilities, (3) prevent wastage of valuable low level waste shallow land disposal sites, and (4) allow utilities to better plan disposal routes and necessary storage and treatment methods for future use.
The currently approved disposal method for low-level radicactively centaminated waste oil involves absorption or solidification, transportation to, and burial at a licensed disposal facility. A summary of the Company's typical costs associated with the solidificat'.on and disposal of 9,000 gal 16ns of waste oil is outlined in the attachment '.o emphasite the significant cost encountered with such a method.
If you have any questions, please contar.t h'. Pedro Salas (919) 836-8015.
Yours very truly, femsw S. R mmerman i
ihnager Nuclear Licensing Section DJK/pgp (818SNP)
Attachment cci Public Document f.oom (NRC) 411 reyenevne sueet. p. o. Boi 1561
- Rateigm N C 27602 e+1/ = 00 Warv.
m w m..A L...,,a d
Carolina Power & Light Company Typical Costs Associated with Solidification and Disposal of Waste Oil Assumption: 9,000 gallons of oil to be solidified.
Solidification will be done twice per year.
Solidification work will take two 28-day periods. Drums' use will total 450.
$ 8,400 Equipment Setup Coot
$4,200 x
2
($4,200 each setup)
$15,750 Drum Cost 35 x
450
=
($35 per drum)
$26,600 Technician's Equipment Rental
$ 475 x
$6
($475 per day)
$96,750 Drum Solidification Cost
$ 215 x
450
=
($215 rate per drum solidified) 3 s x 7.5 ft / drum x DisposalCogt 450 drug / burial 74,250
($22 per ft disposal rate)
$ 22 ft
=
Transportation Costs (to Hanford, WA) 44,611
($6,373 p=.
trip)
$ 6,373/ trip x 7 trips
=
TOTAL $266,361 e
I
[
(818SNP/pgp)
y D0l.'ts._ i i. 'A. m. It p(eTiri:n,ute PRM M /f 49 F8 JW63)
\\
SOURCE TECHNOLOGIES 2tM Interstate North Parkway, Suite 250
- Atlanta, Georgia 30339 + (404) 9569500
- Telex 4611063 ARCl i
.....t.
e, 3,.
i.
November 16, 1984 u..
4 i
A tten tion :
Docketing and Service Branch Secre tary of the Commission U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C.
20555 Comments on Petition for Rule Making to Issue a Regulation Re:
Governing the Disposal of Low-Level Radioactivity Contaminated Waste Oil from Nuclear Power Plants (Federal Register, Vol. 49, No. 183, tied. Sept. 19, 1984, p. 36653) i
Dear Sirs:
and subsequent disposal-solidification The accumula tion, storage, or absorption, transport, and burial - of low-level radioactively contamina ted wa s te oil from nuclear power plants is indeed a costly burden for the nuclear industry.
The cost of the disposal for the waste oil is excessive considering the minimal process radiological hazard associated with this waste stream as reported in the document which accompanied the petition for rule making.
Therefore it is generally agreed that a limit of activity level for achievement of "cleanliness" or decontamination of oil must be entablished so that this waste stream may be bandled in a more economical fashion as warranted by its low hasard potential.
~
There are however, several points which we feel are worthy of considera tion and concern in regards to the current petition.
Several alternate methods are currently being developed which, when employed at nuclear power platits, could 1) greatly reduce the amount of contamina ted wa ste oil gene ra ted, and 2) be used to further reduce the activity of the waste oil to an established "do minimus" level so that it might be disposed of without regard for its radioactivity.
Source Technologies, Inc., is a company which is dedica ted to providing state-of-the-art computer based products, engineering, and consulting services for the nuclear power industry.
Our staf f has years of experience in the areas of Effluents Management, Post-Accident Sampling and Analysis, Internal Dosimetry, Gamma Spectroscopy, Emergency Planning, and Training.
We have also
++wmeanwra..un d'j 4
- ' 4* J D $'{ \\*$
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i been aware of the contamina ted waste oil si tua tion for some time and have performed general onsite testing of methods to "de con ta mina te" waste oils.
Even at the prelimina ry stages we were successful in reducing the activity level in waste oil.
In July, 1984, Source Technologies was selected by the Department of Energy as a recipient of a grant to further our' research on methods and systems for "Reduction of Radioactive Waste Oil Volume a t Nuclear Facilities Through Reclamation and Reuse".
We are ci.rrently investigating the feasibility of the development of such systems and procedures.
In conjunction with this project we are performing onsite tests with contaminated waste oil generated at several nuclear power plants.
Though all results are n o t, final at this time, we are confident of saveral procedures whic5 could be implemented immedia tely to reduce the volume of waste oil gene ra ted at nuclea r f acilities.
We have also demonatrated the ability to reduce the activity of radioactively contaminated oil.
Our ul tima te goal is to develop methods to completely remove the radioactive contamination from waste oil.
Given this background of our interest and continuing research into the contaminated waste oil situation, the following is a presentation I
of our concerns and considerations regarding the current petition for rule making on this issue.
I N
COMMENTS
~
The first point of concern which is not addressed in the i
l 1.
ths activity petition for rule making is that of quantifying i
the oil by obtaining a representa tive sample of a ondidate i
of drum or tank of oil for release.
Due to the viscosity and non-homogeneity of waste oil, i.e.
sludge layer, water i
layer, oil layer, specialized means must be employed to l
ensure the "representa tiveness" of the oil.
This is partic-ularly true in the case where drums of oil have been 1n storage for some time and a heavy sludge layer has developed.
Any method for disposal of oil must consider an appropria te
[
\\.
procedure for quantifying a re pre se n ta tive sample of the
(-
oil.
2.
It is s ta ted in the petition that miscellaneous oils from of ten oil-wa ter mixtures and that sumps, drains, etc. a re "Prior processing might be necessary beforo disposal by I
some of tho methods addressed in tne petition".
Our experience is consistent with that presented in the petition.
Large j
percentages of drums labeled ' Radioactive Oil" were actually This situation I
wa ter or an oily-wa ter mixture or emulsion.
I would definitely need to be address 6 crior to any consideration the oil involve 1-We feel this situation i>
of disposal of exists due to inadequate "oil manag M '" and lack of procedures c
i
[
,a
for processing "oily-water".
Methods are currently available for this type of processing.
This is not to suggest tha t any particular plant has been or
.s being negligent in their handling of waste oil; rather the handling of waste oil is a specialized discipline and availability of equipment or techniques for routine applica tions may not be known to these plants.
3.
In the interest of public rela tions !. mage we feel the practice of disposal of contaminated waste oil by spraying on roads should be avoided entire';.
This practice is prohibited in many areas even f or nue.-con ta mina ted wa s te oil just based on the e n v i r o nme n ta l considerations of petroleum products alone.
4.
Solidifica s.: ind burial of contaminated waste oil at a low level wastr burial facility is currently the primary means of waste vil disposal.
The petition presents the disposal method se solidifica tion and burial in a non-radio-logical land fill.
This is one means of saving valuable
(
and limited low-level waste burial space; however, the oil must
.till be s911dified a costly process.
It is our o p i n i o r.-
that the most viable disposal method handling of the wa s te presented is that of recycling oil in the same manner as non-radioactive waste oil by selling it to an oil reclaimer.
This of course would apply only
- o waste oil that meets the "de minimus" activity limit.
This would leave the handling of waste oil to profes-siona.s trained in this area.
Through their process of blend.19 oil to make an industrial fuel, the de minimus radioactivity would be further diluted so as to be absolutely negligible.
Recommenda tions For Alterna te Methods For Reducing Radioactive Waste Oil Volumes a t Nuclea r Facilities, 4
{
q As a part of our investigation into the feasibility of reducing the radioactive waste oil volume at nuclear power plants, a questionnaire on the subject was sent to all nuclear power plants in the U.S.
Our findings, based on a response from over 50%
of U.S. nuclear utilities, indicate thst the majority of radimetive waste oil originates from a few major systems.
Our first recommen-dation would be to stop or grea tly reduce the generation of radioactive waste oil by these systems.
This can be accomplished through implementation of oil management procedures.
For example, one method would be wear product ( pa r ticula te ) control and monitor-ing.
By limiting the particulate contamination of oil in a system, the generation of additional particulate contamina tion is minimized, thus reducing the potential for "radioactive partic-ula te" contamina tion.
Control of wear products also presents longer life of another and possibly more valuable advantage J
the oil in the system and less down time of the system due to reduced wear on bearings, etc.
This is but one example of me thods which may be employed to reduce the, genera tion of "waste oil".
One other example is control of wa ter contamination in oil which is particularly applicable for BWR's.
j Another method of waste oil reduction would be realized through a dynamic oil management program.
This would incorporate the above mentioned controls in operating systems as well cs procedures for classifying, seg rega ting, transporting, and storage of used or waste oils.
The final step in reduction of waste oil volume would be through the reduction / removal of radioactivity from oil which is ready for disposal.
- 1) reduction in the genera tion of Through these three steps contamina ted waste oil, 2) dynamic oil management procedures including classification, negregation, transporta tion, and storage of used oils, and 3) reduction or removal of radioactivity of spent con tamina ted waste oil to below the "de minimus" limit
- the contaminated waste oil situation could be handled efficiently, and economically with the bonus of cleaner and more officient systems.
Our position on the petition for rule making, therefore is to support the establishment of a "de minimus" limit for the disposal of ra dioa c tive oil, then to i.nplement the three steps mentioned above to reduce the generation of contamina ted waste oil and clean the waste oil, (remove or reduce the activity) to an acceptable level for disposal in the same manner as non radioactive waste oil.
We would apprecia te your consideration of these comments and would be happy to discuss this with you.
Sincerely,
/
1 I
Mahmoud R.
Ghav, Ph.D.
President APPLIED SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING MRG: sam