ML113540349

Callaway, Unit 1, Environmental Report; Operating License Renewal Stage Final, Cover Through Chapter 2

ML113540349
Person / Time
Site:	Callaway
Issue date:	12/15/2011
From:	Ameren Missouri
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Shared Package
ML113530374	List: ML113530372 ML113540349 ML113540354 ULNRC-05830, Application for Renewed Operating License (LDCN 11-0022)
References
ULNRC-05830
Download: ML113540349 (89)

Text

Callaway Plant Unit 1

A A p p p p l l i i c c a a n n t ts s E E n n v v i i r r o o n n m m e e n n t t a a l l R R e e p p o o r r t t;; O O p p e e r r a a t t i i n n g g L L i i c c e e n n s s e e R R e e n n e e w w a a l l S S t t a a g g e e F F i i n n a a l l Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page iii of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Chapter-Page Acronyms and Abbreviations

...........................................................................................

AA-1 Chapter 1 - Introduction

........................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Purpose of and Need for Action

.................................................................................1-1 1.2 Environmental Report Scope and Methodology

.........................................................1-2 1.3 Callaway Unit 1 Licensee and Ownership

..................................................................1-3 1.4 Tables .......................................................................................................................1-4 1.5 References

................................................................................................................1-6 Chapter 2 - Site and Environmental Interfaces

...................................................................2-1 2.1 Location and Features

...............................................................................................2-1 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities

............................................................................2-2 2.2.1 Introduction

.................................................................................................2-2 2.2.2 Hydrology ....................................................................................................2-2 2.2.3 Water Quality

..............................................................................................2-3 2.2.4 Aquatic Communities

..................................................................................2-4 2.2.5 Riparian Communities

.................................................................................2-7 2.3 Groundwater Resources

............................................................................................2-9 2.3.1 Groundwater Supply and Sources

...............................................................2-9 2.3.2 Offsite Groundwater Usage

....................................................................... 2-11 2.3.3 Plant Groundwater Usage

......................................................................... 2-11 2.3.4 Plant Groundwater Quality

........................................................................ 2-12 2.3.4.1 Tritium in Groundwater

............................................................ 2-12 2.3.4.2 Metals in Groundwater

............................................................. 2-14 2.3.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater

.......................... 2-14 2.4 Critical and Important Terrestrial Habitats

................................................................ 2-16 2.5 Threatened or Endangered Species

........................................................................ 2-19 2.6 Demography

............................................................................................................ 2-22 2.6.1 Regional Demography............................................................................... 2-22 2.6.2 Minority and L ow-Income Populations

....................................................... 2-24 2.6.2.1 Minority Popul ations ................................................................. 2-24 2.6.2.2 Low-Income Populations

.......................................................... 2-25 2.7 Economic Base........................................................................................................ 2-26 2.8 Housing ................................................................................................................... 2-27 2.9 Educational System

................................................................................................. 2-28 2.10 Taxes .................................................................................................................... 2-29 2.11 Land Use Planning

.................................................................................................. 2-30 2.12 Social Services and Public Facilities

........................................................................ 2-31 2.12.1 Public Water Systems ............................................................................... 2-31 2.12.2 Transportation

........................................................................................... 2-31 2.13 Meteorology and Air Quality..................................................................................... 2-33 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources

................................................................... 2-35 2.14.1 Regional Historic Context .......................................................................... 2-35 2.14.1.1 Prehistoric

................................................................................ 2-35 2.14.1.2 Historic..................................................................................... 2-37 2.14.1.3 Historical Background of Callaway County

............................... 2-39 2.14.2 Previous Cultural Resource Studies

.......................................................... 2-40 Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page iv of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section Chapter-Page 2.14.3 Management of Cultural Resources .......................................................... 2-41 2.14.4 Nearby Cultural Resources

....................................................................... 2-42 2.15 Other Projects and Activities

.................................................................................... 2-43 2.16 Tables and Figures

.................................................................................................. 2-44 2.17 References

.............................................................................................................. 2-64 Chapter 3 - The Proposed Action

.........................................................................................3-1 3.1 General Plant Information

..........................................................................................3-2 3.1.1 Reactor and Containment Systems

.............................................................3-2 3.1.2 Cooling and Auxiliary Water Systems

..........................................................3-2 3.1.3 Power Transmission Systems

.....................................................................3-4 3.2 Refurbishment Activities

............................................................................................3-6 3.3 Programs and Activities for Managing the Effects of Aging

........................................3-7 3.4 Employment

..............................................................................................................3-8 3.5 Tables and Figures .................................................................................................. 3-10 3.6 References

.............................................................................................................. 3-14 Chapter 4 - Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions

..............................................................................................4-1 4.1 Water Use Conflicts (Plants Using Cooling Towers or Cooling Ponds and Withdrawing Makeup Water from a Small River with Low Flow)

................................4-4 4.2 Entrainment of Fish and Shellfish in Early Life Stages

...............................................4-6 4.3 Impingement of Fish and Shellfish

.............................................................................4-7 4.4 Heat Shock

................................................................................................................4-8 4.5 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using > 100 gpm of Groundwater) ......................4-9 4.6 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Cooling Towers or Cooling Ponds and Withdrawing Makeup Water from a Small River)

.................................... 4-11 4.7 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Ranney Wells)

........................................ 4-13 4.8 Degradation of Groundwater Quality

........................................................................ 4-14 4.9 Impacts of Refurbishment on Terrestrial Resources

................................................ 4-15 4.10 Threatened or Endangered Species

........................................................................ 4-16 4.11 Air Quality During Refurbishment (Non

-Attainment Areas)

...................................... 4-18 4.12 Impacts on Public Health of Microbiological Organisms

........................................... 4-19 4.13 Electromagnetic Fields - Acute Effects

.................................................................... 4-21 4.14 Housing Impacts

...................................................................................................... 4-23 4.15 Public Water Systems.............................................................................................. 4-24 4.16 Education Impacts from Refurbishment

................................................................... 4-25 4.17 Offsite Land Use

...................................................................................................... 4-26 4.17.1 Offsite Land Use - Refurbishment

............................................................ 4-26 4.17.2 Offsite Land Use - License Renewal Term

............................................... 4-27 4.18 Transportation

......................................................................................................... 4-30 4.19 Historic and Archaeological Resources

................................................................... 4-31 4.20 Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives

................................................................... 4-33 4.21 Cumulative Impacts

................................................................................................. 4-35 4.21.1 Water Use and Quality

.............................................................................. 4-35 Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page v of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section Chapter-Page 4.21.2 Ecological Impacts

.................................................................................... 4-36 4.21.2.1 Terrestrial Resources

............................................................... 4-36 4.21.2.2 Aquatic Resources

................................................................... 4-36 4.21.3 Air Quality Impacts

.................................................................................... 4-36 4.21.4 Nonradiological Health Impacts

................................................................. 4-37 4.21.5 Socioeconomic Impacts

............................................................................ 4-37 4.21.6 Historic and Archeological Resources

....................................................... 4-38 4.21.7 Fuel Cycle, Transportation, and Decommissioning

.................................... 4-38 4.21.7.1 Uranium Fuel Cycle

................................................................. 4-38 4.21.7.2 Transportation

.......................................................................... 4-38 4.21.7.3 Decommissioning

.................................................................... 4-39 4.21.8 Land Use Impacts

..................................................................................... 4-39 4.21.9 Postulated Accidents

................................................................................. 4-39 4.21.10 Radiological Health Impacts

...................................................................... 4-39 4.21.10.1 Occupational Doses

................................................................. 4-40 4.21.10.2 Public Dose s ............................................................................ 4-40 4.22 Tables .................................................................................................................... 4-41 4.23 References

.............................................................................................................. 4-42 Chapter 5 - Assessment of New and Significant Information

............................................5-1 5.1 Ameren Process for Identifying New and Significant Information

...............................5-1 5.2 References

................................................................................................................5-3 Chapter 6 - Summary of License Renewal Impacts and Mitigating Actions

.....................6-1 6.1 License Renewal Impacts

..........................................................................................6-1 6.2 Mitigation

...................................................................................................................6-2 6.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts

...................................................................................6-3 6.3.1 Existing Unavoidable Adverse Impacts

.......................................................6-3 6.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emi ssions ........................................................................6-3 6.4 Irreversible or Irretrievable Resource Commitments

..................................................6-5 6.5 Short-Term Use Versus Long-Term Productivity of the Environment

........................6-6 6.6 Tables .......................................................................................................................6-7 6.7 References

.............................................................................................................. 6-10 Chapter 7 - Alternatives to the Proposed Action

................................................................7-1 7.1 No-Action Alternative

.................................................................................................7-3 7.2 Alternatives that Meet System Generating Needs

......................................................7-5 7.2.1 Alternatives Considered

..............................................................................7-6 7.2.1.1 Construct and Operate Fossil

-Fuel-Fired Generation

............... 7-10 7.2.1.2 Construct and Operate New Nuclear Reactors

........................ 7-11 7.2.1.3 Purchased Power

.................................................................... 7-12 7.2.1.4 Demand Side Management

..................................................... 7-13 7.2.1.5 Other Alternatives

.................................................................... 7-15 7.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Alternatives

...................................................... 7-21 7.2.2.1 Gas-Fired Generation

.............................................................. 7-22 Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page vi of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section Chapter-Page 7.2.2.2 Coal-Fired Generation

............................................................. 7-24 7.2.2.3 New Nuclear Reactor

............................................................... 7-26 7.2.2.4 Purcha sed Po w er .................................................................... 7-26 7.3 Tables and Figures

.................................................................................................. 7-28 7.4 References

.............................................................................................................. 7-35 Chapter 8 - Comparison of Environmental Impacts of License Renewal with the Alternatives

..................................................................................................8-1 8.1 Tables .......................................................................................................................8-2 8.2 References

.............................................................................................................. 8-10 Chapter 9 - Status of Compliance

........................................................................................9-1 9.1 Proposed Action

........................................................................................................9-1 9.1.1 General .......................................................................................................9-1 9.1.2 Threatened or Endangered Species

............................................................9-1 9.1.3 Coastal Zone Management Program Compliance

.......................................9-2 9.1.4 Historic Preservation

...................................................................................9-2 9.1.5 Water Quality (401) Certification

.................................................................9-2 9.2 Alternatives

................................................................................................................9-3 9.3 Tables ......................................................................................................................9-4 9.4 References

................................................................................................................9-7 List of Attachments Attachment A - NRC NEPA Issues for License Renewal of Nuclear Power Plants Attachment B - National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Attachment C - Special Status Species Correspondence Attachment D - Cultural Resources Correspondence Attachment E - Microbiological Correspondence Attachment F Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Analysis

Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page vii of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

List of Tables Table Chapter-Page 1-1 Environmental Report Responses to License Renewal Environmental Regulatory Requirements

....................................................................................1-4 2.2-1 Water Quality at Boonville, Missouri USGS Monitoring Station, Oct. 2007-Sept. 2008

......................................................................................... 2-44 2.2-2 Water Quality at Hermann, Missouri USGS Monitoring Station, Oct. 2007-Sept. 2008

......................................................................................... 2-44 2.3-1 Callaway Unit 1 Groundwater Well System Details

............................................ 2-45 2.3-2 Summary of Metals and Strontium Groundwater Quality Data (May 2007 to February 2008)

............................................................................. 2-46 2.5-1 Protected Species in the Counties Containing the Callaway Plant and its Associated Transmission Lines

.......................................................................... 2-47 2.6-1 Estimated Populations and Annual Growth Rates

.............................................. 2-48 2.6-2 Race and Low

-Income Population Block Groups within 50 Miles of Callaway Unit 1

.................................................................................................. 2-49 2.10-1 Callaway County Tax Information, 2004-2008 ................................................... 2-50 2.10-2 South Callaway County R

-II School District Tax Information, 2004

-2008 ........... 2-50 2.11-1 Callaway County Land Use, 2005

...................................................................... 2-51 2.12-1 Major Community Water Systems, 2008

............................................................ 2-52 2.14-1 Properties Listed in the National Register of Historic Places that Fall with in a 6-Mile Radius of the Callaway Plant

................................................................... 2-53 3.4-1 Residential Distribution of Permanent Employees, by County, 2009

.................. 3-10 4.13-1 Results of Induced Current Analysis

.................................................................. 4-41 6.1-1 Category 2 Environmental Impacts Related to License Renewal at Callaway Plant .................................................................................................6-7 7.2-1 Gas-Fired Alternative

......................................................................................... 7-28 7.2-2 Coal-Fired Alternative

........................................................................................ 7-29 7.2-3 Air Emissions from Gas-Fired Alternative

........................................................... 7-30 7.2-4 Air Emissions from Coal

-Fired Alternative

.......................................................... 7-31 7.2-5 Solid Waste from Coal-Fired Alternative

............................................................ 7-32 8-1 Impacts Comparison Summary

............................................................................8-2 8-2 Impacts Comparison Detail

..................................................................................8-3 9-1 Environmental Authorizations for Current Callaway Unit 1 Operations .................9-4 9-2 Environmental Authorization for Callaway Unit 1 License Renewal

......................9-6 Table of Contents Callaway Plant Unit 1 Page viii of viii Environmental Report for License Renewal TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

List of Figures Figure Chapter-Page 2.1-1 Callaway 50-Mile Radius Map ....................................................................... 2-54 2.1-2 Callaway Six-Mile Radius Map ...................................................................... 2-55 2.1-3 Callaway Property Boundary ......................................................................... 2-56 2.2-1 Major Water Bodies in Callaway Vicinity

....................................................... 2-57 2.3-1 Callaway Production Well Location Map

....................................................... 2-58 2.6-1 Black Races

.................................................................................................. 2-59 2.6-2 Aggregate of Minorities

................................................................................. 2-60 2.6-3 Low-Income Households

.............................................................................. 2-61 2.11-1 Callaway County Land Use

........................................................................... 2-62 2.12-1 2008 MoDot Traffic Volume Map................................................................... 2-63 3.1-1 Plant Layout .................................................................................................. 3-11 3.1-2 Site Layout

.................................................................................................... 3-12 3.1-3 Transmission Corridors ................................................................................. 3-13 7-1 Missouri Generating Capacity by Fuel Type, 20 08 ........................................ 7-34 7-2 Ameren Generating Capacity by Fuel Type, 20 08 ......................................... 7-34 7-3 Missouri Generation by Fuel Type, 2008

....................................................... 7-34 7-4 Ameren Generation by Fuel Type, 2008

....................................................... 7-34 Acronyms and Abbreviations Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal AA-1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS µg micrograms ABWR Advanced Boiling Water Reactor AEIC Associated Electric Cooperatives ALARA as low as reasonably achievable AQCR Air Quality Control Region ARV air release valve B.P. before present bgs below ground surface BSNP Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes Btu British thermal unit CAA Clean Air Act CAIR Clear Air Interstate Rule CCS carbon capture and storage CEQ Council on Environmental Quality C eq carbon equivalent CFR Code of Federal Regulations cfs cubic feet per second CO carbon monoxide COLA Combined License Application CSR Code of State Regulations CWA Clean Water Act DSM Demand-side management EDG emergency diesel generator EIA Energy Information Administration EPR Evolutionary Power Reactor EPRI Electric Power Research Institute EPT Ephemeroptera

-Plecoptera

-Trichoptera ER environmental report FES Final Environmental Statement FES-CP Final Environmental Statement - Construction Phase FES-OP Final Environmental Statement - Operations Phase FHWA Federal Highway Administration FR Federal Register

Acronyms and Abbreviations Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal AA-2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)

FSAR Final Safety Analysis Report ft 3 cubic foot g grams gal gallon GEIS Generic Environmental Impact Statement GHG green house gas gpm gallons per minute HDPE high density polyethylene IPA integrated plant assessment IRP integrated resource plan ISFSI independent spent fuel storage installation ISO independent system operator kV kilovolt kVA kilovolt-amps kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour L liter lb pound LOS Level of service LTA land type association mA milliamperes MACOG Missouri Association of Councils of Government MCL maximum contaminant level MDC Missouri Department of Conservation MDHSS Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services MDNR Missouri Department of Natural Resources mg milligrams MGD million gallons per day MM million MoDOT Missouri Department of Transportation mph miles per hour mS millisiemens MSA metropolitan statistical area msl mean sea level MW megawatt MWe megawatts-electric MWt megawatts-thermal Acronyms and Abbreviations Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal AA-3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NEI Nuclear Energy Institute NEPA National Environmental Policy Act NESC National Electrical Safety Code NO 2 nitrogen dioxide NO x nitrogen oxides NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NRC U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRHP National Register of Historic Places NSPS New Source Performance Standard NSR New Source Review NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units

ºC degrees celsius pCi picocuries PM particulate matter PSC public service commission PWR pressurized water reactor ROI region of influence REMP Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program RSMo Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri SAMA severe accident mitigation alternatives SCR selective catalytic reduction SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer SIP state implementation plan SMITTR surveillance, monitoring, inspections, testing, trending, and recordkeeping SNUPPS Standardized Nuclear Unit Power Plant System SO 2 sulfur dioxide SO x sulfur oxides SPP Southwest Power Pool TPH total petroleum hydrocarbons tpy tons per year UEC Union Electric Company USACE U. S. Army Corps of Engineers USCB U. S. Census Bureau USEPA U. S. Environmental Protection Agency USFWS U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Acronyms and Abbreviations Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal AA-4 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONTINUED)

USGS U. S. Geological Survey VOC volatile organic compounds WBID water body identification WTE waste-to-energy yr year Section 1.1 Purpose of and Need for Action Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 1 of 6 1.0 CHAPTER 1

- INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF AND NEED FOR ACTION The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licenses the operation of domestic nuclear power plants in accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, and NRC implementing regulations.

Union Electric Company, a subsidiary of Ameren Corporation and doing business as Ameren Missouri (Ameren) operates Callaway Unit 1 near Fulton in Callaway County, Missouri, pursuant to NRC Operating License NPF

-30 (expires October 18, 2024) under Docket Number 050

-00483. Ameren has prepared this environmental report in conjunction with its application to NRC to renew the Callaway Unit 1 operating license, in compliance with the following NRC regulations:

Title 10, Energy, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 54, Requirements for Renewal of Operating Licenses for Nuclear Power Plants, Section 54.23, Contents of Application

-Environmental Information (10 CFR 54.23).

Title 10, Energy, CFR, Part 51, Environmental Protection Requirements for Domestic Licensing and Related Regulatory Functions, Section 51.53, Post

-Construction Environmental Reports, Subsection 51.53(c), Operating License Renewal Stage

[10 CFR 51.53(c)].

NRC has defined the purpose and need for the proposed action, the renewal of the operating licenses for nuclear power plants such as Callaway Unit 1, as follows: ...The purpose and need for the proposed action (renewal of an operating license) is to provide an option that allows for power generation capability beyond the term of a current nuclear power plant operating license to meet future system generating needs, as such needs may be determined by State, utility, and, where authorized, Federal (other than NRC) decision makers...(NRC 1996a) The renewed operating license would allow Unit 1 to operate until 2044, providing an additional 20 years of operation beyond its current licensed operating period of 40 years.

Section 1.2 Environmental Report Scope and Methodology Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 2 of 6 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY NRC regulations for domestic licensing of nuclear power plants require environmental review of applications to renew operating licenses. NRC regulation 10 CFR 51.53(c) requires that an applicant for license renewal submit with its application a separate document entitled Applicant's Environmental Report - Operating License Renewal Stage. In determining what information to include in the Callaway Unit 1 Environmental Report, Ameren has relied on NRC regulations and the following supporting documents:

NRC supplemental information in the Federal Register (NRC 1996b; NRC 1996c; NRC 1996d; and NRC 1999a) Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS) (NRC 1996a and 1999b) Regulatory Analysis for Amendments to Regulations for the Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses (NRC 1996e) Public Comments on the Proposed 10 CFR Part 51 Rule for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses and Supporting Documents: Review of Concerns and NRC Staff Response (NRC 1996f) Ameren has prepared Table 1-1 to verify conformance with regulatory requirements. Table 1-1 indicates where the environmental report responds to each requirement of 10 CFR 51.53(c). In addition, each section of Chapter 4 is prefaced by pertinent regulatory language and applicable supporting document language.

Section 1.3 Callaway Unit 1 Licensee and Ownership Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 3 of 6 1.3 CALLAWAY UNIT 1 LICENSEE AND OWNERSHIP Ameren wholly owns Callaway Unit 1 with exclusive responsibility and control over the physical construction, operation, and maintenance of the facility. Ameren also owns the switchyard and four 345-kilovolt (kV) transmission lines that connect the switchyard to the offsite electrical system. Ameren is the license renewal applicant.

Section 1.4 Tables Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 4 of 6 1.4 TABLES Table 1-1. Environmental Report Responses to License Renewal Environmental Regulatory Requirements.

Regulatory Requirement Responsive Environmental Report Section(s) 10 CFR 51.53(c)(1)

Entire Document 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2), Sentences 1 and 2 3.0 Proposed Action 3.2 Re furbishment Activities 3.3 Programs and Activities for Managing the Effects of Aging 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2), Sentence 3 7.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Alternatives 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and

10 CFR 51.45(b)(1) 4.0 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and

10 CFR 51.45(b)(2) 6.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and 10 CFR 51.45(b)(3) 7.0 Alternatives to the Proposed Action 8.0 Comparison of Environmental Impacts of License Renewal with the Alternatives 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and

10 CFR 51.45(b)(4) 6.5 Short-Term Use Versus Long

-Term Productivity of the Environment 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and

10 CFR 51.45(b)(5) 6.4 Irreversible or Irretrievable Resource Commitments 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and

10 CFR 51.45(c) 4.0 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions

6.2 Mitigation

7.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Alternatives 8.0 Comparison of Environmental Impact of License Renewal with the Alternatives 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and 10 CFR 51.45(d) 9.0 Status of Compliance 10 CFR 51.53(c)(2) and 10 CFR 51.45(e) 4.0 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions 6.3 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(A) 4.1 Water Use Conflicts (Plants with Cooling Ponds or Cooling Towers Using Makeup Water from a Small River with Low Flow) 4.6 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Cooling Water Towers or Cooling Ponds that Withdraw Makeup Water from a Small River)

Section 1.4 Tables Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 5 of 6 Table 1-1. Environmental Report Responses to License Renewal Environmental Regulatory Requirements.

(Continued)

Regulatory Requirement Responsive Environmental Report Section(s) 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(B) 4.2 Entrainment of Fish and Shellfish in Early Life Stages 4.3 Impingement of Fish and Shellfish 4.4 Heat Shock 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(C) 4.5 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using >100 gpm of Groundwater) 4.7 Groundwater Use Conflicts (Plants Using Ranney Wells) 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(D) 4.8 Degradation of Groundwater Quality 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(E) 4.9 Impacts of Refurbishment on Terrestrial Resources 4.10 Threatened or Endangered Species 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(F) 4.11 Air Quality During Refurbishment (Non

-Attainment and Maintenance Areas) 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(G) 4.12 Microbiological Organisms 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(H) 4.13 Electric Shock from Transmission

-Line-Induced Current 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(I) 4.14 Housing Impacts 4.15 Public Utilities: Public Water Supply Availability 4.16 Education Impacts from Refurbishment 4.17 Offsite Land Use 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(J) 4.18 Transportation 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(K) 4.19 Historic and Archaeological Resources 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(ii)(L) 4.20 Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives 10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iii) 4.0 Environmental Consequences of the Proposed Action and Mitigating Actions

6.2 Mitigation

10 CFR 51.53(c)(3)(iv) 5.0 Assessment of New and Significant Information 10 CFR 51, Appendix B, Table B-1, Footnote 6 2.6.2 Minority and Low

-Income Populations

Section 1.5 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 6 of 6

1.5 REFERENCES

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996a. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS), Volumes 1 and 2. NUREG

-1437, Washington, DC. May. NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996b. Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses, Federal Register 61(109): 28467

-28497. June 5.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996c. Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses; Correction," Federal Register 61 (147): 39555

-39556. July 30. NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996d. Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses, Federal Register 61 (244): 66537

-66554. December

18. NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996e. Regulatory Analysis for Amendments to Regulations for the Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses, NUREG

-1440, Washington, DC. May.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996f. Public Comments on the Proposed 10 CFR Part 51 Rule for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses and Supporting Documents: Review of Concerns and NRC Staff Response, Volumes 1 and 2, NUREG

-1529, Washington, DC. May.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1999a. Changes to Requirements for Environmental Review for Renewal of Nuclear Power Plant Operating Licenses; Final Rules, Federal Register 64 (171): 48496

-48507. September 3.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1999b. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS), Section 6.3, "Transportation" and Table 9 1, "Summary of findings on NEPA issues for license renewal of nuclear power plants," NUREG

-1437, Volume 1, Addendum 1, Washington, DC. August.

Section 2.1 Location and Features Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 1 of 71 2.0 CHAPTER 2 - SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES 2.1 LOCATION AND FEATURE S Callaway Unit 1 is in Callaway County, approximately 10 miles southeast of Fulton, Missouri and 80 miles west of the St. Louis metropolitan area. The nearest population center is the state capital, Jefferson City, with 2006 estimated population of 39,274. Jefferson City is approximately 25 miles southwest of the site. Columbia, Missouri is approximately 30 miles to the northwest (Figure 2.1-1). The Missouri River lies five miles south of the site (Figure 2.1-2). The Callaway site property boundary (Figure 2.1-3) encloses approximately 7,354 acres. It is comprised of three major components.

The 2,765 site area contains the major power generation facilities, including the containment building and related structures, a natural draft cooling tower, a switchyard, the ultimate heat sink retention pond and cooling tower, a water treatment plant, administration buildings, warehouses, and other features. There is also a 2,135-acre corridor area containing the intake and blowdown pipelines between the plant and the river intake structure. Finally, there is a peripheral area of 2,454 acres that is not used for power generation. Of the total 7,354 acres, Ameren has made available approximately 6,300 acres for public access under agreement with the Missouri Department of Conservation.

This is the Reform Conservation Area, which is managed by the Department of Conservation.

The Callaway Plant straddles the boundary between the Dissected Till Plains physiographic province to the north and the Ozark Highlands physiographic province to the south. The site area is on a small plateau of gently rolling hills with average site elevation of approximately 850 feet above mean sea level. The land between the site and the river, which contains the corridor area, drops approximately 325 feet and is highly dissected by streams. The Missouri River has an average elevation of approximately 525 feet. The land surrounding the site is a mixture of forest, farmland, and rural residences. For about a six

-mile radius, the elevation is slightly lower than that of the plant area. Therefore, the Callaway cooling tower is a prominent feature of the area. Section 3.1 provides a description of the plant and some of its key features.

Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 2 of 71 2.2 AQUATIC AND RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES 2.2.1 Introduction The Missouri River flows 2,341 miles from its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains of Montana to its confluence with the Mississippi River near St. Louis (MRNRC 1998). The Missouri River Basin drains an area of approximately 530,000 square miles and significant portions of ten states: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri (USACE 2003). The Missouri River flows generally east and southeast, with most of its major tributaries entering from the west or southwest. These include the Yellowstone River (Montana), the Cheyenne River (South Dakota), the Platte River (Nebraska), and the Kansas River (Kansas).

Prior to the 20th century, spring rains and snowmelt caused the Missouri River to rise each spring (March) and summer (June). Flows declined over the summer and fall, reaching their lowest level in December. The twin processes of erosion and deposition shaped the river and its floodplain, creating a complex system of braided channels, islands, sandbars, sloughs, and backwaters. Plant and animal communities developed that were adapted to these alternating periods of high and low water. Big

-river fish species like the paddlefish (Polydon spathula), pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), sicklefin chub (Macrhybopsis meeki), and sturgeon chub (Macrhybopsis gelida) flourished in the Missouri River, which was characterized, prior to development, by highly variable flows, high sediment loads and high turbidity.

Although measures (e.g., snag removal) were taken to improve Missouri River navigation in the 19th century, the river was largely free

-flowing until the Fort Peck (Montana) Dam was completed in 1940. This Depression

-era public works project provided much

-needed construction jobs and hydroelectric power in the upper Missouri River region. Section 9 of the Flood Control Act of 1944, dubbed the Pick

-Sloan Plan, led to the development of five more mainstem reservoirs in North Dakota and South Dakota. The last of these, Lake Sharpe, was completed in 1963. From north to south, these reservoirs are Lake Sakakawea (Garrison Dam), Lake Oahe (Oahe Dam), Lake Sharpe (Big Bend Dam), Francis Case Lake (Fort Randall Dam), and Lewis and Clark Lake (Gavins Point Dam). The six reservoirs are 867 miles long, 1,202,000 acres in surface area, and hold 73,180,000 acre

-feet of water (Shields 1958). Seven separate acts of Congress (River and Harbors Acts) between 1912 and 1945 provided for improved navigation in the Missouri River. Projects authorized under these acts of Congress are known collectively as the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project (BSNP). The intent of the BSNP was to create and maintain a 300

-foot-wide by 9-foot-deep channel from the mouth of the Missouri River to Sioux City, Iowa, a distance of some 735 miles. BSNP projects included placing revetments on riverbanks, closing off sloughs and side channels, and constructing pile dikes. Later work included dredging and rock dike construction. Officially completed in 1981, these projects created a single stabilized navigational channel from Sioux City to St. Louis, and led to urban and agricultural development in the floodplain

(MRNRC 1998). 2.2.2 Hydrology The Callaway Plant's cooling water intake is located on the north shore of the Missouri River at river mile 115.4 (UEC 1986). A major tributary, the Osage River, joins the Missouri River Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 3 of 71 approximately 14.5 miles upstream of the Callaway intake (see Figure 2.2-1). A second major tributary, the Gasconade River, joins the Missouri River approximately 11 miles downstream of the Callaway intake. The Osage River's flows have been regulated since 1931, when Bagnell Dam was completed, creating Lake of the Ozarks (MDC 2010). The Gasconade River has been less affected by development, and there are no large impoundments on its mainstem.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maintains gaging and water quality monitoring stations upstream of the Callaway intake at Boonville, Missouri (at river mile 196.6) and downstream of the Callaway intake at Hermann, Missouri (at river mile 97.9, seven miles below the Gasconade confluence). For water years 1958

-2008, annual mean flow at Boonville ranged from 36,880 to 140,500 cubic feet per second (cfs) and averaged 67,020 cfs (USGS 2009a). Daily mean flows over the same period ranged from 5,000 to 721,000 cfs. At the Hermann, Missouri gaging station, annual mean flows ranged from 41,690 to 181,800 cfs and averaged 86,190 cfs (USGS 2009b). Daily mean flows ranged from 6,210 to 739,000 cfs.

Flows at both Boonville and Hermann gaging stations are highest in spring and early summer (April-June) and lowest in winter (December

-February). This is essentially the seasonal pattern that was seen prior to regulation of the river, only the extreme high and low flows have been moderated by the presence of six impoundments in the upper river. Storage of water in mainstem impoundments in spring and early summer and releases from these same impoundments in fall and winter ha s greatly dampened the amplitude of flow fluctuation.

2.2.3 Water Quality The USGS monitors water quality at both Boonville and Hermann; however, 2006, 2007, and 2008 water year datasets all contain gaps. Interruptions in these data are generally associated with equipment malfunctions or sensor fouling. The 2008 data are reasonably complete and were used to characterize Missouri River water quality in the vicinity of the Callaway Plant (Tables 2.2-1 and 2.2-2). These water quality data are indicative of a river with moderate levels of dissolved solids (thus conductivity) and moderate

-to-high levels of suspended solids (thus turbidity). The lower Missouri River today transports only 20

-25 percent of its pre

-impoundment sediment load (USACE undated

). Upstream dams trap sediment and reduce flooding that historically carried large amounts of sediment downstream. Turbidity, although still high on occasion, has been greatly reduced. Dissolved oxygen levels are adequate to support a range of aquatic life, even in late summer when water temperatures are high.

The Missouri Department of Natural Resources' (MDNR) Water Protection Program is responsible for establishing and enforcing the state's water quality standards. Every two years, in compliance with Clean Water Act sections 303(d) and 305(b), the agency publishes its "Missouri Water Quality Report" (MDNR 2009a), a comprehensive assessment of water quality in the state. In addition to presenting updated information on water quality conditions across the state, this report identifies streams and impoundments that are impaired, meaning they failed to meet one or more water quality standards or support designated uses. MDNR also publishes a "final consolidated" 303(d) list every two years, the list of impaired waters ultimately approved by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The Missouri River downstream of the Gasconade River, which MDNR has designated water body identification (WBID) 1604, is shown on the 2008 303(d) list as impaired for (fecal coliform) bacteria (MDNR 2009b). The segment of the river adjacent to the Callaway cooling water Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 4 of 71 intake, WBID 0701, does not appear on the list of impaired waters, indicating that this reach of the river fully supports designated uses.

The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (MDHSS), in consultation with the Missouri Department of Conservation, monitors contaminants in fish in Missouri waters and publishes an annual fish consumption advisory (MDHSS 2009a). This advisory discusses potential health risks associated with eating commonly

-caught (sport

-caught) fish. The 2009 Fish Advisory recommends that sensitive populations (i.e., pregnant women, nursing mothers, young children) consume no more than one fish meal per week from any body of water, due to the presence of mercury in fish from all U.S. water bodies. The 2009 Fish Advisory also recommends that Missouri River fishermen eat no more than one meal per week of large

(> 17 inches) flathead/channel/blue catfish, due to concerns about PCBs, chlordane, and mercury; no more than one meal per week of large (> 21 inches) carp due to concerns about PCBs, chlordane, and mercury; no more than one meal of shovelnose sturgeon per month, due to concerns about PCBs and chlordane; and no sturgeon eggs, due to concerns about PCBs and chlordane (MDHSS 2009b

). 2.2.4 Aquatic Communities Based on pre

-construction surveys conducted by Ameren in the early 1970s, the NRC (1975) observed that phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in the lower Missouri River in the vicinity of the Callaway Plant were limited by high turbidity, with diatoms the dominant phytoplankton group and rotifers the dominant zooplankton group. The benthic macroinvertebrate community was characterized by low species diversity and abundance, the result of channelization, strong currents, unstable substrates, and high turbidity. High turbidities, scarcity of planktonic and benthic organisms, and generally poor habitat rendered the stretch of the river near the site "not very productive from a fisheries viewpoint" (NRC 1975). Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and river carpsucker (Carpiodes carpio) were the three fish species most often captured in these baseline studies. White crappie

(Pomoxis annularis), representing about 5 percent of the total catch, was the most abundant sport fish. Smaller numbers of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) were collected.

The NRC required Ameren to conduct surveys of aquatic communities in the Missouri River from June 1980 to May 1981 as a condition of issuing an operating license for Callaway Unit 1 (CDM 1981). Phytoplankton densities were generally low, in spite of significant nutrient inputs from upstream. Centric diatoms were the dominant phytoplankton group, and were particularly numerous in fall and spring (CDM 1981). Green algae were also common, and were the most abundant group in August and September. Chrysophytes of the genus Ochromonas were relatively abundant in winter (December, January, February). The diatoms and green algae present were "eutrophic species" generally associated with turbid lotic waters. The chrysophyte Ochromonas is generally found in cold, unpolluted waters and was thought to have come from a tributary or tributaries upstream of the Callaway Plant.

Zooplankton populations in 1980

-1981 were typical of large Midwestern rivers, but densities were low. Rotifers were the dominant group, making up 84.5 percent of zooplankton collected (CDM 1981). Copepods and cladocerans were less important, representing 13.1 and 2.4 percent, respectively of zooplankton collected. The same factors that limited phytoplankton production (high turbidity, swift currents, absence of quiescent habitats) were assumed to limit zooplankton production.

Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 5 of 71 Benthic macroinvertebrate productivity was also low in 1980

-1981. The benthic community was comprised primarily of tubificids and chironomids (CDM 1981). Small numbers of Asiatic clams (Corbicul a) were also collected. The drift community was dominated by trichopterans, chironomids, and ephemeropterans. Factors limiting benthic macroinvertebrate production included sifting/unstable substrates, swift currents, sudden water level changes, absence of quiescent areas, and absence of aquatic macrophytes.

Adult and juvenile fish were surveyed in 1980

-1981 using electrofishing gear, gill nets, trap nets, and minnow seines. Over the 12

-month sampling period, 2,950 fish were collected representing 43 species (CDM 1981). Electrofishing was by far the most effective sampling method, and is generally believed to be the least biased. Electrofishing collections in 1980

-1981 were dominated by gizzard shad (69.8 percent of total).

Smaller numbers of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens; 5.1 percent), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax; 5.0 percent), and river carpsucker (4.9 percent) were also collected. When data from all sampling methods were pooled, gizzard shad (42.0 percent of total) ranked first in abundance, followed by emerald shiner (11.1 percent), freshwater drum (6.5 percent), shovelnose sturgeon (5.7 percent), channel catfish (4.5 percent), goldeye (4.1 percent), river carpsucker (3.7 percent), red shiner (3.6 percent), and rainbow smelt (3.4 percent).

Ameren surveyed Missouri River fish again in 1981

-1982, collecting baseline data for a future Clean Water Act Section 316(b) study. Electrofishing collections were dominated by two species: freshwater drum (36.5 percent) and gizzard shad (35.5 percent) (CDM 1982). Smaller numbers of river carpsucker (6.6 percent), goldeye (Hiodon alosoides; 6.1 percent), longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus; 2.5 percent), and shortnose gar (Lepisosteus platostomus; 2.3 percent) were also collected. When catch from all sampling gears was combined, freshwater drum (27.7 percent) and gizzard shad (24.3 percent) ranked first and second in abundance, with shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus; 10.4 percent) and goldeye (5.8 percent) ranking third and fourth.

Adult and juvenile fish were sampled at five locations in the vicinity of the Callaway intake in

1985-1986 as part of a Clean Water Act Section 316(b) demonstration (UEC 1986). Fish were collected monthly from February 1985 - January 1986 using a boat

-mounted electrofishing unit and were collected when conditions permitted with a bag seine. A total of 2

,805 specimens were collected over the 12

-month period representing 14 families and 41 species (UEC 1986). Electrofishing collections were dominated by three species: gizzard shad (26.9 percent of total), freshwater drum (24.4 percent), and goldeye (16.7 percent). Substantial numbers of shortnose gar (8.5 percent), common carp (5.9 percent), and river carpsucker (4.4 percent) were also collected. Although measures of relative abundance varied considerably from 1980

-1981 to 1981-1982 to 1985

-1986, the same relatively small number of fish species dominated electrofishing samples in all three sampling periods. The year

-to-year changes in relative abundance were attributed by Union Electric Company to naturally fluctuating biotic and abiotic conditions (UEC 1986). Seining, conducted on a more limited basis in 1985, produced more minnow species (including four Hybopsis species and two Notropis species) and large numbers of young

-of-the-year channel catfish (63.5 percent of all fish collected using the bag seine) (UEC 1986). Significant numbers of young freshwater drum (18.1 percent) and river carpsucker (9.1 percent) also appeared in seine samples.

Ameren compared habitat preferences of fish collected in 1985

-1986 to those collected in 1980

-1981 and 1981-1982 to determine if there had been a shift from "big

-river" specialists to "wide

-

Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 6 of 71 ranging" generalists. The analysis showed that the percentage of generalists increased from 38.7 (1980

-1981) percent to 42.9 percent (1981

-1982) to 50.0 percent (1 985-1986), while the percentage of specialists decreased from 41.9 percent to 35.7 percent to 29.4 percent over the same time period (UEC 1986). UEC suggested that these changes could be attributed to a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers "dike notching" program that had increased habitat diversity for Missouri River fish.

Ameren surveyed benthic macroinvertebrates up- and downstream of the Callaway intake in September 2007 and April 2008 in support of a Combined Operating License Application (COLA) Environmental Report for a proposed new generating unit (Unit 2) at the site (AmerenUE 2009). These limited surveys yielded 814 organisms representing 54 taxa Measures of abundance, taxa richness, and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera

-Trichoptera (EPT) richness were higher in towed (water column) samples than ponar (bottom) samples. Tubificid worms, burrowing mayflies (genus Hexagenia and genus Pentagenia), and Asiatic clams (Corbicula) were relatively abundant in bottom samples. The caddisflies Hydropsyche orris and Potamyia flava and the mayfly Labiobaetis all appeared frequently in water column samples. Representatives of the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, regarded as indicators of good water quality, were common in both ponar samples and water column samples, but were especially plentiful in water column samples.

Ameren surveyed fish at six locations in the vicinity of the Callaway intake in summer 2007, fall 2007, winter 2008, and spring 2008 in support of a the Unit 2 COLA. Fish were collected using four types of gear: electrofishing, gill netting, hoop netting, and beach seining. This mix of sampling gear produced 4,128 adult and juvenile fish representing 45 species. More than 82 percent of all fish collected were representatives of three species: gizzard shad (39.5 percent), red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis; 22.5 percent), and emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides; 20.l percent). Gizzard shad occur in large, sluggish rivers and reservoirs across the midwestern and southeastern U.S., and are found in every major stream system in Missouri (Pflieger 1975

Lee et al. 1980

Tomelleri and Eberle 19 90). Gizzard shad are found in both clear and turbid waters, but tend to fare best in fertile, productive (eutrophic) environments (Pflieger 1975

Tomelleri and Eberle 1990). The red shiner is found in large streams and rivers across the Midwest, and is the most abundant and widely distributed minnow in the Prairie Region of north and west Missouri (Pflieger 1975

Lee et al.

1980). The emerald shiner is found in low-gradient streams and rivers across the Midwest, and is the most abundant minnow in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers (Pflieger 1975

Lee et al. 1980

). Both species tolerate a wide range of turbidity (Pflieger 1975). Although 2007

-2008 fish collections were numerically dominated by three common schooling species that are found in a variety of aquatic habitats, many native big-river (Missouri

-Mississippi River) species were also collected. These included paddlefish, shovelnose sturgeon, lake sturgeon, skipjack herring, goldeye, mooneye, river shiner, channel shiner, speckled chub, river carpsucker, blue sucker, smallmouth buffalo, river redhorse, flathead catfish, and freshwater drum.

Pflieger and Grace (1987) examined lower Missouri River fish collections from three sampling periods (1940

-1945, 1962

-1972, and 1978

-1983) and noted obvious changes in community structure that included increased species richness and "substantial" changes in relative abundances. Species that became established in the lower river or became more abundant over the study period were mostly pelagic planktivores and sight

-feeding carnivores: skipjack herring (Alosa chrysochloris), gizzard shad, white bass (Morone chrysops), bluegill, white crappie, emerald shiner, river shiner (Notropis blennius), and red shiner. Pfleiger and Grace Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 7 of 71 (1987) attribute these changes in fish populations to the reduction in turbidity and alteration of historic flow regimes that followed construction of upstream reservoirs. They present evidence that populations of some species (e.g., white bass, bluegill, rainbow smelt) in the lower river are maintained, to some degree, by "escapement" from upstream reservoirs (fish passing through penstocks and turbines when hydroelectric plants are operating). Pflieger and Grace (1987

) also speculate that water quality changes (decreased sediment loads and turbidity) made it possible for fish species (e.g., spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus, and longear sunfish, Lepomis megalotis) formerly confined to "clear upland" tributary streams to expand their ranges in the lower river and become established in additional tributary streams.

With regard to big

-river species, those adapted for life in the pre

-settlement Missouri River, Pflieger and Grace (1987) note that two species, the pallid sturgeon and flathead chub (Platygobio gracilis), had declined markedly in abundance over the study period, but that others, including the speckled chub (Macrhybopsis aestivalis), sturgeon chub, and sicklefin chub had increased in abundance, apparently benefitting from navigational improvements (channelization) in the lower river. Two common silvery minnows (western silvery minnow, Hybognathus argyritis, and plains minnow, Hybognathus placitus) also declined in abundance over the study period as their preferred habitat (silty backwaters and sloughs) became less prevalent in the lower river.

The fish surveys Ameren conducted in 2007

-2008 provide additional evidence for a shift in species composition in the lower Missouri River, from "big

-river specialists" to generalists. Three of the species Pflieger and Grace (1987) identify as having benefitted from decreased turbidity and altered flow regimes in the lower river gizzard shad, emerald shiner, and red shiner comprised 82 percent of all fish collected in the vicinity of the Callaway intake in 2007

-2008. Based on the fact that the changes in community structure and species composition observed by Pflieger and Grace (1987) became evident after the construction of reservoirs in the upper river and navigation improvements in the lower river and before Callaway began operating, it stands to reason that Callaway's operations had no influence on these changes.

2.2.5 Riparian Communities Riparian habitats are areas adjacent to rivers and streams that contain elements of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The riparian zone begins at the high water line and extends to those portions of the terrestrial landscape that directly influence aquatic communities (by stabilizing the streambank; by providing shade or organic/inorganic inputs to the stream; by providing habitat for semi

-aquatic animals or terrestrial stages of animals, such as insects, that may live near the stream as adults and in the stream as larvae). The entire floodplain of an unregulated stream may be considered "riparian" because it may be partially inundated when river flows are high and completely inundated during floods. On the other hand, a relatively small portion of the floodplain of a regulated river, like the Missouri River, may be truly riparian, as floods rarely inundate the entire floodplain.

Although they generally represent a small percentage of the total land area in a given region, riparian habitats are extremely productive and provide a high degree of plant and animal diversity because they support both wetland and upland species. In the western plains and many parts of the Midwest, where forested areas are uncommon, riparian zones provide cover and travel corridors for many important game species, such as white

-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). In intensively farmed areas of the Midwest, riparian zones are important migration corridors for migratory songbirds. Riparian zones are critical to protecting water quality, because they function as the "last line of defense" in Section 2.2 Aquatic and Riparian Communities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 8 of 71 intercepting surface runoff that contains eroded soil, nutrients (from fertilizers), and contaminants that could degrade water quality and aquatic habitats.

Prior to 1900, the Missouri River channel was uncontrolled, free to meander back and forth across the river valley. Projects authorized under the BSNP (see Section 2.2.1) resulted in the creation of a narrow, controlled channel and substantially reduced the amount of fish and wildlife habitat that was once supported by the natural channel(s) and meander belt.

Agriculture replaced diverse natural habitats as the dominant feature of the Missouri River floodplain.

The Missouri River in the vicinity of the Callaway Plant meanders through a 2.0

-2.5 mile wide floodplain. Aerial photos of this reach of the river show a broad floodplain largely devoted to agriculture, with a mosaic of plowed and unplowed fields, and a narrow strip of riparian woodland along the Missouri River and tributaries. These riparian woodlands have been characterized as "woody

-dominated wetland," a category that includes floodplain forests and (jurisdictional) forested wetlands Floodplain forests and forested wetlands occur along the Missouri River, Logan Creek, and Mollie Dozier Chute.

Common woody species within these communities include silver maple (Acer saccharinum), box elder (A. negundo), cottonwood (Populus deltoides), black willow (Salix nigra), peach-leaved willow (S. amygdaloides), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) some oaks and ash also occur in these woodlands (MDC 2008). The Missouri River floodplain in the Callaway area provides breeding, nesting, denning, and foraging habitat for a variety of wildlife species, including at least one special

-status species, the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Mammals that use the wooded riparian corridor of the Missouri River include white

-tailed deer, raccoon (Procyon lotor), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), beaver (Castor canadensis), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolensis), and fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) Songbirds that use the woodland riparian corridor of the Missouri River during seasonal migrations include the Tennessee warbler (Vermivora peregrina), blue-winged warbler (V. pinus), Northern parula (Parula americana), several vireos (Vireo spp.), and the summer tanager (Piranga rubra

). Songbirds that are found in the riparian woodlands for most of the year include the Eastern wood peewee (Contopus virens), wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) and veery (Catharus fuscescens). Amphibians and reptiles commonly observed (or heard) in the riparian zone of the Missouri River include Blanchard's cricket frog (Acris crepitans blanchardi), gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor and H. chrysoscelis), Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala), common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), and Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon).

Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 9 of 71 2.3 GROUNDWATER RESOURCE S Missouri has been divided into seven groundwater provinces and two groundwater subprovinces (MDNR 1997). The Callaway plant site lies within the Northeastern Missouri Groundwater Province, while the lower section of the intake and blowdown pipeline corridor and the intake structure lie within the Mississippi and Missouri River Alluvium Groundwater Subprovince.

The Northeastern Missouri Groundwater Province is hydrogeologically characterized by a surficial, unconfined Quaternary aquifer system underlain by a sequence of Mississippian

-to Precambrian

-age bedrock that exhibits characteristics of a single leaky aquifer (AmerenUE 2009a). The relevant aquifer systems present beneath the plant site consist of the following aquifers (from shallow to deep):

Quaternary Glacial Drift Aquifer System Pennsylvanian

-Mississippian Grayden Chert Mississippian Aquifer System Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System The Mississippi and Missouri River Alluvium Groundwater Subprovince is characterized by up to 150 feet of highly

-permeable alluvial sediments that underlie the Missouri River valley from the western border of Missouri to St. Louis where it enters the Mississippi River, a total distance of 533 miles (MDNR 1997). 2.3.1 Groundwater Supply and Sources Quaternary Glacial Drift Aquifer System The shallow Quaternary glacial drift aquifer is approximately 30 feet thick at the site and consists of glacial deposits including loess, clay and clayey till that typically yields less than 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to domestic wells (Rizzo 2008

), but yields zero at the site. The glacial deposits are underlain by a thick, leaky confining aquitard that extends to a depth of approximately 350 feet below ground surface (bgs) (MDNR 1997). Pennsylvanian

-Mississippian Grayden Chert The Mississippian Grayden Chert is a confined unit that is encountered at the site beneath the Quaternary glacial drift aquifer at approximately 30 feet bgs. The chert is approximately 38 feet thick and separates the glacial drift aquifer from the underlying leaky confining aquitard. The chert lies unconformably below the glacial drift and unconformably atop the underlying leaky confining aquitard so its elevation and thickness varies.

Fractures in the chert yield variable low volumes of groundwater (Rizzo 2008

). Mississippian Aquifer System The Mississippian aquifer system consists of the Burlington Limestone and Bushberg Sandstone units.

These units extend to approximately 80 feet bgs, although the Bushberg Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 10 of 71 Sandstone is discontinuous and relatively thin (0 ft to 8 f eet) across the site area. Due to the low permeability of the two units, well yield was estimated to be less than one gpm (AmerenUE 2009a). Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System The deeper, confined artesian Cambrian

-Ordovician aquifer system is encountered at approximately 350 feet bgs and extends to a depth of approximately 2,000 feet.

The aquifer system consists of a series of hydrogeologic units with highly varying yields, which are discussed below in descending order. Most wells completed in the Cambrian

-Ordovician aquifer are open to more than one water

-yielding unit (MDNR 1997). The upper-most aquifer of the Cambrian

-Ordovician aquifer system is the Ordovician Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer, which constitutes a minor aquifer that yields 10 to 15 gpm to domestic and agricultural wells (MDNR 1997). Based on the well logs for three site wells, the thickness of the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer beneath the site is approximately 300 feet (Rizzo 2008). The Ordovician Roubidoux Formation ranges in thickness from 100 to 250 feet and is a major aquifer that yields 25 to 350 gpm to industrial and municipal wells.

The Ordovician Gasconade Dolomite and Gunter Sandstone Member averages 300 and 25 to 30 feet thick, respectively. These two units are considered a major aquifer with industrial and municipal well yields up to 1,000 gpm (MDNR 1997; AmerenUE 200 9a). The Cambrian Eminence Dolomite ranges in thickness from 200 to 350 feet. Water yields for domestic and farm wells are commonly 15 to 20 gpm. The Eminence Dolomite is considered a minor aquifer, but is commonly used with the Gasconade Dolomite and Potosi Dolomite as t he water source for municipal and industrial uses.

The Potosi Dolomite averages from 50 to 230 feet in thickness and is a major aquifer that yields as much as 500 gpm to industrial and public water supply wells.

The Cambrian Derby

-Doe Run Formation has varying thickness is commonly included with the Cambrian Lamotte Sandstone as a water source since the unit has low yields.

The Lamotte Sandstone has an average thickness of 200 feet and is a major aquifer that typically yields about 65 gpm to domestic, municipal, and industrial water wells (MDNR 1997; AmerenUE 200 9a). Recharge to the Cambrian

-Ordovician aquifer system is from precipitation at aquifer outcrop areas and to some extent from downward leakage of water from overlying aquifers (MDNR 1997; AmerenUE 200 9a). Mississippi and Missouri River Alluvium Aquifer The Mississippi and Missouri River alluvium is a major regional aquifer in Missouri. Twenty

-five counties in Missouri border the Missouri River, and nearly all of them make use of water available from the alluvial aquifer.

Wells drilled into the aquifer supply much of the water for numerous rural water districts, towns and cities, including Kansas City, Independence, Columbia, and St. Charles. In addition, hundreds of high

-yield irrigation wells are used throughout the reach of the Missouri River (MDNR 1997).

Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 11 of 71 In 2007, Ameren conducted a hydrogeologic investigation of the Missouri River alluvial aquifer to evaluate the possibility of using collector wells for water intake for formerly proposed Callaway Unit 2. As part of the investigation, two test wells and eighteen observation wells were installed along the north bank of the Missouri River 5.5 miles south of the plant. Results of the investigation indicated that the alluvial aquifer consist s of a coarsening

-downward sequence of inter-bedded layers of sand, gravel and cobbles. Depth to the underlying Cotter-Jefferson City Dolomite bedrock ranged from 95 to 99 feet bgs. Results of two 72

-hour aquifer tests indicate that the alluvial aquifer is capable of sustained yields of 1,595 gpm and 1,906 gpm in the two test wells installed in the investigation area. Drawdown at a monitoring location approximately 250 feet from the test wells was approximately 1.8 feet (Burns & McDonnell 2008

). Recharge to the alluvial aquifer is derived from groundwater from the Cotter

-Jefferson Dolomite, which discharges water into the alluvial material along both sides of the river valley. Some recharge to the alluvium occurs from local precipitation and the river when the stage is above the groundwater level in the alluvium. However, the alluvial aquifer normally discharges to the river (MDNR 1997; AmerenUE 200 9a). 2.3.2 Offsite Groundwater Usage Review of Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) well log database indicates that

the majority of the wells in Callaway County for which logs are available are installed in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer (MDNR 2010 a; MDNR 2007). Generally, private wells are shallower and terminate within the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite. Public wells are deeper and extend to the Roubidoux or Eminence aquifers.

Apart from the water withdrawals for Callaway Unit 1, there currently are no public water supply wells within one mile of the site. There is a public water well installed in the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite and Roubidoux aquifers approximately 1.9 miles northwest of the plant site (Tetra Tech 2010). The well supplies potable water to the Callaway #2 Water District (USEPA 2009). The well is 707 feet deep and yields 100 gpm (MDNR 2009b). The closest nonpublic water supply well to the plant site is located approximately 0.8 miles north of the site and is classified as an irrigation well (MDNR Well ID 018459). The well is 375 feet deep and likely draws water from the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer (MDNR 2010a

MDNR 2010b

). The closest private well to Callaway's deep well at the river water intake structure (Intake Well # 1) is a located approximately 0.25 miles southeast of the Callaway intake structure well. The private well is classified as a domestic well (MDNR Well ID 0134215A) that is 375 feet deep and had a test yield of 30 gpm when it was installed in 1994 (MDNR 2010b

). 2.3.3 Plant Groundwater Usage Both surface water and groundwater are used on the site to support Callaway Unit 1 operations. During Callaway Unit 1 construction, three water supply wells (Wells #1 through Well #3) were installed at depths ranging from 1,100 to 1,510 feet bgs into the Cambrian

-Ordovician aquifer at the locations shown in Figure 2.3-1. Each of the three wells are open across multiple formations from the Cotter

-Jefferson City through either the Eminence Formation or deeper to the Derby-Doe Run Formation. Initially, the three wells were used for potable water, a concrete batch plant, and for onsite laboratory services. Presently, Wells #1 and #2 are inactive, and Well #3 is utilized for potable water. The details of the three wells are summarized in Table 2.3-1.

Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 12 of 71 The maximum groundwater use at Well #3 is approximately 400 gpm for two hours a day. The flowrate of the well pump doesn't vary since it is controlled by a level switch in the clearwell. When the water level drops below a certain point in the clearwell, the Well #3 pump is automatically turned on at a rate of approximately 400 gpm until the clearwell is filled.

In 1982, a 103

-foot-deep well (currently referred to as Intake Well #2) was installed in the Missouri River alluvial aquifer to provide lubrication water to the river intake structure pump bearings. In 1996, Intake Well #2 was replaced by Intake Well #1 that was installed to a depth of 854 feet and screened through the lower Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer to the Eminence aquifer (AmerenUE 2008 b). Although the well design yield is 665 gpm, Callaway currently uses only 120 gpm. Water use rights or permits are not required in Missouri (MDNR 2000; MDNR 2003). However, any water withdrawals exceeding 70 gpm from either groundwater or surface water are required to be reported to the MDNR and are classified as Major Water Users (MDNR 200 3). 2.3.4 Plant Groundwater Quality 2.3.4.1 Tritium in Groundwater Tritium is produced in the reactor coolant system and is released to the Missouri River via the discharge pipeline.

Radioactive liquid effluent discharges are by batch and are sampled and analyzed prior to discharge to ensure compliance with NRC regulatio ns. All radioactive liquid effluents are diluted to ensure compliance with 10 CFR 20 requirements and are discharged into the river.

Discharge Pipeline Manhole Tritium Phase I Investigation Summary In 2006, water sampled from several manholes equipped with air release valves (ARVs) along the discharge pipeline indicated the presence of tritium in the water. In June and July 2006, Ameren conducted a Phase I soil and water investigation at locations along the water discharge pipeline where the access manholes are equipped with ARVs. As part of the Phase I investigation, 34 borings were drilled to depths ranging from 20 to 28.5 feet bgs and three groundwater monitoring wells (MW

-001, MW-002, and MW

-003) were installed along the pipeline. A total of 54 groundwater samples were collected from the borings and from other areas along the pipeline. Tritium was detected in 18 of the 54 groundwater samples at concentrations ranging from 138 to 1,554 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) (AmerenUE 2008a). Although the tritium detected in groundwater as part of the Phase I investigation was reported at concentrations below the USEPA drinking water standard of 20,000 pCi/L, Ameren performed a Phase II investigation from August 2006 through October 2007 to better delineate the extent of tritium in soil and groundwater along the discharge pipeline.

Discharge Pipeline Manhole Tritium Phase II Investigation Summary As part of the Phase II investigation, 82 borings were drilled to a maximum depth of 40 feet bgs near the manholes along the pipeline at distances extending laterally outward from the Phase I investigation borings

. In addition to the borings, thirteen monitoring wells (MW

-004 though MW-016) were installed to supplement the three wells installed as part of the Phase I investigation. In 2008, the sixteen monitoring wells, which range in depth from 12 to 120 feet bgs, were incorporated into Ameren's existing Callaway Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) as discussed below.

Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 13 of 71 The results of the Phase II indicate that tritium was detected in 10 of 49 groundwater samples collected from the boreholes at concentrations ranging from 162 to 2,707 pCi/L. The Phase II investigation indicated that tritium is not migrating offsite (AmerenUE 2008a

). Blowdown Discharge Pipeline Replacement In 2008, Ameren replaced the original discharge pipeline between the Circulating and Service Water Pump House and the Missouri River. The original 24- to 27-inch outside diameter reinforced plastic mortar discharge pipeline was replaced with 36

-inch diameter high density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) (AmerenUE 2007). Groundwater REMP Summary Since 1982, Ameren has monitored radionuclides in groundwater at and near Callaway through Callaway's REMP. In 2008, a total of 52 wells within a 5

-mile radius of the site were part of the REMP (AmerenUE 2009 b). The 2008 REMP for groundwater is summarized below:

Groundwater was collected quarterly from two offsite aquifer monitoring wells (F05 and F15), which are located 0.9 and 0.4 miles, respectively, from the site. Both wells are approximately 400 feet deep.

Tritium was not detected in the wells.

Groundwater was collected quarterly from Callaway's deep potable water supply Well #3 and from a domestic well 5 miles southeast from the site. Well # 3 is approximately 1,500 feet deep. The depth of the domestic well is unknown.

Tritium was not detected in the wells.

Groundwater was collected from 21 domestic wells located between 2.1 and 4.8 miles (southwest to southeast) from the site. Eight of the 21 wells are hydraulically downgradient of the site. Tritium was not detected in any of the wells.

Groundwater was collected from 31 monitoring well locations onsite and along the original discharge pipeline. Tritium was detected in 36 of the 166 samples at an average concentration of 305 pCi/L.

- The highest tritium concentrations were reported from onsite Well 936 at concentration of 551 pCi/L. Well 936 is located near the center of the plant protected area. - Tritium was reported in Wells OW

-1 through OW

-5, 936, 937A through 937F. All the wells are located near the power block and the tritium is believed to be the result of washout from gaseous effluents. The absence of tritium in onsite ponds (Pond

-1, Pond-2, Outfalls 010 through 015, one of the settling ponds, the UHS pond and Unit 2 pond) indicates that there is no offsite effect from the washout.

- Low level tritium was reported in MW

-014 and MW-015, which were installed near the discharge pipeline as part of the 2007 Phase II investigation. The tritium is due to normal operation of the former ARVs. As discussed earlier in this section, the discharge pipeline was replaced in 2008. The new pipeline has a single vacuum breaker, which is completely contained to prevent possible leakage to groundwater.

Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 14 of 71 New Groundwater Monitoring System In accordance with NEI 07

-07 (Industry Groundwater Protection Initiative), Ameren recently installed an enhanced network of groundwater wells to allow identification of inadvertent releases of licensed material to groundwater adjacent to the Callaway Plant systems, structures, and components. The groundwater well system include s wells installed near the liquid radwaste effluent piping to the Radwaste Manhole; buried pipe associated with discharge monitoring tanks , recirculating water system discharge piping to pumps suction header in auxiliary building; and buried pipeline associated with the Fuel Pool Cooling/Cleanup System (AmerenUE, 2010 a). 2.3.4.2 Metals in Groundwater Between May 2007 and February 2008, as part of the Unit 2 COLA, Ameren collected quarterly groundwater quality data from eight wells on and near the Site for the groundwater parameters listed in NRC's NUREG

-1555 (AmerenUE 2010 b). The eight wells included: one shallow well (MW

-12) screened across the Greydon Chert and located just outside the site boundary to the northwest; five shallow wells (MW

-2S, -3S, -5S, and -6S) screened across the Greydon Chert and located 4,000 to 9,000 feet hydraulically downgradient of the center of the site; one deep onsite well (MW

-1D) screened in the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer; and one offsite potable well screened in the Cotter

-Jefferson City Dolomite aquifer and located approximately two miles north of the Site at the Wildwood Lot Owner's Association.

As summarized in Table 2.3-2, arsenic, beryllium, iron, lead, manganese, and nickel were reported at concentrations above their respective MDNR Groundwater Criteria (MDNR 2009a) in the shallow Greydon Chert aquifer. The metals were reported primarily from MW

-2S and MW-6S. Iron was also reported in excess of its MDNR Groundwater Criteria in the Wildwood Lot Owner's Association potable well. All these metals are naturally occurring.

Groundwater near an onsite construction debris landfill is monitored annually for metals and general groundwater quality via wells MW

-501 and -502. Groundwater quality data collected from the wells from 2006 to 2009 indicated that arsenic is present in groundwater near the landfill at a concentration of 20 micrograms per liter (µg/L), which is in excess of the metal's USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 µg/L (USEPA 2010). Arsenic is a naturally occurring element. In 2006, antimony was detected in the wells at a concentration of 10 µg/L, which is metal's MCL. The source of the antimony may be electronic or soldering debris buried in the landfill.

Cadmium has been detected in the wells at 5 µg/L for each year from 2006 to 2009 (AmerenUE 2010c). The MCL for cadmium is 5 µg/L (USEPA 2010). Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal, but it may also be leaching from any galvanized pipe or paint debris buried in the landfill.

2.3.4.3 Volatile Organic Compounds in Groundwater In February 1994, Ameren identified a diesel fuel leak from piping that ran from the diesel fuel storage tank located south of the demineralized water plant. The piping ran around the power block perimeter and into the turbine building. The fuel had leaked into the subsurface near the reactor building/turbine building. On February 11, 1994, Ameren reported to the MDNR the loss of approximately 40,000 gallons of diesel fuel. Ameren subsequently installed a groundwater monitoring system and a groundwater sump. The groundwater sump was installed to collect the Section 2.3 Groundwater Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 15 of 71 diesel fuel and route it to oily waste per agreement with the MDNR. By 2002, an estimated 46,000 gallons of diesel fuel had been recovered via the groundwater sump.

Ameren continues to monitor shallow groundwater near the leak area via wells MW

-937a and -937c. The wells are sampled quarterly for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes (BTEX) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). By January 2010, BTEX constituents were not reported above laboratory method detection limits. In the same quarter, TPH as diesel was detected in MW

-937c only, at a concentration of 2.4 milligrams per liter (mg/L) (Terracon 2010). There is no MCL for TPH as TPH is not a specific chemical but rather a series of separate organic compounds. The TPH (diesel range) soil cleanup level is 2,300 mg/L.

Section 2.4 Critical and Important Terrestrial Habitats Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 16 of 71 2.4 CRITICAL AND IMPORTANT TERRESTRIAL HABITATS Callaway Plant is located in west

-central Callaway County, Missouri, approximately 80 miles west of the St. Louis metropolitan area. The site is gently rolling and becomes more hilly as it slopes toward the Missouri River floodplain, approximately 5 miles to the south.

Callaway lies in a largely rural area, dominated by deciduous forest, grassland/pasture, and cropland.

Historically, the Callaway site land was in a region of native tallgrass prairie, savannas, woodland and wetland systems, with prairie and savanna more prevalent in the northern portion of the present

-day site (MDC 2008). The prairie component was largely converted to cropland and pasture and associated farms/structures in the 1800s. Human settlement and suppression

of fire resulted in the alteration of most natural communities in this region.

The Callaway site is located in the Outer Ozark Border subsection of the Ozark Highlands Ecoregion of Missouri (Nigh and Schroeder 2003). Two ecological landscapes or land type associations (LTAs) are associated with this site. The northern half of the site is considered Central Missouri Savanna/Woodland Dissected Plain and consists of flat to gently rolling uplands that were previously prairie and oak savanna. The southern half of the site is considered Central Missouri Oak Woodland/Forest Hills and consists of ridges and slopes that were previously oak savanna and oak forest (upland) and white oak/mixed hardwood forest (lowlands).

The Callaway site occupies approximately 7,354 acres, of which approximately 512 acres are maintained for power generation facilities, support facilities and infrastructure. A pipeline for make-up water extends south from the developed portion of the site to the Missouri River.

Major land use categories on the Callaway site area (as defined in Section 2.1) include grassland (approximately 43 percent), deciduous forest (approximately 26 percent), and cropland (approximately 17 percent) (Ameren UE 2009). Deciduous forests are dominated by white (Quercus alba), black (Q. velutina), and northern red oaks (Q. rubra) and shagbark hickory (Carya ovat a). The forest understory consists of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), downy service berry (Amelancheir arborea), and saplings of canopy species.

Native grasslands are dominated by bluestem grasses (Andropogon spp.), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), and switch grass (Panicum virgatum). Approximately 1,000 acres are leased for row crops (primarily corn and wheat) (MDC 2008). Minor land use categories on site that are ecologically important include wooded wetlands, open water and limestone glades. Wooded wetlands are populated by silver maple (Acer saccharinum), box elder (A. negundo), cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and willows (Salix spp.), and tend to occur near the Missouri River floodplain. Open water occurs as man

-made ponds, and portions of Logan Creek and the Mollie Dozier Chute, a backwater slough that floods and dries in association with levels of the Missouri River.

There are approximately 100 man-made ponds on the site, constructed for cropland irrigation, watering livestock, and/or erosion control. The Callaway site contains several permanent and intermittent streams, which flow into the Missouri River. A smaller land feature (approximately 4 acres) on Callaway is the limestone glade, a Missouri natural community of concern (MDC 2010), which occurs in narrow midslope bands on southwest facing forested slopes. Limestone glade appear as rocky outcrops with no canopy cover and are typically populated by little bluestem, purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea), and fragrant sumac (Rhus aromaticus).

Section 2.4 Critical and Important Terrestrial Habitats Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 17 of 71 Mammals Early surveys for mammals in the 1970s prior to plant construction indicated that species prevalent on the plant site included white

-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), fox and gray squirrel (Sciurus niger and S. carolinensis), and eastern cottontail (Silvilagus floridanus), and less common species included raccoon (Procyon lotor), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis avia), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), coyote (Canis latrans) and long-tailed weasel (Mustella frenata) (NRC 1975). Recent surveys (2007

-2008) by Ameren documented 17 mammalian species on site, with white

-tailed deer, gray squirrel, and eastern cottontail classified as common, and coyote, opossum, groundhog (Marmota monax), striped skunk, raccoon, eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus), white footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) and deer mouse (P. maniculatus) classified as occasional. Birds Avian surveys prior to plant construction (1970s) indicated that species prevalent on the plant site included wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), and bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the latter typically observed near the Missouri River (NRC 1975). Recent surveys (2007

-2008) documented 122 avian species on site during four seasonal surveys. Abundant resident species, observed during all four seasonal surveys, included (but were not limited to) mourning dove, Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), bluejay (Cyanocitta cristata), tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor), red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), American robin (Turdus migratorius), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), killdeer (Charadrius vociferous), and Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological surveys in 2007 documented 32 species of amphibians and reptiles. Abundant amphibian species on the site were Branchard's cricket frogs (Acris crepitans blanchardii) and eastern American toads (Bufo americanus americanus), both found in most site ponds and wetlands. The most common reptiles observed during these surveys included the red

-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans), common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentine), and Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) (AmerenUE 2009

). Land Management In 1975, Ameren entered into an agreement with the Missouri Department of Conservation (MD C) to have their agency manage approximately 6,300 acres of the Callaway plant site to enhance fish, forest, and wildlife habitat and as a public use area (MDC 2008). This part of the Callaway site is now referred to as the Reform Conservation Area. Management activities have included the use of fire and herbicides to reduce undesirable vegetation types and restore a diversity of natural plant communities, maintenance of open areas to benefit game birds, and removal of fish from site ponds to enhance herpetofauna and other wildlife, although some ponds are managed as recreational fisheries (see below). Examples of vegetation management include removal of exotics (see below) and maintenance of natural glade structure through removal of invading cedars. Public use of the Reform Conservation Area for recreation is allowed, although use is subject to Ameren's security guidelines and restrictions. Hunting is allowed within the Conservation Area, although certain areas on site are excluded from public access and only certain weapon types are permitted (archery only for deer, shotgun only for turkey, quail, dove, rabbit and waterfowl).

Section 2.4 Critical and Important Terrestrial Habitats Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 18 of 71 In 2007, 29 deer (does and yearling bucks) were harvested from the Reform Conservation Area. Other public use activities include hiking, nature study, bird watching, and picnicking. Fish populations (e.g., largemouth bass, sunfish species and catfish) are managed in four of the site ponds (15+ total acres) for public use. The MDNR's Katy Trail (a rails-to-trails project) traverses the southern tip of Callaway property. Exotic Species Approximately 300 acres of the site consist of old fields bordered by mature trees and/or shrubs or fencerows, and contain exotic plants (MDC 2008). Three dominant exotic plants are found in these and other areas on

-site: autumn olive (Elaegnus umbellate), sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) and fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Management of these areas (within the Reform Conservation Area Plan) include the removal of autumn olive by mechanical and chemical methods and replacement with native plums and dogwoods, herbicide applications to remove sericea, and control of fescue within grazing areas and other cover types via herbicide applications. Other exotics found on the Callaway site include non

-native honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) and Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), both controlled by chemical applications.

Transmission System Transmission lines associated with Callaway include two 345

-kV lines to the northeast and two 345-kV lines to the south, a total of approximately 71 miles of transmission corridors (see details in Subsection 3.1). The two northern lines share a corridor (150

-200 feet in width) for approximately 23.2 miles to the Montgomery Substation in Montgomery County, Missouri (Figure 3.1-3). This corridor traverses land dominated by deciduous forest (53 percent), grassland (22 percent), and cropland (16 percent). The two southern lines share a 200

-foot-wide corridor approximately 6.7 miles to the southeast (Figure 3.1-3). One line continues to the southeast for approximately 24.8 miles to the Bland Substation in Gasconade County, Missouri. The Bland corridor traverses land dominated by deciduous forest (45 percent), grassland (32 percent), and cropland (12 percent). The other southern line extends 16.6 miles to the southwest to the Loose Creek Substation in Osage County, Missouri. This corridor traverses land dominated by deciduous forest (39 percent), grassland (35 percent), and cropland (15 percent). The shared Bland/Loose Creek line crosses the Missouri River and all associated corridors cross smaller creeks and drainages. No critical habitats, state or federal wildlife preserves, refuges, or parks are crossed by these corridors, other than the Reform Conservation Area lands within the Callaway site boundary.

All transmission lines and corridors associated with Callaway are maintained by Ameren, which patrols all its 345

-kV lines/corridors twice annually (AmerenUE 2007). Vegetation that could potentially impede the safe transmission of power through these lines is removed by mechanical and/or chemical methods.

Section 2.5 Threatened or Endangered Species Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 19 of 71 2.5 THREATENED OR ENDANGERED SPECIES Table 2.5-1 presents federal- and state-protected animal and plant species that have been listed for the four Missouri counties containing Callaway and its associated transmission corridors. The list is based on databases maintained by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (USFWS 2010) and the Missouri Natural Heritage Program (MDC 2010a). These county listings are based either on actual sightings or historical ranges of species. Federally protected species known to occur in the four counties include one bird, three fish, two mammals, three freshwater mussels, and one plant (Table 2.5-1). Additional species are protected by the state of Missouri, including one amphibian, one bird, three fish, and two mussels. Of the federal species, only the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) has been observed on the Callaway site, being observed along the site boundary near the Missouri River and Molly Dozier Slough. The bald eagle typically nests and winters near aquatic habitats such as river drainages and reservoirs, likely due to its diet (e.g., fish and waterfowl). It is not known to nest on the Callaway site or near it, although eagles may have historically nested or currently nest in all four counties associated with the site and transmission system (MDC 2007 , USFWS 2009a). The bald eagle was de

-listed as a federal endangered species in 2007, but remains under the federal protection of the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (USFWS 2009b). It also was delisted as endangered by the state of Missouri due to substantial population increases in the state (up to 150+ nesting pairs in 2007; MDC 2010 c). An estimated 2,000 bald eagles overwinter along Missouri's rivers and reservoirs (MDC 2007). The Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus) is listed by the state of Missouri as endangered (MDC 2010 c), although not included in the county listings.

Two harriers were observed along the Missouri River floodplain during the 2007 avian surveys conducted in support of the Unit 2 COLA. Two federally endangered bat species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens) and the Indiana bat (M. sodalis), are found in the counties of interest (Table 2.5-1). Neither has been observed on the plant site, although a gray bat was documented in a cave nearby in an off

-site segment of Auxvasse Creek. Gray bats use caves the entire year (breeding and hibernating), typically located within two miles of rivers, streams or lakes.

These bats prefer a corridor of forest vegetation between roosting caves and foraging areas (MDC 2010b). Indiana bats breed under loose tree bark in northern Missouri and tend to hibernate in caves and mines in southern Missouri (Ozarks).

They typically feed in wooded riparian areas (MDC 2010b). In its five

-year review of the status of the species (USFWS 2009c), the USFWS asserted that human disturbance and vandalism at (winter) hibernacula were the "most serious cause" of the Indiana bat's decline.

Current threats include quarrying and mining operations, loss/degradation of summer (forest) habitat, diseases and parasites, environmental contaminants, and collisions with man-made structures (e.g., wind turbines, cell towers).

The initial decline of the gray bat was attributed to human disturbance, natural flooding, impoundment of waterways, and pesticide contamination (USFWS 2009d

). There are three federally protected species of fish in the four counties of interest: the pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), which is federally endangered and occurs in all four counties; the Topeka shiner (Notropis topeka), which is federally threatened, and occurs in Callaway County; and the Niangua darter (Etheostoma nianguae), which is federally endangered and occurs in Osage County (Table 2.5-1). The pallid sturgeon is a long

-lived species that inhabits Section 2.5 Threatened or Endangered Species Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 20 of 71 large, turbid rivers and has been negatively impacted by impoundments along river reaches, river channel alteration, increased sedimentation and pollution (USFWS 1998

). The Topeka shiner inhabits small pools in clear upland streams with sand, gravel or rubble bottoms. This species has declined throughout its range due to water quality degradation associated with land clearing and in Missouri due to loss and alteration of native stream habitat (MDC 2010b). The Niangua darter inhabits clear upland creeks and small rivers with silt

-free bottoms within the Osage River basin of Missouri (MDC 2010b). Declines in Niangua darter populations have been associated with land clearing (siltation/sedimentation), reservoir construction, and stream channelization. State

-listed fish in the counties of interest include the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; all four counties), crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella; Gasonade County), and flathead chub (Platygobio gracilis; all four counties).

Ameren contractors examined historical records and consulted resource agencies to determine if these fish species were likely to occur in the vicinity of the Callaway site, as part of an assessment of potential impacts of a proposed new generating unit at the site. Ameren also commissioned surveys of fish in the reach of the Missouri River adjacent to the Callaway cooling water intake in 2007 and 2008. No pallid sturgeon were collected in preoperational studies conducted in the 1970s and early 1980s or in 2007

-2008. Pallid sturgeon have been collected by the Missouri Department of Conservation in the Missouri River near the Callaway site since 2001, however, topeka shiners were found in Auxvasse Creek, which is approximately two miles west of the Callaway site, prior to 1945, but have not been observed in area streams since that time. As noted in the previous paragraph, Niangua darters are found only in the Osage River watershed. The Osage River enters the Missouri River approximately 14.5 miles upstream of the Callaway cooling water intake.

Two federally protected mussels and one candidate mussel occur in either the Missouri River or other rivers/creeks within the two of the four counties, Osage and Gasconade (Table 2.5-1). The pink mucket (Lamosilis abrupta) and scaleshell (Leptoda leptodon) are classified as endangered, and the spectaclecase (Cumberlandia monodonta) is a candidate species.

All inhabit gravel and/or sand bottomed rivers and streams and all are threatened by pollution, sedimentation, and other reductions in water quality (MDC 2010b). Two additional state

-protected mussels, elephantear (Elliptio crassidens) and ebonyshell (Fusconaia ebera), are listed as endangered for Osage and Gasconade counties.

None of these mussels has been documented on Callaway property.

Ameren contractors searched historical records and contacted state and federal resource agencies to determine if either of the federally listed mussels was likely to occur in the vicinity of the Callaway Plant, as part of an assessment of potential impacts of a proposed new generating unit at the site. Pink mucket mussels have been collected from the lower reaches of both the Osage and Gasconade Rivers, but have not been observed in streams in the vicinity of the Callaway Plant. Scaleshell mussels have been collected from the Osage River, well upstream of the Callaway intake, and from Auxvasse Creek, just west of the Callaway property The only federally listed plant known to occur in the counties of interest is the endangered running buffalo clover (Trifolium stoloniferum), which is endangered and listed for Callaway and Montgomery counties (Table 2.5-1). Historically, it inhabited open woodlands and grasslands with disturbed soils, but is not known to occur in any of the four counties associated with Callaway or its transmission system (MDC 2010b). The eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is the only protected amphibian known to occur in the four counties of interest, and is state

-listed as endangered in Montgomery ,

Section 2.5 Threatened or Endangered Species Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 21 of 71 Gasconade, and Osage counties (Table 2.5-1). It inhabits riffles in clear, permanent, gravel

-bottomed streams and threats include landscape impacts that affect water quality. This species has not been observed on the site.

Section 2.6 Demography Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 22 of 71 2.6 DEMOGRAPHY 2.6.1 Regional Demography The Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants (GEIS) presents a population characterization method that is based on two factors: "sparseness" and "proximity" (NRC 1996). "Sparseness" measures population density and city size within 20 miles of a site and categorizes the demographic information as follows:

Demographic Categories Based on Sparseness Category Most sparse

1. Less than 40 persons per square mile and no community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles 2. 40 to 60 persons per square mile and no community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles 3. 60 to 120 persons per square mile or less than 60 persons per square mile with at least one community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles Least sparse

4. Greater than or equal to 120 persons per square mile within 20 miles Source: NRC (1996). "Proximity" measures population density and city size within 50 miles and categorizes the demographic information as follows:

Demographic Categories Based on Proximity Category Not in close proximity

1. No city with 100,000 or more persons and less than 50 persons per square mile within 50 miles

2. No city with 100,000 or more persons and between 50 and 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles

3. One or more cities with 100,000 or more persons and less than 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles In close proximity

4. Greater than or equal to 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles Source: NRC (1996). The GEIS then uses the following matrix to rank the population category as low, medium, or high.

Section 2.6 Demography Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 23 of 71 GEIS Sparseness and Proximity Matrix Proximity Sparseness 1 2 3 4 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Low Population Area Medium Population Area High Population Area Source: NRC (1996) Ameren used 2000 census data from the U.S. Census Bureau (USCB) with geographic information system software (ArcGIS) to determine most demographic characteristics in the Callaway Unit 1 vicinity (ArcGIS is a software package comprised of geographic information systems (GIS) software products and tools (ESRI 2010). T he ArcGIS) calculations (TtNUS 2010) determined that, in 2000 1, 44,237 people lived within 20 miles of Callaway Unit 1, producing a population density of 35 persons per square mile. Applying the GEIS sparseness criteria, the 20-mile population falls into the most sparse category, Category 1 (less than 40 persons per square mile and no community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles).

To calculate the proximity measure, Ameren determined that, in 2000, 462,238 people liv ed within 50 miles of Callaway Unit 1, which equates to a population density of 59 persons per square mile (TtNUS 2010). Applying the GEIS proximity measures, the 50

-mile population is classified as Category 2 (no city with 100,000 or more persons and between 50 and 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles). Therefore, according to the GEIS sparseness and proximity matrix, Callaway Unit 1, with a sparseness rank of 1 and a proximity rank of 2 (a score of 1.2), is located in a low population area.

The population distribution within a 50

-mile radius of Callaway Unit 1 is generally considered rural, with the exception of those areas surrounding cities like Columbia and Jefferson City, the two largest cities in the three

-county region. The municipality nearest Callaway Unit 1 is Fulton, Missouri, the county seat (10 miles northwest) with a 2008 population estimate of 12,707 (USCB undated a). The nearest major city is St Louis, Missouri (80 miles east), with a 2008 population estimate of 354,361 (USCB undated a). The majority of Callaway Unit 1 employees live in Fulton, Columbia, and Jefferson City. The 2008 population estimates of Columbia and Jefferson City are 100,733 2 and 40,771, respectively (USCB undated b

).

1 The US Census Bureau maintains block group data for the decennial census and not for intercensal estimates. Therefore, the most current block group data, which has been used to obtain population size by radius, is for the year 2000. 2 The City of Columbia's 2008 population estimate exceeds 100,000, causing the region's proximity rank of 2 to be called into question (see previous paragraph). However, because the population densities of the 20- and 50-mile radii are based on 2000 census data and the population estimate of Columbia is for 2008, Ameren will not change the Section 2.6 Demography Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 24 of 71 All or parts of 22 counties, three Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan Statistical Area are located within 50 miles of Callaway Unit 1 (Figure 2.1-1). The MSAs are (1) Columbia, MO, (2) Jefferson City, MO, and (3) St. Louis, MO

-IL, and the Micropolitan Statistical Area is Mexico, MO.

From 2000 to 2008, the population of the Columbia, MO MSA increased from 145,666 to 164,283, an increase of 12.8 percent. The population of the Jefferson City, MO MSA increased from 140,052 to 146,363, an increase of 4.5 percent. The population of the St. Louis, MO

-IL MSA increased from 2,698,687 to 2,816,710, an increase of 4.4 percent. The population of the Mexico, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area increased from 25,853 to 26,049, an increase of 0.8 percent (USCB 2009). Approximately 85 percent of employees at the Callaway Unit 1 site reside in Boone, Callaway, and Cole Counties (see Section 3.4). Therefore, they are the counties with the greatest potential to be socioeconomically affected by license renewal at the Callaway Unit 1 site. Table 2.6-1 shows population estimates and decennial growth rates for these three counties. Values for the State of Missouri are provided for comparison. The table is based on data from the Missouri Office of Administration, Budget, and Planning.

From 1990 to 2000, Boone, Callaway, and Cole Counties' population growth percentages outpaced that of the State of Missouri. In fact, Boone and Callaway Counties' growth percentages were more than double that of the State of Missouri.

2.6.2 Minority and Low-Income Populations The NRC performed environmental justice analyses for previous license renewal applications and concluded that a 50

-mile radius (Figure 2.1-1) could reasonably be expected to contain potential environmental impact sites and that the state was appropriate as the geographic area for comparative analysis. Ameren has adopted these parameters for quantifying the minority and low-income populations that may be affected by Callaway Unit 1 operations.

Ameren used 2000 census data from the USCB with geographic information system software (ArcGIS 9.3) to determine the minority characteristics by block group. If a block group was not contained completely within the 50

-mile radius, the block group was then "clipped". New areas were calculated for the "clipped" block groups, and new populations were calculated based on the ratio between the "clipped" area and the total area of the block group. The 50

-mile radius includes 379 block groups (Table 2.6-2). 2.6.2.1 Minority Populations The NRC's Procedural Guidance for Preparing Environmental Assessments and Considering Environmental Issues defines a "minority" population as: American Indian or Alaskan Native; Asian; Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander; Black races; and Hispanic Ethnicity (NRC 2001). Additionally, NRC's guidance requires that (1) all other single minorities are to be treated as one population and analyzed, (2) multi-racial populations are to be analyzed, and (3) the aggregate of all minority populations is to be treated as one population and analyzed. The guidance indicates that a minority population exists if either of the following two conditions exists:

proximity rank of 2. This decision is conservative because municipalities with smaller populations tend to be more impacted by social and economic changes than municipalities with larger populations.

Section 2.6 Demography Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 25 of 71 The minority population in the census block group or environmental impact site exceeds 50 percent.

The minority population percentage of the environmental impact area is significantly greater (typically at least 20 percentage points) than the minority population percentage in the geographic area chosen for comparative analysis.

For each of the 379 block groups within the 50

-mile radius, Ameren calculated the percent of the block group's population represented by each minority. If any block group minority percentage exceeded 50 percent, then the block group was identified as containing a minority population.

The 50-mile radius surrounding the Callaway Unit 1 site is completely contained within the state of Missouri. Therefore, Ameren selected Missouri as the geographic area for comparative analysis, and calculated the percentages of each minority category within Missouri

(Table 2.6-2). If any block group within the 50

-mile radius contained a minority percentage exceeding the corresponding state percentage by more than 20 points, then a minority population was determined to exist.

Table 2.6-2 presents the number of block groups in each county in the 50

-mile radius that exceed the thresholds for minority populations. Figures 2.6-1 and 2.6-2 display the minority block groups within the 50

-mile radius.

Within the 50

-mile radius, 13 census block groups have significant Black races populations.

Fifteen census block groups within the 50

-mile radius have significant Aggregate Minority populations. None of the census block groups within the 50

-mile radius has significant American Indian or Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, all Other Single Minority, Multi

-Racial, or Hispanic populations.

2.6.2.2 Low-Income Populations NRC guidance defines low

-income population based on statistical poverty thresholds (NRC 2001) if either of the following two conditions is met:

The low-income population in the census block group or the environmental impact site exceeds 50 percent.

The percentage of households below the poverty level in an environmental impact area is significantly greater (typically at least 20 percentage points) than the low

-income population percentage in the geographic area chosen for comparative analysis.

Ameren divided the number of USCB low

-income households in each census block group by the total households for that block group to obtain the percentage of low

-income households per block group. Table 2.6-2 and Figure 2.6-3 illustrate the low

-income block groups in the 50

-mile radius, based on NRC's criteria. Nineteen census block groups within the 50

-mile radius have significant low

-income households.

Section 2.7 Economic Base Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 26 of 71 2.7 ECONOMIC BASE Information about an area's economic base is relevant to how an area could respond to a demand for additional housing (Regulatory Guide 4.2, Supplement 1, Section 4.14, Housing Impacts, is the only impact analysis section that discusses economic base information). A demand for additional housing would be driven by an increase in plant employment in response to refurbishment or license

-renewal-term activities. Because Ameren has determined that there would be no refurbishment (ER Section 3.2), and no additional employees needed to support license renewal (ER Section 3.4

), area economic base information is not needed.

Section 2.8 Housing Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 27 of 71 2.8 HOUSING A demand for additional housing would be driven by an increase in plant employment in response to refurbishment or license

-renewal-term activities. This is consistent with Regulatory Guide 4.2, Supplement 1, Section 4.14.1, Refurbishment (housing impacts) and Section 4.14.2, License Renewal Term (housing impacts). Because Ameren has determined that there would be no refurbishment (ER Section 3.2) or additional license renewal term employees (ER Section 3.4), housing information is not needed.

Section 2.9 Educational System Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 28 of 71 2.9 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM A demand for additional educational system services would be driven by an increase in plant employment in response to refurbishment activities. This is consistent with Regulatory Guide 4.2, Supplement 1, Section 4.16, Education Impacts from Refurbishment. Because Ameren has determined that there would be no refurbishment (ER Section 3.2), educational system information is not needed.

Section 2.10 Taxes Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 29 of 71 2.10 TAXES Ameren pays annual property taxes, on behalf of the Callaway Unit 1 site, to Callaway County, so the focus of this analysis will be on Callaway County.

From 2004 through 2008, Callaway County collected between $29.3 and $32.8 million annually in property tax revenues (see Tables 2.10-1 and 2.10-2). Each year, Callaway County collects these taxes, and disburses them to, among others, the county school districts, the Callaway County General Fund, road and bridge maintenance funds, several fire districts, the County library, several municipalities, the County ambulance, a handicapped/sheltered workshop, and the State of Missouri (Callaway County 2010). The majority of Ameren's payment goes to the South Callaway County R

-II School District. For the years 2004 through 2008, Callaway Unit 1 property taxes have represented 26.6 to 30.6 percent of Callaway County's total property tax revenues (see Table 2.10-1). Table 2.10-2 presents tax data for the South Callaway County R

-II School District, alone. From 2004 through 2008, the South Callaway County R

-II School District collected between $9.7 and $10.3 million annually in property tax revenues (Table 2.10-2). For the same years, Callaway Unit 1 property taxes have represented 58.3 to 62.2 percent of the South Callaway County R

-II School District's total property tax revenues.

Callaway Unit 1's annual property taxes are expected to remain relatively constant through the license renewal period. With respect to utility deregulation, the State of Missouri has taken no action in the last several years (Section 7.2.1). Therefore, the potential effects of deregulation would be unknown at this time. Should deregulation be enacted in Missouri, this action could affect utilities' tax payments to taxing recipients. However, any changes to Callaway Unit 1 property tax rates due to deregulation would be independent of license renewal.

Section 2.11 Land Use Planning Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 30 of 71 2.11 LAND USE PLANNING Because Callaway County is the only county that receives property tax payments on behalf of the Callaway Unit 1 site, land use changes in Callaway County are the focus of this section.

Regional planning in Missouri is generally guided by the State's 19 regional planning commissions, which, collectively, form the Missouri Association of Councils of Government (MACOG). Regional planning commissions are advisory in nature, and county and municipal governments hold membership on a voluntary basis. Typically, regional planning commissions address a cross

-section of issues dealing with infrastructure and comprehensive planning. Most of the rural regional planning commissions in Missouri were formed under Chapter 251 of the Revised Statutes of the State of Missouri (RSMo). Callaway County is a member of the Mid

-

Missouri Regional Planning Commission, which includes Boone, Callaway, Cole, Cooper, Howard, and Moniteau Counties (MM RPC 200 6). Currently, the Mid

-Missouri Regional Planning Commission does not have a land use plan for its member counties (Siegmund 2010

). Whereas individual Missouri counties generally participate in the planning process through voluntary membership in one of the 19 regional planning commissions, all cities, towns and villages in Missouri may adopt planning and zoning. Statutory authority to enact planning and zoning is found in Chapter 89 of the RSMo (Zoning and Planning). Chapter 89 establishes the procedural framework in which planning and zoning is enacted and administered (MGA 2009). There are no zoning or comprehensive planning commissions at the county level in Callaway County (Hudson 2010; Siegmund 2010). There are no zoning ordinances or land use plans for the unincorporated areas of Callaway County (Hudson 2010). Some County officials have been discussing the possibility of establishing county

-level planning, but no legislation has been enacted (Siegmund 2010). None of the cities in Callaway County have land use plans (Hudson 2010). The City of Fulton, the largest city in Callaway County, has a zoning ordinance (Hudson 2010). Growth control is not an issue in the City of Fulton and is, therefore, not reflected in the zoning ordinance.

Callaway County land use is presented in Table 2.11-1, Callaway County Land Use, 2005. This data is pictorially represented in Figure 2.11-1, Callaway County Land Use. Land use in the County has not changed significantly over the last several decades (Siegmund 2010). Although, from 1990 to 2000, the population in Callaway County has increased at a rate that is double the state's rate (Section 2.6), in absolute numbers, the increase is still relatively small, about 4,000 people. Currently, developed land accounts for only 2.9 percent of total land area.

Section 2.12 Social Services and Public Facilities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 31 of 71 2.12 SOCIAL SERVICES AND PUBLIC FACILITIES 2.12.1 Public Water Systems Callaway Unit 1 uses approximately 400 gallons per minute of groundwater two hours a day from onsite production Well #3 for process water makeup, potable water, and fire protection. Callaway Unit 1 does not use water from a municipal water supplier.

Table 2.12-1 presents capacity and use data for the major water systems in the socioeconomic region of influence (ROI). With the exception of the University of Missouri, where average daily use equals maximum capacity, there is ample excess capacity in every major water system in the three-county ROI. With the exception of one system, the primary water source is groundwater.

2.12.2 Transportation Callaway County covers approximately 541,898 acres, or 847 square miles (Table 2.11-1). Located in east central Missouri, Callaway County is surrounded by Audrain, Montgomery, Osage, Cole, and Boone Counties (Figure 2.1-1). The Missouri River forms its southern border. Major arterials in Callaway County include 1) Interstate 70 (I

-70), which has an east

-west orientation and traverses the northern third of the County, and 2) U.S. Highway 54, which intersects I

-70, north of Fulton.

The Callaway Unit 1 site has six entrances, A through F. County Roads 428, 459, and 448, collectively encircle the site. Most plant employees use Entrances A, B, and C, on the southwest side of the site. These entrances intersect County Road 428, west of the site. County Road 428 intersects State Highway CC. State Highway CC intersects State Highway O, northwest of the site, and State Highway 94, southwest of the site.

Most Callaway Unit 1 employees reside in and around the cities of Fulton, Jefferson City, and Columbia, Missouri. Ameren estimates that the roadways between these cities and the Callaway Unit 1 site are those most traveled by plant employees. Employees living in Fulton and Columbia generally use State Highway O from Fulton to the plant site. Those traveling from Columbia may use 1) I

-70 to U.S. Highway 54 or 2) State Highways WW and F, to reach Fulton. Employees in Jefferson City use State Highways 94 and CC to reach the plant site. The few employees who live northeast of the plant use I

-70, and State Highways D and O. Others, living east of the plant site, use State Highways 94, D and O. Unit 1 employees report that there are no congestion issues during shift changes or normal refueling outages (AmerenUE 2010). Transportation planning in the ROI is conducted by the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) and the Mid

-Missouri Regional Planning Commission. Planning details may be found in the Mid

-Missouri Regional Transportation Plan (MMRPC 2009). The Plan contains roadway planning, maintenance, and upgrade projects for the roads traversed by Callaway Unit 1 employees. A review of these projects reveals no major roadway changes or construction activities, other than routine maintenance and upgrades. However, in 2009, Ameren, the MoDOT, and the Federal Highway Administration performed an environmental assessment of the existing roadway system between the Callaway Unit 1 site and U.S. Highway 54 (Burns and McDonnell 2009). The sections of U.S. Highway 54, and State Highways O, CC, and 94, Section 2.12 Social Services and Public Facilities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 32 of 71 utilized by plant employees are included in the study area. Recommendations have been made for roadway upgrades and changes to improve the safety and efficacy of these roads

. MoDOT maintains traffic count data for roads of interest in this analysis (MoDOT 2008). Figure 2.12-1 provides a pictorial representation of traffic volumes on the roads most traveled by Callaway Unit 1 employees.

Section 2.13 Meteorology and Air Quality Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 33 of 71 2.13 METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY Callaway Unit 1 is located in Callaway County, Missouri, approximately 10 miles southeast of Fulton, Missouri and 80 miles west of the St. Louis metropolitan area.

Missouri experiences regional differences in climates but the differences do not have obvious geographic boundaries. Therefore, the regional climates grade inconspicuously into each other.

The basic gradient for most climatic characteristics is along a line diagonally crossing the state from northwest to southeast.

Both mean annual temperature and precipitation exhibit gradients along this line (NCDC 2005). Missouri experiences frequent changes in temperature as a result of its inland location. It has a continental type of climate marked by strong seasonality.

Because there are no topographic barriers, dry

-cold air masses in the winter periodically swing south from the northern plains and Canada and invade reasonably humid air resulting in snow and rain. While, in the summer, moist, warm air masses, periodically swing north from the Gulf of Mexico and produce large amounts of rain, either by fronts or by convectional processes (NCDC 2005). High pressures can stall over Missouri during the summer months, creating extended drought periods.

Spring and fall are transitional seasons when abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation may occur due to successive, fast

-moving fronts separating contrasting air masses.

Winters are cold and summers are hot; though, prolonged periods of very cold or very hot weather are unusual.

Occasional periods of mild, above freezing temperatures are noted almost every winter and occasional periods of dry

-cool weather are noted almost every summer.

Although temperatures above 100 °F as well as subzero temperatures are rare, both have occurred throughout the state (NCDC 2005). The climate of the Callaway site is temperate continental with cold snowy winters and warm, humid summers (AmerenUE 2009). Based on climatological data from the nearby Columbia Regional Airport weather station, the coldest weather in the area of Callaway Unit 1 occurs in January (27.8 °F on average) and the warmest occurs in July (77.4 °F on average)

(NCDC 2004). Average annual precipitation at the Columbia Regional Airport weather station for the 30

-year period 1971

-2000 was 40.28 inches, with the least amount of rainfall recorded, on average in the month of January (1.73 inches) and the most recorded in May (4.87 inches) (NCDC 2004). Meteorological information, as it relates to the analysis of severe accidents, is included in Attachment F. Under the Clean Air Act, the USEPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that specify maximum concentrations for carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 10 microns or less (PM 10), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 microns or less (PM 2.5), ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO 2), lead, and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). Areas of the United States having air quality as good as or better than the NAAQS are designated by EPA as attainment areas.

Areas having air quality that is worse than the NAAQS are designated by USEPA as "non-attainment areas."

Areas that were designated non

-attainment and subsequently re

-designated as attainment due to meeting the NAAQS are termed "maintenance areas."

States with maintenance areas are required to develop an air quality maintenance plan as an element of the State Implementation Plan.

Callaway Unit 1 is located in Callaway County, Missouri.

Callaway County is in the Northern Missouri Intrastate Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) (40 CFR 81.116).

Callaway County, Missouri, is in attainment for all of the NAAQS as is the rest of the Northern Missouri Intrastate Section 2.13 Meteorology and Air Quality Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 34 of 71 AQCR (40 CFR 81.326).

The closest non

-attainment areas to Callaway Unit 1 are Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles, and St. Louis counties, and the City of St. Louis, which are all part of the Metropolitan St.

Louis Interstate AQCR (40 CFR 81.18). All of these areas are non

-attainment with respect to the PM2.5 and 8-hour Ozone NAAQS.

St. Louis County and the City of St. Louis are maintenance areas with respect to the CO NAAQS.

Jefferson County, within the city limits of Herculaneum, is non

-attainment with respect to lead NAAQS (40 CFR 81.326).

The Metropolitan St. Louis Interstate AQCR is located approximately 25 miles to the east of Callaway Unit 1. On January 6, 2010, USEPA proposed revisions to strengthen the NAAQS for ground

-level ozone (USEPA 2010a

). The revisions would strengthen the primary 8

-hour ozone standard and would also establish a separate cumulative secondary standard.

After court challenges and other delays, USEPA intends to issue revised standards in late 2011. Based on 2006

-2008 air quality data, Callaway County had not violated the proposed ozone standards. Therefore , Callaway County's attainment designation for ozone is not expected to change following the issuance of new USEPA standards (USEPA 2010b). Callaway Unit 1 has a number of stationary emission sources, such as standby emergency diesel generators, auxiliaries required for safe starting and continuous operation, and several petroleum fuel storage tanks. As reported and submitted to MDNR, actual total emissions from all sources at Callaway Unit 1 from 2005 to 2009 were 58.31 tons per year (tpy), 12.96 tp y , 30.32 tpy , 30.24 tpy, and 12.8 tpy, respectively (AmerenUE 2010). The highest emissions were reported in 200 5: 1.47 tpy of particulate matter (PM 10), 8.03 tpy of carbon monoxide (CO), 35.41 tpy of oxides of nitrogen (NO x), 11.91 tpy of sulfur dioxide (SO

2) and 1.49 tpy of volatile organic compounds (VOC)

(AmerenUE 2010

). The Clean Air Act, as amended, established Mandatory Class I Federal Areas where visibility is an important issue.

The closest Class I areas to Callaway Unit 1 are the only Class I areas in Missouri, the Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, located approximately 150 miles to the southeast of the Callaway Unit 1 and the Hercules

-Glades Wilderness Area, located approximately 155 miles to the southwest of Callaway Unit 1 (40 CFR 81.416).

Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 35 of 71 2.14 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 2.14.1 Regional Historic Context 2.14.1.1 Prehistoric The prehistoric background of the region surrounding Callaway Unit 1 can be divided into four general temporal periods that have unique cultural characteristics. These periods are the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian. Each period is discussed below.

Paleoindian Period (14,000 to 10,000 years Before Present [B.P.])

The earliest known human occupation of Missouri occurred during the Paleoindian Period, which coincided with the end of the Wisconsin Glaciation and inception of the Holocene. The majority of Paleoindian Period materials recovered throughout the U.S. have been surface finds of stone tools, which lack detailed information on environmental context or lifeways. Paleoindian projectile points are often associated with other tool types including gravers, scrapers, or large blades. These materials are generally found in upland contexts or along river terraces. Paleoindian social organization has long been characterized as consisting of small, highly nomadic bands of hunter

-gatherers that subsisted primarily on Pleistocene megafauna. The focus on megafauna seems to be supported by discoveries of lithic tools in association with mastodon remains at sites such as the Coats

-Hines site in Middle Tennessee. However, scientists have suggested that Paleoindian groups also exploited plant foods, small game, birds, and amphibians (Brown and Garrow 2009). Archaic Period (10,000 to 3,000 B.P.)

The Archaic Period, which immediately followed the Paleoindian Period, is divided into the Early (10,000 to 8,000 B.P.), Middle (8,000 to 5,000 B.P.), and Late (5,000 to 3,000 B.P.) sub

-periods based on climate changes that led to subsistence and technological changes. Subsistence patterns were directly related to the changing climate, as the remaining Pleistocene species were replaced by modern species and the gathering of wild plant foods increased in importance.

The Early Archaic Period corresponds to a shift from a cold, dry Pleistocene climate to a cool, moist early Holocene climate. This period is characterized by a shift to a more sedentary settlement pattern with an increased reliance on wild plant foods, small game, and aquatic resources. Sites containing dense lithic scatters covering large areas have been interpreted as central base camps. These sites are typically located on river terraces, while smaller hunting camps are typically located in the uplands.

The Middle Archaic Period coincided approximately with the Hypsithermal climatic episode, which was marked by warming and an increase in population. While subsistence and settlement patterns remained fairly constant, there appears to be an increase in the utilization of aquatic resources. The appearance of pecked and ground stone tools indicates intensive processing of nuts. The appearance of bannerstones (atlatl weights) signals the innovation of a new projectile technology known as the atlatl or spear

-thrower, as does the appearance of grooved axes. Many Middle Archaic sites are located on lower stream terraces. This is in contrast with Early and Late Archaic sites, which tend to be located on higher stream terraces and uplands.

Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 36 of 71 The Late Archaic Period coincided with the inception of our modern climate. This period is characterized by an increase in the number and size of sites, which are indicative of an increase in population and more sedentary lifeways in Missouri. There is paleobotanical evidence that oily and starchy seeds from plants such as goosefoot were being used. This, along with the first appearance of crude ceramics, is thought to signal a shift towards horticulture. However, hunting and gathering of wild foods continued into historic times (Brown and Garrow 2009

). Woodland Period (3,000 B.P.

to A.D. 900)

The Woodland Period is marked by changes in settlement and subsistence patterns, technology, and social organization. Ceramic types increased in number and became more varied in temper and decorative technique. The bow and arrow were introduced during the Woodland Period, and extensive trade networks were established. In Missouri, the Woodland Period is further divided into three sub

-periods: Early (3,000 to 2,500 B.P.), Middle (2,500 B.P. to A.D. 500), and Late (A.D. 500 to 900).

Early Woodland sites are rare in Missouri. The Early Woodland Period is characterized by large base camp sites in major river valleys and smaller logistical camps sites located on terraces. Subsistence was centered primarily on hunting and gathering, although there was an increase in reliance on cultigens such as sunflowers and cucurbits. Ceramics first became widespread during this time, including incised sand

-tempered types in northern Missouri and a variety of plain and stamped types in southern Missouri.

A large complex culture referred to as the Hopewell Interaction Sphere emerged in the Middle Woodland Period, characterized by villages, intensive horticulture, and long

-distance trade of such materials as marine shell from the Gulf Coast, obsidian from the Rocky Mountains, copper from Lake Superior, mica from the Appalachians, and chert blades from various places. Conical burial mounds were constructed and used for repeated cremations and burials. Middle Woodland artifact assemblages are dominated by stamped grit-tempered and sand

-tempered ceramics. Middle Woodland settlement sites appear to be similar to those of the Early Woodland Period, but there appears to have been an increased reliance on cultivated plants.

The Late Woodland Period is marked by an increase in thin

-walled, plain ceramic types, and expanding stemmed and side

-notched projectile points. The number of sites increases, which indicates a rise in population and/or a change in the distribution of the population over the landscape. The sudden appearance of very small, thin, triangular projectile points between A.D. 600 and 700 indicates the invention of the bow

-and-arrow technology and an attendant change in hunting techniques (Brown and Garrow 2009

). Mississippian Period (A.D. 900 to 1600)

The onset of the Mississippian Period is characterized by major changes in the social structure, subsistence patterns, and settlement patterns of Native Americans. Large permanent settlements arose, which were led by chiefs and relied heavily on maize agriculture. Political and military powers emerged in these large highly

-centralized settlements, with each center being supported by numerous satellite villages. Craft specialists also appeared, which is indicated by the appearance of highly specialized lithic and ceramic artifacts, beadwork, and shell gorgets. A new type of earthen mound (platform mounds), upon which ceremonial houses were erected, appeared and became widespread. Many Mississippian platform mounds appear in clusters that also include burial mounds as well as defensive structures such as moats and palisades. These sites were common in the large river valleys, particularly the central and lower Mississippi River valley.

Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 37 of 71 The diagnostic lithic artifacts of the Mississippian Period include small triangular, side

-notched, and bipointed points. Slipped and painted pottery types are common on Mississippian Period sites, including red

-and-white, white filmed, and polychrome. There are also incised, engraved, and punctuated variants.

The end of the Mississippian Period came with severe social, political, and demographic changes brought about by the appearance of European populations. Perhaps the most significant factor was the introduction of infectious diseases for which Native Americans, due to their isolation from the rest of the world's populations, had little immunological resistance. Smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, influenza, and other diseases killed millions of Native Americans, which devastated villages and resulted in social collapse. By the time Europeans appeared in eastern Missouri in large numbers, the chiefdoms had disappeared and the descendants of Mississippian peoples were unable to give any account of the thousands of large earthen mounds that occurred throughout the region (Brown and Garrow 2009

). 2.14.1.2 Historic The Historic era (A.D. 1600 to present) is best described as a series of complex relationships between the major European powers, the indigenous Native Americans, and the emergent United States. The first major European expedition to Missouri was conducted by the French who discovered the mouth of the Missouri River as early as 1673 and had explored the majority of the river by 1717. The Spanish served as overlords from 1763 to 1803, followed by a brief ownership by Napoleon, and finally as part of the expanding Anglo American empire, becoming a state in 1821. Although Spain controlled portions of Missouri, the area retained a primarily French character that was later supplanted by Anglo Americans and to a smaller degree by German immigrants.

The French The French arrival in Missouri and Illinois in the late 16th and early 17th centuries was driven by both economic and religious motives. Catholic missionaries established a presence at the Kaskaskia village located at the River Des Peres in 1700 followed by settlements at Fort Charles and Cahokia. Like most European powers that had an interest in North America, the French saw Missouri (designated by the French as Upper Louisiana) as a place for new economic opportunity. By the 1700s, the French controlled the fur trade in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River regions, eventually expanding into the middle Mississippi Basin.

The French built St. Louis and surrounding settlements as hubs in the international fur trade, and developed ties with local Indian tribes, especially the Missouri and Osage Indians. A common practice for French businessman and traders was to marry Indian women as a means of monopolizing the fur trade. An additional tactic included manipulating the internal affairs of Indian tribes to corner markets and control regional trading networks. However, this policy also caused resentment toward the French and, during the late 1790s, several Osage leaders became weary of the influence exerted by the French.

While the settlements located on the major rivers facilitated French

-based river trade, it was the discovery of mineral resources that lead the first French explorations into the Missouri interior. In 1719, the French sent the Sieur de Lochon, a smelter, to a mine on the Meramec River, which was thought to contain silver. Silver production was low with only a few ounces of silver produced; however, the mine produced a large amount of lead. This discovery resulted in additional mining expeditions in Missouri. Lead quickly became the mineral of choice, and Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 38 of 71 these mines were responsible for the majority of lead sent to France via New Orleans (Brown and Garrow 2009

). The Americans Anglo Americans had begun to settle Missouri while the territory was under Spanish control, but it was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 that provided the stimulus for unrestrained Anglo

-

American migration and settlement. President Jefferson originally wanted to use the Louisiana Purchase (including parts of Missouri) as a territory for the resettlement of Indians displaced east of the Mississippi. However, American settlement continued and by 1821, the Anglo population had grown to the point of statehood.

A sticking point between Missouri residents and congressional approval for statehood was the status of slavery. Missourians wanted the institution to be unrestricted in their state; however, northern Congressmen wanted Missouri to be admitted with provisions restricting the further introduction of slaves and the gradual emancipation of slave children. Missouri was granted statehood, but not before it was agreed that the portion of the State's constitution related to free African-Americans settling in Missouri was to never be used to support any laws related to the topic. The rapid growth and development of Missouri was advanced by the arrival of the steamboat in the 1820s. Improved transportation facilities on the western rivers greatly reduced the time needed to move goods from St. Louis to New Orleans, thus significantly reducing the cost as well. The building of railroads in Missouri followed the national trend of railroad construction during the 1830s. Similar to other states, financial difficulties plagued the building of lines in the state. A move toward national construction of a railroad was initiated in 1849, and many Missourians hoped their state would serve as the eastern terminus of a national trunk line to the Pacific. By the end of 1860, Missouri had approximately 800 miles of working railroads.

Early manufacturing focused on local raw materials converted into finished goods for local consumption, most of this done at the household level or in small, locally operated mills. Later many areas of the state saw greatly expanded use of raw materials to meet state and western market demands. A large effort was focused on extractive resources and manufactured products: flour and meal, sawed lumber, tobacco, machinery, cordage, malt and distilled liquors, and metals and metal goods. This manufacturing center was centralized in the St. Louis area (Brown and Garrow 2009

). The Germans German migration began around 1820 as disenfranchised groups in Germany saw Missouri as a viable place to recreate their village

-oriented lifestyle without government intrusion. The lack of industrial competition in Missouri was an important factor for German artisans, who had been pushed to the economic margins by industrialization in their homeland. The German population in Missouri was small, around 5 percent during the early 1870s; however, their economic contributions to the growth of Missouri far outweighed their numbers, bringing in blacksmiths, coopers, shoemakers, carpenters, masons, and tailors. In addition, Germans or people of German ancestry comprised over half of the bankers in Missouri during the second half of the 19th century (Brown and Garrow 2009

).

Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 39 of 71 2.14.1.3 Historical Background of Callaway County Early Settlement The first permanent European settlement in Callaway County was established in 1808 by French-Canadian traders who relocated from St. Louis. The settlement, Cote Sans Dessein, was founded at the convergence of the Missouri and Osage Rivers. This choice was geographically favorable to control river

-based trade and to foster trade with local Native American groups. Although Cote Sans Dessein was built as a trading post, the population had grown to approximately 200 persons by 1815. The remains of the original settlement are now gone, washed out by the Missouri River.

Anglo settlement increased in Callaway County with the construction of Boone's Lick Road in 1815, crossing the northern portion of the county. This road provided direct overland access into the county and by 1820 the population had increased (1,797 persons by 1821) to the point that the political boundaries of Callaway County were formed from a portion of neighboring Montgomery County. According to the government census, the population of Callaway County in 1830 was 6,159 persons. The influx of settlers brought about the establishment of new towns throughout the county. Smith's Landing (now Mokane) and the community of Elizabeth (now Fulton) were the first towns established after Cote Sans Dessein. Elizabeth was designated as the county seat, and the first county courthouse was erected in 1827. Other towns that were established during this period (1827 to 1837) included Auxvasse, Round Prairie, Nine Mile Prairie, Cedar, Millersburg, Portland, Williamsburg, Concord, and Bourbon (Brown and Garrow 2009). Development Callaway County experienced continued economic and population growth through the 1820s and 1830s as steamboat traffic brought river

-based trade to the area. The town of Portland (east of the Callaway Plant property) became an important river port town. As a tribute to the importance of the steamboat, the town of Elizabeth changed its name to Fulton in honor of steamboat pioneer Robert Fulton.

The first railroad in Callaway County was completed in 1857, starting at Cote Sans Dessein and heading 7 miles into the county interior. The original wooden track was built by the Callaway Mining and Manufacturing Company for transportation of cannel coal to the Missouri River, where it was transferred and moved via steamboat. The rail venture failed after only two years of operation and the land was auctioned off, but the railroad was converted into a steel

-rail operation and was continually used (Brown and Garrow 2009

). Civil War Callaway County residents overwhelmingly supported the confederacy, sending 800 to 1,100 men to Confederate service compared to only 300 to Union service. Although the County possessed a pro

-Confederacy majority, the town of Fulton was occupied by Union troops for the majority of the war. The only official battle fought in Callaway County was Moore's Mill (now Calwood), located in the northern portion of the county, in July of 1862, where 280 Confederate soldiers engaged 680 Union soldiers for an afternoon. The battle was indecisive, with each side losing a proportionally small number of men (Brown and Garrow 2009

).

Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 40 of 71 Late 19th to 20th Century The late 19th to early 20th centuries in Callaway County and central Missouri were a time of transportation improvement with the arrival of railroads throughout the State. Hemp and tobacco farming continued to be the economic mainstay of Callaway County; however, by the late 1890s, industry began to grow and, by the turn of the century, the town of Fulton was the center of economic growth in the County. Sharp declines in population in the county mirrored the shift of population from rural to urban communities that was occurring all over Missouri in the first half of the 20th century. Various industries developed to become an important part of the county's economy, with the majority located in Fulton due to its central location in the county.

However, agriculture still remains the economic basis for the county, with the majority of the populous engaged in farming, in providing services and supplies to farmers, and in marketing agricultural products. The central crops include corn, soybeans, wheat, and milo. Livestock production includes hogs and cattle, supplemented by dairy products and poultry (Brown and Garrow 2009

). 2.14.2 Previous Cultural Resource Studies Ameren conducted an archaeological reconnaissance survey of proposed construction areas during preparation of the Final Environmental Statement (FES) for construction of Callaway Unit 1 (Evans and Ives 1973). This survey included the plant site, as well as the heavy haul road and railroad spur. Two archaeological sites were identified, but only one, site number 23CY20, was determined to be significant. Located on a terrace above Logan Creek, this site is a habitation and mound site, dating to Paleoindian through Late Woodland and possibly Mississippian periods. The site was recommended by the surveyors as significant due to the presence of intact subsurface archaeological deposits. In the FES, the NRC concluded that the site would not be subject to significant impacts from construction of the plant or plant access (NRC 1975). Ameren commissioned archaeological testing of the site, which identified few subsurface remains located within the railroad corridor, and determined that construction of the railroad would not impact the site (Evans and Ives 1979c

). Subsequent surveys were conducted for additional construction areas after the FES. These areas included the intake structure, discharge pipeline, crossing of Logan Creek by the intake/discharge pipelines, and the barge dock facility (Evans 1977a). No historical or archaeological sites were identified.

Transmission lines were also surveyed, including the Callaway-Bland line (Evans 1977 b; Evans and Ives 1979a; and Evans 1979b) and Callaway

-Montgomery line (Evans and Ives 1978), and no historical or archaeological sites were identified.

During preparation of the FES for the operation phase (OP) of Callaway Unit 1, the NRC visited the Callaway Plant and recommended additional surveys of areas that would be impacted by operation and maintenance of the plant, and preparation of a cultural resource management plan in consultation with the Missouri Division of Parks and Historic Preservation. The FES

-OP concluded that with implementation of the plan, impacts to important sites from operation and maintenance of Callaway Unit 1 would be avoided or mitigated (Traver 1985

). In 1981, Ameren conducted a systematic Phase I survey of residual lands at the Callaway Plant (Ray et al. 1984). This survey covered 5,848 acres located outside of the plant site, acreage that is managed by the Missouri Department of Conservation, plus some select areas that were planned for direct impacts. The survey identified 129 sites, of which 79 were prehistoric, 29 historic, and 21 historic architectural. Twenty

-three of the prehistoric sites were Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 41 of 71 recommended as potentially eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, and 2 of the historic sites were recommended as potentially eligible. None of the 21 historic architectural sites was considered potentially eligible. This Phase I survey effort included extensive background research, including research of General Land Office surveyor's notes and plats, land records, journals, census records, county histories and atlases, and interviews with past residents of the study area. Fieldwork included pedestrian survey with shovel testing along parallel transects, and systematic survey of chert resources.

Prehistoric resources identified during this Phase I survey included limited activity sites, small habitations or field camps, large habitations or villages, and mound sites, and were located in all ecological zones in the study area. Historic resources included habitations, discard/dump areas, outbuildings, and cemeteries, and were generally located in the forested areas or at the edge of the upland prairies. Farmsteads were located throughout the plant site. Standing architecture was located in the southern "neck" of the study area near Logan Creek and in the northern and western portions of the upland prairie. Architecture included log and frame houses, garages, privies, cellars, cisterns, barns, sheds, and various other outbuildings. The prehistoric sites spanned the Paleoindian through Mississippian periods. The time period 1541 through 1830 was not represented in the historic sites, due to permanent settlement of the region not occurring until 1818. However, 1830 through the present was represented in the historic sites and architecture. Three archaeological sites underwent Phase II archaeological testing because they were recommended as potentially eligible during the Phase I survey and were located within the operations and maintenance zone (Traver 1985). These sites included 23CY20, -352, and -359. All three sites were recommended as eligible for listing on the National Register and nomination forms were prepared.

In 2007, archaeological studies were conducted in association with preparation of a COLA for proposed Callaway Unit 2. These studies included a survey of a new discharge pipeline corridor - no archaeological materials were identified (Rogers and Brown 2007). Also, studies were conducted on a parcel located between the Missouri River channel and the Ameren property for installation of test wells (Rogers 2007

Brown and Weidman 2008). One area was initially determined to have possible remains of a shipwreck and was recommended for avoidance; however, as described in the next paragraph, Ameren ultimately concluded that no shipwreck remains have been identified. Finally, a Phase I survey was conducted of a corridor proposed for an access road and pipeline and a second corridor for a transmission line (Brown and Garrow 2009). The survey included deep testing at the crossing of Logan Creek, which did not identify any archaeological materials; electromagnetic conductivity investigations near the river channel, which did not identify any shipwrecks; and pedestrian survey with shovel testing at 15 meter intervals along two segments of the transmission line corridor. Four archaeological sites were identified in this corridor. Three of the sites are small, ephemeral lithic reduction areas, and are recommended as not eligible for the National Register. The fourth site (site number 23OS1246) is a deeply buried, intact prehistoric deposit located off the plant property. This site is recommended as eligible for the National Register and is planned for avoidance.

2.14.3 Management of Cultural Resources Ameren prepared a cultural resource management plan for the Callaway Unit 1 in 1983 (AmerenUE 2006). The plan was revised in 1992 after the National Historic Preservation Act Section 2.14 Historic and Archaeological Resources Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 42 of 71 regulations were changed, and again in 2006 due to landownership changes to some parcels. Based on the Phase I and Phase II archaeological studies conducted at Callaway, three prehistoric sites are considered eligible to the National Register; 20 prehistoric sites and 2 historic sites are considered potentially eligible to the National Register; and the remaining 104 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and architectural resources are considered not eligible for listing on the National Register. None of these sites is located within the fence d area around the plant site (Figure 3.1-2). Two of the eligible archaeological sites are located in transmission line corridors. The third eligible site (23CY20) is located adjacent to an abandoned railroad spur. This site has been fenced, and activity (including vehicular traffic) is prohibited within the fence, with the exception of routine grass maintenance. In accordance with the cultural resource management plan, no activities are allowed on the three eligible sites (AmerenUE 2006). The 22 potentially eligible sites are protected from adverse impact by placement of a conservation protection boundary zone, ranging from 50 meters to 100 meters, around each site. Limited agriculture can continue at those sites already being used for agricultural purposes, including shallow discing to sow grass seed and grazing. Land altering activities are not allowed on potentially eligible sites (AmerenUE 2006). Agriculture, such as growing corn, wheat or soybeans, is allowed for the areas of the ineligible sites; however, Ameren would consult with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) regarding these sites should project activities be proposed that could impact them. In accordance with Callaway Unit 1 procedures, any new construction or change in procedures requires an assessment of whether there will be a physical change to site grounds or any excavation of Ameren property outside of the owner controlled fence area. If the answer to either of these queries is yes, then a Final Environmental Evaluation is required. This evaluation includes a full evaluation of potential cultural resources impacts. If it is determined that any cultural resource could be impacted, regardless of previous eligibility recommendations, then the proposed project is altered to avoid the impact or the NRC and SHPO are contacted for consultation prior to implementation of the proposed project (AmerenUE 2006). If artifacts or cultural features are encountered during construction projects, supervisors are instructed to notify the Environmental Services Department of Ameren immediately. These procedures have been formalized through incorporation into Ameren's Excavation Construction and Safety Standards procedure (AmerenUE 2010

). The Missouri Department of Conservation has been notified that recreational activities must be planned to minimize opportunities for vandalism, looting, or uninformed collecting by not directing attention to potentially significant cultural resources (AmerenUE 2006). The Department is also required to submit all plans for any land disturbing activities to Ameren for review prior to implementation.

2.14.4 Nearby Cultural Resources As of February 2010, the National Register of Historic Places listed 19 properties in Callaway County (NPS 2010). Most of the properties are located in Fulton, over six miles northwest of the Callaway site. Of the 19 listed properties, three properties are located with in six miles of the Callaway Plant. These properties are identified in Table 2.14-1.

Section 2.15 Other Projects and Activities Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 43 of 71 2.15 OTHER PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES As indicated on Figure 2.1-2, there are few urban areas and little industrial development within the 6-mile radius of the Callaway Plant. There are no sites on the National Priorities List in Callaway, Osage, and Montgomery counties. Nevertheless, there is a nearby power plant at Chamois in Osage County, and Ameren plans to construct a dry spent fuel storage facility at the Callaway Plant and replace the reactor vessel head. There are two Federal conservation projects nearby.

Chamois Power Plant - Approximately 6 miles south of the Callaway Plant, on the south bank of the Missouri River, is the Chamois Power Plant, a two

-unit, 59-megawatt, coal

-fired power plant. It is owned and operated by the Central Electric Power Cooperative. Unit 1 went into service in 1953; Unit 2 began operation in 1960. The plant is of interest to Callaway operations because its intake and discharge are approximately 1.5 river miles upstream of Callaway's intake and discharge.

Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI) - Callaway currently has a spent fuel pool for storage of spent nuclear fuel at the plant. An ISFSI is proposed for the plant since the pool does not have adequate storage capacity to take the plant to the end of its current operating license. By approximately 2020, the spent fuel pool will not have enough capacity to offload an entire core

. The project is sufficiently in the future that no specific plans have been prepared.

Reactor Vessel Head Replacement - During the normal refueling outage number 20, scheduled for October 2014, Ameren plans to replace the reactor vessel head. This effort will require approximately 140 workers for less than 30 days. A smaller staff will be planning the event up to three months before the outage. This activity was planned to support continued operation of Unit 1 under the existing license and is independent of the license renewal application.

Federal Conservation Projects - Two ongoing projects have been identified within the Callaway site area that potentially could contribute to cumulative socioeconomic and environmental impacts. These two projects are directed toward the restoration of the Missouri River and the wildlife habitat it supports.

These projects are the Missouri River Mitigation Project and the Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge. The projects are managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, respectively. Each project independently involves the development of multiple units extending over the length of the Missouri River. The operational 423 acre Tate Island unit of the Missouri River Mitigation Project is on the left bank of the river in Callaway and Montgomery Counties between river miles 113 and 110, approximately 2 1/2 river miles downstream of the Callaway discharge.

The 1,124 acre St. Aubert Island Unit of the Big Muddy National Wildlife Refuge is in northern Osage County and is accessible to the public only from the river.

In 2008, Ameren submitted to the NRC an application for a combined license for a U.S.

Evolutionary Power Reactor designed as Callaway Unit 2. However, in 2009, Ameren suspended its efforts to build this new plant, and requested that the NRC Staff suspend all activities relating to the application. In 2010, Ameren informed the NRC that it would instead pursue an early site permit (ESP). Consequently, Ameren is currently not proposing to construct or operate a new unit at the site. Cumulative impacts of any future project for a new unit will be addressed in the ESP application.

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 44 of 71 2.16 TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.2-1. Water Quality at Boonville, Missouri USGS Monitoring Station, Oct. 2007

-Sept. 2008 Temperature (ºC)

Min-Max (mean)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)

Min-Max (mean) Specific conductance (mS/cm) Min-Max (mean)

Turbidity (NTUs) Min-Max (mean)

October 2007 13.2-23.2 (18.1) 4.7-9.3 (7.7) 321-735 (605) 52-1360 (250)

November 2007 9.3-13.4 9.2-10.7 627-778 30-130 December 2007 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data January 2008 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data February 2008 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data March 2008 2.2-9.7 9.9-11.1 378-629 73-830 April 2008 8.3-16.5 (11.5) 7.2-10.3 (9.3) 362-647 (520) 68-1030 (390)

May 2008 14.6-22.1 (17.9) 5.8-9.1 (7.9) 470-772 (617) 56-1240 (300)

June 2008 21.0-25.3 (23.9) 3.5-6.1 (4.7) 347-545 (428) Missing data July 2008 23.8-29.4 (26.7) 4.1-7.1 (5.7) 278-700 (505) Missing data August 2008 25.1-30.5 (27.3) 4.0-9.5 (6.7) 265-688 (609)32-570 (120) September 2008 19.8-23.1 (22.1) 4.7-8.6 (6.8) 243-703 (504)28-250 (210) Table 2.2-2. Water Quality at Hermann, Missouri USGS Monitoring Station, Oct. 2007

-Sept. 2008 Temperature (ºC)

Min-Max (mean)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)

Min-Max (mean)

Specific conductance (mS/cm) Min-Max (mean)

Turbidity (NTUs) Min-Max (mean)

October 2007 13.3-23.8 (18.6) 4.9-9.8 (8.0) 332-721 (527)37-940 November 2007 9.5-13.6 9.3-11.2 597-749 30-140 December 2007 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data January 2008 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data February 2008 Missing data Missing data Missing data Missing data March 2008 6.2-10.0 9.6-12.1 119-439 34-530 April 2008 9.9-15.6 (12.1) 8.2-10.7 (9.5) 167-402 (293)42-570 (190) May 2008 14.7-21.7 (17.3) 6.6-9.0 (8.2) 287-509 (378)31-440 (150) June 2008 21.4-24.9 (23.6) 4.2-7.0 (5.2) 321-463 (380) 190-1430 (560)

July 2008 23.5-26.4 5.0-6.0 299-355 120-600 August 2008 25.7-27.6 6.0-8.2 582-666 17-160 September 2008 20.1-27.4 (22.4) 4.1-8.0 (5.7) 238-650 (426)19-520 Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 45 of 71 Table 2.3-1. Callaway Unit 1 Groundwater Well System Details MDNR Well or Reference ID Callaway Well ID Date Installed Well Depth (feet bgs)

Aquifer Design Capacity (gpm) 027975 Well #1 1976 1,506 Cotter-Jefferson City to Derby-Doe Run 210 028076 Well #2 1977 1,100 Cotter-Jefferson City to Eminence 194 028347 Well #3 1980 1,480 Cotter-Jefferson City to Eminence 565 00100248 Intake Well #1 1996 854 Cotter-Jefferson City to Eminence 665 Not Available Intake Well #2 1982 110 Missouri River Alluvium to Cotter-Jefferson City 300 Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 46 of 71 Section 2.

1 6 Tables and Figures Table 2.3-2. Summary of Metals and Strontium Groundwater Quality Data (May 2007 to February 2008)

Parameter MDNR Groundwater Criteria a Wildwood Lot Owner's Potable Well (s)

Shallow Monitoring Wells MW-1D Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Arsenic 50 ND ND ND 13.1 66.1 25.6 ND ND ND Barium 2,000 ND ND ND 72.6 1,520 306.3 Beryllium 4 ND ND ND 1.3 18.7 4.9 ND ND ND Chromium, total b 100 ND ND ND 5 26.5 55 ND ND ND Iron 300 57.7 469 214.4 751 216,000 21,677 167 223 195 Lead 15 5.4 5.4 5.4 7 96.8 34.4 Manganese 50 ND ND ND 8.9 4,040 382.3 5.4 8.2 6.8 Mercury 2 ND ND ND 0.2 0.2 0.2 ND ND ND Nickel 100 ND ND ND 6 1,050 167 ND ND ND Selenium 50 ND ND ND 18.5 20.5 19.5 ND ND ND Zinc 5,000 ND ND ND 66.2 623 178.5 ND ND ND Strontium-90 Not established ND ND ND 1.34 1.34 1.34 ND ND ND Note: a = Groundwater criteria from MDNR 2009a 10 CSR 20-7 Table A b = Groundwater criteria is for chromium III (shown for illustration only)

All units in micrograms per liter (µg/L)

ND = Parameter not detected above the method detection limit

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 47 of 71 Table 2.5-1. Protected Species in the Counties Containing the Callaway Plant and its Associated Transmission Lines Group Federal/State Status1 By County Common Name Scientific Name Callaway Montgomery Osage Gasconade Amphibian Eastern Hellbender Cryptobranchus alleganiensis

-/- -/E -/E -/E Bird Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus

-/E -/E /E -/E Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus P 2/- -/- P 2/- -/- Fish Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens

-/E -/E -/E -/E Crystal Darter Crystallaria asprella

-/- -/- -/- -/E Niangua Darter Etheostoma nianguae

-/- -/- E/E -/- Topeka Shiner Notropis topeka T/- -/- -/- -/- Flathead Chub Platygobio gracilis

-/E -/E -/E -/E Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus E/E E/E E/E E/E Mammals Gray Bat Myotis grisescens E/E -/- E/E E/E Indiana Bat Myotis sodalis E/E E/E -/- E/E Mollusks Spectaclecase Cumberlandia monodonta

-/- -/- C/- C/- Elephantear Elliptio crassidens

-/- -/- -/E -/E Ebonyshell Fusconaia ebera

-/- -/- -/E -/E Pink Mucket Lampsilis abrupta

-/- -/- E/E E/E Scaleshell Leptodea leptodon

-/- -/- E/E E/E Plants Running Buffalo Clover Trifolium stoloniferum E/E E/E -/- -/- 1 Federal/State protected status: E = listed as endangered under federal/state law within this county, T

= threatened, C = candidate species, and "

-" = not listed.

2 P: bald eagles are no longer protected under the Endangered Species Act, but still receive federal protection under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act.

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 48 of 71 Table 2.6-1. Estimated Populations and Annual Growth Rates Year Boone County Callaway County Cole County Missouri Number Percent Change Number Percent Change Number Percent Change Number Percent Change 1990 112,379 -- 32,809 -- 63,579 -- 5,117,073 -- 2000 135,454 20.5% 40,766 24.3% 71,397 12.3% 5,595,211 9.3% 2010 158,353 16.9% 44,817 9.9% 74,620 4.5% 5,979,344 6.9% 2020 183,101 15.6% 50,140 11.9% 79,333 6.3% 6,389,850 6.9% 2030 204,264 11.6% 55,096 9.9% 83,583 5.4% 6,746,762 5.6% Sources: USCB undated a

MCDC 2008 Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 49 of 71 Section 2.

1 6 Tables and Figures Table 2.6-2. Race and Low

-Income Population Block Groups within 50 Miles of Callaway Unit 1 State County County Number Number of Block Groups Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Some Other Race Multi-Racial Aggregate Hispanic Low-Income House-holds Missouri Audrain 7 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Boone 19 83 5 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 15 Missouri Callaway 27 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Missouri Cole 51 53 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 2 Missouri Cooper 53 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Crawford 55 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Franklin 71 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Gasconade 73 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Howard 89 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Lincoln 113 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Maries 125 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Miller 131 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Moniteau 135 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Monroe 137 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Montgomery 139 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Osage 151 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Phelps 161 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Pike 163 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Missouri Ralls 173 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Randolph 175 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri St. Charles 183 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Missouri Warren 219 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals: 379 13 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 19 Missouri Percentages 11.3% 0.5% 1.1% 0.1% 0.8% 1.5% 15.1% 2.1% 11.8% Note: Highlighted counties are completely contained within the 50

-mile radius.

Table entries denote numbers of census block groups.

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 50 of 71 Table 2.10-1. Callaway County Tax Information, 2004

-2008 Year Callaway County Tax Revenues 1 ($) Callaway Unit 1 Property Tax Paid by Ameren1 ($) Percent of Callaway County Property Tax Revenues ($) 2004 29,300,475 8,910,959 30.4 2005 30,663,931 9,378,714 30.6 2006 30,454,198 8,689,040 28.5 2007 31,819,666 8,473,904 26.6 2008 32,844,256 8,917,771 27.2 Source: Callaway County (2010) 1 Includes the taxes collected and disbursed to the South Callaway County R

-II School District.

Table 2.10-2. South Callaway County R

-II School District Tax Information, 2004

-2008 Tax Year South Callaway County R-II School District Property Tax Revenues

($) Portion of Ameren Property Tax payment forwarded to South Callaway R

-II School District ($) Percent of South Callaway County R-II School District Property Tax Revenues ($) 2004 9,659,880 6,010,641 62.2 2005 10,275,219 6,372,550 62.0 2006 10,027,58 1 5,864,146 58.5 2007 10,205,555 5,949,861 58.3 2008 10,325,145 6,253,482 60.6 Source: MDESE (2009)

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 51 of 71 Table 2.11-1. Callaway County Land Use, 2005 Land Use/Land Cover Class Acreage Percent Impervious 10,451 1.9 High Intensity Urban 373 0.1 Low Intensity Urban 4,7 60 0.9 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated 524 0.1 Cropland 121,119 22.4 Grassland 166,998 30.8 Deciduous Forest 202,480 37.4 Evergreen Forest 8,437 1.6 Deciduous Woody/Herbaceous 4,393 0.8 Woody-Dominated Wetland 9,242 1.7 Herbaceous

-Dominated Wetland 839 0.2 Open Water 12,283 2.3 Total 541,898 100.0 Source: TtNUS 2010

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 52 of 71 Table 2.12-1. Major 1 Community Water Systems, 2008 Water System Name Population Served Primary Water Source Type Maximum Capacity (MGD)

Average Daily Use (MGD) Boone County Boone County Consolidated Public Water Supply District 1 19,500 Groundwater 9.4 1.8 Boone County Public Water Supply District 10 4,550 Groundwater 2.0 0.4 Boone County Public Water Supply District 4 6,177 Groundwater 1.2 0.5 Boone County Public Water Supply District 9 10,690 Groundwater 3.2 0.7 Centralia 3,800 Groundwater 1.0 0.5 Columbia 107,342 Groundwater 32.0 8.8 University of Missouri Columbia 40,319 Groundwater 3.0 3.0 Callaway County Callaway 2 Water District 13,500 Groundwater 4.5 1.0 Callaway County Public Water Supply District 1 8,350 Groundwater 3.2 0.9 Fulton 12,128 Groundwater 4.4 1.3 Cole County Cole County Public Water Supply District 1 12,357 Groundwater 4.0 0.8 Cole County Public Water Supply District 2 13,785 Groundwater 3.3 1.4 Cole County Public Water Supply District 4 9,978 Groundwater 25.5 2.7 Missouri American Jefferson City 29,500 Surface water 6.5 6.2 Sources:

USEPA (2010)

MDNR (2008) 1 Systems serving more than 3,300 people.

Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 53 of 71 Table 2.14

-1. Properties Listed in the National Register of Historic Places that Fall with in a 6-Mile Radius of the Callaway Plant Property Location Arnold Research Cave (23CY64)

East of Callaway Mealy Mounds Archeological Site (23CY202) Approx. 5 to 6 miles southwest of Callaway Chamois School Chamois, Missouri (Osage County)

5 0-M i l e R a d i u s Mis s o u r i I l l i n o i s4470505424405061634063547044PikeFranklinMillerBooneCallawayOsageLincolnAudrainColeMariesMonroeWarrenHowardPikeRallsCooperGasconadeMoniteauRandolphCrawfordMontgomeryMorganCamdenSt. CharlesWashingtonPhelpsCharitonCalhounJeffersonPulaskiSt. LouisSalineMark Twain National ForestMark Twain National ForestMark Twain LakeMark Twain National ForestBig Muddy National Wildlife RefugeClarence CannonNational Wildlife RefugeMark Twain National Wildlife Refuge (Calhoun Division)Big Muddy National Wildlife RefugeMark Twain National Wildlife Refuge (Delair Division)Big Muddy NationalWildlife RefugeMark Twain National Wildlife Refuge (Batchtown Division)BallwinColumbiaRollaMoberlyMexicoSaint Louis Metro AreaSaint CharlesDixonEldonTroyDe SotoBelleFayetteJefferson CityUnionParisPacificFultonCubaSlaterVandaliaPotosiPittsfieldCentraliaHigbeeWarrentonSalisburyCaliforniaLouisianaO'FallonWashingtonSaint ClairBlandVersaillesBonne TerreBowling GreenCamdentonMontgomery CitySaint JamesGlasgowMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.1-1 Callaway 50-Mile Radius MapLegendCallaway Unit 1Primary RoadsSecondary Roads50-Mile RadiusState BoundaryCounty BoundaryWaterUrban AreasForest ServiceDepartment of DefenseFish and Wildlife Service051015202.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 54 of 71 M i s s o u r i R i v e r 6-M i l e R a d i u s9410089State Hwy OState Hwy DState Hwy CState Hwy CcState Hwy KState Hwy UuState Hwy JjCallawayOsageMontgomeryMokaneChamoisPortlandReadsvilleMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.1-2 Callaway Six-Mile Radius MapLegendCallaway Unit 1CitiesRoads6-Mile RadiusCounty BoundaryWater 0 1 20.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 55 of 71 Callaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.1-3 Callaway Property BoundaryLegendCallaway Unit 1Property BoundaryUSA Topo Maps 00.5 10.25MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 56 of 71 5 0-M i l e R a d i u s Mis s o u r i I l l i n o i sMark TwainLake O s a g e R i v e r G a s c o n a d e R i v e r M i s s o u r i R i v e r M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e rLake of the Ozarks4470505424405061634063547044PikeFranklinMillerBooneCallawayOsageLincolnAudrainColeMariesMonroeWarrenHowardPikeRallsCooperGasconadeMoniteauRandolphCrawfordMontgomeryMorganCamdenSt. CharlesWashingtonPhelpsCharitonCalhounJeffersonPulaskiSt. LouisSalineBallwinColumbiaRollaMoberlyMexicoSaint Louis Metro AreaSaint CharlesDixonEldonTroyDe SotoBelleFayetteJefferson CityUnionParisPacificFultonCubaSlaterVandaliaPotosiPittsfieldCentraliaHigbeeWarrentonSalisburyCaliforniaLouisianaO'FallonWashingtonSaint ClairBlandVersaillesBonne TerreBowling GreenCamdentonMontgomery CitySaint JamesGlasgowMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.2-1 Major Water Bodies in Callaway VicinityLegendCallaway Unit 1Primary RoadsSecondary Roads50-Mile RadiusState BoundaryCounty BoundaryWaterUrban Areas051015202.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 57 of 71 Well #3Well #2028021Well #1027390018462Intake Well #194State Hwy DState Hwy CcCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.3-1 Callaway Production Well Location MapLegendCallaway Unit 1Certified WellsState Well Logs1-Mile BoundaryWaterSecondary Roads 00.5 10.25MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 58 of 71 5 0-M i l e R a d i u s Mis s o u r i I l l i n o i s4470505424405061634063547044PikeFranklinMillerBooneCallawayOsageLincolnAudrainColeMariesMonroeWarrenHowardPikeRallsCooperGasconadeMoniteauRandolphCrawfordMontgomeryMorganCamdenSt. CharlesWashingtonPhelpsCharitonCalhounJeffersonPulaskiSt. LouisSalineMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.6-1 Black acesLegendCallaway Unit 1Primary RoadsSecondary Roads50-mile RadiusBlack Block GroupState BoundaryCounty BoundaryWaterUrban Areas051015202.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 59 of 71 5 0-M i l e R a d i u sMissouri I l l i n o i s4470505424405061634063547044PikeFranklinMillerBooneCallawayOsageLincolnAudrainColeMariesMonroeWarrenHowardPikeRallsCooperGasconadeMoniteauRandolphCrawfordMontgomeryMorganCamdenSt. CharlesWashingtonPhelpsCharitonCalhounJeffersonPulaskiSt. LouisSalineMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.6-2 Aggregate of MinoritiesLegendCallaway Unit 1Primary RoadsSecondary Roads50-mile RadiusAggregate Minority Block GroupState BoundaryCounty BoundaryWaterUrban Areas051015202.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 60 of 71 5 0-M i l e R a d i u sMis souri I l l i n o i s4470505424405061634063547044PikeFranklinMillerBooneCallawayOsageLincolnAudrainColeMariesMonroeWarrenHowardPikeRallsCooperGasconadeMoniteauRandolphCrawfordMontgomeryMorganCamdenSt. CharlesWashingtonPhelpsCharitonCalhounJeffersonPulaskiSt. LouisSalineMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.6-3 Low-Income HouseholdsLegendCallaway Unit 1Primary RoadsSecondary Roads50-mile RadiusLow-Income Household Block GroupState BoundaryCounty BoundaryWaterUrban Areas051015202.5MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 6 of 71 CallawayOsageBooneColeAudrainMontgomeryGasconadeMissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.11-1 Callaway County Land UseLegendLand Use/Land CoverBarren or Sparsely VegetatedCroplandDeciduous ForestDeciduous Woody/HerbaceousEvergreen ForestGrasslandHerbaceous-Dominated WetlandHigh Intensity UrbanImperviousLow Intensity UrbanMixed ForestOpen WaterWoody-Dominated WetlandCallaway Unit 1County Boundary02468 1MilesSection 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 62 of 71 MissouriCallaway Unit 1License Renewal Environmental ReportFigure 2.12-1 2008 MoDOT Traffic Volume MapAADT = Average Annual Daily TrafficNote: Traffic Volumes Represent Estimated Average Daily Traffic Note: Truck Volumes Shown on Map Represent the 2008 Average Daily Traffic and Have Not Been Seasonally Adjusted.

Note: Image Taken From 2008 District 5 Traffic and Commercial Vehicle Count Map.Callaway Unit 1Section 2.16 Tables and Figures Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 63 of 71 Section 2.17 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 64 of 71 2.17 REFERENCES Section 2.2 AmerenUE 2009. Callaway Plant Unit 2: Combined License Application. Part 3: Environmental Report, Revision 1.

CDM (Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc) 1981. Water quality and aquatic biological preoperational monitoring program for the Callaway Nuclear Plant: June 1980 through May 1981. Prepared for Union Electric Company, St. Louis, Missouri, by Camp Dresser & McKee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. July.

CDM (Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc) 1982. Water quality and aquatic biological preoperational monitoring program for the Callaway Nuclear Plant: June 1981 through May 1982. Prepared for Union Electric Company, St. Louis, Missouri, by Camp Dresser & McKee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. September.

Lee, D.S., C. R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer. 1980. Atlas of North American Freshwater Fishes. N.C. State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, NC. MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2008. Reform Conservation Area: Area Plan 2006-2016. MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2010. East Osage River Watershed: Hydrology. Available on line at http://mdc.mo.gov/fish/watershed/

eosage/hydro/.

MDHSS (Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services

) 2009a. Missouri Fish Advisory. Available on line at http://www.dhss.mo.gov/fishadvisory/.

MDHSS (Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services) 2009b. 2009 Fish Advisory: A Guide to Eating Missouri Fish. Available at. http://www.dhss.mo.gov/fishadvisory/09FishAdvisory.pdf.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2009a. Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305(b) Report

) Missouri Department of Natural Resources Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri. MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2009b. Missouri's 303(d) Streams and Lakes. Available at http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/env/wpp/

waterquality/303d.htm.

MRNRC (Missouri River Natural Resources Committee) 1998. Missouri River Environmental Assessment Program.

NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1975. Final Environmental Statement Related to the Proposed Callaway Plant Units 1 and 2. Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Washington, DC. March.

Pflieger, W. L. 1975. The Fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri.

Section 2.17 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 65 of 71 Pflieger, W.L. and T. B. Grace. 1987. Changes in Fish Fauna in the Lower Missouri River, 1940-1983. Pages 166-177 in W.J. Mathews and D.C. Heins (eds), Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. Shields, J.T. 1958. Fish management problems of large impoundments on the Missouri River.

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 87: 356

-362. Tomelleri, J.R. and M.E. Eberle. 1990. Fishes of the Central United States. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. UEC (Union Electric Company) 1986. Callaway Plant: Evaluation of Cooling Water Intake Impacts on the Missouri River. Prepared by Environmental Services Department, St. Louis.

July. USACE (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers) undated. Missouri River Recovery Program Fact Sheet: Missouri River Sediment. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District.

USACE (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers) 2003. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Missouri River Fish and Wildlife Mitigation Project. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District, Kansas City, Missouri, and Omaha District, Omaha, Nebraska. March.

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-resources data for the United States, Water Year 2008. Missouri River at Hermann, Missou ri (06934500). Available at http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2008/pdfs/

06934500.2008.pdf.

Section 2.3 AmerenUE 2007. Callaway Plant Final Environmental Evaluation of Blowdown Line Replacement. July.

AmerenUE 2008a. Callaway Plant 2007 Annual Radiation and Environmental Operating Report. Docket No. 50

-483. AmerenUE 2008

b. Callaway Major Water Use Report 2008.

AmerenUE 2009a. Callaway Plant, Unit 1, Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Standard Plant and Site Addendum, Rev. OL

-17h. December.

AmerenUE 2009

b. Callaway Plant Unit 1 2008 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report. April.

AmerenUE, 2010a. Callaway Action Request System 201005073, Absence of Monitoring Wells Near SSCs Containing Radioactive Fluids. May.

AmerenUE 2010b. Groundwater Sample Minima, Maxima, and Mean Values for All Sampling Rounds at Callaway Plant Site 2007 - 2008. April.

AmerenUE 2010

c. Callaway Landfill Groundwater Quality Data 2006

-2009. March.

Section 2.17 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 66 of 71 Burns & McDonnell (Burns and McDonnell Engineering Company) 2008. Phase II Hydrogeologic Investigation Report Collector Well Siting Study, Callaway Unit 2. June.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 1997. Groundwater Resources of Missouri, Water Resources Report 46. Missouri State Water Plan Series Volume II.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2000. A Summary of Missouri Water Laws. Water Resources Report 51.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2003. Major Water Use in Missouri: 1996

-2000. Water Resources Report 72.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2007. Missouri Well Logs by County. Available at http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wrc/logmain/reports/

callaway_logs.pdf. February.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2009a. Code of State Regulations, Title 10, Department of Natural Resources, Division 60 - Safe Drinking Water Commission. Available at http://www.sos.mo.gov/adrules/csr/

current/10csr/10csr.asp. August.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2009b. Callaway #2 Water District PWSS Report 3024085. Available at http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/

sdwis/sdwis_query.html. November. MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2010 a. Well Log Database. Available at http://msdis.missouri.edu/datasearch/ThemeList.jsp. January.

MDNR (Missouri Department of Natural Resources) 2010 b. Wellhead Information Management System (WIMS) Database. Available at http://www.msdis.missouri.edu/datasearch/

VectDisplayResults.jsp?currDispPageNum=1. January.

Rizzo (Rizzo Associates, Inc.) 2008. Final Groundwater Model Report (Rev. 1), Callaway Nuclear Power Plant.

October. Terracon 2010. Groundwater Monitoring, Fuel Groundwater Wells. February.

Tetra Tech 2010. Map Showing Location of Callaway #2 Water District and Fulton Water District Public Supply Wells.

January. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 20

09. Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS). Available at http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/

sdwis/sdwis_query.html. October. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) 2010. Maximum Contaminant Levels, EPA 816-F-09-0004. Available at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/

contaminants/index.html. March.

Section 2.4 AmerenUE 2007. Ameren Transmission Vegetation Management Program. April, 2007.

AmerenUE. 2009. Callaway Plant Unit 2: Combined License Application. Part 3: Environmental Report, Revision 1.

MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2008. Reform Conservation Area: Area Plan 2006-2016.

Section 2.17 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 67 of 71 MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2010. Missouri Species and Communities of Conversation Concern. Available at http://mdc.mo.gov/discover

-nature/field

-guide/endangered

-species/resource/missouri-species-concern-checklist. NRC (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1975. Final Environmental Statement, Callaway Plant Units 1 and 2. Union Electric Company, Docket Nos. STN 50

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-486. March, 1975.

Nigh and Schroeder (Nigh, T.A., and W.A. Schroeder) 2003. Atlas of Missouri Ecoregions. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri. Section 2.5 MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2007. The bald eagle in Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, Missouri. 4 pp. MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2010a. The Missouri Natural Heritage Program: County Lists.

Available at http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/heritage/. MDC (Missouri Department of Conservation) 2010b. Endangered Species Guidesheets. Available at http://mdc.mo.gov/nathis/endangered/endanger/

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-listed threatened, endangered, proposed, and candidate species. Available at http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/lists/missouri-cty,html. Section 2.6 ESRI 2010. ArcGIS. Available at http://www.esri.com/products/index.html

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Section 2.17 References Callaway Plant Unit 1 Environmental Report for License Renewal Page 68 of 71 NRC (United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission) 1996. Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants. NUREG

-1437. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research. Washington, DC. May.

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schoolfinance/District_Charter.asp. Accessed December 15, 2009.

Section 2.11 Hudson, L. 2010. Land use planning and zoning in City of Fulton and Callaway County. Personal communication between N. Hill, TTNUS, and L. Hudson, City of Fulton, Planning and Protective Services. January 6.

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-Missouri Regional Planning Commission. January 26.

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0. Callaway Traffic Congestion Issues Along State Highways 94, D, and O During Callaway Unit 1 Shift Changes. Email from Andrew Burgess, AmerenUE to Krista

Dearing,

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9. Callaway Plant, Unit 1, Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) Standard Plant and Site Addendum, Rev. OL

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-015. November 27, 1973.

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Archaeological Survey of Four Areas at the Callaway Plant. June 27, 1977.

Evans David R 1977b. Letter to John K. Bryan, Union Electric Company,

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Archaeological Survey Callaway

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Evans and Ives (Eva ns, David R., and David J. Ives) 1978. A Cultural resources Survey of the Proposed Union Electric Company Electric 345 kV Transmission Line Right

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Ray et al. (Ray, Jack H., Edward M. Martin, Michael J. McNerney, and Gail White) 1984. Final Draft Report: A Phase I Cultural Resources Survey and Assessment on Residual Lands at Union Electric Company's Callaway Nuclear Power Plant, Callaway County, Missouri. American resources Group, Ltd., Carbondale, Illinois. Cultural resources Management Report

1. 52. April 1984.

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