ML20065B850

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Ecological Studies of WOOD-BORING Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.Progress Report,December 1981-Februaury 1982
ML20065B850
Person / Time
Site: Oyster Creek
Issue date: 08/31/1982
From: Crocket L, Hoagland K
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
To:
NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES)
References
CON-FIN-B-8138 NUREG-CR-2727, NUREG-CR-2727-V02, NUREG-CR-2727-V2, NUDOCS 8209230056
Download: ML20065B850 (38)
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Text

NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 2 Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report December 1981 - February 1982 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crocket my of Na u S ences of Philadelphia uclear Regulatory l

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NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied. or assumes any legal liabihty of re-sponsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed in this repdtt, or represents that its use by such third party would not :nfringe privately owned rights.

Availability of Reference Materials Cited in NRC Publications Most documents cited in NRC publications will be available from one of the following sources:

1, The NRC Public Document Room,1717 H Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20555

2. The NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Washir gton, DC 20555

3. The National Technical inforrr.ation Service, Springfield, VA 221G1 Although the listing that follows represents the majority of documents cited in NRC publications, it is not intended to be exhaustive.

Referenced documents available for inspection and copying for a fee from the NRC Public Docu-ment Room include NRC correspondence and ir.ternal NRC memoranda; NRC Of fice of Inspection and Enforcement bulletins, circulars, information notices, inspect.on and investigation notices;

Licensee Event Reports; vendor reports and correspondence; Commission papers; and applicant and i licensee documents and correspondence.

The following documents in the NUREG series are available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program: formal NRC staff and contractor reports, NRC-sponsored conference proceedings, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also available are Regulatory Guides, NRC regulations in the Code of Federal Regulati ons, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission isst.ances.

Documents available from the National Technical Information Service include NUREG series reports and technical reports prepared by other federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission, forerunner agency to the Nuclear Regt.:atory Commission.

Documents available from public and special technical libraries include all open literature items, such as books, journal and periodical articles, and transactions. Federal Register notices, federal and state legislation, and congressional reports can usually be obtained from these libraries.

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Single copies of NRC draft reports are available free upon written request to the Division of Tech-nical Information and Document Control, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555.

Copies of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process i are maintamed at the NRC Library, 7920 Norfolk Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland, and are available there for reference use by the public. Codes and standards are usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating organization or, if they are American National Standards, from the Amer #can National Standards Institute,1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.

GPO Printed copy price: _$L50

NUREG/CR-2727 Vo! 2 '

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Ecological Studies of Wooc-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report December 1981 - February 1982

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Manuscript Completed: June 1982 Date Published: August 1982 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crocket Department of Malacology Academy of Natural Sciences 19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Prepared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B8138 1

l PREVIOUS REPORTS

Twelve reports have been prepared .under Contract AT(49-24)-0347

(=NRC-04-76-347) during three years of funding from the U.S. Nuclear

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Regulatory Commission, 1976-1979, under the title:

Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of rele-

, vant physical parameters.

Those reports with NTIS numbers are:

! NUREG/CR-0223 Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978 l -NUREG/CR-0380 Mar. 1, 1978-May 31, 1978 l NUREG/CR-0634 Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978 NUREG/CR-0812 Sept. 1, 1978-Nov. 30, 1978 NUREG/CR-0896 Dec. 1, 1978-Feb. 28, 1979

NUREG/CR-1015 Mar. 1, 1979-May 31, 1979 NUREG/CR-1209 June 1, 1979-Aug. 31, 1979 i

, Five reports have been published in this current series:

Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster j Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

NUREG/CR-1517 Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp.

NUREG/CR-1795 March 1-May 31, 1980, 31 pp.

NUREG/CR-1855 June 1-Aug. 31, 1980, 48 pp.

NUREG/CR-1939 Vol. 1 Sept. 1, 1980-Nov. 30, 1980, 36 pp.

Vol. 2 Dec. 1, 1980-Feb. 28, 1981, 41 pp.

Vol. 3 March 1, 1981-May 31, 1981, 38 pp.

Vol. 4 June 1 - Aug. 31, 1981, 44 pp.

NUREG/CR-2727 Vol. 1 Sept. 1 - Nov. 30, 1981, 40 pp.

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ABSTRACT j The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are- being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat. Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physiological tolerances of. 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.

Competition among the species is being analyzed. In the winter of 1981, the generating station experienced a prolonged outage. The reproductive cycle of the shipworms was not extended. Teredo bartschi was very abundant at one station in Oyster Creek and moderately abundant at a second, but did not exist elsewhere in Barnegat Bay. Some specimens of Teredo bartschi contained larvae in the gills in February. According to laboratory experiments, Teredo navalis is able to remain active at temperatures as low as 4 C, whereas T. bartschi ceases activity (with-

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.i draws its siphons) at about 13 C.

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SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS The purpose of this investigation is to understand the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS) and at control

  • stations outside the influence of the station. The relative importance of the introduced species Teredo bartschi in causing damage, and physio-logical tolerances of all species, are being assessed. On a monthly basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis of population dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies. We also record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels at each station.
1. The generating station was not operating during most. of the period of this report. Water circulation was also reduced.
2. In early December when the station was operating, the AT was about 4-5"C.

3 The salinity in Oyster Creek was similar to that of Barnegat Bay throughout the winter. The salinity at some tidal creek control stations reflected the presence of a layer of fresh water at the surface.

4. Teredo bartschi was found only at stations 11 and 12 in Oyster Creek. Attack at station 12 was heavier.
5. Outside of the Teredo ba rt schi infestation in Oyster Creek, borer attack was light in 1981. The only station showing even a moderr.te attack of Bankia gouldi was Station 1, Holly Park. The greatest numbers of T. navalis occurred at Station 1 and the stations in Forked River 7
6. Mortality of shipworms in Oyster Creek was not as extensive as might have been predicted by reason of the winter shutdown of the generating station.
7. No larvae settled during the period of this report.
8. Wood destruction was greatest at Station 12 in Oyster Creek.
9. Teredo hartschi retained larvae in the gills through the winter months.
10. Teredo hartschi withdraws its siphons at a temperature of about 13-IPC, whereas T. navalis is active above 4 C.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ii-PREVIOUS REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . -

ABSTRACT . ................ . . . . . . . 01.

SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - iv LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - Vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - vit INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._. I MET 110DS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' _ , 2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 PHYSICAL FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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SilIPWORM POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 /J SHIPWORM PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY . . . . . . . . . 14 /

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1 -

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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APPENDIX. STATION LOCALITIES . . . . . . .  ! . ..,. . f ,.

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r LIST OF TABLES Page

1. Temperature Profiles in C, December, 1981-February, 1982 . . . 6
2. Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ('C) for Dec. 3, 1981-March 9, 1982 . . ....................... 7
3. Salinity Profiles in */. , December, 1981-February, 1982 . . . 9
4. Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation i from Normal.' December,1981-February,1982 . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and 6

Dilution Flow in gal. x 10 for December, 1981-February, 1982 10

6. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged

. May 7, 1981 . ......................... 11 7'. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels ............................ 12

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8.' Percentage of' Specimens that were Alive when Collected,

- Cumulative Panels . ... .................. 13

9. Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Submerged 4

May 7, 1981 . ......................... 15

10. Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Cumulative Panels Collected in Winter, 1981-82. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11. Percentage of Living Teredo bartschi Carrying Larvae in the j Gills . ............................ 17
12. Behavior of Adults of Teredo navalis and T. bartschi Exposed to 1

Reduced Temperature . ..................... 18

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooperated in our field work. Dominic Dragotta, John Flynn, and Beth Ann Tanzosh provided technicial assistance. Eugenia B5hlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia served as X-ray technologist. J.C.P. & L. Co.

provided data on the operation of the Generating Station. C. Bogan typed the manuscript.

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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK

NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION December, 1981 - February, 1982 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between the effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and the pro-i liferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent i portions of Barnegct Bay, New Jersey (Turner, 1974; Hoagland et al.,

1977; Hoagland et al., 1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and Turner, 1980; Hoagland et al., 1980). The effluent adds heat to the receiving waters, which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates.

It has allowed the establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredo bartschi, in Oyster Creek and Forked River. The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks. Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of actively breeding shipworm popu-lations.

The populations of Teredo bartschi compared with the native species in Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies. This report summarizes an ongoing collection of data on physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distribution, growth,

, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids. We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station. We also report on physio-logical studies comparing the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature and salinity tolerances.

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METHODS Stations Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were established in Barnegat Bay to monitor boring and fouling organisms. In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12. The stations are shown in Hoagland and Turner, 1980, and are listed in the appendix. The station numbers are not contiguous because some have been discontinued.

Station 1 is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent. Some shipwo rms , primarily Bankia gouldi, are traditionally found there. Station 3 is a control station in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent. Shipworms are rarely found there. Stations 4, 5, and 6 are in Forked River, influenced by the plant's water intake system. There is some recircu-lation of heated water that affects these stations, but the main in-fluence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay. ' Station 6 is sampled on a reduced schedule, only 4 times a year.

Station 8 is on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River. Stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals, silt, increased flow rate, etc.). Since J.C.P. & L. calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to characterize the effluent completely are not available.

Stations 14 is at or near the southern limit of- the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay. During the January 1982, our . racks and thermometer at Station 14 were destroyed by bulkheaders working in the area. A-new station 14 has been established-across Waretown Creek in Skipper's Cove, but that station was not yet operable in February. Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experiments.

Field work I

( Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each j station. Air temperature and time of day are also recorded. The amount of silt settling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, moderate, or heavy. At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature are kept by means of constant recording instruments that

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are serviced once a month.

White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8", are used to obtain shipworms for study. There are three panel series: 1) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced.

In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained. 2) Ordinarily, each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is removed. This series of panels was omitted during the winter months of 1981-82. 3) Each May, a series of 12 panels is de-2 1

3 ployed. These panels are removed one a month. They provide information on the cumulative growth and maturation of individual borers as well as development of the boring and fouling communities. The cumulative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated. These three panel

series are called M, Y, and C, respectively. The C series is replicated i at some stations, as indicated in the data tables to follow. Replication 1 is not possible at all stations-because of limited space where the water

! is deep enough to submerge a series of shipworm panels.

! Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks

, against bulkheading or off finger docks. They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface.

l Laboratory Work 1

Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods,

! scraped, and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage. It is possible to count and often to idenfity ship-worms from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantitative data in most cases. Therefore, using the X-rays as guides,

the panels are dissected. All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for larvae in the -gills, and measured (length only). They are preserved in 75% buffered alcohol. Identifications are first made by technicians, but all Teredo spp. are checked by one of the senior inves-tigators.

Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved. Calcareous tubes and other debris left by the shipworms are removed with HC1. The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weight, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed. The panels are also weighed before going into the water. The weight difference is a measure of wood destru-

.l ction due to boring organisms.

i During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of

empty tubes, which indicates mortality. If pallets are still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm.

f Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved but are

! kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels. In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi. Individuals of B.

gouldi and T. navalis from the field are being maintained in the labor-atory. These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments. Larvae of Teredo navalis are being cultured in the labor-atory and used for physiological experiments. Larvae are being fed I cultures of Monochrysis lutheri and Isochrysis galbana. Both algae and larvae are maintained in an incubator at 22 C. The procedures for

culturing shipworm larvae are those of Culliney, Boyle and Turner (1975)

, and Turner and Johnson (1971).

A low temperature tolerance experiment was performed in December and i 3 i

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i January with adult specimens of Teredo navalis and T. bartschi. Six panels containing T. navalis and six containing T. bartschi_were taken from tanks in the laboratory. The animals had been collected at Sta-tions 18 and 12, respectively, and had been acclimated for_six months to laboratory conditions of 22-24 /oo salinity and 20 C. Three. panels containing 'each species were placed in outdoor water tables while 3 l remained in the laboratory. The maximum number of siphons seen ex-tending from each panel over a 3-day period was recorded at the outset  ;

of the experiment. The water temperature and the number of siphons per panel were recorded three times per day, at 9:00, 12:00, and 16:00 hours. Minimal temperature for activity of adults of each species was extracted from the data by noting the highest temperature at which no siphons were visible.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Factors When the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station was operating on December 3, the temperature ia Oyster Creek was elevated about 4-5 C (Table 1). In early January, the water temperature was warmer than usual for that month, but a cold wave later in January caused the water temperature to drop. The continuous temperature recordings (Table 2) gave similar results. The minimum temperature recorded in Oyster Creek was -1.4 C, which should have been cold enough to kill Teredo bartschi, according to laboratory studies discussed in this report.

The salinity of Oyster Creek waters was similar to that of Barnegat Bay proper (Table 3). In February, at Stout's Creek and Holly Park

(Potter's Creek), layers of nearly fresh water were present that could have caused death or damage to shipworms at the tops of bulkheadings and in wooden boats.

! The precipitation in northern and central New Jersey was above average during the winter of 1981-82 (Table 4). In the month of January, the temperature was nearly 8 F below average. The power plant was not operating during all of this period except the first 10 days of December (Table 5), hence there was no significant +AT in Oyster Creek in the months of January and February (Tables 1 and 2).

Shipworm Populations There were no shipworms in any monthly panels. The cumulative panels (Tables 6-7) contained a moderate attack of Bankia gouldi at Station 1 (Holly Park) and a lesser but considerable number of Teredo navalis at Station 1 and Stations 4, 5, and 8 in Forked River. There was a heavy infestation of T. bartschi at Station 12 in Oyster Creek, and a moderate attack at the nearby Station 11. No other stations harbored T.

bartschi. Overall, the borer attack in Barnegat Bay in 1981 was moderate to light, excluding Oyster Creek.

A comparison of Tables 6 and 7, summarized in Table 8, shows that there had been very low mortality of adult Bankia gouldi in the cumulative panels. Mortality of Teredo navalis was higher, especially in Forked River. Although there was mortality of T. bartschi, it was not as complete as one might expect, considering- the absence of a thermal effluent in January and early February when ambient water temperature was less than 5 C.

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Table 1 Temperature Profiles in C, Dec. 1981-Feb. 1982 Station Dec. 3, 1981 Jan. 7, 1982 Feb. 5, 1982 Differential among months 1 5.0 b 6.0 a 2.0 4.0 3 7.3 6.0 3.0* 4.3 4 b 5.2 5.0 2.0 3.2 D

5 6.0 5.0 2.5 3.5 8 7.0 D 6.0* 1.5 5.5 10 10.5" 5.0 b 2.0 8.5 11 10.5 5.0 b 2.0 8.5 b

12 10.5" 5.0 2.5 8.0 14 7.0 - - -

Differential 5.5 1.0 1.5 among stations a

highest value b

lowest value

Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ( C) for Dec. 3, 1981 - March 9, 1982 I. Temperature at 1:00 P.M. E.S.T.

Date monthly chart January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 March 9, 1982 was removed 1 5 11 1 5 11 1 5 11 Mean daily temp. at IPM 3.4 1.6 -0.1 0.5 2.8 2.9 3.6 Standard Deviation 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.3 Highest value of temp.

at 1 PM 10.0 4.5 5.8 4.9 4.3 7.2 6.3 Lowest value of temp.

b at 1 FM 0.1 0.1 ~-2.0 -1.3 1.2 1.3 1.1 Monthly Range of temp. b at 1 PM 9.9 4.4 ~7.8 6.2 3.1 5.9 5.4 w

II. Maximum daily temperature January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 March 9, 1982 1 5^ 11 1 5 11 1 5 11 Mean value of Max.

Daily Temp. 3.7 1.8 0.3 0.9 3.4 3.6 4.0 Standard Deviation 2.6 1.0 2.2 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.3 Highest value of Max.

Daily Temp. 10.1 4.6 6.5 4.9 5.0 9.0 6.7 Lowest value of Max.

Daily Temp. 0.4 0.3 -1.8 -1.0 2.1 1.4 1.2 Monthly Range of Max.

Daily Temp. 9.7 4.3 8.3 5.9 2.9 7.6 5.5

" Data missing or incomplete b

Recorder inaccurate in this range

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i l Table 2, continued IIII Minimum Daily Temperature January 7 3 1982 February 5, 1982 March 9, 1982 1 5 11 1 5 11 1 5 11 Mean value of Min. i Daily Temp. 2.5 1.2 <-1.3 0.1 2.1 1.1 2.2 Standard deviation 2.5 1.0 2.7 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.2 Highest value of Min.

Daily temp. 9.5 3.9 1.4 4.6 3.9 3.7 4.5

' Lowest value of Min.

Daily Temp. -0.9 -0.4 ~-2.0 b - 1. 4 - 0.9 -2.7 0.0 Monthly range of Min.

Daily Temp. 10.4 4.3 ~3.4 6.0 3.0 6.4 4.5 a3 IV. Daily Temperature Range j Jgnuary},1982 February 5, 1982 March 9, 1982 5

'. 1 11 1 5 11 1 5 11 Mean AT Daily 1.2 0.6 1.6 0.7 1.3 2.5 1.8 Standard Deviation 0.8 0.4 2.0 0.6 0.6 1.9 0.8 Largest Daily AT for one month 4.8 1.8 a 2.1 2.4 8.0 3.8 Smallest Daily AT for one month 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4

" Data missing or incomplete Recorder inaccurate in this range.

1 l Table 3 i

o Salinity Profiles in /oo, Dec. 1981 - Feb. 1982 1

1 Differential

! Station Dec. 3 Jan. 7 Feb. 5 among months 1

1 21 18 3* 18

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D b 3 22 16 2* 20 4 25 24 20 5 8 a 5 26 25 20 6 a

8 25 23 21

  • 4
10 24 21 18* 6 1

11 24 22 21" 3

^ a 12 24 22 21 3 b _ _

14 15 _

Differential among stations 11 9 19 j

4

" highest value each month

! b lowest value'each month l

  • ice covered the water-i I

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Table 4 Average Temperature and Precipitation in New Jersey, Deviation from Normal.

December, 1981 - February, 1982 Temperature ( F) Precipitation (inches)

December -0.8 +0.6" January -7.7 +1.3" February +1.0 -0.4" t

Table 5 Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outages, Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x 106 for December, 1981 - Februarf,1982 Total Water Flow (gal. x 10 6) Outage Dates December 25,152 Dec. 10-31 January 5,310 Jan. 1-31 February 15,608 Feb. 1-28 10

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l Table 6 l Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels

! Submerged May 7, 1981 i

Date-Removed: December 3, 1981 January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 i

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' Station B.g. T.n. T.b.. Total B.g. ,T.n. T.b. -Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Total 1 11 7 0 18 12 6 0 18 24 1 0 25 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 'O O 4 1 1 0 2 1 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 .- 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a ,

11 0 0 88 88 0 0 68 68 0 1 >100* >101 a

12 0 0 ~1700 ~1700 1 0 ~840 ~841 0 0 ~1000* ~1000

14 0 0 0 0. - - -

b - - -

b i Totals 15 9 ~1788 ~1812 14 14 ~908 ~936 24 6 >1100 >1130 1 Rep. 7 4 0 11 8 5 0 13 11 3 0 14 4 Rep. 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 4 1 1 0 2

'1 8 Rep. 0 0 0 0 - - -

.b 1 0- 0 ,

11 Rep. 0 1 13 14 0 0 13 13 0 0 0 0 a

Difficult to distinguish numbers of living vs. dead shipworms, many of which were very small.

b No panel.

Rep. = Replicate panel.

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Table 7 Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels Date Removed: December 3, 1981 January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Total dinid dinid 1 12 7 0 0 2 21 13 7 0 1 21 24 1 0 25 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 5 0 0 0 6 1 7 0 0 8 0 5 0 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 8 0 6 0 1 0 7 0 5 0 0 5 0 14 0 14 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 11 0 0 96 0 0 96 0 0 71 0 71 0 4 ~160 8 ~164 a 12 0 0 ~2000 0 1 ~2001 1 1 ~1200* 0 ~1202" 0 0 ~1200^ ~1200 G 14 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - -

b - - -

b Totals 16 19 ~2096 1 3 ~2135 15 24 ~1271 1 ~1311 24 26 ~1360 ~1410 1 Rep. 8 4 0 0 0 12 8 8 0 0 16 11 3 0 14 4 Rep. 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 6 1 3 0 4 8 Rep. 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - -

b 1 4 0 5 11 Rep. 0 1 13 0 0 14 0 0 19 0 19 0 0 7 7 a '

Estimated from X-ray.

No panel Rep. = replicate panel

Table 8 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels Month Dececber 3, 1981 January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 Collected:

Number Total no. Number Total No. Number Total No.

Living tubes  % Living tubes  % Living tubes  %.

Station Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive 18 21 86 25 25 100 1 18 21 86 100 0 0 -

0 0 -

3 1 1 8 63 0 5- 0 4 1 6 17 5 3 4 75 0 1 0 5 3 3 100 0 1 5 20 4 14 29 8 0 7 0 0 -

0- 1 0 C 10 0 0 -

68 71 96 >101 ~164 >61 11 88 96 92

~85 ~841 ~1202 ~70 ~1000 ~1200 ~83-12 ~1700 ~2000 a - -

a 14 0 0 -

~2135 ~936 ~1311 -

~1129 ~1410 -

Totals ~1812- -

13 16 81 14 14- 100 1 Rep. 11 12 92 4 6 2- 4 50 4 Rep. 1 2 50 6f

- - 1 5 20 8 Rep. 0 0 -

13 19 68 0 7 .0 11 Rep. 14 14 100 a

No panel

The pairs of replicate panels at stations 1 and 4 compared well (Table 7). However, those at stations 8 and 11 were not comparable. The great discrepancy between panels 11 and 11 rep. is caused by the patchy nature of the settlement of T. bartschi, and the placement of the particular separate racks on which the panels were placed. The 11C rack was at the end of the dock where water currents were strong, whereas the 11C replicate rack was in towards shore. This shows the difficulty of establishing true replicates where space is limited and the environment changes within a few meters.

Length ranges of shipworms from the cumulative panels are reported in Table 9. No growth increase could be detected over the winter months.

In February, the largest specimens of Teredo navalis were in Oyster Creek. Similar comparisons of the size range of Bankia gouldi and T.

bartschi could not be made, because these species were not found in both Oyster Creek and other localities. Crowding reduced the size of T.

bartschi at Station 12 compared with Station 11. Small specimens of T.

bartschi only 0.5 to 2 mm in length at stations 11 and 12 most likely settled in late fall.

The amount of wood lost to borers is recorded in Table 10. There is not a trend of increased wood destruction from December to February, indicating that little growth took place over those months. Wood destruction was greatest at Station 12 in Oyster Creek, where Teredo bartschi was responsible for most of the damage.

Table 11 shows that adults of Teredo bartschi maintained larvae in the gills over the winter. Column 5 shows that only large specimens, 220 mm, contained larvae. Yet column 6 shows that some of the largest specimens did not contain larvae. This pattern has been seen before in Oyster Creek. The sample size was small (column 9), but it appeared that the percent of adults carrying larvae (col. 8) did not decline significantly from December to February.

Shipworm Physiological Ecology

, Table 12 presents data on the tolerances of adult Teredo navalis and T.

bartschi to cold temperatures. Teredo navalis uniformly withdrew the siphons when the water temperature reached 3-4 C. After 2 days at 0 C, 75% of the animals were dead. Teredo bartschi was much more sensitive, withdrawing the siphons at 13-14 C. However, survival is possible when the animals are maintained above 6 C and possibly even lower.

1 14

Table 9 Length Ranges of Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Submerged May 7, 1981 Date Removed: December 3, 1981 January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 E 8- 1 E- 1 h- E 8- I E- 1 h- E 8- 1 E- I h-Station 1 23-182 89-231 33-195 108-280* 53-160 115 3 201 4 220* 70-139 240* 110-235 92-142 5 159-170 142 202-194 92 8 26-84 40-110 35-108 10 130 0; 11 1-105* 0.5-117* 159-230* 2-104*

12 0.5-72 155 160 0.5-78 0.5-85 14 1 Rep.44-198 74-321* 92-207 16-235 45-180* 60-170 4 Rep. 15-74 51-137 115 35-116 8 Rep. 155 11-70 11 Rep. 1-87 0.5-48 8-64

  • Largest specimen each species, each month.

J l Table 10 Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Cumulative Panels Collected in Winter,

-1981-82 Date Panel Collected Station December 3, 1981 January 7, 1982 February 5, 1982 1 18.0 28.6 22.7

'3 6.8 -0.0 0.0 4 8.4 14.8 7.2 5 '7.7 11.9 5.8

! 8 7.1 9.8 10.7 I 10 0.0 0.0 6.4 i

4 11 10.0 11.3 15.7 4

12 48.8* 35.6* 31.4*

i 14 0.0 a .a

! 1 Rep. '19.7 31.3' 22.4 4 Rep. 6.8 13.4 13.1 8 Rep. 0.0 a 7.7 I 11 Rep. 6.0 11.1 8.4 i

" panel lost j

  • Station with greatest destruction l

1 i

J

16

Table 11 Percentage of Living Teredo bartschi Carrying Larvae in the Gills.

Max. Length Min. Length Max. length Min. length  % of adult Month Months of ship- of ship- of ship- of ship- shipworms Sample Sta. Removed Submerged worms with worms with worms without worms without with size Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae (mm) Larvae 11 Dec. 7 73 21 105 0.5 70 23 11 Dec. 7 55 40 87 1.0 57 7 12 Dec. 7 72 20 55 0.5 48 48 12 Jan. 8 78 20 72 0.5 23 40 12 Feb. 9 41 21 - -

100 4 w

Table 12 Behavior of Adults of Teredo navalis and T. bartschi Exposed to Reduced Temperatures Three replicates. Asterisks represent critical temperature for each species.

Date Hour Temp. No. No. Temp. No. No.

(1981- ( C.) Siphons Siphons ( C.) Siphons Siphons

'982)

_ T. bartschi T. navalis T. bartschi T. navalis Init. conditions 20 11,28,5 36,30,17 20 16,28,5 49,30,33 Dec.14 9 19 11,28,5 36,30,17 19 7,17,1 13,6,26 12 16 8,16,3 15,11,8 17 - -

g 16 9 0,0,0 1,14,1 17 4,20,2 44,22,19 Dec. 15 9 5 0 1,23,1 17 6,20,2 35,22,22 12 4 0 0,17,0 17 10,23,2 39,22,25 16 4 0 0,19,0 18 9,21,2 35,22,25 Dec. 16 12 4 0 0,27,0 19 5,12,0 35,18,21 Dec. 17 9 1 0 0,0,0 12* 0,2,0* 35,9,28 12 2 0 0,8,0 15 10,13,2 38,14,30 16 3* 0 0,2,0* 20 9,24,2 46,24,33 Dec. 18 12 4* 0 0,22,0* 18 9,19,2 43,14,22 Dec. 21 9 -1 0 0 12* 0* 29,0,25 12 0 0 0 20 12,30,2 28,20,20 Dec. 22 16 4 0 0 14* 4.12,1* 39,4,27 Dec. 23 9 7 0 0,27,0 13* 0,2,1* 36,0,24 12 9 0 0,26,0 21 10,24,1 38,21,27 Dec. 24 9 5 0 0,25,0 18 7,24,1 17,19,29 Dec. 28 9 5 0 0,16,0 17 6,19,1 39,20,28 l

Table 12 continued Dec. 29 9 5 0 0,22,G 18 9,20,1 37,24,27 Dec. 30 9 0* 0 0,1,0* 16 0,21,0 42,20,27 12 3* 0 0,5,0* 18 3,22,2 41,23,28 16 5 0 0,12,0 19 4,19,2 39,22,23 Dec. 31 9 -2 0 0,1,0 16 16,13,2 42,14,23 12 0 0 0,0,0 17 7,21,2 38,21,28 16 1 0 0,0,0 17 5,24,2 45,21,26 Jan. 4 9 7 0 0,13,0 14 6,14,0 43,21,23 Jan. 5 9 5 0 0,5,0 19 5,16,1 46,13,30 Jan. 6 9 3 0 0,3,0 15 1,8,1 42,20,29 Jan. 8 16 4 0 0,2,0 24 5,25,2 41,15,24 Jan. 11 9 Discontinued 7 0,0,0 30,0,18 12 10* 0,0,0* 32,0,16*

16 20 6,20,2 41,10,24 Jan. 12 9 30 7,24,2 -

16 24 6,25,2 G

i CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS It appears that individuals of Teredo bartschi have adapted to survive the cold winters of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, even when -the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Staion is not operating. They do'so only at two j stations in Oyster Creek, however. Shipworms taken into the laboratory 2 from Oyster Creek in '1981 still show significantly less tolerance to temperatures below 14 C than do the native T. navalis. Shipworms reduce their activity at temperatures above those that cause mortality.

. We conclude that Teredo bartschi will not be eliminated from Oyster Creek easily. A concerted effort should be made to physically remove the contaminated wood, and to avoid the introduction .of any untreated wood in Oyster Creek and Forked River. Wooden vessels entering Oyster Creek f rom the southern U.S. , particularly Florida, should be inspected for shipworms.

b a

i 21

1 l

REFERENCES Culliney, J. L., P. J. Boyle and R. D. Turner. 1975. New approaches and Techniques for Studying Bivalve Larvae. In Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals, Smith, W.L. and Chanley, M.H., eds., Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, pp. 257-271.

Iloagland, K. E. and L. Crocket. 1979. Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. Annual Progress Report. Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978. NUREG/CR-0634. 113 pp.*

Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58:55-64.

Hoagland, K. E., L. Crocket and M. Rochester. 1978. Analysis of popu-lations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical factors over the period: Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28. 1978. NUREG/CR-0223. 44 Pp

  • Hoagland, K. E., L. Crocket and R. D. Turner. 1980. Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980. NUREG/CR-1517. 65 pp.*

lloagland, K.E., R. D. Turner and M. Rochester. 1977. Analysis of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters over the period: April 30-November 30, 1976. Report to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Jan. 1, 1977. 61 pp.

Turner, R. D. 1974. In the path of a warm, saline ef fluent. American Malacol. Union Bull. for 1973. 39:36-41.

Turner, R. D. and A. C. Johnson. 1971. Biology of Marine Wood-Boring Molluscs. In: Marine Borers, Fungi and Fouling Organisms of Wood, Chapter 13. Jones, E. B. G., and Eltringham, S. K. (eds.), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, pp. 259-301.

  • Available for purchase from the NRC/GP0 Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555, and the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

23

l APPENDIX: STATION LOCALITIES STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 1 Holly Park Dick's Landing Lat. 39 54' N Island Drive Lon, 74* 8' W Bayville,-N.J.

Bay control l

3 Stout's Creek ~ End of Raleigh Drive 39 50.7' N Gustav Walters' residence 74 9.8' W Estuarine control

) 4 Houth of South Shore 39 49.6' N -

Forked River Developed property 74* 9.8' W Possible temperature increase, increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow 5 Leilani Drive At branch point of 39 49.6' N q Forked River 74 10.5' W 6 Elk's Club South Branch 39 49.4' N Forked River 74 10.9' W Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal 8 Bayside Beach On bay between Oyster Creek 39* 49.0' N Club and Forked River across 74 9.7' W from 1815 Beach Blvd.,

Forked River, N.J.

Temperature increase since l plant operation.

10 Kochman's End of Compass Rd. on 39* 48.5' N Residence #1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek 74* 10.6' W

, Waretown, N.J.

Temperature, saltnity j siltation increast 11 Crisman's Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek, 39 48.5' N Residence Waretown, N.J. 74 11.0' W

' Temperature, salinity, siltation increase 12 Gilmore's 20 Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek 39 48.5' N

Residence Waretown, N.J. Tempera ture , 74 11.3' W

! salinity, siltation inc. ease I

25 i

{

. - . - - - , , , - . -- ,-----.w - , - -- - -- ---.

i STATION

NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 14 Cottrell's End of North Harbor Rd. 39* 47.7' N Clam Factory Waretown, N.J. (Mouth of. 74 10.9' W Waretown Creek). Within but near limits of reported.

thermal plume 15 Carl's Boats Washington & Liberty Sts. 39 47' N Waretown, N.J. (on the bay) 74* 11' W i

l 18 Barnegat Light Marina adjacent to. Coast. 39 45.8' N Guard Station 74* '.5' W 6

4 l-i l

1 f

I i

i 1

26 l

- _ = .

DISTRIBUTION LIST DISTRIBUTION CATEGORY: RE i

i Supplemental Distribution: Part A Mr.. Richard Baumgardt Dick's Landing Holly Park Bayville, New Jersey 08721 Mr. William Campbell '

P. O. Lux 668 108 Long John Silver Way Waretown, New Jersey 08753 Mr. 'Stan Cottrell North Harbor Road Waretoun, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Wilson T. Crisman N j 901 Hudson Street Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Gilmore /

20 Dock Ave., Box 205 E, R.R.1.

Waretown, New Jersey 08758 , ,

Mr. Walter Holzman

  • 1915 Beach Blvd. l, '

Forked River Beach, New Jersey 08731

,e

. Mr. Charles Kochman

{ Compass Road Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive l Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Gustav Walters T 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey 07087 Mr. Edward Wheiler i 16 River View Drive, P.O. Box 642

L Mr. John Turner 's 19' Jolly Roger Way Waretown, New Jersey 08758 g i

27 F

Part B Battelle Columbus Laboratories Clapp Laboratories Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche Supervisor of Environmental Science Jersey Central Power and Light Co.

Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road Morristown, New Jersey 07960 Dr. G1cnn Paulson Asst. Commissioner for Science Dept. of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey P.O. Box 1390 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R. Ilof fman Lynch, Brewer, lloffman & Sands Ten Post Office Square Suite 329 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Mr. .Tohn Makai Nac- ek Research Station St _e Absecon, New Jersey 08201 Mr. Steve Lubow NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr. IIarry L. Allen US EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza Room 832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab Richland, Wastiington 99352 Dr. D. Ileyward llamilton, Jr.

EV-34, GTN U.S. Dept. of Energy Washington, D.C. 20545 28 1

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . l

Rnc F oRM 33s ' ""E'"" " " "' " *' " ##

u s. NuctEnn nEculciony cewirsica

" "' NUREB/CR-2727 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA MitET Vol. 2~

4 TlTLE AND SUBTlT LE Mdd Vorurne lva, of eppewrestel 2. (Leeve blank t Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the .

Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station 3 ggc,,,t,,, .s AccE SSION NO.

Frogress Report Dorombor 10R1 - Fohroary 1997

7. AU T HOR LSI 5 DATE HEf 0HT COMPLE TE D K.E. Hoagland and L. Crocket vo~ra l n aa Joe 1982 9 PE RF OHMING ORGANilATION N AME AND M AILING ADDRESS (/ncia,* I,p Code / Ok HEPoHT ISSUED Department of Malacology E va I naa Academy of Natural Sciences _A_ugust 1982 6 *" "*"*'

19th and the Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 8 Ileave N,nk t 12 SPONSOHING OHGANil ATIOf4 N AME AND M AILING ADDRESS (factua,I,a com; i es ;tcTiT ASx,woHx unit No U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research 7 cas,,,c3 no Division of Health Siting and Waste Management NRC-04-82-009 Washington, DC 20555 FIN 88138 13 T Y PE OF HE PO H T PE RIOD COVE Rio enclavve deers)

Progress Report December 1,1981 - February 28,198?

15 SUPPLEMEN T ARY NOTE S 14 tle,ve osanaf 16 AHSTH ACT d200 evords or less)

The species composition, distribution, and population dynamica .of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.

Competition among the species is being analyzed. In the winter of 1981, tne generating station experienced a prolonged outage. The reproductive cycle of the shipworms was not extended. Teredo bartschi was very abundant at one station in Oyster Creek and moderately abundant at a second, but did not exist elsewhere in Barnegat Bay. Some specimens of Teredo bartschi contained larvae in the gills in February. According to

, laboratory experiments, Teredo navalis is able to remain active at temperatures as low as 4 C, whereas T. bartschi ceases activity' (with- - -

draws its siphons) at about 13*C.

17. KE Y WGrIDS AND DOCUME NT AN ALYSIS 17a DE SC H:P T CHS Thermal Effects Shipwonns Oyster Creek Teredo bartschi Teredo navalis Bankia gouldi_

, 17b IDENTIFIE RS!OPEN ENDE D TERMS 18 AV AIL ABILITY ST ATE ME NT 19 SE CURIT Y CL ASS ITA,s recorrt 21 NO OF P AGES

\ Uac1assified Unlimi ted 22 PR Ct 20 dE nc CliRtassi T Yed QhASS ITh.s v49*tS NRC F ORC 335 (7 77)

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