ML19343C369

Ecological Studies of WOOD-BORING Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station

ML19343C369
Person / Time
Site:	Oyster Creek
Issue date:	02/28/1981
From:	Crocket L, Hoagland K LEHIGH UNIV., BETHLEHEM, PA
To:	NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES)
References
CON-FIN-B-5744 NUREG-CR-1855, NUDOCS 8103190337
Download: ML19343C369 (58)

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P00R ORIGINAL rw Ecological Studies of Wood-Borinc

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Bivalves in the Vicinity of the i

Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station l

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Lehigh Uni /ersity Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regi story Commission l

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P00R 031GINAL rem Ecological Eiadies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station d#%

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NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work spormred by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of i-their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that i

its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned 4

rights.

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Availit. from GP0 Sales Program j

Division of Technical Information and Document Control U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C. 20555 Printed copy price:

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i NUREG/CR-1855 RE Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station f

Manuscript Completed: December 1980 Date Published: February 1981 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crocket Wetlands Institute Lehigh University l

Stone Harbor, NJ 08247 Pr: pared for Division of Safeguards, Fuel Cycle and Environmental Research Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.fi. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Wedington, D.C. 20555 NRC HN B5744

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5 ABSTRACT l

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The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations.

Physiological tolerances of 3 species are alto under investigation in the laboratory. Relative destructiveness and competition among the species are being analyzed.

The native species Teredo navalis and i

Bankia gouldi coexist with the introduced T. bartschi in Oyster Creek, at the mouth of Forked River and at the mouth of Waretown Creek. Very few Teredo bartschi, or indeed other species, were found over the l

period June-August, 1980, correlated with the generating station shut-down between January 5 and July 19, 1980. A drought during 1980 did

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not cause an increase in shipworm attack at control stations. Teredo bartschi can withstand higher temperatures than the native species, but all species suffer osmotic stress at 6 */...

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SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS The purpose of this investigation is to understand the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNGS) and at control stations outside the influence of the station.

The relative importance of the introduced species Teredo bartschi in causing damage, and physiological tolerances of all species, are being assessed. On a monthly basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis of popu-leiton dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies. We al.a record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels at each station.

Our major findings are:

1. The OCNGS was not operating from January 5 to July 19, 1980.

This outage caused a dramatic drop in shipworm infestation in Oyster Creek and Forked River in the summer of 1980.

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2. A drought in New Jersey did not cause an outbreak of shipworms at control stations.

3. No shipworm pediveligers settled on monthly panels removed in June 1980.

A few Bankia gouldi settled on panels removed in July and August from Oyster Creek and Forked River.

4. Teredo bartschi Jas found alive at the mouth of Waretown Creek.

5. Shipworms were at low density at all stations, The dissection of the cumulative panels showed that the greatest number of living shipworms occurred in Forked River and at Waretown. Most were T. navalis.

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6. Pane 1s that had been submerged for 12 months were most heavily attacked in Oyster Creek, followed by the Bayside Beach Club (Station 8).

There was no attack at the control station in l

Stout's Creek.

7. Mortality was high during the winter of 1980.

8. ][. navalis settling in June did not release young until August.

Some of the adult ];. navalis present in the yearly panels relt. sed young in June, July, and August.

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9. At 22 */... the Teredg bartschi tolerated a temperature of 34*C.

This temperature is abcVe that which occurs in pyster Creek during rummer months when the OCNGS is operating. However, Bankia ggtgdi could tolerate only 30*C and is probably stressed by summer.emperatures in Oyster Creek.

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B,. Rouldi can spawn at 25 27*C and 22 */...

T. navalis can release pediveligers at 25'c and 40 */...

11. B. Rouldi undergoes osmotic stress at 6-3 */.. and cannot st <ive more than a few days below 3 */... Predation may increase at lower salinities,

12. T. bartschi undergoes obvious osmotic stress above '4 */.. at temperatures of 24-28C, but even af ter a month under these conditions, it can return to normal when salinity is reduced to 32 */...

13. Our raw data are in agreement with those of the Clapp Laboratories, the consultant for Jersey Central Power & Light Co. on the Oyster Creek shipworm problem, vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii APSTRACT v

SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS viii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURL3 xi ACKNOWLDGMENTS xiii PREVIOUS REPORTS IhTRODUCTION I

METHODS 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7

PHYSICAL DATA 7

SHIPWORM PO*ULATIONS 7

PHYSIOLOGICAL SIUDIES 27 GENERAL DISCUSSION 36 CONCLUSION 41 REFERENCES 43 APPENDIX. STATION LOCALITIES 45 DISTRIBUTION LIST 47 i

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i LIST OF TABLES Page

1. Temperature Profiles in *C, June - August, 1980 8

2. Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ( *C) for June 6 -

9 September 5, 1980 l

3. Salinity Profiles in */.., June - August, 1980 11

4. Continuous Recording Salinometer Data 12

5. Oyster Creek Circulation and Dilution Flow and Outage Dates, 13 June - August, 1980

6. Numbers and Lengths of Living Shipworms in Monthly Panels 14

7. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged 15 May 3, 1980

8. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative 16 Panels Submerged May 3, 1980

9. Percentage of Specimens Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels 17

10. Length Ranges of Living Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels 19

11. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels 20 i

12. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Panels 21

-13. Percentage of Specimens that vare Alive when Collected, 22 Yearly Panels

14. Length Ranges of Livi ;; Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels 23

15. Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Cumulative and Yearly Panels 25 i

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16. Percentage of Teredo navalis with Larvae in the Gills 26

-17. Bankia gouldi Activity in Reduced Salinity, 17 - 20*C 33

18. Teredo bartschi Activity in Increasing Salinity, 24 - 28'C 35

19. Drought Records for New Jersey, 1980 37

20. Summary of Published Recirculation Data for 1979 38 viii 3

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LIST OF FIGURES Page

1. Activity of Teredo bartschi Adults under Increasing Temperature at 22 */.. Salinity 28

2. Activity of Bankia gouldi Adults under Increasing Temperature at 22 */.. Salinity 30 1x

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i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1

!I' We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooperated in our field work. James Selman and Jane Halbeisen provided technical assistanco.

Eugenia B8hlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 4

Philadelphia served as X-ray technologist. Virginia Ohori of J.C.P.& L.

provided data on the operation of the Generating Station.

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PREVIOUS REPORTS Twelve reports have been prepared under Contract ATO9-24)-0347 during three years of funding from the U. S. Nuclear 7egulatory Conunission, 1976-1979, under the title:

i Analysis of Populations of boring and fouling organisme in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Statirn with dis-cussion of relevant physical parameters.

Those reports with NTIS numbers are:

NUREG/CR-0223 Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978 NUREG/CR-0380 Mar. 1, 1978-May 31, 1978 NURE/CR-0634 Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978 NUREG/CR-0812 Sept. 1, 1978-Nov. 30, 1978 NUREG/CR-0896 Dec. 1, 1978-Feb. 28, 1979 NUREG/CR-1015 Mar. 1, 1979-May 31, 1979 NUREG/CR-1209 June 1, 1979-Aug. 31, 1979 Two reports have been published in this current series:

Ecological studies of wocd-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the j

Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

NUREG/CR-1517 Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp.

4 NUREG/CR-1795 March 1-May 31, 1980, 30 pp.

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ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION March 1 - May 31, 1980 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between the ef fluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and the proliferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent portions of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Turner, 1974; Hoagland et al, 1977; Hoagland et al, 1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and Turner, 1980).

The effluent adds heat to the receiving waters, which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates.

It has allowed the i

establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredo bartschi, j

in Oyster Creek, and its spread into Forked River. The design of j

the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks. Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of actively breeding shipworm populations.

The populations of Teredo bartschi compared with the native species in Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies.

This report summarizes our ongoing collection of data on some physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distribution, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids.

We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station.

We also_ report on physiological studies comparing the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature and salinity tolerances, t.

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METHODS Stations Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were established in Barnegat Bay to monitor boring and fouling organisms.

In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12.

The stations are shown in Hoagland and Turner, 1980, and are listed in the appendix. The station numbers are not contiguous because some have been discontinued.

Station 1 is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent. Some shipworms, primarily Bankia gouldi, are traditionally found there.

Station 3 is a control station in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent. Shipworms are rarely found there. Stations 4, 5, and 6 are in Forked River, influenced by the plant's water intake system. There is some recirculation of heated water that affects these stations, but the main influence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay.

Station 6 is sampled on a reduced schedule, only 4 times a year.

Station 8 is on the bay between Oyster Creek and Forked River. Stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals, i

silt, increased flow rate, etc.).

Since JCP & L calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to characterize the effluent completely are not available.

Stations 14 and 15 are at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay. Station 15, like Station 6, is being sampled on a reduced schedule. Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experiments.

6 Field Work i

l Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each station. Air temperature and time of day are also recorded. The amount of silt settling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, moderate, or heavy. At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature and salinity are kept by means of constant recording instruments that are serviced once a month.

White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8",

are used to obtain ship-worms for study. There are three panel series: 1) Each month, a panel i

that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced.

In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained.

2) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is removed and replaced.

It provides data on timing of reproduction, species and age structure of established borer communities, and other population data.

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3) Each May, most recently on May 3,1980, a series of 12 panels is deployed. These panels are removed one per month. They provide infor-mation on the cumulative growth and maturation of individual borers as well as development of the boring and fouling communities.

The cumulative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated. These three panel series are called M Y, and C, respectively. The Y and C series are replicated at some stations, as indicated in the data tables to follow.

Replication is not possible at all stations because of limited space where the water is deep enough to submerge a series of shipworm panels.

Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks against bulkheading or off finger docks. They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface.

Laboratory Work Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods, scraped, and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage.

It is possible to count and of ten to identify shipworms from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantita-tive data in most cases. Therefore, using the X-rays as guides, the panels are dissected. All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for larvae in the gills, and measured (length only). They are preserved in 75% buffered alcohol.

Identifications are first made by technicians, but all Teredo spp. are checked by one of the senior investigators.

Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved.

Calcareous tubes and other debris lef t by the shipworms are removed with HCt.

The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weight, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed.

The panels are also weighed before going into the water. The weight difference is a measure of wood destruction due to boring organisms.

During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicate mortality.

If pallets are still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm.

Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved immediately but are kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels.

In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi.

Individuals of B. gouldi and T. navalis from the field are being maintained in the laboratory.

l These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments.

Attempts are underwa/ to establish breeding colonies of Teredo navalis.

Algal cultures (Isochrysis-Monochrysis)have been established to use as supplemental food for Teredo navalis adults and to feed veligers if they are produced, but our specimens have not spawned yet in the laboratory.

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1 Several temperature and salinity tolerance experiments were conducted during the period June-August, 1980. The purpose of the experiments was to establish critical temperature and salinity limits for the various shipworm species so that any major differences among species would be known, and so that more sophisticated experiments could be performed using combinaticns of temperature and salinity that would yield interesting results. Two of the preliminary salinity tolerance experiments were presented in an earlier report (Hoagland et al, 1980).

Specimens of Teredo bartschi used in these experiments were first-and second-generation laboratory-reared individuals whose parental stock came from station 12 in Oyster Creek.

The first generation began settling on new panels in November, 1979, while the second generation settled in August, 1980. Adults of Teredo navnlis and Bankia gouldi were used to compare temparature and salinity tolerances; these specimens came directly from Barnegat Bay. The specimens used in the experiments were from stations 1, 8 and 14.

All specimens were acclimated in the laboratory at 22-24 */** and approximately 18'C (day) / 12*C (night). The animals were healthier when not fed supplemental algae. They obtained sufficient nutrients from the wood substrate and microscopic algae naturally present in the sea water.

Rough estimates of tolerance to low salinity were obtained earlier by lowering the salinity gradually but consistently until a change in the behavior and/or survivorship of the shipworms was observed. These data were reported in Hoagland et al (1980).

Because behavioral changes were noted at 12 */.. (increased activity) and between 6-10 */..

(inactivity) and minimum salinity was around 4 */.. for all species, additional experiments were performed in which shipworms were maintained for prolonged periods at 22 */., (control), 12 */.. 9 */.. 6 */..,

and 3-4 */... Filtered sea water was diluted for all experiments.

Water was changed every 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br />.

Species, sample sizes, duration of the experiments, and other details are given with the results.

Casual observations of upper salinity tolerances also had been reported earlier (Hoagland et al, 1980). To delineate behavioral changes with increasing salinity, specimens of Teredo bartschi were placed in sea-water to which a concentrated solution of artificial sea salts was added such that salinity increased 1-2 */.. per day. When behavioral i

changes were noticed, the salinity was held constant for several days in' order to detect changes over time. The tenperature was 24-28*C (room temperature). The specimens used were in two panels so that two

. parallel experiments could be run simultaneously. Details of the timing of salinity increase are given with the results.

Upper temperature tolerances of Teredo bartschi adults were tested beginning on July 10, 1980 at 23*C and holding salinity constant at S

22 */... Daily observations were made of 66 individuals as the temperature was raised by 1*C daily. A control panel containing 37 individuals was maintained at 22 '/.. and 24-26*C.

Filtered seawater was used; it was changed every day.

The extent of siphon extension and activity were recorded for each individual. Once inactivity of some individuals was recorded, the temperature was held constant for 3 days before it was raised by 1*C again. The experiment was termi-nated when 35'c was reached, because significant stress was observed.

Similar temperature tolerance experiments were conducted using Bankia gouldi, except that the initial increases in temperasure were 2*C per day.

There were 4 separate aquaria each containing one panel.

The first (A) held 100 B. gouldi, the second (B),62, and the third (C),131.

The panels were all the same size, hence any relationship between density, temperature increase, and mortality could be seen.

If a relationship had been found, it would have been used as a hypothesis for further experiments using analysis of variance. The fourth panel (D) held 30 B. gouldi and served as a control; the temperature was maintained between 21 and 25'C.

Three days after significant inactivity was observed, two of the three experimental l

panels (B and C) were returned to 25'C and observed to see if the shipworms could recover.

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l RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Data The temperature and salinity data (Tables 1-4) are consistent with the fact that the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station was not operating until July 20 of this report period, although circulation water flow was resumed in June. Both circulation and dilution flow were at slightly sub-normal levels in July. Normal values are between 18,000 and 21,000 6

gal x 10 for circulation flow and between 18,000 and 23,200 for dilution flow (Hoagland et al., 1980, Table 5).

The brief outage in August had no impact on'the monthly averages of temperatures, but is discernable on the continuous temperature recorder chart from Oyster Creek.

The temperatures in August of more than 30' C are great enough to cause some harm to the native shipworm species Teredo navalis and Bankia gouldi (see section on physiological studies later in this report).

The month-to-month temperature differentia 2s were higher in Oyster Creek than at other stations (Table 1).

Some of the continuous temperature recorder data were missing due to the breakdown of instruments (Table 2).

These instruments could not be repaired because the company no longer stocks parts; they have now been replaced with rented instruments.

The salinity data (Tables 3 and 4) indicate that the salinity in Oyster Creek is usually slightly less than that in Forked River. Clapp Laboratory reports indicate the same trend (Richards et al., 1980).

Shipworm Populations Table 6 shows that very few shipworm larvae invaded the experimental panels between May 3 and August 7, 1980.

Only five living B. gouldi, and no other species, were found in monthly panels removed be, tween June 6 and August 7.

None of the five were sexually mature.

The largest specimen was from Oyster Creek, but it was not significantly larger than specimens from Forked River. All five specimens came from stations in the area influenced by the generating station, There were 2 shallow bore holes in the panel from Station 5, 2 in the panel from Station 8, and 3 in the panel from Station 14, but none of these panels contained traces of the juvenile shipworms that had made them.

Cumulative panels submerged on May 3, 1980, also contained few shipworms (Table 7).

The patchy nature of shipworm settlement is reflected in the replicate panels at Station 8 for July and August. No Teredo bartschi settled at any station, and Teredo navalis was much more abundant than B. pouldi.

The two control stations north of Oyster Creek-Forked River had only one T. navalis, but 14 specimens were observed at Waretown Creek south of Oyster Creek. There was some mortality already in the cumulative panels submerged at Station 14 on May 3, 1980 (Tables 8 and 9).

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Table 1 Temperature Profiles in Degrees Centigrade June-August, 1980 Differential Station June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 Aug. 7, 1980 within stations, among months b

1 22.5 23.0 29.5 7.0 3

23.0 27.0a 31.0 8.0 4

22.5 25.0 29.5 7.0 5

23.0 24.0 30.5 7.5 8

23.6a 24.0 30.0 6.4 10 21.5 25.0 31.5 10.0 11 21.3 23.5 32.5 11.2 12 20.9b 23.5 33.0a 12.1 b

14 22.0 25.0 28.2 6.2 Differenti-2.7 4.0 4.8 al among stations a highest value b lowest value 8

i Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ('d) for June 6-Sept 5. 1980 I. Temperature at 1:00 PM June 6 - July 7 July 7 - Aug 7 Aug 7 - Sept 5 1

5*

11 14 1*

5 11*

14 1

5 11*

14 Mean Daily Temp.

22.2 22.7 22.4 28.0 26.6 25.5 27.0 26.0 at 1 PM Standard Deviation 2.3 1.9 2.3 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.1 i.L Highest Value of Temp.

at 1 PM

>26.2 26.3 26.7 30.9 29.5 30.1 30.8 29.0 Lowest Value of Temp.

at 1 PM 18.3 19.0 18.6 24.4 22.8 23.5 21.0 21.6 23.4 21.4 Monthly Temp. Range at 1 PM

> 7.9 7.3 8.1 6.5 6.0 9.1 9.2 7.6 e

II. Maximum Daily Temperature June 6 - July 7 July 7 - Aug 7 Aug 7 - Sept 5 1

11 14 1*

5 11*

14 1

5 11*

14 Hean Value of Max.

23.0 23.2 23.7 28.2 27.6 26.5 28.1 26.6 Daily Temp.

Standard Deviation 2.3 1.8 2.4 1.9 1.5 2.1 2.4 2.2 l

Highest Value of Max.

l Daily Temp.

>26.2 26.7 27.8 31.4 30.8 30.3 31.6 29.8 Lowest Value of Max.

Daily Temp.

18.7 19.5 19.1 24.6 23.3 24.3 21.6 22.4 24.3 22.3 Monthly Range of Max.

Daily Temp.

> 7.5 7.2 8.7 6.8 6.5 8.7 9.2 7.5 i

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III. Minimum Daily Temperature June 6 --July 7 July 7 - Aug 7 Aug 7 - Sept 5 1

5*

11 14 1*

5 11*

14 1

5 11*

14 Mean Value of Min.

21.2 20.9 21.4 26.1 25.6 24.8 25.9 24.8 Daily. Temp Standard Deviation 2.4 2.0' 2.4 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.6 Highest Value of Min.

Daily Temp.

25.2 24.2 25.5 28.8 28.2 28.6 30.0 28.4 oowest Value of Min.

Daily Temp.

16.8 17.4 17.9 23.1 22.1 22.3 21.0 21.4 23.2 21.3 Monthly Range of Min.

Daily Temp.

8.4 6.8 7.6 5.7 5.9 7.6 8.6 7.1 IV. Daily Temperature Range June 6 - July 7 July 7 - Aug 7 Aug 7 - Sept 5 1

5*

11 14 1*

5 11*

14 1

5 11*

14 Mean Daily AT 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.7 2.2 1.5 Standard Deviation 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 Largest Daily AT for one month 3.1 4.2 4.5 3.3 3.0 3.7 3.4 2.8 Smallest Daily AT for one month 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 1

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Table 3 Salinity Profiles in /go June-August, 1980 Differential Station June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 Aug. 7, 1980 within stations among months b

b 1

14.0 22.0 21.0 8.0 3

16.0 20.0b 21.0b 5.0 4

22.0 25.0 28.0a 6.0 5

22.0 21.5 27.0 5.5 8

22.2a 26.0a 21.0b 5.0 10 20.0 23.0 25.0 5.0 11 19.0 23.0 26.0 7.0 12 18.2 22.0 27.0 8.8 4

14 21.0 25.0 26.0 5.0 Cifferenti-8.2 6.0 7.0 al among stations i

a highest value b lowest value 4

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Continuous Recording Salinometer Data Dates Statistic h Sta. 5 Sta. 11 May 6 -

June 5 N

19 21 5

17.4 16.4 S

1.0 1.0 June 5 -

July 7 N

22 23 i

17.2 18.1 S

3.2 1.4 x

July 7 -

Aug 7 N

23 13 X

20.4 21.5 S

2.1 1.1 x

a Data are in */.. and represent readings taken at 12:00 Noon, EST b N, number of days recorded indicates extent of missing data X = mean;

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= Standard Deviation x

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Table 5 Oyster Creek Circulation and Dilution Flow I

and Outage Dates, June-August, 1980 i

Total Circulating Wate-Ilow Total Diiutign Flow 6

j (gal. x 10 )

(gal. x 10 )

June 11,858 4,931 July 17,187 14,305

' August 20.084 21,439 Outages: January 5-July 19 August 2-4 f

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k Table 6 Numbers and Lengths of Living Shipworms in Monthly Panels Date Removed July 7, 1980 August 7,196s' Station B. gouldi Length (mm)

B.gouldi Length (nun) 1 0

0 3

0 0

4 1

7 1

3 5

0 0

8 0

1 5

10 0

1

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11 0

0

]

12 0

1 8*

14 0

0 i

Totals 1

4 1

• Largest specimen

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Table 7 Numbers of Living Shipwor=s in Cumulative Panels Sub=erged May 3,1980 Date Re=oved: June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 Tere-Tere-Station Total B.g.

T.n.dinid Total B.g. T.n. d inid Total 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4

0 0

2 0

2 1

2 3

6 4 Rep

• 0 0

2 0

2 0

1 0

1 5

0 0

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 8

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

1 8 Rep 0

0 5

0 5

2 6

0 8

10 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

G 0

11 0

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

11 Rep 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 2

12 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

14 0

1 4

1 6

0 5

0 5

Total 0

1 15 1

17 4

17 4

25

• Rep - Replicate panel (included in totals) 15

1 l

Table 8 Numbers of Living Shipworms Plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels Submerged May 3, 1980 t

Date Removed:

June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 d

Tere-Tere-Station Total B.g. T.n. dinid Total B.g. T.n. dinid Total 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

1 3

0 i

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4

0 2

0 2

1 2

3 6

4 Rep 0

0 2

0 2

0 1

0 1

3 5

0 0

1 0

1 0

0 0

0 8

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

1 8 Rep 0

0 5

0 5

2 6

0 8

10 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

11 0

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

11 Rep 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

1 2

12 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

14 0

1 4

3 8

0 6

0 6

Totals 0

1 15 3

19 4

18 4

26 1

i I

1 1

16 l-i

i Table 9 Percentage of Specimens Alive when Collected. Cu=ulative Panels Month Collected:

July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 i

Number Total No.

Number Total No.

Station Living Tubes Living Tubes Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive i

1 0

0 1

1 100 3

0 0

0 0

4 2

2 100 6

6 100 4 Rep 2

2 100 1

1 100 5

1 1

100 0

0 8~

0 0

1 1

100 8 Rep 5

5 100 8

8 100 10 0

0 0

0 11 1

1 100 1

1 100 11 Rep 0

0 2

2 100 12 0

0 0

0 14-6 8

75 5

6 83 Totals 17 19 89 21 26 81 l

l i

i

?

17 i

m,

.._,,-. -, -,-- -... -.- ~._ -,.

i r

The largest specimens of both species occurred at Station 4 in Forked River (Table 10). Comparing July with August, it can be seen that specimens are capable of growing to be more than 15 cm long in less than two months, and over 10 cm can be gained in the second month of life.

It appears that Teredo navalis settled earlier than Bankia gouldi, because the latter were smaller, although they usually reach greater size than T. navalis. Also, more specimens of B. gouldi were found in August panels than in July panels.

Panels that had been submerged for 12 months contained the shipworms described in Tables 11-1?.

The most interesting discovery was that of a single specimen of Teredo bartschi at Waretown Creek (Station 14).

Among the living specimene, there was a shift in species composition to favor Teredo navalis in August. This could have been due to differentia.1 settlement in 1979 (by August, when the panels were deployed, most of the Bankia gouldi would have already settled), differential mortality (not indicated by data in Table 12), or differential settlement in 1980. The last hypothesis is also not likely, because of the sizes of the specimens (Table 14). All of the T. navalis were larger than 55 mm, indicating settlement in 1979, while there were some small B. gouldi that probably settled in 1980. The replicate panels, located on a dif ferent rack, had a greater number of B. gouldi than T. navalis at 3 of 4 stations. This illustrates the patchy nature of shipworm settlement.

The numbers of living shipworma do not provide a fair comparison of the stations, because of high mortality in crowded and disintegrating panels (Table 12). Yearly panels at Stations 10 and 12 (Ovster' Creek) i in June and July were riddled and lost from the racks; mortality was virtually 100% in those Oyster Creek panels that were ret rieved (Table 13).

The X-rays suggest that most of the shipworms in tha riddled Oyster Creek panels had been Teredo bartschi, and that nunbers per panel erceeded 500.

The shipworm attack was greatest in Oyster Creek, followed by Bayside B2ach Club (Station 8), and then by similar levels of attack at Forked River, Waretown, and Holly Park. There was no attack at the control station in Stout's Creek (Station 3).

The largest 12-month sjecimens occorred at Stations 1 and 4, where crowding was less pr<ere than in Oyster Creek (Table 14).

The only live l

Teredo bartsch!.as larger than average for that species in the Ovster Creek area.

Because 11 larvae had settled on the June monthly an cumulative panels, it is presumed that the smallest recorded specimens in the June yearly panels settled in the Fall of 1979 and did not grow significantly over the winter.

18 4

-- e rm,

e -

+> - -. - - ~~

a-

.w-g,..

Table 10 Length Ranges of Living Specimens, in mm, Cumulative Panels Date Removed:'

July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 JL, g.

T.n.

B.g.

T.n.

Station j

1 52 3

4 8-14 97*

130-155*

4 Rep 7-23*

70 5

10 8

4 8 Rep 2-12 22-30 55-70 10 11 22 96 11 Rep 135 12 14 5*

9-21 30-80

• Largest specinen each month, each species 19

, m i -

1 Table 11 Number-of Living Shirworms in Yearly Panels Date Removed June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 i.

)

Station-B.g.

T.n.

T.b.

Total B.g.

T.n.

Teredinid Total B.g.

T.n.

Total

-- 1 35 12 0

47 10 0

0 10 0

1 1

1 3

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4

6 3

0 9

3 5

1 9

0 4

4

-5 12 10 0

22 11 5

0 16 1

3 4

8 18 7

0 25 16 2

0 18 0

1 1

a 0

0 0

10 a

11 0

0 0

0 1

-0 0

1 0

0 0

a 0

0 0

12 a

14 17 2

1 20 8

0 0

8 0

2 2

g l

49 12 1

62 1

11 12 Totals 88 34 1

123 b

1 Rep 4

1 5

4 Rep 0

2 2

11 Rep 2

0 2

14 Rep 2

0 2

a Panel riddled and lost

b. Rep = Replicate T

4 i

' Table 12 Numbers of Living Shipworms Plus Empty Tubes, Yearly ?anels Date Removed June 5, 1980 July 7. 1980 August 7, 1980 Tere-Tere-Tere-Station B.g. T.n. T.b. dinid Total B.g. T.n. T.sp. dinid Total B.g. T.n. T.sp. dinid Total r

1 35 12 0

10 57 12 0

0 0

12 0

2 0

0 2

3 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

4 8

3 0

20 31 3

7 1

0 11 0

6 0

6 12 5

15 10 0

35

>60b 16 5

4 23 40 1

16 0

30 47 6

20 7

0 36c

>63 26 0

2

>92

>120 0

8 6

33 47 10 a

a 11 1?

a a

0 0 >300 0

>300 14 17 2

1 50 70 9

4 0

9 22 1

6 7c 38C 52 U

Totals 95 34 1

'151

>281 66 16 7 >124

>213 2

38 >313 107

>460 1 Rep 4

2 0

0 6

4 Rep 0

5 1

0 6

11 Rep 2

14 Rep 3

5 0

1c 9

a Panel riddled and lost b

At least 60 tubes could be counted in X-rays; this is a minimum count c

Soca might have been T. bartschi, based on size and growth pattern Panel riddled; most of the specimens were probably T. bartschi

Table 13 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels Month Collected June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980

_ August 7, 1980 Number Total No.

Number Total No.

Number Total No.

Station Living Tubes Living Tubes Living Tubes Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive 1

47 57 82 10 12 83 1

2 50 0

0 0

0 3

0 0

4 9

31 29 9

13 82 4

12 33 5

22

>60

<37 16 48 33 4

47 9

8 25

>63

<40 18

>120

<l5 1

47 2

10 a

a a

a 0

0 11 0

0 1

<.2 0

0 12 a

a a

a 0

>300 0

i y

14 20 70 29 8

22 36 2

52 4

b D

Totals 123

>281

<44 62

>213

<29 12

>460

<3 1 Rep 5

6 83 4 Rep 2

6 33 11 Rep 2

<.4 14 Rep 2

9 22 a Panel lost

• Completely riddled J

I i

I

Table 14 Length Ranges of Living Specimens, in mm, Yearly Panels Date Removed June 5, 1980 July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 Station B.F.

T.n.

T.b.

B.g.

T.n.

B.g.

T.n.

1 16-193 10-262*

89-227 145 3

4 33-207*

35-40 166-217 147-266*

35-360*

5 14-125 8-79 24-118 30-61 15 80-145 8

20-110 19-48 15-59 10-62 127 10 11 64 12 14 16-152 44-86 51*

54-107 45-80 U.

1 Rep 170-297*

300 4 Rep 230-300 11 Rep 15-31 14 Rep 115-245

• Largest specimen each month, each species

The wood weight lost by the cumulative panels was insignificant at most stations until August, 1980 (Table 15).

Then, the average weight lost by a panel was 10% for all stations.

The greatest destruction to yearly panels occurred in Oyster Creek, with as much as 93% of the original wood weight lost.

The replicate wood weight data (Table 15, bottom) show that withic -station variability is high, but Oyster Creek panels still consistant..y have more da= age.

Within the June-August, 1980 time period, only Teredo navalis were found with larvae. Table 16 shows that none of the newly settled T. navalis produced larvae until August. The percent of r,. navalis in the yearly panels that contained larvae increased f rom month to month. The sample size per station was too s=all to allow statistical comparison of the percentages between the experimental and control stations. Because many of the T. navalis that did not contain larvae were larger than those that did contain larvae (Table 16, column 3 vs.

1 and 2), it appears that most of the shipworms were large enough to be mature but that the gonads did not ripen in synchrony.

i l

24

... =.

i Table 15 i

Percentage of Wood Weight Lost by Cumulative and Yearly Panels Station Cumulative Yearly July 7, 1980 August 7, 1980 June 5, 1980 July 7,1980 August 7, 1980 1

0.0 5.5 68.9 48.2 15.6 3

0.0 0.0 0

0 0

4 3.9 10.2 55.9 40.5 18.1 5

5.9 0.0 75.8 61.7 62.0 8

0.0 14.5 76.8

-78.2 25.9 10 0.0 0.0 a

a 84.6 11 5.3 8.1 93.3 83.1 78.2 12 0.0 0.0 a

a 83.5 14 5.8 9.8 71.24 55.9 53.7 4

1 Replicate 40.5 4 Replicate 4.6 14.9 24.7 8 Replicate 3.0 10.9 71.3 11 Replicate 0.0 8.0 27.3 f

a Panel riddled and lost 4

\\

i i-1 25 i

(

.---p g

r w

w.%...

.r.

,--,-.c_.

.,.__,.e.,w.,,

.-,.,m 4r

Table 16 Percentage of Teredo navalis with Larvae in the Gills Max. size Min. size Max. size Min. size

% of Adult of, Shipworms.of Shipworms of Shipworms of Shipworms Shipworms Sample with Larvae' with Larvae without Larvae without Larvae with Larvae Si te (mm)

(mm)

(mm)

(mm)

Yearly Panels Station i

June 1

80 262 10 8

(12) 4 35 40 40 34

( 3) 5 18 79 8

10 (10)

July 4

180 152 266 147 40

( 5) 46 61 30 20

( 5) w.

e August 4

360 345 190 55 50

( 4) 4 rep.

300 230 30 50

( 2) 145 80 34

( 3) 5 90 8

127 100

( 1)

Cumulative Panels i

August 14 65 80 30 20

( 5) rep.= replicate 4

i 4

Physiological Studies In the experiment on upper temperature tolerance, a significant number of Teredo bartschi became moribund at 35'C, although lethargy began to be observable at 34*C.

The control animals were virtually 100% active over the same time span (Figure 1).

The experiment was not continued above 35'C because this temperature exceeds that found in Oyster Creek even during the summer, and because we did not wish to sacrifice the animals.

The moribund condition was reached by a significant percentage of Bankia gouldi at 29-30*C, regardless of density (Figure 2 A-C).

Only 87% of the control animals survived, but mortality of the experimental animals was 100% after several days at 30*C.

Reduction of temperature af ter 6 days at 30*C did not result in any recovery. Once the moribund condition was reached, death and decay followed immediately. Decay of some individuals hastened the demise of the others in the same piece of wood. Had an open flowing salt water syster been available, mortality undoubtedly would have been less complete and sudden. However, the results for B. gouldi and Teredo bartschi are comparable, and they demonstrate that }{. bartschi is able to withstand greater temperatures.

Unlike }[. bartschi, B.gouldi is under stress at temperatures frequently found in Oyster Creek during the summer when the nuclear generating station is operating.

Spawning occurred in aquaria containing Bankia gouldi at temperatures between 25-27'C.

Teredo bartschi released no pediveligers during the 27-day course of the experiment.

Table 17 presents results of experiments in which specimens of Bankia gouldi were subjected to reduced salinity. As in the first series of preliminary experiments (Hoagland et al, 1980), test panels were contaminated with the polychaete Nereis succinea.

Some of the observed mortality was due to predation. But the level of predation as related to temperature and salinity may be highly relevant to the impact on populations of shipworum of changing temperature and salinity. Our preliminary observations are that predatory activity of N. succinea increases at salinities around 9 */.. relative to 22 */.., and that the polychaete can survive salinities of 7 */..; lowering the j

salinity does not free shipworms of predation.

Shipworms subjected l

to temperature or salinity stress respond either by retracting into the burrow or by failing to respond to stimuli; the latter pattern leads to increased mortality from predation. Therefore, although our preliminary experiments confound predation and osmotic stress, we have learned that predation should be built into future ANOVA experimental designs testing the relative salinity tolerances of Teredo bartschi and native species of shipworms in New Jersey.

27

Figure 1 Activity of Ter?do bartschi Adults under Increasing Temperature at 22 */.. Salinity A. Increasing temperature TEMPERATURE

(*C) 23 24 25 2627 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 100_

eaaeam,,,,

ea 90 _

a m

, 80 _

d 8 70.

~>

E= 60.

~

i wE; 50_

b*

40 bg 30_

a.

20 _

10_

2' 4

6 8'

10 i2'l4' 16 i8 ' 2J 22 24'26 28

~

DAY B. Constant. temperature TEMPERATURE

(*C) 24 - 26 (control) 100 90.

, 80_

da 70

~>

y 60,

$ 50 O

" 40_

30 20.

10 2

4 6'

8 10 ' 12 l'4 I6 18 2'0 22'24 2b ' 2'8 DAY 28

._ =.

Figure 2 Activity of Bankia gouldi Adults under Increasing Temperature

- at 22 */.. Salinity A. Temperature increase. High degree of crowding (N = 100).

B. Temperature increase followed by a return to 25'C.

Moderate density (N = 62).

J C. Temperature increase followed by a return to 25'C.

Low density (N = 31).

]

D. Control, temperature maintained between 21 and 25'C.

Low density (N = 30).

I 4

I t

29 I

1

+

e-w r---

-e

+

e,

..c,

.o

. - * +

..r-ww-v.w-.w-,-

-w w

,-,--m.---3 r

e s-+--

wwiw*e=-v

Figure 2 Activity of Bankia gouldi Adults under Increasing Temperature at 22 */.. Salinity A.

TEl?ERATURE ( C) 21 23 25 27 28 29 30 30.5 30 31 3R 100 _

e 90 -

80 _

70 _

60 _

e, 50 _

=~ 40 _

W

=

f30_

y 20 _

O e

b10-2 4

6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 DAY B.

TE#ERATURE ( C) 21 23 2527.28 29 30 25 100_

,, *ee 90 80 l

70.

l y 60.

5 i'

g 50 _

E E 40.

30 e

g 20 _

d

$ 10_

2 4'

d 8

l'0 l'2 14 16 18 20 22 24

~

DAY 31

Figure 2, continued C.

TEIPERATURE (*C) 21 2425 27 28 29 30 25 100_

e 90_

80 70 e

y 60_

Sf 50.

P N

40_

$ 30.

E e

20 e

10 2

4 6

8 10 12 14 16

[8 10 22 2'4 DAY D.

TEPIERATURE (*C) 21 22 2425 23 22 23 25 23 22 100 ee e

ee o

90 e

e e

80.

m N

8 70 ~

i E

E

.= 60_

I taR 50_

t3 40~

$u= 30 E

~

20 4

10_

2 4

6 8

10 12 14 16 18 20' 22 2'4

~

CAY 32

P Table 17

~

Bankia gouldi Activity in Reduced Salinity, 17-20*C i

Salinity

(*/..)

Time Expended (Days) % Active Individuals" I. N = 35 22 20 89 I

Control 22 20 83 22 20 77 22 20 71 22 20 34 100 II. N = 40 22 to 12 10 100 12 45 83 11 to 9 2

80 9

8 68 7

6 58 5

7 50 4

7 43 2

8 20 b 2

7 5

100 III. N = 15 22 to 12 10 88 3

11 to 9 10 65 9

10 47 10 41 10 35 10 35-8 to 6 10 29 6

10 24 80 IV. N = 110 22 to 12 10 100

-11 to 9 2

100 9

8 100 8 to 6~

2 100 6

28 86 l-5 20 86 4

10 66 3

10 -

58 2

6 0

96 3

a Percent activity at.the end'of.the specified time. period.

. Active animals have extended siphons that respond to prodding.

b All siphons nearly. withdrawn; do not respond to prodding.

33-J B

,.,.J'.--

,____--__,,,,.**mr-v-"e~*

• • -e--

• c e9

's vv'*"-e

'***aw-F*

i i

i 1

Due to predation, the survivorship of Bankia gouldi af ter 40 days at j

22 */.. was 83% (Table 17).

When left at 12 */.. for 45 days, survivorship was also 83%. However, 40 days at 9 */.. caused a signifi-cant drop in the percent of active individuals, to 35%. A similar time at 6 */.. brought activity down only to 86%.

The greater decline in the 9 */.. experiment is attributed to greater predation at this 1

salinity, and also to the small initial sample size that affected the intensity of predation.

I Signs of osmotic stress, e.g., partial retraction of siphons, did not occur until 6 */... and were not extreme until <3 */.., at which point virtually all siphon activity ceased.

I Two test panels containing Teredo bartschi were subjected to increased 4

salinities over the time period described in Table 18.

The ef fect of increased salinity was partial retraction of the siphons.

They became attenuated and did not respond to prodding af ter the salinity reached 45 */... Frass, the' waste product of wood-boring activity, and faecal

- pellets, the result of metabolic activity, both ceased being produced j

af ter 45 */.. was reached.

However, even after 30 days at 50 */..

j (and a total of 40 days above 44 */

), all of the individual T. bartschi appeared normal af ter being reacclimated to 32 */.. over a 5-day period.

Pediveligers were released by some Teredo bartschi af ter 3 days at a salinity of 40 */...

No predators were present in the T. bartschi j_

cultures because second-generation lab-reared specimens were used.

All of the T. bartschi used in this study were 8 months old at the time of the study and are nearly identical genetically as revealed by an electrophoretic study of their water-soluble proteins i

(Hoagland and Turner, 1981).

J, d

4 4

34 I

l

.m

=

i Table 18 Teredo bartschi Activity in Increasing Salinity, 24-28'C S_alinity (*/.)

Time Expended (Days) % Active Individuals"

1. N = 38 24 to 40 25 100 40 10 100 41 to 45 5

76 45 5

100 b 46 to 50 5

0e 50 30 0c d

49 to 32 5

100 d

32 10 100 95 II. N = 54 24 to 40 35 100 C

40 10 100 41 to 45 5

100 b C

45 25 0

46 to 55 15 0 C C

56 to 60 5

0 60 5

0e 100

1. Active individuals have extended siphons that respond to prodding by retraction. Frass and faecal pellets are being produced.

b Siphons slightly retracted.

c Siphons more than 50% retracted and attenuated. Little or no frass being produced.

d Siphons appear normal.

• Pediveligers were released at day 38 af ter 3 days at 40 */oo l

35

GENERAL DISCUSSION Data on physical factors collected in the summer of 1980 must be interpreted in the light of an unusual general weather pattern. Tae Eastern United States was subjected to unusually high temperatures and low precipitation, as summarized in Table 19.

In Barnegat Bay, the salinity was pproximately 3 */.. higher in 1980 than in 1979.

The drought did not result in an outbreak of shipworms.

In fact, the number and sizes of shipworms throughout Barnegat Bay were smaller in 1980 than in prevfous years (e.g., Hoagland et al, 1979, 1980).

But the drought could explain the presence of a greater number of Teredo navalis compared with Bankia gouldi at inner bay stations.

Another issue concerning physir.21 factors that requires clarification is recirculation of the warm-water effluent into Forked River. This report shows that there is no particular relationship between water temperature in Oyster Creek and Forked River when the plant is not operating. The extent and significance of recirculation during plant operations, has generally been minimized by Jersey Central Power

& Light Co. scientists (M. Roche, personal communication and court testimony, Superior Court of New Jersey, 1979). However, recircula-tion was documented to have occurred extensively in 1979 (J.C.P. & L.,

1980).

In particular, it occurred during the months when Teredo bartschi pediveligers were available for transport into Forked River from Oyster Creek (Table 20). Although T. bartschi pediveligers are cc,retent to settle after only a few days in the plankton, they can remain unmetamorphosed for several weeks, according to our laboratory obse rvations. Therefore plant operations can easily account for the presence of T. bartschi in Forked River (our earlier reports) and Waretown (this report).

Richards et al. (1980) have also found Teredo bartschi in Forked River.

The'r earliest positive identification was in September, 1979, although s '.arge number of unidentified "Teredinidae" at the same station in 4

July, 1979, were probably also T. bartschi, Panels submerged only 5 weeks contained T. bartschi with larvae in the gills, confirming our finding that the generation time of the species is extremely short (Hoagland & /Iurner,1981). Also in agreement with our data is their finding that T. bartuchi settled before T. navalis (Richards et al.

1979).

The data of Richards g1 al.(1980) are similar to ours in that shipworm abundance was greatest in Oyster Creek during the summer and fall of 1975 and 1979; there was also'an outbreak of Teredo bartschi in late 1977 an' 1978.

Shipworm numbers in Oyster Creek were an order of magnitude higher than control stations during these periods, with the 36

___ _, =. - -

i i

1 Table 19 Drought Records for New Jersey ^

1980 Tettperature (* F)

Precipitation (inches)

Month

&

• above or below average A" above or below average January

+ 0.2

- 0.4 February

- 3.5

- 2.1 i-March

- 1.7

+ 2.7 April-

+ 1.2

+ 2.2 May

+ 2.0

- 1.2 4-June

- 2.4

+ 0.2 July

+ 0.7

- 1.3 August

+ 2.8

- 2.5 l

E i

I a Data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, t_

. National Climatic Center, Asheville, N.C.

i

.37-9 k-

)

f 1

i i

s.

2 c.-:,-------_-

---a-

.-a

--_-__-----_---__-.-----_------a-----.--._--.--.a.a,-

--a--- ----a----

...a-.-------

-.s- - --- - - -, ----- -- - < -

w.z---

Table 20 Summary of Published Thermal Plume Data a

for 1979 Dates on Which Data were Collected Extent of Thermal Plume May 2 to Bayside Beach Lagoon and Waretown c June 21 negligible Thermal Plume d

July 31

• to Forked River September 20

• to Forked River d

-October 20

• to Forked River d October 31

• to Waretown c November 1 to Forked River d 8

December 11 to Forked River a Extracted from J.C.P. & L. (1980). Recjrculationofthe heated effluent is defined by an 0.8 C temperature isocline.

b Our Station 8 c Our Station 14 d Our Stations 4 and 5

• Our Station 4 only

• Dates when Teredo bartschi pediveligers tre available for transport.

38

t l

l l

sometime exception of Long Beach Island (near our Station 18). That station is an outer bay locality with different physical factors from the inner Lay stations, and panels there harbor T_. navalis nearly exclusively.

Hence it is not a proper control for shipworm activity in Oyster Creek. An exect comparison of Richards' Oyster Creek and Long Beach Island stations cannot be made because she and her co-workers did not count all of the shipworms in each panel.

l We have found that an unusually high percentage of Teredo bartschi carry larvae during summer months. Richards et al.(1979; 1980) consistently found upon histological examination that most individuals had hermaphrodite gonads, contrary to their findings for Teredo navalis and Bankia gouldi, which are known to be protandrous. Therefore we 5

hypothesize that Teredo bartschi may function as a true hermaphrodite, It could have the potential for self-fertilization. Further (genetic) experim?nts are underway to test these hypotheses.

We found that, when salinity is lowered, both Teredo bartschi and I

Bankia gouldi show behavioral abnormalities beginning at about 6 */..

and mortality at about 3 */...

Nagabhushanam (1955, 1961) found that both adults and larvae of Martesia striata from India die within a week at 6 */.., while reduced filtration begins at 9 */...

Blum (1922),

1 in an experiment similar to ours, found that T. navalis reduced filtration activity at 8 */... Frass production (wood boring) declined sharply at 6 */.. and ceased at 4 */... The lethal salinity was ap-proximately 5 */.., although most individuals could s.:rvive 2 */.. for r

18 days and 0 */.. for at least 10 days, and recovery was rapid when l

a salinity of 15 */.. was restored. Atwood and Johnson (1924) also i

reported 5 */.. as the lethal salinity for Bankia gouldi.

Of course, the salinity tolerances are temperature-dependent. The experiments reported here have been performed at temperatures to be expected in the Oyster Creek-Forked River area. A factorial experiment is now underway that combines temperatures of 10*, 20*, and 30*C with salinities of 6 */.., 15 */.., and 24 */... These combinations were chosen, on the basis of the preliminary experiments, to provide both heat stress (30*C) and low-salinity stress (6

• /..).

These are the two most likely forms of stress in Oyster Creek.

Low-temperature stress may also be relevant, but we know from the field data that native shipworms and at least some Teredo bartschi can survive temperatures as low as -2*C as'long as the wood does not freeze.

Another series of preliminary experiments are underway to compare low temperature-tolerance of Teredo bartschi with that of Bankia gouldi.

39

l The greater upper temperature limit of Teredo bartschi compared with Bankia gouldi is consistent with its designation as a tropical /

subtropical shipworm, compared with the native temperate-zone ship-worms of Barnegat Bay.

Heat stress, lower salinity stress, and upper salinity stress are not ex'ibited in the same way by shipworms:

n siphon retraction is the reaction of all species to low salinity, while high salinity results in only partial retraction and attenuation of the siphons. High temperatures result in failure of the siphons to respond to stimuli.

In nature, levels of predation probably depend on the physiological state of the shipworms, which determines their responsiveness to stimuli, plus the physiological state of the predators, which determines their level of metabolic activity and ability to catch prey.

40

1 CONCLUSION d

The outbreaks of shipworms in Oyster Creek and Forked River, New Jersey, j

continue to correlate with the presence of a thermal effluent in Oyster i

Creek. That effluent sometimes extends to Forked River and/or Waretown Creek, and the tropical / subtropical species Teredo bartschi has been found at both localities.

This introduced species has not been found in New Jersey outside of the known area of influence of the Oyster Creek

[

i, Nuclear Generating Station's effluent.

T. bartschi is the major element of the shipworm outbreaks in Oyster Creek, according to our data and those of consultants to Jersey Central Power & Light Company.

Teredo hartschi can withstand higher temperature than the native species and ca'n survive salinities much higher than those found in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. The lower salinity limits appear to be similar for the introduced and native species. While the minimum salinities of 6-9 */..

i typical of the lower reaches of tidal creeks in New Jersey do not kill j

adult shipworms, this is the range at which behavioral changes are noticeable. These changes, including reduced wood-boring and filtra-t tion of water, probably reduce the survival and reproduction of the individuals so affected.

4 I

1 4

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i d

l 41

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I f

REFERENCES Atwood, W. G. and A. A. Johnson.

1924. Marine structures: their deterioration and preservation. Report of the Committee on Marine Piling Investigation of the Division of Engineering and Industrial Research of the National Research Council.

Wash., D.C.

534 pp.

Blum, H. F.

1922. On the effect of low salinity on T. navalis.

Univ. Calif. pjb. Zool. 22:349-368.

Hoagland, K. E. and L. Crocket.

1979. Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. Annual Progress Report. Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978.

NTIS # NUREG/CR-0634.

113 pp.

• Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner.

1980.

Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58:55-64.

Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1981.

Evolution and adaptive radiation of wood-boring bivalves (Bivalvia: Pholadacea).

Malacologia (in press).

Hoagland, K.

E.,

L. Crocket, and M. Rochester.

1978. Analys'.s of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of rele7 ant physical factors over the period: Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978.

NTIS # NUREG/CR-0223. 44 pp.

• i Hoagland, K.

E.,

L. Crocket, and R. D. Turner.

1980. Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

Sept., 1979-Feb., 1980.

NTIS # NUREG/CR-1517.

65 pp.

l.

Hoagland, K.

E.,

R. D. Turner, and M. Rochester.

1977. Analysis of l

boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters over the period: April 30-November 30, 1976. Report to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Jan. 1, 1977.

61 pp.

l Jersey Central Power and Light Co., 1980. Annual Environmental Operating Report for the Oyster Creek Environmental Technical Specifi-cations. Appendj: B to Lic. No. DPR-16. Docket 50-219. March, 1980.

l 183 pp.

l i

• Available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555, and/or the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

43

Nagabhushanam, R.

1961.

The effect of low salinity on the larvae of Martesia striata. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 20C (3):102-103.

Nagabhushanam, R.

1955. Tolerance of the marine wood borer, Martesia striata (Linn.) to waters of low salinity. Journal of the Zoological Society of India 7(1):83-86.

Richards, B.

R., C.

I. Belmore, and R. E. Hillman.

1979. Progress Report for the 17th Quarter on Woodborer study associated with the Oyster Creek Generating Station to Jersey Central Power & Light Company.

Sept. 15, 1979. Report # 14932 Battelle Columbus Laboratories, William F. Clapp Laboratories, Duxbury, Mass. 02332.

22 pp.

Richards, B.

R.,

C. I. Belmore, R. E. Hil?,an, and N. J. Maciolek.

1980.

Annual Report for the period Dec. 1, 1978 to Nov. 30, 1979 on Woodborer study associated with the Oyster Creek Generating Station to Jersey Central Power & Light Company.

Feb. 29, 1980. Report # 14968.

Battelle Columbus Laboratories, William F. Clapp Laboratories, Duxbury, Mass.

02332, 18 pp.

Appendixes A-C.

Turner, R. D.

1974.

In the path of a warm, saline effluent. American Malacol. Union Bull. for 1973 39:36-41.

44

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APPENDIX:

STATION LOCALITIES 1

STATION-l NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES i-1 Holly Park Dick's Landing Lat. 39' 54' N

I Island Drive Lon. 74*

8' W

Bayville, N.J.

Bay control 3

Stout's End of Raleigh Drive 39' 50.7' N

Creek Gustav Walters' residence 74*

9' W

Estuarine control 4

Mouth of South Shore 39" 49.6' N

Forked River Developed property 74*

9.8' W

Possible temperature increase increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow 5

Leilani Drive At branch point of Forked River 39' 49.6' N

74* 10.5' W

6 Elk's Club South Branch 39' 49.4' N

Forked River 74* 10.9' W

Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal 8

Bayside Beach on bay between Oyster Creek 39' 49.0' N

Club and Forked River across from 74*

9.7' W

1815 Beach Blvd., Forked River, N.J.

Temperature increase since plant operation.

10 Kochman's End of Compass Rd. on 39' 48.5' N

Residence

1. 1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek, 74* 10.6' W

Waretown, N.J.

Temperature, salinity, 4

' siltation increase 11 Crisman's Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek 39' 48.5' N

Residence Waretown, N.J.

74

• 11.0' W

Temperature, salinity, siltatio-increase 45 L

STATION NUMP ER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES 12 Gilmore's 20 Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek 39* 48.5' N

Residence Waretown, N.J. Temperature, 74* 11.3' W

salinity, siltation increase 14 Cottrel'1's End of North Harbor Rd.

39' 47.7' N

Clam Factory Waretown, N.J. (Mouth of 74* 10.9' W

Waretown Creek)

Within but near limits of reported thermal plume 15 Carl's Boats Washington & Liberty Sts.

39' 47' N

Waretown, N.J. (on the bay) 74* 11' W

18 Barnegat Light Marina adjacent to Coast Guard 39' 45.8' N

Station 74*

6.5' W

46

DISTRIBUTION LIST Distribution Category: RE Supplemental Distributfoa:

Part A Mr. Richard Baumgardt Dick's Landing Holly Park Bayville, New Jersey 08721 Mr. William Campbell P.O. Box 668 108 Long John Silver Way Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Stan Cottrell North Harbor Road Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Wilson T. Crisman 901 Hudson Street Hoboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Gilmore 20 Dock Ave., Box 205 E, R.R.I.

Waretown New Jersey 08758 Mr. Walter Holzman 1915 Beach Blvd.

Forked River Beach, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Charles Kochman Compass Road Waretown,.New Jersey 08758 Mr. Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive Forked River, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Gustav Walters 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey 07087 Mr. Edward Wheiler 16 River-View Drive P. O. Box 642 Forked River, New Jersey 08731 47

. -. ~. -

. ~..

I I

Part B i

Battelle Columbus Laboratories Clapp Laboratories Duxbury, tiassachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche Supervisor of Environmental Science Jersey Central Power and Light Co.

Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road t

Morristown, New Jersey 07960 I

Dr. Glenn Paulson Asst. Commissioner for Science Dept. of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey P. O. Box 1390 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R. Hoffman Lynch, Brewer, Hoffman & Sands Ten Post Office Square

-Suite 329 Boston, Massachusetts 02109 Mr. John Makai Nacote Creek Research Station Star Route Absecon, New Jersey 08201 Mr. Steve Lubow NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029 Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr. Harry L. Allen US EPA Region II

.26 Federal Plaza Room 832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand

- Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab

.Richland, Washington 99352 Dr. D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr.

EV-34, GTN U. S. Dept. of Energy Washington,.D.C. 20545 48 J

C C etaw 336 u.s. NUCLEM REGULATORY COMMISSION (7-F n 888LIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-1855 1 TITLE AN D SUSTITLE (Ade vo4,me Na, erapprepaarel

2. (Leave t /m&1 Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station

3. RECIPIENT S ACCESSION NO.

7. AUTHorttSI

5. DATE REPORT COMPLE TED l YE A380 M ON TM 1

K. E. Hoagland, L Crocket December 9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION N AME AND MAILING ADDRESS fiactude I,a Codel DATE REPORT ISSUED "oN n+

l"^a Wetlands Institute (Lehigh University)

Februarv 14R1 Stone Harbor, NJ 08247

6. (Leave bankt

8. (Leave Nanal

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION N AME AND MAILING ADDRESS (tactuoe I,a Coorf Environmental Effects Research Branch Division of Safeguards, Fuel Cycle & Env. Research, RES

11. CONTRACT NO Nuclear Regulatory Commission FIN No. R5744

13. TYPE OF REPORT PE RIOD COV E RE D //nctustbe dears)

Progress Report June 1 - August 31, 1980

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14 (Leave c'e*l

16. ABSTR ACT 000 words or lessi The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory.

Ralative destructiveness and competition among the species are being analyzed. The native species Teredo navalis and Bankia gouldi coexist with the introduced T. bartschi in Oyster Creek, at the mouth of Forked River and at the mouth of Waretown Creek. Very few Teredo bartschi or indeed other species, were found over the period June-August,1980, correlated with the generating station shutdown between January 5 and July 19, 1980. A drought during 1980 did not cause an increase in shipworm attach at control stations. Teredo bartschi can withstand higher temperatures than the native species, but all species suffer osmotic stress at 6 /..

17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT AN ALYSIS 17a DESCRIPTORS l

Oyster Creek Waretown Creek Barnegat Bay Teredo navalis Bankia gouldi T.

bartschi Teredo bartschi 17tt IDENTIFIERS /OPEN4NDE D TERMS

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 19 SECURITY CLASS (This reporr/

21. NO. OF PAGES unclass4fied Unlimited 2o. SECURITY ctAS$ rra,s peri

22. P Rice S

NRC PORM 335 (? 7M

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