ML20070L731
| ML20070L731 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1982 |
| From: | Hoagland K ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILA. |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES) |
| References | |
| CON-FIN-B-8138 NUREG-CR-2727, NUREG-CR-2727-V04, NUREG-CR-2727-V4, NUDOCS 8301100018 | |
| Download: ML20070L731 (51) | |
Text
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I NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 4 -
Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report l June - August 1982 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland my of Na u S ences of Philadelphis uclear Regulatory P PDR
NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability of re-sponsibility for ar.y third party's use, or the resuitt of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights.
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NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 4 RE Ecological Studies of Wooc-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report June - August 1982 MInuscript Completed: October 1982 Dita Published: December 1982
. Hoag and Department of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 19th and the Parkway Phi!Idelphia, PA 19103 PrIpared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission W:shington, D.C. 20665 NRC FIN B8138 l
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l PREVIOUS REPORTS Twelve report have been prepared under Contract 'AT(49-24)-0347
(=NRC-04-76 '!') during three years of ' fnnding from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1976-1979, under the title:
Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster treek Nuclear ' Generating Station with discussion of rele-vant physical parameters.
Those reports with NTIS numbers are:
NUREG/CR-0223 Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978 NUREG/CR-0380 Mar. 1, 1978-May 31, 1978 NUREG/CR-0634 Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978 NUREG/CR-0812 Sept. 1, 1978-Nov. 30, 1978 NUREG/CR-0896 Dec. 1, 1978-Feb. 28, 1979 NUREG/CR-1015 Mar. 1, 1979-May 31, 1979 NUREG/CR-1209 June 1, 1979-Aug. 31, 1979
! Five reports have been published in this current series:
1 Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
NUREG/CR-1517 Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp.
NUREG/CR-1795 March 1-May 31, 1980, 31.pp.
NUREG/CR-1855 June 1-Aug. 31, 1980, 48 pp.
NUREG/CR-1939 Vol. 1 Sept. 1, 1980-Nov. 30,.1980, 36 pp.
Vol. 2 Dec. 1, 1980-Feb. 28, 1981, 41 pp.'
Vol. 3 March 1, 1981-May 31, 1981, 38 pp.
Vol. 4 June 1-Aug. 31, 1981, 44 pp.
NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 1 Sept. 1-Nov. 30, 1981, 40 pp.
Vol. 2 December, 1981-February, 1982, 28 pp.
Vol. 3 March - May, 1982, 34 pp.
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ABSTRACT The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek _ Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, - New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physio-logical tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory. Competition among the species is being analyzed. Adult populations of Teredo bartschi existed in both Oyster Creek and Forked River in the summer of 1982, but the species was rare. There was no large settlement of this or any other teredinid species in Barnegat Bay.
Teredo navalis was the most common species in the monthly panels. The fouling community reached its maximum yearly diversity in June-July.
'there was a thermal effluent causing a AT of 3-4' C during most of the summer, and salinity in Oyster Creek and Forked River was similar to that of Barnegat Bay. The lack of a shipworm outbreak in 1982 may be related to the low AT in summer, plus the lack of a thermal effluent in the preceding winter-spring period.
iii
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS'
-The purpose of ' this investigation is~ to understand' the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity.of -
the Oyster : Creek Nuclear Generating Station (ONCGS)' and at control stations.outside the influence of_the station. The relative importance,
'of the introduce'd species Teredo bartschi-in causing damage, and physio-logical tolerances . of all . species, are being assessed. On a . monthly basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis' of population dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies. We also record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels'at each station.
- 1. The. generating station was operating during most of the summer, but the AT was only 3-4* C.
- 2. The temperature and ' salinity ' in ' Barnegat ~ Bay, including Oy' ster Creek, were nearly ideal for teredinid growth and reproduction in June, July, and August.
- 3. There was some recirculation of the ' heated effluent into Forked River in August.
- 4. Settlement of teredinid larvae was absent in-June, sparse in July, .
and heavy only in Forked River in August. The most_ common species settling was Teredo navalis, . although adults of T_. bartschi were-present at 4 stations and theoretically could have supplied larvae.
- 5. Very few adult' specimens of T. navalis were found with . larvae in the gills. Plankton tows likewise revealed few larvae.
- 6. T. bartschi was present at two stations (11 and 12) in Oyster Creek and two (4 and 5) in Forked River.
- 7. Empty boreholes were common in panels from Forked River, indicating early mortality of teredinid larvae.
- 8. Many of the fastest growing teredinid specimens were from Oyster Creek.
- 9. A high percentage of Bankia gouldi survived .the winter, but few T.
navalis and T. bartschi survived.
v
- 10. In general, teredinid attack was light at all inner Barnegat Bay stations in 1982.
- 11. Comparing 1982 with previous years when the generating station was ,
not operating in winter-spring, I predict that an outbreak of T.
bartschi could occur in September-October.
- 12. Pediveligers of T. bartschi prefer temperatures above 20' C but below 34' C. Pediveligers of T. navalis are active between 18' C and 31* C and between 14-27'/...
- 13. The fouling community was more diverse.in June than in August. The greatest richness of taxa occurred in Forked River.
- 14. Bowerbankia gracilis dominated at most stations. Oyster Creek was characterized by Polysiphonia species, yellow sponge, and numerous young amenones and Molgula manhattenis. Forked River was charac-terized by the orange sponge Microciona prolifera, various green
- algae including the introduced Codium fragile, and Sertularia argentea.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS N, 1 .
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1
,2 ABSTRACT . . . . . . . ... . . ............ ~~iii 4 '
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS . . .. . . ............ v a- '
e LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . ............ viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . .. . . . . . . .......... x, r
s 1
[
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .. . ...... ..... -1 -
s l
METHODS . .. . . . . .. . . . ............ 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . ............ 5 PHYSICAL FACTORS .. . . . ............ 5-SHIPWORM POPULATIONS . . . ............ 11-PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY . . ............ 22 PLANKTON .. . . . . . . . ............ 22 FOULING ORGANISMS . . . .. ............ 22 CONCLUSIONS . .. . . .. . .. ............ 32 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . ............ 33 APPENDIX. STATION LOCALITIES . ............ 35 DISTRIBUTION LIST . . . . . . . ............ 37
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, LIST OF TABLES Page
.:, s 1. Temperature 4 Profiles in *C, June-August, 1982 .... ... . 6
'-- 2. Continuous Temperature Recorder Data (*C) for
, June 9 - Sept. 8, 1982 . .. ................. 7
- 3. Salinity Profiles in */ ., June - August, 1982 . ... .. . . 9
- 4. Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal. June - August,1982 . . .. . .. ... .... . 10
'- .5.
Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow it gal. x 10 for June - August, 1982 . . . . 10
- 6. Numbers of Shipworms in Monthly Panels Removed August 9, 1982 . 12
- 7. Length; Ranges of Shipworms Removed from Monthly Panels J August 9, 1982 (mm) . . .................. 12 ]
- 8. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May9,19q2 . . . . .'. . ...: . .. . .. ... . ... . 13
- 9. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes and Boreholes,
' Cumulative Panels . . . . .................. 14
^ 10. Percentage of Specimens tt.at were Alive when Collected, .
Cumulative Panels . . . . .. ................. 16
- 11. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Submerged i
May 9, 1982 . . . . . . . . .................. 17 i
- 12. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels Submerged in 1981. 18
- 13. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes and Boreholes, Yesrly Panels . . . . . . . .................. 19
- 14. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected,
' Yearly Panels . . . . . . . .................. 20
- 15. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels .. . ... . 21
- 16. Percentage of Living Teredo Specimens Carrying Larvae in the
. Gills .... . . .
. _ . . . . .. ................. 23 1
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17.: Contents of Plankton Samples Taken September 8, 1982 ..... 25
- 18. Most Abundant Macroscopic Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels,' June, 1982 . ... .. ................ 26
- 19. Most Abundant Macroscopic Fouling Organisms on June, 1982 Monthly Panels . .. .'.-. . ................. 28
- 20. Most Abundant Hacroscopic Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels, August, 1982 ... . ................. 29 ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooper:ted in our field work. Lauralynn Crocket, John Flynn, and Beth Ann Tanzosh pro-vided technicial assistance. Eugenia B5hlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia served as X-ray technologist. J.C.P. & L. Co.
provided data on the operation of the Generating Station. R. Smith typed the manuscript.
Xi
ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF.THE OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION June - August, 1982 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between the effluene of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and the pro-liferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent portions of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Turner, 1974; Hoagland et al.,
1977; Hoagland et al., 1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and Turner, 1980; Hoagland et al., 1980). The effluent adds heat to the receiving waters, which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates.
It has allowed the establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredo bartschi, in Oyster Creek and Forked River. The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks. Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of stable, actively breeding shipworm populations. b The populations of Teredo bartschi compared with the native species in Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies. This report summarizes an ongoing collection of data on physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distribution, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids. We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station. We also report on physio-logical studies comparing the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature and salinity tolerances.
1
METHODS Stations I Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were' established in Barnegat Bay to monitor boring and fouling organisms. In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12. The stations are shown in Hoagland and Turner, 1980, and are listed in the appendix. The station numbers are not contiguous because some have been discontinued.
Station 1 is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent. Some shipworms, primarily Bankia gouldi, are traditionally found there. Station 3 is a control station in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent. Shipworms are rarely found there. Stations 4 and 5 are in Forked River, influenced by.
the plant's water intake system. There is some recirculation of heated water that affects these stations, but the main influence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay.
Station 8 is on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River. stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals, silt, increased flow rate, etc.). Since J.C.P. & L. calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to charac-terize the effluent completely are~not available.
Stations 14 is at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay in the mouth of Waretown Creek. During the January 1982, our racks and thermometer at station 14 were destroyed by bulkheaders working in the area. A new station 14 has been established on the opposite side of Waretown Creek in ' Skipper's Cove. Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experiments. Stations 6 and 15 inshore on Barnegat Bay are being used as sources of Bankia gouldi for laboratory work.
Field work Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each station. Air temperature and time of day are also recorded. The amount of silt settling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, moderate, or heavy. At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature are kept by means of constant recording instruments that are serviced once a month.
In June and August, the major macroscopic fouling organisms on panels and racks at each station were recorded. They were listed in order of abundance, the species covering the most space being first.
2
White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8", are used to obtain shipworms for study. There are three panel series: 1) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced. In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained. 2) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is removed. 3) Each May, a series of 12 panels is deployed.
These panels are removed one a month. They provide information on the cumulative growth and maturation of individual borers as well as devel-opment of the boring and fouling communities. The cumulative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated. These three panel series are called M, Y, and C, respectively. The C series is replicated at all stations in 1982. As field work will end in November, 1982, no new yearly panels are being submert.ed.
Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks against bulkheading or off finger docks. They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface.
Laboratory Work Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods, scraped, and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage. It is possible to count and often to idenfity ship-worms from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantitative data in most cases. Therefore, usic M. X-rays as guides, the panels are dissected. All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for larvae in the gills, and measured (length only). They are preserved in 75% buffered alcohol. Identifications are first made by technicians, but all Teredo spp. are checked by Dr. Hoagland.
During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicates mortality. If pallets are still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm.
Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved but are kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels. In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi. Individuals of B_ .
gouldi and T. navalis from the field are being maintained in the labor-atory. These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments. Larvae of Teredo navalis are being cultured in the labor-atory and used for physiological experiments. Larvae are being fed cultures of Monochrysis lutheri and Isochrysis galbana. Both algae and larvae are maintained in an incubator at 22 C. The procedures for culturing shipworm larvae are those of Culliney, Boyle and Turner (1975) and Turner and Johnson (1971).
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Physiological Ecology Larvae of Teredo navalis and T. bartschi acclimated to 25-27* C were r.ubjected to rising and falling temperatures at a controlled salinity of 22*/. . The larvae of T. navalis had been reared to the pediveliger stage, while those of T. .bartschi were alrecdy at the pediveli2er stage when released from the parents. The larvae were observed for behavioral changes as discussed in our previous quarterly reports. Controls were maintained at 25-27* C in the laboratory. Sample size was 10 larvae per experiment.
Pediveligers of Teredo navalis were subjected to both rising and falling salinities at a temperature of 25-26* C. Sample size was 12 larvae per experiment. The initial salinity was 23*/ . Behavioral categories were recorded as in our previous reports.
Plankton 4 Plankton samples were taken in Oyster Creek and at station 8 between Oyster Creek and Forked River on September 8, 1982. Organisms identi-fied in the samples are listed in this report.
Fouling A rank-order list of fouling organisms was made for panels and racks at each station at the time monthly sampling was done in June and August.
These list are included in this report.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Factors A small but significant thermal impact was observable in Oyster Creek during the summer months, 1982 (Tables 1, 2). On the day of sampling, the AT was 3 in June, 4* in JuJy, and 4* C in August (Table 1). There was no thermal impact in Forked River in June or July, but a slight temperature elevation was observed in August. In all three months the temperature at station 3, Stout's Creek, was above ambient, probably due to decomposition of organic material in the Cedar swamp directly above the station. The seasonal change in temperature from June to August averaged 7 .
The mean monthly summer temperature data (Table 2) shows a mean AT of about 3* C. The recirculation of the heated effluent into Forked River was evident by a 1* C elevation in Forked River between August 9 and September 8. The highest recorded temperature was 31.0 C at station 11 (Oyster Creek) in August. That temperature could cause distress to native boring and fouling organisms if it was maintained over a loag period of time, but it occurred for only a few hours. The monthly temperature range was greatest in Oyster Creek, but the daily tempera-ture fluctuation was greater elsewhere.
Table 3 gives the salinity profiles for the summer, 1982. The salinity was high enough for settlement of teredinids at all stations, although the optimal salinity was not reached at control station 3. The species of teredinids found in Barnegat Bay, Bankia gouldi, Teredo navalis, and T. bartschi, all thrive at salinities of 20-26 / ., which is the range found in Barnegat Bay in the summer of 1982. The salinities in Oyster C reele (stations 10-12) were 1-2*/oo lower than those in Forked River (stations 4, 5).
The temperature and precipitation in a portion of the general watershed areas for Barnegat Bay is reviewed in Table 4. Especially in early summer, the weather was cooler and wetter than normal. There was no long-term drought that could raise salinity and thus affect teredinid populations in upper estuaries.
The summer level of operation of the Oyster Creek nuclear generating station is summarized in Table 5. The plant was operating for most of the period of this report, as verified by the AT's of 3-4 C reported here. Yet the AT's are lower than those of some previous summers.
Dilution flow was high relative to operation levels of the plant.
5 umuus ---
l Table 1 Temperature Profiles in "O, June - August, 1982 Station June 9, 1982 July 7, 1982 August 9,'1982 Differential-among months b b 1 20.0 25.5 26.5 6.5 l
3 24.0* 29.0 29.5 5.5 b b 4 20.0 25.5 27.0 7.0 D
5 20.0 25.5 28.0 8.0 1 8 20.0 b 28.0 29.0 9.0 l
l , 10 23.0 29.0 30.0 7.0 l 11 23.0 29.5* 30.5" 7.5 8
12 23.0 29.5 30.5" 7.5 b
14 21.5 25.5 26.0b 4.5 Differential 4.0 4.0 4.5 among stations
- highest value each month b
lowest value each month t
, Accuracy to 0.5'C l
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Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data (*C) for July 7, 1982 - Sept. 8, 1982 I. Temperature at 1:00 P.M. E.S.T.
Date monthly chart July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Sspt. 8, 1982 was removed 1 5 11 14* 1* 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 Mean daily temp. at IPM 22.0 23.3 26.1 27.4 30.6 27.6 23.7 24.0 25.7 23.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.9 2.2 1.6 Standard Deviation Highest value of temp.
at 1 PM 24.6 25.9 28.4 29.5 33.2 30.0 26.4 28.0 30.7 26.6 Lowest value of temp.
at 1 PM 16.6 18.5 17.0 25.6 28.1 25.8 21.2 20.2 22.0 19.9 Monthly Range of temp. 6.7 y
at 1 PM 8.0 7.4 11.4 3.9 5.1 4.2 5.2 7.8 8.7 II. Maximum daily temperature l
July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Sept. 8, 1982 l
1 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 Mean value of Max.
Daily Temp. 22.6 24.0 2.7 27.7 31.3 28.0 24.2 24.4 26.2 24.2 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.8 Standard Deviation Highest value of Max.
Daily Temp. 24.6 26.7 28.4 30.0 34.5 30.2 26.4 28.0 31.0 27.2 Lowest value of Max.
Daily Temp. 17.8 19.0 17.9 25.8 29.2 26.3 21.2 21.5 22.2 19.9 Monthly Range of Max.
Daily Temp. 6.8 7.7 10.5 4.2 5.3 3.9 5.2 6.5 8.8 7.3
Table 2 cont.
III. Minimum Daily Temperature July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Sept. 8, 1982 a
1 5 11 14 ya 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 Hean value of Min.
Daily Temp. 21.2 22.1 24.5 Standard Deviation 2.1 26.2 29.7 26.2 23.0 22.4 24.3 21.7 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.2 1.8 Highest value of Min.
Daily Temp. 23.6 25.0 26.9 Lowest value of Min.
29.0 32.8 28.3 25.3 26.8 29.5 25.5 Daily Temp. 16.5 17.7 15.5 24.1 26.8 24.1 Monthly Range of Min. 20.6 19.5 20.0 18.8 Daily Temp. 7.1 7.3 11.4 4.9 6.0 4.2 4.7 7.3 9.5 6.7 cm IV. Daily Temperature Range July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Sept. 8, 1982 1 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 5 11 1 14 Hean AT Daily 1.4 1.9 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.0 Standard Deviation 2.0 2.6 0.6 0.9 0.8 10. 6 ~ 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.1 Largest Daily AT for one month 3.1 3.8 5.0 '3.4 3.5 2.9 2.8 4.0 3.8 5.2 Smallest Daily AT for one month 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
" Data missing.
-a
Table 3 Salinity Profiles in */oo, June - August, 1982 Differential Station June 9 July 7 August 9 among months 1 21 19 20 2 D b b 3 18 14 16 4 4 25 23.5" 25* 1.5 8
5 24.5 23.5" 25 1.5 a 8 8 26 23.5 26 2.5 10 23 23 23 0 11 24 23 22.5 1.5 12 24 23 23 1 14 25 23.5" 23.5 1.5 Differential among stations 8 9.5 9
" highest value each month b
lowest value each month Accuracy to 0.5'/oo l
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Table 4 Average Temperature and Precipitation in-New Jersey, Deviation from Normal.
-June - August, 1982 Temperature (*F) Precipitation (inches)
June -3.6 +5.1 July -0.1 -0.8 August
- I i
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- Data not received in time to include in this report.
t Table 5 Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 10 6 for June - Augus't, 1982 Total Water Flow (gal. x 10 8) Outage Dates June 36,100 June 4-5 l July 43,700 August 36,000 August 15-28 i
f I
i l
10 I
l Shipworm Populations There were no teredinids in the June or July monthly panels. The month-ly panels removed in August are described in Tables 6-7. Many of the newly-settled individuals were too small to identify positively, al-though most of these were probably Teredo navalis, lookin~s ahead to the findings from cumulative panels removed from the same stations in August. Most of the July-early August settlement occurred in Forked River. Surprisingly, there were no newly-settled Teredo bartschi in Oyster Creek or elsewhere. All but 2 identified specimens were T.
navalis. Some empty boreholes were found at all stations having shipworms. Some of these may represent early mortality, but others may represent lost animals due to the scraping of the panels to remove fouling prior to x-raying of the wood. The small size of all teredinids taken from the August monthly panels (Table 7) indicates that settlement occurred close to the August 9 removal date.
The June cumulative panels are essentially monthly panels, since the 1982 cumulative series was deployed on May 9, 1982. They contained no shipworms. However, unlike the July monthly panels, the July 7 cumu-lative panels contained a few individuals (Table 8). This result indi-cates that there were some teredinid larvae available for settlement in late June or early July, but that they preferred wood soaked longer than one month to wood in the water only a few weeks. It should be noted that all wood was presoaked for 2 weeks in filtered seawater in the laboratory before being deployed.
Only one specimen of Teredo bartschi settled on the cumulative panels, that being in Forked River. All but 5 of the identified specimens on the panels were T. navalis. The heaviest attack took place in Forked River, although a few specimens settled in Oyster Creek and at Holly Park (station 1). Replicate panels showed some differences; for example, there were 4 shipworms in one panel and one in the other from Holly Park in July. With such low total settlement, no more than 12 individuals per panel, fluctuations of this order of magnitude from panel to panel are within the range of sampling error. Likewise, variations from station to station cannot be attributed to more than sampling error. There is one exception: station 3 had no shipworms in any of the cumulative panels, and can be said to differ from all other stations.
Table 9 adds empty tubes and boreholes to the number of living teredi-nids in cumulative panels, to estimate the total attack of larvae on each panel. As in the monthly panels, some of the boreholes may be an artifact of our scraping the panels to eliminate fouling. However, empty tubes revealed that some mortality had already occurred by August at stations 4 and 5. Empty boreholes occurred most commonly in panels from Oyster Creek and Forked River. When dead animals and boreholes are 11
Table 6 Numbers of Shipworms in Monthly Panels Removed August 9, 1982-
~
Total Station B.g. T.n. T. sp. Teredinid Borehole Alive Alive +
Boreholes 1 1 0 0 0 3 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 j 4 4 0 0 20 10 2 30 32 i 5 1 7 0 1- 11 9 20 !
8 0 0 0- 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 2 7 20 11 17 40 57 Table 7 Length Ranges of Shipworms Removed from Monthly Panels August 9, 1982_(mm)
Station B.gouldi T_. navalis T_. sp.
1 2 4 1-8 5 4 2-6 3 i
4 12
Table 8 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 9, 1982 Date Removed: July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Teredinid Station T.n. T.b. Total BA T.n. sp. Total 4 0 4 1 3 0 4 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
4 3 0 3 0 4 3 7 2 0 2 2 5 5 12 5
2 0 2 0 3 0 3 8
0 1 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
[ 11 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 12 3 18 8 29 Total 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 3 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 5
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 14 6 2 8 4 14 Totals 5 1
Table 9 Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes and Boreholes, Cumulative Panels Date Removed: July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Station T.n. T.b. Boreholes Total BA T.n. T.sp. Boreholes Total 1 4 0 0 4 1 '3 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 5 8 0 7 3 0 10 5 2 0 3 5 2 6 5 0 13 8 2 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 3 10 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 12 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 2 3 g 14 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Totals 12 0 12 24 3 22 8 2 35 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 0 0 0- 0 0 0 0 0 4 .2 1 3 6 'O 3 0 4 7 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4- 8 8 2 0 5 -7 0 2 0 2 '4 10 0 0 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0-11 1 0. 4 5 0 1 0 4 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 4 14 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 'O 1 Totals 5 1 12 18 2 8 4 17 31
-. . .__ ____-- - _ _ _ _ .w . _ . _ _ - _ - _ -. _ _
l included, the pattern of relative abundance and distribution of teredi-nids in Barnegat Bay is not changed from that when only living specimens are included. Table 10 gives the percentage survival at each station.
There is no pattern in the data that can be related to the operation of the Oyster Creek generating station. Sample size is too small for detailed statistical analysis.
The growth of two teredinid specimens in the July cumulative panels exceeded that of all others by 8mm (Table 11). Both of these specimens were taken from Oyster Creek. The largest specimen of T_. navalis taken from the August cumulative panels was also from Oyster Creek. The largest Bankia gouldi was from Holly Park (Station 1); this species did not occur in the Oyster Creek panels.
The numbers of living teredinids taken from yearly panels submerged for 2 months (Table 12) were similar to the numbers taken from the cumula-tive panels (Table 8). The major difference is that many of the Bankia gouldi and Teredo bartschi were adults that survived the winter. Vir-tually all of the June, 1982, specimens were such survivors. Teredo bartschi survived in low numbers in Oyster Creek and at station 5 in Forked River. The reversal in abundance of Bankia gouldi and T. navalis that occurred in August was the result of July-August settlement of T.
navalis. ~As shown by the cumulative and monthly panels, that settlement occurred most heavily in Forked River.
Table 13 shows the total teredinid attack in 1981-82, including animals that died in the interval. The overall attack was light, compared with past years. The numbers of Teredo bartschi per panel were on the order of 10-50, with only one panel harboring over 150. That panel, the replicate panel from Station 11, contained 122 animals less than 5 mm long and 33 longer individuals. The smaller ones could be 1982 spat, although no spatfall of that magnitude was recorded on either the July monthly or cumulative panel. Patchy settlement late in 1981 with little growth, plus a small settlement in 1982, could account for the anomaly.
Table 14 gives the percentage survivorship for shipworms in the yearly panels. Mortality was highest for Teredo bartschi, compared with the other species. Survivorship in Oyster Creek was less than 20% in all panels.
Length ranges of the specimens taken from yearly panels are in Table 15.
Many of the specimens were dead when collected. The largest specimens of Teredo bartschi were in Oyster Creek rather than Forked River. The largest specimens of T. navalis were in Oyster Creek in June and July; 15
Table 10 i
Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when )
- Collected, Cumulative Panels !
1 u
Date .
-j Removed: July 7, 1982 Aug. 9, 1982 ]
l Number Total no. Number Total No. .
Living Tubes % Living Tubes %
Station Specimens Observed . Alive Specimens Observed Alive 1 4 4 100 4 4 100 l
3 0 0 -
0 0 -
4 4 3 8 38 7 10 70 5 2 5 40 12 13 92
- 8 2 3 66 3 3 100 10 1 1 100 0 0 -
11 0 0 -
2 2 100 12 0 3 0 1 3 33 14 0 0 -
0 0 -
Totals 12 24 50 29 35 83 1 0 0 -
2 2 100 i 3 0 0 -
0 0 -
l 4 3 6 50- 3 7 43 i 5 0- 0 -
4 E 50-8 2 7 29 2 4 50 10 0 0 -
0 0 -
, -11 1 5~ 20 1 5 20 12 0 0 -
1 4 25 i .14 0 0 -
1 1 100 Totals 6 18 33 14 31 45 1
16
Table 11 Length Ranges of Shipworms, ia mm, Cumulative Panels Submerged May 9, 1982 Date Removed: July 7, 1982 August 9, 1982 Station T.n. B.g. T_.n. T. sg.
1 8-10 6 48-110 3
4 3-8 30-76 2-5 5 3-5 4-8 4-56 1-4 8 7-8 4-85 10 30*
11 60-95 12 135*
14 Replicates T.n.
T.b.
1 44* 1 3
4 2 5* 6-85 5 3 1-3 8 7-18 62-64 10 11 26* 82 12 4 14 37
- Largest specimen each month, each species 17
Table 12 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels Submerged in 1981 Date Removed: June 9, 1982 July 7, 1982 Aug. 9, 1982 Station BA T.n. T.b. Total Ba T.n. T.b. Total BA T.n. T.b. T.sp Total 1 9 0 0 9 4 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 2 5 2 0 0 2 1 6 0 7 1 3 1 1 6 8 5 0 0 5 4 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Totals 16 0 4 20 9 8 1 18 2 6 1 1 10 -
1 Rep. 15 0 0 15 7 0 0 7 8 1 0 0 9 11 Rep. 1 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 'l 35 0 37 i
lll
, tl oa 20373082 5 01 T 15 8 17
- d ei rn 00110000 2 00 2 ei 8 Td 9
1 00010082 1 09 9 b. 15 7 6 T
g u .
A n. 10233000 9 21 s
e T l
o h .
e g 10020000 3 81 r .
o B B
d n -
a tl 50275011 1 07 oa 15 8 1 5 s T 1 e
b u - d T ei
- y rn 00100000 1 10 ei t Td ps ml 2 Ee 8 .
3 n 9
- b. 00000011 2 05 1 sa 1 15 6 5 uP T 1 e l py l 7 b l .
a sr y 00161000 8 01 T ma l n.
re u T oY J w
p .
i g 50014000 0 91 h . 1 S B g
n i -
v tl 00037050 5 70 i oa 1 21 5 14 L T f
o 2 .
8 00000050 5 08 s 9 b. 21 3 3 r 1 T e ,
b 9 m .
u e 00002000 2 01 N n n.
u T J
g 00035000 8 7I
. 1 1 1 B
d e
v s o n . . e m o s pp l e i l ee o R t 1 3458012 a RR h a 1 1 1 t e e t o 11 r t S T 1 o a b D
- g
, l'
Table 14 Percentage of' Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels Date Removed: June 9, 1982 July 7, 1982 Aug. 9, 1982 Station Number Total No. Number Total No. Number Total No.
Living Tubes % Living Tubes % Living Tubes %
Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive 1 9 10 90 4 5 80- 2 2 100 3 0 0 -
0 0 -
0 0 -
.4 0 0 -
1 2 50 2 3 66 5 2 3 67 7 7 100 6 7 86 8 5 7 71 5. 5 100 0 3 0 y 10 0 0 -
0 0 ' -
0 0 -
11 2 25 8 1 11 9 0 18 0-12 2 10 20 0 51 0 0 52 0 Totals 20 55 36 18 81 22 10 85 12 1 Rep. 15 17 88 7 10 70 9 10 90 11 Rep. 3 40 7 0 157 0 37 69 54 I
1
- - . - _ _ _ _ - . - - - -- - - - . _ _ .M L. .)
~
Table 15 Length , Ranges of. Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels Date Removed: June 9, 1982 July 7, 1982 Aug. 9, 1982 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b.
8 1 50 -183 - -
134-280* - -
210 78 -
3 - - - - -
4 - - - -
4 -
8 5-18 -
5 110-220 - -
169 83-181 -
200 -495* 2-5 9 a
8 119-192 25 -36 -
200-261 12 - -
30*-146"* -
10 - - - - - -
8 8
11 - -
4-38 - -
6-49 - -
2*-41 8 8
?! 12 - -
2-46 - -
5-47 - -
2 -47 8
1 Rep. 41 -220 - - 78-240 - - 85-235 90 -
a 11 Rep. 292* 73* 6*-77"* 172 21* 2 -76"* 165 38 2-70**
- Largest specimen each month, each species dead
I none of that species was - found in Oyster Creek in August. The largest Bankia gouldi occurred at a different station each month.
The percentage of living Teredo navalis found with larvae in the gills, i for all stations and months, is given in Table 16. The percentages'are
' lower than usual for August. Parasitization was observed in T. navalis, which might cause reduced fecundity in that species. No T. bartschi were found with larvae, and no specimens of any species carried larvae in June or July.
Physiological Ecology I On August 25, 1982, 100% of the 10 experimental Teredo bartschi larvae became inactive when the; temperature was lowered to 20* C. Fifty percent of the animals were inactive at 21.5* C, but controls at 26' also showed 50% inactivity at times. Hence 100% inactivity was used to positively indicate thermal stress. The experiment was repeated on August 26, using a new. batch of 10 larvae. This time, 100% inactivity occurred by the time 20.5* C was recorded, and 50% inactivity occurred j at 21* C. The values are higher than expected on the basis of previous
- experiments with adults, which are active above about 13-15
- C . All specimens of Teredo navalis became inactive at 18-19* C, again higher
, than expected. Adults are active above 4* C.
A new group of larvae was used to study the effects of rising . tempera-ture. Fifty percent inactivity of Teredo bartschi was reached at-32* C, while 100% inactivity occurred at 34' C. By comparison, adults 'show thermal stress at 35* C. Pediveligers of T. navalis were-totally in-
- . active at 31* C; adults also become inactive at 30-31* C.
Pediveliger larvae of Teredo navalis were all closed on the bottom when a salinity of 31*/.. was reached. More than 50% of the 12 test larvae were actively swinning at salinities from 7 to 27 */ ..
. Plankton i
The plankton samples taken on September 8,1982, were not rich (Table
~
17). The most abundant crganisms were diatoms, protozoans, and inverte-brate eggs of several kinds. No teredinid larvae were positively identified, although two bivalve larvae of uncertain identity were found. The scarcity of teredinid larvae in the plankton in front.of the collecting panels corresponds to the low density of recently-settled teredinids in the panels themselves.
Fouling Tables 18-20 list the most abundant macroscopic fouling organisms on racks and panels for the months of June and August, 1982. Abundance is recorded as coverage of surface area on the racks and panels. Diversity 22 i
I l
Table 16 Percentage of Living Teredo navalis Carrying Larvae in the Gills Max. Length Min. Length Max. length Min. length % of adult Month Months of ship- of ship- of ship- of ship- shipworms Panel Sta. Removed Submerged worms with worms with worms without worms without with Compo-
- Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae sition i IC August 3 - -
110 46 0 3 adults, 3 total living 4C August 3 - -
30 76 0 5 adults, 4E* August 3 85 46 6 6 100 7 total i
living i
U$
5C August 3 - -
56 4 0 2 adults, 5 total living 8C August 3 - -
85 4 0 2 adults, 3 total living l
11C August 3 95 95 60 60 50 2 adults, 2 total living 12C August 3 135 135 - -
.100 1 adults, I total living
- 1-14E August: No larvae in any teredinids except those listed above, station 4E.
l
Table 16 cont.
Percentage of Living Teredo navalis Carrying Larvae in the Gills' !
Max. Length Min. Length Max. length Min. length % of adult.
Month Months of ship- of ship- of ship- of ship- shipworms Panel.
Sta. Removed Submerged worms with worms with worms without ' worms without with Compo-Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae-(mm) Larvae sition 1Y August 12 78 78 - -
100 1 adult, I total living 4Y August 12 - -
5 5 0 2 total living g SY August 12 - -
5 5 0 3 total living The total number of adults found with larvae in the gills during the summer of 1982 was 5, all T. navalis.
1 f
n 4
f
t -
~ .j:z er. ,
~,
, .y .;
p ,
+ u k
j g
.i Table 17 -
.g s 4
t , s, .m .
r~ r p Contents of Plankton Samples Taken Septeober 8, 1982 A f x s
, c t > . ,
Station , s 7 !
1 l c 8 '
11 12 t / '
t 1
1 k 4 1l Bivalve larvae, straight-hinge 1 d' , s Gastropod larvae 4 -- I -
+' O i' l
Tunicate larvae 2 0 0s Trochophore larvae' 4 7 ;-10 5
Nauplius larvae 6 2 1 Diatoms thousands huddreds hundreds
- l Protozoans hundreds- 12 6 l Invertebrate eggs hundreds hundreds hundreds Harpact.icoid copepods 12 12 2 Nematodes 2 0 0 Amphipods 1 0 0 Hydroid Medusa 0 1 0 Foraminifera 0 1 0. ,,
\ pa s s t
P k
6 e
/
3 sg ,
[-
25 o
G A
\
. . f-. _
m -
- * # m 7
~
~ ,
\
W Table 18. Most Abundant Macroscopic
< . Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels,,
June, 1982. ,
~ 1 Station " i ,,\
4 5
_1 _3 _ _
Balanus ebugeus Bowerbankia gracilis Bowerbankia gracilis Hydroides dianthus Electra sp. *Barentsia sp. Enteromopha intes- Polysiphonia harvegi'
' Blue green algae Botryllus schlosseri Balanus eburneus tinalis -l Barentsia sp. Corophium spp. Ulva lactuca Enteromorpha intestinalis l Bowerbankia gracilis Blue green al codium fragile Bottyllus schlosseri Chondria sp. . Electra sp ? 'gae Microciona Molgula manhattensis ! l Blue gtcen algae Balanus improvisus prolifera Mitre 11a lunata
\ Corophium sp. Nereis succinen Mytilus edulis , Anachis avera Diadumene leucolena Hydroides dianthus Ilyanassa obsoleta Haliplanella luciae Lepidonotus squamatus (eggs) '
y Electra sp.y Corophium spp.
Dasya pedicellata Doridella obscura Balanus eburneus Ulva lactuca Crepidula convexa Corophium spp. Mytilus edulis Hydroides dianthus Polydora ligni Codium fragile Haliclona loosanoffi Amanthia sp. Microciona Mytilus edulis Sertularia argentea Electrasp.grolifera Edotea triloba Botryllus schlosseri sertularia axyenten Sabella microphthalma Antithannion sp. Schizotricha tenella Moreis succinen Gammarus mucronatus Campanulareid hydroid Polydora ligni Anachis avera Capri11idoc Molgula manhattensis Aeolid eggs Chondria sp.
Chamia parvula Idotes baltica Polysiphonia harveyi Doridella obscura Spirorbus sp.
Sabe11 aria vulgaris stiliger fuscatus b
- In order of greatest to least coverage of panels and rack 4. May be Membranipora.
A-
Table 18, continued Station 8 10 11 12 Polysiphonia harveyi Bowerbankia gracilis Polysiphonia sp. Electra sp.
Corophium spp. Haliclona loosanoffi Bowerbankia gracilis Balanus eburneus Ulva lactuca Hydroides dianthus Balanus eburneus Haliclona loosanoffi i Aisanthia sp. Polysiphonia sp. Barentsia sp. Blue green algae Sertularia argentea Molgula manhattensis Molgula manhattensis Polysiphonia sp.
Hydroides dianthus Cotophium spp. Blue green algae Bowerbankia gracilis Mytilus edglis Amphipod spp. Enteromorpha intasti- Barentsia sp.
Electra sp Balanus eburneus nalis Enteromorpha intestinalis Molgula manhattensis Blue-green algae Haliplanelfaluciae- Corophium spp.
Botnjllus schlosseri Enteromorpha intesti- Electra sp Amphipod spp.
Codium fragile nalis Corophium spp. Polydora ligni Blue-green algae Haliplanella luciae Amphipod spp. Nolgula manhattensis G Daysa pedicellata Neopanope sp. Balanus improvisus Idctea baltica ceranium sp. Modiolus demissus Aeolidia papillosa Hydroides dianthus Enteromorpha intesti- Gracilaria foliifera Doridella obscura Stiliger fuscatus nalis Stiligerfgscatus Mereis succinea Doridella obscura Urosalpynx cinerea Electra sp Microciona prolifera Doridella obscura Stiliger fuscatus eggs l
l
Table 19. Most Abundant Macroscopic Fouling Organisms on June, 1982 Monthly Panels Station 1 3 i s Corophium spp Corphium spp. Polysiphonia sp. Polysiphonia sp.
Botryllus schlosseri Balanus sp. Enteromorpha intesti- Enteromorpha intestinalis Balanus sp. nalis Botryllus schlosseri Polysiphonia sp. Botryllus schlosseri Blue-green algae Electra sp. Mitre 11a lunata Bowerbankia gracilis Anachis avera.
Doridella obscura Corophium spp.
Balanus eburneus Spirorbus sp.
Amphipoda spp.
Corophium spp.
Idotea baltica w Canssams mucronatus cm Station 8 10 11 12 Botryllus schlosseri Molgula manhattensis Molgula manhattensis Molgula manhattensis Corophium spp Polysiphonia sp. Corophium spp. Corophium spp.
Stiliger fuscatus Blue greenyalgae Enteromorpha Balanus eburneus (eggs) Electra sp intestinalis Polysiphonia sp.
Polysiphonia harveyi Stiliger fuscatus Polysiphonia sp. Enteromorpha Dasya pedicellata Corophium spp. Barentsia sp. intestinalis Enteromorpha Entercmorpha Bowerbankia gracilis Stiliger fuscatus
- prolifera intestinalis Amphipoda spp. Polydora ligni Molgula manhattensis Aeolida papillosa Enteromorpha intesti-nalis
_14 l
Botryllus schlosseri Blue-green algae n _ _ _ _
_ _ _ =.
Table 20. Most Abundant Hacroscopic ,
Fouling Organisms on Racks and Panels,"
August, 1982 Station I 1 $ 1 Champ 1a parvula Balanus eburneus Codium fragile sertularia argentea Haliclona loosanoffi Bowerbankia gracilis Haliclona loosanoffi Schizotricha tenella Polysiphonia sp. Barentsia sp. Champia parvula Champia parvula Balanus eburneus White fungus Bowerbankia gracilis Enteromorpha intestinalis Diadumene leucolena Sertularia argentea Hydroides dianthus Corophium sp. Schizotricha tenella Microciona prolifera Botryllus schlosseri Balanus sp. Anachis avera Electra crustulenta Diadumene leucolena Haliclona loosanoffi Doridella obscura Microciona prolifera Polysiphonia sp.
Nereis succinea Mytilus edulis Dasya pedicellata y Crepidula convexa Hydroides dianthus Balanus eburneus sabella microphthalma Crepidula convexa Amphipoda spp.
Molgula manhattensis. Ulva lactuca Nereis succinea Anachis avera sabella microphthalma Urosalpinx cinerea Mitre 11a lunata Corophium spp. Crepidula convexa Amphipoda spp.
Mereis succinea sabella microphthalma Polysiphonia sp.
Botryllus gchlosseri Electra sp Gracilaria foliifera "In order of greatest to least' coverage of panels and racks.
Table 20, continued Station 8 10 11 12 1
Champia parvula Haliclona loosanoffi Haliclona loosanoffi Haliclona loosanoffi Polysiphonia harveyi Bowerbankia gracilis Polysiphonia Bowerbankia gracilis Haliclona loosanoffi Barentsia sp. harveyi Barentsia sp.
Microciona prolifera Sabella microphthalma Bowerbankia gracilis Polysiphonia harveyi
, Schizotricha tenella Diadumene leucolena Barentsia sp. Balanus eburneus codium fragile Balanus eburneus Balanus eburneus Mereis succinea Molgula manhattensis Balanus improvisus Amphipoda spp. Sabella microphthalma Enteromorpha intesti- Hydroides dianthus Dindumene leucolena nalis Amphipoda spp. Haliplane11a luciae Hydroides dianthus Mereis succinea Sabella microphthalma Botnjllus schlosseri Crepidula convexa Hydroides dianthus Sabella microphthalma Gobies
$ Balanus improvisus Amphipoda spp 14 Modiolus demissus Ulva lactuc Molgula manhattensis Electrasp.g Bowerbankia gracilis
, Diadumene leucolena Balanus eburneus Nereis succinea Hydroides dianthus Ceramium sp. Amphipoda spp.
Dasya pedicellata Polysiphonia harveyi Gracilaria foliifera Nereis succinea sabella microphthalma Dasya pedicellata Brania clavata Caprellid amphipods
4 and species richness were lowest at the control low-salinity station #3, followed by the stations in Oyster Creek. Richness was greatest in Forked River. There were fewer species present in August than in June, due to summer mortality and slough-offs. Some of the mortality is probably due to overgrowth by superior competitors for space, but some 4 could be due to high water temperatures in late July and early August.
Both Oyster Creek and Forked River were characterized by growth of sponges, but Microciona prolifera dominated in Forked River while Haliclona sp., probably H. loosanoffi, dominated in Oyster Creek. The introduced green alga Codium fragile, which has occurred sporadically in Barnegat Bay since our studies began in 1971, was found in Forked River.
Bowerbankia aracilis, often mixed with Barentsia sp., covered the racks and panels at most stations.
Tables 18-20 show that numerous grazers and predators existed in the community. Several of these such as Aeolidia papillosa, Stiliser fuscatus, Doridella obscura, and the capre111d amphipods, are food.
, specialists, with a potential impact on fouling species composition.
This aspect of the fouling community will be analyzed in the final report.
Table 19 lists only those species found on the June monthly panels submerged from May 5 to June 9, 1982. During that period, the new panels were colonized by mobile organisms such as Corophium spp.,
snails, and polychaetes, but also by algae, barna'cles, bryozoa' and .
tunicates. Hydroids . were not among the colonists. Oyster Creek was characterized by Molaula manhattensis in large numbers, whereas Botryllus schlosseri dominated the attached fouling on the bay, and Polysiphonia spp, dominated within Forked River.
A comparison of tables 18 and 20 shows that the fouling community is dynamic and unstable over short periods. The most common species change dramatically over a 2-month period, although certain species such as Balanus eburneus remain on the panels month after month. Despite the heavy set of Molgula manhattensis in Oyster Creek in May and June, by i August it was a minor element of the fouling community there, while
, the yellow-sponge Haliclona had taken the number one spot. Molaula manhattensis was common at other stations in August. Oyster Creek may have been too warm for it in August.
l l
31 i
CONCLUSIONS I The prolonged shutdown of -' the 0yster Creek nuclear. generating station
- appears to have prevented a spring and sunmer outbreak of Teredo' bart- -
schi in = Oyster Creek.
~
- Density of ' planktonic larvae, - spat, and nature individuals of all species was low throughout the inner shore of Barne-gat Bay 'in summer, 1982, although enough large. Bankia gouldi were i present at Holly Park to cause noticeable damage'to wooden structures.
4 The population.of Teredo navalis in 0yster Creek and.especially Forked River was on o the ' rise in July and. August due - to a new Jspatfall, but-numerous-empty boreholes evidenced high mortality at settlement. Fecun-dity of adults of both T. bartschi and T. . navalis was low in the summer months. .
Even though there was no outbreak in the summer of 1982, the _ potential
} exists for a late outbreak of Teredo bartschi in September or October.
!- Apparently, some T. bartschi are able to -survive prolonged '. cold ~ winter temperatures in Forked River and Oyster ' Creek even without a . thermal i effluent being present.
i The pediveligers of both Teredo bartschi and T. navalis require higher .
temperatures for activity than do the adults. Laboratory conditions may give misleading quantitative results, but repeat trials with both species i ~ increase the likelihood that the general result is correct.
-g Several- common fouling organisms are found in - Forked . River but . not Oyster. Creek, indicating that 100% circulation of larvae does not occur between the two creeks. Fouling diversity and richness decline slightly.
in August, due to either competitive exclusion or mortality from high temperature or both. Diversity is far lower at the control station with l low salinity. The most common species at each : station changes from month to month as species settle and disappear.
4 i
'32 4
4
,s , -
9 .-
-y , - - -
g, _, -, ,- 4 .. , .-m,, ,,,m -y v,m -,
l
$ REFERENCES Culliney, J. L., P. J. Boyle and R..D. Turner. 1975. New approaches and Techniques' for Studying Bivalve Larvae. In . Culture of Marine i Invertebrate Animals, Smith, W.L. and Chanley, M.H., eds.,- Plenum
- Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 257-271.
. Hoagland, K. E. and L. Crocket. 1979. . Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity.of the Oyster Creek Nuclear
} Generating Station. Annual Progress Report. Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31,
! 1978. NUREG/CR-0634. 113 pp.*
Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58:55-64.
Hoagland, K. E., L. Crocket and M. Rochester. 1978. Analysis of popu-lations of horing and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical 4 factors over the period: Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28. 1978. NUREG/CR-0223. 44
- pp.*
i Hoagland, K. E., L. Crocket and R. D. Turner. 1980. Ecol'ogical' studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear -
Generating Station, Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980. NUREG/CR-1517. 65 pp.*
l Hoagland, K.E., R. D. Turner and M. Rochester. 1977. Analysis of-boring and fouling organisms in the. vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear. -
- Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters over the period: April 30-November 30, 1976. Report to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Jan. 1, 1977.'61 pp.
i.
Turner, R. D. 1974. In the path ,of a warm, saline effluent. American Malacol. Union Bull, for 1973. 39:36-41.
Turner, R. D. and A. C. Johnson. 1971. Biology of Marine Wood-Boring *
< Molluscs. In: Marine Borers, Fungi'and Fouling Organisms of Wood, Chapter 13. Jones, El B. G., and Eltringham, S. K. (eds.), Organization 4
for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 259-301. .
- Available for purchase frma the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555, and the' National Techni- .
' cal Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.
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APPENDIX: STATION LOCALITIES STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 1 Holly Park Dick's Landing Lat. 39' 54' N Island Drive Lon. 74* 8' W Bayville, N.J.
Bay control 3 Stout's Creek End of Raleigh Drive 39* 50.7' N Gustav Walters' residence 74* 9.8' W Estuarine control 4 Mouth of South Shore 39* 49.6' N l Forked River Developed property 74* 9.8' W Possible temperature increase, increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow 5 Leilani Drive At branch point of 39* 49.6' N Forked River 74 10.5' W 6 Elk's Club South Branch 39' 49.4' N Forked River 74* 10.9' W Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal 8 Bayside Beach On bay between Oyster Creek 39* 49.0' N Club and Forked River across 74* 9.7' W from 1815 Beach Blvd.,
Forked River, N.J.
. Temperature increase since plant operation.
10 Kochman's End of Compass Rd. on 39* 48.5' N Residence #1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek 74* 10.6' W Waretown, N.J.
Temperature, salinity siltation increase 11 Crisman's Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek, 39* 48.5' N Residence Waretown, N.J. 74* 11.0' W Temperature, salinity, siltation increase 12 Gilmore's 20 Dock Ave, on Oyster Creek 39' 48.5' N Residence Waretown, N.J. Temperature, 74* 11.3' W salinity, siltation increase 35
STATION NUMBER .NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 14 Cottrell's End of North Harbor Rd. 39* 47.7' N i
Clan Factory Waretown, N.J. (Mouth of 74* 10.9? W
. Waretown Creek). Within
[ but near limits of reported 4 thermal plume
- 15 Carl's Boats Washington'& Liberty Sts. 39* 47' N Waretown, N.J. (on the bay) 74* 11' .W 18 Barnegat Light Marina adjacent to Coast 39* 45.8' N --
i Guard Station 74 6.5'-W
- In May, Sta. 14 was moved to 19 Jolly Roger Way, Waretown, NJ, across Waretown Creek from the old site.
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l DISTRIBUTION LIST DISTRIBUTION CATEGORY: RE Supplemental Distribution: Part A Hr. Richard Baumgardt Dick's Landing Holly Park Bayville, New Jersey 08721 Mr. William Campbell P. O. Box 668 108 Long John Silver Way Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Stan Cottrell North Harbor Road Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Wilson T. Crisman 901 Hudson Street Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Gilmore 20 Dock Ave., Box 205 E, R.R.I.
Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Walter Holzman 1915 Beach Blvd.
Forked River Beach, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Charles Kochman Compass Road Wa'r'etown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Gustav Walters 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey 07087 Mr. Edward Wheiler 16 River View Drive, P.O. Box 642 Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr. John Turner 19 Jolly Roger Way Waretown, New Jersey 08758 37
Part B l
Battelle Columbus Laboratories Clapp Laboratories Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche i
Supervisor of Environmental Science Jersey Central Power and Light Co.
Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road Morristown, New Jersey 07960 Dr. Glenn Paulson Asst. Commissioner for Science
, Dept. of Environmental Protection i
State of New Jersey P.O. Box 1390 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R. Hoffman Lynch, Brewer, Hoffman & Sands I
Ten Post Office Square Suite 329 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Mr. John Makai i
Nacote Creek Research Station Star Route Absecon, New Jersey 08201 l Mr. Steve Lubow
! NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr.= Harry L. Allen US EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza Room 832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab Richland, Washington 99352 Dr. D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.
EV-34, GTN U.S. Dept. of Energy Washington, D.C. 20545 38
,, U.s. NUCLEAR REGULATORY CametssioN BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NURFG/CR_2727 Vn1_ &
- 4. TlTLE AND SusTITLE (4W Vebme Na,if glerapneel 2. (Leere h*/
Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the s. RECIPIENTS ACCEsslON NO.
Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
- 7. AUTHOR (S) 5. DATE REPORT COMPLETED MONTH l YEAR i K. E. Hoagland October 1982
- 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILtNG ADORESS (fachele Coel DATE REPORT issued MONTH l YEAR Department of Malacology December 1982 1 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia s. as e was 19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19013 8. a*ae **1
- 12. SPC'4SORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADORESS Itachele Coel p l Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management
*"'"***"~
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research -
l U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission
- Washington. D.C. 20555 NRC FIN 88138
- 13. TYPE OF REPORT PE RioO COVE RE D (lacbssue dlses/ '
Quarterly Progress Report June 1, 1982 - August 31 1982
- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. (Leave olesk/ I
- 16. AsSTR ACT 000 were or Jess)
The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of 1
wood-boring bivalves are being . studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physio-
, logical tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the
) laboratory. Competition among the species is being analyzed. Adult populations of Teredo bartschi existed in both Oyster Creek and Forked River in the summer of 1982, but the species was rare. There was no large settlement of this or any other teredinid species in Barnegat Bay.
Teredo navalis was the most common species in the monthly panels. The fc.aling community reached its maximum yearly diversity in June-July.
There was a therisal effluent causing a AT of 3-4* C during most of the sumiser, and salinity in Oyster Creek and Forked River was similar to 4
that of Barnegat Bay. The lack of a shipworn outbreak in 1982 may be related to the low AT in summer, plus the lack of a thermal effluent in 4
the preceding winter-spring period.
- 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYS!S 17a DESCRIPTORS Thermal Effects Shipworms Oyster Creek Teredo bartschi Teredo nava W Bankia gouldi 17b. IDENTIFIE rtS/OPEN-ENDED TERMS i
t 18. AVAILAslLITY STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CLASS (Thes reporr) 21. NO. OF PAGES l linM auf fied 'Ut Unlimited 20. SECURITY CLASS (TA,s papr1 Uncl a c c i n.,e
- 22. PRICE s
Nec FORM 336 47 773 l
UNITE 3 STATES NUCLEAR REOULATORY COMMISSION e'ost$'c"E a tr$s PIo z WASHINGTON, D.C. 20666 $,i g esnua m, su m orncut susimiss O
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