ML17097A560
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ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page26of173CaflawayEnergyCenter*DocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page1of122.DECOMMISSIONING ALTERNATIVES Detailedcostestimates weredeveloped todecommission Callawayfortheapproveddecommissioning alternatives:
DECONandSAF$TOR.Althoughthealternatives differwithrespecttotechnique, process,cost,andschedule, theyattainthesameresult:theultimatereleaseofthesiteforunrestricted use.TheDECONandSAFSTORalternatives wereevaluated forbotha40-yearand60-yearoperating licensesincetheapplication forlicenserenewalisstillinreview.Twodisposaloptionswerealsoevaluated:
recycling anddirectdisposal.
Recycling ispresented asthebaseoptionandconsiders theoff-siteprocessing ofplantequipment andcommodities withlowlevelsofradiological contamination andlormaterialsuspected tobecontaminated forvolumereduction priortodisposaLThedirectdisposaloptionassumesthatallcontaminated andsuspectmaterialispackagedatthesitefordisposalataregulated disposalfacility.
Thescenarios aresummarized asfollows.PlantLow-Level Alternative Operating Radioactive WasteCostSummaries and/orLife(years)OptionsDetailedEstimates DECON40ReycingSections3,6,AppendixCDirectDisposalAppendixESAFSTOR40Recycling Sections3,6,AppendixDDirectDisposalAppendixFDECON60Recycling Appendix0SAF$TOR60Recycling AppendixHThefollowing sectionsdescribethebasicactivities associated witheachalternative.
Althoughdetailedprocedures foreachactivityidentified arenotprovided, andtheactualsequenceofworkmayvary,theactivitydescriptions provideabasisnotonlyforestimating butalsofortheexpectedscopeofwork,i.e.,engineering andplanningatthetimeofdecommissioning.
Theconceptual approachthattheNRChasdescribed initsregulations dividesdecommissioning intothreephases.Theinitialphasecommences withtheeffective dateofpermanent cessation ofoperations andinvolvesthetransition ofbothplantandlicenseefromreactoroperations (i.e.,powerproduction) tofacilityde-activation andclosure.Duringthefirstphase,notification istobeprovidedtotheNRCcertifying thepermanent cessation ofoperations andtheremovaloffuelfromthereactorvessel.Thelicenseeisthenprohibited fromreactoroperation.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page27of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page2of12Thesecondphaseencompasses activities duringthestorageperiodorduringmajordecommissioning activities, oracombination ofthetwo.Thethirdphasepertainstotheactivities involvedinlicensetermination.
Thedecommissioning estimates developed forCallawayarealsodividedintophasesorperiods;however,demarcation ofthephasesisbaseduponmajormilestones withintheprojectorsignificant changesintheprojected expenditures.
2.1DECONTheDECONalternative, asdefinedbytheNRC,is'thealternative inwhichtheequipment, structures, andportionsofafacilityandsitecontaining radioactive contaminants areremovedordecontaminated toalevelthatpermitsthepropertytobereleasedforunrestricted useshortlyaftercessation ofoperations."
Thisstudydoesnotaddressthecosttodisposeofthespentfuelresidingatthesite;suchcostsarefundedthroughasurcharge onelectrical generation.
Thestudyalsoassumesthatthecostsincurredwiththeinterimon-sitestorageofthefuel,pendingshipmentbytheDOEtoanoff-sitedisposalfacility, arefullyreimbursable.
2.1.1Period1-Preparations Inanticipation ofthecessation ofplantoperations, detailedpreparations areundertaken toprovideasmoothtransition fromplantoperations tositedecommissioning.
Throughimplementation ofastaffingtransition plan,theorganization requiredtomanagetheintendeddecommissioning activities isassembled fromavailable plantstaffandoutsideresources.
Preparations includetheplanningforpermanent defueling ofthereactor,revisionoftechnical specifications applicable totheoperating conditions andrequirements, acharacterization ofthefacilityandmajorcomponents, andthedevelopment oftheP$DAR.Engineering andPlanningThePSDAR,requiredwithintwoyearsofthenoticetoceaseoperations, providesadescription ofthelicensee's planneddecommissioning activities, atimetable, andtheassociated financial requirements oftheintendeddecommissioning program.UponreceiptoftheP$DAR,theNRCwifimakethedocumentavailable tothepublicforcommentinalocalhearingtobeheldinthevicinityofthereactorsite.Ninetydaysfollowing submittal andNRCreceiptoftheP$DAR,thelicenseemaybegintoperformmajordecommissioning activities underamodified10CFR§50.59procedure, i.e.,withoutspecificNRCapproval.
MajorTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page28of773CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.UDecommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page3of12activities aredefinedasanyactivitythatresultsinpermanent removalofmajorradioactive components, permanently modifiesthestructure ofthecontainment, orresultsindismantling components (forshipment) containing GTCC,asdefinedby10CFR§61.Majorcomponents arefurtherdefinedascomprising thereactorvesselandinternals, largeborereactorcoolantsystempiping,andotherlargecomponents thatareradioactive.
TheNRCincludesthefollowing additional criteriaforuseofthe§50.59processindecommissioning.
Theproposedactivitymustnot:.foreclose releaseofthesiteforpossibleunrestricted use,.significantly increasedecommissioning costs,.causeanysignificant environmental impact,or.violatethetermsofthelicensee's existinglicense.Existingoperational technical specifications arereviewedandmodifiedtoreflectplantconditions andthesafetyconcernsassociated withpermanent cessation ofoperations.
Theenvironmental impactassociated withtheplanneddecommissioning activities isalsoconsidered.
Typically, alicenseewifinotbeallowedtoproceediftheconsequences ofaparticular decommissioning activityaregreaterthanthatboundedbypreviously evaluated environmental assessments orimpactstatements.
Inthisinstance, thelicenseewouldhavetosubmitalicenseamendment forthespecificactivityandupdatetheenvironmental report.Thedecommissioning programoutlinedintheP$DARwillbedesignedtoaccomplish therequiredtaskswithintheALARAguidelines (asdefinedin10CFR§20)forprotection ofpersonnel fromexposuretoradiation hazards.Itwillalsoaddressthecontinued protection ofthehealthandsafetyofthepublicandtheenvironment duringthedismantling activity.
Consequently, withthedevelopment oftheP$DAR,activityspecifications, cost-benefit andsafetyanalyses, workpackagesandprocedures, wouldbeassembled tosupporttheproposeddecontamination anddismantling activities.
SitePreparations Following finalplantshutdown, andinpreparation foractualdecommissioning activities, thefollowing activities areinitiated:
.Characterization ofthesiteandsurrounding environs.
Thisincludesradiation surveysofworkareas,majorcomponents (incluthng theTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page29of173CaltawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page4of12reactorvesselanditsinternals),
internalpiping,andprimaryshieldcores..Isolation ofthespentfuelstoragepooiandfuelhandlingsystems,suchthatdecommissioning operations cancommenceonthebalanceoftheplant.Thepoolwillremainoperational forapproximately fiveandone-halfyearsfollowing thecessation ofoperations beforetheinventory residentatshutdowncanbetransferred totheI$FSI..Specification oftransport anddisposalrequirements foractivated materials andlorhazardous materials, including shielding andwastestabilization.
.Development ofprocedures foroccupational exposurecontrol,controlandreleaseofliquidandgaseouseffluent, processing ofradwaste(including dry-active waste,resins,filtermedia,metallicandnon-metalliccomponents generated indecommissioning),
sitesecurityandemergency
- programs, andindustrial safety.2.1.2Period2-Decommissioning Operations Thisperiodincludesthephysicaldecommissioning activities associated withtheremovalanddisposalofcontaminated andactivated components andstructures, including thesuccessful termination ofthe10CFR§50operating license.Significant decommissioning activities inthisphaseinclude:.Construction oftemporary facilities andformodification ofexistingfacilities tosupportdismantling activities.
Thismayincludeacentralized processing areatofacilitate equipment removalandcomponent preparations foroff-sitedisposal.
.Reconfiguration andmodification ofsitestructures andfacilities asneededtosupportdecommissioning operations.
Thismayincludetheupgrading ofroads(on-andoff-site) tofacilitate haulingandtransport.
Modifications mayberequiredtothecontainment structure tofacilitate accessoflarge/heavy equipment.
Modifications mayalsoberequiredtotherefueling areaofthebuildingtosupportthesegmentation ofthereactorvesselinternals andcomponent extraction.
.Designandfabrication oftemporary andpermanent shielding tosupportremovalandtransportation activities, construction ofcontamination controlenvelopes, andtheprocurement ofspecialty tooling.TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page30of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page5of12.Procurement (leaseorpurchase) ofshippingcanisters, caskliners,andindustrial packagesforthedisposition oflow-level radioactive waste..Decontamination ofcomponents andpipingsystemsasrequiredtocontrol(minimize) workerexposure.
.Removalofpipingandcomponents nolongeressential tosupportdecommissioning operations.
.Removalofcontrolroddrivehousingsandtheheadservicestructure fromthereactorvesselhead.Segmentation ofthevesselclosurehead..Removalandsegmentation oftheupperinternals assemblies.
Segmentation willmaximizetheloadingoftheshieldedtransport casks,i.e.,byweightandactivity.
Theoperations areconducted underwaterusingremotelyoperatedtoolingandcontamination controls.
.Disassembly andsegmentation oftheremaining reactorinternals, including thecoreshroudandlowercoresupportassembly.
SomematerialisexpectedtoexceedClassCdisposalrequirements.
Assuch,thesegmentswillbepackagedinmodifiedfuelstoragecanisters forgeologicdisposal.
.Segmentation ofthereactorvessel.Ashieldedplatformisinstalled forsegmentation ascuttingoperations areperformed in-airusingremotelyoperatedequipment withinacontamination controlenvelope.
Thewaterlevelismaintained justbelowthecuttominimizetheworkingareadoserates.Segmentsaretransferred in-airtocontainers thatarestoredunderwater,forexample,inanisolatedareaoftherefueling canal..Removaloftheactivated portionsoftheconcretebiological shieldandaccessible contaminated concretesurfaces.
Ifdictatedbythesteamgenerator andpressurizer removalscenarios, thoseportionsoftheassociated cubiclesnecessary foraccessandcomponent extraction areremoved..Removalofthesteamgenerators andpressurizer formaterialrecoveryandcontrolled disposal.
Thegenerators willbemovedtoanon-siteprocessing center,thesteamdomesremovedandtheinternalcomponents segregated forrecycling.
Thelowershellandtubebundlewillbepackagedfordirectdisposal.
Thesecomponents canserveastheirownburialcontainers providedthatallpenetrations areproperlysealedandtheinternalcontaminants arestabilized, e.g.,withgrout.Steelshielding willbeadded,asnecessary, tothoseTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page3lof173CaUawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page6of12externa'areasofthepackagetomeettransportation limitsandregulations.
Thepressurizer isdisposedofintact.Atleasttwoyearspriortotheanticipated dateoflicensetermination, anLTPisrequired.
Submitted asasupplement totheFinalSafetyAnalysisReport(F$AR)oritsequivalent, theplanmustinclude:asitecharacterization, description oftheremaining dismantling activities, plansforsiteremethation, procedures forthefinalradiation survey,designation oftheenduseofthesite,anupdatedcostestimatetocompletethedecommissioning, andanyassociated environmental concerns.
TheNRCwillnoticethereceiptoftheplan,maketheplanavailable forpubliccomment,andschedulealocalhearing.LTPapprovalwillbesubjecttoanyconditions andlimitations asdeemedappropriate bytheCommission.
Thelicenseemaythencommencewiththefinalremediation ofsitefacilities andservices, including:
.Removalofremaining plantsystemsandassociated components astheybecomenonessential tothedecommissioning programorworkerhealthandsafety(e.g.,wastecollection andtreatment systems,electrical powerandventilation systems).
.Removalofthesteellinersfromrefueling canal,disposing oftheactivated andcontaminated sectionsasradioactive waste.Removalofanyactivatedl contaminated concrete.
.Surveysofthedecontaminated areasofthecontainment structure.
.Remediation andremovalofthecontaminated equipment andmaterialfromthefuelbuildingandanyothercontaminated facility.
Rathation andcontamination controlswillbeutilizeduntilresiduallevelsindicatethatthestructures andequipment canbereleasedforunrestricted accessandconventional demolition.
Thisactivitymaynecessitate thedismantling anddisposition ofmostofthesystemsandcomponents (bothcleanandcontaminated) locatedwithinthesebmlthngs.
Thisactivityfacilitates surfacedecontamination andsubsequent verification surveysrequiredpriortoobtaining releasefordemolition.
.Routingofmaterialremovedinthedecontamination anddismantling toacentralprocessing area.Materialcertified tobefreeofcontamination isreleasedforunrestricted disposition, e.g.,asscrap,recycle,orgeneraldisposal.
Contaminated materialischaracterized andsegregated foradditional off-siteprocessing (disassembly, chemicalcleaning, volumereduction, andwastetreatment),
andlorTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page32of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page7of12packagedforcontrolled disposalatalow-level radioactive wastedisposalfacility.
Incorporated intotheLTPistheFinalSurveyPlan.Thisplanidentifies theradiological surveystobeperformed oncethedecontamination activities arecompleted andisdeveloped usingtheguidanceprovidedinthe"Multi-Agency Radiation SurveyandSiteInvestigation Manual(J55J}jf)"[16J Thisdocumentincorporates thestatistical approaches tosurveydesignanddatainterpretation usedbytheEPA.Italsoidentifies state-of-the-art, commercially available instrumentation andprocedures forconducting radiological surveys.Useofthisguidanceensuresthatthesurveysareconducted inamannerthatprovidesahighdegreeofconfidence thatapplicable NRCcriteriaaresatisfied.
Oncethesurveyiscomplete, theresultsareprovidedtotheNRCinaformatthatcanbeverified.
TheNRCthenreviewsandevaluates theinformation, performsanindependent confirmation ofradiological siteconditions, andmakesadetermination ontherequested changetotheoperating license(thatwouldreleasetheproperty, exclusive oftheISFSI,forunrestricted use).TheNRCwillamendtheoperating licensesifitdetermines thatsiteremethation hasbeenperformed inaccordance withtheLTP,andthattheterminalradiation surveyandassociated documentation demonstrate thattheproperty(exclusive oftheISFSI)issuitableforrelease.2.1.3Period3-SiteRestoration Following completion ofdecommissioning operations, siterestoration activities willbegin.Efficient removalofthecontaminated materials andverification thatresidualradionuclide concentrations arebelowtheNRClimitswillresultinsubstantial damagetomanyofthestructures.
Althoughperformed inacontrolled, safemanner,blasting, coring,drilling, scarification (surfaceremoval),
andtheotherdecontamination activities willsubstantially degradepowerblockstructures including thereactor,fuelhandling, andradioactive wastebuildings.
Undercertaincircumstances, verifying thatsubsurface rathonucide concentrations meetNRCsitereleaserequirements willrequireremovalofgradeslabsandlowerfloors,potentially weakening footingsandstructural supports.
Thisremovalactivitywifibenecessary forthosefacilities andplantareaswherehistorical records,whenavailable, indicatethepotential forrathonucides havingbeenpresentinthesoil,wheresystemfailureshavebeenrecorded, orwhereitisrequiredtoTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page33of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, RevS0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page8of12confirmthatsubsurface processanddrainlineswerenotbreachedovertheoperating lifeofthestation.Immediate dismantling ofsitestructures isclearlythemostappropriate andcost-effective option.Itisunreasonable toanticipate thatthesestructures wouldberepairedandpreserved aftertheradiological contamination isremoved.Thecosttodismantle sitestructures withaworkforcealreadymobilized onsiteismoreefficient thaniftheprocessweredeferred.
Sitefacilities quicklydegradewithoutmaintenance, addingadditional expenseandcreatingpotential hazardstothepublicaswellastofutureworkers.Abandonment createsabreedinggroundforvermininfestation aswellasotherbiological hazards.Thiscoststudypresumesthatnon-essential structures andsitefacilities aredismantled asacontinuation ofthedecommissioning activity.
Foundations andexteriorwallsareremovedtoanominaldepthofthreefeetbelowgrade.Thethree-foot depthallowsfortheplacement ofgravelfordrainage, aswellastopsoil,sothatvegetation canbeestablished forerosioncontrol.Siteareasaffectedbythedismantling activities arerestoredandtheplantareagradedasrequiredtopreventponthngandinhibittherefloating ofsubsurface materials.
Non-contaminated concreterubbleproducedbydemolition activities isprocessed toremovereinforcing steelandmiscellaneous embedments.
Theprocessed materialisthenusedonsitetobackfillfoundation voids.Excessnon-contaminated materials aretruckedtoanoff-siteareafordisposalasconstruction debris.2.2SAFSTORTheNRCdefinesSAF$TORas"thealternative inwhichthenuclearfacilityisplacedandmaintained inacondition thatallowsthenuclearfacilitytobesafelystoredandsubsequently decontaminated (deferred decontamination) tolevelsthatpermitreleaseforunrestricted use."Thefacilityisleftintact(duringthedormancyperiod),withstructures maintained inasoundcondition.
Systemsthatarenotrequiredtosupportthespentfuelpoolorsitesurveillance andsecurityaredrained,de-energized, andsecured.Minimalcleaning/removal ofloosecontamination andiorfixationandsealingofremaining contamination isperformed.
Accesstocontaminated areasissecuredtoprovidecontrolled accessforinspection andmaintenance.
Theengineering andplanningrequirements aresimilartothosefortheDECONalternative, althoughashortertimeperiodisexpectedfortheseTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page34of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page9of12activities duetothemorelimitedworkscope.Sitepreparations arealsosimilartothosefortheDECONalternative.
However,withtheexception oftherequiredradiation surveysandsitecharacterizations, themobilization andpreparation ofsitefacilities islessextensive.
2.2.1Period1-Preparations Preparations forlong-term storageincludetheplanningforpermanent defueling ofthereactor,revisionoftechnical specifications appropriate totheoperating conditions andrequirements, acharacterization ofthefacilityandmajorcomponents, andthedevelopment oftheP$DAR.Theprocessofplacingtheplantinsafe-storage
- includes, butisnotlimitedto,thefollowing activities:
.Isolation ofthespentfuelstorageservicesandfuelhandlingsystemssothatsafe-storage operations maycommenceonthebalanceoftheplant.Thisactivitymaybecarriedoutbyplantpersonnel inaccordance withexistingoperating technical specifications.
Activities arescheduled aroundthefuelhandlingsystemstothegreatestextentpossible.
.TransferofthespentfuelfromthestoragepooltotheI$FSIfollowing theminimumrequiredcoolingperiod..Drainingandde-energizing ofthenon-contaminated systemsnotrequiredtosupportcontinued siteoperations ormaintenance.
.Disposing ofcontaminated ifiterelementsandresinbedsnotrequiredforprocessing wastesfromlayupactivities forfutureoperations.
.Drainingofthereactorvessel,withtheinternals leftinplaceandthevesselheadsecured..Drainingandde-energizing non-essential, contaminated systemswithdecontamination asrequiredforfuturemaintenance andinspection.
.Preparing lightingandalarmsystemswhosecontinued useisrequired; de-energizing portionsoffireprotection, electricpower,andHVACsystemswhosecontinued useisnotrequired.
.Cleaningoftheloosesurfacecontamination frombuildingaccesspathways.
.Performing aninterimradiation surveyofplant,postingwarningsignswhereappropriate.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page35of173CaflawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysis*Section2,Page10of12.Erectingphysicalbarriersand/orsecuringallaccesstoradioactive orcontaminated areas,exceptasrequiredforinspection andmaintenance.
IInstalling securityandsurveillance monitoring equipment andrelocating securityfencearoundsecuredstructures, asrequired.
2.2.2Period2-DormancyThesecondphaseidentified bytheNRCinitsruleaddresses licensedactivities duringastorageperiodandisapplicable tothedormancyphasesofthedeferreddecommissioning alternatives.
Dormancyactivities includea24-hoursecurityforce,preventive andcorrective maintenance onsecuritysystems,arealighting, generalbuildingmaintenance, heatingandventilation ofbuildings, routineradiological inspections ofcontaminated structures, maintenance ofstructural integrity, andasiteenvironmental andradiation monitoring program.Residentmaintenance personnel performequipment maintenance, inspection activities, routineservicestomaintainsafeconditions, adequatelighting, heating,andventilation, andperiodicpreventive maintenance onessential siteservices.
Anenvironmental surveillance programiscarriedoutduringthedormancyperiodtoensurethatreleasesofradioactive materialtotheenvironment areprevented andlordetectedandcontrolled.
Appropriate emergency procedures areestablished andinitiated forpotential releasesthatexceedprescribed limits.Theenvironmental surveillance programconstitutes anabbreviated versionoftheprogramineffectduringnormalplantoperations.
Securityduringthedormancyperiodisconducted primarily topreventunauthorized entryandtoprotectthepublicfromtheconsequences ofitsownactions.Thesecurityfence,sensors,alarms,andothersurveillance equipment providesecurity.
Fireandradiation alarmsarealsomonitored andmaintained.
Consistent withtheDECONscenario, thespentfuelstoragepoolisemptiedwithinfiveandone-halfyearsofthecessation ofoperations.
Thepoolissecuredforstorageanddecommissioned alongwiththepowerblockstructures inPeriod4.Afteraperiodofstorage(suchthatlicensetermination isaccomplished within60yearsoffinalshutdown),
itisrequiredthatthelicenseeTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page36of173CaflawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page11of12submitanapplication toterminate thelicense,alongwithanLTP(described inSection2.1.2),therebyinitiating thethirdphase.2.2.3Periods3and4-DelayedDecommissioning Priortothecommencement ofdecommissioning operations, preparations areundertaken toreactivate siteservicesandpreparefordecommissioning.
Preparations includeengineering andplanning, adetailedsitecharacterization, andtheassemblyofadecommissioning management organization.
Finalplanningforactivities andthewritingofactivityspecifications anddetailedprocedures arealsoinitiated atthistime.Muchoftheworkindeveloping atermination planisrelevanttothedevelopment ofthedetailedengineering plansandprocedures.
Theactivities associated withthisphaseandthefollow-on decontamination anddismantling processes aredetailedinSections2.1.1and2.1.2.Theprimarydifference betweenthesequences anticipated fortheDECONandthisdeferredscenarioistheabsence,inthelatter,ofanyconstraint ontheavailability ofthefuelstoragefacilities fordecommissioning.
Variations inthelengthofthedormancyperiodareexpectedtohavelittleeffectuponthequantities ofradioactive wastesgenerated fromsystemandstructure removaloperations.
Giventhelevelsofradioactivity andspectrumofradionucides expectedfromforty(orsixty)yearsofplantoperation, noplantprocesssystemidentified asbeingcontaminated uponfinalshutdownwillbecomereleasable duetothedecayperiodalone,i.e.,thereisnosignificant reduction inthewastegenerated fromthedecommissioning activities.
However,duetotheloweractivitylevels,agreaterpercentage ofthewastevolumecanbedesignated foroff-siteprocessing andrecovery.
Thedelayindecommissioning alsoyieldslowerworkingarearadiation levels.Assuch,theestimateforthisdelayedscenarioincorporates reducedALARAcontrolsforthe$AF$TORsloweroccupational exposurepotential.
Althoughtheinitialradiation levelsduetoGoCowilldecreaseduringthedormancyperiod,theinternalcomponents ofthereactorvesselwifistillexhibitsufficiently highradiation doseratestorequireremotesectioning underwaterduetothepresenceoflong-lived rathonuclides suchas9Ni,and63Ni.Therefore, thethsmantling procedures described fortheDECONalternative wouldstillbeemployedduringTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page37of173CaflawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection2,Page12of12thisscenario.
Portionsofthebiological shieldwifistillberadioactive duetothepresenceofactivated traceelementswithlonghalf-lives
('52Euand'54Eu).Decontamination willrequirecontrolled removalanddisposal.
Itisassumedthatradioactive corrosion productsoninnersurfacesofpipingandcomponents willnothavedecayedtolevelsthatwillpermitunrestricted useorallowconventional removal.Thesesystemsandcomponents willbesurveyedastheyareremovedanddisposedofinaccordance withtheexistingradioactive releasecriteria.
2.2.4Period5-SiteRestoration Following completion ofdecommissioning operations, site-restoration activities canbegin.Dismantling, asacontinuation ofthedecommissioning process,isclearlythemostappropriate andcost-effective option,asdescribed inSection2.1.3.Thebasisforthedismantling costinthisscenarioisconsistent withthatdescribed forDECON,presuming theremovalofstructures andsitefacilities toanominaldepthofthreefeetbelowgradeandthelimitedrestoration ofthesite.TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page38of173CaflawayEnergyCenterDocumentA224690-OO1, Rev.UDecommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page1of303.COSTESTIMATEThecostestimates preparedfordecommissioning Callawayconsidertheuniquefeaturesofthesite,including theN$S$,powergeneration systems,supportservices, sitebuildings, andancillary facilities.
Thebasisoftheestimates, including thesourcesofinformation reliedupon,theestimating methodology
- employed, site-specificconsiderations, andotherpertinent assumptions, isdescribed inthissection.3.1BASISOFESTIMATETheestimate's weredeveloped usingthesite-specific, technical information fromthe2011analysis.
Thisinformation wasreviewedforthecurrentanalysisandupdatedasdeemedappropriate.
Thesite-specific considerations andassumptions usedinthepreviousevaluation werealsorevisited.
Modifications wereincorporated wherenewinformation wasavailable orexperience frompreviously completed decommissioning programsprovidedviablealternatives orimprovedprocesses.
3.2METHODOLOGY Themethodology usedtodeveloptheestimates followsthebasicapproachoriginally presented intheMF/NE$P-036 studyreport,"Guidelines forProducing Commercial NuclearPowerPlantDecommissioning CostEstimates,
"[17]andtheDOE"Decommissioning Handbook."['81 Thesedocuments presentaunitfactormethodforestimating decommissioning activitycosts,whichsimplifies theestimating calculations.
Unitfactorsforconcreteremoval($/cubicyard),steelremoval($/ton),andcuttingcosts($/inch)aredeveloped usinglocallaborrates.Theactivity-dependent costsareestimated withtheitemquantities (cubicyardsandtons),developed fromplantdrawingsandinventory documents.
Removalratesandmaterialcostsfortheconventional disposition ofcomponents andstructures relyuponinformation available intheindustrypublication, "Building Construction CostData,"published byR.S.Means.['9]
Theunitfactormethodprovidesademonstrable basisforestablishing reliablecostestimates.
Thedetailprovidedintheunitfactors,including activityduration, laborcosts(bycraft),andequipment andconsumable costs,ensuresthatessential elementshavenotbeenomitted.AppendixApresentsthedetaileddevelopment ofatypicalunitfactor.AppendixBprovidesthevaluescontained withinonesetoffactorsdeveloped forthisanalysis.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page39of173CatlawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0.Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page2of30ThisanalysisreflectslessonslearnedfromTLG'sinvolvement inthe$hippingport StationDecommissioning Project,completed in1989,aswellasthedecommissioning oftheCintichem reactor,hotcells,andassociated facilities, completed in1997.Inaddition, theplanningandengineering forthePathfinder,
- Shoreham, Rancho$eco,Trojan,YankeeRowe,BigRockPoint,MaineYankee,HumboldtBay-3,OysterCreek,Connecticut Yankee,andSanOnofre-1nuclearunitshaveprovidedadditional insightintotheprocess,theregulatory aspects,andthetechnical challenges ofdecommissioning commercial nuclearunits.WorkDifficulty FactorsTLGhashistorically appliedworkdifficulty adjustment factors(WDFs)toaccountfortheinefficiencies inworkinginapowerplantenvironment.
WDFsareassignedtoeachuniquesetofunitfactors,commensurate withtheinefficiencies associated withworkinginconfined, hazardous environments.
TherangesusedfortheWDFsareasfollows:.AccessFactor10%to20%.Respiratory Protection Factor10%to50%.Radiation/ALARA Factor10%to37%.Protective ClothingFactor10%to30%.WorkBreakFactor8.33%Thefactorsandtheirassociated rangeofvaluesweredeveloped inconjunction withtheAIF/NESP-036 study.Theapplication ofthefactorsisdiscussed inmoredetailinthatpublication.
Scheduling ProgramDurations Theunitfactors,adjustedbytheWDFsasdescribed above,areappliedagainsttheinventory ofmaterials toberemovedintheradiological controlled areas.Theresulting man-hours, orcrew-hours, areusedinthedevelopment ofthedecommissioning programschedule, usingresourceloadingandeventsequencing considerations.
Thescheduling ofconventional removalanddismantling activities isbaseduponproductivity information available fromthe'Building Construction CostDat&publication.
Anactivitydurationcriticalpathisusedtodetermine thetotaldecommissioning programschedule.
Thescheduleisrelieduponincalculating thecarryingcosts,whichincludeprogrammanagement, administration, fieldTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page40of173CaflawayEnergyCenter.DocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page3of30engineering, equipment rental,andsupportservicessuchasqualitycontrolandsecurity.
Thissystematic approachforassembling decommissioning estimates ensuresahighdegreeofconfidence inthereliability oftheresulting costs.3.3FINANCIAL COMPONENTS OFTHECOSTMODELTLG'sproprietary decommissioning costmodel,DECCER,producesanumberofdistinctcostelements.
Thesedirectexpenditures, however,donotcomprisethetotalcosttoaccomplish theprojectgoal,i.e.,licensetermination andsiterestoration.
Inherentinanycostestimatethatdoesnotrelyonhistorical dataistheinability tospecifytheprecisesourceofcostsimposedbyfactorssuchastoolbreakage, accidents, ifinesses, weatherdelays,andlaborstoppages.
IntheDECCERcostmodel,contingency fulfillsthisrole.Contingency isaddedtoeachlineitemtoaccountforcoststhataredifficult orimpossible todevelopanalytically.
Suchcostsarehistorically inevitable overthedurationofajobofthismagnitude; therefore, thiscostanalysisincludesfundstocoverthesetypesofexpenses.
3.3.1Contingency Theactivity-andperiod-dependent costsarecombinedtodevelopthetotaldecommissioning cost.Acontingency isthenappliedonaline-item basis,usingoneormoreofthecontingency typeslistedintheMF/NE$P-036 study."Contingencies" aredefinedintheAmericanAssociation ofCostEngineers "ProjectandCostEngineers' Handbook"[201 as"specific provision forunforeseeable elementsofcostwithinthedefinedprojectscope;particularly important wherepreviousexperience relatingestimates andactualcostshasshownthatunforeseeable eventswhichwillincreasecostsarelikelytooccur."Thecostelementsinthisanalysisarebaseduponidealconditions andmaximumefficiency; therefore, consistent withindustrypractice, contingency isincluded.
IntheMF/NESP-036 study,thetypesofunforeseeable eventsthatarelikelytooccurindecommissioning arediscussed andguidelines areprovidedforpercentage contingency ineachcategory.
Itshouldbenotedthatcontingency, asusedinthisanalysis, doesnotaccountforpriceescalation andinflation inthecostofdecommissioning overtheremaining operating lifeofthestation.Contingency fundsareanintegralpartofthetotalcosttocompletethedecommissioning process.Exclusion ofthiscomponent putsatriskaTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page41of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page4of30successful completion oftheintendedtasksand,potentially, subsequent relatedactivities.
Forthisstudy,TLGexaminedthemajoractivity-relatedproblems(decontamination, segmentation, equipment
- handling, packaging, transport, andwastedisposal) thatnecessitate acontingency.
Individual activitycontingencies rangedfrom10%to75%,depending onthedegreeofdifficulty judgedtobeappropriate fromTLG'sactualdecommissioning experience.
Thecontingency valuesusedinthisstudyareasfollows:.Decontamination 50%.Contaminated Component Removal25%.Contaminated Component Packaging 10%.Contaminated Component Transport 15%.Low-Level Radioactive WasteDisposal25%.Low-Level Radioactive WasteProcessing 15%.ReactorSegmentation 75%.NSS$Component Removal25%.ReactorWastePackaging 25%.ReactorWasteTransport 25%.ReactorVesselComponent Disposal50%.GTCCDisposal15%.Non-Radioactive Component Removal15%.HeavyEquipment andTooling15%.Supplies25%.Engineering 15%SEnergy15%.Insurance, TaxesandFees10%.Staffing15%.Characterization andTermination Surveys30%.Construction 15%.SpentFuelStorageSystemLoading/Transfer Costs15%.Operations andMaintenance Expenses15%Thecontingency valuesareappliedtotheappropriate components oftheestimates onalineitembasis.Acomposite valueisthenreportedattheendofeachdetailedestimate(asprovidedintheappendices).
Forexample,thecomposite contingency valuereportedfortheDECONalternative inAppendixCisapproximately 18.9%;thecorresponding SAF$TORalternative inAppendixDisapproximately 17.2%.TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page42of173CaflawayEnergy CenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnaiysisSection3,Page5of303.3.2Financial RiskInadditiontotheroutineuncertainties addressed bycontingency, anothercostelementthatissometimes necessary toconsiderwhenboundingdecommissioning costsrelatestouncertainty, orrisk.Examplescanincludechangesinworkscope,pricing,jobperformance, andothervariations thatcouldconceivably, butnotnecessarily, occur.Consideration issometimes necessary togeneratealevelofconfidence intheestimate, withinarangeofprobabilities.
TLGconsiders thesetypesofcostsunderthebroadterm"financial risk."Includedwithinthecategoryoffinancial riskare:.Transition activities andcosts:ancillary expensesassociated witheliminating 50%to80%ofthesitelaborforceshortlyafterthecessation ofplantoperations, addedcostforworkerseparation packagesthroughout thedecommissioning program,nationalorcompany-mandated retraining, andretention incentives forkeypersonnel.
SDelaysinapprovalofthedecommissioning planduetointervention, publicparticipation inlocalcommunity
- meetings, legalchallenges, andnationalandlocalhearings.
.Changesintheprojectworkscopefromthebaselineestimate, involving thediscovery ofunexpected levelsofcontaminants, contamination inplacesnotpreviously
- expected, contaminated soilpreviously undiscovered (eitherradioactive orhazardous materialcontamination),
variations inplantinventory orconfiguration notindicated bytheas-builtdrawings.
.Regulatory changes,forexample,affecting workerhealthandsafety,sitereleasecriteria, wastetransportation, anddisposal.
.Policydecisions alteringnationalcommitments (e.g.,intheabilitytoaccommodate certainwasteformsfordisposition),
orinthetimetable forsuch,forexample,thestartandrateofacceptance ofspentfuelbytheDOE..Pricingchangesforbasicinputssuchaslabor,energy,materials, anddisposal.
Itemssubjecttowidespread pricecompetition (suchasmaterials) maynotshowsignificant variation; however,otherssuchaswastedisposalcouldexhibitlargepricinguncertainties, particularly inmarketswherelimitedaccesstoservicesisavailable.
Thiscoststudy,however,doesnotaddanyadditional coststotheestimateforfinancial risk,sincethereisinsufficient historical datafromTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page43of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page6of30whichtoprojectfutureliabilities.
Consequently, theareasofuncertainty orriskarerevisited periothcally andaddressed throughrepeatedrevisions orupdatesofthebaseestimates.
3.4SITE-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS Thereareanumberofsite-specific considerations thataffectthemethodfordismantling andremovalofequipment fromthesiteandthedegreeofrestoration required.
Thecostimpactoftheconsiderations identified belowisincludedinthiscoststudy.3.4.1SpentFuelManagement Thecosttodisposethespentfuelgenerated fromplantoperations isnotreflected withintheestimates todecommission Callaway.
Ultimatedisposition ofthespentfueliswithintheprovinceoftheDOE'sWasteManagement System,asdefinedbytheNuclearWastePolicyAct.Assuch,thedisposalcostisfinancedbya1milllkWhr surcharge paidintotheDOE'swastefundduringoperations.
However,theNRCrequireslicensees toestablish aprogramtomanageandprovidefundingforthemanagement ofallirradiated fuelatthereactoruntiltitleofthefuelistransferred totheSecretary ofEnergy.Thisfundingrequirement isfulfilled throughinclusion ofcertainhigh-level wastecostelementswithintheestimates, asdescribed below.Forestimating
- purposes, AmerenMissourihasassumedthatallspentfuelwillberelocated toanISFSIontheCallawaysitewithinfiveandone-halfyearsaftershutdown.
ThiswillallowAmerenMissouritoproceedwithdecommissioning (orsafe-storage) operations intheshortesttimepossible.
Itisassumedthatthefiveandone-halfyearsprovidesthenecessary coolingperiodforthefinalcoretomeetstoragerequirements fordecayheat.Oncethepoolisemptied,thespentfuelstorageandhandlingfacilities areavailable fordecommissioning.
Operation andmaintenance costsforthespentfuelpoolareincludedwithintheestimate.
CanisterLoadingandTransferTheestimates includethecostforthelaborandequipment toloadandtransferthespentfuelassemblies projected toresideinthepoolatthecessation ofplantoperations.
Thecapitalcostassociated withthedrystoragesystemisnotincludedintheestimates.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page44of173CallawayEnergyCenter*DocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page7of30Operations andMaintenance Theestimates includethecostofoperating andmaintaining thespentfuelpoolforapproximately fiveandonehalfyearsafterthecessation ofoperations.
Itisassumedthatthefiveandone-halfyearsprovidesthenecessary coolingperiodforthefinalcoretomeetthedrycaskstoragevendor'ssystem.GTCCThedismantling ofthereactorinternals isexpectedtogenerateradioactive wasteconsidered unsuitable forshallowlanddisposal(i.e.,low-level rathoactive wastewithconcentrations ofrathonuclides thatexceedthelimitsestablished bytheNRCforClassCrathoactive waste(GTCC)).TheLow-Level Radioactive WastePolicyAmendments Actof1985assignedthefederalgovernment theresponsibility forthedisposalofthismaterial.
TheActalsostatedthatthebeneficiaries oftheactivities resulting inthegeneration ofsuchradioactive wastebearallreasonable costsofdisposing ofsuchwaste.AlthoughtheDOEisresponsible fordisposing ofGTCCwaste,anycostsforthatservicehavenotbeendetermined.
Forpurposesofthisestimate, theGTCCradioactive wastehasbeenassumedtobepackagedinthesamecanisters usedtostorespentfuelanddisposedofashigh-level waste,atacostequivalent tothatenvisioned forthespentfuel.Thenumberofcanisters requiredandthepackagedvolumeforGTCCwasbaseduponexperience atMaineYankee(e.g.,thepayloadconstraints asidentified inthecanister's certificate ofcompliance).
ItisassumedthattheDOEwouldnotacceptthiswastepriortocompleting thetransferofspentfuel.Therefore, untilsuchtimetheDOEisreadytoacceptGTCCwaste,itisassumedthatthismaterialwouldremaininstorageatthesite(fortheDECONalternative).
IntheSAFSTORscenario, theGTCCmaterialisshippeddirectlytoaDOEfacilityasitisgenerated sincethefuelhasbeenremovedfromthesitepriortothestartofdecommissioning.
3.4.2ReactorVesselandInternalComponents Thereactorpressurevesselandinternalcomponents aresegmented fordisposalinshielded, reusabletransportation casks.Segmentation isperformed intherefueling canal,whereaturntable andremotecutterareinstalled.
Thevesselissegmented inplace,usingamast-mounted cuttersupported offthelowerheadandthrectedfromashieldedworkTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page45of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page8of30platforminstalled overheadinthereactorcavity.Transportation caskspecifications andtransportation regulations dictatethesegmentation andpackaging methodology.
Intactdisposalofreactorvesselshellshasbeensuccessfully demonstrated atseveralofthesitescurrently beingdecommissioned.
Accesstonavigable waterways hasallowedtheselargepackagestobetransported totheBarnwell, SouthCarolinaandHanford,Washington disposalsiteswithminimaloverlandtravel.Intactdisposalofthereactorvesselandinternalcomponents canprovidesavingsincostandworkerexposurebyeliminating thecomplexsegmentation requirements, isolation oftheGTCCmaterial, andtransport/storage oftheresulting wastepackages.
PortlandGeneralElectric(PGE)wasabletodisposeoftheTrojanreactorasanintactpackage(including theinternals).
However,itslocationontheColumbiaRiversimplified thetransportation analysissince:.thereactorpackagecouldbesecuredtothetransport vehiclefortheentirejourney,i.e.,thepackagewasnotliftedduringtransport,
.therewerenoman-madeornaturalterrainfeaturesbetweentheplantsiteandthedisposallocationthatcouldproducealargedrop,and.transport speedswereverylow,limitedbytheoverlandtransport vehicleandtheriverbarge.AsamemberoftheNorthwest Compact,PGEhadasiteavailable fordisposalofthepackage-theUSEcologyfacilityinWashington State.Thecharacteristics ofthisaridsiteprovedfavorable indemonstrating compliance withlanddisposalregulations.
Itisnotknownwhetherthisoptionwillbeavailable whentheCallawayceasesoperation.
Futureviability ofthisoptionwilldependupontheultimatelocationofthedisposalsite,aswellasthedisposalsitelicensee's abilitytoaccepthighlyradioactive packagesandeffectively isolatethemfromtheenvironment.
Consequently, thestudyassumesthereactorvesselwillrequiresegmentation, asaboundingcondition.
3.4.3PrimarySystemComponents IntheDECONscenario, thereactorcoolantsystemcomponents areassumedtobedecontaminated usingchemicalagentspriortothestartTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page46of173CaflawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page9of30ofdismantling operations.
Thistypeofdecontamination canbeexpectedtohaveasignificant ALARAimpact,sinceinthisscenariotheremovalworkisdonewithinthefirstfewyearsofshutdown.
Adecontamination factor(averagereduction) of10isassumedfortheprocess.Inthe$AFSTORscenario, rathonuclide decayisexpectedtoprovidethesamebenefitand,therefore, achemicaldecontamination isnotincluded.
Thefollowing discussion dealswiththeremovalanddisposition ofthesteamgenerators, butthetechniques involvedarealsoapplicable tootherlargecomponents, suchasheatexchangers, component coolers,andthepressurizer.
Thesteamgenerators' sizeandweight,aswellastheirlocationwithinthereactorbuilding, willultimately determine theremovalstrategy.
Atrolleycraneissetupfortheremovalofthegenerators.
Itcanalsobeusedtomoveportionsofthesteamgenerator cubiclewallsandfloorslabsfromthereactorbuildingtoalocationwheretheycanbedecontaminated andtransported tothematerialhandlingarea.Interferences withintheworkarea,suchasgrating,piping,andothercomponents areremovedtocreatesufficient laydownspaceforprocessing theselargecomponents.
Thegenerators areriggedforremoval,disconnected fromthesurrounding pipingandsupports, andmaneuvered intotheopenareawheretheyareloweredontoadolly.Eachgenerator isrotatedintothehorizontal positionforextraction fromthecontainment andplacedontoamulti-wheeled vehiclefortransport toanon-siteprocessing andstoragearea.Thegenerators aredisassembled on-sitewiththesteamdomeandlightlycontaminated subassemblies designated foroff-siterecycling.
Themorehighlycontaminated tubesheetandtubebundlearepackagedfordirectdisposal.
Theinteriorvolumeisfilledwithlow-density cellularconcreteforstabilization oftheinternalcontamination.
Reactorcoolantpipingiscutfromthereactorvesseloncethewaterlevelinthevessel(usedforpersonnel shielthng duringdismantling andcuttingoperations inandaroundthevessel)isdroppedbelowthenozzlezone.Thepipingisboxedandtransported byshieldedvan.Thereactorcoolantpumpsandmotorsareliftedoutintact,packaged, andtransported forprocessing and/ordisposal.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page47of173CafluwayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page10of303.4.4RetiredComponents Theestimateincludesthecosttodisposeoffourretiredsteamgenerators expectedtobeinstorageatthesiteuponthecessation ofplantoperations.
Thecomponents areprocessed fordisposalinthesamemannerasdescribed fortheinstalled units.Aretiredreactorclosurehead,withservicestructure, isalsoincludedinthedecommissioning wasteinventory.
Thecomponent iscurrently storedinthesteamgenerator storagefacility.
3.4.5MainTurbineandCondenser Themainturbineisdismantled usingconventional maintenance procedures.
Theturbinerotorsandshaftsareremovedtoalaydownarea.Thelowerturbinecasingsareremovedfromtheiranchorsbycontrolled demolition.
Themaincondensers arealsodisassembled andmovedtoalaydownarea.Materialisthenpreparedfortransportation toanoff-siterecycling facilitywhereitissurveyedanddesignated foreitherdecontamination orvolumereduction, conventional
- disposal, orcontrolled disposal.
Components arepackagedandreadiedfortransport inaccordance withtheintendeddisposition.
3.4.6Transportation MethodsContaminated piping,components, andstructural materialotherthanthehighlyactivated reactorvesselandinternalcomponents willqualifyasL$A-I,IIorIIIorSurfaceContaminated Object,$CO-IorII,asdescribed inTitle49,[21]Thecontaminated materialwillbepackagedinIndustrial Packages(IP-1,IP-2,orIP-3,asdefinedinsubpart173.411)fortransport unlessdemonstrated toqualifyastheirownshippingcontainers.
Thereactorvesselandinternalcomponents areexpectedtobetransported inaccordance withPart71,asTypeB.Itisconceivable thatthereactor,duetoitslimitedspecificactivity, couldqualifyasLSAIIorIII.However,thehighradiation levelsontheoutersurfacewouldrequirethatadditional shielding beincorporated withinthepackaging soastoattenuate thedosetolevelsacceptable fortransport.
Anyfuelcladdingfailurethatoccurredduringthelifetimeoftheplantisassumedtohavereleasedfissionproductsatsufficiently lowlevelsthatthebuildupofquantities oflong-lived isotopes(e.g.,'7Cs,905r,ortransuranics) hasbeenprevented fromreachinglevelsexceeding thoseTLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page48of173CaflawayEnergyCenter.DocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page11of30thatpermitthemajorreactorcomponents tobeshippedundercurrenttransportation regulations anddisposalrequirements.
Transport ofthehighlyactivated metal,producedinthesegmentation ofthereactorvesselandinternalcomponents, willbebyshieldedtruckcask.Caskshipments mayexceed95,000pounds,including vesselsegment(s),
supplementary shielding, casktie-downs, andtractor-trailer.Themaximumlevelofactivitypershipmentassumedpermissible wasbaseduponthelicenselimitsoftheavailable shieldedtransport casks.Thesegmentation schemeforthevesselandinternalsegmentsisdesignedtomeettheselimits.Thetransport oflargeintactcomponents (e.g.,largeheatexchangers andotheroversized components) willbebyacombination oftruck,rail,and/ormulti-wheeled transporter.
Transportation costsforClassAradioactive materialrequiring controlled disposalarebaseduponthemileagetotheEnergy$olutions facilityinOlive,Utah.Transportation costsforthehigheractivityClassBandCradioactive materialarebaseduponthemileagetotheWCSfacilityinAndrewsCounty,Texas.Thetransportation costfortheGTCCmaterialisassumedtobecontained withinthedisposalcost.Transportation costsforoff-sitewasteprocessing arebaseduponthemileagetoOakRidge,Tennessee.
Trucktransport costsweredeveloped frompublished tariffsfromTn-StateMotorTransit.[22]
3.4.7Low-Level Rathoactive WasteDisposalTothegreatestextentpractical, metallicmaterialgenerated inthedecontamination anddismantling processes isprocessed toreducethetotalcostofcontrolled disposal.
Materialmeetingtheregulatory andlorsitereleasecriterion, isreleasedasscrap,requiring nofurthercostconsideration.
Conditioning (jreparing thematerialtomeetthewasteacceptance criteriaofthedisposalsite)andrecoveryofthewastestreamisperformed offsiteatalicensedprocessing center.Anymaterialleavingthesiteissubjecttoasurveyandreleasecharge,ataminimum.Themassofradioactive wastegenerated duringthevariousdecommissioning activities atthesiteisshownonaline-item basisintheappendices andsummarized inSection5(basecase).Thequantified wastesummaries showninthesetablesareconsistent with10CFRPart61classifications.
Commercially available steelcontainers arepresumedtobeusedforthedisposalofpiping,smallcomponents, andconcrete.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page49of173CallawayEnergyCenterDocumentA22-1690-.OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page12of30Largercomponents canserveastheirowncontainers, withproperclosureofallopenings, accessways,andpenetrations.
Thevolumesarecalculated basedontheexteriorpackagedimensions forcontainerized materialoraspecificcalculation forcomponents servingastheirownwastecontainers.
Themorehighlyactivated reactorcomponents willbeshippedinreusable, shieldedtruckcaskswithdisposable liners.Incalculating disposalcosts,theburialfeesareappliedagainstthelinervolume,aswellasthespecialhandlingrequirements ofthepayload.Packaging efficiencies arelowerforthehighlyactivated materials (greaterthanTypeAquantitywaste),wherehighconcentrations ofgamma-emitting rathonuclides limitthecapacityoftheshippingcanisters.
Thecosttodisposeofthelowestlevelwasteandthemajorityofthematerialgenerated fromthedecontamination anddismantling activities isbaseduponthecurrentcostfordisposalatEnergy$olutions facilityinClive,Utah.Disposalcostsforthehigheractivitywaste(ClassBandC)werebaseduponAmerenMissouri's currentagreement withWCSfortheAndrewsCountyfacility.
3.4.8SiteConditions Following Decommissioning TheNRCwillterminate thesitelicensewhenitdetermines thatsiteremediation hasbeenperformed inaccordance withthelicensetermination plan,andthattheterminalradiation surveyandassociated documentation demonstrate thatthefacilityissuitableforrelease.TheNRC'sinvolvement inthedecommissioning processwillendatthispoint.Localbuildingcodesandstateenvironmental regulations willdictatethenextstepinthedecommissioning process,aswellastheowner'sownfutureplansforthesite.Theestimates presented hereinincludethedismantling ofthemajorstructures tojustbelowgroundlevel,backfilling andthecollapsing ofbelowgradevoids,andregrading suchthatthesiteuponwhichthepowerblockandsupplemental structures arelocatedistransformed intoa"grassyplain."Theexistingelectrical switchyard andaccessroadswillremaininsupportoftheelectrical transmission anddistribution system.Siterestoration doesnotincludetheremethation ofthewatertreatment plant'ssettlingbasins,ifrequired.
TLGServices, Inc.
ULNRC-06349 Enclosure 3Page50of173CaflawayEnergyCenter.DocumentA22-1690-OO1, Rev.0Decommissioning CostAnalysisSection3,Page13of30Sludgeremovedfromthesewagetreatment plantlagoonwasassumedtocontainlowlevelsofcontamination thatwouldrequirecontrolled disposaLAssuch,3,600cubicfeetofmaterialfromthelagoonwasdesignated fordisposition atEnergy$olutions' facility.
Theexistingandreplacement coolingtowerdischarge pipeswillbeleftinplaceandflowfilledwithsuitablematerialtopreventthepipesfromcollapsing.
Theintakelinewillalsobefilled.Theestimates donotassumetheremediation ofanysignificant volumeofcontaminated soil.Thisassumption maybeaffectedbycontinued plantoperations and/orfutureregulatory actions,suchasthedevelopment ofsite-specific releasecriteria.
3.5ASSUMPTIONS Thefollowing arethemajorassumptions madeinthedevelopment oftheestimates fordecommissioning thesite.3.5.1Estimating BasisDecommissioning costsarereportedintheyearofprojected expenditure; however,thevaluesareprovidedin2014dollars.Costsarenotinflated, escalated, ordiscounted overtheperiodsofperformance.
Theestimates relyuponthephysicalplantinventory thatwasthebasisforthe2011analysis.
Thestudyfollowstheprinciples ofALARAthroughtheuseofworkdurationadjustment factors.Thesefactorsaddresstheimpactofactivities suchasradiological protection instruction, mock-uptraining, andtheuseofrespiratory protection andprotective clothing.
Thefactorslengthenatask'sduration, increasing costsandlengthening theoverallschedule.
ALARAplanningisconsidered inthecostsforengineering andplanning, andinthedevelopment ofactivityspecifications anddetailedprocedures.
Changestoworkerexposurelimitsmayimpactthedecommissioning costandprojectschedule.
3.5.2LaborCostsAmerenMissouri, astheoperator, willcontinuetoprovidesiteoperations support,incluthng decommissioning programmanagement, licensing, radiological protection, andsitesecurity.
ADecommissioning TLGServices, Inc.