ML20153H433
| ML20153H433 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Browns Ferry  |
| Issue date: | 07/14/1971 |
| From: | TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML18024B412 | List: |
| References | |
| 3220, NUDOCS 8805120372 | |
| Download: ML20153H433 (187) | |
Text
-- ---
(solotccicit asare.tg
'voum e
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY DRAFT ENV RONMENTAL STATENE4T m.c; .
mg .v.
a'
\
.c.
l
.-~= w ,.-
- - . - ~. _.m.,._ _ , _ _
_ ,;= = . g p = .
~
-..,y y.
_. x=.- -
1 -
a ,+
'n ~,
L-5 a
t Browns =erry 3 O
\UC80r ~n"
- M55 .ni"S_.,101C 3 fn c
, n I ~ " "
o: -
( 213 i <
1.0
SUMMARY
- Browns Ferry Draft Environmental Statement GTATEMENT DATE: July 14, 1 W 1
., RESPONSIBIE FEDERAL AGENCY: Tennessee Valley Authority TYPE OF PROPOSED ACTION: M=ini strative t
Description of Action - This action is the construction and operation of a i three-unit nuclear power generating station in Limestone County, Alabama. '
Environmental Impact - The plant will interact with the environment in five- >
principal ways: (1) It will require relatively minor adjustments in land :
use; (2) It may produce temporary stress on social infrastructure (schools, !
roads, housing, and similar services); (3) It win provide a stimulus to j area economical development (jobs, attraction of visitors, etc.); (4) hall l amounts and concentration of low-level gaseous and liquid radioactivity will !
be discharged; and (5) Possible minor influences from themal discharges. ;
)
Adverse Environmental Effects Which Cannot be Avoided - The plant will re- l 1 ease saan quantities of radioactivity in low-level concentrations to the ;
environment during nomal operation. The best and highest degree of waste ,
treatment available under existing technology within reasonable econ mic :
limits will be utilized in keeping radioactive wastes to the lowest practi- ,
cable level. Heated water discharged into Wheeler Reservoir will produce a l
=all temperature rise in a portion of the reservoir. Alternate cooling i methods are being studied and will be implemented in the event Alabama Water l Quality criteria are revised. In all cases, the systems chosen will be l consistent with applicable Federal and state regulations. No significant l
envirorusental effects should result fra these low-level radioactive re- ;
, leases and themal discharges under these conditions. Certain short-tem I local environmental effects will result from construction activities of the !
Browns Ferry facility (reservoir turbidity, excavation, congestion). These l will be minimized. ;
Alternatives to the Proposed Action - To meet the 1(f/1-1W2 winter peak load, l TVA considered the following alternatives: (1) Base-loaded coal-fired units, j and (2) Nuclear-fueled units. The second alternative provides the lowest j cost of generating power and the least environmental impact. The purchase of !
- power in the quantities needed is not a realistic alternative. TVA is con- l sidering alternative heat dissipation methods and will use the cooling method !
, which keeps the thermal discharges well within applicable standards. TVA has ;
! also decided to provide extended treatment for liquid and gaseous redwaste. I i!
l Federal and State Agencies to Review l Atcunic Energy Commission Department of Housing and Urban
, Council on Environmental Quality Development I i Envircennental Protection Agency Department of the Interior i
! Federal Power Ccautission Department of Transportation l i Department of Agriculture Appalachian Regional Ccanaission l Department of Cessnerce Alabama Development Office ;
Department of Defense Top of Alabama Council of Iocal i Department of Health, Education, Governments ,
{* and Welfare ; North Central Regional Planning l 3
Office of Econcunic opportunity Development Ccannission l 1 l
. l 1
(1)
DETAIED TABE OF CONTENTS 1.0 SUNNARY SHEET------------------------------------------frontispiece M
DETAIED TABLE OF CONTENTS-------------------------------- -(i) j
2.0 INTRODUCTION
-------------------- 2-1 l 30 G ENERAL- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 31 Location of the Facility---------------------------------- 3-1 32 Physical Characteristics of the Facility------------------ 3-1 3 3 Environment in the Area----------------------------------- 3-3
- 1. Topo6raphy-------------------------------------------- 3-3
- 2. History----------------------------------------------- 3-3 3 Geology----------------------------------------------- 3-3
- 4. Seismology-------------------------------------------- 3-4 5 Ge ograph y - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
- 6. Climatology and Meteorology--------------------------- 3-5 l
7 Hydrology--------------------------------------------- 3-7 (1) Ground Water------------------------------------- 3-7 (2) Surface Water ----------------------------------- 3-8 (3) water Use---------------------------------------- 3-8
- 8. Land Use---------------------------------------------- 3-9 (1) Industrial Operations---------------------------- 3-9 (2) Farming------------------------------------------ 3-10 (3) Transportation------------------------------- --. 3-10 (4) Fo re s t ry- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 (5) Recreation.-------------------------------------- 3-10 (6) Wildlife Preserves------------------------------- 3-11 t
l
\
(ii) i ESE1 i (7) Population Distribution-------------------------- 3-11 (8) Waterways---------------------------------------- 3-12 (a) Navigat i on Us e ----- --- ------ -- - --- ---- - - --- 12 (b) Growth-------------------------------------- 3-13 (9) Government Reservations and Installations-------- 3-13 9 Ec ol o6y- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 (1) Wildlife and Waterfowl--------------------------- 3-13 (2) Fish and Other Aquatic Life---------------------- 3-14
- 10. Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Air and Wateo 3-16 (1) Air---------------------------------------------- 3-16 (2) Water-------------------------------------------- 3-16 L
(3) St re amflow- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 (4) Water Quality------------------------------------ 3-17 i (5) Radiological Monitoring-------------------------- 3-18 4
(6) Temperature-------------------------------------- 3-18 l
- 11. Historical Significance of the Site------------------- 319 l l 34 Electric Power Supply and Demand-------------------------- 3-19 !
- 1. Powe r Ne e ds - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - 20 ;
- i
- 2. Conse quence of Any Delays----------------------------- 3 21 {
4.O ENVIR0lG4 ENTAL APPROVAIS AND CONSULTATIONS----------------- 4 1 ,
6 1
50 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED FACILITY------------- 5-1 51 Land Use c ompatib ility------ --- -------------------------- 2 [
- 1. Industrial Operations--------------------------------- 5-3 r
- 2. Farming----------------------------------------------- 5-3 ,
3 Tr anspo rt at i o n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
- 4. Forestry----------------------- ..-------------------- 5-3 3 ,
! . I
]
(iii) f.aggi 5 Recreation-------------------------------------------- 5-3
- 6. .W ildlife Preserves-----.------------------------------ 5-4 7 Populat ion Distribution. .. . ---- -------------- ------ --- 4 '
- 8. Waterways--------------------------------------------- 5-5 9 Gove rnme nt Re se rvations ------------------------------ 5 52 Water Use Compatibility----------------------------------- 5-6
- 1. Indust rial Water Use s- ---- --------------------------- 6
- 2. Public Wate r Us e s - -- -- -- -- - --- -- - --- -- -- -- - - ---- - - -- -- 5 -7 3 Impact on Water Resources----------------------------- 5-7 5 3 He at Di s s ipat ion- -- -- - - - - - --- -- ---- - - - ------- - -- -- - - -- - -- 8
- 1. Condenser Circulating Water. -------------------------- 5 8
- 2. Heat Removal Facilities------------------------------- 5-9 3 Impact of Cooling Water Effluent on Temperatures in Wheeler Rese rvoir-------------------------------- 5-12
- 4. Applicable Thermal Standards------------ ------------- 5-14 5 Applicability of Section 21(b) Permit----------------- 5-15 54 Chemical Di s charge s --------- - - -------- ------ -------------- 5-16 55 Sanitary wastes------------------------------------------- 5-18
)
a !
5 . 6 Biologic al Impact----------- -- - . . . . . . -------------------- 5 -19 1
- 1. Ecological Studies and Analyses Performed------------- 5-19 (1) Identification of Species Important to Sport and Commercial Use-------------------- 5-20 (2) Importance of Locale to Existence of Important Species, Considering States in Life History---- 5-21 (a) Spawning and Iarval State------------------- 5-21 (b) Fish Movements------------------------------ 5-23 1
(iv)
Page (3) Time and space Changes in Temperature Di s t rib ut i on - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- --- - - - - - -- - - - 2 4 (a) TVA Experiences on Effects of Heated Water-- 5-24 (4) Effect of Passage throu6h Condenser on Planktonic Forms and Fish Iarvae--------------- 5-27 (5) Implications of Withdrawal and Return of C ooling Wat e r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 8 (a) Nutrient Circulation------------------------ 5-28 (b) Reduction of DO Concentrations in the Condensers-------------------------------- 5-28 (c) Effects of Elevated Temperatures on Biochemical Oxygen Demand----------------- 5-30
- (6) Measures Taken to Assure Adequate Ecological Studies----------------------------- 5-30
- 2. Studies to be Continue d------------------------------- 5 30 3 Monitoring Programs----------------------------------- 5-31 (1) Environmental Monitoring Program----------------- 5-31 (a) General------------------------------------- 5-31 (b) Atmospheric Monitoring---------------------- 3-31 (c) Terrestrial Monitoring---------------------- 5-33 (d) Res ervoir Monitoring------------------------ 5-34 (e) Quality C ont rol------------- --- -------- --- -- 5 -36 (2) Fish Monitoring---------------------------------- 5-36 (a) Adult Fi s h - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - 3 7 (b) Imrval F i s h - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 8 9
(v)
Page
. (3) Additional Monitoring for Investigation of Possible Thermal Effects---------------------- 5 41 (a) Prequency of Sampling---------------------- 5-41 (b) Water Quality Parameter-------------------- 5-41 (c) Plankton----------------------------------- 5-41 (d) Bottom Fauna------------------------------- 5-42 (e) Analysis of Data --------------------------- 5-42 4 Potential Hazards to Fish of Cooling Water Intake a nd Di s charg e - - - - - - - -- - - - -- -- --- -- -- -- --- -- - - ---- -- 5 -43 5.7 Radioactive Discharges----------------------------------- 5-W
- l. Vaste Management------------------------------------- 5-4 (1) Solid Radwaste System--------------------------- 5-45
. (2) Gaseous Radwaste System------------------------- 5-46 (a) Air Ejector Offgas Subsystem--------------- 5-48 (b) Gland Seal Offgas Subsystem---------------- 549' (3) Extended Treatment of Gaseous Radwaste---------- 5-49 (4) Liquid Radwaste System-------------------------- 5-51 (a) High Purity Wa ste s ------------------------- 5-52 (b) Low Purity Waste s -------------------------- 5-52 (c) Chemical Was te s ---------------------- ------ 5-53 (d) Dete rgent Wa ste s --------------------------- 5 -53 (e) Fuel Cask Decontamination Waste------------ 5-34 (5) Additional Processing of Liquid Radvaste-------- 5-54
- 2. Important Pathways of Exposure to Man---------------- 5-34 (1) Pathways to Ma n ------ -- ---- -------------- ------- 5-54 l.
(vi)
Page
- 3. Estimated Increase in Annual Environmental Radioactivity Ievels and Potential Annual Radiation Dose from Principal Radionuclides------- 57 -
4 C on clu s ion - - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - 5 9 5.8 Con s truc tion Effe ct s ------------------------------------ 60 5 . 9 Ae s the t i c s - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- 60 6.0 ENVIR0t05NTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIIED------------ 6-1 6.1 Wat e r P ollut i on -- -- - --- - - --- - - - --- - --- -- ---- ---- ---- -- - - 1 6.2 Air P ollut i on - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- 1 6.3 N mase to Life Systems----------------------------------- 6-2 6.k Threats to Health---------------------------------------- 6-2 6.5 Socioeconomic Effects------------------------------------ 6-3
, 6.6 Conclusions---------------------------------------------- 6-3 7.0 AI/IERNATIVES - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - 1 7.1 Ele ctric Power Pur chas e s --------------------------------- 7-2 7.2 Alternative Generation ---------------------------------- 7-2 7.3 Alt er na tive Site n ------ ------------------ ---------------- 7 -3 7.4 Alternative Heat Dissipation Methods--------------------- T-3 8.0 SHORT-ERM USES VERSUS LONG-ERM PRODUCTIVITY------------ 8-1 9.0 IRREVERSIBIE AND IRREEIEVABIE C0lEID0!lNTS OF RESOURCES-- 9-1 i
APPENDICES l l
i l
APPENDIX I Construction Photographs l APPENDIX II PreWinary Results of Monitoring AP!ENDIX III Studies by TVA and Others on the Effects of Heated Water at Paradise Steam Plant l APPENDIX IV Proposed Research Project on the Effects of Heated Water on Aquatic Life I
\
(vii)
I LIST OF TABLES 1 l
I l
- 3. Ambient Temperature Data Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant
- 4. Precipitation Data, Athens, Alabama
- 5. Precipitation Data - Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant
- 6. Snowfall Data, Decatur, Alabama
- 7. Water Supplies Within 20-mile Radius of Browns Ferry
- 8. Statistical Data for Nearby Counties
- 9. Ccunnon and Scientific Names of Fishes of Wheeler Reservoir
- 10. Water Quality - Tennessee River Mile 277.0
- 11. Observed Water Temperatures - Wheeler Reservoir Tennessee River Mile 300.3
- 12. Observed Maximum and Minimum Temperatures Wheeler Reservoir
. Tennessee River Mile 305.0
- 14. Tagging and Recapture Data for Five Species of Fish - Wheelar Reservoir
- 15. Types and Locations of Samples Collected to Monitor Preoperaticatal and Operational Conditions in Wheeler Reservoir in Relation to Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant
- 16. Larval Fish Sampling Stations in Wheeler Reservoir and Weekly Sampling Schedule
- 17. Sampling and Analysis Schedule - Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring
- 18. Principal Gaseous Radienuclides and Discharge Rates frcu Three-Unit Plant 19 Expected Annual Radioactive Releases in Liquid Effluents Excluding Tritium
. 20. TVA-Built Thermal-Electric Power Plants
. _ . . _ ~
(viii)
LIST OF FIGURES
+ 1. Tennessee Valley Region
- 2. Vicinity Map - O to 60 Mile Radius 3 Arrangement of the Plant Site
- 4. Artist Concept of Browns Ferry Plant 5 Browns Ferry Plant Simplified Steam Cycle
- 6. Wind Rose - Browns Ferry Site 7 Location of Water Supplies
- 8. Faults in Region 9 Aerial Photograph of Site
- 10. Population Distribution Within 10-mile Fadius of Brovns Ferry Site
- 11. Diffuser System and Channel Markings
- 12. Diffuser System Design 13 Surface Water Te=perature studies - Temperature vs Distance Downstream
. 14. Surface Water Temperature Studies - Temperature Vs Distance Upstream 15 Temperature Survey in Vicinity of Jet Ports
- 16. Location of Wheeler Reservoir Te=perature Monitoring Stations 17 Atmospheric and Terrestrial Monitorin6 Network
- 18. Reservoir Monitoring Network ,
19 Trap Net and Gill Het Stations 4
2-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION
TVA is a corporate agency of the United states created by the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933 (48 stat. 58, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 55 831-831dd (1964; supp. Y, 1965-69)). In addition to its responsibilities for flood control, navigation, and regional development, TVA operates a power system supplying the power requirements for an area of approximately 80,000 square miles containing about 6 million pe ople. Except for direct service by TVA to certain industrial customers and Federal installations with large or unusual power re-quirements, TVA power is supplied to the ultimate consumer by 160 municipalities and rural electric cooperatives which purchase their power requirements from TVA. TVA is interconnected at 26 points with neighboring utility systems.
The TVA generating system consists of 29 hydrogenerating plants and 11 fossil-fueled steam-generating plants now in operation.
In addition, power from Corps of Engineers' dams on the Cumberland River and dams owned by the Aluminum Company of America on Tennessee River tributaries is made available to TVA under long-term contracts.
Figure 1 shows the location of TVA's present generating facilities and those under construction, as well as the location of the above Corps and Alcoa dams. The approximate area served by manicipal and cooperative distributors of TVA power is also shown.
Power loads on the TVA system have doubled in the past 10 years and are expected to continue to increase in the future. In order to keep pace with the growing demand it has been necessary to add substantial capacity to the generating and transmission system on a regular basis.
The major system capacity additions since 1949 are shown in Table 1.
L
2-2 In 1966, as part of its construction program designed to meet increased requirements for generation, TVA decided to construct a nuclear plant on the Browns Ferry site in Limestone County, Alabama.
An application to construct and operate Units 1 and 2 was filed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) on July 7,1966. After extensive review of the suitability of the sitt and the plant design by the AEC regulatory staff and the independent Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, an Atomic Safety and Licensing Board granted a provisional.
conttruction permit on May lo, 1967 Construction was started on May 17, 1967 After a similar review, a permit was issued for Unit 3 on July 31, 1968. Construction for Unit 3 began on August 1,1968.
The Final Safety Analysis Report was submitted to AEC on September 10, 1970, along with a request for authorization to operate all three units of the plant at the designed power level. The AEC is continuing
- its review of tne Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant. Under the current schedule, TVA expects to be permitted to load the nuclear fuel for Unit 1 in January 1972. Full operation of Unit 1 is expected to be authorized in May 1972, Unit 2 in April 1973, and Unit 3 in Janitary 19711 As a Federal agency, TVA is subject to the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) which became effective on January 1, 1970. In carrying out its responsibilities under the TVA Act, TVA follows a policy designed to develop a quality environ-ment. As a result of this policy, TVA has long considered environmental matters in its decision making. Offices and diviaicas within TVA employ personnel with a wide diversity of experience and academic training which enables TVA to utilize a systematic, interdisciplinary
2-3 t approach to insure the integrated use of the natural and social sciences ,
and the environmental design arts in planning and decision making as required by NEPA. This detailed statement on the environmental con-siderations relating to'the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant is being sent to state and Federal agencies for review and consnent pursuant to that Act and Office of Management' and Budget Circular A-95. It is also being submitted to AEC as the environmental report required of applicants by Appendix D to 10 CFR Part 50.
The Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant was initiated before NEPA became effective and the TVA Board of Directors has determined that it is not practicable to reassess the basic course of action in the design and emstruction of this plant. TVA has continued to study the plant ,
design, however, so as to minimize adverse environmental consequences.
For example, through a continuing study of the release of radioactivity to the environment, TVA has decided to provide extended radioactive ;
waste treatment for gaseous radwaste and additimal processing for the liquid radvaste. These systems will reduce the amount of radioactivity released to the environment substantially below the level which would
! have resulted from the plant design as approved by AEC for construction.
l In addition, although the plant as designed meets all present applicable water quality ntandards, studies of the use of cooling towers as an alternative heat dissipation method are underway, in order that the plant can fully meet any fbture temperature requirements on receiving l
water.
l It should be noted that although the three units at Browns I Ferry begin operation at different times, this environmental statement considers the plant as operating with all three units, in order to accurately assess the impact of the plant on the envirornnent, and so
+ .
that consideration of the cumlative effects of the plant can be assured.
l
h t
2h The remainder of this statement is arranged in seven prin-cipal sections.. The first section provides a baseline inventory of environmental information. The following six sections cover the ,
environmental considerations set out in Section 102(2)(C) of NEPA, as implemented by the CEQ and AEC guiaelines.
r i
l- e W
W-1 l
l i
i 1
0
3-1
.. 30 GENERAL The purpose of this section is to provide a basic ~
knowledd e of the existing environment and the important characteris-ties and values of the Browns Ferry site as it presently exists in order to establish a basis for consideration of the environmental impact of the facility.
31 1,ocation of the Facility - The Brovrs . Terry Nuclear Plant ;
is located on an 840-acre tract on the north shore of Wheeler Reservoir in Limestone County, Alabama, at Tennessee River mile (TRM) 294. The site is approximately 10 miles northwest of Decatur, Alabama, and 10 miles southwest of Athens, Alabama. The proximity of the site to i
local towns, rivers, and state boundaries is indicated on the vicinity map. (Figure 2) 32 Physical Characteristics of the Facility - The plant will have the following principal physical structures on the site: reactor containment building, turbine building, radvaste building, service ,
building, transformer yard,161-kV and 500-kV switchyards, stack, ,
and sewage treatment plant. Figure 3 shows the general arrangement , ,
o >
of these facilities. Figure 4 is an artist's concept of how the [
plant will appear upon completion of construction. ;
The reactor containment building houses three General Electric l
boiling water reactors. The plant will have a total electrical generator nameplate rating of 3,456 megawatts. Nuclear fuel is contained inside i
lt ,
o t
3-2 ,
each reactor pressure vessel. The fuel is in sealed zircaloy tubes ,
and consists of slightly enriched uranium dioxide pellets. The fis-sion process in the fuel produces heat. Water enters the pressure vessel below the fuel and moves through the assembly of fuel tubes called the reactor core. As the water passes through the core, the heat converts it to steam. The steam leaves the reactor through pipes near the top of the reactor, then passes through turbogenerators which generate electricity. The steam is then condensed to water and re-turned to the reactor, where the cycle is repeated. This closed-cycle process is depicted schematically in Figure 5 The electricity thus produced is distributed to meet the power needs of the TVA system.
The reactor power level will be regulated primarily by con-trol rods. Boron, a chemical element which absorbs neutrons and thereby retards nuclear fission, is sealed within the control rods.
J The power of the reactor, therefore, can be controlled by positioning the control rods in the core. The power is increased by slovly with-drawing the control rods from the core. The power level may also be controlled, but to a lesser extent, by regulating the flow rate of the water which is circulated through the reactor core.
The principal ways in which the plant will interact with the environment, discussed later in detail, are:
} (1) Release of minute quantities of radioactivity to the air and water; I (2) Release of large quantities of heat to Wheeler Reservoir; and (3) change in land use from farming to industrial.
t
3-3 33 Environment in the Area *n order to assess the impact of
. the facility on the environment, the following sumary description is provided as a baseline inventory of the important characteristics of the region.
- 1. Topography - The general level of the ground in the area rises gradually from 558 feet above sea level at the north shore of Wheeler lake to around 800 feet above sea level 10 miles north in the vicinity of Athens, Alabama. The average elevation of the plant site is 575 feet above sea level. The area around the site is generally flat.
- 2. History * - The Browns Ferry plant site is located in Limestone County, Alabama, which is bourded by Madison, Morgan, Lawrence, and I4uderdale Counties, and the Tennessee state line. Limestone County was first settled by white settlers about 1807, o at a place called Sint s ' Settlement. Settlers were forbidden in sec-tions belonging to the Indians claimed by both Cherokee and Chickasaws, who had, however, made no settlement of their own.
Areas around the site have been explored for Indian
- mounds, town sites, and artifacts. Nothing of archaeological value i has been found on the site.
- 3. Geology - The regional geologic features in the Browns Ferry site area and the local geologic formations in the imunediate plant area have been investigated. TVA studies made of
- Information excerpted from Alabama Encyclopedia Vol. I, edited by I Jesse M. Richardson l
l II
~
3-4 extensive drilling, excavation, and testing show that the underlying bedrock will provide more than adequate foundation for Browns Ferry plant structures.
The only formations involved directly in the site
, area are the unconsolidated materials overlying bedrock and the Tuscumbia and Fort Payne limestones. Only the lover 50 feet of the Tuscumbia formation was encountered at the Browns Ferry site. The Tuscumbia is characterized by medium-to-thick beds of light-gray, medium-to-coarse J
crystalline, fossiliferous limestone.
The maximum known thickness of the Fort Payne 1
formation in northern Alabama is slightly over 200 feet. At the Browns Ferry site the total thickness, penetrated in one drill hole, is 145 feet. The formation consists of medium-bedded, silty dolomite and siliceous limestone with a few thin horizons of shale. It is predomi-
. nantly medium to dark gray in color. Near the top, some of the beds are cherty and some of the cores showed zones which were slightly asphaltic. The most distinguishing lithologic feature is the presence of quartz- and calcite-filled vugs up to 1 inch in diameter.
- 4. Seismology - The Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant is located in an area far removed from any centers of significant seismic activity in historic time. No known earthquake has been centered 1'
nearer than 35 miles from the site. The maximun intensity to have 1
- been felt at the site in the recorded history of the area from a major j l
earthquake, such as those which occurred in the Mississippi Valley in i 1811-1812 (MM XII) or that which occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1886 (let X), might be felt in the Decatur area with a Modified r
], Mercalli intensity of VII. Acceleration at the site from a recurrence
\
3-5 .
of any of these major shocks would be far less than the proposed desige, accelerations for ground motion (0.10g). The nearest faults ,
which are knwn to exist in the region are shown in Figure 8. These inactive faults are approximately 60 miles away and the occasionally active faults in the New Madrid region of the Mississippi Valley are approximately 200 miles away.
- 5. Geography - The area surrounding the Browns Ferry site lies near the southern margin of the Highland Rim section -
of the Interior Iow Plateaus. This physiographic subdivision is
~
characterized by a youn6-to-mature plateau of moderate relief. The general level of the ground rises gradually from 558 feet above sea level at the north shore of Wheeler Reservoir to around 800 feet
, above sea level 10 miles north in the vicinity of the town of Athens, Alabama. This surface is modified by the drainage patterns !
of Poplar, Round Island, and Mud Creeks which flow across it frcm northeast to southwest.
, The plant site is located on an old river terrace surface with an avera6e elevation of 575 feet above sea level. The t maximum probable flood at the site would reach elevation 561. This !
level vould not create a threat to the plant.
- 6. Climatology and meteoro] g - The site is in ;
a temperate latitude about 300 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico. The area is dcminated in vinter and spring by ai,;ernating cool d.y conti-nental air from the north and vam moist maritime air frca the south, e
i f
G ,
J e i i
3-6 During this period, migratory cyclonic disturbances with numerous thundershowers and thunderstorms pass throu6h the area. Storms, including tornadoes, reach severect intensity in March and April when maximum air mass contrast tieneral& occurs.
U.S. Weather Bureau statistics show four torna- ;
does reported in Limestone County in the 49-year period, 1916-1965 In the adjacent and more populated counties, Morgan and Madison, and within 20 to 25 miles of the site,18 tornadoes were reported in the same 49-year period and 16 of them were within the last 16 years.
About half of the tornadoes were classified as funnel sightings and include no documentation on destructive force. Tornadoes in the site area usually move from southwest to northeast and cover an average surface path 10 miles bng and 200 yards vide. Winds of 200 mi/h are common in the whirl and occasionally may reach somewhat higher veloci-ties. Months of reported maximum frequency of occurrence are March, April, and June. The probability of a tornado striking a point in Limestone County is about one chance in 5,880 years.
The climate at Browns Ferry site is interchange-ably continental and maritime in vinter and spring, predominantly mari-time in su==er, and generally continen+,a1 in fall. Data collected over a 65-year period (1894-1959) at Decatur, Alabama, indicate the average annual temperature is 62.0' F., with monthly averages from 42 9' F. in January to 80 7* F. in July. The highest daily maximum temperature on record at Decatur is 108' F. and the lovest daily mini-mum is -12' F. Detailed temperature data are .
Tables 2 and 3 About 50 percent of the annual precipitation at the Brovns Ferry site results frc= nigratory storms in December through
3-7 l
April, with January,' February, and March usually recording maximum - (
~
amounts. Most of the remaining precipitation is in June, July, August, l
_and early September when air mass thundershower activity is consnon. :
Months with least precipitation are September and October when regional -
anticyclonic systems often persist over the area. Detailed precipi- '
tation information ir in Tables 4 and 5 Table 6 contains snowfall ,
, L I data.
Wind speed and direction data collected from-February 11, 1967, to December 31, 1968, indicate that the prevailing f
vind at the site is from the southeast at speeds of 8-12 mi/h. Figure 6 !
shows the vind speed patterns in a vind rose plot for this time period. i This data was collected from a 300-foot TVA meteorological tower at i
the Browns Ferry site.
l There are no physiographical features in the ,
i
,, area to cause local entrapment or accumulation of emissions during j periods of anticyclonic circulation or atmospheric stagnation. l t
7 Hydrology - !
j (1) Ground water - Ground water at !
i i
l Browns Ferry is derived from precipitation. Studies of subsurface ,
waterflov in the area indicate that ground water flovs from the struc-tural highs toward the structural lows in the area. Incal alterations i
! of rock strata by minor anticlines and synclines prevent long-distance i I
l ground water movement from the regional area into the Browns Ferry site !
2 i area. The principal aquifer in the area is overlain by a thick mantle of residium that retards the e,ovement of shallow ground water. There-i l
! fore, the ground water movement in the site is derived frcan local pre- l l !
the rea t e pl si o he nn R ver e
! f r
.i l
3-8 l (2) Surface water - Surface water is l
'f
. derived from precipitation remaining after losses due to evaporation {
, and transpiration. It can be generally classified as local surface f
i l
runoff or streamflow.
(3) Water use - From its head near i
i Knoxville to Kentucky Dam near its mouth, the Tennessee River is a series of highly controlled multiple-use reservoirs. The primary uses i I
for which this chain of reservcirs was built are flood control, navi-t gation, and the generation of eltetric power. Secondary uses such as sport and commercial fishing, industrial and public water supply, [
i I i vaste disposal, and recreation have developed. l 1
I Water use in the area is not limited to !
- reservoir water since several saml1 public and private water supplies I i . !
are taken from ground water sources. These withdrawals are small
- . compared with surface uses. f l
The major industrial water users in the j i
area are located upstream at Decatur, Alabans. These users withdrav l ll [
a total of about 150 aillion gallons of process water from the reser- i n s voir each day. Most of this water is returned to the reservoir after [
- i i use with varying degrees of contaminaticri. One large water-using j 1
! industry, the Champion Paper Division of U.S. Plywood, Inc., is located !
- across the reservoir and some 12 miles dovnstream from Browns Ferry. I 1 :
Five public water supplies are taken from f
1 !
i Wheeler or Pickwick Reservoirs within the reach from Decatur, Alabama, j l 12 miles upstream from the site, to Colbert Steam Plant, 49 miles f l
j downstream from the site. The Decatur supply is the nearest one to ;
) '
), the site. Water supplies for public users are listed in Table 7 The ;
i I i t
4 s t l
3-9 location of each of these water supplies is shown in Figure 7 The
, nearest downstream public water supply is located at Wheeler Dam.
Florence, Muscle Shoals, and a utility 8
district in Lauderdale County are considering the construction of water supply intakes within the Tennessee River reach specified above. Also, i the city of Athens is currently considering a surface water supply to supplement its ground supply, but this supply probably will be taken from the Elk River 23 miles above its confluence with the Tennessee Rive.t.
There are 32 public ground water supplies within a 20-mile radius of the site. The nearest supply is at Tennessee Valley High School, approximately 5 miles from the site, and serves approximately 400 people.
- 8. land use - The dominant character of the land
, in the area of the site is small scattered villageo and homes in an agricultural area. The statistical data on land use for the counties in the vicinity cf the site are shown on Table 8.
(1) Industrial operations - Industrial areas are concentrated along the Tennessee River, primarily at the large population centers. The closest industrial area is adjacent to Decatur, Alabama. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation, I
Monsanto Corporation, and Amoco Chemical Corporation are the three largest industries and are about 7 air miles from the site. The largest
-l industrial cruplex near Browns Ferry is the Redstone Arsenal, which is located approximately 25 miles east of the site. This is the NASA center for research and development and is the principal single eco-1 nomic force in the area. The remaining industrial area is located in 1
. i
r 3-10 the Iksele Shoals, Sheffield, Tuscumbia, and Florence area. ..It is !
l
, anticipated that the gradual transfer of land from agricultural to l 4 i industrial use vill be continued. I (2) Farming'- The dominant character of f the land within a 60-m11e radius is small, scattered villages and h mes in an agricultural area. Between 60 percent and 80 percent of the j land in counties nearest the site is used for agriculture. As indi-
- cated in Figure 9, the area immediately"surrounding the site is still i,
primarily a diversified agricultural region. However, increasingly ,
greater amounts of land are being gradually transferred to industrial i I
use.
(3) Transportation - There are no rail-3 roads or principal highways penetrating the site. The Iouisville &
$ =
j Nashville Railroad is about 8 miles east of the site, running in a
, north-south direction, and the Southern Railroad is about 6 miles south
{ of the site, with tracks running in an east-west direction. The nearest a
principal highways are U.S. 72, about 6 miles north of the site, and ,
State Highway 20, about 4 5 miles south of the site. t (4) Forestry - There are no major com-1 mercial forestry operations in the vicinity of the site. '
(5) Recres. tion - Land use for recreation development on Wheeler Reservoir includes Joe Wheeler State "ark, Limestone County Park, Iavrence County Park, Mallard Creek public use i
t area, Decatur k nicipal Boat Harbor and Park, and Point Mallard Park.
l Also, there are four commercial boat docks within twelve miles of the i i
t j site. A limited amount of shoreline has been developed for private I residential use.
- i
3- 11 (6) Wildlife preserves - Approximately 1,240 acres or shoreline and backlands across the river are managed by the State of Alabama for vildlife use under a "use permit" arrange-ment with TVA vhich extends for an indefinite time period. Southeast of the site, between Rock Island Creek and the U.S. 31 causeway, the state is using an additional 1,360 acres for vildlife management, also under a "use permit" arrangement. Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge i extends upstream from Decatur on both shores of the Tennessee River for approximately 15 miles.
(7) Population distribution - The area in which the Browns Ferry site is located has demonstrated moderate population growth during the last two decades. One of the fifteen counties within a 60-mile radius of the site has shown a decrease in population from 1960 to 1970; of the fourteen counties showing a population increase, seven counties have had significant Browth. The general pattern has been 2 steady decrease in the farm population in i all counties and an increase in the rural-nonfarm and urban popula-tions. The counties with the greatest increase in population reflect the growth of the major urban areas - Huntsville, Decatur, and the quad-city area of Florence, Sheffield, Tuscumbia, and Huscle Shoals.
The 1960 population within a 4-mile and 10-mile radius of the site was 1,392 and 22,040, respectively. Figure '
10 illustrates the 1960 population distribution within 10 miles of the site.
e 5
3-12
- l l
There are only thrve centers of
. l population within 60 miles of the site with populations exceeding 25,000. nese centers (Decatur, Huntsville, and quad-cities) are ;
l at 10, 30, and 30 miles, respectively, and at videly separated l directions fr a the site. There are only three towns within a radius
~
of 20 miles (Athens, Moulton, and Decatur) having a 1970 population '
greater than 1,800 persons. The population of Athens is expected to increase fram 14,360 in 1970 to 22,000 in 1990. For Decatur, the I population is expected to increase from 38,0W to 50,000 in the !
same time period. Within a 8%-mile radius, the largest city is Huntsville, located 7.pproXimately 30 miles due east from the site.
The population of Huntsville is expected to increase fr a its 1970
. level of 137,800 to 200,000 by 1990.
(8) Waterways - Figure 1 illustrates '
)~ the Tennessee River.
(a) Navigation use - Tennessee !
River traffic, measured at Wheeler Lock 20 miles downstream from the Browns Ferry plant, amounted to 5.5 million tons in 1969, the latest l
- year for which data are currently available. Be principal t enage ;
was in grain and grain products, accounting for 2.5 million tons. !
, Petroleum products, chemicals, and coal traffic each had over i
i l i I
l i
l.
i ;
?
i .
l !
. - .. . - . = _ _ .
3-13 [
t 0 5 minion ton. The 1970 traffic at Wheeler Lock is estimated to be i e
. about 6 percent greater than 1969 l (b) Growth - It is estimated l
- that the Tennessee River traffic vi n experience an average growth !
rate of about 4.8 percent annually to 1980, reaching a level of 40 5 l
- minion toes in that year.
4 ;
(9) Government reservations and instal- }
t i lations - There are no major government installations within 10 miles l
of the site. The Redstone Arsenal is located approximately 25 miles east of the site. TVA has the Wheeler Dem 19 miles downstream from l the site; the Wilson Dam 35 miles downstream from the site; and the TVA National Fertilizer Development Center at Huscle Shoals, approxi-l mately 30 miles vest of the site. I
- i i
! 9 Ecology - The region around Browns Ferry }
i i
, supports wildlife, waterfowl, fish, and aquatic life. These impor-tant species are discussed in the paragraphs belov.
i (1) Wildlife and waterfowl - Wheeler Reservoir harbors the southernmost vintering population of substantial 3 numbers of Canada geese in the United States. At its 35,000-acre
- Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge, 40,000 ' geese regularly spend the 1
l vinter. Total waterfowl populations on Wheeler include up to 75,000 ducks, primarily mallards, blacks, green-vinged teal, vidgeon, pintail, I !
gadwall, lesser scaup, and ringnecks.
Over 14,000 man-days of waterfowl hunting take place each year on the Wheeler Reservoir. An additienal i
14,000 man-days are devoted to upland game hunting for rabbits, quail, !
squirrel, dove, snipe, raccoon, oppossum, and crova. Other public f l, uses--fishing, artifact hunting, camping, picnicking, etc. ,--account [
- i
h
, 3-14 '
for an additional 250,000 man-days of recreational activity on these
- ll wildlife management areas.
(2) Fish and other aquatic life - Wheeler !
4 Reservoir is classified as a normal, highly productive, wam-water ,
i aquatic errt ronment.
i Benthic habitats in the reservoir range from deposits of finely divided silts to river channel cobble and bedrock.
- The most extensive benthic habitat is composed of fine-grained brown silt, which is deposited both in the old river channel and on the i
tomer werbank areas. The overbank areas are far more extensive than t
the old river channel and are the most prodv.ctiva. !
l The silt-laden overbank areas support
- communities of Asiatic clams, burrowing mayflies, aquatic worms, and
, midges. Cobble and bedrock areas, found primarily in the old channel, support Asiatic class, bryozoa, sponges, caddistlies, snails, other l' cleas, and scoe leeches. All these benthic foms are important sources '
) <
of food for ccanercial fish and most are important to game fish. !
In the very shallow overbank areas, the l major algal species are the suspended diatoms ani the green algae.
]
- At times, zooplankton in the surface and f deep waters is quite extensiva. Ccemon forms include rotifers, clado- !
I cerans, and copepods.
i Investiga+1ons have shown the following ,
fish to be important to sport use: largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, I i i i spotted bass, white bass, crappie, bluegill, and sauger. Important ;
~
- ccessercial fish are bigmouth buffalo, s~a11mth buffalo, channel cat- [
i i
t fish, flathead catfish, blue catfish, carp, drum, and paddlefish. Table 9 i 7
1- lists the species encountered in various asaples in Wheeler Reservoir. t l
1
3-15 e
A fish population survey for Wheeler
, Reservoir made in 1970 showed an avorego of 39,000 flat per acre with an average total weight of 738 pounds. Of the total number of fish counted in the survey, game and pantish accounted for approximately 47 percent; forace fish, 47 percent; and rough fish, 7 percent. The most numerous species were gi::ard shad, bluegill, and the long-cared sunfish.
In a 1970 creel census (July throu6h December), white crappie accounted for over 58 percent of the sport catch. Other percentaEes were: bluegill - 17 percent, smallmouth bass - 7 percent, largemouth base - 5 percent, white bass - 5 percent, with black crappie, catfish, valleye, sau6er, drum, yellow bass, and carp also appearing in the catch.
The 1967 cormrcial fish harvest for
, TVA reservoirs in north Alabama, which includes Guntersville, Wheeler, Wilson, and Pickwick Reservoirs, was 2 7 million pounds valued at
$397,000. Euffalo dominated the catch, followed by catfish, carp, drum, and paddlefish. Eased upon earlier surveys, Wheeler produced about 35 percent of the comercial catch in this area, Guntersville and Pickvick 30 percent each, and Wilson $ percent.
The Brovns Ferry plant is located directly downstream from an extensive area of shallov vater, including the mouths of several creeks. Two additional extensive areas of l shallow overbank habitat are loce.ted on the opposite side of the '
channel, directly across from the plant and about 2 miles downstream.
Limited areas of shallow habitat occur directly dovnstream from the
4 F 1
3-16 ;
i .
plant site. Areas of this type usually serve as spawning and nursery s
sites for most important fish species, as well as being areas of high j
- l a
production of food organisms. j
]
! l J 10. Chemical and physical characteristics of air i l !
I and water - .}
(1) Air - Other than the data described j
under Section 2.1 3, climatology and Meteorology, no additional physical !
I or chemical properties of air have been monitored.
(2) Water - The Browns Ferry site is !
I t
i i located 19 miles upstream from the Wheeler Dam. The Tennessee River [
} i at Wheeler Dam has a drainage area of 29,590 square miles. The i
]
Wheeler Dam, located at river mile 275 in Lauderdale and invrence f Counties, Alabama, was coc:pleted in 1936, forming TVA's third largest j i
reservoir by area at the normal pool elevation of 558 feet. At this l j
elevation the Wheeler Reservoir is 74.1 miles long and covers an area f of 67,100 acres, with a volume of 1,131,000 acre-feet and a shoreline j length of 1,063 miles. The reservoir has an average width of nearly 1 5 miles and is approximately 7,300 feet vide at the plant site, i f
q (3) streamflow - since 1937, the U.S. l I
j Geological Survey has maintained a streamflow gaging station at l j !'
]
Whitesburg, Alabama, 40 miles above the Browns Ferry site. The i
j average daily streamflov at this station since 1937 has been ;
i 42,400 ft3 /s.
1 W Flov duration data for the Whitesburg ,
i j station have been prepared cooperatively by the U.S. Geological !
i i j Survey and the Tennessee Valley Authority. For the 1940-1960 period, l I
t i l I l I
3 17 the following tabulation indicates the percent of time that various
. daily aversge streamflows were equaled or exceeded:
Averago Daily Percent of Time Flov (ft /s) 3 Equaled or Exceeded 5,000 99 0 l 17,000 89 5 '
25,000 75 1 30,000 60.0 35,000 43 7 Considerable seasonal variation in streamflow occurs at the Whitesburg station. Data for the water years 1960 through 1964 indicates an average flov of about 32,000 ft 3/s during the summer months and about 76,000 ft3 /s during the vinter months.
- Channel velocities at the Whitesburg gage average more than 2 ft/s under nonnal vinter conditions. Due to the lover summer flows, these velocities are reduced to a little more than 1 ft/s under normal summer conditions. These average vinterandsunenervelocitiesdropto07ft/ sand 03ft/s,respec-tively, at the Browns Ferry site when the reservoir is vider and the slope of the water surface is less.
(4) Water quality - A comprehensive vater quality survey of Wheeler Reservoir was made by TVA during the period May 1962 through April 1965 Results of analyses on samples collected at Tennessee River mile 277 0 are shown in Table 10. Surveys in the downstman reservoirs since 1965 confirm that these data are repre-sentative of (1) water quality in Wheeler Reservoir, (2) that there is little year-to-year change, and (3) that there has been no long-tera degradation in vr,cer quality.
3-18 l
. I These results are representative of !
water quality conditions at the Brovns Ferry site and indicate that l l
the vater quality is very good. ;
Biological conditions in Wheeler Reservoir :
vere assessed from samples collected at five locations in the main river channel and in one backwater "sicush" area. In 6eneral, bio-logical populations in the reservoir represented conditions typical 4
of main stream reservoirs. Wide distributi.1 of rayfly larvae indi-f cated good water quality. Plankton populations increased with distance downstream from Guntersville Dam, probably reflecting decreased vater turbulence and reduced turbidity in the lover end of the reservoir.
t (5) Radiological ronitoring - Water samples collected monthly from Wheeler Reservoir (TRM 277 0) during the period from May 1964 throu6h April 1965 shoved that the gross beta j
. activity ranged from 0.06 X 10'I j+C1/mi to 0.17 X 10-7 p ci/ml and ;
averaged 0.10 X 10 y Ci/ml. For the period July 1969 to June 1970 total gross beta activity in the water samples collected monthly from ,
Wheeler Reservoir at the Brovns Ferry site ranged from 0.035 X 10'I
/.4 C1/ml to 0.093 X 10'I j.C1/nl and averaged 0.056 X 10*If Ci/nl.
(6) Temperature - Water temperature observations at selected stations indicate Wheeler Reservoir is only [
veakly stratified during the summer months and unstratified at all i other times. A su-nwy of the observed surface and bottom tempera- :
t tures is presented in Table 11. Temperature data et Tennessee River mile 305 0, collected by TVA'c Hydraulic Data Branch during 1938 through 1943, indicste the ter.perature pattern observed one year is very similar to that observed in other years. The yearly raximum and a
j minimum temperatures during this period are shovn in Table 12.
i j
1 I
3-lo
- 11. Historical significance of the Browns Ferry
. site . The nearest historical place listed in the National Register of Histcric places is TVA's Wilson Dam which is 19 miles downstream from Brovns Ferry. The possible impact on this historic place is dit cuased in Sections 5 7 2 and 5 7 3 34 Electric Power Supply and Demand - TVA is the power supplier for an area of approximately 60,000 square miles containing about 6 mil.
lion people. TVA generates, transaits, and sells power to 160 munici-palities and rural electric cooperatives which in turn retail power to their ovn customers. The approximate areas served by these distribu-tors are shown in Figure 1. These distribution systees, which purchase their power requirements from TVA, serve more than 2 million electric
, customers, including homes, farms, businesses, and most of the region's industries. TVA also supplies power directly to 46 industries which have large or unusual power requirements and to 11 Federal installations, including the Atomic Energy Commission plants at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and Paducah, Kentucky.
The importance of an adequate supply of power on the TVA system is by no means limited to electric consumers in the area which TVA supplies directly. This system, which with 19.4 million kilovatts of presently installed generating capacity is the Nation's largest, is interconnected at 26 points with neighboring systems with which TYA exchanges power. The TVA system is, in effect, part of a huge power network. In a time of power emergency, operation of the TVA power system could have a definite impact on power supply conditions from the Great Iakes to the Gulf of &xico, and from New England to Oklah:xta and Texas.
. L
3-20 During the past 20 years, loads on the TVA power system have increased approximately 7 percent per year. This rate of growth in power requirements has meant that the capacity of the generatin6 and transmission system has been doubled every 10 years. Until the end of World War II, most of TVA's generating capacity was hydroelectric. By that time, however, most of the suitable hydroelectric sites had been developed, and beginning in 1949 substantially all of the capacity in-creases were met by the construction of fossil-fueled plants. In the middle 1960's, large-scale nuclear plants had become feasible, and TVA began to take steps to add nuclear capacity to its system. TVA has also begun providing pumped-storage and gas turbine capacity to meet system peak loads. Table 1 shows major TVA system capacity additions since 1949 The amount of electricity generated in 1965 to meet customer requirements for power exceeded "J.0 billion kilowatt-hours. By 1970, annual electric generation for customer needs had totaled 92 7 billion kilowatt-hours. Generating needs are expected to reach 135 billion kilowatt-hours by 1975 TVA presently must add an average of 1500 megawatts or more of new generating capacity each year to keep up with the rapid increase in electrical power usage in this region.
- 1. Power needs - The demands on the TVA generating system result in peak demands occurring in vinter and summer. The annual peak loads in the TVA service area usually occur between November and March because of electrical heating demands. However, due to seasonal exchange arrangements with other power systems, the expected loads which the TVA generating capacity must actually serve during the next several yearo vill be greater in the summer than in e
3-21 the preceeding vinter. The following tabulation indicates expected loads to be cerved by TVA during the next several peak seasons:
Estimated Net Peak Demand Intercharge-W Load Served Period TVA Systes-W Received Delivered by TVA-MW winter 1971-72 18, 300 2,917 -- 15, 383 susmer 1972 16,240 -- 1,800 18,o4o winter 1972-73 20,200 2,060 -- 18,140 amener 1973 18,060 -- 2,060 20,120 Winter 1973-74 22, 40o 2,060 -- 20,340 '
To meet the load increases shown above, additional generating capacity totaling 360 megawatts will be added by TVA to 1
meet the vinter peak lead to be served in 1971-72, 3,000 megawatts will be added to meet the winter peak loe.d in 1972-73, and 3,405 ,
i i . megawatts vill be added to meet the winter peak in 1973-74. Browns i
Ferry Units 1, 2, and 3 will contribute significantly to meeting a
these load damaMs by supplying 3,195 megawatts of the necessary ,
generating capacity.
2 Consequences of any delays - To meet the 1971-72 winter load served by the TVA system (15,383 Mf), the dependable capacity will be 18,630 megawatts. This capacity is expected to increase to !
1 21,605 megawatts to meet the 1972-73 winter peak loads and to further increase to 25,005 megawatts to meet the 1973-74 winter peak load.
i 1
2he reserve margins on the WA system during the winters of 1971-72, 1972-73, I
and 1973-74 are expected to be 3,247; 3,465; and 4,665 megawatts, respectively, i
, Thus, if WA is to adequately meet its obligations to its custcuners during
. the peak seasons of 1971-73, Browns Ferry Units 1, 2, and 3 are needed as [
planned.
3 i
4-1 i 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAIE AND CONSULTATIONS
- . In addition to its own standards, TVA as a Federal agency i
is subject to comprehensive and broad-scale environmental procedures I and Federal and state consultation and coordination requirements of the
- National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C. I 4321 (1970) (as j i implemented by Executive Order H514 (35 Fed. Beg. 4247) and guidelines J
issued by the Council on Environmental Quality (36 Fed. Reg. 772k)).
) In addition, TVA is subject to Executive Order H507 (35 Fed. Reg. 2573), '
i ,
i and Office of Management and Bud d et Circulars A-78 and A-81, relating to the prevention, control, and abatement of air and water ponution j in Federal facilities, as well as certain provisions of the Clean Air i
Act, as amended, h2 U.S.C.A. I 1857 (1970), and the Federal Water .
t l Pollution Control Act, as amended, 33 U.S.C. A. I H51 (1970), which !
4
) relate to the applicability of various Federal, state, interstate or ;
. local air and water quality standards. In addition, TVA is subject j to the requirements of Office of Management and Budget Circular A-95 !
l
- which insure that major generating and transmission projects are co-d j ordinated fross the point of view of community impact and land use I planning with state and local agencies.
! TVA has consulted with several Federal, state, and local 1
agencies and officials since 1966 in the planning and construction of l the Browns Ferry plant. Federal agencies consulted include the U.S.
4 Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Public Health Service, and the Federal !
Water Pou ution Control Administration (now the Water Quality Office l
l oftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency). State agencies consulted ,
include the Alabama State Health Department, the Alabama Water [
, Improvement Cosuaission, and the Alabama Department of Conservation. !
l b2 ;
, i In addition, officials free Limestone and krgan Counties and from Athens and Decatur, Alabama, have been consulted.
Regional agencies in the area include Top of Alabama Regional ;
j Council on Governments (Limestone, Madison, Marshall, Jackson, and I J
! DeKalb Counties) North Central Alabama Regional Planning and Development !
! Comunission (Morgan, lavrence, and Cullman Counties), and ksele Shoals l
- n Council of local Governments (lauderdale, Colbert, Franklin, Marion, andWinstonCounties). These agencies are concerned with regional j
planning and development in their multicounty areas. TVA works closely 1
) with these agencies on a staff-to-staff basis. j
] Since a number of the regional concerns are broad in scope )
a
! and apply to the entire north Alabaar. region, the regional agencies, t the state, and TVA maintain an effective, continuing working relation- ;
i ship for considering these concerns. The resulting overall regional I f
),
planning effort focuses attention on functional program requirements j l
such as maintaining water quality, improving wildlife management, l J ,
j determining the future roles of agriculture and forestry, and pro- l noting orderly industrialization and urbanization in the north Alabama i i
! region. The Browns Ferry project is consonant with positive steps for i
!
- f regional growth in the area. ;
) !
I i !
j
)
J l'
3 l
I (
i !
l t
$ Y t
l I i*
1 l
i 1
_ . - _ _ . ?
5-1 50 _DNIRCriMDITAL IMPA0T OF THE PROPOSED FACILITY The pricary and secondary social and economic impact of the plant is discussed in this section. "Primary" is interpreted to mean those impacts directly attributable to the plant, while "secondary" is interpreted to be the long-range offects of the plant. Creation of additional e=ployment in the area and purchase of construction materials from local businesses are identified as two primary impacts of the Browns Ferry plant. While tne total magnitude of these in.
pacts is large, the distribution of residences and local material supply sources occurs within forty miles of the plant site. A recent survey of the Browns Ferry construction e=ployees showed that over 90 percent lived within a forty-mile radius of the plant site. More
, than 40 towns were supplying project workers, with nearly 25 percent ecuing frcu the itsele Shoals area. The survey also revealed that, as of April 1971, at least 795 workers had moved into the forty-mile area, locating in at least nine different towns. Cver one-half (436) vent to Athens, Alabama; 130 located in Decatur; 45 vent to Tanner; and the remainder to other nea.rby towns. Since the bulk of the project's e=ployment needs have been catisfied by local residents, the project has had the secondary impact of tending to stabilize the local econcay. At the present e=plopent level (April 1971) of about 3,000 and an average annual wage of about
$10,000, tha annual incene to the regi6h frce the project is about 1
$30,000,000. Ecvever, Table 13 shows that the peak project e= ploy.
ment income in 1970 is only a ==all percentage of total 1966 per-sonal inecce for any of the indicated area units.
6
n 5-2
.o l Purchases and contracts from tht . local economy over the ;
i
- , total construction period vill be around $5,000,000. As a primary j impact, these purchases represent important contributions to some
! area businesses. As a secondary impact the additional revenues may i ;
offer the cpportunity to slightly expand or upgrade facilities in i i l individual instances, althou6h it is unlikely that very many busi- !
l
} nesses depend on this construction activity as a basis for long-term x .
revenue. i The 1436 vorkers sho moved into Athens from outside the
- area to work on the project represent the largest project-related concentration of population, but account for only 13 percent of 1
the 1970 population of Athens and 0.6 percent of the school age l
] !
population in the city.
{
s . !
j Thus, no severe economic dislocation should occur as the ;
, project phases out. Employment vill scale down gra6aally from its peak level of 3,000 to approximately 175 permanent operating per-i
] sonnel. These employees will become permanent citizens of the local area.
l l 4
4 The following discussion assesses the probable impact of !
I 1
- j the construction and operation of the facility on the environment. !
3 ,
- t 3 51 Iand Use compatibility - There are no anticipax ed routine i I !
! operations of the plant which would prohibit attaining ful.1 use of l i
the surrounding land or the Browns Ferry site. The following dis- !
cussion should be related to the topics under land use in the base-j line inventory. Figure 9 shows the rural character of the area [
l surrounding the site. ;
d4 I I r
i I
_ _ _ . ,- - . - - - - - . , . . - - - ,- - - -- ~ '-' - "'" " ' ' ' ' '^^ ~~~ ^~ '
5-3
- 1. Industrial operations - The plant should not
, have an adverse impact on industrial operations in the area.
2, Farming Except for the land required for the plant, no adverse impact on farming in the area is expected.
Baseline hydrological information indicates that ground water movement wouJd prohibit saepage of liquid wastes into surrounding land.
3 Transportation - There are no rearrangements of public roads. The plant should have no adverse impact on the use of land for transportation purposes.
- 4. Forestry - TVA, throu6h its Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development, has made investigations of superior hardwood specimens - the Tennessee Valley region. These investigations led to the location of and seed from a superior vsinut
, specimen. Two large tracts of land on the Browns Ferry site vill be planted to these superior valnut trees and used to supply seed for future stock.
5 Recreation - The plant should not have any adverse impact on the use of the land for recreation. In fact, the site vill provide additional recreational facilities. Provisions are being made for recreation areas, and a visitors' information lobby and overlook will be constr.mted. -
There is little likelihood that the varm vater
- i l
discharges would result in any adverse effect on water-contact recre-ation in Wheeler Reservoir. The discharged varmed water will mix rapidly in a relatively small zone near the plant and the limited in-
, creases in water temperature should not be objectior.able to boaters or swimmers in adjacent areas of the reservoir.
5-4 -
?
Altn g h during seme months fish may avoid the immediate area of the plant discharges, in the winter the fish are likely to be attracted to the warm water. This has been the experience at other TVA steam plants.
- 6. Wildlife preserves - Although the construc-
~
tion of the plant will dislocate some wildlife from the izanediate vicinity of the site, this is not expected to be significant. The plant should not have any adverse impact on the use of land for wild-life preserves.
7 population distribution - The project will result in an approximate increase of 175 permanent jobs at the plant ,
therefore slightly increasing the pressures for residential develop-
. ment and on public and private facilities to provide the necessary services required. Since no significant social and econcanic problems have been caused by the large influx of personnel required for the construction of this plant, no adverse impact is expected on the population distribution of the area. The minimum exclusion distance for the site is 4,000 feet. There are no residences within 4,500 ,
feet of the reactor building, and only 208 people within 2 miles.
The area within a 10-mile radius is not expected to have significant ,
resident population changes in the 1bture.
~
. TVA Radiological Emergency Plan provides for orderly evacuation of people from the site and the surrounding area r should the need arise.
TVA's Division of Navigational Development and Regional Studies maintains a continuous study of the population 4 .
i .
i 4
..--, -vme- v.mre - ~-
e ,- - , - . ,-v -
i 5-5 growth of the region. These studies will enable TVA to detect popu-lation increases in order to keep the emergency plan current and to ensure that operation of the facility can be properly maintained.
- 8. Waterways - The location of the diffuser pipes will require special precaution in use of the watervay for navigation purposes.
A barge traveling through water of any depth experiences an increase 'in draft as opposed to one sitting still. An increase in the speed or a decrease in the depth of water causes an inc tease in the draft, and the barge will assume a "bow-down" or "stern-down" attitude, depending upon several other factors. Since the water depth over the diffusers is about 10 feet less than in the
, approach channel, barges will experience some increase in draft as they cross the diffusers. Laboratory tests have shown that for barge speeds in the range of those encountered on Wheeler Reservoir, barges will usually assume a "bow-down" attitude. Navigation channel markers will indicate the location of safe water depths over the diffuser at extreme drawdown elevation. As shown in Figure 11, this section of marked navigation channel will be more than 1000 feet wide and is considerably wider than many sections of marked channel in Wheeler Reservoir and more than three times as wide as the m4M = n channel width on the Tennessee River waterway.
9 Government reservations - The construction and operation of the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant should not signifi-cantly affect the other Government reservations identified in Section 3 3 Neither should it curtail the future development of S Government reservations in the region.
9 9
5-6 52 Water Use Cmpatibility - Projection of the impact of the
~
facility on the uses of surface and ground water resources of the l
region has been made in order to assure that adequate consideration '!
is given to alternate and shared uses of the water and to overall plans for development of the area. TVA has discussed the construc-tion and operation of the plant, with regard to the uses of the water, with the Al*ha=a State Health Department, the Alabama Water Improvement C amission, and the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (Water Quality Office of the Environmental Protection Agency).
Physical, chemical, and hydrologic characteristf.cs of the water and details of water withdrawals were discussed previously in Section 3 3. This section considers the probable impact of the
, facility on present and projected uses of the water resources.
- 1. Industrial water uses - Capacity of the river to receive effluent frcra industrial waste treatment facilities without interfering with other water uses is an important considera-tion in the industrial use of tha water. Potential effects of the facility on the water quality of the river as a result of elevating water temperatures include (1) theoretical lowering of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the water passing through the condenser, and (2) increased rate of biochemical oxygen demand and the increased magnitude of the ul',imate biochemical oxygen demand of both municipal and industrial organic wastes in the water affected by elevated temperatures. The discussions of DO and BOD in Section 5.6 indi-cate that adverse effects on the waste assimilative capacity of the river will not be significant. DO and BOD monitoring will be con-ducted after the plant begins operation.
5-7 i
- 2. Public water uses - The major public water
. uses of the Wheeler Reservoir are for water supplies, recreation, and waste disposal. The closest downstream public surface water supply is Wheeler Dam, which is 19 1 miles downstream and which serves approxi-mately 50 people. An analysic has been made to determine the minimum dilution to be expected between the condenser cooling water discharge and Wheeler Dam. The **vimnm concentration at Wheeler Dam water in-take for a continuous release of r microcuries per second is estimated
~9 to be 2 9r x 10 7Ci/ml.
There are 32 ground water supplies within a 20-mile radius of the site. Because the ground water movements are away fra these sources as indicated in Section 3 3, there should be no significant effects on ground water uses.
- 3. Impact on the water resources - The Browns
, Ferry Nuclear Plant is not expected to have si6nificant impact on the water resources of the area. The plant should not affect the chemical or physical characteristics of Wheeler Reservoir, nor will it alter the present usage of this portion of the Tennessee River.
As will be noted in subsequent portions of this statement, the plant should not cause themal nor radiological dis-charges that will adversely affect uses of the reservoir.
Other iniustrial and public uses, such as water transportation, boating, fishing, etc., should not be significantly affected by the presence of the plant in the area.
53 Heat Dissipation - The Browns Ferry plant will release heat to the environment as an inevitable consequence of producing useful electricity. Heat fram the fission of nuclear fuel in the reactor is
5-8 used to produce steam under high temperature and pressure to drive a turbine connected to a generator. After a cignificant portion of ther-mal energy in the steam has been converted to machanical energy in the turbine, the low temperature, low pressure steam is converted to water in a condenser. Condensation is accomplished by passing large amounts of cooling water through the cooling coils in the condenser. This section discusses water quality as affected by themal discharges.
- 1. Condenser circulating water - The primary purpose of the condenser circulating water system is to provide water to the condensers of the turbogenerator steam turbine to carry away heat rejected by steam condensation. A secondary purpose is to provide water for auxiliary cooling service and to disperse low-level radio-
. active vastes frce the radwaste treatment building.
The system is designed to provide a flow of 1,890,000 gallons per minute (gal / min) to the condensers and a flow of 90,000 gal /mintoauxiliariesforthethreeunits. Three pumps are provided for each unit, each with a capacity of 220,000 gal /minata design head of 32 5 feet. The pum?ing station is located at the land end of the intake channel, which has a bottom elevation of 523 feet above sea level. The nine circulating water pumps will carry the water through tunnels to the condensers.
No treatment is provided for the condenser circulating water. An Amertap cleansing cystem is provided for automatically clean-ing condenser tubes when the system is in operation. This mechanical cleansing system uses sr:all sponge rubber balls that are recirculated continuously through the condenser tubes. Therefore, it is not antici-pated that the chemicals normally used for algal treatment will be
5-9 required on this plant.
. Operating the condensers requires that filling be accomplished by venting, evacuation by the vacuum system, and operation of at least two circulating water pumps. The three condensers may be operated fully flooded by only one pump by throttling the condenser I discharge valves and venting only. The discharge from the condensers l
l passes to the discharge tunnel and on to the diffuser system for mixing with the reservoir water. The diffuser system is described in the next section, Heat removal facilities.
Three pumps will normally operate in parallel for each unit. However, in an emergency if one pump is out of service, the two remaining pumps will deliver approximately 540,000 gal / min at a reduced head of about 20 feet. This is still sufficient flow for unit j
full load operation. l l
- The cooling vater will be drawn from and returned to l l
l Wheeler Beservoir. With the units operating fully loaded, the tempera- {
ture of the cooling water vill be raised 25 F. in passing through the condensers. The representative averages of seasonal temperatures of withdrawn and returned water are set forth below.
Average Condenser Water Temperature Inlet temperature Outlet temperature Before Mixing Fall 67' F. 92* F.
Winter 47* F. 72* F.
Spring 57' F. 82* F.
Summer 79* F. 104' F.
- 2. Heat removal facilities - It was recognized early in the plant design stages that the condenser water should not be discharged into the surface strata of Wheeler Reservoir. Instead, it was decided that, by means of a diffuser, the condenser water should be mixed as quickly as possible with as much unheated river water as
5-10 possible. By this procedure, no excessively warm surface strata v111'
. exist, the mixing zone vill be restricted to a relatively small area, and the temperature rise after mixing vill not exceed 10' F.
Based on extensive TVA studies (discussed in Section 5 6), available data, and the experience of others, at the time Browns Ferry was designed it was concluded that outside the mixing zone: (1) the average temperature over any cross-section should be limited to not more than 93* F. and should not exceed 95* F. at any point at any time, and (2) the rise in temperature of the mixed stream should be limited to not more than 10' F. above natural water tempera-ture at any time. The mixing zone vill not be permitted to exceed 75 Percent of the total cross-section of the reservoir and vill be limited to a reasonable distance from the outfall. These temperature limits have been used in design and are in line with those accepted by
, the Alabama Water Improvement Commission.
Figure 11 shows the physical relationship of the' plant, cooling water conduits, and diffuser pipes, to the main channel und floodplain of Wheeler Reservoir at the plant site.
Thermal diffusion is accomplished by means of three perforated pipes, connected to the discharge conduits of the three units. These perforated, corrugated, galvanized steel pipes are laid side by side across the bottom of the 1,800-foot-wide channel. i l
The channel is approximately 30 feet deep. The pipes are 17 feet. 19 feet, l
and 20 feet 6 inches in diameter and of different lengths. Each has the last 600 feet perforated on the downstream side with more than 7,000 two-inch diameter holes. Thus, approximately 22,000 holes spaced 6 inches
, on centers in both directions distribute the 4,%0 cubic feet per second (approximate) of cooling water into the river for thermal mixing. The diffuser system design is shown on Figure 12.
5-11 The main channel where mixing takes place occupies about one-third of the width of the reservoir but carries about 65 percent of the flow. The reservoir outside the main channel at this location is approximately one mile wide and 3 to lo feet deep at minimum pool level.
Predictions of surface temperatures upstream and downstream from the plant are shown on Figure 13 and 14 and have been made to illustrate thermal conditions that could exist when:
- a. Total riverflow (17,000 ft3 /s) in mid-April would result in a maxia.um thermal rise of 10 F. above the normal water temperature of 65 F. in the main channel flow immediately below the plant;
- b. Total riverflow (21,000 ft 3/s) in mid-August would result in
, a maximum thermal rise to 93 F. (8 F. above 85 F. normal water temperature) in the main chann11 flow immediately below the plant.
The dashed lines in Figure 13 and the shaded area in Figure 14 reflect the range of uncertainty in calculated results.
Both of these examples illustrate extreme conditions that could occur infrequently when riverflows are relatively low.
To provide an estimate of the number of days in a year when one or both of the control temperatures, i.e.,10 F. rise and/or maximum of 93 F. , might be reached, the streamflows and tempera-tures that actually existed at Wheeler Dam during 1966 and 1967 were 3 3 analyzed. Themaanflowin1966was37,550ft/ sand 57,550ft/ sin 1967. Thelong-termmeanflowis49,000ft7,, 3 It was assumed that all three units were in continuous operation and that all condenser flows were mixed with two-thirds of the streamflow. These calculations demonstrate that, even without i
5-12 allowance for unit outages which might coincide with periods of low
, flow and high temperature, special flow regulation will be required -
for only a small percentage of the time to keep water temperatures in the reservoir below the design control temperatures. During those periods when special controls might be applied, the thernal limits will be met by (1) regulating streamflows at the Browns Ferry site, or-(2) decreasing power production, or -(3) a combination of both.
The decision as to which approach will be used during these periods will be made only after careful consideration of the potential effects of the special operation on all other uses 'of the TVA reservoir system.
- 3 Impact of coolin;; water effluent on temperatures in Wheeler Reservoir - The objective of the diffuser system is to obtain complete mixing of the thermal effluent with that portion of the receiving
, water available for' dilution within the minimum possible distance. Mixing is considered to be complete if the temperature at any point in the cross !
section is R (AT) + T, where T is the temperature of the dilution' water, A T is the increase in temperature of the condenser flow, and R is the ratio of the condenser flow to the dilution water flow.
As shown on Figure 11, the diffusers do not traverse the entire width of the reservoir. Hence, the entire reservoir flow will not be available for dilution. Field measurements showed that 65 percent of the flow would be available for mixing.
The diffuser design is such that the discharge is essentially constant for the entire length of the diffuser; therefore, the mixing characteristics of the diffuser could be determined from
, two-dimensional model tests. Such model tests were conducted at_the i
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hydrodynamics Laboratory for steady flow conditions.
E-13 0
+' It was found that for the range of flows from -
3 10,000to40,000ft/sthediffuse) was essentially 100 percent effi-cient as a mixing device. Cmpard son of model temperatures with cca-puted fully mixed temperatures sPsed that complete mixing always occurred in the prototype wit'.41n 200 feet of the diffusers. These studies also show that esmpletely mixed temperatures will often occur within 75 feet. Figure 15 shows the results (extrapolated from model ,
studies) of a detai'ted temperature survey in the vicinity of the jet ports. For this case, a 15 F. drop in temperature would occur within 10 feet of the prototype diffbser and the entire flow would be within 1 F. of the fully mixed temperature within about 50 feet.
These tests also showed that an upstream wedge of vam water would develop at flows of less than 40,000 ft3 7,,
To learn more about the effect of unsteady and zero flow on the thermal regime of Wheeler Reservoir, constniction of a j three-dimensional model of a 5-mile-reach of the reservoir in the vicinity of the plant was begun. The model was designed to simulate 1 all flow conditions including reverse reservoir flow. r This model will be used to obtain as much pre-
{
operational information as possible regarding the effects of many variables on the thermal regime of Wheeler Reservoir. Operation of the model will provide information to guide in the operation of Wheeler and Guntersville hydro projects and Browns Ferry so as to meet standards relative to themal conditions in the Wheeler Reservoir.
A cceprehensive picture of the thermal regime of l the reservodr both before and after Browns Ferry goes into operation I
will be available frce temperature monitoring stations at the Tennessee River mile indicated in the following table and shown in Figure 16.
E
- w. m .. m,~, - -. . , , , - , , - , - - - - - -
- - - . , r w,- 4myy%-,.-- - , , ,
,.j 5-14' Mile Date Installed
'i l .- 275 0 Dec. 1968 [
l 285 2 Dec. 1970 :l 293.6 Oct. 1968 !
297 6 sept. 1969-Each station measures temperatures at-ten eleva-tions. The station at mile 293 6 also measures velocity and direction of flow and reservoir stage. Measurements from these stations are telemetered to a central data logger, punched or paper taped, and sent to the computer center for processing and storage.- Selected points from the station at mile 293 6 are telemetered to the plant where they are available to the plant operating personnel. If it is found that
. additional stations are required after the plant goes into operation, they will be added. In addition, water surface temperatures vill be -
l monitored several times yearly by means of airborne infrared remote i sensing equipment. Special studies consisting of around-the-clock measurements for controlled situations will be set up for the Browns Ferry plant. Essentially simultaneous instantaneous temperature ,
measurements of a large surface area combined with selected vertical temperature measurements vill provide additional information concerning the themal regime of Wheeler Reservoir.
.. 4. Applicable thermal standards - The Alabama pro-I posed standards for water temperature state that "vith respect to cooling water discharges only, the ambient temperature of receiving water shall '!
not be. increased by more than 10' F. by the discharge of such cooling r p water, after reasonable mixing; nor shall the discharge of such cooling 1
i vaters after reasonable mixing cause the temperature of the receiving
~
5-15 waters to exceed 93 F." The Alabama temperature standards have been excepted fran approval by the Water Quality Off'.ce, Environmental Protection Agency. However, TVA will meet any future applicable temperature standards.
, Heat dissipation utilizing the diffuser system designed for Browns Ferry should control themal discharges so that there is no significant adverse impact on the quality of the water in Wheeler Reservoir. (See Section 7.4, Alternative Heat Handling Methods, for further studies TVA has under way. )
Because of its location inside the state of Alabama, Browns Ferry discharges should not affect the quality of the waters of other states.
. 5 Applicability of Section 21(b) pem.t - TVA, as a Federal agency, is not required to obtain a certificate of com-pliance with applicable state water quality standards, in accordaace with Section 21(b) of the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 (PL91-224). TVA is3 however, obligated by Section 21(a) of this Act and by Executive OMer 11507, "Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Air and Water Pollution at Federal Facilities," to meet all state water quality standaMs in the operation of its facilities and TVA will meet this obligation. Estimated quantities and concentrations of liquid waste discharges expected from Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant have been reported to the Environmental Protection Agency, as required by Office of Management and Budget Circular A-81.
6
5-16 54 Chemical Discharges - Chemicals used at Browns Ferry
. Nuclear Plant include alum, chlorine, and a polymer used in the water filtration unit; sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide used for makeup demineralizer regeneration, sodium chromate used as a corrosion inhibitor in closed-cooling water systems and suppression chambers; miscellaneous chemicals used for cleaning and decontamination of equipent; and sodium pentaborate used in the standby liquid control systems. Of these, only the filtration unit chemicals and the demineralizer regenerants are discharged to the river during normal operation. Safe-guards against accidental reicsse of other chemicals are provided.
Alum, chlorine, and a polymer are used in the water filtration unit. If the filtration unit were operated at rated capacity, annual consumptions of these chemicals would amount to 8,000 pounds of alum, 250 pounds of chlorine, and 150 pounds of polymer. The actual amounts,
. however, are expected to be less than 10 percent of these figures.
Filtration units are backwashed into the water plant waste sump, and the liquid is pumped to the condenser water discharge conduits. During release, the concentration of alum is about 0.05 ppm, that of chlorine about 0.0003 pm, and that of the polymer about 0.0002 pp.
During regeneration of a makeup demineralizer, regenerant solutions containing sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are discharged into the water plant waste sump along with backwash and rinse water.
The liquids are pumped into the condenser water discharge conduits where they are diluted by the condenser cooling water flow. The concentrations of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide in the diluted stream range frce about 0.5 to 1.5 p p each during release, depending upon whether one,
, two, or three reactor units are in operation. The concentrations are
- 5-17 too low to have a measurable effect on the pH of the diluted stream.
'Ihe U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards of 1962 specify a max 1 mum sulfate concentration of 250 pro. TVA's Instruction VIII, "Water Quality Management," specifies 150 ppm. If the makeup demineralizer were operated at its rated capacity, the annual discharge of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide would be approximately 66,000 and 36,000 pounds, respectively. The actus1 discharge is expected to be a fraction of this amount.
Chromate-containing water is drained fr a componento of the closed-cooling water system only when necessary for maintenance purposes.
Chromate-containing water from the suppression chamber will not be discharged to the river. In this connection, TVA is continuing to investigate ways to avoid the use of chreate in the suppression chamber and will make the necessary changes if these investigations show that other methods will meet the operation criteria. The water is drained from the closed cooling water system to the radwaste system where it is processed through a non-regenerable mixed bed demineralizer.
The treated solution is expected to contain less than 10 pin of chromate (asCrog~ ), and the total annual release of chr e ate would rarely, if ever, be as much as 10 pg.nds. When released and diluted in the discharge conduits, the ccncentration of chrmate is less than 0.013 pin if one
- unit is operating and less than 0.0045 if three are operating. The U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards of 1962 sIecify l a ==W== concentration of 0.05 ppm for hexavalent chromium; this value corresponds to 0.11 ppm Cr0 4 ".
r .
Y
l 5-18 i l
\
Most equipnent cleaning and decontamination operations will be performed with high-pressure water and with detergent soluticms. These Equids win be treated in the radwaste system by filtration and will be released to the discharge ccaduits. Some decontamination operations win involve the use of chemicals such as sodium phosphate, sodium pennanganate, ammonium citrate, nitric acid, ,
i and hydrofluoric acid. The amounts of such chemicals cannot be detennined at this time. They will be drained to the chemical drain tank in the radwaste system where they will be neutralized. Further processing win depend upon the character of the solution. Processing i
win include filtration and may include demineralization prior to release to the discharge conduits.
Bodium pentaborate used in the standby liquid control system win not be released from the plant. Should it be necessary to drain ,
solution from the system, it will be drained into drums. Storage tanks are designed to resist a design basis earthquake.
It is anticipated that releases of chemical wastes from the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant will have no significant effect on the biota.
- 55 Sanitary Wastes - A u the sewa6e from the plant will be conectd in a yard sewage system which flows by gravity to a treatment plant. Sewage ejectors, which discharge into the yard system, are i
provided at the pumping station and gatehouse. The sewage treatment plant consists of two 15,000 gan ons-per-day units arranged for parau el ,
1 flow. Biological oxidation and reduction of solids by extended aeration r
and sedimentation are the methods of treatment. Effluent from the plant t
flows through a chlorine contact tank and then into the river. The l
l l.
t l
, 5-19 l
. cewage treatment plant is designed and will be operated in accordance with Federal and state sta=dards. j l
5.6 Biological Impact - One of the most important considera-tions in carrying out the construction and operation of a nuclear power plant is the formulation of comprehensive ecological studies.
This allows documentation of environmental characteristics prior to construction and operation of the plant in order that the effect of constntetion and operation on the environment can be estimated, and provides a basis for selecting measures to minimize any prcjected ;
adverse effects. TVA has developed comprehensive ecolc61 cal monitor-ing programs. Some of these are currently under way, while others
- are planned to cewnmarre prior to plant startup and continue after the plant is in operation. All of these programs are discussed at various points below.
- 1. Ecological studies and analyses performed -
Subsection (1) lists some of the results of the fish monitoring investigations. Subsection (2) discusses the importance of the locale to the existence of important species, including the possible effects of heated water. While the extent to which all of these effects may be present at Browns Ferry is not yet fully known, it is important frce an environmental standpoint to recognize all the possible effects of heated water in order to objectively judge the actual impact of the plant.
l s
5-20 a
Subsection (3) discusses TVA's experience with
- heated water on t.quatic life at its various steam plants. Subsection (4) discusses the passage of planktonic forms and fish larvae through the condensers. Subsection (5) discusses such cooling water phenomena as biochemical oxygen demand.
(1) Identification of species important to sport and commercial use - Fish monitoring investigations have been conducted quarterly since the winter of 1968. These investigations have shown the following fish to be importent to sport use: largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, spotted bass, white bass, crappie, bluegill, and sauger. Important commercial fish are: bigmouth buffalo, smallmouth buffalo, channel catfish, flathead catfish, blue catfish, carp, drum, and paddlefish. Table 9 lists the species encountered in various samples in Wheeler Reservoir; as such, it represents neither a complete
- species list for the reservoir nor a list of the "important" species within each broad category. Important seasonal sport fisheries exist for all game fish noted with the exception of yellow bass, longear, and green r
surfish. Important commercial species include the two species of buffalo and the three species of catfish; drum, carp, and paddlefish are of lesser commercial importance. Forage fish are poorly represented here; conventional sampling techniques employed in monitoring and population-inventory studies do not sample small forage fish efficiently. Smith-Vaniz (1968) reports more than 24 species of minnows including 16 species of Notropis in the Alabama sections of the Tennessee River system, as well as 18 species of darters. These totals do not include rare or endemic species reported from only one location.
. It is difficult and in some cases perhaps ,
invalid to assign given species to tropic levels, since many species
- i l
l
5-21 Will undergo ontogenetic changes in regard to trophic levels will assume a very broad trophic character as adults. Some generalizations are however possible. The basses and gars can be considered as true piscivores as adults; forage fish and some rough fish species can be considered planktivorous; the remainder are essentially or:nivorous.
(2) Importance of locale to existence of important species, considering states in life history -,
(a) Spawning and larval state -
Important areas - The Browns Ferry plant is located directly downstream from an extensive area of shallow water, including the mouths of several creeks. Two addi-tional extensive areas of shallow overbank habitat are located on the
. opposite side of the channel, directly across frcm the plant and about 2 miles downstream. Limited areas of shallow habitat occur directly
~
downstream from the plant site. Areas of this type usually serve as spawning and nursery Lites for most important fish species, as well as being areas of high production of fish food organisms.
Possible impact of heated water - Appendix III outlines studies conducted by TVA and others on the effects of heated water on aquatic life. Appendix II describes some pre 1Nnan results of the type of monitoring being undertaken in order to fully assess the effects of heated water on aquatic life.
Based upon these studies, it is concluded that the heated water should have no signifi-cant adverse effects on aquatic life. The comprehensive monitoring programs which are described in Section 5.6.3 will be used to ascertain the extent to which these effects will apply at the Browns Ferry site after the plant begins operating.
5-22 Thermal characteristics ofoperation-Atariverflowofapproximately43,000ft/s,thethermal 3 i discharge from the plant will result in a. temperature rise of about 3 F.
in the main river channel at a point 200 feet directly downstream fran the diffuser pipes. .The increase in temperature at the same point for a low flow of 20,000 ft3 /s will be about 8 F. Envirotanental considerations i
demand that the worst probable case coincident with plant operation,be 3
examined;thishasbeenestimatedtorepresentaflowof17,000ft7, inApriland21,000ft/sinAugust.
3 At this velocity, subject to the ,
assumptions of steady flow in the channel, temperatures at a point 2 miles downstream would be elevated 6.5 F. in mid-August and 8.1 F. in mid-April. Similark, curface temperature increases would be approxi-
, mately 4.0 F. in mid-August and 6.1 F. in mid-April at a point
! 2 miles upstream.
1
~
Larval fish study -
i In order to judge the impact of heated water en spawning and larval i
states in the life history of various species, it is necessary to know
] to what extent the area to be affected by the plant's heated discharge is used as a spawning site by reservoir fishes. The specific objectives
- of this study are to
i
) 1. Determine species composition and periodic abundances of i larval fishes, l 2 Acquire information on occurrence and abundance of young-4 of-the-year fishes, and i
j 3. Ascertain aspects of the life history of larval, postlarval, i and juvenile (young-of-the-year) fishes, such as growth rates, food habits, and movement.
Planned sample types, frequencies, locations, and analyses are discussed below.
i
I 5-23 Construction activity -
~
Construction activities, notably those involving dredging and landfill, have altered about one-half mile of shoreline habitat. Landfi.1.1 operations may have altered currents somewhat, contributed silt and excess turbidity, and temporarily affected the distribution of some species of fish directly below the plant. Se extent to which these effects may be pemanent has not been resolved.
(b) Fish movements - Returns of tagged fish in Wheeler Reservoir indicate that several species show extensive ranges of movement. Data for five species are presented in Table 14 Se ranges of mwement that are attributable to migratory and ncomigratory behavior are not known.
. The heated water may have an i
effect on the migratory behavior of some fishes. Three-dimensional model studies are being conducted now to determine whether and under what conditions the heated water can extend the width of the reservoir.
The linear dimensions, depth, and longevity of the heated area, together with its temperature, will be investigated with regard to its effect I cm migratory and nonmigratory movements of fishes.
Of the species present in Wheeler Reservoir which are known to make extensive spawning migrations, it appears that sauger are most likely to be affected. Sauger move upstream, usually to the tailwaters of Guntersville Dam, and spawn in late December and early January at temperatures of 41 to 43 F.
The effects of a mwenent through elevated te=peratures on reproduc-tion of sauger are not now known. This is also true concerning the cffect of the space distribution of the thermal plume on the migration of an important species.
5-214 w
Monitoring programs to consider fish movements are discussed below. One of the sampling stations estab-lished to monitor the effects of heated discharges is located directly opposite the plant site. It is anticipated that information gained i from this station will include data on the reactions of fish to the ,
thermal discharge and the spatial distribution of the thermal plume.
(3) Time and space changes in temperature distributions - Fish will probably not remain in the area immediately downstream of the diffuser pipes for a distance of 100 feet, due to the themal gredients and temperatures. The wamer stretches below this area are likely to be uore attractive and less detrimental to 4
younger fish. In general, preferred temperature within a species
. decreases with increasing age. Adult predators may frequent this area during feeding periods. Increased water temperatures in late autumn, !
winter, and early spring may serve to concentrate fish in the vicinity of the diffuser tubes. Production of food or6anisms in this area beyond the usual "productive season" may serve as an attractant to young fish; conecnitantly, predators will be attracted by the increase in their food resources. This may increase sport and cccmercial fishing in the vicinity.
(a) TVA experience on effects l of heated water - Since 1955, TVA has been observing the distribution in streams and in reservoirs of heated waters discharged from TVA's ,
I thermal-electric power plants. The first plants were relatively small l compared to the sizes of receiving streams. Over the years the sizea 1
l of individual units, power plants, and thermal rises in the condenser i .
,,--,--.,.--,-y- , , , , , , , - - . - -
v ,
i 5-25 coolin8 water have gradually increased. To ensure that aquatic life
~
in receiving streams is not being adversely affected by themal dis-charges, biolo6ical surveys have been made at all of TVA's plants.
Table 20 illustrates characteristics of these plants.
Typical of these surveys are the detailed temperature and biological s'udies t made in August and September of 1967 at the Widows Creek power plant on Guntersville P
Reservoir. Heated water there is discharged into the edge of the reservoir, where it "floats" into the main channel and rapidly mixes with streamflow. Temperature and biological data were collected along cross sections of the reservoir above and below the plant. Tempera-ture of the discharge water was between 84 F. and 86 F. , about 10 F.
, higher than temperature in the river above the plant. The vam water ;
plume spread diagonally across the river in less than the upper 10 feet of water, or less than half the river depth. Bottom fauna and periphyton growth were sampled and analyzed.
Results of these studies showed that: (1) the horizontal area of the reservoir covered by the zone of elevated temperatures is mall; (2) the mavimm te=peratures ob-served in the mixing zone were in the top two feet of water; (3) the maxi =um increace in temperature in the mixing zone was 10 3 F. on Au6ust 30, and 6.1 F. on August 31; (4) the temperature increase in the Ter.nessee River water after complete mixing was less than 1 F.;
(5) the diversity and abundance of bottom fauna above and below the steam plant discharge were similar, and slight differences are attrib-uted to variability of substrate rather than to temperature effects; J
I
5-26 (6) the observed periphyton' growth was not consistent with the proxim-ity of the observation stations to the discharge; consequently, the differences in growth are not considered to be due to the steam plant discharges; and (7) the discharge frcan the Widows Creek Steam Plant does not produce significant effects on aquatic life in the Tennessee River.
Although temperature rise in condensers of TVA's fossil-fueled plants typically varies from 10 F.
to 18 F., results of similar temperature and biological surveys show that the thermal discharges :Aom the various plants produce no signifi-cant adverse effects on aquatic life in the receiving waters. It is interesting to note that fishing in the warm water during the winter months is very popular at most TVA steam plants.
Initial operation of the Paradise Steam Plant on the Green River in Kentucky did produce sig-nificant adverse effects on aquatic life. However, these effects were detected by environmental monitoring conducted by TVA and outside consultants. As a result of the findings of the biological studies, lower therinal criteria were established by TVA and cooling towers ;
- were installed. Continuing studies are assessing the effectiveness of therre measures to correct the effects of initial operation of the ;
plant. Pre 14"4=vy results indicate that the adverse effects experienced are not permanent. Appendix III provides a detailed anaWis of the Green River studies. l
. I t
5
(
+
5-27 1 TVA's experience demonstrates that varm condenser water can be discharged into surface streams without significant adverse effects on t.quatic life. The Paradise experience, although so=ewhat atypical due to the nature and small size of the Green River, demonstrates the value of comprehensive monitoring programs in detecting adverse effects of themal discharges at an early sta.Ie in plant operation, and indicates that such effects are not pemanent.
(4) Effect of passage through conden-ser on planktonic foms and fish larvae - The volume of water used for ccndenser cooling raises the possibility that newly-hatched fish and food organisms vill pass through the condensers. The tempera-
. ture rise of approximately 25 F. and pressure changes involved in pumping may kill any of these organisms in the condenser cooling vater. However, since only ten percent of the water passing the site at mean annual flow passes through the condensers, any adverse effects are not expected to be significant.
Newly-hatched fish (larval fish) are essentially planktonic, as are many food organisms and the eggs of some species of fish. These may be unable to avoid or withstand the currents in the intake area. The extent to which entrainment of larval fish will be significant is unknown; however, investigations are to be initiated in 1971 to ascertain the distribution and 4
e e
5-28 abundance of larval and young fish in several areas of the reservoir, including areas directly above and below the plant site. Further details on this pro 6 ram are contained below.
(5) Implications of withdrawal and return of cooling water - The three units and auxiliaries at Browns
})rry require the withdrawal and return of approximately 1,980,000 gallons of water per minute. The water is withdrawn from and returned to approximately the same level. This constitutes about ten percent of the water passing the site at mean annual flow.
(a) Nutrient circulation -
Plankton may be destroyed by passage through the condensers. Destruc-
- tion of plankton in the condensers will release nutrients that could result in the growth of heterotrophic slimes. This possible effect j
~
will be detected by monitoring pro 6 rams, but no significant adverse effects on important species populations are anticipated. ,
(b) Reduction of DO concen-trations in the condensers - Since warm water can hold less oxygen in solution than can cooler water, the theoretical effects of f elevation of water temperatures some 25 F. in passing th egh the condensers has been considered. For example, the oxygen saturation concentration in water at 85 F. is 7 7 milligrams per liter, whereas at 110 F. the saturation concentration is 6 3 milligrams per liter.
Observations of DO concentra-tions in Wheeler Reservoir above and below the Browns Ferry site 4
A
5-29 O
indicate that in the summer months DO concentrations are not at satu-
. ration but in the range of 75-80 percent of saturation. Thus, instead of 7 7 mg/l of Do in water at 85' F the actual concentration is ob-served to be approximately 6 mg/1. Thus, during the varmer months of the year, even after the temperature is elevated 25' F. in passing through the condenser, saturation concentrations are not apt to be ex-ceeded. Consequently, as regards elevation of water temperatures, no significant reduction in oxygen concentrations should occur.
Another factor tending to lwer DO concentrations in water passing through a ccmdenser is the partial vacuum existing at the discharge end of the condenser. This partial vacuum results from the fact that the discharge end of the ,
condenser lies above the hydraulic gradient. This situation is common to all TVA steam plants. While vacuum pumps are installed to remove ,
, any accumulated air, experience has shown that very little air accumu-t lates and needs to be removed from the system. Consequently, no l significant quantity of oxygen should be lost at Browns Ferry due to ;
this hydraulic situation. -
These conclusions are consistent ,
with findings above and below TVA's Paradise pwer plant where the tempera-ture elevation in water passing throu6h the condensers is approximately the same as at Brovns Ferry, and a significant negative pressure exists at the downstream ends of the condenser.
No significant adverse effects on important species populations are anticipated due to the reduction of DO concentrations in the condensers, since no significant quantity
, of oxygen vill be driven off.
5-30 (c) Effect of elevated tempera-
. tures on biochemical oxygen demand - To provide an estinA+,e of the quantitative effect on oxygen consumption of organic wastes in the waters of Wheeler Reservoir, an organic load of 25,000 pounds per day of 5-day BOD was assumed to be discharged into the reservoir immediately downstream from the plant.
Based on a lov total streamflow of 21,000 ft 3/s, an increase in temperature from 85* F. to 93* F., and applicable Streeter-Phelp equations, calculations show that the increase in temperature would result in an increased DO depression of less than 0.1 mg/1.
It is noc anticipated that this vould have any adverse implications on important species populations.
(6) Measures taken to assure adequate
, ecological studies - TVA has consulted with the Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Alabama Department of Conservation in developing plans for environmental monitoring for the Browns Ferry plant. A quality control program for radioactive monitoring has been established with the Alabama Department of Public Health Radiological laboratory and the Eastern Environmental Laboratory - EPA, in Montgomery, Alabama. In addition, TVA has discussed environmental monitoring plans with the Alabama State Health Department, the Alabama Water Improvement Commission, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Bureau of Coccercial Fisheries of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- 2. Studies to be continued - There are no ecological studies to be completed prior to operation of the plant which will affect
, plant design. The three-dimensional model studies on the diffuser systems vill be continued after the plant begins operation.
5-31 3 Monitoring programa - The following monitoring programs will be need to determine present and continuing ecolo61 cal relationships.
(1) Environmental Monitoring Program (a) General - The preoperstional environmental radioactivity monitoring program has the objective of establishing a baseline of data on the distribution of natural and man-ande radioactivity in the environment near the plant site. With this background information, it will then be possible to determine, when the plant becomes operational, what contribution, if any, the power plant is making to environmental radioactivity.
Field staffs in TVA's Division of Environmental Research and Development and the Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development carry out the sampling program outlined in Table 15 Sampling locations are shown in Figures 17 and 18.
l All the radiochemical and instrumental analyses are conducted in a central laboratory at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Alpha and beta analyses are performed on a Beckman Low Beta II low background proportional counter. A Nuclear Data Model 2200 multichannel system with 512 channels is used to analyze the samples for specific gamma-emitting isotopes.
Data are coded and punched on IBM cards or automatically printed on i !
] paper tape for computer processing specific to the analysis conducted.
l An IBM 360 Model 50 computer is used to solve multimatrix problems associated with identification of gamma-emitting isotopes.
(b) Atomospheric monitoring -
Remote air monitoring stations are located at distances out to 35 miles
- from the plant are the perimeter monitors out to 10 miles; the local l
stations are inside the plant boundaries. All the monitors are capable I
5-32 of sampling air at a regulated flow of 3 ft / 3min through a Hollingsworth and Voss HV-70 particulate filter; in series with, but downstream of, the particulate filter is a charcoal filter used to collect iodine.
Each monitor has a collection tray and storage container to collect rainwater and a horizontal platform that is covered with gummed acetate to catch and hold heavy particle fallout. Thermoluminescent dosimeters are used to record gamma radiation levels at each remote and perimeter station.
Local and perimeter monitors l
transmit data on airborne beta-gamma levels into the plant by radio-4 telemetry. These stations will be used to detect any significant air-borne release, while the remote monitors vill monitor outlyin6 poPu-lated areas.
Air filters are collected weekly ,
and analyzed for gross beta activity and specific gunma-emitting isotopes. !
No analyses are performed until 3 days after sample collection. For the !
specific radionuclide analysis, the filters for each station for 'a month are composited and analyzed. The monthly results are combined for each i
station to obtain a semiannual average. The averages for each station ,
are combined to yield an average for each group of monitors.
Rainwater is composited monthly and analyzed for gross beta activity, specific gamma-emitting isotopes, i l
i and radiostrontium. For the gross analysis, a maximum of 500 ml of l l
the sample is boiled to dryness and counted. A gamma scan is performed on a 3.5-liter monthly sample and the results averaged the same as air filters. The strontium isotopes are separated chemically and counted l
- in a low background system. i l
5-33 The gummed acetate that is used to collect heavy particle fallout is changed monthly. The sample is ashed and counted for gross beta activity.
Charcoal filters are collected biweekly and analyzed for radiciodine. The filter is counted in a multichannel system.
(c) Terrestrial monitoring -
Milk - Milk is collected monthly from four farms within a lO-mile radius of the plant and from nearby retail distributors and analyzed for gan=a-emitting isotopes and for radiostrontium. So that any relationship between fallout on pastureland and the presence of radionuclides in milk might be seen, pasturage is also sampled at the four farms.
Vegetation - In addition to the pasturage samples mentioned previously, vegetation samples are collected near each monitoring station in the network to determine possible plant uptake of radioactive materials from the soil or from foliar deposition. The data for the specific radionuclide analysis of vegetation are averaged for the four principal locations--
local, perimeter, remote, and farm.
Soil - Soil samples are collected near each monitoring station in order that any relation-ship between the amount of radioactive material found in vegetation and that in soil might be established. The averages for specific analyses are obtained in the same fashion as those for vegetation.
Water - Domestic
' water supplies, such as surface streams and wells, are sampled and analyzed. Well water is obtained from four private farms within a lO-nile radius of the plant. Public water supplies obtained from
5-34 o
the Tennessee River at Decatur, Wheeler Dam, and Sheffield are also
, analyzed.
Environmental gamma radiation levels - Thermoluminescent dosimeters are placed on a 500-foot grid within the plant boundaries and on the perimeter and remote air monitors to determine the gamma exposure rates at these locations.
Poultry and food crops - Poultry and food crops were collected for the first time during the summer of 1970 and vill be obtained again in the summer of 1971.
Corn, oats, peaches, tomatoes, potatoes, and chickens were analyzed.
(d) Reservoir monitoring -
Samples are collected quarterly along nine cross sections in Wheeler Reservoir--at Tennessee River miles 277 98, 283 94, 288 78, 291 76, 293 70, 295.87, 299 00, 301.06, and 307 52. Samples collected for
, radiological analysis include water from eight of these cross sections, fish and plankton from three cross sections, and bottom fauna and sedi-ment from four cross sections, as shown in Table 15 In addition, water, plankton, bottom fauna, and sediment are collected at a station located within 500 feet of the diffusers (TRM 292 ^"). The locations ,
of these cross sections are shown on the accompanying map (Figure 18) 1 and confor= to sediment ranges established and surveyed by the Hydraulic ,
Ihta Brancht TVA. Station 307 52 is located 13 5 miles upstream from the plant diffuser outfall and was selected as a control station.
Samples of water, net plankton, sediment, Asiatic clams, and two species of fish collected quarterly (plankton in only two quarters) are analyzed for radioactivity. Gamma and gross beta activity are detemined in vater (dissolved and total activity), net plankton, sediment, shells and flesh of clams, flesh of a commercial and a game fish species, and also in the whole body of the
5- 35 o , ;
conumercial species. Tritium is determined in river water and certain !
- public water supplies. The 09Sr and 90Sr contents are determined by appropriate radiochemical techniques for all samples except flesh of l cleas and white crappie.
Water - From all of the nine cross sections a total of 24 water samples is collected quar- l terly for determination _of suspended and dissolved radioactivity. The locations and depths for sampling are shown in Table 15. Water samples are also collected monthly at the point of plant discharge to the Tennessee River (within 500 feet of the diffuser) and at a point on the Elk River. These samples are a part of the quality control program.
Fish - Radiological monitoring of fish is accomplianed by analyzing three composite samples from collections at each of three sampling stations--miles 283 94, 293 70, f
. and 299 00. One sample is ccaposited from the flesh of at least six white crappie, 8 inches or longer; one from the flesh of at least six s=11=uth buffalo,14 inches or longer; and one from at least six whole s=11euth buffalo,14 inches or longer. These are collected quarterly
] and analyzed for gamma and gross beta activity. The 09S r and 90Sr con-i centrations are determined on the whole fish and flesh of buffalo only, which are as nearly equal in size as possible. The composite samples contain j approximately the same quantity of flesh from each of the fish. For each I composite, a subsample of at least 50 to 100 grs.ms (vet weight) of material i
is drawn for counting. After the plant goes into operation, fish will t
, also be sampled at the station located within 500 feet of the diffuser. :
t j Plankton - As indicated ;
l
. in Table 15, net plankton (all phytoplankton and zooplankton caught with j a 100pmesh net) is collected for radiological analyses at two depths at each of four stations by horizontal tows with a 1/2-meter net. At least [
5-36 50 grans (wet weight) of material is necessary for analytical accuracy.
Collection of this amount will probably be practical only during the period April to September (spring and summer quarters) because of seasonal variability in plankton abundance. Samples are analyzed for gamma and gross beta activity and Sr and N Sr content.
Sediment - Sediment samples are collected from Ek=an dredge hauls made for bottom fauna.
Gamma and gross beta radioactivity and Er and Sr content are detemined quarterly in a composite sample collected from each of two points in the cross section at five stations. Iocations of these points at each station are shown in Table 15 Bottcn fauna - The o flesh of Asiatic clams collected from two points in the cross section at five stations (Figure 18) is analyzed for ge=ma and gross beta The 69Sr and 9 Sr contents are activity at quarterly intervals.
detemined on the shells only. A 50-gram (wet weight) sa=ple pro-vides sufficient activity for counting.
(e) ,Q uality control - A quality control program has been established with the Alabama Department of Public Health Radiological Laboratory and the Eastern Environmental Laboratory - EPA, Montgomery, Alabama. Samples of air, water, milk, vegetation, and soil collected around the plant are forvarded to these laboratories for analysis. Results are exchanged for ccuparison.
(2) Fish monitoring - Monitoring areas and stations and sampling locations for fish monitoring are shown in Figure 19 Trap nets (two each in areas A, B, ani C) are utilized 0
to provide fish for: (a) radiological analyses, (b) tagging for 9
i 5-37 0
investigations of fish movements, and (c) studies on age stnicture
~
and growth rates of fishes. Gill nets (10 each at stations 1, 2, and 3) provide data used for analyses of: (a) species presence, (b) species abundance, and (c) species diversity. The combination of these three aspects of fish distribution will form the basis for assessment of thermal effects. Information on a6e structure of species' populations, growth rates, movements of selected species, studies on larval and young fish, results of population inventories and creel censuses will be sited in an attempt to provide as ccuplete a picture as possible of themal effects on fish populations.
It is anticipated that three full years (12 quarters of samplin6) of preoperational data will be available;
, postoperational sampling will be conducted for at least two f\1ll !
years (8 quarters of sampling) and preferably three full years.
Assessment of effects will be of a "before-after" nature, utilizing
- within-station comparisons of characteristics of catch and supportive data. Preliminary results of fish monitoring are given in Appendix II.
(a) Adult fish - The objec-tive of this program is to detemine species canposition, relative i i
I abundance, and movement of fish in Wheeler Reservoir. To judge the i
effects, both adverse and beneficial, of heated water on fish and their habitat, baseline measurements will be made below, within, and above the proposed heated water discharges. )
Fish will be collected quarterly with gill and trap nets set in overbank and channel areas l
lO
'. ' l
5-38 0
4 indicated on Figure 19 Data conected from trap nets will be used 8 .,
to detennine species composition, movement, and numbers and weights of game and comercial fish per lift at each station before and i after plant operation. To detemine movement, selected species will be tagged. Fish tagged before the plant operates will serve as the basis for determining nomal movement within the reservoir. .
-[
- Gill nets will be fished ,
one week when trap nets are not in the water. Catches from these nets will supply information on species composition, relative
{
- abundance, and fish distribution and movement.
Rotenone samples will be taken below the plant during the summer quarter of et.ch year
, before and after operation. These samples will serve as a basis for detemining standing crop, species cercposition, and reproduc- ,
tive success. <
l Quarterly and annual progress
! t j reports will be prepared and distributed. !
l j
(b) Iarval fish - In con- ,
junction with present monitoring of adult fish populations in the !
1 vicinity of Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, there is a need to inves-tigate larval fishes during and after the apawning season and throughout the succeeding sunmer. It would be of significance to l know to what extent the area to be affected by the plant's heated i discharge is used as a spawning site by reservoir fishes. The i i
objectives of this phase are:
1 I
I
i i
5-39
, o .
i
- 1. To detemine the species ccuposition.and periodic w
abundance of larval fishes. ;
- 2. To acquire infomation on occurrence and abundance of younc-of-the-year fishes.
3 To ascertain aspects of the life history of larval, postlarval and juvenile (young-of-the-year) fishes. ,
Such aspects as growth rates, food ha'cits, and 4
movement will be studied as time and facilities e
pemit.
-In addition, this study will 1
enable an assessment to be made of the effects of pasage throu6h [
i the condensers of fish larvae. r i
Indirect effects on fish
- l. , populations will also be investigated. For ey. ample, growth rates a
will be studied Young fish (this term includes all stages frca
, newly-hatched individuals to ani including young-of-the-year fish) ,
4 provide possibly the best test animals for studies on growth rates a ,
because of their rapid absolute and relative rates of growth, their - ,
abundance, and because it is relatively easy to process large num-t bers in a short time.
Sampling vill begin just i l prior to the earliest suspected spawning of species concemed.
Iarval and postlarval fishes will be collected by towing a net of i
one-meterdiameterconstructedof1/32-inchnylonmesh. Sampling a
stations and a weekly semplin6 schedule are described in Table 16. ;
I I
+* t i ,
I
. . = - -- .. .~ ..
5 l+0 i
- o. ,
Stationary nets may be utilized for sampling in the intake basin,
- ~
depending on accessibility to the basin and en water currents in the basin.
i
- Sampling will be continued i
! until young of all species concerned are large enough to enable.
them to avoid the meter net. Sampling for young fish will be con- i tinued, following the meter-netting phase, by beach seining, electro-'
i fishing, and perhaps by surface and midwater trawling. Beach seining will commence before the meter-netting phase ends, in oxxier to main-
{
- tain continuous sampling throughout the early sumer. If conditions !
{
of fish concentration and water transparency pemit, cast-netting i j may also be employed.
d
. Sampling will begin in late :
March or April, pendin6 completion of gear development. Two days l q sampling per week should be sufficient with two stations being i
! sampled per day. The same schedule will be used for later phases-- i j beach setning, electrofishing, trawling--and wil.1 continue into late ,
l September. I i
In terms of analysis of
)
I
- samples, primary importance will be attached during the first J season to identification of species sai the acquisition of a l
reference collection.
j (3) Additional monitoring for investi-4 1
l gation of possible thermal effects - The objective of this monitoring j l
l 1- program is to determine if detectable changes occur in selected voter !
5 l>
l e
6 i
I
'l l
5 41 o r quality and biological parameters in affected areas of Wheeler Reservoir ;
after the Browns Ferry nuclear Plant begins operation. Appendix IV discusses proposed research.
(a) Frequency of sampling -
Su2veys were started in January 1969, and are now being made quarterly (Table 17). They win be continued through the first year after all three units are in operation. The frequency and extent of sampling during the second year of full plant operation will depend on results obtained during the first period of study.
]
(b) Water quality parameters -
From eight cross sections (Figure 18) temperature and DO concentra-j tions will be detemined at the depths shown in Table 15 Water
, samples will also be collected in the taain channel at each station frce a depth of 1 meter for determination of stable trace elements of chrcnium, copper, iron, zinc, nickel, manganese, iodine, and potassium. ,
At TRM 277 0 the water samples are also being periodically analyzed for colifoms, BOD, color, turbidity, odor, nitrogens, phosphates, pH, analinity, total hardness, SO , gSiO , conductance, 2
suspended solids, and total solids (Table 10).
(c) Planktory - For' quantita-tive population estimates, zooplankton are sampled by filtering four or more liters of water, collected with a Van Dorn bottle, through a No. 20 (150 p) mesh Wisconsin net or bucket. If organisms are too i ccarce to obtain reliable results by this method, a Clarke-Bumpus net is utilized so that more water can be filtered. Samples are collected t
s L
5-42 e
fr a depths and locations in the cross section as shown in Table 15- ,
,, and Figure 18. Total dry weight, number, and species composition are detemined for all samples. !
i
- The quantity and photosynthetic ;
i activity of phytoplankton present in water samples are estimated by .
l determinations of chlorophyll content, species composition, total f
number, and primary production rate. Saaples of plankton are collected ,
- -i at three points in the cross section at each station (Table 15).
4 (d) Bottom fauna - Three dredge j hauls are made with a Petersen or Ekman dredge at each of three points in six of the eight cross sections of the reservoir. Only two points i
- are being sampled at TRM 307 5 since water is confined mostly to the ;
ori61nal channel at minimum pool elevation. Four points are being sampled at TRM 291.8 because of the dissected nature of the channel. [
f i
. Samplin6 Points at the eight stations are located at various distances ;
a ,
from the left bank of kheeler Reservoir in accordance with bottom mor- !
l phology shown by sediment range profiles. Markers are located on shore ,
- and buoys are located in the river to identify sampling stations. The I I l number of samples may be altered depending on the variability observed. l 1
locations are listed in Table 15. Samples are being analyzed for total i
j number and species composition.
! (e) Analysis of data - Data i
j collected at three key sampling stations have been selected for routine
] analysis--TRM 288.8, TRM 293 7, and TRM 307 5 The varm vater diffuser is located at approximately TRM 294. A modified control charting pro-
- cedure vill be employed in this study. I i !
d
- i j l
5-43
. i Because of possible seasonal trends, means and variances will be calculated for each quarter. The variances will be used to construct a band of values from which the variables would differ only rarely by chance alone.
For unreplicated data, where an estimate of the variance is not available from other sources, trend charts will be used to detect changes in the overall tean. The interpretation of these charts will necessarily be subjective, but where variability is low, the trend charts should be adequate to ,
6 detect significant changes. Trend charts and modified control charts will be made after the last preoperatione.1 survey has been completed.
- 4. Potential hazards to fish of cooling water intake and discharge - Small meshed traveling screens are provided on the circulating water pump intakes so that larger fish forms will not be entrspped or pass through the condensers. The traveling screen ccmi sts of a number of screen sections, fastened top to bottom, to form an endless belt of screens. The screens move continually through the cooling water intake to remove trash and other debris.
This debris, along with any entrained fish, is washed o.f the screen in their upward pass and returned to the reservoir.
TVA has not encountered problems with fish entrap-ment at any of its large coal-fired stem plants, all of which are equipped with similar screens.
1
[
l 4
J l
5-W 57 Radioactive Discharges - In the operation of any nuclear plant, radioactive materials are produced by fission and activation -
of materials in the reactor. Most of this radioactive material is retained in the fuel elements and removed with the spent fuel, and small amounts t.re retained in the reactor vessel and associated piping. Nonnally, small amounts of fission products fra inside the fuel rods leak into the coolant. The necessity to continually renew a portion of the primary coolant results in the accumulation of both liquid and gaseous vastes during normal reactor operation.
Demineralization and filtration remove all but a small fraction of the dissolved and suspended radioactive matter (but none of the {
tritium) from the liquid wastes. Liquid wastes containing low con-centrations of radioactive impurities are filtered, sampled, analyzed 3 and diluted as discharged.
- 1. Waste management - TVA's policy is to keep the discharge of all, vastes from its facilities, including nuclear plants, at the lowest practicable level by using the best and highest degree of vaste treatment available under existing technology, with1n
- reasonable economic limits.
This policy has been implemented at Browns Ferry by imprcving plant design to include extended trer.tment for gaseous rad.raste and by changing the processing for liquid radvaste. Hydrogen 4
reccanbiners and 6 charcoal beds will be added to each unit to reduce radioactive gaseous wastes to very low levels. By processing floor drain wastes through a demineralizer, radioactivity in liquid offluents j will also be reduced to very low levels. Population doses due to these
5 45 Very low level discharges are considered to be unmeasurable with
- existing measurement techniques. Calculated doses to the population are given in Section 5 7.2.
The radioactive vaste systems are designed to dispose of the radioactive process wastes generated during plant operation. These vastes can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The liquid and gaseous radioactive wastes are discharged to local water and to the atmosphere, respectively, at concentrations which at a maximum are well below established regulatory limits. Liquid vastes which cannot be reused, discharged to the environs within the regu-latory limits, or reprocessed effectively, are packaged for offsite disposal, as are solid vastes.
All gases and liquids are carefully monitored before being released, and cceplete reconia are maintained to ensure that concentrations and quantities released are well within appli-cable limits. Discharge and shipment of solid, gaseous, and liquid radioactive vastes are in accordance with AEC Regulations 10 CFR Parts 20 and 71.
A detailed discussion of the vaste processing equiInent itself is not undertaken here since it will be evaluted in the context of the 10 CD. Part 50 licensing procedure. Sections (1),
(2), and (4) below describe the solid, gaseous, and liquid radwaste systems as originally designed. Sections (3) and (5) describe the extended treatment of gaseous radwaste and additional processing of liquid radvaste respectively.
(1) Solid radvaste system - The solid radwaste system collects, processes, stores, packages, and prepares
5M for shipment solid radioactive waste materials produced through opera-tion of the three reactor units.
Wet sclid wastes are stored'in phase separator tanks or the spent resin tank. After appropriate storage periods, the wet solid wastes are packaged in 55-gallon dntss, dis-posable tanks in reu able shields, or disposable tanks with integral shields.
Dry solid wastes, such as contaminated rags, paper, clothing, spent filter elements, laboratory apparatus, small parts and equipment, and tools, are collected in suitable con-tainers placed throughout the plant. Compressible vastes are packed into 55-gallon drums with a baling machine. Iarge-sized noncompres-
. sible items are packed in 55-gallon drums or are mixed with compres-sible materials and put through the baling machine. Iarge-sized contarhated ite=s are encapsulated in steel centainers or encased in concrete.
Solid radwastes are packaged an shipped frcu the plant in accordance with the requirements of the AEC, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the states through which the vastes pass en route to the disposal area.
(2) Gaseous radvaste system - One I
gaseous radwaste system is provided for each unit. Each system, as l l
originally designed, collects and processes gaseous radioactive vastes !
l from the main condenser air ejectors, the startup vacuum pumps, and the glani seal condensers. The processed gases fram each unit are routed to the plant stack for dilution and elevated release to the e
~ .. . .. _ _. _ _ . . _ ..
5-47 l
[* j i atmocphere. Each air ejector offgas line at the stack is continuously monitored by radiation monitoro.,
Gaseous radwaste consists mostly of the ,
t l many isotopes of the inert gase; krypton and xenon which result only ,
from leaky fuel. In addition, a small amount of volatlle iodine may f 1 !
j be present, as well as radioactive gaseous products resulting frcan j i
i nuclear reactions with the reactor water and with air dissolved in the water.
i The activity leaving the stack is sub-i
- stantially belw that leaving the reactor because of decay in transit j i i and the fact that part of the N-13 and N-16 and most of the 0-19 ~
remain with the condensate and do not follow the noncondensibles.
~
1 Other radioactive gases which may also be present are H-3, N-17, ,
Ar-37, and Ar-41. These will be present in amounto so low that they f a
4 !
i* are insignificant when ccanpared with the N-13 About one percent of j the activity arriving in the primary steam at the turbine will go to l
f j the gland seal condensate. !
j )
d Gases routed to the plant stack include f air ejector and gland seal offgases and gases frcan the standby gas treatment system. Dilution air is prwided by fans within the plant stack. Dilution air input to the stack is required to dilute the hydrogen concentration in the stack gas to less than 4 percent by l
! volume.
The stack is designed to enable prompt (
l !
i mixing of all gas inlet streams in the base and to allow locatien of
(
i !
]
sample points ha near the base as possible. Stack drainage is routed j 3
to the liquid radwaste collection system via a submerged inlet i
1 k
t 1-
[
1 !
5-48 sump. Decign values for volume releases frcu a single unit are given below:
Hydrogen (frca Reactor Water Deccuposition) 3 154 ft / min Oxygen (from Reactor Water Decceposition) 77ft/3min Air (Inleakage to Turbine condenser) 12-28ft/ 3min Water Vapor (to' Saturate) 3 43 - 46 ft / min Activated and Noble Gases Ne611gible Total Gases 286-305ft/ 3min In the absence of fuel rod leaks, N-13 frca the air ejector offgases and the N-16 and 0-19 frce the gland seal system are the principal contributors to environs radiation dose. If fuel
. rod leaks do occur, the noble radioactive gases, Xe and Kr, become the principal contributors.
(a) Air ejector offgas sub-system - As originally designed, the air ejector subsystem collects gases frca the condensers and passes them through holdup piping and filters prior to release to the stack. The 30-minute holdup is pro-vided by means of a long, large-dieseter pipe. The pipe is buried unierground to provide shielding.
The air ejector offgases are processed through either one of the two particulate filter trains at a time. The other filter train that is not being used proviC.es redundancy to ensure the availability of filters at all times, These filters have a design efficiency of 99 95 percent for particles o.3 micron and larger.
e
i 5 49 When the maximum permissible radioactivity concentration in the offgas line is exceeded at the l monitoring point, a valve in the line near the stack closes auto-matica11y after 15 minutes unless the operator acts to reduce the !
concentration. This prevente release of excessive radioactivity to the atmosphere.
(b) Gland seal offgas sub-system - The gland seal offgas subsystem collects gases from the gland seal condenter and the mechanical vacuum pumps and passes them through holdup piping prior to release to the stack. This subsystem provides a 1 75-minute holdup time to allow decay of N-16 and 0-19 The holdup time if provided by a long, large-diameter pipe between the gland
. seal exhauster and the stack. Operating and design pressure is at-mospheric; no explosive mixture is present during nomal operation.
No filters or radiation monitors are required.
f (3) Extended treatment of gaseous radwaste - The gaseous radwaste system will be changed to further ,
j reduce radioactive gaseous vastes to very Icw levels. Hydrogen
! reccabiners and charcoal beds will be installed in the air ejector offgas system for each unit. The offgases frca each unit's air ejector will be passed through hydrogen recombiners. 'these react radiolytic ,
hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, which can then be condensed and removed. Reccabiners reduce the volume of the offgames by about 90 percent and thereby pemit greater decay time in the holdup piping ,
j ,
l downstream of the reccabiners. The principal gaseous isotopes and ,
estimated quantities of each are shown in Table 18.
I 9
l I, * ,
i t
i 5-50
. r Addition of this equipment substantially L increases the holdup tire for radioactive noble gases, thus reducing the expected dose at the site boundary to a mil fraction of that expected with the 30-minute holdup alone. The following table shows the doses calculated for the 3-unit plant with hydrogen recombiners e
and 6 charcoal beds installed on each unit.
Extrapolated As Originally Designed Stack BWR Operating 2/
With 30-Minute Holdup Limit Experience a FuelDefects%/ Unit 0.8 05 Offgas Release, Ci/see 1.11 0.65 Site Boundary Dose, mrem /yr 500 290 Extrapolated BWR Operating Recombiners and Charcoal Bedsg Installed Experience y :
Site Boundary Dose 4.6 27 !
(fencepost)arem/yr l Percent 10 CFR Part 20 Limits 0 93 0 54 4
Releases based on a condenser air inleakage of 18 5 ft 3/ min. l l
j 1/ For 30-minute holdup.
2/ Based on semiannual operating reports to AEC on BRR's.
}/ For 7 7 day holdup of Xe and 16.5 hour5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br /> holdup for Kr.
This table is based on actual releases
~
j i l
from an operating reactor of similar design to the Browns Ferry plant, it assumes three-unit operation for 365 days per year. The calculations i
l
! I i
I
5 51 do not take credit for the fact that units are out of service for scene periods during the year.
The timing of the completion of the reccrabiner charcoal bed installation in the air ejector offgas sub-system is not fim, but the work cannot be completed in time to be ready for startup of the first unit. The tentative schedule is for the equiIcet.t to be installed and operational before startup at the beginning of the second fuel cycle on Unit 1. Based on BWR operatig experience, it is expected that the plant can begin operation while the design and installation of the extended gas treatment system is being completed.
(4) Liquid radvaste system - The liquid radvaste system as oriEinally designed collects, treats, and returns processed radioactive liquid wastes to the plant for reuse. Treated radioactive vastes not suitable for reuse are discharged from the plant or packaged for offsite disposal.
A single system, located in the radwaste building, is designed to handle the radioactive liquid vastes from all three units of the plant. The folicving are included in the liquid radwaste system:
- 1. Piping and equipment drains carrying potentially radio-active vasted;
- 2. Floor drain collector systems in controlled acdess areas ani those areas which may contain potentially radioactive vastes; and
- 3. Tanks, piping, process equipment, instrumentation, and auxiliaries necessary to collect, process, store, and dispose of potentially radioactive wastes.
5-52 The system is divided into several sub-systems so that the liquid wastes frczn various sources can be kept se6regated and processed separately. Cross connections between the subsystems provide additional flexibility for processing of the vastes by alternate methods. The liquid radwastes are classified, collected, and treated as either high purity, low purity, chemical, or detergent vastes.
(a) High purity vastes - High purity (low conductivity) liquid wastes are collected in the waste collector tank, and then processed by filtration and ion exchange through the vaste filter and waste demineralizer. After processing, the waste is pumped to a vaste sample tank where it is sampled and
, then, if satisfactory for reuse, transferred to the condena. ate storage tank to be recycled as makeup water. If the analysis of the sample reveals water of high conductivity (>1go/cm) or high radio-activity concentration () 10 Ci/ml), it is returned to the system for additional procettsing.
4 (b) Low purity vastes - Low 1
1 purity (high conductivity) liquid wastes are collected in the floor
! drain collector tank. These vastes generally have low concentrations l of radioactive impurities. Processing consists of filtration and subsequent transfer to the floor drain sample tank for sampling and analysis. If the analysis indicates that the concentration of radio-active contaminants is sufficiently low, the semple tank batch is released to the condenser circulating water as necessary to meet plant effluent require =ents. Because no radium-226 or radium-228 of plant origin will be present, and because the potential concentration of 9
I
5-53 '
iodine-129 is very lw, a value of 10~7p Ci/ml above the background ;
in taken as diccharge conduit concentration limit for an unidentified mixture of radioicotopes. It is expected that a substantial fraction of the liquid entering the floor drain system will be of lw conduc-tivity. This liquid will be transferred to the high purity system for
)
processing by domineralization.
(c) Chemical wastes - Chemi-cal wastes are collected in the chemical waste tank and are of such high conductivity as to preclude treatment by ion exchange. The radio-
- activity concentrations are variable and substantially affected by the ;
I
~
use of decontamination solutions and by the amount of fission product radioactivity present. Nomally, the radioactivity concentrations are '
, lw enough to meet discharge conduit concentrations limits (after dilu- [
tion), and these wastes are p:,*ocessed by filtration and dilution in the same manner and with the same equipment as the lw purity wastes. ,
(d) Detergent vastes - Deter-j gent vastes are collected in the laundry drain tanks. These wastes 1
are primarily from radioactive laundry operations and decontamination solutions which contain detergents. Detergent wastes are of lw j radioactivity concentration (610-5j.Ci/ml). Because these vastes t
j will foul ion exchange resins and filter media, they are kept separate j
j frcan the high and lw purity wastes. They are sa= pled, filtered 1,
1 through the laundry drain filter, and discharged into the circulating j water discharge conduits.
These liquid wastes are re-1 1 eased at a rate to give an unidentified isotope concentration of j
not more than 10'7 7 Ci/mlinthedischargeconduitsduringthe j
- I
, 5 - 514 periM of the discharge. Since the discharge occurs only part of the time, the daily average concentration in the conduits is correspondingly I less. The discharge from the coniuits to the environs, therefore, is less than MPC for a mixture with unidentified radioisotopes, that is, 10~7p i/ml. Mixing in Wheeler Reservoir provides additional dilution. ;
i (e) Fuel en.k decontamination vaste - Water used in decontaminating the spent fbel shipping cask is collected in a tank in the radwaste building. The radioactivity con-centration of this water should be less than 10' Ci/ml. This low activity water is filtered with the laundry drain filter and discharged.
Tritium in present in the
~
i plant effluent. However, the concentration expected in the diluted i
, effluent is about 10hCi/ml. The MPC for tritium in drinking water is 3 x 10'3f Ci/ml. The proposed Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 would require that the estbnated annual average concentration of tritium prior
] to dilution in a natural body of water should not exceed 5 x 10hCi/ml. l Thus, it is evident that the tritium in the effluent from the Browns
- Ferry Nuclear Plant is negligible.
(5) Additional processing of liquid radwaste - The operation of the liquid radwaste treatment system will i
be modified to furthir reduce radioactive liquid wastes to very low levels. Because a substantial fraction of the liquids entering the floor drains is expected to be of low conductivity, it will be possible to process them by demineralization. The demineralized effluent will l
have a lower radioactivity content and will be recycled or dischar6ed. '
This modification of liquid radwaste treatment for Browns Ferry will result in a substantial reduction of [
f 1
radioactivity released in liquid effluents. Excluding the minimal j
5-55 quantities of tritium previously mentioned, only about 5 ci/yr of radio-active material is expected to be released in liquid effluents frm all three units. Table 19 shows the reduction in quantities of principal l isotopes resulting from thin modification.
- 2. Important pathways of exposure to man 'Ihis section covers the important pathways of exposure to man, estimated increase in environmental radioactivity levels, and potential annual doses to individuals and population groups frca principal radionuclides discharged.
(1) pathways to un - Although the amounts of radioactivity added to the environment fra plant operation are small, critical exposure pathways to man have been identified in
, order to estimate the maximum dose to the iniividual and to establish the sampling requirements for the environmental radiological monitoring program. These pathways include ,
- 1. Whole body dose from gaseous releases.
! 2. Drinking water frcu Wheeler Reservoir and frcu wells in the immediate vicinity of the plant.
3 Swimming, boating, fishing, or valking along the shore of the lake in the vicinity of the plant.
- 4. Eating fish from the lake.
5 consuming milk and other dairy products from loca-tions affected by the gaseous releases.
- 6. Eating foods grown in areas adjacent to the plant site affected by the gaseous releases, j The environmental monitoring program provides sampling necessary to determine the done received through these critical pathways. The fol-lowing items inlicate the measurement made and camples collected in order to make the critical pathway-dose correlation.
8
5-56
- 1. Demoluminescent dosimeters vill be utilized to measure the whole body dose received from the Baseous emissions from the plant. The results fr a these dosimeters can be capared with the calculations pre-sented in Appendix E, Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant Final Cafety Analysis Report, and other doses can be calculated in any sector at any given distance using meteorological data collectel at the site. The dosi-meters are located on a 500-foot grid onsite, which extends out to a distance of one mile, and at each air monitoring station offsite.
- 2. River water samples are conected at the point of dischar6e of the diffuser pipes to the river, 500 ,
feet below this point, and at four other river cross sections, 3 miles to approximately 15 miles downstream of the site. All public water intakes receiving water from the Tennessee River within 50 miles downstream and 15 miles upstream of the plant are also conected.
Private von water samples are conected from 10 loca-tions within 4 miles, and 9 public ven water supplies are sampled within a 20-mile radius of the plant. The results obtained fra the analysis of these semples can be used to calculate the dose received fra drink-
, ing water fra Wheeler Reservoir or wells in the vicinity of the plant.
- 3. Results obtained from the samples referenced in Item 2 can be used to calculate the dose an individual might receive while swiming, boating, fishing, or valAing along the shore of the lake in the vicinity of the plant.
- 4. Samples of river water, bottom sediment, plankton, ani ;
three species of fish are taken fra 9 cross sections ,
of Wheeler Reservoir. These samples win be correlated to determine the dose received by an individual eating fish obtained fra Wheeler Reservoir. ,
i 5.
samples of air particulate matter are conected con-
&6. tinuously on fiber glass filters and gum paper trays I at 12 locations out to a distance of 35 miles frm the -
plant. In addition, charcoal filters are utilized at I each monitor station to sample for iodine. Samples of soil, vegetation, food crops, and milk are also col- l 1ected to determine dose to the surrounding population I through the consumption of food or dairy products. !
All samples referenced will be analyzed for the 10 most biologically significant gama-emitting radioisotopes found in the liquid vaste
[
d f
a
5-57 stress of the plant. In addition, an analysis for 'N Sr ani 33 vill also be performed.
- 3. Esticated increase in annual environmental radioactivity levels ani potential annual radis, tion dose from principal radionuclides - As previously noted, the releases of radioactivity to unrestricted areas frcrs the Browns Ferr/ Nuclear Plant vill be so low as to be unmeasurable with present mee.surement techniques. However, TVA has calculated the expected increase in radioactivity levels and potential radiation doses to the population as a result of these low-level releases. These calculations, by necessity, were based on the following very conservative assumptions.
(a) All three reactors operate at full power, 365 days
, per year, with 0.8 percent failed fuel.
(b) All persons within a four-mile radi-*s of the plant drink vater having the same radioactivity concen-trations as that in the plant effluent, before dilution (no public water supplies are actually located within this four-e.tle zone). ,
(c) For estimation of individual doses, the hypothetical individual is assumed to be located at the highest dose point on the site bouniary, 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> a day, 365 days per year.
Based on these conservative assumptions, estimated quantities ani concentrations of radioactivity released to the errriron-ment ani calculated radiation doser, to the population are su=marized as followst e
5-58 p.
ESTIMATED QUANIITIES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF ,
} RADI0 ACTIVITY REEASES AND CAICUIATED PADIATIQt DOSES :
! BROWNS FERRY NUCEAR FIANT n
Proposed 10 CFR Part 50
{ A. Liquid Effluents Browns h rry Appemiix I Limit 1
, 1. Annual total l
- quantity (except }
- tritiust) 5 Ci 15 Ci ,
- 2. Annum 1 average i
- concentration (be- ,
fore dilution in g WheelerReservoir) 13x10"hci/al 2 x 10' y Ci/ml ;
l 3. Annual average .
] concentration of tritium (before i dilution in Wheeler g 4 Rosenoir) 1 x 10" p ci/ml 5 x 10 p /ml ci !
- j. 4. Annual whole-
) body dose to any 3 individual (based j , on specific isotope
.1 identification) 1 mrea 5 aren.
j 3. Gaseous Effluents ;
- \
] 1. Annual whole-body dose to any I j individual 4.6 mram 10 mrem 4
h C. Total Annual Whole.
- Body Dose to any i i
Iniividual 5.6 mrom -----
i i
- D. Total Estimated '
j Population Dose !
(Basedon1,360 j people within the '
4-mileradius) 3 0* nan-reas ----- i
!
- Annual Population doses frce naturally occurring background radiation [
to persons within four miles of the plant is estinated to be 156 i man-rems. The Browns Ferry Naclear Plant vill contribute only about (
. 2 percent of this naturally occurring population dose, f n
M9 l+ . Conclusion - TVA intends to use data frce plant operating records, experience frcn other operating boiling water reactors of similar design to Browns Ferry and the results of its extensive environmental monitoring program to assure that the plant is operated in accordance with TVA's environmental protection objec-tives. Based on the very 1cv releases of radioactivity expected from frca the Browns Ferry plant, and the calculated low doses to indivi-duals and the general population in the vicinity of the plant, it is concluded that the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant will operate within all applicable regulations and with e minimum risk to the health and safety of the public.
I I
. s t ._ ..
5-60 38' Construction Effects - The Browns Ferry plant has been
, under construction since September 1966, when site preparation be-gan. Construction of units 1 and 2 began in May of 1967, and of unit 3 in August of 1%8. All exce.vation work for structures has been completed, and 53% of the facility has been constructed. All access facilities have been constructed. The roads are still to rough grade. Asphalt surfacing will be completed in 1973 The condenser water diffuser pipes are currently being placed in the river. The remains of the dike across the intake chan-nel, which was used durin6 the construction of the intake structure, is being dredged. These activities will cause some increased turbidity '
in the water, but it will be of short duration. Plans call for the riverside to be riprappcd. Some of this work has been completed.
The remaining construction activities should not
. have an adverse impact on the area. Remaining chemical cleaning operations that may be required will be conducted to ensure that any liquids released have been effectively neutralized and diluted to acceptable concentrations prior to release.
i A small marina has been constructed to accocuodate several boats which will be used in ecological studies.
In addition, a fill has been made for the facilities to be
{
used in the research project on the effects of heaced water on aquatic life.
59 Aesthetics - The aesthetic design of the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant is based on the broad principle of total environmental planning, having for its objective the creation of harmony between plant and l environment.
l
5-61 The site is a virtually level tract along the shore of
, Wheeler Lake. The plant structures are grouped in a diminishing progression of scale from the reactor and turbine buildings, with their reinforced concrete bases and high, ribbed metal-sided super-structures, to the lesser service and office buildings. - A berm around the base of the reactor building forms a transition between the lake shore and the concrete walls. Earth mounds provide a shield around the area used for removal of radioactive westes. The concrete service building is a transition between the reactor and turbine building masses and the smaller steel-framed office building.
A 600-foot-high hyperbolic curved concrete stack for offgas emissions is designed and positioned as a focal point.
Particular attention is given to site development and landscaping. Natural features of the terrain are preserved as much
, as possible and utilized to reduce the inpact of the installation on man and environment. The plant approach and entry area is fenced to ;
contain and channel circulation through the control pointe. A specially designed steel fence, of the vertical picket type, departs from the customary industrial fence of mesh and barbed wire. Roads, walks, and planting are planned to create a human scale as a pleasant and inviting setting for both employees and visitors. A visitor overlook makes use of a natural rise in the terrain for a comprehensive view of the project and the lake. The principal access highway closely 1
follows the alignment and grade of an existing county road.
4 e
e
6-1 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED The CEQ Guidelines require a discussion of any probable adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided, such as water or air pollution, damage to life systems, urban congestion, threats '
to health or other consequences adverse to the environmental goals set out in Section 101(b) of NEPA.
6.1 Water Pollution - Chemical, sanitary, and radioactive wastes will of necessity be discharged into Wheeler Reservoir. Prior to -
being discharged, however, various treatment is prtwided to ensure that all applicable standards are met and the quantities and concen-tratials released win be small enough to ensure that any probable adverse environmental effects are insignificant or undetectable.
Additional processing of liquid radwaste win be instituted to keep releases as low as practicable. Water, aquatic life, and life systems will be monitored. Extensive studies on the effects of heated water on aquatic life will be conducted in order to detect any adverse effects.
6.2 Air Pollution - Radioactive releases in the form of gaseous wastes will be discharged into the air. Installation of hydrogen l t
recombiners and charcoal beds will assist in holding these releases to the lowest practicable levels, consistent with current technology and feasibinty of available systems. This should hold these releases l
to levels that will avoid significant adverse environmental effects.
Careful monitoring will be conducted to ensure this result.
I l
- - -_ _ _ _ = _ _ - . ._ ._. _.
6-2 6.3 Damage to Life Systems - When cooling water passes through the traveling ccreens enroute to the condensers, fish larvae may be drawn into the intake water. At this time, it is not known the extent, if any, to which fish larvae are present near the condenser cooling water intake. Studies are under way to determine this, and, as opera-ting experience is gained, to develop steps which could prevent or reduce the intake of fish larvae. Plankton present in the condenser cooling water will also be destroyed, in the sense that it is chan6ed as a source of food when seaconally subjected to temperatures in excess of 96.8 F. in passing through the condensers. However, at the time when the most adverse conditions exist for plankton damage, only about 25 percent of the total riverflow pacses through the condensers.
. Based on TVA's experience with other large thermal plants, rapid re-seeding of plankton populations downstream of the condenser outfall would be expected. To the extent that thic plankton serves as a food ccurce to aquatic life, its destruction is an adverse effect which cannot be avoided.
There may be some loss of existing river bottom fauna and habitat in the immediate vicinity of the diffuser pipes, which is an adverse effect which cannot be avoided.
While these effects cannot be avoided, they are not expected to dema6e significantly any life cystem. Extensive studies to be conducted will forewarn possible adverse effects.
6.4 Threats to Health - The facility is beira designed and con-structed and will be operated in t.ccordance with all applicable Federal
, and state regulations in onier to assure that the health and safety of the public will be safeguarded.
6-3 ,
6.5 Socioeconomic' Effects - The "primary" and "secondary" social and economic impacts were covered in Section 5.0. As indicated, the total magnitude of these impacts is large; however, the distribution of residences and local material supply sources occurs over a forty-mile radius of the plant site. While this may produce temporary stress on the social infrastructure (schools, roads, housing, and similar services),
it will also provide a stimulus to area econmical developnent (jobs, attractionofvisitors,etc.). There should be no severe social or economic dislocation as the project construction phases out.
I 6.6 Conclusion - The operation of Browns Ferry will result in some probable adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided. '
However, these effects are not expected to conflict with the enviromnental ,
goals set out in Section 101(b) of NEPA. If any adverse effects ,
attributable to operation of the plant becme evident through the e
various environmental mcstitoring programs, then appropriate steps will be taken to correct the situation. '
l l
l l
1 1
o 1
l l
l
7-1 70 ALTERNATIVES Section 102(2)(C) of EPA requires a discussion of al-ternatives to the proposed action, and Section 102(2)(D) requires an agency to "study, develop, and describe appropriate alterna-tives to recomended courses of action in any proposal which in-volves unresolved conflicts concerning alternative uses of avail-able resources."
Decisicns leading to plans to. construct the Browns Ferry facility were made in 1965-1966, four to five years prior to passage of the National Environmental Policy Act. At that'
, time TVA made economic studies comparing nuclear with conven-tional fossil-fired units. These studies indicated that nuclear '
units offered significant economic advantages. The facility is now over 53 percent constructed, with over 90 percent of the design completed. The amount of money expended on the project throughMay1971is$354,740,000. Photographs of various parts of the construction, taken in March and April 1971, are shown in Appendix I. There are no feasible
- matives available at this l
time to the continued ' construction anu operation of the Browns 4
Ferry facility.
Even though construction on Browns Ferry began prior to I i
passage of EPA, TVA will, of course, cceply with EPA to the l 1
fullest extent possible at Browns Ferry. ;
t I
l l
1- i i
5 i
7-2 71 Electric Power Purchases - To supply equivalent amounts of
. power and energy on a year-round basis to TVA, another large electric utility with e nensive transmission interconnections would have to install generating capacity in amounts slightly greater than that of Browns Ferry, build several high capacity transmission lines to the TVA area, and transmit the power to TVA. To construct such facili-ties on another power system would not avoid an impact on the environ-mentment, but would only transfer such impact from one area to another.
Even if the assumption is made that the plant locational factors and costs would be equal, the cost of transmission lines, the transmission line losses, the use of land for transmission line rights of way, and the exposure to transmission line outages would result in vaste of natural resources, materials, and funds, and would provide a more costly and less reliable source of power for the TVA region than vill
, Browns Ferry.
l 72 Alternative Generation - Planning for this capacity re- l quired that considerations be given to maintaining a practical mix of j hydro, pumped-storage hydro, gas turbine, coal-fired, and nuclear generating units. The system needs, as suggested'by TVA planning studies, required that the generating capacity represented by Brevns Ferry be either base-loaded coal-fired units or nuclear-fueled units, i l
and detailed consideration was 61ven to these alternatives. Estimates of the total installed cost, assessment of the technical aspects of the offerings, and e.n economic evaluation were made in comparison with an alternative coal-fired unit similar to our Cumberland Steam Plant. l O
7-3 Because of the unavailability of natural gas and low sulfbr residual fuel oil for base-load generating capacity of the magnitude of Browns Ferry, they offer no feasible alternative to the nuclear facility.
There are no sites available in the TVA service area for hydroelectric 3eneration of this capacity.
Thus, there is no feasible alternative to the proposed con-struction and operation of Browns Ibrry for base '.oad generating capacity of the size required.
73 Alternative Sites - The Browns Ferry site was chosen because of the proximity to large load centers and existing transmission lines, the need for added capacity in the area, and the favorable physical characteristics, including hydrology, geology, meteorology, and seis-mology. It is not practicable to reassess and choose an alternative site at this state in the development and construction of the Browns Ferry plant.
7.4 Alternative Heat Dissipation Methods - TVA's experience with steam plants on the Tennessee River demonstrates that dissipation of heat into the river frem existing power plants has not resulted in significant adverse effects on aquatic life. The Paradise studies show the effectiveness of monitoring programs in detecting adverse !
effects which may develop. TVA's experience at all of its steam plants, i and particularly at Paradise, indicates that a maxinn temperature of 93 F., and a 10 0 F. rise, shouM adequately protect aquatic life in the Tennessee River. Comprehensive monitoring programs already started l
. at Browns Ferry and TVA's extensive knowledge of aquatic life in I
l 7-4 I*
Wheeler Reservoir will enable TVA to assess any effects the cooling water discharges may have on aquatic life in Wheeler Reservoir.
Regardless of what temperature standards may finany be adopted by Alabama and r.pproved by the Envircamental protection Agency, TVA will take such steps as are necessary to prevent the development of any significant al. verse effects of the Browns Ferry plant on aquatic life.
Results of the comprehensive monitoring programs,in conjunc-tion with the research to be conducted in cooperation with the Environmental protection Agency outlined in Appendix IV, should provide the data necessary to fully evaluate the current thez=al standards and any effects which they may have on aquatic life.
TVA is aware that Alabama may in the future, with epa approval, tighten present standards for thernal releases. TVA will, of course, take appropriate action on a timely basis to meet any future applicable standard and to protect the aquatic environment.
Among the alternatives being studied to meet possible lower temperature standards are cooling towers for one or more of the Browns Ferry units in various combinations with the utilization of various amounts of cooling water frce Wheeler Reservoir. Cooling lakes are not being considered at this time, since the geography of the area is not well suited to development of a large lake. In addition, the physical arrangement of the plant facilities is essentially complete and does not lend itself to the use of such cooling facilities.
Current studies of alternatives will pemit the decision on any type of needed auxiliary cooling system to be made on a timely O
7-5 basis. TVA studies indicate that the a ximum rise in river temperature vill not exceed 5 F. with only the first power unit in service--
utilizing the diffuser system with supplementary flow in Wheeler Reservoir and/or by adjustments to the power load carried by the unit.
Supplementary flows and load adjustments would only be needed a very all percenta6e of the time.
S l
e
8-1 8.O SHORT-TERM USES VERSUS LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY
, CEQ Guidelines call for a discussion of the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity. This requires an assess-ment of the construction and operation of the plant for cumulative and long-term effects from the perspective that each generation is tnistee of the environment for succeeding generations.
The local short-term uses of the environment are those required to construct and operate the facility. Radioactive effluents vill be discharged to the environment, but will be small fractions of the 10 CFR Part 20 limits. A variety of environmental monitoring methods will be utilized to detect and evaluate any radiological impact which might lead to long-term effects in order that timely corrective action can be taken, if required. The effects of chemical and thermal discharges are expected to be negligible.
During the 35-year lifetime of the plant, the site vill be used for several environmentally related activities, including ;
recreation, forestry development, and research.
Comprehensive monitoring and studies are scheduled or under way to determine possible effects from plant operation. TVA has a vide variety of experienced personnel in many disciplines to ensure j that studies are properly conducted. Experienced consultants will be engaged from time to time to examine TVA findings and to work in areas of special expertise.
These considerations ensure that the local short-term uses of the environment involved in the construction and operation of the plant will not jeopardize the long-term productivity of the environment .
l
9-1 90 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMINFRfS OF RESOURCES
, The CEQ Guidelines call ?or a discussion of any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the construction and operation of Browns Ferry. This requires iden-tifying the extent to which operation of the facility curtails the range of beneficial uees of the environment.
The Browns Ferry plant is located in a rural, relatively ,
isolated and sparsely populated area. The plant vill not curtail the beneficial use of land and water resources in the area.
The annual requirement for natural uranium for each reactor is approximately 200 tons of U 0 . Some of this uranium 38 can ultimately be recycled for other uses. About 2,000,000 gallons of fuel oil is required for the auxiliary boilers and genera-tors. To the extent that this fuel is consumed and not subject to
. being recycled to other uses, it is an irreversible and irretrievable commitment of resources. This com:nitment of resources vill be relatively small, however, compared to the benefits obtained from the electricity which vill be generated. Moreover, the dependable production of electricity is essential to the health, safety, and velfare of the people.
Since the ultimate disposition of the plant buildings and equipment has not been determined, it must be assumed that both land and construction materials are irreversibly co=mitted. It is unlikely, however, that more than the equipment and land directly in and beneath the reactor building vill be ulticately irreversibly and irretrievably cccmitted.
LIST OF TABLES
- 1. Major TVA System Capacity Additions Since 1949
- 2. Ambient Temperature Data Decatur, Alabama
- 3. Ambient Temperature Data Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant 4 Precipitation Data, Athens, Alabama
- 5. Precipitation Data - Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant 6 Snowfall Data, Decatur, Alabama
- 7. Water Supplies Within 20-mile Radius of Browns Ferry
- 8. Statistical Data for Nearby Counties
- 9. Common and Scientific Names of Fishes of Wheeler Reservoir
- 10. Water Quality - Tennessee River Mile 27/.0
- 11. Observed Water Temperatures - Wheeler Reservoir Tennessee River Mile 300.3 12 Observed Maximum and Minimum Temperatures Wheeler Reservoir Tennessee River Mile 305.0
- 13. Selected Econcaic Data for Three Trade Areas in Northern Alabama ,
and South Central Tennessee '
- 14. Tagging and Recapture Data for Five Species of Fish - Wheeler Reservoir
- 15. Types and Locations of Samples Collected to Monitor Preoperational and Operational Conditions in Wheeler Reservoir in Relation to l Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant l
- 16. Larval Fish Sampling Stations in Wheeler Reservoir and Weekly Sampling Schedule
- 17. Sampling and Analysis Schedule - Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring
- 18. Principal Gaseous Radionuclides and Discharge Rates frcm Three-Unit Plant 19 Expected Annual Radioactive Releases in Liquid Effluents Excluding Tritium
- 20. TVA-Built Thermal-Electric Power Plants
. l l
Table 1 MAJOR TVA SYSTEM CAPACITY ADDITIONS SINCE CALENDAR YEAR 1949 Number of Nameplate Capacity-kW Counnercial operating Date Plant Units Uhit Total First Unit Last Unit Thomas H. A n en 3 330,000 990,000 5-22-59 10-25-59 Bun Run 1 950,000 950,000 6-12-67 6-12 Colbert 5 2@ 200,000 1,3 % ,500 1-18-55 n- 7-65 2@ 223,250 1@ 550,000 Ganatin 4 2@ 300,000 1,255,200 n- 8-56 8- 9-59 2@ 327,600 John Sevier 4 1@ 223,250 823,250 7-12-55 10-31-57 3@ 200,000 Johnsonvine 10 4@ 125,000 1,485,200 10-27-51 8-20-59 2@ 147,000 4@ 172,800 Kingston 9 4@ 175,000 1,700,000 2- 8-54 12- 2-55 5@ 200,000 Paradise 3 29 704,000 2,558,200 5-19-63 2-27-70 1 @ 1,150,200 Shawnee lo 175,000 1,750,000 4- 9-53 6-17-57 Widows Creek 8 5@ 140,625 1,977,985 7- 1-52 2- 7-65 1@ 149,850 19 575,010 1@ 550,000 1/ Leased January 1,1965, freci Memphis, Tennessee, Light, Gas, and Water Division
Table 1 (Continued)
MAJOR TVA SYSTEM CAPACITY ADDITIONS SINCE CALENDAR YEAR 1949 Number of Nameplate Capacity-kW Comunercial operating Date Plant Units thiit Total First Uhit Last Uhit TVA Ilydro Boone 3 25,000 75,000 Chatuge 3-16-53 9- 3-53 1 10,000 10,000 12- 9-54 32 54 Cherokee
- 2 30,000 60,000 Chickamauga
- 1-29-53 lo- 7-53 1 27,000 27,000 3- 7-52 3- 7-52 Douglas
- 1 26,000 26,000 8- 3-54 8- 3-54 Fontana
- 1 67,500 67,500 2- 4-54 2- 4-54 Ft. Patrick Henry 2 18,000 36,000 12- 5-53 2-22-54 Guntersvine
- 1 24,300 24,300 3-24-52 3-24-52 Hiwassee
- 1 59,500 59,500 5-24-56 5-24-56 Melton Hin 2 36,000 72,000 7- 3-64 n-n-64 Nickajack 4 24,300 STI,200 2-20-68 4-30-68 Nottely 1 15,000 15,000 1-10-56 1-10-56 Pickwick
- 2 36,000 72,000 10-31-52 12-31-52 South Holston 1 35,000 35,000 2-13-51 2-13-51 Wheeler
- 5 32,400 162,000 3- 4-50 12-18-63 Wilbur
- 1 7,000 7,000 7-19-50 7-19-50 Wilson
- 6 3@ 25,200 237,600 1- 6-50 4-12-62 3@ 54,000 ._.
- other units in this plant installed in period prior to 1950.
J
w Table 1 (Continued)
MAJGl TVA SYSTEM CAPACITY ADDITIONS SINCE CALENDAR YEAR 1949 Number or Narr.eplate Capacity-kW Comunercial Operating Date Plant Units Unit Total First Unit Last Unit Alcoa Hydro Bear Creek 1 9,000 9,000 4-14-54 4-14-54 Cedar Clirr 1 6,375 6,375 8-22-52 8-22-52 Chilhowee 3 16,667 50,000 8-28-57 10-18-57 Tennessee Creek 1 10,800 10,800 5-19-55 5-19-55 Corps or Engineers Hydro Barkley 4 32,500 .130,000 1-20-66 3-30-66 Center Hin 3 45,000 135,000 22-n-50 4-n-51 Cheatham 3 12,000 36,000 n-21-59 n- 9-6o Dale Honow
- 1 18,000 18,000 n-17-53 n-17-53 old Hickory 4 25,000 100,000 4- 9-57 12-23-57 J. Percy Priest 1 28,000 28,000 2- 3-70 2- 3-70 Wolf Creek 6 45,000 270,000 lo- 6-51 8-22-52
- Other units in this plant insta ned in period prior to 1950.
.-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - _ _- - - - - - --- ~ - - -
IL9.T Table 2 AMBIENT AIR THIFERA'IUiG DATA DECA'IUR, AIABA "A 1879-1958 Avg Temp Avg Max Temp Avg Min Temp Extreme Max Extreme Min Month DF T T Temp, OF Temp, T December h3 7 53 0 34.3 78 -1 January 42 9 52 3 33 4 79 -3 Februery 14 .6 Sh .9 34.1, 84 -12 Winter 43 7 53.4 --- --- ---
March 53 1 64.1 42.0 93 12 April 61.8 T3 2 50 3 92 26 May 70.4 81.8 59 0 100 34 Spring 61 9 73 0 --- --- ---
June 78.2 89 3 67 1 108 hk July 80 7 91.2 To.1 lot 54 Au6urt T9 9 90.6 69 1 lot 52 Sun:1er 79 6 90.4 --- --- ---
September Th.6 85 9 63 3 104 37 octoier 63 0 75 2 50 9 100 26 November 51.2 62 3 40.1 86 3 Fall 62 9 Th.5 --- --- ---
Annual 62.0 72.8 51.2 --- ---
. . - _ -._ _ __ _ ._ . __ _. _ - - _ _ . --.._m-- . _ _ __ , ..
Tobic ?
AMBIENT AIR I
TE!.TERNIUIE DATA-BROWS FERRY WCIEAR PIAPT March 1967-october 1969 Average Temp Average Max Temp Average Min Temp Extreme Max Extreme Min Month 0F OF O F Temp UF Tetrp 0F l December 44.4 58.6 25 3 71.0 16.0 January 38.7 57 0 19 5 67 0 10.0 l February 38.7 58 3 26 9 67 0 13 0 Winter 40.6 57 9 --- --- ---
March 50 7 66.2 31.6 84.0 21.0 April 62.8 74.4 49 6 86.0 33 0 j ne:- 67 9 77 9 56 7 89.o 40.o spring 60 5 72.8 --- --- ---
June 76.5 83.4 62 9 97 0 54.0 July 77.4 82.6 70.2 98.0 55.o August T5.8 82.8 67 9 99 0 48.0 summer 76.6 82 9 --- --- ---
September 68.5 75.o 57 9 ' 89.o ~37.o
- october 60 3 72.8 h6.6 87 0 30'.o november 48.2 60 5 31.8 78.0 24.o l Fall 59 0 69.4 --- --- ---
l Annual 59 2 To.T h5 6 --- ---
1
- . - _ - _ _ . - . . - - - . _ - . . _ _ - _ _ _ _ _.- - _ _ . - _ _ - - - - - - - - . . , - , , , , - - - - - - . . . +
,. . . . , , . --n - - - , - - -n,. . .,-
Table 4 PRECIPITATION DATA Athens, Alabama 1935-1969 Average Number Monthly Extreme Extreme Max. in of days with Average Monthly Max. Monthly Min. 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> Month o-ol inch or more (inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
December 9 5.45 13.7o 0 91 4.80 January 11 5.97 14.59 1.53 3 97 February 9 5.62 1o.54 1.31 4.85 winter 29 17.04 --- --- ---
March lo 6.17 13.68 1.80 7.35 April 9 4.70 9 34 1.44 2.90 May 8 3.94 9.lo o.33 3.04 Spring 27 14.81 --- --- _--
June 7 3.61 9 12 0.50 3.12 July 9 4.47 10.97 0.79 3.27 August 7 3.67 9 36 o.36 3.84 Summer 23 11.75 --- --- ---
September 6 3.10 7.45 o.47 3 91 october 5 2.62 6.62 o.15 2.16 November 8 4.17 11.79 1.01 3.02 Fall 19 9.89 --- ---
53.49 --- ---
Annual 98 ---
Table 5 PRECIPITATIOII DATA - BROWIIS FERRY IIUCLEfJ1 PIAlff March 1967-october 1969 Days with Monthly Extreme Extreme Maximum in % of obs 0.01 inch Average Monthly Maximum Monthly Minimum 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> with Month or more (inches) (inchesi (inches) (inches) Precipitation December 14.5 6.20 8.26 4.14 2.10 n.3 January 12.0 h.99 5.49 4.50 1.63 n.5 February 8.0 2.69 4.11 1.28 1 78 6.4 Winter 34.5 13.88 --- --- --- ---
March 6.3 3 13 5 73 1.64 1 56 4.6 April 8.0 3.62 4.75 2 36 4.75 6.2 roy 8.o 4.45 6.10 3 03 2.01 6.5 Spring 22 3 11.20 --- --- --- ---
June 53 1.25 2.14 0 70 1.27 2.0 -
July 10.0 4.82 T.27 3 23 1 70 h.9 August n.o 4 96 9 16 1.83 2 76' 59 sur:ncr 26.3 11.03 --- --- --- ---
September T.o 1 99 2 99 0 70 0 93 50 october 6.0 2 38 2 59 2.06 1.23 32
. november 13 0 h.n 5 34 2.88 1 55 91 Fan 26.0 8.48 --- --- --- ---
l a 7 u 6 1 n 2 n
. A c 6 e 1
- D 0 v 2 o *
- N O t
c T
- O O
t p
e O O O S
g u O O O A
y l
u O O O J
G e
&. B n 6
rA M DI u
J O O O P
T e L A
. I l L ,
F b AR y B a FU a O O O T WI M O A' NC SE D .
r p T
- O A
r 2 a 1
- M 0 b 8 e 1
- F 0 n 9 a 1
- J O
)
e l
b a y r
u a s d a
) e e e m n l
l s
y) sr yo t o
a ae nm o n f Dr D n a
. w) os .om .o r ( h t
ne T o I o e Sh I r I h c s c o c a s en gi e en r e 6e gi t l
. a( nc a r
e ra er r1 e
v vt v0 T A A( A(
- _ - _ . . _ ~ - . . _ . . .. -._ _ __ . _ _ .
i BFilP Table 7 WATER SUPPLIES WITimI 20-MIIE RADIUS OF BROWNS FERRY AND SUPPLIES TAKEIT FR0t4 TENIESSEE RIVER IETWEEN IECATUR ATID COLBERT STEA!I PINIT Distance Estimated Ref. Froti Site MLxin.ua No. Populagion Public Water Supply (Miles)1 Served Demand Source
- 1. Andn11 Girl Scout Camp 30.2 220 5,500 Ground
- 2. Athens 3 10 5 16,300 1,900,000 Ground 3 Chalybeate Jr. High School 13 3 300 7,500 Ground
! h. Clements Hich School 8.0 650 16,000 Ground 4 5 Colbert Steam Plant 3 49.0 350 65,000 Surface (sti 2L5 0)
- 6. Courtland3 11.6 1,780 40,000 Ground 77 Decatur3 12.0 42,600 1T,000,000
- 8. E. Limestone High School Surface (TRI 306.0) 17 2 800 20,000 Ground-1 9 Ellesant3 17 2 390 15,000 . Ground
- 10. Fisheman's Resort 17 0 100 2,200 Ground
- 11. Hartselle3 16 5 11,h00 833,000 q
- 12. Surface (Flint Creek Mile 12 3)
Hatton Elenentary School 19 6 160 3,100 Ground 13 Lauson's Trailer Court 9.h 160 10,000 Ground-i 14. Lucy Branch Park 8.0 170 700 Ground 15 Midway Elementary School 13 0 150 3,800 Ground
- 1. Radial distance-to ground supplies (and Flint Creek intake for Hartselle) and river mile distance (fraa nile 294.0) to surface supplies.
- '2. For rainicipal veter supplies the population served was esti=uted by multiplying the number of meters by 3 75 3 Ibnicipal supply or Tvo supply.
5 7
. 3 y
b s
. ) r 3 e e t 4 c e 5 n m 2 a t f 1
s o 2
1 d i
r
( e
% a dddad a dda e
c dd l
i e b m
u
,m ooo nnnm uuu n u m nnm uu f a nn uu m n ST EN IA G r r r r mr- ro GGGGG
.oomr rrrru GGcGS oo rr cc e r
v h
e t
LI i PF P r g UM n d i SA n y DE a l p
NS n 0 00000 00000 00 ) i A P g 0 00000 00000 00 e t Y H' i n 0, 1,1,h,0,0, 6,0,80,0, 0, 7, l l
i R r 0 53611 2 07 04 e m RX
- T &m 0
- 31 2. 2 50 1 t
c y
HDO 1 !
14, r b S
2 a H d GI D e i
L r t OR R f o n a
r I R i U e t FT k s OA n a e C dn t
. ) SE UI ei 2 5 7
0000D 0265h 00030 00730 00 19 n
i s
a d I n 7, 2124h 61 7e DN mi 1_ 9 2 h,3, k w
P R
F I
J em li bt an AE REW RT T E tth i
t s
EL m, 2 16 1
r C
e e
d e
v r
e Tne T f J t s
( 4R 0E i n
n 2V l o I e1 F i t
HR I
et) cis d a -
HE nSe 78002 75 n.
as l
u TE I S a l 8
T. 7. T. 5 0 7 ( e p VSE t
s mM i
1 85825 97939 68 i o .
i 1111 1 13 1 sl ep p -
i x
i D
I n E DA( ~
i p lu h e .
ps t y _
tT l p lp n1 l o
o o ue sc s
e p uG sH o
hy 3h dyc a i u y df l s R T h l cr ntS nr p _
EN l
p g o Sa ai y uu p A -
i 1, o t la os u V TE AK p
u H ,hlhn cog oe or rrr eha r
go s T _
WA T S
r
. h c
Soi- a hA c
ttt aun o t r e
r o
r e
J Shch gS H.
.E l St s UAe m t) t y
s yi en le 0 a t
a r he e. v l W
t hg rHhJe a g v gR nn ch p t .ilo i oi E n9 l p c Hh3 cc tt a2 a u i
i e nrHer eJ pG ncr ee t p u l H len13a1am tt se i il c l e r. aht b
u 3
nn m pJCn l r1l 1- on di i. a P oolR i
o alv iB ve T re n m p -
i tt o I sysoermi.PC rh 1
n c -
mro m
I llo1 neaoco r te. i u u h c v e n e hi y t e oocccuilcrr: h urW oi.
a n f i
m MMSI NOFPSPPRnSFS E( F h I _
f . . . . .... .. . . . .
co . .
67 89012 3h 56 7 8 1 2 3 EN 11 11222 22222 2 _
j'
5 7
3 y
b s .
. ) ) r 9 e L. e t 4 9 c e -
7 5 n m 2 2 t
a' f e l 1 s o c
r a
T m
T i
d r u ( ( e o e b S e e l m aaadd1l c u nn dc i
xu na a n RT P N m n m uu u uf f m
r' r_r r r z, wor moo n e T. A zru r r e
I u h m P GGGGGGGGS S i
v t m
M r g -
i SA n E d i -
DT n y NS a l p
A T m 0o0000000 0 ) i
=
YR n d i
0o0000000 0 e t .
RE r n 0,h, 0, 0,1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, l l .
RB i a l i n
EL v m 3h0030042 5817 0 e r .
JOC n e 1 21 0 r -
UD t y S 0, r b .
ND h a UN _ H d OA e .
R r t .
o
_ IR U
a f m
_ FT i OA e t
- C n k s SE do a e -
_ ) UI ei2 t d I ttd 00000400o 0 n n .
I aev a 7e ml- 02800985S 0 i
. I i
A e 517h25,75 5, v em iu- k w
n li bt Rh ET so&
t p 1 2 e e
d e
an s
r v -
C 4 e
( 4R c 0E 2V d
i n I l o iR l .
r e1 F i t
n c E E et) d a .
e cis n . l .
S nSe a
588000051 6 as u LS l ( e p -
- E t ai 999507T59 4 i o n
s I
N s mM i
. 1 11 11 3 al cp p _
1( _
- i. E DF ip e y T
. r 1
e lu ps h y t
z 4 p n l i ue s l
p uO H o o l sc a
e p R
l o
i i u -
y h t df l c EN c o r nr p _
TE AK l
p S l
h c
e F
uu os p A u V
. WA p he S r s T .
T u gt l) go S io h a3 t r r r
l oko lHM i g nr oe o t) e t
o e ocoy y. H it a y t
a hohe u t n e.0 w l cDcl- e n
ae c4 p
_ W S Sl a
NC n9 l a
p c
i hehVm3 geg k
ek o3 (
tm samn t t a2 se p
i u
s e
nwDoe l irie il c l b H C H se nd re3 Dmp di i a u yi. r m n p P egrsaCtT eno l u i knee i lol a r. c _
ainnnnntese ernnwwiselv i
d m
i r i
n ppaeoorehie SSTTTTTWWWD ar R(
o F
u M
, f . . . . . . . ... . . . .
eo 9012345678 1 2 3 RN 2333333333 -
_ 1 J i i ! i . ' ;l ' ;
. - - . - ~ - ~ . ..- - -. .- - - - . - - - . .
2 BFIT ;
1 Table 8 STATISTICAL DATA NR IEARBY COUIffIES COUNTIES t
Employment - 1960 MORGAN MADISON LDESTONE LAWRENCE
's l
Agriculture 1,852 3,305 2,765- 2,099 i Fonstry and Fisheries 183 23 h4 11
-l Mininc 39 33 8 14 1,888
! Construction 2,789 1,116 677
) Manufacturing 6,161 13,637 2,304 1,315 l Transportation 527 636 264 121 4
Cocntnication 332 382 118 16 Utilities 163 303 79 156 Lholesale and retail trade 3,219 6,220 1,784 760' Finance, insurance, and real estate 594 859 151 . 59 Business and personal services 1,893 3,853 1,094 h8 7
Entertainment and recreation services 92 186- 35 24 Hospitals h20 390 135 33 Education services 838 1,807 566 282 L'elfare and nonprofit organizations 212 335 75 6 Frofessional and related services 345 866 122 49 Public ad=inistration T26 2,117 494' 224- ,
Industry not reported 477 Thi 127 123 i Total Employment -
19,961 38,h82 11,281 6,h37 1
4 =
i
, , . . . e i
BFNP Table 8 (Continued)
STATISTICAL DATA FOR NFARBY COUNTIES 1 _
COUNTIES Agricultural Use - 1964 MORGAN MADISON LIMESTONE LAWRENCE i Total farmland (acres) 212,124 335,534 277,443 250,804 i Number of farms 2,156 1,9h9 2,025 1,951 Percent of total land 57.7 65.3 79.5 57.1.
Cropland harvested 1,738 1,695 1,741 1,623 -
l Value of Products Sold - 1964 (Dollars)
(Commercial farms only)
Crops 4,534,577 13,841,386 10,344,299 8,214,073 Poultry & poultry products 4,411,756 653,119 1,737,650 2,751,190 Dairy products 761,844 954,294 885,537 593,183
- Other livestock 3,354,374 1,701,699 1,267,874 1,063,890 Total 13,063,734 17,159,501 14,239,710 12,624,637 Livestock & Poultry on Farms - 1954 (Number)
Cattle and calves 34,568 43,869 32,512 30,959 (milk cows) (3,366) (3,627) (3,940) (3,221)
- Sheep and lambs 43o 211 178 17 i Hogs and pigs 13,888 14,599 9,264 11,467 Chickens (4 months old and older) 344,899 121,344 258,883 280,806 Manufacturing Employment - 1966 2 (by place of work) 9,239 12,421 1,0e2 1,049
- - - , - - --,w--.-m- - - -e .w.r,e-a,s-r----ei-- ~4- .a. wm --e---r--T.-'- a--w. , - - - - .3ws --m- 4-
Table 9 Common and scientific names
- of fishes of Wheeler Reservoir Game Largemouth bass - Micropterus salmoides Smallmouth bass - Micropterus dolmieui Spotted bass - Micropterus punctulatus White bass - Morone chrysops Yellow bass - Morone mississippiensis White crappie - Pomoxis annularis Black crappie - Pcnoxis nigrocuculatus Bluegill - Lepomi_s macrochirus ,
Warmouth - Lepcmis gulosus Longear sunfish - Lepcmis megalotis Green sunfish - Lepcmis cyane11us Redenr sunfish - Lepcmis microlophus Rock bass - Ambloplites _rupestris Sauger - Stizostedion canadense E.SS!gh, Longnose gar - Lepisosteus osseus Shortnose gar - Lepisosteus platosteg g Spotted gar - Lepisosteus oculatus, Skipjack herring - A1.osa chrysochloris
- Mooneye - Hiodon tergisus Bigmouth buffalo - Ictiobus cyprinellus Smallmouth buffalo - Ictiobus bubalus Channel catfish - Ictalurus punctatus Flathead catfish - Pylodictis olivaris Carp - Cyprinus carpio Urum - Aplodinotus grunniens Spotted sucker - Minytrema melanops ;
Hog sucker - Hypentelium nigricans Golden redhorse - Moxostana erythrurum Black redhorse - Moxostoma duquesnei ;
River redhorse - Moxostoma carinatum Blue catfish - Ictalurus furcatus Paddlefish - Polyodon spathula 4
Forage Threadfin shad - Doroscna vetenense Gizzard shad - Dorosoma cepedianum Orange spotted sunfish"- Lepeni_s,humilis Logperch - Percina caprodes Brook silversides - Labideathes sicculus ,
Golden shiner - Notenigonus crysoleucas !
Emerald shiner - Notropis atherinoides j
, Bluntnose minnow - Pimephales notatus l Fantail darter - Etheostoma flabellare l Blackstripe topainnow - Fundulus notatus l
- According to American Fisherias Pociety Soeelal Publication nn. 6, 197o, I
_ _ .. _ _ .m _ ._ . _ __ _. . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ ._ . _ _. . _ ,
, . 4 . .- .
r Table 10
. WATER QUALITY - TENNESSEE RIVER MILE 277.0 uur Teod CS W Ashasmuey 34 tr. e Cseassans theau, 3(8f. Thseshees 9%sephetes 3 Fe, gen, ,
h g,g,g, h amen te swees. Ompa Tess Feed Team DO DOS Cease tea Oese %4 "'*3 8 "O2 " "3 " $st T=t. pet Ftem Tee. "3 Cs one O see M Toad Teess 804 SsO2 se 35*C, esa One. Tee.
19 4 se. espes/ tepee "C. smyt ag4 FCU JCU test agg agt eng4 ang4 py4 agt anos nnpe eng4 eng4 ang4 sngd mB4 mD4 set sg4 myt aga efensemahoAmpo angt eng4 angt -
e to 3430 amese 1 2.3ep 939 EP .
1412 19 SS 11 2 Sete 30 64 11 2 tote 30 Se 11 3 9471 48 44 11 3 e4M 45 S4 192 04M Casny * * . 23 6 43 60 0 00 O SS 9 00 9 03 8 0s $ 20 7e e Je 79 22 4 38 19 F oo es) F20 40 ' 23 S.3 see te 127 143 3ft one4 emese t ** 3W te -
- ehe$ t 70 11 2 0547 10 FG 11 1 0549 3C FS Ste east 30 F.3 11 2 enE3 40 F.t 192 es*A Casue.* - - 4.5 S 25 0.8 e 10 0 02 0 00 9 20 9 et 8 12 PS 0 44 FO JOS 45 13 640 070 480 9 T1 94 feb - ta toe 124 3 19 8827 tessee 1 e3 tes OEM 90 93 10 0 0833 Jo e3 to t som 25 e3 80 9 0943 30 93 to S OBee 40 93 91 0 este 90 93 IS F eens Comes.* . = le S 2e 90 0.00 0 18 00: S Ws 0 14 4 18 77 9 S2 74 21.3 S t 13 SOE e 40 ' 2ee 9 12 Se SSF 21 . 105 827 +
esS7 1 ** t te e - -
4 22 Os40 eseme 1 19 8 Se 4 81 0 49 0s42 99 89 6 to 3 cm43 30 19 4 80 3 84 9 63 9844 3B le S 96 enes 4o to t se 22 0 W Onet es 173 .
eelt Come * . - 3. F 15 35 GO 8 19 Oct 0.09 90s P io 6 72 . *
- f* to 29 6 3 29 G PS 790 '9 SS et' 952 3 og ' et -
9710 1 ** 198 C3 . -
m.n.ss. S ese m2 11 3 es a et 2s one s ie est ne eu en et e le r. 51 23 eac 133 3mo see 2, SS :.g t ,. 13, 2M . M w.s sp. <23 c.3 64 4. ee e .. ..a. s o. eae . eae . on. Se e 2. 4 to 4. ias e 40 7. . . . 12 194 2 7 ,5 L
- Sertues.N. hacesse esmpuses
- 5 atase W eney.
t a
4 18 9 !** 59 2.95 5 9i B BE E 9 ! 5 !
' * 'r a 8 m8 3 8 g g . gg g gg - 5 g g 3 l A 12 .
J18 -
- 2 : * * * !
' ' 28
- n* * * * " t j; {E ! ! 9!! Bi ! !9 9 !!! !A A 2 i E V ,
f t: : : :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i g }: : .: : : : ea a en a: .: e r
- gj 18 a 8 aa ga ~ ~
- g g ga B 8 = - -
! a sl i .t I IAR I*8 * ! !Il!l! I I I E l
- a. ae e a e.
- j. 8 8 a 8 e e e a m 1s. . . . .8 . . a. .e .e- .. . .. . . . .
3-
. a 1,8, 8
. .e . .e .r 8 8 8. a . a. a. a. a. .o .B 8
.a .
a
,}. . .- - . e n e: e ae e ea a a .:
o ,}: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :. ,
s . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . -
- 8 N oi. e e
- : : e = = n n aa a aa n n : a W .
J 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 82 R 2 8 8 8 : 2 : 3 3 y
3- -
l}t g ,) } S S 3 2 2 2 3 2 ~ 3 8 W 3 3 $ 3 2 3 i S 9 W
_> :$j}. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !
15W i : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :. : .
1 3W e m gf.3 2
- 8 8 8
. .t 8
8 8 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 2 I
) j b et}R. 3 2 0 8 8 8 8. 8 3 . 3 3. ,,,8 8 8 2 2 >
_x . . . . . +
O Z 8 8 8 A 8 8. 5 8 8 8 8 8 5 1 - - W 5 *f .8 g
8 5
8 8 oH 5 8. .8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
,gt } .8 I. 5 s 8 8
- 3. p* . . . . . . . . . .s .
9 Y& - d a
w 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8. 8 8 5 .8 8 9 9 8 '
J g . . . . . .
1 <
i D g' l 2. 8 3 5 8 8 8 m. 8 2 2 s a 2 l o . . . . 2 R. .B . .R . .B . . . '
1 x
i W Si* : : :
1 5 jgR R ss 2 - 3 **
- 3 e 2 ez s -a 1
j Jg. . . , e es . . . . . . .. . . . .
fil 1 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
- s 1
- :::::: :::::: ::::: :::::: ::::: . ::::: :::::: :;;;;-
i F serr,.. ..........,.....- .....nanann naamm nazans.......
esW xxxas mananas . . ,
- ' ***.. i l
] }j5 6 6 6 3 E 2
! -! ( .l. 3 g !
5 I !.
1
.I I i ! I i ! ! I I le*]
.a **
- I
[ [ *s 8* [ [
- s5. 5. 5. 5. 3. !. ! ..! $. !. $. .R E .. ! !. B..R e ~ !. 5. [. I *B 8 s j ' *8 s l..i i. t i $. $ l l l *8 [ - 1 i 1i: : i E i f
, . *. a t e Table 11 OBSERVED WATER TEMPISATURES - WHEEIER RESERVOIR TENNESSEE RIVER MIIE 300 3 May 1964 to May 1965 Distance Date From R16ht Bank Surface--1 ft Depth Bottom'
% of Width Temperature
- F Temperature
- F Depth, ft May 6, 1964 33 3 66.0 65 7 66.6 65 8 65 7 June 2,1964 33 3 74-5 73 9 66.6 74 5 73 9 July 8, 1964 33 3 83 1 81 9 66.6 82.8 81 5 August 13, 1964 33 3 82.6 80.6 (27) 66.6 82.6 80.6 (30)
September 18, 1964 33 3 75 6 75 4 (27) 66.6 75 7 75 7 (26) october 6, 1964 33 3 69 3 69 1 (24) 66.6 69 4 69 1 (35)
November 23, lo64 33 3 56.8 56.8 (25) 66.6 57 2 57 2 (30)
Incember 15, 1964 33 3 49 5 49 5 (25) 66.6 49 5 49 5 (251
_. _ -~ _= _. . _ . _
, , . . a e Table 11 (Continued)
OBSERVED WATER TEMPERATURES - WHEELER RESERVOIR TENNESSEE RIVER MILE 300 3 May 1964 to May 1965 Distan;e Date From Right Bank -Surface--1 ft Depth Bottom
% of Width Temperature
- F Temperature
- F Depth, ft January 19, 1965 33 3 43 5 43 5 (22) 66.6 43 9 43 9 (27)
February 11, 1965 33 3 46.8 46.8 (20) 66.6 46 9 46 9 (30)
March 18, 1965 33 3 49 6 49 6 (20) t 66.6 49 6 49 6 (30).
April 22, 1965 33 3- 64 7 64.8 (25) 66.6 65 7 64.8 (34) 3
. ._ _ . . . . - .= --
i
, Table 12 .[
- s. OBSERVED MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM i TEMPERATURES-WHEELER RESERVOIR TENNESSEE RIVER MILE 305.0 ,
I 1938 - 1943 Surface Temperature U.
F *-
Calendar Year Maximum Minimum i 1938 82 9 37.2 (
1939 87.4 43.5 !
i 1940 83 1 34.9 ** !
I 1941 83 7 44.1 l l
J 1942 82 9 42.1 1943 86.0 42.1 l
- Data frcan records, Hydraulic Data Branch, TVA. ;
- Temperature recorded as ice was clearing ;
I I i i l
i
.)
1
.i I'
4 6
i
- - - . - . . - _.,= - . - . _ . . - _ - . _ . .. - .
_ ~ . .
, , . s a s 4
i
'"able 13 SEIECTED ECONOMIC DATA FOR T131EE TRADE AREAS IN NORTHERN ALABAMA AND SOUTH CENTRAL TENNESSEE Nuzcber 197o Population 1966 Personal Income 1967 Retail Sales of Trade largest Largest Trade Principal Trade Principal Principal l Trade Area Counties Area County City Area County Area County City j
Huntsville, Ala-Tn 6 341,141 186,540 137,802 $770,253 $595,983* $418,374 $299,526* $245,922 Quad-Cities, Ala-Tn 6 201,350 117,743' 47,146 388,o80 255,582E 230,704 143,016E 103,135 Decatur, Ala 3 157,032 77,306 38,044 296,825 193,34o 179,467 102,572 77,873 Totals 15 699,523 381,589 222,992 1,455,158 1,044,905 828,545- 545,114 426,930 All dollar amounts are in thousands of dollars ($000's).
1 o Disclosure regulations of the office of Business Economics require that income data for SMSA's be reported as a single unit.
$ Hence, Madison and Limestone Counties are reported as the Huntsville SMSA. For the sake of comparability of data, retail 4 cales are shown above on the same basis.
f Due to commuting patterns between Colbert and lauderdale Counties, principal county data include both counties while ~ city :
data are for Florence and Sheffield combined.
1
t r
e L i
e i l
i l
1 Table 14 t
TAGGING AND RECAPTURE DATA FOR FIVE SPECIES OF FISH i WHEELER RESERVOIR ;
, February 1969-January 1971 i Net Movement Range t Total Percent Returns (km)
Species Tagged Returns Returns (km) + -
channel catfish 1,776 32 1.8 -1.3 23.3 29.0
- j . Blue catfish 395 14 3.5 -0 9 19.3 15.3 Flathead catfish 460 46 10.0 -0.5 27.4 13 7 t l
White crappie 823 37 4.5 +6.2 128.7 24.1 White bass 230 9 3.9 -15.5 37.0 33.8 1
l
+ Upstream from point of release.
Downstream from point of release. -
l 9
i l
i i
i
, l 4
_ . _ _ . _ m_ . __ _ _ - _ _ _ -. _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ . _. . . __ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ .
, e . . s .
Table 15 TYPES AND IOCATIONS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED TO MONITOR PREOPERATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS IN WHEELER RESERVOIR <
IN RELATION TO THE BROWNS FERRY NUCII:AR PIANT a
! Depths for Zooplankton, l
TRM Distance From Depths for Chlorophyll, and Depths for Benthic f Station _
Imrt Bank Water Phytoplankton Cell Counts Productivity 1I Fauna Sediment Fish '-
feet percent meters meters sneters aj/ n ,
274 90 R 1,000 13 1,5 1,5 3 277 98 4,000 51 (1),5 1,5 (3) (3) 6,500 83 (1),3,5,(10),15 (1),3,5,(10),15 0,1,3,5 (3) (3) 1,500 16 ls e 1,5 3 (T) 283 94 3,600 40 (1),5 1,5 3 7,100 78 (1),3,5,(10) 1,3,5,10 0,1,3,5 3 2,000 20 1,5 1,5 3 288 78 4,000 41 (1),3,(5) 1,3,5 0,1,3,5 (3) (3) 1 8,000 82 (1) 1 (3) (3) 1,000 12 1 1 3 3,000 36 1,5 1,5 3 291 76 5,000 60 (1) 1 3 7,000 84 (1),(5) (1),3,(5) 0,1,3,5 3 4,450 43 1 1 3 293 70 6,800 65 (1) 1 0,1,3,5 (3) (3) (T),G,R 9,200 88 (1),3,(5),7 1,3,5,7 (3) (3) !
293 88 6,300 80 (1),(5) (1),(5) (3) (3)
T F
__.- - _. . ._ . _ _ . _ _ , - , , _ . - _ . _ . . , - - , , ,,_...,_..,-,_.-.._-.._.,m_ , . . , _ . . . - . , . , , . , ,,_m_ _ ... ., . . , , , , , , _ - , , . . . . - , _ _ .
_..__._..____..__m _.. _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ . __ . . - - . _ _ _ - - _ .=- _.- . _ _ . - -
Table 15 (contd.)
TYPES AND IOCATIONS OF SAMPES COLUX:TED To MONITOR PREoPEHATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL CONDITIoF5 IN WHEEIFR RESERVoIH IN REIATION TO THE BROWNS FERRY MJCEAR PLAN Depths for Zooplankton, TEM Distance From Depths for Chlorophyll, and Depths for Benthic Station left Bank Water Phytoplankton Cell Counts Productivityb Fauna Sediment Fishj2 feet percent meters meters meters a3/ n 2,000 22 1 1 3 295.87 4,000 44 (1),3,(5) 1,3,5 0,1,3,5 3 7,500 82 (1) 1 3 l
! 299 00 (T),G i
7w 6 1 1 3 301.06 3,200 26 (1),3,(5) 1,3,5 0,1,3,5 3 7,200 58 (1) 1 3 1,800 24 (1),3,(5) (1),3,(5) 0,1,3,5 307 52 2,8Co (1),5 (3) (3) a 37 1,5 (3) (3)
- 1. Iocation of lower depths depends on depth of photic zone.
- 2. G = gill net; T = trap net; R = rotenone.
3 Number of dredge hauls.
( ) Indicates samples for radiological analyses. Water, sediment, plankton, and benthic fauna will also be collected within 500 feet below the diffuser (TRM 293 88) and analyzed for gamma activity. Fish will be sampled at this station after the plant goes into operation.
. _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - . ~ _ . _ - .. .. . - . _ , .- . . - . - . . - - - . - . - . . - , . - - . - , - - . -. _ _ . - _ . _ . - - . .
. Table 16 LARVAL FISH SAMPLING STATIONS IN WHEELER RESERVOIR '
. AND WEEXLY SAMPLING SCHEDULE Station Number of Hauls
, First Day's Sample M Night ,
t Upstream - TRM 297-299 A. Mid-channel
- 1. Surface 2 2 2 5-meter 2 2 B. Shoreline - surface 2 2 Total '
6 6 ,
Plant Site - TRM 294 A. Mid-channel l l
- 1. Surface 2 2
,. 2 5-meter 2 2 B. Shoreline - surface 2 2 '
O. Intake basin (stationary net)*
Second Day's Sample '
Dwnstream - TRM 284-285 i
A. Mid-channel
- 1. Surface 2 2 2 5-meter 2 2 B. Shoreline - surface 2 2 Total 6 T '
EIA River - ERM 4 i
A. Mid-channel
- 1. Surface 2 2 '
2 5-meter 2 2 a
B. Shoreline - surface 2 2
)
Total T 6 l 3
- Sampling with staticmary net in intake basin will be scheduled according to construction progress.
= _ . . . . . - .-_- . = _ . = _ _ _ _ .. _ _ . _ _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ - . . . - . _ . - - ..,. __-_._ ~_. ._. --
, , . . s -e Table 17 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS SCHEDULE ENVIROIEENTAL RADI0 ACTIVITY XONITORING Air Charcoal Rain- Heavy Particle River Well Public Aquatic Life Stction Incation Filter Filter water Fallout Soil Vegetation Milk Water Water Water and Sediment Muscle Shoals W W M M SA SA M M Imwrenceburg W W M M SA SA Fayetteville W W M M SA SA i Huntcville W W M M SA SA i
Onllman W W M M SA SA Rogersville W W M M SA SA Athens W W M M SA SA M Decatur W W M M SA SA M M Courtland W W M M SA SA Site W W W M M SA SA Site N W W M M SA SA Site NE W W M M SA SA W - Weekly W - Biweekly M - Monthly Q - Quarterly SA - Semiannually
_____ _____ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ ~ _ _ . - . _ . . _ - . _ . = _ _ . ..._ _ ,__ _ _ _ , . . . . _ . . . .
=.. -. ._
.~._--.- _ . . ._-. . . ~
l Table 17 (Continued)
SAMPLDIG AND ANALYSIS SCIEDUIE ENVIROIDENTAL RADIO.\CTIVITY MONITORING Air Charcoal Rain- Heavy Particle River Well Ptablic Aquatic Life 1 Station Location Filter Filter water FaHout Soil Vegetation IIllk Water Water- Water and Sediment Fam B M M M Farm H M M M Fam T M M M
- Fam D M M M Wheeler Dam M i
Elk River M Wheeler Reservoir M-Q Q i
W - Weekly BW - Biweekly M - Monthly Q - Quarterly SA - Semiannually 1
9
- ___ .-.-- _- _. --,--...- ,-n ... .. --.-- n, _n.- , .. . - - - . ~ - . .~.- . - - - - . - ~, . - -- -.-,,n -= . , - - - . . - - -
1 Table 18 PRINCIPAL GASEOUS RADIONUCLIDES AND EXPECTED DISCHARGE RATES FROM THREE-UNIT PLANTI 4
Probable Maximum Discharge Rate. Ci/s ,
' Isotope Half Life 6 Bed 8**Kr 1.86 hr 7.1 x 10-s i i
8N'Kr 4.4 hr 5.1 x 10-s
, esKr 10.4'yr 8.0 x 10-5 j
j e7 1.3 hr 2.7 x 10-s Kr
~8
, , asKr 2.8 hr 3.6 x 10 l.,
esKr 3.2 min --- ,
I 183*Xe 12.0 day 1.0 x 10~" ,
13 "Xe 2.3 day 1.9 x 10~"
1:s Xe 5.27 day 2.1 x 10-2 tasmXe 15.6 min ---
~
385 9.2 hr 1.9 x 10 '
Xe ;
i !
's7 Xe 3.8 min ---
]
1:e Xe 17.0 min *
]
1 i
) .
Total 3.0 x 10-8 t
i l
1
- Kutended system with hydrogen recoEbiners, holdup piping, and j i
si: charcoal beds and with 0.8 percent fuel defects.
4 L
I .
I i
s e I
. Table 19 EXPECTED ANNUAL RADIOACTIVITY RELEASE
. IN LIQUID EFFLUENTS EXCLUDING TRITIW1 Discharge Rates for Three-Unit Plant Release Rate (Ci/yr) 2 Isotope Half-Life System as Designed With Add'l Processirg Sr-893 So.6d 2.9xlo-1 3.6x10-2 sr-903 28y 7.8x30-2 9.8xio-3 Sr-913 9.7h 3.6 4.5x10-1 Mo-993 66h 7.7 9.6xlo-1 I-131 8.05d 3.6 4.5xlo-1 I-133 20.8h 6.o 7.5x10-1 I-135 6.7h 2.7 3.4xlo-1 Cs-134 2.ly 3.9x10-2 4.9xlo-3 Cs-137 Soy 7.8x10-2 9.8xlo-3 Ba-1403 12,Bd 7.7 9.6x10-1 Ce-1443 284d 1.oxlo-2 1.2xlo-3 Np-239 2.35d 7.8 9.8xlo-1 Co-58 70d 4.2x10-1 5.2xlo-2 l Co-60 Sy 4.2x10-2 5.27.10-3 TOTAL 40Ci/yr 5Ci/yr l
- 1. Tritiumreleasesareexpectedtoapproachabout20Ci/yrfrom h plant. The distribution between gaseous and liquid wastes will depend upon the actual amount of water leaving by each route.
2 Isotopes having a half-life less than 2.3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> were excluded because the holdup in the plant would generally be sufficient to result in negl.igible concentrations in released wastes, other isotopes of the elements listed were considered. The radionuclides Zr-95, Nb-95, Ru-lo3, Ru-loo, Te-129m, Te-132, Nd-147, Na-24, S-35, P-32, Cr-51, Mn-54, Mn-56, Fe-55, Fe-59, Cu-64, Ni-65, Zn-65, 2n-69m, Ag-1.lom, Ta-182, and W-187 were also considered. These radionuclides may be present, but if present will be negligible or in trace concentrations relative ;
to those isotopes listed and were omitted from the table. I l 3. Daughter isotopes of Yttrium, Technetium, Lenthanum, and Praseodynium may be observed in vaste samples in equilibrium j with or approaching equilibrium with their parent depending upon sample and analysis timing and procedure.
- 4. Although two significant numbers are used in exprescing the release rates as a convenience for making further calculations, only one significant figure is warranted by the source data, i l
1 4
j i 4
I
TABIE 20 TVA-BUILT THERMAL-EIECTRIC POWER PIANTS First Year of Commercial operation Total Plant Mean Flow Normal of Unit Rill Ioad, First Inst Thermal Rise Condenser Heat to Stream Receiving Plant Number per Unit Unit Unit in Condensers Flow (Btu) Stream megawatts F gal / min billions per hr 3 ft7, Browns Ferry 1-3 1,150 '72 '74 25 1,800,000 22.2 49,000 atil Run 1 900 '67 18 35r7,900 3.6 4,310 0 * #* 1 200 '55 5U'500 5 13 865,500 5.8 Cumberland 1,2 1,300 '72 '73 12 1,616,000 93 24,000 caustin 1,2 250 '56 '57 16 592,400 18,000 3,4 275 59 59 4.7 John Sevier 1-4 200 '55 '57 15 454,000 35 3,540
- "* "111' 61,000 o [5o f8 13 1,029,000 6.5 9
r w ston 1 % 6,300
'55 1 7,000 69 Paradice 1,2 690 '63 '63 26 452,400 5.8 8,370 Shawnee 1-10 150 '53 '56 12 1,076,000 255,400 6.5 Watts Bar 1-4 60 '42 '45 lo 280,800 15 26,400 Widows Creek 1-4 135 '52 35,200
.gy 15 1,092,400 8.2 8 525 '65
(viii)
LIST OF FIGURES
- 1. Tennessee Valley Region
- 2. Vicinity Map - O to 60 Mile Radius 3 Arrangement of the Plant Site
- 4. Artist Concept of Browns Ferry Plant 5 Browns Ferry Plant Simplified Steam Cycle
- 6. Wind Rose - Browns Ferry Site 7 location of Water Supplies
- 8. Faults in Region 9 Aerial Photograph of Site
- 10. Population Distribution Within 10-mile Radius of Browns Ferry Site
- 11. Diffuser System and Channel Markings
. 12. Diffuser System Design 13 Surface Water Temperature Studies - Temperature Vs Distance Downstream
- 14. Surface Water Temperature Studies - Temperature Vs Distance Upstream 15 Temperature Survey in Vicinity of Jet Ports
- 16. Iocation of Wheeler Reservoir Temperature Monitoring Stations 17 Atmospheric and Terrestrial Monitoring Network
- 18. Reservoir Monitoring Network 19 Trap Net and Gill Net Stations 1
1
) . 1 g
.
- u . . ,
,~r-- -- - - _ - , , _ , . , , _ _ _. ._ 21.,, . _ _g, . ; ._. _ . _ . _ , , . _ _ , , , ,
V .t ,
.5u
- r* 5 L / TENNESSEE VALLEY ' REGION 1}
!. m
b;-
-o pe (2 - -- .-
vs%j; 7 EPeteJese y ' $. .i,,Ti f l
,'ag*y m ,,
%)wb
- a 3
- "/ c: manner f
. ,e N-s #
f +
e
-l j
%" j 1[ ,
' BOWLING GIFEENO f h j"w ,
.I m
9 /
afNii n, a y
.* .d' n y- . ., ,
tend 8. w a , t/
J-
- e .P l z~/
t I ^
s)} ,
- n. t.t..
~.
- _ _ _ J> _ _ m.mg -
,r - -- .]:
_ _ _ -- -- ,,u,,,&,
,, ru rw ,
h Offs b E
est rieptr . .
t s w a rsu 1
% 'Jl E O Joh. 5...., ,
j %.
5 1
- I )# ,.
4 lumbedead w .: a ~ Nonn.s - . r,, ,o, , , _ k
[_ , ,
' ^
h 't.-
'-~
' NASHVII fr. '
W g ed *gi s d-y 1
j.
' 1e% h-
- o. *KNOXVP,,._' .c b s a.. 11. ..
- .s c -
c- - . 4 TENN r+oer t,cuhen ,
- a
' s~ -
.f
~s 4 4, ' - n-3,4,.._ - '
m .
3**O It ) ( s nan o o O
'. s, _ sne. ., :.M~.p y g ... q_ ..,_,, 1, - q
-g.,,f g,-
...ns e
M*'*d^"^.s' N C <e _
- .; Wgf g g.f r ,_g -
wM,' e., s,,. t ,
, . . -:__# ,.Yp _V.- p* 4, m_. - Q Q'_', ~ ,., -
j
< i-
-- r s .** . , ;
_ r_ ,
- i. s
, -. # 4 ..
- N , ,,
r'. ,
ua *a v Y_. a yo r t
^
g *] ,- - .- ,
,y A
e, s s, ... . .
n . Fw. n .c gW3 < ,,,1,2 .
4 una4or OH s v .a.
.. i, 1 i ' se. e alac e f ,
_i_
an'd, r w.J. tr..a . CHATTANOOGA A nn f S4 - ugg) _ j g
. . w,~
. .- rm_ s n.s.. ~ ,
C.th , e .. ten, u [M_ g (% ,j" - _* Coal-Fired ----
d /,,,,,s.t:
', Nasclear___ _ _ 3 du TVA Net.ene!
3'.'" 7
\
,\. # % kD er,.l.se. (e.,ep . ., Dasns ~.. _ ..._,_
i MiSS A-w i
ia t 4 7 j gs.p ; j*
4y- __\ c ,. m g ;",,c , _ m _ o
' under Cossee,wcewin_ , .__ _,,.,,_ a j
,,,,,,o,.,
LA ,/ V M\
~-
1 "
sy,
" \A 4,, ., se 3
' - 7-bf f
%[p' % : et c TVA,-.w Pomer-._ e#"%
. a A
i ' i
)- ~
e,
! s f f**"'" ton so,m , }
j r ,,,,,,,,,,, . . . - L ._s <a q
{> P (***y4C4 g PMCKAJACK f.4A e
^
- r , ged j i
f Gedispa'Jm jg . yd _
~
.-j
& LAME trevAYsONS $HOWN AT TOP OF GATES ..
-%[-.
- wwtuu m is., , ""~
(rt tT AeoVE SACAN SCA LEVEQ p g ( y= ,
7-r n ,s . we wy . g
~ >
i i j ""
- 2 "'" - _, A ~ A , '
)
g f T'i e'"y -
a =j.. - - ~
g- "
. l,[. a .. _~ r _ ,. a
! PROMLE OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER {ALL MAINSTREAM OAMS HAVE NAVIGATION LOCMS) [
Figurc 1 :
.,,,,,,,# 1
-~~~_ a i n. ~--c.,,~,. . . , . w . ;,--. .,- . . . . , . . w ., ., ,_. . -.._____L, a f
,A [ ,f M . y a] [S' /,'
ls f 1 I - ,r. ...
1 s s-N"N '
(
h) .\' u '
s%~ D % \' '
g
/
.T N.n.,,+, , , { bgf 4 -
j
,,, o , v ~
y A- [i -
3m T .. t -
r F, ..
- f s
. t ~. -
., i x
s ..V> \., i,, . , , , .
,i~x . .
,.. .s N
~, e ,;>; .. _. 3 . .
. I .ft Q,.s. ~ , .y. . .\_ .
. :;.y , . ~m 6
k I cs t~
) l ,e
\ x f
.....- ' 'i .
, - - S c'
- U<
[ 3 y -
, , , ,, e jl. r,.
.a
..i,,,,
~: e .
I -..rx
, W.J ;
y , ' , {r, s q
, o,y i i
i -. _.
]'
t, ,s. s "W 1.
s e / o ,. \ # rGb._
, yo. r, m . p m
, , - ,1
.l f g _ ,.
... .r-p . pt, s.
l j, ._.a g
'% , l l. . % .. u .3 0 '
_ . _y, . . T l -
g w/
..__.tm.1 t.
i
. .s .. .. ,.-
- l t l f
,c.. a.
. u
~~'
1 q e
- c. .
r ,; ..
Sg -
?
.I - !1 mile;s ~
(
\ , ...
m s. g / , - ~.. r ., , . c
\'.~c
,.e t ).
~ .'~. '
she v
<{.,-..- :< = '. . \
3 Dygg}g
[ ,
%. -.-: ;,.- yI
- i s .,t.e .4.., , - , A . ,1 <v v i -
.i
-- c r p/
o e ,., _ . _ . c.
r I 1 t c 97 -
4,,_( iy j [j ' '
g...
g[ l y h ,. ., g~ - - 's .. . ',
i
, .g' )ECA t.D I
~
A\ .i ~.
l<e < - <\ .;
~
k-s,. A , ,. y ,t , n
/
~ < '
f ,
l! .
- y%. ~ ,s _,. o I
- l. n . . .< .m.,, .
t j
- k. _ ..--.
. le
-.-.2 u . _ ,
t' r -
l/
b - . _ . . - .
zm- .. - - $' ,y ;. ,.-/f>- k. a e
~.'.' &
I ~
T. - . s
/
1 g".. 4r -\ e,., i
,J _/ l / N(f- 'r s ._
\. ,,,, ,;,., N, e o a ,
e w
_r .' 8
. . ~ , <
l * ,
n s lo' v . a s
'..q..,., ,.r' , N ,/
- w. g ' e/ i n a
--+ .
K, ,
'.'w-..--_.- ..1.
, < L, ,
. ..v...
j , ,, ..,~3 / x#
. ,/ n. i i~ '
k
' [.~ '--
.. .., } A h'
=
g' f
_ [ h,' g[/ .g t i..
^ >
s.
' < ' y-
- s N.,L - y c
, _,4r 4),c r r c l .. k
. 8
/~ < **
..p Figure 2 VICINITY PAP .. O TO 60 P.ILE PJ.DIUS
e t
i
[
IIDS-.@W 1
,em .- :-.-e .-e_. .
A .a i
\s :
/l 1 1 SwirtMyAng I
I I j Anes /W
- , ,I
- e , .
rm,,,,,,, ro,
- $l l .... . . . . - - - - - - - . . . =.,
m Isf fl ). . . . . n - - : n
+
l f
i l 00 ~
) 1
[ " '
N }_,$..f,, : B ,~s y
,,, res -
- bleCTC, '
aan '
\
98 %
) 'h. u u
' , y
'~~~~
/
- llx/ # '"sfAT@M o
or ca
/ ,\.wsl.l. u %h
\ .,- / ,
3
_ (, . _... ..___- . / 1
$e,t A w >. .
.. raterwtur osant n. _ , _ ___ _._,_,_, ,
%v
_e y _ 7 i
a y ? g-
- haga-Al . % as.est
.e <<a doctss ,
[- . - ,
- Whghk(#: If $ ff /
I,;.f.
u_ma.m .a,w r ,
i a a w auwa ~ ...w ._ w ~ ~z.~ . - .. ~ >
i l
i l
t i
1 J
j Figure 3 Arrangement of the Plant Site i
l 1
1 i
---.-s. _ --.,---aa
.. . __ - - . - - - - - m---m. emmhw -a-_w-.---mw,m
$ D . j' t ,.; ,
.( :
[nf f 3
- 4. , ., $ ' 0 ..w '
ju'- f V i i .
- l i,n J4 1
[- tp
--~h .--. .l . .
h m.II n
4 g l :g s :*./ -
>^
l n -
s y .gf,.
~
\
l: > . //
n 1 y,
1 i; y 1-
- k. m1. k.
l ,
\
}'l -
p,. .
\ s ,
+
Q;. ,
o . . e
==
(. \.. .
u
- I l
3 .
/
l .4 ,y
, /
p /
{
i g f \
1 ,
lk { lh' l 0, 5 l t l / /J-a + .
at \
i
\~ < e.
.< e 54 !.
, l a.
- .l
\,
g \, -.. . g, 4
r g)I e
's LI
' N ., n ,
) ;. ,ff-i' '3, .
m . p. J * ' .e . . ,7 , (
f ,, ' jj' - ~~-
- i - ,
~ ...--
..yw a
$ ;.' '.G,,- ,:, - CT1fvGy;.
. . g,. .. .. j ./..
.c
. mf, , ,p
,l .
., ,j [a , n[.j'k, u .
e g, # < n - j.
'l.;
, ~
- , 'u p 1 1
. /,i- g'#. .'?M f;;y2.. f # : ?.. .3 - .kh
" E ;# ",f NL
, .9 u - ~ al .
i l
- - - - . _ _ . - - . . -.. _ - .--,n_. - - - ~ _. - . _. - - . - ~ . . _ - . . . = . . - - . - . _~- . - = = . - - - . - - _ ,
, e . s , ,
I i
1 k
i T u m atteE REACTOR [
STEAM 4
MA8N STEAM LINE
[ %
I CO R E - GENERATOR '
~
~.n,~
i - ' ,
l STEAM
{ , ; FEEDWATER LINE FEEDWATER PUMP -
q ,p-
[ .
.3 %
7 Ae " "
e f T
(.
( a
- T_ -~ 1_5 ~ ,
._~ WATEa r (d ] ""~
~~
U 7:r 2 - =-5."_: -d
_ r WATER _
CONDENSER COOLING WATER PUMP REOR A ON FEEDWATER MEATERS PUMP -
I COMOENSATE CONDENSEA
- PUMP j Figure 5 j Bmwns Ferry Nnt Siay*fied Steam Cyde
4; J ,- a m4AmCAAu.As ma La.A_m. 5=*4w2 hm. 4 Adh-mM-m 4-- - -p* 4-am3wAAa--- u *A-- ----wh-"-**-M---h* =^^h--""Jm "4- -Me+ d --- * - - - - --
i l.
t I
i i
4 y ---______.- _ o,pg _11 _
05 lli r i .
f a
4 i
1 I i
I
/ l I
d l
I Iet t re co rd F . 3' .
I Wind tratrument 300 feet RMYePrQund.
4 i
5 1
!* Figure 6 WItiD ROSE - BRCW!?S TIRY SITE 1 !
L .
-=.- ~. h ,.=rm m s . . .s h __--_e etceras m w h w ?_=-
l I
I
_J
.; e
@ bI m
\: 36 'q
.=-.-Ig. /
\
p%--.-..t. U' ;
," k U R j L -
N, .
- -a g \ . . _ -., _.. j s
N
'\ _,
f J '. * ,
(-%
J .. .,. A. .. g .--
v
,, ,)
21 y 1' k~ n a 25 g . 22 2 \i b y (
sN (
['.
7 %' ' .p . #- o 'l 7 . .. /
.. _ .... .. ts.. -
E.. .** Di . . . . . ,i 5i Floreb 1 ! #
dhed.. {. M A D ! S Oi N
% ' Shef5a
~
U n-
== D % 'T8 -
)
~ ~ -
)
10 -. .
g 1
[_ . .
\ : i% gg-e- 27
^# / ,. _ *'" r' - t n' .
L' t r ,.A G~~
O B iE T ^ s
~ ~~~ st'":
$34 '24:: 45 13) ^*x"
--- e -
, t
.. a.. ,a i
( -g- y35 r-P.y': , ' 'd*
~ .
- - -- + ,'
"l ~~(
3 ,. / o t .,.. g
\'
a k.g b. (i. '
3-~ "
- D 32 "
%'/ j \ ...qN. ~ ~'d l, li %d $,
___ i- 12 -
- j- .w 7 .
.9 11 ..k;: s. 3:
_c;g ~. 23 u
N A ., 4
~ iis , , i *;_ 3;w . yl A V 'A N C,. nua,ony% i t.
>g / A% o tc , :
~
- A/ N O 'a
. _ . (. A*
l~~~
~
- , ,I n 16 II g
~
"I7 - Q
. ' e.cJ t 'n ? , , .(
- j ' } ".
m - - -
-+.-p , ,/. O.....( V r.. .. .
/ %'
(-C i., - 1 :,
[.
. , , r. n,J , . c'T-- " ;- n ',
$ BROWNS FERRY d_- b3 s, -
3' b ' h,a-- A I' k
y,.3. . ... . hv.
i F ... r.....
M Surface Water Supply j
. ' ' --z .. . _ . .
[ ';j '
3
.' [
l$ j ,
h9 nSQ -
Alb
- A cround water supply - ~ '
' ! . ' ,/
SCALE OF MILES f(J~TZ4
- 'T i !
10 C 10 20 30 g.y - . . ~ , , ---~~ 40
-n _. i \ j ,
Figure 7 LOCATION J WATFR SUPPLIES
'W' b-l, p/ %
/ mo ayne < ;
/ s l
/ ~ '
Faller \ dsdenl
,. . DE KALB AH
'k\ E N
'N s
/ '% _ W ' N ,
s / Bocz'N- '
N 4' '
g
~
Albertville e
scottsooro
- /
/ BLOUNT c'
' /
JACKSON I
\ MARS L d, I
\ 's A'F,
" ^ 9'Sfu %
ersvive S
) k_ oom s
/
> ~
, I' l, MADISON I
$cu on j ,
/ k '
CULLMAN J,
N MORGAN Huntsville
\
/ -
/
/' t ayettevil!e \
/' '
oecatur
/
\
LINCOLN
, y- '
.s &Athens ,
\
,,D y' y' \ ;l
- "' Ferry s LIMESTONE s te \
- L AWRENCE '
\
GILES .-
f} LmmmJ wesu, sw. e w..
10
\. ,/
'(Figure 8 MLTS Iti REDIOi Mv- '
/
/
W * \\ \ 4
.-.sA.,. ._- m-4 -- _..a_ , - a hae. dam--.&heam-m--h-----h.-m- *---u-- - - - - - -
- s '
- \
Sl
.! s y y y : ;' ,, '
. i f) I, .,
A
.I- t ,
n,
- q l 7
Q
^
4 r
? 'i a ,
%k M
$ft J
\ !,.} '
a .
~
l I
- 8
, j g, 1p f:;: "
4,,!) '
l
- y' w .
y q i . . .;yn 4 Q ,
h (y 2 .
- , ,o l y) x'! '
c;
. g!i ^
j,j g ,,' ,; l j.; ( ; ;
- r 'v -
og 4 y -
- - mg!;h. ' '
)
. ' UlI b !. U ..
j l
N t
NW WNE tai 2k8 306 w ut 237 b32 2b91 332 328 260 108 380 68 84 68 3, gg0 76 60 69k 68 0 56 88 28 gg 40 64 52 to 8 4 gog 12 kk 0 89 W 484 112 36 40 24 6 o 60 72 60 380 538 I e e
- - 28 g 1 , 12 I % 8 o
8 0 112 2h
, 0 0 116 g 16 2h 0 0 0
00 0 85 112 32 g Wev 260 4 ESI 620 28 100 993 8
216 468 194 160 5019 gy y SE 403 27h6 739 sov sar 10- n s
. Figure 10
- . POPU!ATION DISTRIBUTION WITRIN 10-MIII RADIUS OF BRNKS T1:RRY SITE w- es
i j
i e :
,: Y -
yl,) .
~ ' ' ' '
f"
- 5:::- ?? l
- i
- i.!:i
.. * :I.hf..!
'; g ..,
l M ' ' Ni 3:-: j 8
, / , .i ::: -4 FLOW
^
Org -
9!!;ff.!!k;;h.
" Iily'l.g,, , ,,
.f !
g,, .!!!!f -
.,, )g I d,
, m n... n . .ff .
Q:::
3 i
%n +
SECTION A.A
-1 2"OIA. (6) HOLES @ 6"O C. -
t 1%2,. * , ' ,
. X ,'o'o, e e MILE 293 BROWNS FERRY *
- STEAM PL ANT e,o, g
w.,o,, .
A
/ 2" DIA. 0) HOLES h
. . . . . . . . . ' . ' . .4.
.. @ 6" O C. VIEW B.B .
. Y.THRE E,g,0f,7 i HOLE PATTERN OlFFUSERS INTAKE A ;
.. . A \ ' .
MILE 294
- \.\..
~
'. \
'N ' . .-
h, , ,. ;. . . : ..b.;' .
- ro '
{
9 .nu , . , ..
r .
I X '
MILE 295 -
1
- I x
- 1 l -
MILE 296 (l.: i
\.
N Figure 11 Diffuser System and Channel Markings
RIVER BEGINNING OF FLOW CORRUGATED PIPE q; CONCRETE HEAD = 4.5 FEET OF WATER CULVERTS APPROACH PIPE DIFFUSER f UNIT 2%f , _:r,j. _ ,_,,__,,,_,,,___,,,
UNIT UNIT 3'h I# ^=
'~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~ ~
<------- ------------i
~'
19.O'DIA
^ '} A 17.O' DI A
- 1,450 cfs 1,450 cfs 440' 600' _ _
600' _
6 0 0' _
= ,
CONDENSER PLAN FLOW %
=
" ALTERNATIVE HOLE PATTERNS FLOW 8 i
[ q 1"HOLES ALTERNATELY 2" HOLES ALTERNATELY 25 AND 26 6 AND 7 HOLES PER HOLES PER CORRUGATION CORRUGATION 1 SECTION A- A GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE 2" HOLE SCHEME STRUCTURAL PLATE ACCEPTED FOR CONSTRUCTION 8 3 GAGE ,2"x 6" CORRUG ATION G = 21* AND 8 0 24*
Figure 12 Diffuser System Design
IOC MID-AUGUST, For Total Flow in River of 21,000 CFS COMPUTED TEMPERATURE
,90 ~ '
- - - - ~ -
g ~~
g Equilibrium Temperature = 85 *F M E -
e 80 E
3 MID-APRIL, For Total Flow in River of 17,000 CFS N ' -
70 N -
___. ' COMPUTED TEMPERATURE
-== .
~~
Equili*orium Temperature = 64.5 *F * ,
1 l
60 .
0 2 < 6 a 10 12 I4 16 18 DISTANCE DOWNSTREAM FROM DIFFUSER - MILES Figure 13 W Assumed upstream water temperature S AC R-TEMRATUK WM TEMPERATURE VS DISTANCE DOWNSTREAM y .
i 10 0 MID- AUGUST, For Total Flow in River Of 21,000 OFS i
i 90 -
w I//////)
i Equilibrium Temperature = 85*F M N 80 0
1 MID-APRIL, For Total Flow In River Of 17,000 CFS U
70
//////1 Equilibr:um Temperature = 64.5*F M O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s DISTANCE UPSTREAM FROM DIFFUSER - MILES M Assumed upstream water temperature ,, ,4 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE STUDIES TEMPERATURE VS DISTANCE UPSTREAM v._ __.m .--_ _ _ _ . - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _______m.. _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . . _ _ . _ _ . . , _ m_--____-m _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ =* __ _-- _.
_FFp o.p e m .
I mp .t 1 0
6 emr t ee 2 -
tt 1 3 sr a 8
//erw 33t e
= .
tt at r efwae 00l wsn r 05a e . o oa 5 e
0,3, mr W pF I
4 h 8 04o t M 3 n= c
)
A E -
" = == = M R e T T
%OT c ( S N
W .
O D s I l 0 t 3 r 4
8 N .
t e
J f
o y
I
-w# 5 1 t i -
)
n i .
s c .
i n
r V _
o r n i .
5 o y I a _
3 l 0I r e _
. 0 v _
1 n r _
I u -
= S
'087 f T
e r F
(
e r
u t _
5 x a r
I I 1 e p _
- m e
T 0
0 6 _
8 7 5 1 _
e _
r u
I I
0 3
i F
g
> M N A.
m u
F U
r I og I
5 4
g -
R I - 0 i 6 3
4 B 2 6 o _
2 1 1 .
y 'yf%8 .Be t$:nu
- hE :
l
l i
a r
I i
)t WHEELER DAM .
Rogersville O
Athens 0
BROWNS FERRY SITE i
A i
O connand M6 i
a Temperature Monitoring Decatur Scale of Miles
~ % i 5 0 5 Figure 16 IDCATION 07 WHEFLER RESERVOIR TEMPE!U".'URE MONITORING STATIONS
ATMOSPHERIC AND t TERRESTRIAL MONITORING NETWORK LAWPENCEBURO 4 PULASKI F AYETTEVILLEg O l t
- 3 W LER AhN ggggg g
. FLORENCE [ ATHENS SHEFFI BPWNS FE RY HUNTSVILLE 2
, M) CLEAR plant '
TUSCUMBtA ed COUR TL AN0(
2RUSSELLVILLE O MILES
"'d 4Y l P
OUNT RSVL HARTSELLE MM i
25 MILES HALEYVILLE CULLMAN 45 M!LES
. O-ENVIRONMENTAL lKWITORING STATCN
_ ,. Figure 17
1 l
RESERVOIR MONITORING NETWORK I Elk River WHEELER DAM mile 274.90 1 l mile 277.08 Rogersville mile 291.78 Athene O
B.F. NUCLEAR PLANT mile 295.87 m 301.06 r ile mile 288.78 mile 283.94 -
O ! O Courtiond Smile 2J3.88 S AMPL E. LOCATION mile 299.
WATER ALL CROSS SECTIONS EXCEPT 200.00 S EDIMENT 277.98,288.78,293.70,307.52 FISH 283 94,293.70,299.00 CLAMS 277.98,288.78,293.70,307.52 PLANXTON 277.98,291.78,307.52 gg Scale of Miles
. ~ H i 5 0 5 Figuro 18 j
C Trap net stations i
O ciil net =t tions y 4 $ Population inventory sites dd 4+
- Larval fish stations
( [ <
l s
Wheeler
- Dom g g (Tnu 27s Browns Ferry Plant (wm) i m
+,
jy
. .,. 1 a..
Y Decotur WHEELER RESERVO!R ,,
I:
i FIGURE 19 TRAP EET AND GILL NET STATIGIS
4 3
i l
l l
l
^1 i
APPENDIX I CONSTRUCTION PHOTOGRAPHS Attached are photographs of the construction site at Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant. These photographs were taken in March and April of 1971.
I g a '
=
Y e
- - - - , - - - . - - , - - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --------e-----,- -e-..--,,, , - - r_
h
c.- var q g ,-
l'.qmmcgn7 p^ijf.y< . ~ _..&
f.yf 's h
$ ll(
.~
m ram -c
. #v ,w:p ,+u n
,, ' v .7
' '1Of .', 7 pjl$},
9-;;. t .
. .a , .
h M)f
.,(
- ~' y y p. ';
.b Q' 7;A
- ~ + /r .
i; g .nts
- t. t ,y
\
1 m,. .. .
x ,' & ;. ..
.: o,c, f.n* -
- g. . - r
' ~~m s f, s. o ,.
L. -- ; 4 t e' ( gYyat p%!./ gy q '
h .. g ~ .
3 ._m .
Y$I.4.vy,A3 M ~ '
- g :
{-. c/
i
.l N
/, g* ,,,, ,, , ;_ 4 0 . Jg. , f]. . ~{,, ,
5 ' If
_ [.
- g W k- Ff
- /
~
[p] . ' M g_N N [
N.
gy[ }
- =ajwgg7 '
e.._
4 ~:'
- i _ , .
'ji j wv.w c 94.: 17.e$ .
,m
.y M.Di 6, .
f., i- I hfi < - Jy es; y 6
. Q- O a :
.,e. Wi; y' g
, "y '
- ._ .7 j$
N(
/[ ' ,} r. . .
,c \
- .? . % . ,.
_f.
_gj , , -
[ _d.
qw '
A c vl;3 ' % -
' y : ' ' J,' ,ifL
,Y
- Y iQ ll NY _
M'W .
A ,dtm,e?m $_1 Pi>
- g ! ,
I. . d. #[
y u .m y;
.m a'
y { ,~ qt; ,'.;,
% ,, td- {- p Il$ .' '
l }l 49 w
1
.' s gj j ,
1 (4 i 5i d)f' ' 1 ,,t ~!
i' - . .' a , , ,.
f- t _ __. i z
& P y ; n, . ~
- _.i
, --%w,. . - ,\~ ,_ >q '\ 4
' :lvif 'l' . k' +
3,:, . .
_ __ ~~ ' ^~~ A =~- . .
. ha. .- = 4 .
.. a .
y i i)A s.4 p.s V-
. .=.
\ = y .
'L\,\
G \
' q)h+:1,, 1
% i.
y 3:%
~\,%m . 4x 4%
gp[l t . 1 g; swf .m) j .
(
f Y '
- c .
- ..
p -DWK) qq .(:
4
)<t.
4 it y jp&:l sj ,
g; c
Dj .N $f L
img i, a y c [I.' -
e_
-d
]l
- . m,lh'[
- h. & '/"c. ::
k hif'u) $5 N ,
ll.
~r. y Y? b f
--- ( _
- 1 w -
. ly $ l > $'i 5
'a .,
. t.c.. - ;;
yu z y
. [, r ? '
- 5 }
yi
.w Q > ,(e il h $5 5
'l 74 . $(Dt l ,\{:dh ~
n 5; i' vg li
, j$h!,UI,
.y v y ~,;
.V ' .
fk, j
d j, g* '[*
- i,
..it 2c .4
- p A Yj '( _ . Y' ,
y\ ikY','h b t - rdj ((f , n s . r.j ' . J R)ii *dy),6.g 4[ - r i f, F,:Ag. T-
,o,.
- 5) ' }. I s .
i' ,hk ' ki
.; p , ._
\W Kaq:.-
.,: + q %;v%
4, .
4'
! O 'i1.. !n'.303
_ - - - _ _ . . - _ _ - . _ . - . . . . . 1
---._.------------w - - - - - - - - _ _ _ . - - - - - - - - a _ . . _ _ _ _ _- __
g 4
- . .,, ,^-
'). "'
, ~ , A'l[ t A .
u,.
,i
~
=y>p .,n;.',X y 2 .
- ?
' > ' , ; r; l s t
m@ e; i
,. r.
. . s ,
,}
'w' ,, *:
...? ~;
u r .n .
,~ ..
. - , _ _ . f ,
A y- < 3 y: *i l ' '
eJ , .
t1 + jf7f.L
, ';}il['? lj
~
' f ll
^
r e
kl[7
__ . . ig,' 4 n, [s d a} j up.. . .. < , .
' 3
}l
- lbl' jf' 7 i l b ;[ - "- '
j 1
or - - , t
~
fr -
9, , .
r
- e 2.
/
tr 7 n~ .; y Ed: - ,', ;j '
Y/ <7 h..c &Y M, 3., .
, a
.=
y (Iha .
4,,
N{lsg 3 ;.
E'
- 1 ,,( ? ' 't ;/;;
ig.
k.5 j '
- I y h q > p,$y
. /> d m., i m'? i T y
,_+a m-y .. 6 g =- ,. h F $' 7 3^
E Nih4 -)b W4 ~ 1 6 5 di~ff~ a i
~
'O ' b i $[ - ;;- , I e,
- . - m. _ - ;
y ,
!$2ilLQL
- my&q st l=+-4 t; M
% {
-m
- N c qm_tg-e b
- i.=- O :75g!
t i:1-iE Egg j
t i.
'aJ, ;
i
/*
f, p
.b
)
t 1 l.,"; . gg;g _
, tM- ,g-.jj c-b . v u ldi-tu g g .i g l j . W5P9:Mm "n- '
'-- . .. _, ,_ . a , ., gv g
- N M
~ -
pg J ;
(
' _I'l ![fS f M
- j ~ ,m
- i cE 41GK; - -
=
[. q Q' h.
[ ff !
If .a
.. san;; i yA8 12 b:i.:;_(
- t i , .7; : c, ,4 rx ,
t , .
e s j s, . - 4
' ) wm, -
. . t.4; 3; r- -
, yQ% .h. ;j [' ';,1 y j l u -
iju
. m 2 . JE 1 . ". , , f,
" . byN[ -
Wim i ' ' . < r A' yyp
" (
, fil lGJ - m j . 7 %jjj
- h. uI
! < h! m 'il = ~1 i -
t\
xm -
n
.i "b
/)
t
- r. . .'
. m, .
.m b --j 'l j.. 'jc .'
f pa!;Jj'?-lj,--d,, TL l, y ;! s % bq .1 se p4.d,j
, . . 1 ;
l6 -
'M ii fly a
- W i{Q'-
j
' I ?, }
'i jy j' e f['li k1 j -
, P - '2 L .m
, e a 3 ya
< - I p a
)4 oi pl 'l L .1 p~
-Mu, 1
j j -
. ;il
/j i
' n'r !I, G -
d I V :8 1.
f \ E(;
l lg f A Y ,
p- :
-; ;' 5y i
~
.e U-p '
%lif ' ; 'i[, l yl )
. ' . .,.i?? "il
=
.ay .r ,
i ? ' & ' NtI_ .
,_ hi '
1 1
e .
F y n! @ o --
2 re.
l( -- A h, s
~b bh M .
2%:
?
- y siGWn
- p ;, ,
r - .
. 1 5 /.- / , -
~
v -
13 mpfs.A, r j
k,./
%'dTN[2. .. , -),
h ,
'Y /
D' .=-: O n~ n y.d A,( 4 1
(. .
m z.= - .
.Q ;
o :
, g _
c_ __.-- ::T ! .h W.~ , ' .
C -
1/J . t ;
I'
[ l [$ l I 1 y
~ 8"" -
. {. .
u;; 24l ute N .
ii i
y e
i ,L - .4,3g is - ,fg i
g
- 3. ,
a -5 ,%
's '
E ff Y f; ..,
- m. e n L .
' I --
k 7
r
- r. .
3
+ ~..,
rp <
- f1 ; '
- i. .'
l'
.-?l7- [; ;[*, ' s. '
,~. '
pf: -= 9T~
g- t}[ -
Q 1.- .t ._
9 .
p 1 % e -t
.{s s c
- i. -a - m. .,-
. ,. awa-.w =- *'8-
8 .e.
4 . ,
{ &- . ,1 w tw i g';. p.gwm.
---! ====-+-- ~~ ~ 4 l.
,f ID$d.--, b , ,
jb'[u}.fN?hrY'"?,N
._-. ::_L _nc
-, t 1
.7m. _. _ . . - . ,e , -
my, y:s;.::j 7,7 , ,
.N : _,;
'~~
., , _ ?
4t g 4,Y)(l. k -
.m.
plf gu.y .m.
om
-: :rt- _: ^ . - - .
+ ,
Q g ;
i %_ M, f .
gg),Q;g'j. .',
f-xo _m. __
y g f.;{
n , q., ., . , ., .
' ~
4
(!hC ,]#.T.*5.[;.':' A
- m-- f />,
.W 4
_.._ .__ a
._ n rz. _ _
_. :::~
~
g
<j;. ;%g?
, ,,j yH y k(li',
r, .. q, w c.E -
% '-= - =---
~ fl} _ m -l. .; [,', S an y==
=:: }" ~ gyy y
-= .-
c- gm , m . 1 y 2'.. ~~~ git '7;- ?-- -i j,.*r 5
^
l r . ;.- ---5 _L 51l f ,
- s'h _ b
- = = -- -
' . . _}- . I.'jf;f
.ve> y .
- p i, i '
n
_- _ = - _ . -
r mr 7r ,
me m.+~?-~
r- ~ ~
\
t.,,.
ng, ,
A
- ,Q E 5=- , _ - _l~ ~ T_ f. . ,
} "
a y(,y g }
$ iE-!;
u= -e_2
;-t: W R$f$h L. )
pA $
.- c c fN.k.l)Q
= =ht
,- --- ~
& %:: =
- .= #- 1
?%
L ,. l a pe plw r..
'N%,Jx *1 E
t==== - . - _ _- _
.. He '
y ?i - e e
~US E h. 21. 2.2
~
- ,__+- RZ-T m *e*~"l)-Q E',
. 6 h 6 &'y' . :
- 5 3m __ _ _ . , .. g 3 .
gf f-A '-j { i I gp-
~1TT 'WZ ' ' ' ~ ~ ;
_ir. -i--b : _- : : _- 6: 2:: -- hl
- 'L
- G.
~
( ,' , e i! (.m eff , ., 6 nfx r cr z . _ . _ _ . E, . p i, ^ :! .,, . f ? w 1 . , n_. ,3 - ;- =-=r
'S @,m. f: j ' g..j,,_9yj, e
; , y,\ (
~
t ..T 5Y-::- _'._.- Y > a $l ) f s' .00. E
+ ma an_
- m.>j h.,ffho rme? n a
=_
(-
. G :"i Cf. zn ,x" . ., $ M h i.
biQWp/.J
- 6. g 'q ? O%
F V .. I z_1 . _ _ .
~:
car. e
=Qt. .j $e , i 7-3 -. = . - . -
- 5. p,,. ; rp i. b; y
( . i
%, . 4. .:'. u W- '
__.u __, O _,g & = .-pt
. p 'i ' g ., 5 gy;b
& ,- .; ( ( { g iL , w
' $$' ' ^
y / { s !t- , A 31 1 g '- :e 47 i$. .. a, 1 3
%hh5-Q wm m--,ql}!flr 4,i.h, n:;
G'>
~
M
., . . ~
pW n ,c,;g;. , t
,g y
,; 9
'. , i M,~ ,g ; Ma , ,
ijkj i' , g 'N I Ij I! $ c t I q,
. . t,s. .,
('af *a #- W f + ' #1
.% k, .
* , ,2 P /'
. I ~4 I JML M W;4 I.(L " \?/ f /Q
I I *
)
a r e% . . . . ,. . . , v, 5 M MNuts n.n s .r .n,,, p..CQc== =h t@k. z..w -7 <
.e w
4. j
- M%
s;; .c . . . . ~ . 1b"I' - ,
$s ,
- i l n, *
, s L '
. jjil: -
.a.
.. . s'
,. / ' .' s
, , ,c,,'^
g
..m o
i I d.Q
~
s' s . r: 1 _. .- sq
~
g:m
~ 4
- gg
4 - -a a _--.s -- - - - - - l i \ ; . l \ hi:
.bL e
% ,. m , b4 oa
?
~
~
3,: x< y 4 f l
?
F 1 .e 4! F . g u <
. Ay 9.
-u ,
.-n _ .!
}
1 .,3 7 , 7 /. I f& fi n.,\. o4.. H /y$;iy Q i u'L ,L
, y .
f i w
,j
@k ,
~
' f' : l j
" J . ,. i j t
s , g
. .y <M ;
i
.a., - - .ts' i\'
?k 4~ 1 .,
\
, ti .- '\
,[/w0.
.,4j E -
.. 3 j _. ~
rw ;- . rn-4
, = 7y:grsig u- .
py
-- --- -,-----,,,--.-------,----,--e,--~~---- - - - , - . -.--w.-~~-- - - - - , _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
e "m 95 4@' y - e hD g ,,
%g e -;
.,..+-e '
w %
' - - - ~ - ,
[ T., _. _ ,f ' wm L <. ' % ~ N . f< patWR$:l.. :: + w
~- '
.c,y),
-.,, ~' ' q w_ . ~ ~ .
- - ~ - -s -s.s %
,-w
,m
.-m -
% .my. u w :+ - *x3
+,y r
(., m. ge.,. T. , M '; . . ., .--_% wn ,m Y Q.
^
e.n ,, . ~- ~a _ j ~. - W..
- g. ,, .
=%.6-'O A _
_p 44
- '#t >,. ,
. i ;p { -
- }%- _ ' .,#. _ .m: . .
e~- ,-
.< ....& [ a$
. - , - . s,s** .
.'J'.-'.' (. .
~. ;L. -f.g. .
- p. ,
t ,,.;g- -
,7 J-
~;,. .: .- ..- - ' 'e.cp p, - .
~-
,pw;xp'w,A,",z ,'
.,-g-,,, _ x.saa T %, ,,. ..' * -
- a-4..37.
.ercy
~' - A %,$ ;
.- :. ,, y ..
- ... ,r'
~ ~ .' ;
,..h'* y -
' k. .'s+ /,.. ...- _,
w ~ d' < %
', h,s?',.
- e. 't .;; J
) kf_ fff,4'%
, .W' y,
[pQ k [; .k'[W p - ' si
' g,y@?; wpn%
. . .a p. ..
y%n~x+ .. E, c ~5&
.p, + . g~w y
~ -
. i A
i
=
g.r c@, ]. g ;ygy %;is,
#4 -
y f~ ,, 5 A. ,s .m. , i ' . t , .
- 1. N+
w hok w wy c k s, %- s [' f,
' M~m[~p[,hh h i
7 s k
- e. w
. ;* +
g,. h u r. j
, u. . . . ~,:-
*f '
..3 p'I g
. .- I, g k 0
, .A
.tt,g [~) . ,,.4ik ,
.. . ,p -
.. i h , i
. f;; h k }'. ' , ' &, .,
p., .
/ 2 e
- kr 4 . \ - f
/
- g. ,' N <- '.
x tt
.g i
'c.;
'6 i.\ %*gi *
. j- a V
~ p > ^ .+p <' '
-j..; .
j.,1 - <*s'.s e
\
'; < ' 4,3,
,,s*"f \ .
~
,~ %y 4s '
5 . 4
. - I<;
) .e* % ,
y . g ' g gn./ .
,., ' Dl : [-
v c * {
. f4*'
r > ,
~ ,
y* n
~
l
- - - . - - . _ . _ - _ - - - - - .-- ,- - - - - - - - --- - - . - -. -..,--..- -. - - - - - - - - . . - ~ . , - - - . - . - - - - _ _ _ _ .
l l l ' j' .* y!l; x< , a ( - j'- , / y, / , c-l r
/
.l Qy f
N
~r.... ? l y
= -
R* *.
. ?,
^ '
W : a, - R
~ - '
$il'*, $
17%li,: q ;, ,.
.yg }
g > -
;,,p :
-%y,._._g .
/*** g
, s, g<. y< ,:[ ,
f
._ .e C
m\ a. .y\ . p a.3 , ; 2
.)
"p v. 4 ' s y<> .
r .; r A. . t :. _ c_--
, _ . . - - - - - - - - - . , _ ,---,--ne-. - , - - - - - - . - - - , . .- _--_---,,v,,.,.--.-,,----,,,n- - , . , , - - _ ~ ~ . - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
I , , t . 43:> ,.,.~we-" $ ' -
"t, s - .,
~ . ,, ,
,'s'
, . 1 -
8 a. r. ; . ;- ; *
. ,. u
' '-~-'i \ ,- _, , ?s i.
x -- g' ' " ' j, y;jagy.t\ /.' :ce:c;p&pl'.
~~ l '
( g j a V a{ ~. g am ,
=
i ; QL e ;
}n qj:!j' W g ^
(QQYl41, W g
's qpy; 1
'. = , .
. p .$ s i
, , gN i. '
Mfg!.:.?f%y( . j an _
. _ . _ y
, jfw3as .,, #;s 4 -
s' gibgpyw[y', a s
- 4 % d ,1 t yAwa g %4, byf j
.3 W J ). [ . t%.w &w' &.hg% hn i:
i: = _ _ = . 3 ... r1. 4 3 us- s.
.y a w2 we 7ya i ij v-
_ w .-
- 4. y..
a%tA 4
, m,, .s 4bry :,
i C y_- r.,. p2. 4 r 1 . uuuuud v % ? ;( - u
, , - gy .
,o -5 ,
l' \
'Q.
.. , n- .
, . m g e, ,
i
,, y, %p ~,
s Ws ;
$ 9 M- , *; f.
4,
..g'~
4l '.4 ,
$ $ $'s$ -~-
~
~- ,-. .5 5[
L 'L < i
%pv y i b ~} , 2
'h g i . :. .:
W w .a L jp/ 44 si
+m
]s +
hi ' [ nt y :" p;- 1; q
,. 1 ,
4y4x e l
,%m': !,
t y.-3 ; . . l
, 'q.3 i - '
a ,p - j; ,, ls, '
- j- %
AY- ff > ;s [
- D c:
s;p i i
-.>u \ ,
is 3 l
~
?
. .,,,,4% L' -
1. l
- - - - . - - . - --m - -- -
, y-- - , , , , - , - ,
' APPENDIX II ,
l I PRELIMDiARY RESULTS OF MONITORING e 1 Analyses of characteristics of gill-net catches have been made l l l on the basis of two full years (8 quarters) of sampling. ' l Diversity and Abundance--Species diversity
- appears to follow i
! I a characteristic repetitive pattern at Stations 1 and 2 (Figure 1). ! i l Importance values ** of channel catfish and white bass also fol-low characteristic repetitive patterns (Figure 2 and 3); these I species may be useful as indicator species. Additional species will be considered as indicators if characteristic patterns of abundance emerge at the termination of the preoperational phase ; of monitoring. ! l Tagging--As of the winter quarter (January) 1971, a total of l 4,480 fish representing 16 species has been tagged and released. Of-these,158, or approxhnately 3.5 percent, have been recaptured. ; l Future efforts in this aspect of the monitoring program may in-clude intensive tagging and displacement of selected species in I order to more clearly elucidate patterns of movement of important species. In addition, we are considering the possibility of using sonic fish tags to track individual fish in onier to in- ) i l vestigate avoidance reactions to thennal discharges. l population Inventories--Sampling of selected coves with rote-none provides data on reproductive success and early growth of I =
- Diversity = (no. species - 1) / loge total catch.
**Importance value (I.V. ) = (catch / trap night) x 100 (frequency of occurrence).
-e ,--, , - . - - , - - - , - - - . . - . - , .-- - - , - - - - - - - - - -
Figure 1. Diversity of gill-not catch, L' heeler Reservoir. a- _ . - 40 Total Catch
. Sta.1 e
I 3.0 - N 1
- A- --
_o i
.t ,
1 U e
.D 0
II Sta.2 3.0 - I 2.0 ~ I I l i 1 2 3 4 Quarter
---_, ,,..,,--,*.,-.-.-.,..-+----..-,.------------+y
Figure 2. Log importance values, Channel catfish, Wheeler Reservoir l 3
^
Channel catfish 2 ~
, 11 1
1 Sta,1 a 0 - m O J
-1 - - 3
-2 - - 2 11 i
Sta.2 1>' , ! O
- .O i
- -1 1 __I I -l 1 2 3 4
. Quarter.
_ _ _ . , _ _ _ . _ _ _ . . - _ - , . . _ _ _ _ . _ _ .__.-_-.._-.___.__.-__r__,., _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . - _ _ . , - . _ _
Figure 3. Los importance values, White bass, Wheeler Reservoir. , 3 _ White bass
, Sta.1 2 '-
3 _ Il 0 - S, . O a Sta.2 2 - ll l 1 - 4 0 - I I I i 1 2 3 4 Quarter ,,
,.._,-,,,---,--..,---9 - - . , - -
II-2 3-
, certain species, provided such samples are repeated for several years for the same coves at the same time of year. Estimates of production, based on three coves sampled in both 1969 and 1970 range from 414 to 1,157 kg/ha (370 to 1,033 Pounds per acre).
Inspection of the data indicates that gizzard shad may be subja.ct to large fluctuations in year-class strength. The same may be true for other species (bluegill, spotted sucker), while some i species (largemouth and smallmouth bass, freshwater drum) appear I to have only minor fluctuations in reproductive success. These l data will serve as baseline data with which to compare results , in the postoperational phase of sampling. O l 4 l l l .1 O
T l a. APPENDIX III STUDIES BY TVA AND OIERS ON TE EFFECTS OF HEATED WATER AT PARADISE STEAM PLANT Introduction The Paradise Steam Plant consists of three units--two of 650 megawatts ' each, and one of 1,150 megawatts. Prior to operation, baseline monitor-ing of fish and fish-food organisms were made. The ==H == river tem-perature (average over any cross section) permitted by TVA was 95 F.
- Two years after operation of units one and two cocinenced, studies made i
of aquatic life in the Green River below the plant noted reductions in levels of aquatic life below those indicated in the baseline studies. As a result of these studies, units one and two operate on cooling towers
. when high water temperatures exist. Unit three operates on cooling towers at all times. Temperature criteria of 90 F. for the maximum i
river temperature averaged over any cross section and limiting surface temperature to 93 F. were put into effect in 1968. Further monitoring s is being conducted to assess effects of the tighter themal controls. 1 The following discussion provides a synopsis of the effects of heated I water on aquatic life at Paradise Steam Plant. l I 1 Studies by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia l 1 1 The Green River does not possess the normal ccasplement of biotic charac-teristics of flowing streams. The departure toward a stillwater situ-d ation is largely attributable to long-existing alterations of the stream for navication. The pool on which the Paradise plant is located is
- raintained by navigation locks, thus creating a "canal-type" situation.
Su=mer stream velocitics are low because of the deep channel and low O l
III-2 flows. Benthic insect fauna are scarce in this pool situation because . channel margins are steep and the overbank area developnent of a littoral fauna is sharply limited. In addition, heavy barge traffic within the pool churns bottm sediments thus creating unstable substrate conditions. Stream invertebrates are largely restricted to zooplankton, predminant37 species typical of lakes. Since benthic insects are scarce, the transi-tory zooplankton comunity assumes the major role in converting plant material to eh1_ protein and thus constitutes a cajor energy channel connecting the fish population to the detrital-algal base in the food chain. I The staff of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences directed by Dr. Ruth Patrick investigated the attached and planktonic flora, protozoa, in-vertebrate fauna, and insect fauna. Samples were collected over a 20- ; mile stretch of river extending downstream from a station 1 mile above l the plant. The preoperational study was conducted in 1%1--about two years prior to plant startup. A secon.1 study was conducted in 1%5-- l two years after startup of the plant. l The 1%5 study shewed a reduction in species diversity and abundance, compared to that established in the 1%1 study. The invertebrates showed the greatest decline over the four-year interval. The major chances were nearest the plant and were less severe at greater distances. The presence of coal dust and heavy bar6e traffic apparently contributed to the de-generatien in quality.
- 2. Pish population Studies Dr. Hunter Hancock of Murray State University, Kentucky, made an exten-sive survey of the effects of heated water on fish popu]Ation. With 8
a fish as with the food chain organisms, diversity of species and 4 abundance are taken as a general indication of quality. Dr. Hancock made fish counts in the su=mers of 1961,1963 (after startup),1964, 1965, 1966, and 1967 Catches were poor in 1961 and became poorer afterwards . Catches were on the order of one fish per net day of effort. A general decline in catch was experienced at all stations after startup. The catch improved in 1965 and 1966, but was lov again in 1967 Thus, the relative abundance of fish in all operational years up to the use of cooling towers in 1968 van lover than the 1961 preoperation level. The composition of the catch showed a smaller fraction of game fish and a larger fraction of edible rough fish. How- I l ever, some game species (white bass and spotted bass) vere more numerous l in 1966 thsn in 1961 collections. The forage, nonedible rough, and pan i fish were not present in great enough numbers to show a trend. Since l
. I the trend in catch was the same at stations above and well below the plant, as in the immediate vicinity of the plant, it is difficult to conclude how much of the effect was due to the addition of vaste heat. )
A more recent study was made in 1970; preliminary results of this study are similar to those found in 1965-66. l i 3 Studies of Zooplankton by TVA Biologists 1 TVA biologists made a special study of the effects of temperature on zooplankton , laboratory studies indicated a lethal threshold of about 97' F. for the dominant species of the Green River. Laboratory resulta vere substantiated by a series of field studies in May of 1964. Field studies revealed a lar6e mixed plankton population isolated in the
, floating pool of varm vater which develops upstream of the plant.
Zooplankton vere extremely abundant here at temperatures up to, but
6 . . not exceeding 96.8' F. The organisms were being seeded in this area '
. by the approaching colder water and were flourishing at temperatures below the-lethal limit. Sampling in the discharge canal where tem- ,
peratures exceeded 10l* F. indicsted the organisms were not surviving passage through the condensers. - To prevent plankton depletion of i downstream reaches over extended periods or distances, either the ! temperatures within the condensers must be reduced below the thermal threshold for zooplankton or a portion of the streamflow permitted to bypass the plant and seed that flow diverted through the plant . During the period May 15 to May 27,1964, sufficient zooplankton by-passed the steam plant to reseed effluent water. AFproximately 3 miles belev the plant the zooplankton population equalled or exceeded popu-
+ lation levels measured in unmodified upstream reaches. Rapid recovery was attributed to an accelerated reproductive rate in the thermally favorable downstream areas.
- 4. Periphyton Studies Periphyton is an association of aquatic plants, both pigmented and nonpigmented, growing attached or clinging to the various types of substrate surfaces (river bottom, logs, stems, and leaves, etc. ) in a river or lake. Periphyton in rivers is the principal food source for many benthic, herbivorous crganisms and grazing fish, provides shelter, contributes oxygen to vater, and constitutes a major source of river phytoplankton. Studies were undertaken to characterize the rate of periphyton production in the Green River.
General methods employed in the sur,eys included the collection of temperature data throughout cross secticr3 of the receiving waters both
, above and below the discharge point, collection of bottom fauna with
a Petersen dredge above and below the discharge point, and the use of racks of artificial substrates (plexiglass slides) for collection af periphyton growth below the surface. The slides were analyzed for total organic matter, phytopigment absorbency, and autotrophic index. The periphyton data provide a good indication of the effects of cooling vater passing through the condensers. If water passing through the condensers is beated too much, aquatic organisms (such as phytoplank-ton and zooplankton) suspended in it are killed. After being killed, these organisms can form a "luxury level" of food for heterotrophic or "slime" organisms dovastream. These heterotrophic organisms are dependent upon organic catter for fool. In contrast to this, auto-trophic organisms (e.g., phytoplankton) rely on inorganic carbon and
. other minerals in the water for their food supply. Consequently, any marxed reduction in the ratio of autotrophic to heterotrophic organisms in the total mass of periphyton could indicate that elevated tempera-ture is killing at least some of the plankton passing through the con-densers and increasing "slime" growth.
The following conclusions were dravn: (1) During the summer months periphyton growth rates in the Green River are substantially reduced in the vicinity of the steam plant. In the late fall and early vinter, downstream growth rates may be moderately enhanced. (2) Recovery generally occurred about 15 miles downstream. (3) The station in the immediate vicinity of the Paradise Steam Plant showed the largest proportion of heterotrophic slimes. Below the plant the proportion of algae in the periphyton increased progressively with distance and was greater at the dovastream recovery stations than at the upstream f* control stations. (l+) Downstream from the plar.t, the relative
o periphyton production rates progressively increased. The varm vater e discharges clearly favored the production or the heterotrophic slimes during the varm summer months. (5) As regards the total supply of fish food in the periphyton, little net change due to the plant was
. observed. However, the findings indi: ate that the potential for problems due ;;o slime growth would be increased in any industrial water-using operations located close downstream from the power plant.
The first unit at Paradise vent into commercial operation in May 1963 While the second unit did not go into commercial operation until November 1963, it was initially fired up on August 21, 1963 During the initial firing, flow in the Grsen River was less than condenser flow. During two periods in the fall of 1963 (september 12 to september 13, and september 23 to October 1), ne mximum mean tem- , perature determined at Green River mile 99 5 exce'd 2d 95* F. Five vinter fish inventories were made by TVA and Kentucky biologists in the yearr. 1962-1966. A much larger vinter fish population is con-sistently found in the vicinity of the discharge canal than in the river above and below the plant. Distribution of fish by type { paralleled sumer findings, except game fish were much more numerous than in preoperational samples. Fishermen know that steam plant dis-charge canals are excellent spots for fishing in vinter months. The 95* F. temperature maximum recom::: ended in 1962 remained in effect during 1963, 1964, and 1965 Because of the reduction in species j diversity and abundance jndicated by Dr. Pr. b;i's 1965 study, it was , concluded that the temperature criteria sho c . be changed. About this l
t o I time the construction of a third unit at Paradise was planned. e Cooling towers were to be provided for the new unit. Since the existing two units were required to operate under reduced load for a i long period each year to meet the 95' F. criterion, and since operation
^ l vould be further curtailed by new temperature limits, it appeared desirable to provide cooling towers for all three units. A maximum
$ mean river temperature of 93* F. was allowed until the first cooling ; tower was put into operation during the summer of 1968. The nev criteria established by TVA limit maximum mean .-iver temperature to ) 90' F. and surface temperature to 93* F.
+
1 ( l a 1 i l l l l I , 1 I e , 4 I i
. l 4
l d l
l I L. , a APPENDIX IV PROPOSED RESEARCH PROJECT Oh EFFECTS L OF HEATED WATEH ON l AQUATIC LIFE l i .
- Proposed Research Project on Effects of Heated Water on Aquatic Life 1 ,
TVA is planning a larbe-scale biological research project to explore the effects of heated water on aquatic life. This is a long-term project to. be conducted in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency. . The objectives of the proposed experiments are:
- 1. To determine the relationship between annual temperature regime and growth, reproduction, mortality, and yield of
'. varmwater commercial and sport fish populations living under nearly natural conditions. Each of the above pro-cesses vill be modeled mathematically using methods similar t I.
to those described by Ricker (1958) and Beverton and Holt (1957). Parameters in these models will be related to 1 . the annual temperature regime using several equations l l reviewed by Andrevartha and Birch (1954) and Watt (1968). l These resulta vill be used to predict the effect of dif-l ferent annual temperature regimes on growth, mortality, l reproduction, production, and yield from a fishery. ; Measures of condition and size distribution vill also be l l i made on the fish. E=phasis in these studies vill be placed l l l on sport and commercially valuable fish populations because ) i . l these populations are of immediate and measurable impor- l tance. The significance of changes in fish populations is i l
-w more easily evaluated, from the viewpoint of human economics, than is the significance of changes in other aquatic populations, and increased water temperature
, will probably have a greater effect on fish than on ! other-aquatic life.
j 2. The accuracy of "safe" water temperature regimes esti-mated using laboratory experiments vill be evaluated by
! comparing results from the channel studies with "safe" levels determined by using both LD values and experi-i 50 ments similar to those done by Mount and Stephan (1967).
3 The relationship between annual temperature regime and ; 1
; the production of varmwater, commercially valuable mussel (
populations living under nearly natural conditions will ! be determined using the same methods as will be used for fish.
- 4. The relationship between annual temperature regime and the production of varmvater bottom fauna and other fish i food organisms will be modeled using methods similar to those to be used for the fish studies.
5 The effect of different annual temperature regimes on the ecological relationships between fishes and their t l food organisms vill be studied using conceptual models similar to those developed by Beverton and Holt (1957). The models will be fitted to the data by the method of J .
. I l
J
o least squares, and then the effect of temperature on t the parameters in the model vill be studied.
- 6. The effect of different annual temperature regimes on algal community composition will be determined by esti-mating the relative frequencies of occurrence of dif-ferent groups. Mathematical models fcr algal produc-tivity will be constructed.
7 The effect of temperature on the relationships among
~
streambottom microbial populations vill be studied.
- 8. The effect of different annual temperature regimes on the competitive interaction between two species of fish vill be investigated.
9 The effect of annual temperature regime on the pre-dation of one species of fish on another fish species may be investigated.
- 10. The feasibility of using syste=s models for determining the effect of different annual temperature regimes on the structural and fun:tional relationships of stream communities will be investigated.
In co=pleting the above objectives, the Browns Ferry project will pro-vide data for establishing temperature criteria for varmvater streams, data for determining the accuracy of laboratory estimates of safe water quality criteria, and data for investigating the potential of applying systems analysis in ecology. O
6 A total of eight naturalistic stream channels will be used. Two of v these channels vill serve as biological controls water of natural temperature. The other six channels will contain water with tempera-tures elevated to some degree above that in the control channels. Water will be supplied to the channels from Wheeler Reservoir. Water of natural temperature vill come through a special intake located near the upstream end of the intake canal for the power plant. Warm vater for the three pairs of experimental channels vill be heated in head exchangers. The source of heat for the heat exchangers will be varm water discharged throu6h a manifold from the power plant condensers. The captive fish and associated biota vill be exposed to the experimen- , tal conditions 100 percent of the time. In streams or reservoira receiving heated discharges, effects of heat would be less since upper limit temperatures in the heat-receivin6 stream or reservoir vill occur only intermittently due to variables such as variations in streamflows, powerloads, etc. Consequently, the controlled experiments should yield 1 the most detrimental (or beneficial) effects possible of the particular heat regimes. The findings from the research should have vide application. Given l proper interpretation, they should be of great value in setting or ad- ! Justing vater quality standards for temperature. The data obtained
)
should help define the degree of protection needed for aquatic life, l together with the degree to which varmwater atreams can be used, in the public interest, to absorb heated discharges from industry. 6
)
.. - .._ . - . ~ .. .
7e . ,i l' t Literature Cited f Andrevartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The Distribution and l Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, I Illinois. Beverton, R. J. H., and S. J. Holt. 1957 On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Population. HMSO, Iondon, f Mount, Donald I., and Charles E. Stephan. 1967 A Method for l Establishin8 Acceptable Toxicant Limits for Fish - Malthion ) i nnd Butoryethanol Ester of 2-4-D - Trans-American F',sheries. -l Society, Chapter 96, pages 185-193 Ricker, W. E. 1958. Handbook of Computation for Biolo61 cal Statistics of Fish Populations - Fisheries Research Board of o Canada - Bulletin 119 Watt, K. E. F. 1968. Ecology and Resource Mana6ement - McGraw Hill, 1 New York. 1 l I I O I .O l I J}}