ML12107A058

Pilgrim - a Few Clarification Questions

ML12107A058
Person / Time
Site:	Pilgrim
Issue date:	04/10/2012
From:	Balsam B A Division of License Renewal
To:	Crocker J US Dept of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
References
Download: ML12107A058 (366)

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1 NRR-PMDAPEm Resource From: Balsam, Briana Sent: Tuesday, April 10, 2012 2:18 PM To:Julie Crocker Cc: Logan, Dennis; Egan, Joseph; Smith, Maxwell; Susco, Jeremy

Subject:

RE: Pilgrim - A few clarification questions Attachments:

NRC Responses to NMFS Questions on Pilg rim_4-10-12.pdf; Pilgrim 2010 Entrainment Monitoring Report.pdf; Pilgrim 2010 Impingement Monitoring Report.pdfJulie, I attached our partial responses to your questions as well as the 2010 impingement and entrainment monitoring reports for Pilgrim, which my responses reference.

The questions that I have yet to answer concern the thermal plume. I am still tracking down the reference that the NRC used in the SEIS to be able to provide you with a more complete description of the plume. I have noted those items for which I still owe you an answer in the attached document.

Briana ___________________________

Briana A. Balsam

Biologist

Division of License Renewal Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

301-415-1042 briana.balsam@nrc.gov

From: Julie Crocker [1]

Sent: Monday, April 09, 2012 3:51 PM To: Balsam, Briana; Logan, Dennis

Subject:

Pilgrim - A few clarification questions Hi Briana and Dennis -

As we continue to work on the Pilgrim consultation, several questions have come up that I am hoping you can answer or help point me to sources of this information.

If it is easier to talk through this over the phone, let me know. I am around tomorrow afternoon and most of the da y Wednesday. Most of these questions seek to clarify our understanding of information you have provided to date.

1. Are there any in-water acoustic impacts of the Pilgrim facility? Have any in-water measurements of underwater noise been taken here or at similar plants? The EIS states that "noise has not been found to be a problem at operating plants and is not expected to be a problem at any plant during the license renewal term.

The staff has not identified any new and significant information during its i ndependent review of the PNPS ER, the site visit, the scopi ng process, evaluation of other available information, or consideration of public comments. Therefore, the staff concludes that there would be no impacts of noise during the license renewal term beyond those discussed in the GEIS." This statement makes it unclear whether there is underwater noise 2associated with Pilgrim, but it would not rise to the level of being a concer n, or whether there is not actually any underwater noise associated with operations. Could you clarify?

2. The dimensions of the thermal plume appear to be described in terms of delta T. Is the 1C delta T the extent change that is detectable? We are trying to use the size of the thermal plume as part of the description of the action area.

3. Section 4.1.3 discusses the 1974 thermal plume study that characterized the surface plume. It states, "For example, water with a delta T of 3C (37.4F) covered approximately 216 acres (ac) in August when the ambient temperature was 17.0C (62.6F), but only 14 ac in November when the ambient temperature was 8.5C (47.3F)." The first part of that sentence is confusing, do you mean that the 216 acre area had water that was 3C greater than ambient or 37.4F greater than ambient or something else??

Also, can you provide the description of the size of the area that had a delta T of 1C at the surface (later text in the EIS describes that area for the bottom)?

4. I also have a question about this statement -- "At the bottom, similar to the surface, the smallest temperature increment measured (1C or 33.8F) covered the largest area (up to 1.2 ac), and water with higher temperatures relative to ambient covered much smaller areas. For example, the highest delta T measured, 9C (48.2F), covered less than 0.13 ac of the bottom" (in 4.1.3) Did that heated area (1.2 ac res) have temperatures that were 1C above ambient or 33.8F above ambient, because those would be two very different scenarios!

5. Thermal backwash - Can you describe the size of the plume? The EIS says it is thin and only lasts a few hours but can you describe how far from the discharge canal it extends and its temperature profile (e.g., the size of area with delta T of 3C, 1C etc.)

3. Have there been any jellyfish (leatherback turtle prey) impinged or entrained at Pilgrim? I do not see any listed on table 4-3 on the EIS but it is not clear to me if that table includes invertebrates. Is there a list of the invertebrates that have been impinged or entrained? If it is in the EIS I am having trouble finding it.

4. Zooplankton -- As you know, right whales feed on copepods (mostly Calanus spp.). The EIS states , "Entrainment of phytoplankton and zooplankton has not been found to be a problem at operating nuclear power plants and is not expected to be a problem during the license renewal term." Does this mean that no zooplankton is entrained at Pilgrim? And if it is entrained, are there estimates of the annual loss? Also, the EIS refers to st udies to characterize th e zooplankton in the area conducted in the 1970s (2.2.5.3.3). Have there been similar studies carried out since Pilgrim became operational? Could you clarify what evidence was reviewed to make this determination.... "However, based upon the review conducted by the NRC staff, there is no evidence th at the operation of the PNPS cooling system has had an impact on phytoplankton or zooplankton communities, or any resultan t effects on the aquatic food web, in Cape Cod Bay." (from 4.8.1 Cumulative Impacts) 5. Crabs - The EIS states that cancer crabs (Cancer spp.) were the second most impinged invertebrate. Can you provide information on the number of crabs impinged per year?

6. Atlantic herring: The EIS states, "and based on the 2005 Pilgrim monitoring data, the loss to the stock due to entrainment by PNPS appears to be significantly less than 1 percent (Normandeau 2006a)." Was an actual percentage provided in Normandeau 2006a?

7. sand lance - Has there been an assessment of the effects of removal of sand lance like there is for some of the other fish species (i.e., less th an 1% of the population or similar types of conclusions?).

Thank you!

3 Julie

__--

Julie Crocker

Protected Resources Division Northeast Regional Office National Marine Fisheries Service

55 Great Republic Drive

Gloucester, MA 01930

Hearing Identifier: NRR_PMDA Email Number: 320 Mail Envelope Properties (Briana.Balsam@nrc.gov20120410141700)

Subject:

RE: Pilgrim - A few clarification questions Sent Date: 4/10/2012 2:17:31 PM Received Date: 4/10/2012 2:17:00 PM From: Balsam, Briana Created By: Briana.Balsam@nrc.gov Recipients: "Logan, Dennis" <Dennis.Logan@nrc.gov>

Tracking Status: None "Egan, Joseph" <jegan1@entergy.com>

Tracking Status: None "Smith, Maxwell" <Maxwell.Smith@nrc.gov> Tracking Status: None "Susco, Jeremy" <Jeremy.Susco@nrc.gov> Tracking Status: None "Julie Crocker" <julie.crocker@noaa.gov>

Tracking Status: None Post Office: Files Size Date & Time MESSAGE 6297 4/10/2012 2:17:00 PM NRC Responses to NMFS Questions on Pilgrim_4-10-12.pdf 109797 Pilgrim 2010 Entrainment Monitoring Report.pdf 2158000 Pilgrim 2010 Impingement Monitoring Report.pdf 948643 Options Priority: Standard Return Notification: No Reply Requested: No Sensitivity: Normal Expiration Date: Recipients Received:

NRC Responses to NMFSs Questions on Pilgrim April 10, 2012 Note: A number of answers refer to the following studies, which are being provided to NMFS with these responses: 1. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011. Ichthyoplankton Entrainment Monitoring at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January - December 2010. Submitted to Entergy Nuclear. April 27, 2011. 323 p. 2. Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2011. Impingement of Organisms on the Intake Screens at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January - December 2010. Submitted to Entergy Nuclear. April 22, 2011. 35 p. 1. Are there any in-water acoustic impacts of the Pilgrim facility? Have any in-water measurements of underwater noise been taken here or at similar plants? The NRC is unaware of any studies of underwater noise at Pilgrim or any other nuclear facility or evidence that nuclear facilities might cause elevated underground noise levels.

The EIS states that "noise has not been found to be a problem at operating plants and is not expected to be a problem at any plant during the license renewal term. The staff has not identified any new and significant information during its independent review of the PNPS ER, the site visit, the scoping process, evaluation of other available information, or consideration of public comments. Therefore, the staff concludes that there would be no impacts of noise during the license renewal term beyond those discussed in the GEIS."

This statement makes it unclear whether there is underwater noise associated with Pilgrim, but it would not rise to the level of being a concern, or whether there is not actually any underwater noise associated with operations. Could you clarify? NRC evaluates above-ground noise as it relates to humans. The text that you reference in the Pilgrim supplemental environmental impact statement (SEIS) is based on Section 4.3.7 of the generic environmental impact statement (GEIS), which discusses noise impacts as a human health issue. For issues that the NRC concluded generically in the GEIS, the NRC does not repeat the analysis in the SEIS. You can access the discussion of noise in the GEIS on the NRCs public website: http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1437/. During the NRCs review of Pilgrim, the staff did not find any new and significant information that would call into question the GEISs conclusion, which is SMALL for all nuclear facilities. Click on Volume 1, Main Report. 2. The dimensions of the thermal plume appear to be described in terms of delta T. Is the 1C delta T the extent change that is detectable? We are trying to use the size of the thermal plume as part of the description of the action area. [answer forthcoming]

3. Section 4.1.3 discusses the 1974 thermal plume study that characterized the surface plume. It states, "For example, water with a delta T of 3C (37.4F) covered approximately 216 acres (ac) in August when the ambient temperature was 17.0C (62.6F), but only 14 ac in November when the ambient temperature was 8.5C (47.3F)." The first part of that sentence is confusing, do you mean that the 216 acre area had water that was 3C greater than ambient or 37.4F greater than ambient or something else?? The sentence you reference contains a temperature conversion error. The corrected sentence should read: For example, water with a delta T of 3°C (delta T of 5.4°F 37.4°F) covered approximately 216 acres (ac) in August when the ambient temperature was 17.0°C (62.6°F), but only 14 ac in November when the ambient temperature was 8.5°C (47.3°F). Also, can you provide the description of the size of the area that had a delta T of 1C at the surface (later text in the EIS describes that area for the bottom)? [answer forthcoming] 4. I also have a question about this statement -- "At the bottom, similar to the surface, the smallest temperature increment measured (1C or 33.8F) covered the largest area (up to 1.2 ac), and water with higher temperatures relative to ambient covered much smaller areas. For example, the highest delta T measured, 9C (48.2F), covered less than 0.13 ac of the bottom" (in 4.1.3) Did that heated area (1.2 acres) have temperatures that were 1C above ambient or 33.8F above ambient, because those would be two very different scenarios! The 1.2-ac area had temperatures 1°C (1.8°F) above ambient temperatures. It appears that the temperature units were converted assuming a temperature rather than a change in temperature. 5. Thermal backwash - Can you describe the size of the plume? The EIS says it is thin and only lasts a few hours but can you describe how far from the discharge canal it extends and its temperature profile (e.g., the size of area with delta T of 3C, 1C etc.) [answer forthcoming] 3. Have there been any jellyfish (leatherback turtle prey) impinged or entrained at Pilgrim? I do not see any listed on table 4-3 on the EIS but it is not clear to me if that table includes invertebrates. Is there a list of the invertebrates that have been impinged or entrained? If it is in the EIS I am having trouble finding it. The 2010 Normandeau impingement report indicates that Pilgrim impinged 744 jellyfish (Phylum Cnidaria) in 1981 and 940 jellyfish in 1983 based on extrapolated totals (see Table 9). However, no jellyfish have appeared in impingement samples since 1983. 4. Zooplankton -- As you know, right whales feed on copepods (mostly Calanus spp.). The EIS states , "Entrainment of phytoplankton and zooplankton has not been found to be a problem at operating nuclear power plants and is not expected to be a problem during the license renewal term." Does this mean that no zooplankton is entrained at Pilgrim? No, this does not mean that no zooplankton are entrained at Pilgrim. This statement refers to the fact that the NRC considers the entrainment of phytoplankton and zooplankton is a generic license renewal issue, so the analysis appears in the GEIS rather than the individuals SEISs (as described above for noise). Section 4.2.2.1.1 of the GEIS discusses entrainment of phytoplankton and zooplankton in more detail. The GEIS concludes that this issue would have SMALL impacts because there is no evidence of reductions of populations of phytoplankton or zooplankton at nuclear plants. And if it is entrained, are there estimates of the annual loss? The Pilgrim entrainment monitoring program only monitors for ichthyoplankton. The NRC is not aware of any studies that estimate annual losses of zooplankton at Pilgrim. Also, the EIS refers to studies to characterize the zooplankton in the area conducted in the 1970s (2.2.5.3.3). Have there been similar studies carried out since Pilgrim became operational? The NRC staff is not aware of any studies on zooplankton beyond those referenced in the SEIS.

Could you clarify what evidence was reviewed to make this determination.... "However, based upon the review conducted by the NRC staff, there is no evidence that the operation of the PNPS cooling system has had an impact on phytoplankton or zooplankton communities, or any resultant effects on the aquatic food web, in Cape Cod Bay." (from 4.8.1 Cumulative Impacts) This statement refers back to the conclusion in Section 4.1 of the SEIS, which is based on the conclusion in Section 4.2.2.1.1 of the GEIS and the lack of new and significant information on this issue that would call into question whether the GEIS conclusion should apply to Pilgrim. 5. Crabs - The EIS states that cancer crabs (Cancer spp.) were the second most impinged invertebrate. Can you provide information on the number of crabs impinged per year? Pilgrim impinged a mean of 273 cancer crabs (Cancer spp.) per year from 1980 through 2010 based on extrapolated annual totals (see Table 9 in the 2010 Normandeau impingement monitoring report). However, impingement has varied widely annually. Pilgrim impinged cancer crabs in only 2 year from 1980 to 1999, but from 2000 to 2010, Pilgrim impinged cancer crabs 9 out of the 10 years.

6. Atlantic herring: The EIS states, "and based on the 2005 Pilgrim monitoring data, the loss to the stock due to entrainment by PNPS appears to be significantly less than 1 percent (Normandeau 2006a)." Was an actual percentage provided in Normandeau 2006a?

Yes, the referenced Normandeau report provided a percentage. The most recent 2010 Normandeau ichthyoplankton entrainment report indicates that the 2010 equivalent adult value resulting from Pilgrim entrainment and impingement would account for about 0.01 percent of the spawning stock by biomass (see pages 84-86 of the report). For more information on Atlantic herring impingement, refer to Figure 4 in the 2010 Normandeau impingement monitoring report, which depicts the extrapolated totals of Atlantic herring impinged per year from 1980 through 2010 and Table 3, which provides the extrapolated total number of Atlantic herring impinged each year from 1980 to 2010. 7. sand lance - Has there been an assessment of the effects of removal of sand lance like there is for some of the other fish species (i.e., less than 1% of the population or similar types of conclusions?). No, Normandeau did not calculate such a percentage for sand lance. Page 34 of the 2010 Normandeau ichthyoplankton entrainment report notes that sand lance have little to no commercial or recreational value, and therefore abundance data are unavailable to compare to the entrainment estimates. However, the 2010 Normandeau ichthyoplankton entrainment report includes entrainment numbers for the sand lance. The 2010 Normandeau impingement monitoring report also includes information on sand lance. This report indicates that American sand lance (Ammodytes americanus) is impinged in only some years and at very low numbers (see Table 3 in Normandeau 2011, attached). Other species in the genus Ammodytes are more commonly impinged and also appear in Table 3.

ICHTHYOPLANKTON ENTRAINMENT MONITORING AT PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 Submitted to Entergy Nuclear Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Plymouth, Massachusetts by Normandeau Associates, Inc. Falmouth, Massachusetts April 27, 2011

iNormandeau Associates, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I

SUMMARY

1 II INTRODUCTION 3 III METHODS AND MATERIALS 3 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Ichthyoplankton Entrained - 2010 11 B. Unusual Entrainment Values 16 C. Multi-year Ichthyoplankton Comparisons 18 D. Entrainment and Impingement Effects - Specific 61 E. Lobster Larvae Entrained 113 V LITERATURE CITED 119 APPENDICES A and B (available upon request) ii Normandeau Associates, Inc. LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 Entrainment sampling station in PNPS discharge canal. 7 2 Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samples during the winter-early summer season. Percent of total and summed monthly means for all species are also shown. 12 3 Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samples during the late spring-early spring season. Percent of total and summed monthly means for all species are also shown. 14 4 Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samples during the late summer-autumn season. Percent of total and summed monthly means for all species are also shown. 16 5 Mean monthly densities per 100 m³ of water in the PNPS discharge canal for the eight numerically dominant egg species and total eggs, 2010 (bold line). Solid lines encompassing shaded area show high and low values over the 1981-2009 period. 37-42 6 Mean monthly densities per 100 m³ of water in the PNPS discharge canal for the thirteen numerically dominant larval species and total larvae, 2010 (bold line). Solid lines encompassing shaded area show high and low values over the 1981-2009 period. 43-50 7 Numbers of equivalent adult winter flounder estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 89 8 Numbers of equivalent adult winter flounder estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 89 9 Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries spring winter flounder northern stock abundance data (mean catch per tow) from 1978-2010. 90 10 NMFS spring survey winter flounder mean catch per tow in the Gulf of Maine from 1979-2010. 90 11 Numbers of equivalent adult cunner estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 91 iii Normandeau Associates, Inc.LIST OF FIGURES (continued)

FIGURE PAGE 12 Numbers of equivalent adult cunner estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 91 13Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic mackerel estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 92 14 Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic menhaden estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 92 15 Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic menhaden estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 93 16 Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic herring estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 93 17 Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic cod estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 94 18 Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic cod estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. 94 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 PNPS ichthyoplankton entrainment values for 2010 by species category and month used to determine unusually high densities. 8-10 2 Species of fish eggs (E), larvae (L), and juveniles (J) obtained in ichthyoplankton collections from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-December 2010. 51 3 Ichthyoplankton densities (number per 100 m 3 of water) for each samp- ling occasion during months when notably high densities were recorded, January-December 2010. Densities marked by + were unusually high based on values in Table 1. Number in parentheses indicates percent of all previous values during that month which were lower. 52-56 4 Species of fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) collected in the PNPS discharge canal, 1975-2010. 57-60 iv Normandeau Associates, Inc.

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

TABLE PAGE 5 Numbers of winter flounder eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually by stage, 1980-2010. Number and weight of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by four methods is also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow except where indicated. 95 6 Numbers of winter flounder eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS by stage, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods is also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 96 7 Numbers of winter flounder impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods is also shown. 97 8 Numbers of winter flounder impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980- 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods is also shown. 98 9 Numbers of cunner eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980- 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 99 10 Numbers of cunner eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 100 11 Numbers of cunner impinged at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 101 12 Numbers of cunner impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights equivalent adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 102 13 Numbers of Atlantic mackerel eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 and age 3 fish are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 103 vNormandeau Associates, Inc.

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

TABLE PAGE 14 Numbers of Atlantic mackerel impinged at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 104 15 Numbers of Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and age 3 fish Calculated by two methods also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 105 16 Numbers of Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and age 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 106 17 Numbers of Atlantic menhaden impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and 3 adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operational flow. 107 18 Numbers of Atlantic herring larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 and age 3 fish calculated by twomethods are also shown. 108 19 Numbers of Atlantic herring impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. 109 20 Numbers of Atlantic cod eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. 110 21 Numbers of Atlantic cod impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. 111 22 Numbers of Atlantic cod impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. 112 23 Numbers of lobster entrained and impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers of equivalent adults (82 mm) are also shown. 118 vi Normandeau Associates, Inc.

LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A* Densities of fish eggs and larvae per 100 m³ of water recorded in the PNPS discharge canal by species, date, and replicate, January-December 2010. B* Geometric mean monthly densities and 95% confidence limits per 100 m³ of water for the dominant species of fish eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS, January-December 1981-2010.

• Available upon request.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 1Normandeau Associates, Inc. SECTION I

SUMMARY

Sampling of entrained ichthyoplankton at PNPS in 2010 followed the revised protocol initiated in April 1994. In January, February, and October through December three samples were taken every other week each month, weather permitting, for a total of six per month. In March through September samples were taken three times every week in conjunction with the impingement monitoring study, except on March 1 st and 3 rd due to a severe storm and September 3 rd due to Hurricane Earl moving up along the New England coast. A total of 40 species of fish were represented in the January-December samples, slightly higher than the 35-year mean (39 species). Winter-early spring (January - April) samples were dominated by Gadidae-Glyptocephalus , Labridae-Limanda , windowpane, fourbeard rockling, and American plaice eggs along with sand lance, grubby, rock gunnel, and Atlantic seasnail larvae. Late spring-early summer collections, taken from May through July, were dominated by tautog-cunner-yellowtail flounder, fourspot flounder-windowpane, fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish, and Atlantic mackerel eggs along with cunner, winter flounder, radiated shanny, tautog, fourbeard rockling, yellowtail flounder, and Atlantic menhaden larvae. Late summer-autumn collections (August - December) were dominated by the tautog-cunner-yellowtail, silver

hake-scup-weakfish, fourspot flounder-windowpane, and fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish egg groups, along with cunner, tautog, Atlantic menhaden, hake, fourbeard rockling, fourspot flounder, windowpane, and silver hake larvae.

Comparisons of ichthyoplankton densities over the 1975-2009 time series suggested that, in most cases, numbers in 2010 were consistent with those recorded since sampling began at PNPS in 1975. Species that appeared abundant in 2010 compared with past years included

searobin and fourspot flounder-windowpane eggs and tautog larvae. In contrast, Atlantic mackerel eggs and larval seasnail, rock gunnel, and sand lance densities were relatively low.

Unusually high entrainment densities, based on historical results (defined under PNPS's sampling plan), were identified on 76 occasions in 2010 and involved six species of eggs and ten species of larvae. High abundance episodes were generally scattered among species and over time, and were of short duration.

Entrainment and impingement of winter flounder, cunner, Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, and Atlantic cod were examined in some detail dating back to 1980 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 2Normandeau Associates, Inc.using equivalent adult (EA) procedures. These estimates were compared to commercial and recreational landings, and local stock size estimates where available. Equivalent adult estimates for winter flounder eggs and larvae entrained in 2010 were 6,293 age 3 adults compared with a 1980-2009 average of 13,629 assuming 100% entrainment mortality. When entrainment survival was included in the calculations, estimates decreased to 4,292 age 3 adults in 2010 compared to a time series average of 9,206. An additional 112 age 3 equivalent adults were estimated from the number of winter flounder impinged in 2010. The number of equivalent age 3 adults impinged declined to 88 when impingement survival was included in the calculations.

The EA estimate for cunner entrained in 2010 was 562,953 fish assuming 100%

entrainment mortality. The 2010 cunner equivalent adult estimates decreased to 128,357 fish when entrainment survival was included in the calculations. An additional 442 equivalent adult cunner were impinged in 2010 that declined to 393 equivalent adults after adjustment for impingement survival. Atlantic mackerel equivalent adults attributable to entrainment in 2010 amounted to 316 age 1 fish or 114 age 3 fish based on two sets of survival values. Atlantic mackerel are swift swimmers and are not often impinged at PNPS. EA values for Atlantic menhaden were 1,004 age 2 fish in 2010 assuming 100% entrainment mortality, with an additional 355 age 2 equivalents estimated to have been impinged in 2010. The number of age 2 menhaden declined to 532 fish when adjusted for entrainment survival. Atlantic menhaden are sensitive to impingement and were assumed to have zero survival. Atlantic herring larvae entrained in 2010 were equivalent to 8,043 age 1 or 3,260 age 3 fish. Impingement, generally

contributed little to herring equivalent adults at PNPS. Atlantic herring were assumed to have zero entrainment and impingement survival. Lastly, EA values for Atlantic cod were 664 age 2 fish, with an additional 36 equivalent age 2 Atlantic cod estimated to have been impinged in 2010 at PNPS. Atlantic cod were assumed to have zero entrainment survival. Equivalent age 2 cod declined to 32 when impingement survival was included in the calculations. Twenty-seven lobster larvae were collected at PNPS during the January-December 2010 entrainment sampling period, resulting in an estimated total of 766,221 entrained larvae. The equivalent adult (82 mm CL) estimates for lobster larvae entrained in 2010 were 15 lobsters with an additional 238 equivalent adult lobsters attributed to impingement.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 3Normandeau Associates, Inc.SECTION II INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the results of ichthyoplankton entrainment sampling conducted at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) from January through December 2010 by Normandeau Associates, Inc. for Entergy Nuclear under Contract No. 50014600, in compliance with environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of the PNPS NPDES Permit (U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency and Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection).

Included here is a brief summary of the dominant taxa collected over the course of the year, a review of long-term trends for the dominant fish eggs and larvae, and an assessment of numbers entrained for six key species, winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus

), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortiatyrannus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus

), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua

).SECTION III METHODS AND MATERIALS Monitoring Entrainment sampling at PNPS, begun in 1974, was originally completed twice per month during January and February, October-December; weekly during March through September; in triplicate at low tide. The sampling regime was modified beginning in April 1994; the revised program exchanged replication for improved temporal coverage and has been followed every year since then. In January, February, and October through December during two alternate weeks each month single samples were taken on three separate occasions.

Beginning with March and continuing through September single samples were taken three times every week. During autumn and winter months when sampling frequency was reduced, sampling was postponed during onshore storms due to heavy detrital loads. The delayed sample was taken during the subsequent week; six samples were ultimately taken each month.

To minimize costs, sampling was linked to the impingement monitoring program so that collections were made Monday morning, Wednesday afternoon, and Friday night regardless of tide (see Impingement Section). All sampling was completed with a 60-cm diameter plankton net streamed from rigging mounted approximately 30 meters from the headwall of the discharge canal (Figure 1). In instances where the net rigging mount failed, a temporary rigging was Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 4Normandeau Associates, Inc.installed and sampling continued. Standard mesh was 0.333-mm except from late March through late May when 0.202-mm mesh was employed to improve retention of early-stage larval

winter flounder

. Sampling time in each case varied from 8 to 30 minutes depending on tide, higher tide requiring a longer interval due to lower discharge stream velocities. In most cases, a minimum quantity of 100 m³ of water was sampled although at astronomically high tides it proved difficult to collect this amount even with long sampling intervals since the net would not inflate in the low current velocity near high tide. Exact filtration volumes were calculated using a General Oceanics Model 2030R digital flowmeter mounted in the mouth of the net. Near times of high water a 2030 R2 rotor was employed to improve sensitivity at low velocities.

All samples were preserved in 10% Formalin-seawater solutions and returned to the laboratory for microscopic examination. A detailed description of laboratory and analytical

procedures appears in MRI (1988) and NAI (2008). As in past years, larval winter flounder were enumerated in four developmental stages as follows:

Stage 1 - from hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (2.3-2.8 mm TL). Stage 2 - from the end of stage 1 until a loop or coil forms in the gut (2.6-4 mm TL).

Stage 3 - from the end of stage 2 until the left eye migrates past the midline of the head during transformation (3.5-8 mm TL). Stage 4 - from the end of stage 3 onward (7.3-8.2 mm TL). Similarly larval cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) were enumerated in three developmental stages:

Stage 1 - from hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (1.6-2.6 mm TL). Stage 2 - from the end of stage 1 until dorsal fin rays become visible (1.8-6.0 mm TL). Stage 3 - from the end of stage 2 onward (6.5-14.0 mm TL). Samples were examined in their entirety for larval American lobster (Homarus americanus). When collected these were staged following Herrick (1911). Unusual Entrainment Levels When the Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton study was completed in 1976, provisions were added to the entrainment monitoring program to identify unusually high densities of fish eggs and larvae. Prior to 1994 "unusually abundant" was defined as any mean density, calculated over Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 5Normandeau Associates, Inc.three replicates, which was found to be 50% greater than the highest mean density observed during the same month from 1975 through to the current year. Restricting comparisons to monthly periods damped the large seasonal variation so readily apparent with ichthyoplankton

and allowed tracking densities as each species' season progressed. Starting with 1994 "unusually abundant" was redefined. On a month-by-month basis for each of the numerically dominant species all previous mean densities over three replicates (1974-1993) were examined and tested for normality following logarithmic transformation. Single sample densities obtained from 1994-2009 were added to the pool within each month. Where data sets (for example, mackerel eggs taken in June) fit the lognormal distribution, then "unusually large" was defined by exceeding the overall log mean density plus 2 or 2.58 standard deviations.

1 Log densities were back-transformed to make them easier to interpret thus providing geometric means. In cases where data sets did not fit the lognormal distribution (generally months when a species was frequently but not always absent, i.e., many zeros occurred), the mean and standard deviation was computed using the delta-distribution (see for example Pennington 1983). The same mean plus standard deviation guideline was applied.

The decision to rely on 2 standard deviations or 2.58 standard deviations was based on the relative importance of each species. The more critical criterion was applied to species of commercial, recreational, or biological interest, the less critical to the remaining species (i.e., relatively greater densities were necessary to flag a density as unusual). Species of commercial, recreational, or biological interest include Atlantic menhaden

, Atlantic herring

, Atlantic cod

, tautog and cunner (the labrids; Tautoga onitis and Tautogolabrus adspersus), sand lance (Ammodytes sp.), Atlantic mackerel

, windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), and winter flounder. Table 1 provides summary data for each species of egg and larva by month within these two categories showing the 2010 "unusually

high" levels.

A scan of Table 1 will indicate that, in cases where the long-term mean amounts to 1 or 2 eggs or larvae per 100 m³, the critical level is also quite small. This situation occurred during 1Normal distribution curve theory states that 2.5% of the measurements in a normally distributed population exceed the mean plus 1.96 standard deviations (= s, we rounded to 2 for simplicity), 2.5% lie below the mean minus 1.96 standard deviations. Stated another way 95% of the population lies within that range and 97.5% lies below the mean plus 1.96s. Likewise 0.5% of measurements exceed the mean plus 2.58s, 99% lie within the range of the mean 2.58s, 99.5% lie above the mean + 2.58s.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 6Normandeau Associates, Inc.months when a given species was obviously uncommon and many zeros were present in the data set with an inherent small standard deviation. The external reference distribution methodology of Box et al. (1975) was also employed. This procedure relies on a dotplot of all previous

densities for a species within each month to produce a reference distribution. Densities exceeding either 97.5 or 99.5% of the reference set values were considered unusually high with this procedure.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 7Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 1. Aerial photograph of the entrainment sampling station in PNPS discharge canal.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 8Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 1. PNPS ichthyoplankton entrainment values for 2010 by species category and month used to determine unusually high densities. See text for details. Densities per Long-term Mean + Mean + Previous High 100 m³ of water: Mean 1 2 std.dev. 2.58 std.dev. (Year)

January LARVAE Atlantic herring 2 0.2 1 3.7 (2006) Sculpin 0.9 2 17.6 (2009)

Rock gunnel 4.0 7 78.1 (2002)

Sand lance 2 5 11 337.0 (1996)

February LARVAE Atlantic herring 2 0.5 0.7 5.8 (2002) Sculpin 2 65 341.1 (2006)

Rock gunnel 5 177 133.0 (1999)

Sand lance 2 16 29 372.9 (1995)

MarchEGGS American plaice 2 2 3 19.0 (1977)

LARVAE Atlantic herring 2 2 3 30.9 (2005) Sculpin 17 608 369.9 (1997)

Seasnails 0.6 1 16.9 (2002)

Rock gunnel 10.7 723 882.2 (1997)

Sand lance 2 12.5 388 2242.0 (2005) Winter flounder 2 0.4 0.7 16.2 (1997)

AprilEGGS American plaice 2 3 32 70.3 (1978)

LARVAE Atlantic herring 2 2 3 83.1 (2005) Sculpin 15 391 386.2 (1985)

Seasnails 6 8 98.1 (1974)

Radiated shanny 5 7 83.9 (2002)

Rock gunnel 4 142 121.1 (1992)

Sand lance 2 21 998 2590.6 (1994) Winter flounder 2 7 12 198.3 (1974)

MayEGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 2.6 3.1 63.5(2002)

Labrids 2 36 3514 34050.0 (1974)

Atlantic mackerel 2 18 4031 19203.0 (1995) Windowpane 2 9 147 603.9 (2008) American plaice 2 2 15 162.4 (2007)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 9Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Table 1 (continued). Densities per Long-term Mean + Mean + Previous High 100 m³ of water: Mean 1 2 std.dev. 2.58 std.dev. (Year)

May LARVAE Atlantic herring 0.7 1.1 15.2 (2005)

Fourbeard rockling 4.1 8 159.7 (2001)

Sculpin 3 4 78.3 (1997)

Seasnails 7 208 164.4 (1974)

Radiated shanny 7 236 266.9 (1998)

Sand lance 2 37 59 639.1 (1996) Atlantic mackerel 2 4 377.6 (1998)

Winter flounder 2 9 123 573.8 (1998)

JuneEGGS Atlantic menhaden 2 14 22 799.7 (1998) Searobins 2 3 128.0 (1987)

Labrids 2 958 21599 37282.0 (1995)

Atlantic mackerel 2 63 3515 8193.2 (1990) Windowpane 2 27 261 355.5 (1998) American plaice 2 1 3 35.0 (1980)

LARVAE Atlantic menhaden 2 6 10 495.9 (1981) Fourbeard rockling 9 634 224.0 (1992)

Hake 0.3 1 50.6 (1998)

Cunner 2 54 87 2215.6 (1998) Radiated shanny 7 10 290.6 (2004)

Atlantic mackerel 2 91 155 2700.0 (1981) Winter flounder 2 10 106 813.5 (1998)

JulyEGGS Atlantic menhaden 2 2 4 59.1 (1978)

Labrids 2 615 13349 12917.0 (1981)

Atlantic mackerel 2 9 16 119.0 (1981) Windowpane 2 12 156 840.3 (2007)

LARVAE Atlantic menhaden 2 6.9 9.3 212.8 (2005) Fourbeard rockling 6 9 115.8 (1999)

Hake 0.7 1 301.8 (2009)

Tautog 2 4.1 5.3 268.6 (1998)

Cunner 2 7 318 2162.5 (1981)

Atlantic mackerel 2 2 3 60.1 (1996)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 10 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Table 1 (continued). Densities per Long-term Mean + Mean + Previous High 100 m³ of water: Mean 1 2 std.dev. 2.58 std.dev. (Year)

AugustEGGS Searobins 4 6 89.2 (1995)

Labrids 2 23 936 3500.0 (1984) Windowpane 2 15 136 261.3 (2006)

LARVE Atlantic menhaden 2 3.6 5.3 760.2 (2008) Fourbeard rockling 6 10 204.6 (1983)

Silver hake 1 2 157.3 (2009)

Hake 2 4 235.9 (2008)

Tautog 2 3.2 4 89.6 (2008)

Cunner 2 10 15 254.0 (1997) SeptemberEGGS Atlantic menhaden 242 112 73.2 (1993)

Labrids 2 2 3 112.8 (1993) Windowpane11 159 539.6 (2005)

LARVAE Atlantic menhaden 2 1.6 42.7 81.0 (1999) Fourbeard rockling 4 6 68.6 (1993)

Silver hake 2 1 2 46.2 (1999) Hake 5 9 327.2 (1997)

Tautog 2 1 2 32.1 (2009)

Cunner 2 1 2 42.1 (1993)

OctoberEGGS Atlantic menhaden 2 2 6 163.6 (2002) Windowpane 2 1 2 40.2 (2000)

LARVAE Atlantic menhaden 2 2.3 4 70.3 (1997) Fourbeard rockling 1 16 67.9 (1994)

Hake 1 2 13.7 (1985)November LARVAE Atlantic menhaden 2 0.4 1 57.1 (1997)

Atlantic herring 2 4 8 124.8 (1995) December LARVAE Atlantic herring 2 2 3 216.7 (1995) 1Geometric or Delta Mean.

2Species of commercial, recreational, or biological interest for which more critical unusual event level will be used.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 11 Normandeau Associates, Inc.SECTION IV RESULTS A. Ichthyoplankton Entrained - 2010 Estimated densities per 100 m³ of water for each species listed by date, station, and replicate are presented for January-December 2010 in Appendix A (available upon request). The occurrence of eggs and larvae of each species by month appears in Table 2. Ichthyoplankton collections are summarized below within the three primary spawning seasons observed in Cape Cod Bay waters: winter-early spring, late spring-early summer, and late summer-autumn. Winter-Early Spring (January-April)

Ichthyoplankton entrained during January through April generally represent winter-early spring spawning fishes. Many of these species employ a reproductive strategy that relies on demersal, adhesive eggs not normally entrained. As a result, more species are typically

represented by larvae than by eggs during the early portion of the year. Over both life stages the number of species represented in the catch increased from 6 in January to 16 in April. Egg collections in winter-early spring were numerically dominated by the Gadidae-Glyptocephalus egg group, the Labridae-Limanda egg group, windowpane, fourbeard rockling (Enchelyopus cimbrius), and American plaice eggs. These species accounted for 40, 27, 11, 10, and 8% of the total egg catch during the period, respectively. Gadidae-Glyptocephalus eggs were entrained from January through April with respective monthly geometric mean densities of 0.4, 0.4, 4.0, and 0.3 eggs per 100 m 3 of water. Labridae-Limanda eggs were entrained in March and April with monthly geometric mean densities of 0.3 and 3.2 eggs per 100 m 3 of water, respectively.Windowpane eggs were entrained in March and April with corresponding monthly geometric mean densities of 0.1 and 1.5 eggs per 100 m 3 of water. Fourbeard rockling eggs were also entrained in March and April with corresponding monthly geometric mean densities of 0.03 and

1.4 eggs per 100 m 3 of water. Lastly, American plaice eggs were entrained in March and April with monthly geometric mean densities of 0.5 and 0.8 eggs per 100 m 3 of water, respectively.In the winter-early spring, 16 species of larval fish were collected from the discharge canal. Sand lance, grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus

), rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus

), and Atlantic seasnail (Liparis atlanticus) made up the majority of the larval fish collected from January to April, contributing respectively, 42, 21, 16, and 5% of the total collected. Sand lance Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 12 Normandeau Associates, Inc.were collected from January through April with monthly geometric mean densities of 0.04, 1.4, 3.5, and 15.1 larvae per 100 m 3 of water, respectively. Grubby were collected during February through April with corresponding monthly geometric mean densities of 0.3, 3.1, and 5.6 larvae

per 100 m 3 of water. Rock gunnel were collected from January through April with respective monthly geometric mean densities of 0.4, 2.8, 3.2, and 0.1 larvae per 100 m 3 of water. Atlantic seasnail were collected during April with a monthly geometric mean density of 1.9 larvae per

100 m 3 of water.

Winter - Early Spring January - April 2010 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 39.6%Fourbeard rockling 9.5%Labridae-Limanda 27.1%American plaice 7.8%Windowpane 10.7%All others 5.3%Rock gunnel 16.2%Grubby 20.6%Sand lance 42.3%Atlantic seasnail 5.0%All others 16.0%Eggs Larvae Sum of monthly means = 16.50 Sum of monthly means = 51.46Figure 2: Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samples during the winter-early spring season, 2010. Percent of total and summed monthly mean densities for all species are also shown. Late Spring-Early Summer (May-July) May through July represents the late spring-early summer ichthyoplankton season, typically the most active reproductive period among temperate fishes. Considering both eggs and larvae, 30 species were represented in the May-July collections, 23 species by eggs and 24 species by larvae. Numerically dominant eggs were the tautog-cunner-yellowtail flounder egg Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 13 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

group (Labridae-Limanda ferruginea

), the fourspot flounder-windowpane egg group (Paralichthys oblongus

-Scophthalmus aquosus

), the fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish egg group (Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus) and Atlantic mackerel (Figure 3). Tautog-cunner-yellowtail flounder eggs accounted for 85.5% of the late spring-early summer egg catch, and peaked in June at a geometric mean density of 1616.6 eggs per 100 m 3 of water. Labrid egg measurement studies completed at PNPS suggested that the majority of labrid eggs collected near PNPS are cunner (Scherer 1984). Labrid eggs far exceed yellowtail eggs during the period when they are indistinguishable from each other. Fourspot-windowpane eggs accounted for 5.2% of the seasonal egg catch, and peaked in June with a geometric mean density of 74.9 eggs

per 100 m 3 of water. Fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish eggs accounted for 3.6% of the late spring-early summer egg catch, and peaked in June with a geometric mean density of 28.0 eggs

per 100 m 3 of water. Atlantic mackerel eggs accounted for 2.7% of the seasonal egg catch and also peaked in June when they were collected at a mean density of 25.0 eggs per 100 m³ of

water.Numerically dominant larvae during late spring-early summer collections were cunner, winter flounder, radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata

), tautog, fourbeard rockling, yellowtail flounder, and Atlantic menhaden (Figure 3). Cunner accounted for 34.8% of the seasonal total, winter flounder for 13.0%, radiated shanny for 10.8%, tautog for 7.3%, fourbeard rockling for 7.0%, yellowtail flounder for 4.9%, and menhaden for 4.9%. Cunner larvae were observed in June and July with monthly geometric mean densities of 1.8 and 31.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water, respectively. Winter flounder larvae were collected in May and June with monthly mean densities of 5.8 and 1.5 larvae per 100 m³ of water. Radiated shanny were observed from May through July with corresponding monthly means of 5.3, 2.3, and 0.3 per 100 m³ of water. Tautog larvae were collected from May through July with respective monthly mean densities of 0.6, 0.6, and 6.1 per 100 m³ of water. Fourbeard rockling were most abundant in June with a monthly mean density of 2.0 per 100 m³ of water. Yellowtail flounder larvae were most abundant in May with a monthly mean density of 2.0 per 100 m³ of water. Lastly, Atlantic menhaden larvae were most abundant in July with a monthly geometric mean density of 3.1 per 100 m³ of water.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 14 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Late Spring - Early Summer Season May - July 2010 TautogCunnerYellowtail 85.5%FourspotWindowpane 5.2%Atlantic mackerel 2.7%RocklingHakeButterfish 3.6%All others 3.1%Cunner 34.8%Winter flounder 13.0%Radiated shanny 10.8%Yellowtail flounder 4.9%Tautog 7.3%All others 17.3%Atlantic menhaden 4.9%Fourbeard rockling 7.0%Eggs Larvae Sum of monthly means = 2989.68 Sum of monthly means = 94.37Late Summer - Autumn (August - December) This season is typically marked by a decline in both overall ichthyoplankton density and in the number of species collected. Considering egg and larval stages combined, 27 species were collected during the August through December period; 21 species in August declined to 3 species in December. Numerically dominant eggs were the tautog-cunner-yellowtail, silver hake-scup-weakfish, fourspot flounder-windowpane, and fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish egg groups.

Seasonal percentages for these egg groups were 34%, 34%, 15%, and 12%, respectively (Figure 4). Tautog-cunner-yellowtail flounder eggs were present in August through October, the highest geometric mean density occurred in August at 28.9 eggs per 100 m 3 of water. Silver hake-scup-weakfish eggs were present from August through October and peaked in August at 19.2 eggs per 100 m³ of water. Fourspot flounder-windowpane eggs occurred from August through October and peaked in August (13.8 egg per 100 m³ of water). Lastly, fourbeard rockling-hake-butterfish eggs were collected from August through November and peaked in August (14.2 eggs Figure 3.Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samples during the late spring-early summer season, 2010. Percent of total and summed monthly mean densities for all species are also shown.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 15 Normandeau Associates, Inc.per 100 m³ of water). Larval dominants in the late summer-autumn season were cunner, tautog, Atlantic menhaden, hake, fourbeard rockling, fourspot flounder, windowpane, and silver hake

(Merluccius bilinearis

). Seasonal percentages for these species were 26, 13, 9, 8, 8, 6, 6, and 5%, respectively (Figure 4). Cunner were collected from August through October with corresponding geometric mean densities of 5.0, 0.3, and 0.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water. Tautog were collected in August through October with geometric mean densities of 1.3, 2.8, and 0.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water, respectively. Atlantic menhaden occurred from August through October at geometric mean densities of 0.4, 1.3, and 0.5 larvae per 100 m³ of water. Hake were present from August through October at geometric mean densities of 1.8, 0.9, and 0.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water. Fourbeard rockling occurred from August through November. Peak density occurred in August with a geometric mean of 1.7 larvae per 100 m³. Fourspot flounder were

collected from August through October. The peak density occurred in August at 1.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water. Windowpane were present from August through October and peaked in September at 1.1 larvae per 100 m³ of water, respectively. Lastly, silver hake were observed in August and September, and peaked in August at a mean density of 1.7 larvae per 100 m³ of

water.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 16 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Late Summer - Autumn Season August - December 2010 TautogCunnerYellowtail 34.3%RocklingHakeButterfish 12.0%FourspotWindowpane 14.8%HakeScupWeakfish 33.7%All others 5.2%Altantic menhaden 9.0%Fourspot flounder 6.2%Cunner 26.3%Tautog 12.5%Windowpane 5.6%All others 19.0%Rockling 7.7%Hake 8.3%Silver hake 5.4%Eggs Larvae Sum of monthly means = 148.89 Sum of monthly means = 35.08Figure 4. Dominant species of fish eggs and larvae found in PNPS ichthyoplankton samplesduring the late summer-autumn season, 2010.Percent of total and summed monthly mean densities for all species are also shown.B. Unusual Entrainment Values Ichthyoplankton densities reached the unusually high level, as defined under Methods, during the 2010 sampling season on 76 specific occasions and involved fourteen species (Table

3). These species were Atlantic herring, seasnail, winter flounder, radiated shanny, windowpane, Atlantic menhaden, searobins, American plaice, hake, Atlantic mackerel, fourbeard rockling, silver hake, and labrid species. Several species recorded unusually high densities either on several occasions or during more than a single month. In general, unusually high densities were

sporadic and of short duration.

Atlantic herring larvae reached unusually high entrainment numbers on six occasions in

2010 (Table 3). The March 17 th density (6.9 larvae per 100 m 3 of water) exceeded 94% of all previous March densities. Seasnail larvae occurred at unusually high densities on two occasions in 2010 (Table 3),

the April 23 rd density (19.7 larvae per 100 m

3) exceeded 95% of all previous April densities.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 17 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Radiated shanny larvae were collected at unusually high densities on three occasions in 2010 (Table 3). The April 30 th density of 10.3 larvae per 100 m 3 of water exceeded 95% of all previous April densities.

Winter flounder larvae attained an unusually high density once in 2010 on April 23 rd (17.8 larvae per 100 m 3 of water) exceeding 95% of all previous April densities (Table 3). Labrid eggs were observed at unusually high densities on four occasions in 2010 (Table

3). The May 31 st density (4300.9 eggs per 100 m

3) and the September 10 th density (28.6 eggs per 100 m 3) exceeded 97% of all previous May and September densities respectively. Windowpane eggs reached unusually high entrainment numbers on five occasions in

2010 (Table 3). The May 24 th density (458.7 eggs per 100 m

3) and the August 20 th density (231.2 eggs per 100 m

3) exceeded 99% of all previous May and August values, respectively.

The October 8 th density (17.1 eggs per 100 m

3) exceeded 95% of all previous October values. Atlantic menhaden eggs were recorded at unusually high densities on six occasions in

2010 (Table 3). The density of 266.4 eggs per 100 m 3 of water on June 25 th exceeded 98% of all previous June densities. The July 5 th and 7 th densities (42.4 and 27.0 eggs per 100 m 3 of water) exceeded 99 and 98% respectively of all previous July densities.

Searobin eggs occurred at unusually high entrainment numbers on five occasions in 2010 (Table 3). The June 25 th and 30 th densities (17.0 and 13.6 eggs per 100 m 3 of water) correspondingly exceeded 99 and 98% of all previous June densities. The August 20 th density of 26.0 eggs per 100 m 3 of water exceeded 98% of all previous August densities. American plaice eggs were collected at unusually high densities twice in June 2010 (Table 3), with the June 7 th density (19.9 eggs per 100 m

3) exceeding 99% of all previous June densities.

Hake larvae were attained at unusually high entrainment numbers on eight occasions in

2010 (Table 3). The June 4 th density of 2.7 larvae per 100 m 3 of water surpassed 95% of all previous June densities. Additionally, the larval density collected on July 30 th (4.6 larvae per 100 m 3) surpassed 92% of all previous July densities. Atlantic mackerel eggs reached unusually high densities twice in July 2010 (Table 3).

The July 2 nd and 5 th densities (29.1 and 22.4 eggs per 100 m 3, respectively) exceeded 97and 96%

of all previous July densities.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 18 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Atlantic menhaden larvae occurred at unusually high densities three times in 2010 (Table 3). The July 7 th density of 19.4 larvae per 100 m 3 of water exceeded 90% of all previous July densities.

Fourbeard rockling larvae were collected at unusually high numbers on two occasions in

2010 (Table 3). The August 6 th larval density (20.8 larvae per 100 m

3) exceeded 95% of all previous August densities.

Tautog larvae were recorded at unusually high densities twenty times in 2010 (Table 3).

The July 7 th larval density (22.6 larvae per 100 m

3) exceeded 96% of all previous July densities. The larval densities collected on September 8 th and 10 th (12.6 and 22.2 larvae per 100 m 3 ,respectively) each surpassed 99% of all previous September densities. The September 15 th and 22 nd larval densities (8.7, and 9.1 larvae per 100 m 3 , respectively) surpassed 96 and 97% of all previous September densities.

Silver hake larvae attained unusually high densities on three occasions in August 2010 (Table 3). Larval densities collected on August 20 th , 25 th , and 27 th (8.2, 7.2, and 12.5 larvae per 100 m 3 respectively) each exceeded 95% of all previous August densities. Lastly, cunner larvae appeared at unusually high densities four times in 2010 (Table 3).

The August 6 th density (118.9 larvae per 100 m

3) surpassed 98% of all previous August densities.C. Multi-year Ichthyoplankton Comparisons A master species list for ichthyoplankton collected from the PNPS discharge canal for the years 1975 through 2010 is provided in Table 4. A total of 40 species were represented in the 2010 collections, slightly above the 1975-2009 time series mean of 39 species. Appendix B (available upon request) lists geometric mean monthly densities along with 95% confidence limits for each of the numerical dominants collected over the January-December period dating back to 1981. Geometric means are reported because they more accurately reflect the true population mean when the distribution of sample values are skewed to the right as is commonly the case with plankton data. Generally low values obtained for both eggs and larvae

during April-June 1984 and 1987, as well as May-June 1999, were shaded because low through-plant water volumes during those months probably affected the measurement of ichthyoplankton densities (MRI 1994). Entrainment data collected from 1975-1980 remain in an outdated computer format requiring conversion before geometric mean densities can be generated. These Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 19 Normandeau Associates, Inc.years were therefore excluded from comparison. To help compare values over the 35-year period, egg data were plotted in Figure 5 for those species whose combined total represented

96% of the 2010 egg catch. For this figure, cod, haddock, pollock and witch flounder eggs were combined in the Gadidae-Glyptocephalus group; rockling, hake and butterfish made up the Enchelyopus

-Urophycis-Peprilus group, and labrids and yellowtail flounder were combined in the Labridae-Limanda group. For each category shown, the highest monthly geometric means obtained from 1981 through 2009 were joined by solid lines as were the lowest geometric means, and the area between was shaded, indicating the range of these values. Monthly geometric mean

values for 2010 were joined by a solid line. Alongside each plot is a bar graph showing annual abundance indices for each year. These were generated by integrating the area under each

annual curve using trapezoidal integration

2. One set of bars was based on geometric monthly means and the other, longer time series, on arithmetic monthly means (1975-2010). Appendix B and Figure 6 contain corresponding data for the 13 numerically dominant species of fish larvae, those accounting for 83% of the 2010 catch as well as total larvae (all species combined). As mentioned for eggs, low values obtained for both eggs and larvae during April through August 1984 and 1987 and May-June 1999 were flagged in these figures and omitted from the following

discussion.

In many cases densities of fish eggs and larvae vary considerably from year to year. For example, over the 28-year geometric mean time series for Atlantic menhaden eggs, the highest annual abundance index (3,023 in 1993) divided by the lowest (10 in 1992) amounted to 292. In

spite of such pronounced variation, no consistent upward or downward trend is apparent over the time series for many species including menhaden and windowpane eggs, sculpin and rock gunnel larvae. Following are noteworthy observations concerning the multi-year time series. Since densities of each ichthyoplankton species rise and fall to zero over the course of each representative occurrence season, interannual comparisons are often conveniently made within

monthly periods.

EggsAtlantic menhaden 2010 monthly mean egg densities were within the historical range that has been observed from 1981 to 2009, and showed the traditional peaks in egg densities 2 Curve integration results in units of (Numbers x days) per 100 m 3 of water.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 20 Normandeau Associates, Inc.in late spring and late summer (Figure 5). The 2010 annual geometric mean abundance index (159) increased compared to the 2007 (98), 2008 (53), and 2009 (6) indices (Figure 5). The 2010 arithmetic mean index (1,104) also increased compare to the 2007 (462) through 2009 (9.6) indices, and is the highest since 1997. Atlantic menhaden eggs were collected at unusually high densities on six occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3).Gadidae-Glyptocephalus eggs were recorded at a new high in March 2010 at a monthly mean density of 4.04 eggs per 100m 3 of water (Figure 5). Egg group monthly mean densities showed the traditional seasonal characteristics in 2010 with peaks in early spring and early winter that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 5). Atlantic cod eggs were typically collected in low numbers at PNPS during winter months from

1975-1987 (5 per 100 m 3 of water, for example). Following 1987 they became uncommon particularly during January and February. The gadidae-Glyptocephalus group showed a significant decline from 1975 to 1993 (p<0.001), based on a nonparametric sign test (Sprent 1989). This is consistent with the downward trend reported for Atlantic cod

and witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus) stocks for this time period, apparently resulting, at least in part, from overexploitation (NOAA 1998, NEFSC 1998). In 1998, the annual geometric mean index (163) reached the highest value since 1989 (195) and suggested that this decline had ended, at least locally, since the values for 1994 through 1997 (119, 114, 122, and 105, respectively), appeared stable at about two times the low value recorded in 1993 (51). From 2000-2003 the geometric mean indices increased (194, 237, 212, and 483, respectively), then decreased from 2004-2006 (334, 208, and 128, respectively) and increased in 2007 (172). The 2010 geometric mean index (253) increased from 2008 (140) and 2009 (212; Figure 5). Overall an upward trend was apparent in these eggs from 1999 through 2005, which is consistent with increases in the Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod spawning stock biomass from 1998 through 2004. The decline in eggs observed from 2006 through 2008 followed by the increases in 2009 and 2010 may reflect the decline observed in spawning stock biomass in 2005 followed by

the increases in 2006 and 2007. The Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod stock is not considered

overfished although overfishing is occurring (NEFSC 2008).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 21 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Rockling, hake, and butterfish (grouped in their early developmental stages, Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus; MRI 1988) monthly mean egg densities reached a new December high in 2010 at a density of 0.12 eggs per 100m 3 of water, but in general showed the traditional seasonal characteristics observed from 1981 to 2009 in 2010 (Figure 5). Rockling, hake, and butterfish eggs have been uncommon in recent years.

Trend analysis using the longer-term arithmetic time series indicated that a significant downward trend occurred from 1978 through 1996 (p = 0.05) even with a moderate catch

in 1995. The 1999 (4,715 and 2,366) and 2000 (7,946 and 4,301) indices suggested an upward trend might have begun, however in 2001 arithmetic and geometric mean indices declined (1,897 and 641, respectively). Although the arithmetic and geometric mean indices improved slightly in 2002 (1,980 and 1,199, respectively), they continued to decline in 2003 (1,915 and 585) and 2004 (953 and 438, respectively). The 2004 index values were the lowest recorded in the time series. The arithmetic and geometric mean indices increased from 2005 (1,340 and 611, respectively) through 2008 (8,709 and 2,987), and then declined in 2009 (3,019and 1,606, respectively). The 2010 arithmetic and geometric mean indices increased to 4,298 and 2,377; the geometric mean index was above the 1981-2009 time series average of 2,259 (Figure 5). Fourbeard rockling dominate within this egg grouping based on late-stage eggs as well as larval collections. Since they are a small bottom fish with little or no commercial value, stock size data are not available with which to compare trends. Hake on the other hand contribute to the commercial bottom fishery. The Gulf of Maine and northern

Georges Bank white hake stock is considered to be overfished (NEFSC 2008). The northern red hake stock which includes the Gulf of Maine and northern Georges Bank areas is currently not considered overfished. The spring and fall total northern red hake stock biomass indices declined from 2003 through 2006 then increased through 2008 (NEFSC 2011). The low egg collections observed at PNPS from 2001 through 2005

followed by an increase through 2008 is consistent with the trend in the northern red hake stock biomass. Searobin (Prionotus spp.) egg monthly densities in 2010 showed the traditional late spring - early summer peak that has been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 5). Searobin egg abundance has been low in recent years, a downward trend in egg Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 22 Normandeau Associates, Inc.abundance has occurred during the 1981 through 2010 time period. A Mann-Kendall trend test at a 95% significance level ( = 0.05) using the geometric mean index supports this downward trend (p = 0.003). The 1981-2009 geometric mean abundance index time series shows an alternating, intermittent rise and fall in abundance between years since 1987. The arithmetic and geometric mean abundance indices increased in 1999 (258 and

123) and 2000 (452 and 290), declined in 2001 (108 and 62) and 2002 (57 and 33), and reached a time series low in 2003 of 1.8 and 1.5, respectively. The arithmetic and geometric mean abundance indices remained low from 2004 (36 and 21, respectively) through 2006 (17 and 8), and then gradually increased from 2007 (39 and 21, respectively) through 2009 (361 and 152). The 2010 indices continued to increase (694 and 319, respectively) and remained above the time series averages of 236 and 146, respectively. The 2010 indices are the highest values recorded since 1987 (Figure 5).

Searobin eggs were recorded at unusually high densities on five occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3). The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (MADMF) resource survey trawls showed relatively high searobin abundance during the late 1970's through the mid-1980's followed by a sharp decline through the early 1990's (McBride et al. 1998). The decline in the 1990's appears to be reflected in the PNPS egg data.Labridae-Limanda egg monthly mean densities in 2010 showed the traditional late spring - early summer peak that has been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 5). Labridae (tautog/cunner) eggs, believed to be composed primarily of cunner (Scherer 1984),

appeared to be in a downward trend from the late 1970's through 1994 (Figure 5)

although a sign test failed to confirm it using the conventional 95% significance level (p

= 0.055). The arithmetic and geometric indices both showed an increase in density in 1995. The 1995 arithmetic index appeared exceptionally high and disproportionate to the geometric value due to a single high density in June (37,282 per 100 m 3 of water), which greatly skewed the arithmetic mean for that month. The arithmetic and geometric indices declined in 1997 but increased again in 1998. The 1998 arithmetic index was disproportionately high due to two high densities in June. The geometric indices declined

in 1999 and 2000 (29,885 and 28,156 respectively) and increased in 2001 (40,559). In 2002 both the arithmetic and geometric indices declined (32,754 and 14,709 respectively); the arithmetic mean was the lowest recorded in the 1975-2009 time series.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 23 Normandeau Associates, Inc.The geometric indices increased in 2003 and 2004 (15,438 and 32,693 respectively), however in 2005 both the arithmetic and geometric indices declined (45,602 and 12,707 respectively). In 2006, the arithmetic index increased (55,672) compared to the 2005 index, however the geometric abundance index (11,534) continued to decline, to the lowest value in the 1981-2010 time series. The arithmetic and geometric indices

increased in 2007 (82,258 and 34,322 respectively), declined slightly in 2008 (56,123 and 22,201) and then increased in 2009 (125,164 and 25,288 respectively). The 2010 arithmetic mean index (121,731) decline slightly and remained below the 1975-2009 time series average (127,440). The 2010 geometric index (70,236) increased to the highest value since 1989 and was above the 1981-2009 time series average of 40,009 (Figure 5).

Labrid eggs were recorded at unusually high densities on four occasions in 2010 (See

Section B above, Table 3). The downward trend noted through 1994 was consistent with observations of finfish in the PNPS area as well as impingement collections at the Station (Lawton et al. 1995).

Changes in sampling protocols at PNPS have negated the ability to monitor general cunner population trends beyond 1994, which in the past were sampled by gill net, trawl, and diver surveys. Numbers impinged appeared to systematically decline from 1980 through 1992 (annual totals dropped from 1,043 to as low as 28 in 1992), then increased in 1993 (93) and 1995 (346). They remained high in 1996 (332), which appeared to roughly parallel the egg abundance data. The impingement total for 1997 (41) and 1998 (101) represented a substantial drop relative to the preceding two years and appeared out of step with the ichthyoplankton collections. Cunner impingement dropped in 2002 (59),

increased from 2003 (172) to 2005 (716), declined from 2006 (384) to 2008 (247),

increased in 2009 (895) which was similar to the ichthyoplankton collections. Cunner impingement declined in 2010 (535; See Impingement Section), which appears out of

step with the increase observed in the ichthyoplankton collections.Early stage yellowtail flounder eggs are similar to and grouped with the labrids.Yellowtail flounder eggs are believed to account for all eggs of the Labridae-Limandatype collected in April since the labrids are not likely to spawn until May. Yellowtail flounder eggs were relatively abundant in April from 1999 through 2002, abundance then

declined from 2003 through 2007, increased in 2008, declined slightly in 2009, and Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 24 Normandeau Associates, Inc.increased in 2010. The April geometric mean densities were 2.4 per 100 m 3 in 1999, 4.0 per 100 m 3 in 2001, 1.1 per 100 m 3 in 2003, 0.5 per 100 m 3 in 2005, 0.1 per m 3 in 2007, 1.3 per 100 m 3 in 2008, and 1.2 per 100 m 3 in 2009. The 2010 April yellowtail flounder eggs' geometric mean index was 2.5 per 100 m 3 of water. Spawning stock biomass of Cape Cod - Gulf of Maine yellowtail flounder decreased from 2,633 mt in 1990 to 949 mt in 1998, and then increased to 1,797 mt in 2002. The spawning stock biomass declined to 796 mt in 2005 and then increased to 1,922 mt in 2007. The Cape Cod - Gulf of Maine yellowtail flounder stock is currently considered overfished (NEFSC 2008). The decline seen in yellowtail flounder egg abundance at PNPS from 2003 through 2007 followed by an increase in 2008 reflects the overall trend observed throughout the Cape Cod - Gulf of

Maine yellowtail flounder stock.Mackerel egg monthly mean densities in 2010 showed the traditional late spring peak abundance observed from 1981 to 2009 in June (Figure 5). Mackerel eggs typically display a sharp peak in their seasonal abundance curve often with one or two very high densities. For example, in May 1995 a single density of 19,203 eggs per 100 m 3 was recorded on May 26, dropping to 557 eggs per 100 m 3 on the 29 th. The second highest density occurred on June 9 th that year with 4,754 eggs per 100 m

3. Due to these brief sharp peaks, arithmetic and geometric indices are often quite far apart (Figure 5).

Mackerel eggs were more abundant from 1988 to 1998 compared to the 1975 through 1987 period. A sign test using the arithmetic index time series supported this upward trend (p < 0.006). In 1999 and 2001, the numbers decreased significantly to 1,135 and 727, respectively. These decreases are likely due to the fact that the main seawater pumps were off for extended periods during the month of May both years, the peak season for mackerel eggs. In 2002, the geometric mean index increased to the second

highest value in 10 years (11,850) but then declined in 2003 (3,411) and 2004 (661). The geometric mean index value increased slightly in 2005 (676) and then declined in 2006 (451) and 2007 (311), which was the lowest value in the time series. The geometric mean increased in 2008 (1,106) and 2009 (1,906), and then declined in 2010 (1,127; Figure 5). Entrainment of high densities of mackerel eggs during the 1990's was consistent with a dramatic rise in stock biomass attributable to reductions in foreign fishing and low commercial landings by U.S. fishermen (Overholtz 1993, NOAA 1998, Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 25 Normandeau Associates, Inc.NEFSC 1998). The northwest Atlantic mackerel spawning stock biomass declined from 1,359,003 mt in 1972 to 96,968 mt in 2008, and recruitment declined from an average of

2.1 billion

age 1 fish from 1962-1984 to 566 million age 1 fish from 1985-2009 (TRAC

2010). The decline in mackerel egg densities observed at PNPS during the last eight years is consistent with the decline in northwest Atlantic mackerel productivity.The Paralichthys-Scophthalmus egg group was recorded at new March high in 2010 at a monthly mean density of 0.07 eggs per 100m 3 of water. The traditional high monthly mean egg densities observed during late spring from 1981 to 2009 were seen in 2010 (Figure 5). Windowpane eggs are predominant within the Paralichthys-Scophthalmusegg group based on larval collections. The geometric mean indices increased from 1994

(2,216) through 2001 (6,377), declined in 2002 (1,396), increased in 2003 (1,973) and 2004 (2,843), and declined slightly in 2005 (2,074) and 2006 (2,038). In 2007 the geometric mean index increased to 7,294 and then decline to 2,792 in 2008. The geometric mean index increased in 2009 (4,496) and 2010 (5,140), and was above the 1981-2009 time series average of 3,061. The arithmetic mean index increased in 2007

(13,474) compared to the 2006 index (4,300) and then declined in 2008 (6,265). The arithmetic mean index increased in 2009 (7,800) and 2010 (9,000) and continued to be above the 1975-2009 time series average (5,213; Figure 5). Windowopane eggs were

recorded at unusually high densities on five occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3). In general these eggs have not shown wide variations in number, at least compared with other species regularly entrained. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries spring and fall trawl surveys suggest that stocks gradually increased from 1978 to 1995 but then decreased more or less steadily through 2004. A slight increase seems to have occurred from 2005 to 2007 (Matthew Camisa, MDMF, personal communication). Over that time series catch did not swing over a very wide range, the

low being two fish per tow and the high 14 (average of spring and fall surveys). The Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank windowpane stock is considered to be overfished (NEFSC

2008).American plaice monthly mean egg densities in 2010 generally showed the traditional seasonal characteristics that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 5). The Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 26 Normandeau Associates, Inc.highest geometric mean index value in the 1981-2010 time series occurred in 2004 (450). The index dramatically declined in 2005 (54), increased in 2006 (113) and 2007 (230),

and then declined in 2008 (113). The arithmetic mean index followed a similar trend declining from 811 in 2004 to 186 in 2005, increasing to 206 in 2006 and 742 in 2007, and then declining to 296 in 2008. Both the geometric and arithmetic mean indices

increased in 2009 (375 and 756, respectively) and then declined in 2010 (113 and 173, respectively) dropping below the time series averages (190 and 414, respectively; Figure 5). American plaice eggs were collected on two occasions at unusually high densities in

2010 (See Section B above, Table 3).

Plaice egg abundance at PNPS appears to generally follow trends in adult stock size. Entrainment was low in the mid 1980's when stock size was known to be low (NEFSC 1998, NEFSC 2008), increased from 1987 through 1992, and decreased slightly through 1996 although remained above the low of 1990; then rose again through 2001.

Egg abundance has fluctuated from 2002 through 2007. Relatively strong egg production near PNPS may be accounted for by the strong year class produced in 1992 and a reduction in fully recruited fishing mortality from 1992 to 1999 (NEFSC 2001).

Spawning stock biomass decreased from 10,648 mt in 2001 to 8,560 mt in 2004 and then increased to 15,569 mt in 2007. The Gulf of Maine - Georges Bank American plaice stock is currently not considered to be overfished although the spawning stock biomass is below the target level (28,600 mt; NEFSC 2008). Total eggs collected in 2010, all species pooled together (Figure 5), showed the characteristic temperate fish late spring-early summer peak observed during the 1981-2009 time series. The total egg geometric mean abundance index declined in 2005

(20,056) and 2006 (17,694), increased in 2007 (49,697), and then declined in 2008 (36,468). The geometric mean index increased in 2009 (57,933) and 2010 (96,590). The 2006 index was the lowest in the 1981-2010 time series. The 2005 arithmetic mean index (58,440) was the second lowest value in the 1975-2010 time series. The arithmetic mean

index increased in 2006 (70,794) and 2007 (106,760), declined in 2008 (80,640), and then increased in 2009 (145,176) and 2010 (147,058; Figure 5). The 2010 geometric index was above the time series average (75,010) although the arithmetic index remained below the 1981-2009 series average (185,827). The low indices recorded in 2005 and Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 27 Normandeau Associates, Inc.2006 may reflect to a large extent the below-average production of fourbeard rockling, cunner, yellowtail flounder, mackerel, and American plaice eggs. The increase recorded in 2010 may reflect above average production of searobins, labrid, and Paralichthys-Scophthalmus eggs. LarvaeAtlantic menhaden larvae monthly mean densities show the traditional seasonal characteristics in 2010 (Figure 6). Menhaden larval abundance was relatively high from 1996-1999, then noticeably dropped during 2000 and 2001, climbed slightly in 2002 and then dropped again in 2003 and 2004. The 2004 annual geometric mean abundance index (10) and arithmetic mean index (12) were the lowest values recorded in the time series. The geometric mean abundance index increased from 2005 (312) through 2008 (819), then declined in 2009 (320) and 2010 (194) dropping below the 1981-2009 time series average of 264. The arithmetic mean abundance index increased in 2005 (1,022)

and 2006 (1,374), then declined slightly in 2007 (1,116), and increased in 2008 (4,048).

The arithmetic mean index declined in 2009 (719) and 2010 (352) dropping below the 1975-2009 time series average of 606 (Figure 6). Atlantic menhaden larvae were collected in unusually high densities on three occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3).

Atlantic menhaden are coastal migrants that travel in schools that can often be quite dense and are attracted to both intake and discharge currents at industrial facilities.

The great variability in numbers of eggs taken at PNPS probably reflects not only numbers of adults in the surrounding waters but variability in the distance from PNPS at which spawning takes place. Spawning stock biomass increased from 1993 through 1995 (Cadrin and Vaughan 1997), which is consistent with the observed increase in egg and larval densities in 1997 and larval densities alone in 1997-1999. Currently the stock is believed to be healthy (ASMFC 2010) consistent with the relatively high numbers of larvae entrained during the last six years. Larval Atlantic herring 2010 monthly mean densities showed the traditional spring and early winter peaks that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Peak abundance of Atlantic herring larvae shift somewhat from year to year due to abiotic Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 28 Normandeau Associates, Inc.factors like water temperature. For example, the major spawning for Atlantic herring in the Northwest Atlantic traditionally occurs from late August through November (Collette

and Klein-MacPhee, 2002), but during unseasonably cold winters this spawning seasonality usually shifts later into December, as seen in 2003. Atlantic herring larvae were collected in unusually high densities on six occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3). Atlantic herring larval abundance indices have proven valuable in management of herring stocks on Georges Bank, Nantucket Shoals, and in the Northwest Atlantic in general (Smith and Morse 1993). The Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank herring stock complex was seriously depleted by overseas fleets during the 1960's and 1970's to the

point where no larval herring were found on Georges Bank for a decade (Anthony and Waring 1980, Smith and Morse 1993, Overholtz and Friedland 2002). The stock has

increased more or less steadily since 1986 following reductions in fishing pressure to the point where they are abundant on Nantucket Shoals and in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. The estimated 2008 stock biomass (652,000 mt) is slightly below the B MSY(670,600 mt) but the stock is not considered overfished (TRAC 2009). Larval collections at PNPS from 1994 through 2002 reflect the general increase in stock size, the geometric mean index for those seven years ranking among the top six. In 2003, however, the geometric mean index (32) fell relative to the 2002 index of 147, and represented a fourteen-year low dating back to 1989. The geometric and arithmetic mean indices increased in 2004 and 2005. The 2006 geometric mean index (148) was very similar to the 2005 index (147), however the 2006 arithmetic mean index (349) decreased compared to the 2005 index (602). In 2007 the geometric mean index declined to 9, representing a 1981-2010 time series low. The 2007 arithmetic mean index also declined to 13, representing the second lowest value in the 1975-2010 time series. The geometric and arithmetic mean indices increased in 2008 (72 and 145, respectively), were similar in 2009 (79 and 146), and increased slightly in 2010 to 93 and 185, respectively (Figure 6).Fourbeard rockling larval monthly mean densities showed the traditional seasonal characteristics in 2010 that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Larval densities were unusually high on two occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3).

Fourbeard rockling larvae were relatively abundant in 1998 and 1999 due to the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 29 Normandeau Associates, Inc.unusually high densities recorded in July of those years. The annual geometric mean index dropped sharply in 2000 (50), rebounded in 2001 (607), and then declined in 2002 and 2003. The 2003 geometric mean index (47) was a time series low and under one tenth the series average (479). In 2004, the geometric mean index increased (528) relative to the 2002 and 2003 indices. However, the geometric and arithmetic mean

indices declined in 2005 (195 and 536, respectively) and 2006 (162 and 346). The 2007 geometric mean index remained essentially unchanged while the arithmetic mean index increased slightly (363). The geometric and arithmetic mean indices increased in 2008 (225 and 522, respectively) and 2009 (330 and 710). In 2010, both the geometric and arithmetic mean indices declined to 194 and 406 remaining below their respective time

series averages of 459 and 1,324 (Figure 6). In spite of these swings in abundance, no consistent trend over the times series is evident. As mentioned above under eggs, the rockling is a small bottom fish with little or no commercial value and stock size data are unavailable with which to compare trends. Larval hake monthly mean densities in 2010 were within the historical range observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Larval hake densities were unusually high on eight occasions in 2010 (See Section B above, Table 3). Larval hake abundance has been low since 1999. The arithmetic and geometric mean indices declined to time series lows in 2003 (16 and 9, respectively). The arithmetic and geometric mean indices increased slightly from 2005 (28 and 15) through 2007 (62 and 37), and then increased more

noticeably in 2008 (1,332 and 217) and 2009 (1,549 and 226, respectively). In 2010 both the arithmetic and geometric mean indices declined (188 and 103 respectively), dropping below their respective time series averages of 789 and 200 (Figure 6). The Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFSC) autumn bottom trawl surveys biomass index suggests that the northern red hake stock biomass gradually increased from the 1970's though 2002, steady declined to 1.16 kg per tow in 2005, and then increased reaching 12.46 kg per tow in 2009. Commercial landings reached a historic low in 2005 of 150 mt. The MADMF fall survey biomass increased from a low of 447 mt in 1987 through the 1990's to a maximum of 3,842 mt in 2000, and then declined from 2002 through 2008. The MADMF fall survey biomass was 1,233 mt in 2009. The northern red hake stock is currently not considered overfished (NEFSC 2011). White hake NEFSC autumn bottom Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 30 Normandeau Associates, Inc.trawl survey biomass index declined during the 1990's reaching a near record low in 1999. The biomass then increased from 2000 to 2002 due to the strong 1998 year class and then declined to a very low level (Sosebee 2006). Spawning stock biomass was estimated to be 19,800 mt in 2007 which is below the spawning stock biomass maximum sustainable yield of 56,300 mt. The Georges Bank - Gulf of Maine white hake stock is currently considered as overfished (NEFSC 2008). Time series highs in larval hake abundance at PNPS in 1997 (994) and 1998 (932) may indicate production of strong year

classes or simply reflect a localized spawning aggregation. The low larval hake abundance observed in the 2000 to 2007 indices may reflect the declines in biomass of both red and white hake stocks in the Gulf of Maine. Sculpin larval monthly mean densities followed historical characteristics with an early spring peak in 2010 (Figure 6). Sculpin abundance has remained relatively stable over the 36-year arithmetic mean time series (Figure 6). A slight increasing trend occurred from 1977 through 1988 and a secondary peak was observed in 1997 (arithmetic mean index = 5,058, geometric mean index = 2,249). After dropping in 1998 to 1,086, the geometric mean index increased in 1999 (1,668) and 2000 (1,528) before declining in 2001 (958). The sculpin geometric mean index rebounded in 2002 (2,428) to the third highest value since 1981 and the highest since 1988. The arithmetic mean and geometric mean indices then declined from 2003 to 2005. The arithmetic and geometric mean

indices increased in 2006 (3,166 and 1,183) but then declined in 2007 (3,044 and 932) and 2008 (844 and 375). The 2008 geometric mean index was a time series low. The arithmetic and geometric mean indices increased in 2009 (1,949 and 843, respectively) and then declined in 2010 to 513 and 305 remaining below their respective time series averages of 2,446 and 1,266 (Figure 6). The major species within this genus entrained at PNPS is the grubby. Since these fish are small and have no commercial or recreational

significance, no stock size data are available with which to compare the larval abundance

patterns.Seasnail larvae monthly mean densities showed the traditional seasonal characteristics that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Seasnail larvae exceeded unusual density levels twice in 2010 although those values did not produce notably high monthly means (See Section B above, Table 3). Larval seasnail abundance has been low in since Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 31 Normandeau Associates, Inc.1998. The arithmetic and geometric mean indices declined to time series lows of 30 and 27, respectively in 2003. The arithmetic mean index has remained at approximately 40%

of the 1975-2009 time series average (579) since 2004, with an average index of 234 from 2004-2009. The geometric mean index has fluctuated continuously since the low in 2003 ranging from 233 in 2004 to 45 in 2007, and has remained below the 1981-2009 time series average (214) since 2005. The arithmetic and geometric mean indices increased slightly in 2010 to 200 and 92, respectively from 122 and 57 in 2009 (Figure 6). Since these fish typically reach a length of less than 6 inches and have no commercial or recreational significance, no stock size data are available with which to compare the

larval abundance patterns.Tautog larval monthly mean densities reached a new September high in 2010 with a density of 2.8 larvae per 100m 3 of water. However in general, the monthly means densities showed the historical patterns that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Tautog larvae exceeded unusual high density levels on nine occasions in September corresponding to the new September high monthly mean density observed.

Additionally tautog larvae exceeded unusual high density levels on eleven other occasions in 2010, although those densities did not produce notably high monthly means (See Section B above, Table 3). Larval tautog geometric mean abundance reached a five-

year high in 2001 (268), followed by a decline in 2002 (73) and 2003 (64), and an

increase in 2004 (172). Abundance decreased in 2005 (132) and 2006 (69), and increased from 2007 (79) through 2009 (722). The 2009 geometric mean index was the second highest value in the time series. The geometric mean index declined in 2010 to 337, but remained well above the 1981-2009 time series average of 174. The arithmetic mean indices show a similar increasing trend in 2008 (679) and 2009 (1,198) compared to the 2006 (189) and 2007 (137) values. The 2009 arithmetic mean index was also the second highest value in the time series. The arithmetic mean index declined in 2010 to 538, but continued to remain above the time series average of 346 (Figure 6). The arithmetic mean index (1975-2010) extends over a longer time period than the geometric mean

index and historically shows peaks and ebbs from year to year with no apparent long-term trend. Tautog spawning stock biomass declined from 1982 to 2003 (NEFSC 1998, ASMFC 2006a). Recent data indicate that Massachusetts commercial landings decreased Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 32 Normandeau Associates, Inc.from 1993 to 2001 and recreational landings decreased from 1988-2004 (Stirratt 2002, ASMFC 2006a). Due to limited data, the Massachusetts tautog stock status is uncertain

although it does not currently appear to be overfished. However coastwide tautog are considered overfished (ASMFC 2006a). Cunner larval monthly mean densities in 2010 showed the traditional seasonal characteristics that have been observed from 1981 to 2009. Cunner larvae exceeded unusual density levels on four occasions in 2010 although those values did not produce notably high monthly means (See Section B above, Table 3). No consistent long-term geometric mean index trends are apparent for this species. However, cunner larval abundance was low from 2002 through 2007. The geometric mean index declined from

1,697 in 2000 to 115 in 2003. The index increased slightly in 2004 (373), declined again in 2005 (350) and 2006 (259), and then increased from 2007 (294) to 2009 (1,229). The 2010 geometric mean index declined to 1,181 but remained above the 1981-2009 time series average of 1,020 (Figure 6). Arithmetic mean indices for cunner larvae over the time series (1975-2009) also show no apparent trends in entrainment collections, but

rather fluctuate between a few years of relatively high abundance followed by years in which cunner larvae were less common. For instance, in 1981 the arithmetic mean index for cunner was 10,701 but then declined sharply to 437 in 1982 and climbed to 2,067 in 1983. The 2010 arithmetic mean index of 2,200 increased slightly compared to the 2009 index of 2,122 but remained below the 1975-2009 time series average of 2,461 (Figure 6). This general fluctuating pattern is repeated throughout the time series and likely reflects a localized, dynamic recruitment pattern for this temperate wrasse. Current stock

size data for cunner are unavailable.Larval radiated shanny monthly densities in 2010 showed the historical characteristics that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Radiated shanny larvae occurred at unusually high densities on three occasions in 2010 although those values did not produce notably high monthly means (See Section B above, Table 3). Radiated shanny larval geometric mean abundance rebounded in 2000 (239) following a 12-year low in 1999 (73), and reached a seven year high in 2002 (651). The geometric mean index declined in 2005 (101) ending the 5-year increase in abundance, and remained low in 2006 (113) and 2007 (103). The geometric mean index increased in 2008 (456) and 2009 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 33 Normandeau Associates, Inc.(700) and then declined in 2010 to 274, dropping below the 1981-2009 time series average of 384. The 2010 arithmetic mean index also decreased to 462 which was below the 1975-2009 time series average of 834 (Figure 6). Since this is a small, rather inconspicuous bottom fish, relatively little is known of its habits and data are not available concerning population trends.Rock gunnel larval monthly mean densities were collected at a new April low in 2010 with a density of 0.06 larvae per 100m 3 of water. However in general, the monthly means densities showed the traditional patterns observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6).

Rock gunnel larvae were collected in above-average numbers from 2000 to 2002 but then declined in 2003 and have since remained relatively low. The 2010 geometric mean index (195) declined compared to the 2009 index (351) and continued to remain below the time series average (933). The arithmetic mean index has also shown a low relative abundance since 2003. The 2010 arithmetic mean index (408) was also below the 1975-2009 arithmetic mean index time series average of 1,725 (Figure 6). Overall, however, there was no obvious or statistically significant trend from 1975 to 2010, although there appeared to be intermittent highs in relative abundance followed by one or two-year declines with the abundance indices generally increasing over the 1981-2002 time period.

The appearance of rock gunnel larvae from February through April, the three months when they typically are most abundant, fell below the time series mean for these months from 2003 through 2010 consistent with the overall annual indices. Since the rock gunnel is a small bottom fish with no commercial or recreational value, abundance data are not available with which to compare the entrainment estimates. Sand lance larval monthly mean densities reached a new November high in 2010 with a density of 0.08 larvae per 100m 3 of water, and generally showed the traditional characteristics that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). The geometric mean index increased nearly three-fold from 1994-2006 (mean index = 2,791) compared to 1981-1993 (mean index = 1,054) indicating a general increase in abundance that began in 1991 after a period of relatively low sand lance abundance from 1987-1990. Overall, the geometric mean index peaked in 1996 (6,156) and the arithmetic index peaked in 1994. The sand lance geometric mean index increased from 2004 (1,824) to 2006 (3,195). In 2007 the geometric mean index dropped 94% to 189, becoming the third Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 34 Normandeau Associates, Inc.lowest value in the time series and the lowest value since 1988. The 2007 arithmetic mean index (397) also declined 95% from 2006 (7,998) and was the lowest value since 1989. The geometric mean and arithmetic mean indices increased in 2008 (2,911 and

7,223, respectively) and then declined in 2009 (728 and 1,696) and 2010 (633 and 1,0101) dropping below their respective time series averages of 1,856 and 3,854 (Figure

6).Sand lance play an important role in community ecology since they are a major prey source for a number of finfish species including several of the dominant species discussed above: mackerel, cod, hake, plaice, and yellowtail flounder (Winters 1983).

Adult sand lance are also a key prey species in the diet of several baleen whales such as humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and finback whales (Balaenoptera physalis) that migrate seasonally to or through Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays and influence these seasonal migrations (Weinrich et al 1997; Hain et al 1995). Traditionally, other dominant prey sources for humpback whales have been Atlantic herring and Atlantic mackerel.

However, as both these prey sources declined in abundance during the late 1970's and early 1980's, humpback whales began targeting sand lance as their main prey source for

this region (Kenney et al 1996). Unfortunately, sand lance have little to no commercial or recreational value, and therefore abundance data are unavailable to compare to the entrainment estimates. Atlantic mackerel larval monthly mean densities in 2010 were within the historical range that has been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). Peak larval abundance historically occurs in May and June with time series average geometric means of 0.63 and 8.4 per 100 m³ of water, respectively. The 2010 May and June geometric means continued to be below these averages with densities of 0.0 per 100 m³ of water in May and 0.59 in June.

Mackerel larvae, like their eggs discussed above, typically display a sharp peak in their abundance curve often with one or two very high densities. Due to these brief sharp peaks, arithmetic and geometric indices are often quite far apart (Figure 6). The arithmetic mean index generally increased from 1975 until 1995 and then declined.

Peaks in abundance occurred in 1981 (10,030) and 1995 (12,086). The 2008 arithmetic mean index (39) declined from the 2006 (565) and 2007 (387) values. The arithmetic mean increased slightly in 2009 (68) but then declined in 2010 (37) and continued to be Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 35 Normandeau Associates, Inc.below the time series average (1,601). The arithmetic mean index has been below the time series average since 1999. The mackerel larval geometric mean index increased in 2001 (159) from 2000 (131) but then declined in 2002 (70) and 2003 (36). A 5-year high occurred in 2004 when the geometric mean index reached 251, but then declined in 2005 (95). The geometric mean index increased slightly in 2006 (139), declined in 2007 (105) and 2008 (20), and then increased slightly in 2009 (30). In 2010 the geometric mean index decreased to 18, the fourth lowest value in the 1981-2010 time series, and was well below the 1981-2009 series average of 286 (Figure 6). The northwest Atlantic mackerel spawning stock biomass declined from 1,359,003 mt in 1972 to 96,968 mt in 2008, and recruitment declined from an average of 2.1 billion age 1 fish from 1962-1984 to an average of 566 million age 1 fish from 1985-2009 (TRAC 2010). The decline in mackerel larvae densities observed at PNPS since 1999 is consistent with the current decline in the northwest Atlantic mackerel spawning stock biomass. Winter flounder larvae, a species of considerable recreational and commercial interest and value, are typically among the numerically dominant members of the larval fish community around PNPS in May and the first part of June. Winter flounder larval monthly mean densities generally showed the traditional seasonal patterns that have been

observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6) although a single individual was collected in August in 2010. Winter flounder larvae were recorded at an unusually high density of

17.8 larvae per 100 m 3 of water in April 2010 which did not produce a notably high monthly mean (See Section B above, Table 3). The annual geometric mean curve area

index reached a high of 2,307 in 2001. This high was followed by a decline in 2002 (575) and 2003 (195), a slight increase in 2004 (539), and then a decline from 2005 (492) through 2007 (172). The geometric mean index increased in 2008 (264) and 2009 (272),

then declined in 2010 to 258 and remained below the 1981-2009 time series mean of 481.

The arithmetic mean index increased in 2004 (3,047); declined in 2005 (2,009) and 2006 (429); and then increased from 2007 (480) through 2009 (1,422). The arithmetic mean index declined in 2010 (593) and was well below the 1975-2009 time series average of 1,162 (Figure 6). Overall these indices varied without trend over the time series.

The Southern New England/Mid-Atlantic winter flounder stock, including offshore Cape Cod, continues to be overfished (NEFSC 2008, Mayo and Terceiro 2005).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 36 Normandeau Associates, Inc.The 2002 year class was estimated to be very small at only 4.4 million fish; it was followed by an average size year class (21.6 million) in 2003 (Mayo and Terceiro 2005).

The 2006 year class was estimated to be the smallest on record (1981 to 2007) at 3.6 million fish and was followed by a small 2007 year class estimated to be 8.8 million fish The 2007 spawning stock biomass was estimated to be 3,368 mt (NEFSC 2008). The Gulf of Maine winter flounder stock appeared to be doing better than the Southern New

England stock; this stock was considered to have been rebuilding since 1995 (NEFSC

2003, Mayo and Terceiro 2005) and was listed as not being overfished (Mayo and Terceiro 2005). However, in the most recent stock assessment a high degree of uncertainty in stock status determination exists although all models suggest that current spawning stock biomass is below the spawning stock biomass maximum sustainable

yield value. The Gulf of Maine winter flounder stock is now considered to likely be overfished (NEFSC 2008). See additional information below. The total for all larvae combined in 2010 showed the traditional seasonal patterns that have been observed from 1981 to 2009 (Figure 6). The 2010 total larval arithmetic mean index (8,472) declined compared to the 2008 (24,825) and 2009 (23,411) indices and was well below the 1975-2009 time series average (21,179). The 2010 geometric mean index

(5,521) also declined compared to the 2008 (11,264) and 2009 (11,773) indices and was considerably below the 1981-2009 time series average (11,147; Figure 6).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 37 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 5. Geometric mean monthly densities per 100 m 3of water in the PNPS discharge canal for the eight numerically dominant egg species and total eggs, 2010 (bold line). Solid

lines encompassing shaded area show high and low values over the 1981-2009

period.Brevoortia tyrannus Labridae-Limandas Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Scomber scombrus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-PeprilusParalichtys-Scopthalmus Prionotus spp.Hippoglossoides platessoides Total eggs To the right are plotted integrated areas under the annual entrainment abundance curves for 1975-2010. An asterisk above 1984, 1987 and 1999 marks the three years when values may have been low due to low through-plant water volumes from April-August. An asterisk above 1976 indicates abundance value may be low due to absence of sampling during January - late April; see text for clarification. Light bars represent indices based on monthly means arithmetic means, solid bars (1981-2009) indices based on monthly geometric means. Occasionally bars were rescaled to improve readability. The actual value in those cases is printed above the bar.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 38 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Brevoortia tyrannus EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 3,023 23,232 67,000**2,775**Gadidae -

Glyptocephalus Eggs Includes: G. morhua, P.virens, M. aeglefinus, and G. cynoglossusJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 5 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 39 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Enchelyopus - Urophycis - Peprilus EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low2010Includes: E. cimbrius, Urophycis spp., and P. triacanthus 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Prionotus spp.

EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 2,593****Figure 5 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 40 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Labridae -

Limanda Eggs Includes Labridae and L. ferrugineusJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Indes based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Scomber scombrus EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 50 100 150 200 250 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic means Geometric means

• • • • Figure 5 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 41 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Paralichthys - Scophthalmus EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 2 4

6 8 10 12 14 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Hippoglossoides platessoides EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 5 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 42 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Total EggsJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 100 200 300 400 500 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 5 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 43 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 6. Geometric mean monthly densities per 100 m 3of water in the PNPS discharge canal for the thirteen numerically dominant larval species and total larvae, 2010 (bold line).

Solid lines encompassing shaded area show high and low values over the 1981-2009

period.Brevoortia tyrannus Tautogolabrus adspersus Clupea harengus Ulvaria subbifurcata Enchelyopus cimbrius Pholis gunnellus Urophycisspecies Ammodytes species Myoxocephalus species Scomber scombrus Liparis species Pleuronectes americanus Tautoga onitis Total larvae To the right are plotted integrated areas under the annual entrainment abundance curves for 1975-2009. An asterisk above 1984, 1987 and 1999 marks the three years when values may have been low due to low through-plant water volumes from April-August. An asterisk above 1976 indicates abundance value may be low due to absence of sampling during January - late April; see text for clarification. Light bars represent indices based on monthly means arithmetic means, solid bars (1981-2009) indices based on monthly geometric means. Occasionally bars were rescaled to improve readability. The actual value in those cases is printed above the bar.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 44 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Brevoortia tyrannus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 YEAR 0 1 2 3 4 5 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Clupea harengus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 YEAR 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 2,156****Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 45 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Enchelyopus cimbrius LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Urophycis spp.

LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 46 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Myoxocephalus spp.

LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 1 2 3

4 5

6 7 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Liparis spp.

LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 47 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Tautoga onitis LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Tautogolabrus adspersus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 5 10 15 20 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 25,901****Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 48 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Ulvaria subbifurcata LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Pholis gunnellus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 49 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Ammodytes spp.

LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 2 4 6 8 10 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 12,490 14,944 26,276***19,511*13,432 Scomber scombrus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 2 4 6 8 10 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means 10,030 12,086****Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 50 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Pleuronectes americanus LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Total LarvaeJFMAMJJASOND Month 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 D e n s i t y/1 0 0 c u b i c m e t e r sHigh/Low201075 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 A b u n d a n c e I n d e x (T h o u s a n d s)Abundance Index based on:Arithmetic meansGeometric means

• • • • Figure 6 (continued).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 51 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 2. Species of fish eggs (E), larvae (L), and juveniles (J) obtained in ichthyoplankton collections from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-December 2010*.2010SpeciesJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecSpeciesAtlantic menhadenBrevoortia tyrannusE/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LAtlantic herringClupea harengus LLL/JLLL/JAnchovyAnchoa spp.LLL/JBay anchovyA. mitchilliEEEFourbeard rocklingEnchelyopus cimbriusEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LAtlantic codGadus morhuaEE/LEE/LEE/LEEEE/LHaddockMelanogrammus aeglefinusEEEE/LE/LSilver hakeMerluccius bilinearisEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LAtlantic tomcodMicrogadus tomcod LLPollockPollachius virensLEE/LHakeUrophycis spp.EE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LStriped cusk-eelOphidion marginatum LLGoosefishLophius americanusEEESilversidesMenidia spp.LLLLLNorthern pipefishSyngnathus fuscusLLLLLLSearobinsPrionotus spp.EEEE/LE/LNorthern searobinP. carolinus LLStriped searobinP. evolansLLLGrubbyMyoxocephalus aenaeusLE/LLLLE/LLonghorn sculpinM. octodecemspinosusLLLShorthorn sculpinM. scorpiusLLLSeasnailLiparis atlanticusLLLLBlack sea bassCentropristis striataLLLLLLScupStenotomus chrysopsE/LE/LE/LWrassesLabridaeEEEEEEEEETautogTautoga onitisE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LCunnerTautogolabrus adspersusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LRadiated shannyUlvaria subbifurcataLLLLLRock gunnelPholis gunnellusLLLLLWrymouthCryptacanthodes maculatus LLSand lanceAmmodytes sp.LLLL/JL/JLL/JSeaboard GobyGobiosoma ginsburgiLEE/LAtlantic mackerelScomber scombrusEE/LEE/LButterfishPeprilus triacanthusE/LE/LE/LE/LSmallmouth flounderEtropus microstomusEEEEE/LE/LE/LWindowpaneScophthalmus aquosusEEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LSummer flounderParalichthys dentatusJLL/JFourspot flounderP. oblongusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LWitch FlounderGlyptocephalus cynoglossusEEE/LEELE/LAmerican plaiceHippoglossoides platessoidesEE/LE/LE/LE/LWinter flounderPseudopleuronectes americanusE/LE/LE/LLLE/LYellowtail flounderLimanda ferrugineusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LHogchokerTrinectes maculatus L LNumber of species66141620272021191243 40*Occurrence of species in egg groups was based on spawning season and the presence of larvae in samples.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 52 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 3. Ichthyoplankton densities (number per 100 m 3 of water) for each sampling occasion during months when notably high densities were recorded, January -December, 2010. Densities marked by + were unusually high based on values in Table 1. Numbers in the last column indicate percent of all previous values during the month which were lower.March50.0April20.080.050.0100.070.0 121.890.0150.0121.1176.9+94141.8 194.5+91161.8 224.1+901914.6+91240.0210.0260.02319.7+95291.4264.4 310.8283.2301.3April20.0April20.050.050.070.070.0 90.090.0121.1120.5141.8140.0161.8161.8190.0199.7 216.8210.0 231.32317.8+95264.4260.0280.7286.5 3010.3+95300.0May355.2May37.8512.3528.5733.5748.81058.21014.8 1225.3124.2 1454.71447.11752.9170.01922.3197.1 21537.42194.4 2421.224458.7+99 26221.02696.728568.028111.4314300.9+9731160.6+9583.9 (2002)Atlantic Herring LarvaePrevious high:30.9 (2005)Notice level:3.0Seasnail LarvaeNotice level:Windowpane EggsNotice level:Notice level:8.0Radiated Shanny LarvaePrevious high:Previous high:603.9 (2008)147.03514.0Labrid EggsPrevious high:Previous high:34,050.0 (1974)Notice level:Notice level:198.3 (1974)Previous high:98.1 (1974)12.07.0Winter Flounder Larvae Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 53 Normandeau Associates, Inc.June20.0June20.040.040.070.770.098.691.3110.7112.0140.0140.0160.0160.0180.0180.0217.4211.92311.8231.1 25266.4+982517.0+99 2813.2287.9+9630124.0+963013.6+98June21.9June20.0410.3+9842.7+95719.9+9970.092.090.0110.7110.0140.0140.0160.0160.0 180.0180.0210.0210.0230.0230.0 250.0250.0280.0280.0300.0300.0June20.5July211.6+96410.8+82542.4+9977.1727.0+9891.391.1115.9120.0141.2140.0161.1164.7+92 181.2190.0210.9210.0230.0240.0 251.3260.02819.4+89280.0301.0300.0Notice level:Notice level:Atlantic Menhaden Eggs128.0 (1987)Table 3. Continued.Previous high:Previous high:22.03.0799.7 (1998)Searobin EggsAmerican Plaice EggsPrevious high:35.0 (1980)Notice level:3.0Radiated Shanny LarvaePrevious high:290.6 (2004)Notice level:10.0Hake LarvaePrevious high:50.6 (1998)Notice level:1.0Atlantic Menhaden EggsPrevious high:59.1 (1978)Notice level:4.0 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 54 Normandeau Associates, Inc.July229.1+97July22.9522.4+96511.2+8670.0719.4+9091.193.3122.2122.2148.9146.7160.0162.4191.2191.2210.0212.5240.0240.7 260.0260.0 280.0283.5300.0303.7July20.0July20.0518.7+8750.070.070.090.092.2+88120.0120.0145.5140.0162.4160.0 190.0192.4+88210.0210.0240.0240.0 260.0260.0281.8280.0301.9304.6+92July217.5+94August22.0517.5+9440.0722.6+9660.0913.1+9290.0126.6+83117.2+931412.2+91134.4164.7162.7 192.4183.9218.6+862026.0+98241.5250.0 260.0270.0283.5300.73012.1+91Atlantic Menhaden LarvaePrevious high:212.8 (2005)Notice level:9.3Previous high:89.2 (2005)Hake Larvae301.8 (2009)1.0Fourbeard Rockling LarvaePrevious high:115.8 (1999)Notice level:9.0Previous high:Notice level:5.3Table 3. Continued.Atlantic Mackerel EggsNotice level:6.0Previous high:Notice level:16.0Previous high:119.0 (1981)Notice level:Tautog LarvaeSearobin Eggs268.6 (1998)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 55 Normandeau Associates, Inc.August211.7August22.6413.245.4 64.9620.8+9599.690.01139.2115.2 1357.6130.01633.4160.01819.2183.0 20231.2+99201.4250.0250.02723.5274.4 3011.2300.7August21.3August20.041.243.0 61.267.4+86 90.091.3111.3117.2+86131.9131.9160.5161.1 180.4180.0 208.2+96202.7 257.2+95250.02712.5+972712.5+92300.0300.7August20.7August227.4+9145.4+86426.4+9061.26118.9+9890.699.0113.9110.0134.4+84135.6 160.5161.1 180.0180.9 204.1+83205.5250.0253.6272.2272.2300.0300.010.089.6 (2008)Previous high:157.3 (2009)Notice level:2.0Previous high:Windowpane EggsPrevious high:261.3 (2006)15.0Notice level:4.0Previous high:4.0136.0Tautog Larvae235.9 (2008)Notice level:Notice level:Silver Hake LarvaeTable 3. Continued.Cunner LarvaePrevious high:Hake LarvaePrevious high:Notice level:254.0 (1997)Notice level:Fourbeard Rockling Larvae204.6 (1983)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 56 Normandeau Associates, Inc.September14.1+81September10.060.060.0 81.680.01028.6+971014.3+89132.6133.6 152.2150.7174.1+81171.4201.6201.6 221.3221.3241.0240.0270.0274.2 292.1290.0September10.0September14.1+9361.760.0 812.6+9981.61022.2+99100.0134.6+91130.5158.7+96150.0 172.7+83170.0 201.6200.0229.1+97220.0242.9+84240.0 275.3+93270.0 293.2+85290.0October817.1+95October80.8116.5+90110.0140.6140.0180.7180.0 200.0205.2+88 220.0223.3November10.0December64.2+8134.588.3+86 50.0100.71512.7+86170.0170.0191.3Atlantic Herring LarvaePrevious high:Notice level:Atlantic Herring LarvaePrevious high:Notice level:124.8 (1995)8.0216.7 (1995)3.0Windowpane EggsPrevious high:Notice level:Atlantic Menhaden LarvaePrevious high:Notice level:40.2 (2000)2.070.3 (1997)4.0Notice level:Cunner LarvaePrevious high:Notice level:112.8 (1993)3.0Previous high:Notice level:Tautog LarvaePrevious high:327.2 (1997)9.032.1 (2009)42.1 (1993)Previous high:Labrid EggsTable 3. Continued.Hake Larvae2.02.0Notice level:

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 57 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 4. Species of fish eggs (E), and larvae (L) collected in the PNPS discharge canal, 1975-2010. General periods of occurrence for eggs and larvae combined are shown along the right side; for the dominant species, periods of peak abundance are also shown in parentheses.

Species197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995Anguilla rostrata J 1JJJJJJJJConger oceanicus Alosa spp.LLJLLJBrevoortia tyrannusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LClupeas harengus LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLAnchoa spp.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL A. hepsetus A. mitchilliEEEEE/LEEEEEEEOsmerus mordaxLLLLLE/LLLLLLLE/LLLLLBrosme brosmeE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEEEEnchelyopus cimbriusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LGadus morhuaE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMelanogrammus aeglefinusLE/LE/LE/LLLEEEEMerluccius bilinearisE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMicrogadus tomcodLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLPollachius virensE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LLLE/LLE/LLLLLE/LLLUrophycis spp.E/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LOphidion marginatum L LLophius americanusE/LEE/LE/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEEEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LStrongylura marina LFundulus spp.

EE F. heteroclitus E F. majalis J EMenidia spp.LLLLE/LE/LEE/LLLLLLLLLLLLL M. menidiaE/LE/LELEESyngnathus fuscusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLSebastes norvegicus LPrionotus spp.E/LEEEE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEEEEE/LEEHemitripterus americanus LLMyoxocephalus spp.LLLLLLLLE/LLE/LLLLE/LLE/LLLLL M. aenaeusLLLLLLLLLLLLE/LLLLL M. octodecemspinosusLLLLLLLLLE/LLLLLLL M. scorpiusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLAspidophoroides monopterygiusLLLLCyclopterus lumpusLLLLELLLLE/LE/LLLLLiparis spp.LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL L. atlanticusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 58 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 4 (continued). Species197519761977197819791980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995 L. coheniLLLLLLLLLLLLLLCentropristis striataLLLLLLLLLLLLCynoscion regalisLLLStenotomus chrysopsLLLELLLLLMenticirrhus saxatilis LLLabridaeEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Tautoga onitisLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL Tautogolabrus adspersusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLumpenus lumpretaeformisLLLLLLLLLUlvaria subbifurcataLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLPholis gunnellusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLCryptacanthodes maculatusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLAmmodytes sp.LLLLE/LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLGobiosoma ginsburgiLLLLLLScomber scombrusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LPeprilus triacanthusE/LE/LE/LEEE/LE/LLE/LE/LLEE/LE/LLE/LLLE/LEtropus microstomusLLEE/LEEEEEE/LParalichthys dentatusE/LE/LLE/LELE/LEE/LP. oblongus 3E/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE\LE\LE/LE/LScophthalmus aquosus 3E/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LGlyptocephalus cynoglossusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LHippoglossoides platessoidesE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LPleuronectes americanus E/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LP. putnamiLE/L LLimanda ferrugineusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LTrinectes maculatusEEEEEEE/LE/LESphoeroides maculatus LL Number of Species 4413643353735403837344237364140423436383942 1J = Juvenile 2Absent August and September; peaks = March-May and November-December.

3Although these eggs were not identified specifically, they were assumed to have occurred as shown based on the occurrence of larvae.

4For comparative purposes three species of Myoxocephalus were assumed for 1975-1978 and two species of Liparis for 1975-1980.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 59 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 4 (continued). Species199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010Period of OccurrenceAnguilla rostrataJJJLLLLLLLLFeb - SepConger oceanicusLJulAlosa spp.LLL/JMay - JulBrevoortia tyrannusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/L/JE/L/JE/L/JE/L/JE/L/JE/LApr(Jun) - (Oct)DecClupeas harengus LLLLLE/LLLLL/JL/JL/JLL/JL/JJan - Dec 2Anchoa spp.LLLLE/LELLLL/JL/JLJun - Sep A. hepsetusEJun - Sep A. mitchilliLEE/LE/LEEEEEEEJun - SepOsmerus mordaxLLE/LLELLLLLMar-JulBrosme brosmeE/LEE/LE/LE/LApr - JulEnchelyopus cimbriusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LApr(Jun) - (Sep)DecGadus morhuaE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/L/JE/L/JE/LE/L/JE/LJan(Nov) - (Dec)DecMelanogrammus aeglefinusELE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LEE/LMar - JulMerluccius bilinearisE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMay(May) - (Jun)NovMicrogadus tomcodLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJan - JunPollachius virensELELLE/LE/LE/LJan-Jun,Nov,DecUrophycis spp.E/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LApr(Aug) - (Sep)NovOphidion marginatumLLLLLLLLLAug - SepLophius americanusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEEEEE/LE/LEMay - OctStrongylura marinaJulFundulus spp.Jul F. heteroclitusJun F. majalisOctMenidia spp.LLLE/LLE/LLLLL/JLLLLMay - Sep M. menidiaE/LMay - SepSyngnathus fuscusLLLLLLLLLLE/LLLLLApr - NovSebastes norvegicusLLJun(Jul)Prionotus spp.EE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LEE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LMay(Jun) - (Aug)SepHemitripterus americanusLLFeb - MarMyoxocephalus spp.LLLLDec(Mar) - (Apr)Jul M. aenaeusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLE/LJan(Mar) - (Apr)Jul M. octodecemspinosusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJan(Mar) - (Apr)May M. scorpiusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLFeb - AprAspidophoroides monopterygiusLLLMar - AprCyclopterus lumpusLLLApr - JulLiparis spp.LLLLLJan(Apr) - (Jun)Jul L. atlanticusLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLMar(Apr) - (Jun)Jul Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 60 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 4 (continued). Species199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010Period of Occurrence L. coheniLLLLLLLLJan(Feb) - (Mar)AprCentropristis striataLLLLLLLLLLLLLLJul - OctCynoscion regalisLE/LLE/LMay - SepStenotomus chrysopsLLE/LE/LLLE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LJun - Oct(Sep)Menticirrhus saxatilisJul - AugLabridaeEEEE/LEE/LEEEEEEEEEMar(May) - (Aug)Nov Tautoga onitisLLLLE/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMay(Jun) - (Aug)Oct Tautogolabrus adspersusLLLLE/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMay(Jun) - (Aug)OctLumpenus lumpretaeformisLLLLJan - JunUlvaria subbifurcataLLLLLLLLLLLLL/JLLFeb(Apr) - (Jun)OctPholis gunnellusLLLLLLLLLLLLL/JL/JLJan(Feb) - (Apr)JulCryptacanthodes maculatusLLLLLLLLLLLFeb - AprAmmodytes sp.LLLLLLLLLLLLL/JL/JL/JJan(Mar) - (May)DecGobiosoma ginsburgiLLLLLLELE/LJul - SepScomber scombrusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LApr(May) - (Jul)SepPeprilus triacanthusLLE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMay - OctEtropus microstomusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LEEEEE/LE/LE/LJul - OctParalichthys dentatusLLLE/LEE/LE/LELE/L/JL/JMay - NovP. oblongus 3E/LE/LE/LLE/LE/LLE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMay - OctScophthalmus aquosus 3E/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LApr(May) - (Sep)OctGlyptocephalus cynoglossusE/LE/LE/LE/LEE/LE/LEE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LMar(May) - (Jun)NovHippoglossoides platessoidesE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LJan(Mar) - (Jun)NovPleuronectes americanusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LJan(Apr) - (Jun)SepP. putnamiLMar - JunLimanda ferrugineusE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LE/LFeb(Apr) - (May)NovTrinectes maculatusE/LEE/LE/LLMay - SepSphoeroides maculatus LJul - Aug Number of Species 4373740384137424339384042394540 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 61 Normandeau Associates, Inc.D. Entrainment and Impingement Effects - Specific Estimated numbers of eggs and larvae entrained annually at PNPS were examined in some detail for six species of fish using the equivalent adult (EA) procedure (see Horst 1976, Goodyear 1978, Saila et al 1997, EPRI 2004, for example). Numbers impinged were also considered. This review dates back to 1980 so that, with the addition of 2010, 31 years of analyses are included. The adult equivalent methodology applies estimated survival rates to numbers of eggs and larvae entrained and numbers of fish impinged to obtain a number of adult fish which might have entered the local population had entrainment and impingement not occurred. The consequences, if any, of entrainment and impingement can then be considered if the size of the extant population is known or numbers can be compared with commercial or

recreational landings.

Many assumptions are associated with the EA procedure. The fish population is assumed to be in equilibrium, therefore in her lifetime each female will replace herself plus one male. It was initially assumed that no eggs or larvae survive entrainment. In assessing potential entrainment values the assumption is also made that no density-dependent compensation occurs among non-entrained individuals, i.e. the approach assumes that non-entrained individuals do not benefit from reduced competition as a direct result of lower densities. The later two assumptions result in an overestimation of plant impacts. Additionally, survival has been demonstrated for some species of entrained fish eggs at PNPS such as the labrids (45%; MRI 1978a) and winter flounder (73%, n = 11; MRI 1982) and among larvae at other power plants (0-100% initial

survival depending on species and size; Ecological Analysts 1981). LMS (2001) used induced-flow larval sampling tables to assess initial and latent survival among entrained winter flounder and other species. They determined that larval flounder mortality was high and statistically similar in both intake and discharge samples. In spite of high natural mortality they reported that survival increased with increasing larval length and decreasing through-plant temperature

change.Numbers of eggs and larvae entrained at Pilgrim Station were determined using a typical normal operation flow capacity of 461.28 million gallons per day (MGD) except when the station was out of service for refueling or other maintenance. During outage periods when one circulating seawater pump was in service sampling continued and flow prevailing at the time was Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 62 Normandeau Associates, Inc.used to calculate numbers entrained. Typically if both circulating seawater pumps were off entrainment sampling was discontinued as little if any entrainment occurred. In 1984 and 1987 an exception occurred since both circulating seawater pumps were shut down from April through August yet sampling continued using the salt service water system. Estimated numbers entrained for species present during those months are quite low as little entrainment was observed to occur (MRI 1994). Due to the extended outages those two years were omitted from 1980-2009 time series averages and ranges in the following six species reviews. During the more typical 1999 outage extending from May 9 to June 11 sampling was also conducted with only the salt service water pumps running with results similar to 1984 and 1987. Based on the very low numbers entrained when both seawater pumps were off entrainment sampling was not conducted during

the portion of the 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2009 outage periods in which both circulating seawater pumps were shut down and entrained was assumed to be zero. Since plankton densities are notorious for deviating from a normal distribution but do generally follow the lognormal, geometric mean densities more accurately reflect the true population mean. The geometric mean is always less than the arithmetic mean particularly for

data which are skewed to the right such as plankton densities (see Figures 5 and 6). In calculating total entrainment values for the adult equivalent methodology we chose to use the larger arithmetic mean for all sampling dates proceeding April 1994 when three replicate samples were taken per sampling occasion to lend additional conservatism to the assessments. Beginning with April 1994 each individual sample density was utilized so that no averaging was necessary. The six species selected for review were winter flounder, cunner, Atlantic mackerel, Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring, and Atlantic cod. Flounder were chosen because of their commercial and recreational value as well as their importance in PNPS ecology studies. Cunner were selected because they are abundant in entrainment samples and in the local nearshore area.

Mackerel and menhaden were included because they are abundant among the ichthyoplankton entrained, both eggs and larvae being removed from the local population, and they are commercially and recreationally valuable. Atlantic herring and cod are not entrained in great numbers but they are valuable species in New England waters.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 63 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Winter Flounder In 2010 an estimated total of 756,692 eggs and 10,181,766 winter flounder larvae were entrained by PNPS (Table 5). The number of larvae ranked in the middle of the range (37 th percentile), 20 th among the 31 totals recorded over the 1980 - 2010 time series. The average numbers entrained from 1980-2009 were 3,614,239 eggs and 21,822,298 larvae. Values ranged from 28,600 in 2002 to 32,717,500 in 1985 for eggs and 3,505,517 in 1999 to 86,850,000 in

1998 for larvae.

The annual larval entrainment estimates were converted to equivalent numbers of age 3 adults, the age at which flounder become sexually mature (Witherell and Burnett 1993, NOAA

1995). Four sets of survival values were used and the results averaged. The first set followed NEP (1978) using data from Pearcy (1962) and Saila (1976). Briefly, this consisted of dividing the total number of entrained larvae by 0.09 to estimate the number of eggs which hatched to produce that number of larvae. NEP (1978) did not specifically account for entrained winter flounder eggs. While they are demersal and adhesive, numbers of them are entrained each year.

A survival rate of 0.058 for entrained winter flounder eggs was assumed based on Rose et al (1996) and assuming that the entrained eggs were 15 days from hatching. The number of newly hatched eggs derived from the number of eggs entrained was then addedto the number of hatched eggs derived from the larvae entrained. The combined number of eggs was then multiplied in succession by 0.004536, an estimate of survival from a newly hatched egg to day 26; 0.2995, survival from day 27 to metamorphosis; 0.03546, survival of juveniles from 3 to 12 months; 0.3491, survival from 13 to 24 months; and finally 0.33, survival from 24 to 36 months. The second approach followed larval stage-specific survival rates (S) derived from Niantic River data (Crecco and Howell 1990) as modified by Gibson (1993). These are as

follows: S (stage 1) = 0.236 S (age 0) = 0.0730 S (stage 2) = 0.108 S (age 1) = 0.250 S (stage 3) = 0.154 S (age 2) = 0.477

S (stage 4) = 0.623 A survival rate of 0.058 was assumed for winter flounder eggs as indicated for the unstaged approach. All fish eggs or larvae are not entrained at the same point or age in a given life stage and it is assumed that the further along in development the greater the probability that an Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 64 Normandeau Associates, Inc.individual will survive to the next life stage. To account for this, the survival values for each life stage entrained were adjusted based on EPRI (2004). The adjusted survival value was applied only to the stage being entrained, not to subsequent stages as numbers were calculated to equivalent adults. The adjusted survival values were as follows:

Adjusted Eggs = 0.1096 Adjusted S (stage 1) = 0.3819 Adjusted S (stage 3) = 0.2669 Adjusted S (stage 2) = 0.1949 Adjusted S (stage 4) = 0.7677 In using the stage-specific rates it is recognized that Dominion employs different morphological stage criteria than those used at PNPS (Dominion 2008). However a comparison of samples from both studies showed stages to be quite comparable until larvae approach metamorphosis, a size not often collected because these individuals begin to assume a benthic life style.

The third set of survival values obtained from PG&E (2001) was as follows:

Eggs = 0.75 S (stage 1) = 0.1286 S (age 0) = 0.0927 S (stage 2) = 0.0328 S (age 1) = 0.3291 S (stage 3) = 0.0296 S (age 2) = 0.3654

S (stage 4) = 0.8377 As above, survival values were adjusted based on EPRI (2004) and applied only to the stage being entrained. The values used were as follows:

Adjusted Eggs = 0.8571 Adjusted S (stage 1) = 0.2279 Adjusted S (stage 3) = 0.0575 Adjusted S (stage 2) = 0.0635 Adjusted S (stage 4) = 0.9117 The fourth set of survival values obtained from EPA (2004), which were based on PG & E (2001), was as follows:

Eggs = 0.75 S (stage 1) = 0.1287 S (age 0) = 0.0926 S (stage 2) = 0.0327 S (age 1) = 0.3307 S (stage 3) = 0.0296 S (age 2) = 0.3657

S (stage 4) = 0.8378 As above, an adjustment was made to each survival value based on EPRI (2004) to account for the fact that entrained eggs and larvae are of mixed ages. The values used were as follows:

Adjusted Eggs = 0.8570 Adjusted S (stage 1) = 0.2281 Adjusted S (stage 3) = 0.0575 Adjusted S (stage 2) = 0.0634 Adjusted S (stage 4) = 0.9117 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 65 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Prior to calculating EA values numbers of eggs collected from 1980 - 1994 when 0.333-mm mesh was used on all sampling occasions were scaled upward by 1.24 to correct for mesh extrusion. While no direct mesh extrusion information is available for winter flounder eggs in the PNPS discharge stream, the value for similar sized cunner eggs was used. Numbers of stage 1 and 2 larvae collected prior to 1995 were likewise scaled upward by 1.62 to adjust for mesh

extrusion (MRI 1995).

Numbers of age 3 fish were converted to weight based on 0.49 pounds per fish for the

first three survival values. This was derived from the length-weight equation presented in NEFSC (1998) using mean length at age 3 for males (262 mm TL) and females (267 mm TL).

Mean length at age was obtained using the gender specific, north of Cape Cod growth equations provided by Witherell and Burnett (1993). These relationships gave mean weights of 0.47 and 0.50 pounds for males and females, respectively; these were averaged. For the fourth set of survival values the number of age 3 fish were converted to weight based on 0.997 pounds per

fish following EPA (2004).

The mean EA value for 2010 was 6,293 age 3 fish weighing 3,931 pounds. Comparable values for 1980 - 2009 ranged from 726 in 1999 to 72,476 in 1998 with an overall mean of 13,629 fish weighing 8,432 pounds (Figure 7, Table 5). Winter flounder larvae have been shown to survive entrainment (MRI 1982, Ecological Analysts 1981, PG&E 2001). To account for this survival winter flounder eggs and larvae were adjusted based on the following: winter flounder eggs and stage 1 and stage 2 larvae were assumed to have zero entrainment survival, stage 3 larvae were assumed to have 48.9% survival, and stage 4 larvae were assumed to have 49.4% survival (PG&E 2001). Only the three life stage methods were used when calculating EA with entrainment survival since survival was specific to life stage. When entrainment survival was considered the mean EA value for 2010 declined to 4,292 age 3 adults weighing 2,683 pounds. The 1980 - 2009 time series mean also declined to

9,206 age 3 adults weighing 5,698 pounds (Figure 8, Table 6).

In addition to those entrained, small numbers of winter flounder were impinged on the intake screens each year (Table 7; also See Impingement Monitoring Section 3.3). Annual totals ranged from 232 in 1983 to 2,688 in 2005 and averaged 1,038 fish over the time series. The 2010 estimated total was below the average at 1,005. Based on annual mean length data, most impinged fish were young-of-the-year. Assuming all fish would have completed their first year, Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 66 Normandeau Associates, Inc.the average age 1 and age 2 survival rates from the first three entrainment EA procedures were applied. For the fourth method relying on EPA data, the ages of impinged fish were determined by length frequency distributions. The percent composition was multiplied by the total estimated number of fish impinged each month to partition the monthly total into age classes. The instantaneous mortality rate for juvenile winter flounder was obtained from EPA (2004) and adjusted to account for the higher probability that fish impinged later in any given year are more likely to survive to their first birthday. Mortality rate adjustments were made for each month

that juvenile fish were impinged. This was done by dividing the EPA stage-specific instantaneous mortality rate by the respective stage duration in days to obtain a daily instantaneous rate. This daily instantaneous rate was multiplied by the number of days remaining until each fish's first birthday to derive the mortality rate expected to the end of year

1. That mortality rate was converted to the corresponding survival rate (1 - mortality rate) and multiplied by the number of age 0 fish impinged during each respective month. The monthly totals were then combined to obtain an estimated annual total number of equivalent age 1 fish.

All impinged fish older than age 1 were conservatively assumed to survive to their next birthday.

Annual survival values obtained from EPA (2004) were used to convert age 1 fish to age 3 fish.

Impinged winter flounder would be equivalent to an annual average of 117 age 3 adults (range = 26 to 261, 1980-2009) weighing 74 pounds (range = 17 to 152 pounds). The 2010 estimate amounted to 71 pounds, below the average. Some winter flounder typically survive impingement, particularly under continuous screen wash operation (see for example MRI 1982, 1984, 1997). To account for this survival the numbers of flounder impinged were adjusted assuming a 23.1% survival rate attributable to the fish return sluiceway and the low pressure spraywash (MRI 1984). When impingement survival was considered the annual average number of fish lost to impingement declined to 799 (range = 181 to 2,070) over the 1980 - 2009 time series. The 2010 estimated number of flounder lost to impingement was 788, which would be equivalent to 88 age 3 adults weighing 57 pounds. The 2010 EA value was below the time series

average of 93 age 3 adults weighing 60 pounds (Figure 8, Table 8).

Winter flounder were commercially landed from NOAA statistical area 514 which

covers Cape Cod Bay and Massachusetts Bay over the 1982 through 2009 period at an annual average of 992,793 pounds (s.e. = 202,551 pounds). The estimated average of 8,316 pounds of equivalent age 3 adults due to PNPS entrainment and impingement over the same time frame Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 67 Normandeau Associates, Inc.(Tables 5 and 7) represents less than 0.9% of those landings. Area 514 commercial landings declined sharply after 1993 from 1,057,211 pounds that year to 16,788 pounds in 1995, 1,798

pounds in 1997, and only 221 pounds in 1999. Catch rebounded in 2000 to 40,000 pounds but dropped again each of the next three years to 4,742 pounds in 2003. Landings increased to

956,886 pounds in 2004 but decline to 286,927 pounds in 2007

3. Area 514 commercial landings were 309,632 pounds in 2010 (David Sutherland, NOAA, personal communication).

Since the declines in the Gulf of Maine winter flounder stock occurred in the 1990's and revised management practices have evolved to reduce fishing mortality rates and hence landings, comparing equivalent adult values with landing data has been less realistic as an impact assessment screening tool. Also since survival rates used in the equivalent adult impact analysis were derived when winter flounder were far more abundant they are likely optimistic and result in considerable overestimates of equivalent adult values today.

Winter flounder also have considerable value as a recreational species. Based on NOAA

records 4an annual average of 1,253,187 fish weighing an average of about one pound each were landed from Massachusetts inland waters and within 3 miles of shore over the 1981-2009 time period. Over the course of the past two decades or so (1991-2009) recreational landings were

well below 1980's levels due to stock declines and catch limits consistent with commercial landings; an annual average of 123,023 fish were reported landed in the state from inland waters and within 3 miles of shore over the fourteen-year period since 1996. Over the last five years these landings have averaged only 114,824 fish. Unfortunately, recreational landings are compiled by state within distance from shore areas (inland, <3 miles from shore, > 3 miles from shore) and the number of fish taken from a more appropriate area such as Cape Cod Bay are not available. Arbitrarily adding 20,000 pounds of recreationally-caught flounder to the depressed 1994-2009 Area 514 commercial landings would bring the respective totals for those sixteen years to an average of 221,914 pounds (s.e. = 67,622). The average PNPS EA entrainment and impingement values based on the four parameter sets for the same years (12,216 pounds) would amount to 6%. Clearly the decline in commercial landings after 1994 suggests that those values, 3 Beginning in 2004 the landings data have been entered by dealers and in the majority of the entries the statistical area field has been null (000). Landings data from vessel trip reports have been used when available.

4 Recreational landings data were obtained via the internet at http://remora.ssp.nmfs.gov/mrfss.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 68 Normandeau Associates, Inc.even when combined with the recreational landings, may no longer be a realistic comparison to equivalent adult values.

Stock assessment data available from the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries for north of Cape Cod suggest that flounder abundance has varied without trend since 1978 with peaks in 1979, 1983, and 2000 (34 kg per tow). Similarly National Marine Fisheries Service stock assessment data vary without trend with peaks in 1981, 1983, 2000, and 2002 (Figure 9 and 10). If entrainment and impingement at PNPS were having an adverse environmental impact on winter flounder these fishery independent surveys would be expected to decline over time. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) personnel made estimates of the number of adult winter flounder (>280 mm TL - age 3+) in a 267 km 2 (106 square mile) area in the vicinity of PNPS using the area swept by a commercial trawl each year from 1997-1999 (Lawton et al. 2000). Marine Research, Inc./Normandeau Associates, Inc. completed comparable Area Swept surveys from 2000 through 2010 (see Section 3.1 of this volume).

While reliable estimates of local population size are difficult to make, they can provide more realistic numbers with which to compare EA values relative to commercial and recreational landings which are difficult if not impossible to pinpoint to the actual study area. Landings data typically represent numbers caught over a very large area or as displayed by the most recent commercial landings can be subject to stock management catch restrictions, changes in fishing effort, and data handling which make them less useful. The Normandeau area swept estimate for 2010 equaled 255,008 adult flounder based on gear efficiency of 50% with confidence limits ranging from 250,574 to 259,442 fish. The area covered by the spring trawl survey was based on a simplistic hydrodynamic model used to predict spatial estimates of the origin of winter flounder larvae that are subject to entrainment at PNPS. Modeling work completed by the U.S. Geological Survey showed that the majority of particles released into the water column off Boston Harbor would be transported through Cape Cod Bay within a 15-day period. Considering that larval winter flounder can drift for 30 to 60 days depending on prevailing water temperature the size of the area-swept survey is likely very conservative. Regardless, the size of the area was not intended to represent the entire population potentially affected by PNPS. For example, the National Marine Fisheries Service manages the winter flounder resource as three stocks - Southern New England-Mid-Atlantic Bight, Georges Bank, and the Gulf of Maine. Although winter flounder appear to form localized spawning Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 69 Normandeau Associates, Inc.aggregations (Lobell 1939, Saila 1961, Grove 1982) they also move inshore and offshore during the course of the year and mixing occurs then (Perlmutter 1947, Howe and Coates 1975, Hanson

and Courtenay 1996). Comparing the average number of age 3 equivalent adults attributable to entrainment and impingement estimated for 1997 through 2007 with the corresponding area-swept estimates lagged by three years provided the percentages shown below. The average over the 1997-2007 time period was 11.0% and the current 2010 estimated number of equivalent adults of 6,405 amounts to 2.5% of the 2010 area swept estimate. Since assuming that the spring trawl survey reflects all fish potentially influenced by PNPS is likely an over estimate, the area swept estimates were expanded to reflect all of Cape Cod Bay. The trawl surveys covered approximately 267 km 2 or 16.7% of the area of Cape Cod Bay (1600 km 2, Emberton 1981). It is important to note that the area of Cape Cod Bay amounts to only 1.7% of the area of the Gulf of Maine which represents the stock management unit.

Based on Cape Cod Bay's area the average number of equivalent adults over the 1997-2007 time period represented less than 2.0% of the expected population and the current 2010 estimated number of equivalent adults of 6,405 amounts to 0.4% of the 2010 area swept Cape Cod Bay estimate.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 70 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Recognizing that some entrained winter flounder larvae do survive, particularly the older more valuable individuals, and that many impinged winter flounder also survive, the following table reflects those adjustments. Entrainment survival was accounted for as described above. An impingement survival rate of 23.1% was based on studies completed after installation of low pressure sprays and the fish return sluiceway (MRI 1984). 199741,970464,1762,785,0569.01.5199872,710400,8122,404,87218.13.01999835476,2632,857,5780.20.0320003,629262,6041,575,6241.40.2200126,869157,532945,19217.12.8200218,557126,117756,70214.72.420033,205112,480674,8802.90.5200446,801184,4321,106,59225.44.2200542,951166,496998,97625.84.320067,605172,4041,034,4244.40.720074,401255,0081,530,0481.70.3Mean24,503252,5751,515,44911.01.8Numbers of age 3 equivalent adult winter flounder estimated for entrainment and impingement at PNPS assuming 100% mortality compared with area-swept estimates for nearshore waters and all of Cape Cod Bay three years later.Cape Cod Bay Estimate 3 Years LaterPercent Of Area-Swept EstimatePercent Of Cape Cod Bay EstimateEquivalent Age 3 Adults (Number of Fish) Entrainment and ImpingementArea-Swept Estimate 3 Years Later Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 71 Normandeau Associates, Inc. The average over this period of time after adjusting for survival was 7.4% using only the area-swept estimate, 1.2% based on Cape Cod Bay and the current 2010 estimated number of equivalent adults of 4,380 fish amounted to 1.7% of the current area-swept estimate.

The latest Groundfish Assessment Review Meeting (NEFSC 2008) concluded that the Gulf of Maine stock assessment is currently uncertain. The stock is "likely in an overfished

condition and overfishing is probably occurring". In spite of the uncertainty spring abundance indices for the Gulf of Maine developed by NOAA's Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) and the MDMF spring resource assessment for the northern winter flounder stock do not display a downward trend that would suggest an adverse environmental impact is occurring.

Cunner As described above, cunner eggs are consistently among the most abundant fish eggs in PNPS entrainment samples and in the waters surrounding the Station (Scherer 1984). The breakwaters protecting the intake and discharge in particular provide considerable habitat for cunner, a temperate reef fish (Nitschke et al. 2002). Total numbers entrained ranged from 199728,251464,1762,785,0566.101.00199849,110400,8122,404,87212.302.001999573476,2632,857,5780.100.0220002,450262,6041,575,6240.900.20200118,190157,532945,19211.601.90200212,593126,117756,70210.001.7020032,161112,480674,8801.900.30200431,502184,4321,106,59217.102.80200529,041166,496998,97617.402.90 20065,132172,4041,034,4242.980.5020073,037255,0081,530,0481.190.20Numbers of age 3 equivalent adult winter flounder estimated for entrainment and impingement compared with area-swept estimates for nearshore waters and all of Cape Cod Bay three years later. Numbers entrained and impinged were corrected for entrainment and impingement survival.Cape Cod Bay Estimate 3 Years LaterMean16,549252,5751,515,4497.421.23Percent Of Area-Swept EstimatePercent Of Cape Cod Bay EstimateEquivalent Age 3 Adults (Number of Fish) Entrainment and ImpingementArea-Swept Estimate 3 Years Later Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 72 Normandeau Associates, Inc.580,955,000 in 2002 to 6,576,000,000 in 1981 with a time series mean of 2,291,526,600 through 2009. For cunner larvae annual totals ranged from 2,792,000 in 1992 to 576,300,000 in 1981 with a time series average of 70,552,000. Totals for 2010 were 2,555,971,000 eggs and 37,470,000 larvae. The number of eggs was above the 1980-2009 average while larvae numbers

were below the average (Table 9). The egg total ranked 12 th overall and was in the 63 thpercentile. Larvae ranked 15 th overall, in the 53 rd percentile and 53% of the times series mean. Two methods were used to estimate equivalent adult values for cunner. The first method followed Goodyear (1978) by converting numbers of eggs and larvae to numbers of fish at age of sexual maturity which occurs for approximately half the population at age 1 (P.

Nitschke, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, personal communication). Assuming all labrid eggs were cunner eggs in PNPS entrainment samples (Scherer 1984), cunner larva/egg ratios were determined from PNPS samples to provide an estimate of survival from spawned egg to entrained larva. Mesh correction values were first applied to both eggs and larvae. Presented in MRI (1998) these were 1.24 for eggs taken from 1980-1995, 1.14 for eggs taken in 1995, and 1.10 for eggs taken in 1997. The mean of 1995 and 1997 values was used for 1998 through 2010 except in early-season cases where cunner eggs occurred in 0.202-mm mesh samples. Larval cunner mesh values applied were 1.16 for stage 1 and 1.28 for stage 2, irrespective of year.

From 1980 to 2010 the larva/egg ratio ranged from 0.001284 to 0.128812 and averaged 0.027885; 1984, 1987, and 1999 were excluded because of extended circulating seawater pump shutdown during the cunner spawning season. Average lifetime fecundity was calculated from

fish collected in the PNPS area by Nitschke (1997) and Nitschke et al. (2001a, b). He provided numbers of eggs produced at age in the second order form:

Log F = [2.891 log A] - [1.355 log A 2] + 3.149 where F = fecundity at age A Age-specific instantaneous mortality necessary for calculation of average lifetime fecundity was calculated from fish trap collections made from 1992 - 1997 (Brian Kelly, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, personal communication, MRI 1998). Average instantaneous mortality rates for the PNPS area collections from 1992 through 1997 using this

approach were as follows:

Age 3 = 0.286 Age 7 = 0.653 Age 4 = 0.342 Age 8 = 1.463 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 73 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Age 5 = 0.645 Age 9 = 0.728 Age 6 = 1.260 Utilizing data from Serchuk and Cole (1974) for age 1 through 5 cunner collected with assorted gear, a survival rate of S = 0.605 was obtained (Z = 0.5025) which appears comparable

to the PNPS values. Age 1 and 2 fish appeared less abundant in the PNPS collections than age 3

fish (MRI 1998), suggesting they were not fully recruited to the trap collections, perhaps due to their small size or behavior. Fish older than age 10 were rarely taken both because they are uncommon and because they can exceed the maximum size susceptible to the fish traps. In the absence of additional information an overall mean value of Z = 0.831 was substituted for age 2

and age 10.

Based on the PNPS area fecundity study (Nitschke 1997, Nitschke et al. 2001), 50% of age 1 females were assumed to be mature; complete recruitment was assumed by age 2.

Following Goodyear (1978), an average lifetime fecundity of 17,226 eggs per female at age 1 was calculated. Utilizing the survival estimate for eggs to larvae assuming most eggs were recently spawned and average lifetime fecundity, a survival estimate for larvae to adult of 4.116E-3 was obtained. Numbers of eggs were converted to larvae based on the larva/egg ratio

and then numbers of larvae were converted to adults.

The second method to estimate cunner equivalent adult values relied on early life stage survival rates obtained from EPA (2004). These were S = 0.031 for eggs, S = 0.055 for larvae, and S = 0.055 for juveniles. The survival values for each entrained life stage were adjusted following EPRI (2004) to account for the fact that entrained eggs and larvae are of mixed ages.

The resulting values were: adjusted S = 0.0592 for eggs and adjusted S = 0.1043 for larvae.

An estimated 562,953 cunner were potentially lost to entrainment effects in 2010. The 1980 - 2009 average was 687,677 ranging from 134,565 in 2003 to 3,810,945 in 1981 (Figure 11, Table 9). The high value recorded in 1981, attributable to high egg and exceptionally high larval densities skewed the mean EA value. As mentioned for winter flounder, estimates made in 1984 and to a lesser extent those made in 1987 and 1999 were low due to reduced flow during

outage periods.

Cunner eggs were assumed to have an entrainment survival rate of 90% based on data collected during the entrainment survival study conducted at PNPS in 2007 (NAI unpublished data). Cunner larvae were assumed to have 100% entrainment survival at discharge temperatures Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 74 Normandeau Associates, Inc.between 25 and 30°C and 48% entrainment survival at discharge temperatures between 30 and 35°C (EPRI 2000). When entrainment survival was accounted for the number of age 1 adults potentially lost to entrainment in 2010 decreased to 128,357 fish (6,582 pounds). The 2010 value was lower than the 1980 - 2009 average of 150,213 fish (range = 12,613 to 888,528; Figure 12, Table 10).

In addition to numbers of eggs and larvae entrained, cunner were impinged on the PNPS intake screens (See Impingement Monitoring Section 3.3). Annual estimated totals ranged from 28 in 1992 to 1,043 in 1980 with a time series average of 300 fish. A total of 535 fish were impinged in 2010 the seventh highest value overall. The number of equivalent adult cunner potentially lost to impingement was calculated by two methods. The first method made no equivalent adult adjustment to the number impinged since cunner mature as early as age 1. The second method estimated the age of the impinged cunner by annual length frequency distributions. The percent composition for each 10-mm length class was multiplied by the total estimated number of fish impinged each month to partition each monthly total into age classes.

The instantaneous mortality rate for the cunner age classes were obtained from EPA (2004) and were adjusted as above in winter flounder to account for the higher probability that fish impinged later in any given year are more likely to survive to their first birthday. Mortality rate adjustments were made for each month that juvenile fish were impinged. The mortality rate was converted to the corresponding survival rate and multiplied by the number of age 0 fish impinged during each respective month. The monthly totals were then combined to obtain an estimated annual total number of equivalent age 1 fish. All impinged fish older than age 1 were considered adults. These methods produced 442 equivalent adult cunner in 2010 which is above the 1980-2009 mean of 266 fish (range = 25 to 708; Table 11). Cunner often survive being impinged at PNPS (MRI 1984). Cunner impingement survival, attributable to the fish return sluiceway and the low pressure spraywash system, was assumed to be 10.7% (MRI 1984). When impingement survival is considered the number of equivalent adult cunner potentially lost in 2010 declined to 393 fish (29 pounds) and the time series average to 226 (17 pounds; Figure 12, Table 12). Cunner have no commercial value and little recreational importance (although many may be taken unintentionally by shore fishermen) so that current landing records are not available.

To shed some light on their abundance in the PNPS area, calculations were performed to estimate the number of adult cunner which would be necessary to produce the number of eggs Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 75 Normandeau Associates, Inc.found there. The PNPS area was defined by Cape Cod Bay sampling stations 2,3,4,7,8 (MRI 1978b), the half-tide volume of which was estimated by planimetry from NOAA chart 1208 at

22,541,000 100 m 3 units. Labrid egg densities were obtained at those stations on a weekly basis in 1975 and they were integrated over time (April-December) using the mean density of the five stations. The integrated values were multiplied by 1.40 to account for extrusion through the 0.505-mm mesh used in that survey (MRI unpublished data), then by the sector volume. Based on the 0.333/0.202-mm mesh data collected from the PNPS discharge stream from 1994 through 1997, additional upward scaling might be appropriate; however specific data for towed samples with 0.202-mm mesh are not available and an estimated value was not applied. Omitting this step likely led to an underestimate of the number of eggs produced and therefore to an underestimate of the number of adults spawning in the area. The resulting value was divided by 2.2, the estimated incubation time in days for cunner eggs (Johansen 1925), then divided by 17,226 the average life time fecundity value described. Lastly the resulting value was multiplied by 2 assuming an even sex ratio. These calculations resulted in an estimated production of 6.899E12 eggs by an estimated 364,090,000 adult fish. The potential loss of 563,394 adults in 2010 due to PNPS operation represents 0.2% of the estimated spawning stock. The annual mean of 687,943 fish attributable to entrainment and impingement, including all years, represents 0.2%

of the stock estimate. In earlier studies MDMF personnel chose cunner as an indicator species for PNPS impact investigations. Tagging studies were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 seasons to estimate the size of the cunner population in the immediate PNPS area. Minimum tagging size and therefore the minimum size fish enumerated was 90 mm TL. Estimates were highly localized since individual cunner have a very small home range measured on the order of 100 m 2 or less (Pottle and Green 1979). Very young cunner may spend their first year within a single square meter (Tupper and Boutilier 1995, 1997). Estimated population size for the outer breakwater and intake areas combined were 7,408 and 9,300 for the two respective years. Combining upper 95%

confidence limits for breakwater and intake produced totals of 10,037 and 11,696 fish, respectively. Since the upper confidence limit total is only 0.003% of the egg based population estimate, it is clear that eggs must arrive at PNPS from areas beyond the immediate vicinity of the Station. A hydrodynamic modeling study completed by Eric Adams of MIT predicted that 90% of the cunner eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS come from within about 5.5 miles of PNPS Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 76 Normandeau Associates, Inc.to the north down to White Horse Beach, about one mile to the south of PNPS. This area extends further to the north than the area 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 used in the above egg estimates and would presumably provide an even greater adult population estimate. The number of eggs entrained

indicated that cunner must be very abundant in these waters.

Atlantic Mackerel Numbers of mackerel eggs entrained at PNPS ranged from 6,182,000 in 1999 to 4,674,000,000 in 1989 with an average of 767,204,000. Totals for larval mackerel ranged from

311,000 in 1999 to 320,135,600 in 1981 with an average of 38,197,000. Corresponding values for 2010 were 72,370,028 for eggs and 779,129 for larvae (Table 13). The current egg total

ranked 26 th in the 11 th percentile and the larval total ranked 27 th in the 7 th percentile. Values amounted to 9 and 2% of the respective time series means.

Two methods were used to determine equivalent adult Atlantic mackerel. The first method followed the procedures outlined by Vaughan and Saila (1976) to derive a survival rate for spawned mackerel eggs to age 1 fish. This procedure utilizes the Leslie matrix algorithm to estimate early survival from proportion mature, fecundity, and survival within each age class assuming a stable population. Fecundity for Atlantic mackerel was obtained from Griswold and Silverman (1992) and Neja (1992). Age-specific instantaneous natural mortality (M = 0.20) was obtained from Overholtz (2000a) and NOAA (1995). A low fishing mortality rate of F = 0.02 was used consistent with the current low exploitation rate (NEFSC 2000). A maximum age of 14 and maturity schedules were obtained from NEFSC (1996). Since two fecundity profiles provide two egg to age 1 survival values: 2.2820E-6 for Griswold and Silverman, 2.1692E-6 for

Neja, the values were averaged (2.22559E-6).

To account for the fact that all eggs entrained were not recently spawned and the Vaughan and Saila estimate begins at time of spawning an estimate of daily mortality was derived from Pepin (1991). Based on an average late-spring summer water temperature of 15 C daily mortality was estimated to be M e = 0.074. At 15 C mackerel eggs require approximately 4 days to hatch assuming an average diameter of 1.15 mm (Colton and Marak 1969, Pepin 1991).

Entrained eggs were therefore assumed to average one day old with a corresponding mortality rate of M = 0.446 (survival rate S = 0.640). The number of entrained eggs was therefore divided by 0.640 to estimate the equivalent number of newly spawned eggs entrained.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 77 Normandeau Associates, Inc. To back calculate from entrained larvae to spawned eggs so the spawned egg to age 1 survival rate could be applied the observed average ratio of eggs to larvae for PNPS of 0.0712

(1980-2009) was used. In calculating the average larva/egg ratio 1981, 1984, 1987, and 1999 were omitted, 1981 because larvae were more abundant then eggs, 1984, 1987, and 1999 because both circulating seawater pumps were off for all or an important portion of the mackerel egg and larval seasons during maintenance outages. A mesh adjustment factor of 1.12 was applied to the egg data obtained with 0.333-mm mesh nets based on mesh comparison collections completed from 1994 through 1997 (MRI 1998). No mesh adjustment was justified for larvae. Numbers of entrained larvae were divided by 0.0712 then by the age adjustment factor of 0.640 and the back calculated total was then added to the age-adjusted egg total.The age 0 survival rate of 2.2256E-6 was then applied to the combined egg total to derive the number of age 1 fish.

According to NOAA (1995, 1998) and Overholtz (2000a) stock biomass consists of fish age 1 and older while fish completely recruit to the spawning stock by age 3. Therefore, juvenile and adult equivalent values are shown for both respective age groups (Figure 13, Table 13). Age 3 individuals were estimated using an instantaneous mortality rate of M = 0.52 for age 1 fish and

M = 0.37 for age 2 fish (Overholtz et al. 1988). These values provided annual survival rates of S

= 0.595 and 0.691, respectively. Numbers of age 1 and 3 mackerel were expressed on a weight

basis using 0.2 and 0.7 pounds per fish, respectively (Clayton et al. 1978). The second method to estimate Atlantic mackerel equivalent adult values followed the life stage method. The survival values obtained from EPA (2004) were S = 0.092 for eggs, S =

0.005 for larvae, and S = 0.005 for juveniles, S = 0.595 for age 1, and S = 0.538 for age 2. The survival values were adjusted following EPRI (2004) to account for the mixed ages of entrained

eggs and larvae. The resulting values were: adjusted S = 0.1679 for eggs and adjusted S =

0.0099 for larvae. The adjusted survival values were applied only to the stage being entrained, not to subsequent stages as numbers were calculated to equivalent adults.

PNPS equivalent age 1 juvenile mackerel lost to entrainment for 2010 amounted to 316

age 1 fish weighing 82 pounds or 114 age 3 fish weighing 95 pounds. Corresponding age 1 values over the 1980 through 2009 time series ranged from 39 (1999) to 21,128 (1989) fish with an average of 4,818. Age 3 values ranged from 14 to 7,646 with an annual average of 1,748 individuals. Converting numbers of fish to weight resulted in an estimated average annual value

through 2009 of 1,242 pounds or 1,174 pounds, respectively. Due to the insufficient species and Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 78 Normandeau Associates, Inc.life stage specific data on upper lethal temperatures and exposure limits for Atlantic mackerel, all eggs and larvae were assumed to die following entrainment.

The number of eggs and larvae entrained in 2010 and therefore the number of equivalent juveniles and equivalent adults was well below average, amounting to 6.5% of the time series mean (Table 13). This follows 2001 through 2009 when numbers ranged from only about 6 to 23% of the time series average. The below average totals suggest that mackerel egg and larval

production in the waters near PNPS was not particularly high during the last ten years. The Transboundary Resources Assessment Committee (TRAC) status report for Atlantic mackerel in the northwest Atlantic was completed in 2010. The estimated spawning stock biomass has declined from 1.36 million mt in 1972 to 96,968 mt in 2008. Stock recruitment has also declined in recent years from an average of 2.1 billion age 1 fish during 1962 through 1984 to an average of 566 million age 1 fish from 1985 through 2009. The assessment time series average is 1.3 billion age 1 fish (TRAC 2010). Atlantic mackerel recruitment is strongly dependent on copepod nauplii production through species that contribute to the larval mackerel diet. Strong mackerel year-classes such as 1999 were characterized by remarkably high prey copepod nauplii availability (Castonguay et al. 2008).Atlantic mackerel are swift swimmers and not often impinged at PNPS. They occurred during only eight years from 1980 to 2010 with an average of 8 individuals annually. For simplicity all impinged mackerel were considered adult fish using the Vaughan and Saila approach and therefore included with the EA totals. Following the life stage method, the age of impinged mackerel was determined from annual length frequency distributions. The percent composition was multiplied by the total estimated number of fish impinged each month to partition each year's monthly total into age classes. Based on length data all impinged fish were young of the year. The instantaneous mortality rates for mackerel age classes were obtained from EPA (2004) and were adjusted described for winter flounder to account for the higher probability that fish impinged later in any given year are more likely to survive to their first birthday. Mortality rate adjustments were made for each month that juvenile fish were impinged. The mortality rate was converted to the corresponding survival rate and multiplied by the number of age 0 fish impinged during each respective month. The monthly totals were then combined to obtain an estimated annual total number of equivalent age 1 fish. All impinged fish older than age 1 were conservatively assumed to survive to their next birthday. Annual survival rates Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 79 Normandeau Associates, Inc.obtained from EPA (2004) were used to convert age 1 fish to age 3 fish. Atlantic mackerel impinged were assumed to have 0% survival since no site specific data were available (MRI

1984).

According to NOAA statistical records, an annual average of 227,887 pounds (s.e. =

60,174) of mackerel were taken commercially from statistical area 514 over the years 1982-

2009. For PNPS the loss of an average of 1,242 pounds of age 1 fish (1980-2009) amounts to 0.5% of those landings and the loss of an average of 1,174 pounds of age 3 fish, less than 0.5%.

In addition to commercial landings, mackerel have considerable recreational value. For example, over the years 1981-2009 an average of 1,065,194 fish (s.e. = 149,259) were landed in Massachusetts by fishermen working inland waters and within three miles of shore. These fish

had an average weight of about one pound. Unfortunately these landings are available only by state and therefore the portion attributable to Cape Cod Bay is not known. Arbitrarily adding 200,000, 1 pound fish to the Area 514 commercial landings brings the average harvest total to 427,887 pounds. The mean PNPS age 1 estimate amounts to 0.3% of those landings and the mean age 3 equivalent adult total to 0.3% of the landings.

Calculations performed to estimate the number of adult cunner which would be necessary to produce the number of eggs found in the PNPS area were also completed for Atlantic mackerel. Mackerel eggs occurred at Cape Cod Bay stations 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8 from early May through early July in 1975. Integration over time using the mean density of the five stations produced an estimate of 1.3529E12 eggs. This total included a mesh correction factor of 1.95 to account for extrusion through 0.505-mm mesh (MRI unpublished data). The resulting value was divided by 4, the estimated incubation time in days for mackerel eggs (Sette 1950), then divided by 319,978, an estimate of mean annual fecundity per female for age 3 fish from Griswold and Silverman (1992) and Neja (1992). Lastly the resulting value was multiplied by 2 assuming an even sex ratio. These calculations resulted in an estimated production of 3.382E11 eggs by an estimated 2,114,052 adult fish. The annual mean equivalent (1980-2009) of 1,748 age 3 fish (Table 13) due to PNPS entrainment represents less than 0.1% of that value.

Atlantic Menhaden Total numbers of Atlantic menhaden eggs entrained at PNPS dating back to 1980 ranged from 393,000 in 1992 to 947,800,000 in 1993, with an overall average of 56,887,000.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 80 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Corresponding totals for menhaden larvae ranged from 176,000 in 2004 to 48,300,000 in 1997 averaging 13,158,000 over the 1980 - 2009 time series. Totals for 2010 amounted to 21,379,962 eggs and 5,751,886 larvae. The current year's egg total ranked 6 th , in the 80 th percentile, and represented 38% of the time series mean. The larval total ranked at 15 th , in the 50 th percentile and represented 44% of the time series mean (Table 15).

Numbers of eggs and larvae entrained each year at PNPS were converted to numbers of equivalent adults using two methods. The first method followed Vaughan and Saila (1976).

This procedure requires an estimate of the ratio of larvae to eggs plus fecundity and mortality for each age class. To provide an estimate of survival from spawned egg to entrained larva (Se) the ratio of larvae to eggs at PNPS was calculated. In some years, such as 2009, more larvae were entrained then eggs so that estimates were not obtained for all cases. Estimates ranging from

0.005 to 0.987 were obtained in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1988-1991, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2001-2004, and 2010. A geometric mean of 0.216 was obtained over those 17 estimates. In the Mount Hope Bay section of Narragansett Bay from 1973-1991 a geometric mean ratio of 0.066 was obtained providing a second estimate based on extensive data. An average of the two estimates, 0.141 was used to approximate survival from egg to larva. Since Se is defined as survival from spawned egg to entrained larva, an adjustment to the average larva/egg ratio was necessary. To derive this estimate, collected menhaden eggs were estimated to average one day old, one-quarter their incubation period at 15°C, assuming that spawning takes place nearby. A 4-day incubation period was obtained from Pepin (1991) who related incubation duration to water temperature and egg diameter. A mean diameter of 1.6 mm was obtained from Colton and Marak (1969). Pepin (1991) also related daily egg mortality to water temperature (M e = 0.030e 0.18T). Assuming an average spring-early summer water temperature of 15°C, menhaden eggs would experience a daily mortality rate of Me = 0.4464.

The mean egg/larva ratio of 0.141, equivalent to an instantaneous mortality rate of 1.959 was added to 0.4464 to derive the mortality rate from spawned egg to entrained larva of Ze = 2.4055 (Se = 0.0902).

The procedure of Vaughan and Saila (1976) using the Leslie matrix algorithm provided an estimate of survival from spawned egg to age 1 of 5.419E-05. Fecundity for ages 3 through 5 was obtained from Dietrich (1979). All females were assumed to spawn first at age 3 based on Ahrenholz et al. (1987) who reported that all age 2 fish mature by the fourth quarter. Since fall Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 81 Normandeau Associates, Inc.spawning does occur but is uncommon in Cape Cod Bay (Scherer 1984), we assumed initial spawning at age 3. Dietrich's (1979) age 5 fecundity was assumed for ages 6 through 9 as well

since direct counts were not available. Instantaneous natural mortality rates (M) were obtained from ASFMC (2004); these were 0.98, 0.56, and 0.55 for ages 1, 2, and 3-9, respectively.

Fishing mortality (F) of 0.14 for age 1 and 0.79 for older individuals was also used (ASFMC 2004). To account for the fact that all eggs entrained were not recently spawned and the Vaughan and Saila estimate begins at time of spawning the estimate of daily mortality rate for menhaden

eggs described above was used. Numbers of entrained larvae were back calculated to spawned eggs using Se and that total added to the number of entrained eggs. These parameters provided an estimate of 5,266 age 1 individuals potentially lost as a result of egg and larvae entrainment in 2010. Since menhaden enter the fishery at age 2 (Durbin et al. 1983), the annual natural

mortality rate of M = 0.98 and F = 0.14 (S = 0.326) was applied to the age 1 value. Age 2 natural mortality (M = 0.56) and fishing mortality (F = 0.79) rates were then applied to the numbers of age 2 fish to estimate the number of age 3 adults potential lost to the population. A wet weight of 0.6 pound for age 2 individuals (ASFMC 2006a) was used to calculate weight.

The second method to estimate equivalent adults utilized life stage survival values from

EPA (2004): S = 0.301 for eggs, S = 0.011 for larvae, S = 0.002 for age 0 juveniles, S = 0.583

for age 1, and S = 0.212 for age 2. The survival values were adjusted following EPRI (2004) to account for the fact that entrained eggs and larvae are of mixed ages (adjusted S = 0.4630 for eggs and adjusted S = 0.0226 for larvae). A weight of 0.235 pounds for age 2 individuals (EPA

2004) was used to calculate weight.

The two EA methods provided an average estimate of 1,004 age 2 fish (550 pounds) potentially lost to the fishery in 2010. Corresponding age 2 values for the 1980-2009 time series

ranged from 30 fish (16 pounds) in 2004 to 17,414 fish (9,295 pounds) in 1993 with an average value of 2,688 fish (1,390 pounds). For 2010 the average estimated number of age 3 adults lost to the population was 253 adults. Corresponding age 3 values for the 1980-2009 time series ranged from 8 to 4,365 with an average value of 669 (Figure 14, Table 15). Some Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae survive entrainment. To reflect this survival Atlantic menhaden eggs were assumed to survive at the rate of 80% based on the data collected during the PNPS entrainment survival study conducted in 2007 (NAI unpublished data). Atlantic menhaden larvae were assumed to survive at the rate of 55% at temperatures between 25 and 30°C and 24%

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 82 Normandeau Associates, Inc.at temperatures between 30 and 35°C (EPRI 2000). When survival was incorporated into the equivalent adult calculations the number of age 2 fish potentially lost to entrainment in 2010 decreased to 532 fish (248 pounds) and age 3 fish decreased to 135. The 2010 age 2 value was

below the 1980 - 2009 average of 1,256 age 2 fish (Figure 15, Table 16). In addition to numbers entrained 1,403 young menhaden were estimated to have been impinged in 2010 (See Impingement Monitoring Section 3.3). That compares with an average of 26,451 annually from 1980-2009 and a range from 0 in 1981 and 1987 to 277,601 in 2005.

Since menhaden are sensitive to impingement and handling in general (see for example Tatham et al. 1977, MRI 1984) all were assumed to have died. Method 1 assumed conservatively that

50% would have survived to the end of their first year had they not been impinged and 32.6%

would then survive to age 2. Method 2 determined the age of the impinged menhaden by annual length frequency distributions. The percent composition for each 110-mm length class was multiplied by the total estimated number of menhaden impinged each month to partition the monthly total into age classes. The instantaneous mortality rate for each age class was obtained from EPA (2004) and was adjusted as described for winter flounder to account for the higher probability that fish impinged later in any given year are more likely to survive to their next birthday. Mortality rate adjustments were made for each month that juvenile fish were impinged. The mortality rate was converted to the corresponding survival rate and multiplied by the number of age 0 fish impinged during each respective month. The monthly totals were then combined to obtain an estimated annual total number of equivalent age 1 fish. All impinged fish older than age 1 were conservatively assumed to survive to their next birthday. Annual survival rates

obtained from EPA (2004) were used to convert age 1 fish to age 2 and 3 fish. Based on these calculations an additional 355 fish might have been lost to the fishery and 81 adults might have been lost to the spawning stock from impingement in 2010. This compares with a time series average of 7,223 age 2 and 1,634 age 3 fish potentially lost to impingement. Combined potential entrainment and impingement EA values totaled 1,359 age 2 (675 pounds) and 334 age 3 fish in 2010 which compared with average of 9,911 age 2 (3,874 pounds) and 2,303 age 3 fish over the 1980-2009 time series. The Atlantic menhaden resource has supported one of the largest fisheries in the United States since colonial times and is believed to consist of a single population based on tagging studies (Dryfoos et al. 1973, Nicholson 1978, ASMFC 2004). The menhaden fishery has two Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 83 Normandeau Associates, Inc.components, a reduction fishery that produces fishmeal and fish oil and the bait fishery. As bait, menhaden are collected in pound nets, trawls, haul seines, purse seines and gill nets. Obtaining data from the bait fishery is difficult to achieve but the bulk of the bait landings in New England are used by the lobster fishery. Bait landings along the New England coast averaged approximately 11.9 million pounds from 1985-2009 representing 15% of the average coastwide bait landings and 2% of the total coastwide landings (ASMFC 2010, ASMFC 2006b). The potential loss of an average of 3,874 pounds of menhaden to entrainment and impingement at PNPS represents 0.03% of the average 1985-2009 New England menhaden bait landings and 0.005% of the average 1985-2009 total coastwide bait landings.

Numbers of menhaden eggs were revisited from 1975 when ichthyoplankton sampling was completed throughout Cape Cod Bay (see for example Scherer 1984). At that time menhaden eggs were found from late May into July and again in October. To determine an approximation of the number of menhaden that might have spawned in the Bay that year mean densities were integrated over time. The integrated total was multiplied by 2.0 to adjust for extrusion through the 0.505-mm mesh used in those studies (MRI unpublished), then divided by 3 an estimate of the incubation period for menhaden eggs. This value was then divided by the average lifetime fecundity (456,481 eggs) and assuming an even sex ratio, multiplied by 2 to account for males. The resulting value was then multiplied by the volume of Cape Cod Bay (4.5E10 m 3; Collings et al. 1981). This procedure produced an estimate of 3.4 million adults spawning in the Bay at that time. To be conservative that number was divided in half assuming that eggs were present in only half the volume of Cape Cod Bay. Using this rough approximation and assuming that numbers of menhaden spawning in the Bay in 1975 were similar to current levels the average loss of 2,303 age 3 menhaden (1980-2009) would amount to 0.1% of the estimated spawning stock in Cape Cod Bay.

MRI completed estimates of the number of menhaden eggs and larvae passing through the Cape Cod Canal during the 1999 spawning season (TRC 2000). Estimates were based on ichthyoplankton sampling completed in the Canal near the eastern end as well as a near-canal station in Buzzard's Bay and in Cape Cod Bay. The seasonal total passing through the Canal amounted to 520 million eggs and 258 million larvae. The number of menhaden eggs and larvae entrained by PNPS in 1999 amounted to 2.8 and 4.6% of those estimates, respectively.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 84 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Atlantic Herring Since Atlantic herring spawn demersal, adhesive eggs primarily on offshore banks, they are not subject to entrainment at PNPS. Larval entrainment at the station ranged from 341,371 in

2007 to 43,248,000 in 1995 and averaged 6,558,300 over the 1980-2009 period. For the 2010 season the number entrained was estimated to be 3,737,447 larvae (Table 18). Since they are relatively large, no mesh adjustment factor was applied to the estimated values.

Two methods were used to determine equivalent adult Atlantic herring from the numbers entrained. The first method followed the Vaughan and Saila procedure to derive an estimate of survival from spawned egg to age 1. For this estimate fecundity was obtained from Messieh (1976); age-specific mortality of M = 0.2 was obtained from NOAA (1998) and NEFSC (1998).

A maximum age of 11 was assumed following (NEFSC 1998) and fishing mortality was set at F

= 0.2 beginning at age 1. These values provided an estimated survival rate of 5.1004E-5 for a spawned herring egg to age 1. To estimate the number of eggs which must have been spawned to produce the number of larvae entrained, individuals were assumed to average 45 days of age.

This was based on their relatively long larval period (see for example Jones et al. 1978, Folkvord et al. 1997) and the fact that spawning occurs on offshore banks.Over that 45-day period larvae were assumed to experience a mortality rate of 5.75% per day. This value equals the median summarized from various authors by Dragesund (1970). A mortality rate of 50% was assumed among spawned eggs (Lough et al. 1985). The mortality rate among eggs coupled with a 5.75% daily mortality rate over 45 days provided a mortality rate of Se = 0.034804 from spawned egg to entrained larva. The number of entrained larvae was divided by the egg to larva mortality rate and multiplied by 5.1004E-5 to provide an estimate of age 1 herring potentially lost to entrainment. Based on an annual survival rate of 0.67 (M = 0.20, F = 0.20, see above), age 3

fish, the age at which 50% of herring recruit to the spawning stock (NOAA 1995, Overholtz 2000b), were calculated. Age 1 juveniles (sardines) were assumed to weigh 0.03 pounds and age

3 adults 0.4 pounds.

The second method to estimate equivalent adults relied on life stage data from EPA

(2004): S = 0.038 for larvae and juvenile stages, and S = 0.619 for age 1 and age 2 fish. The larval survival value was adjusted following EPRI (2004) to account for the mixed ages of entrained larvae (adjusted S = 0.0739). Age 1 (sardines) juveniles were assumed to weigh 0.03

pounds and age 3 adults 0.3 pounds.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 85 Normandeau Associates, Inc. The two methods used to calculate equivalent adult herring produced an average of 8,043 age 1 (249 pounds) and 3,260 age 3 herring (1,105 pounds) that would have been lost due to entrainment in 2010. The 2010 values were below the long term average for age 1 (14,113) and age 3 (5,721) equivalents (Figure 16, Table 18).Atlantic herring larvae were assumed have 0%

survival due to insufficient species specific data on upper lethal temperatures and exposure limits.

In addition to being entrained Atlantic herring are also impinged at PNPS (see Impingement section), at an annual average of 1,077 fish from 1980-2009 ranging from 0 in 1996, 2007, and 2009 to 24,238 in 1991 (Table 19). Over the time series fish were most often impinged from late winter to spring although a relatively large number was impinged in July 1991. While some adults appeared in the catch from time to time, the majority of fish were small, ranging in length from 25 to 75 mm total length. Using the Vaughan and Saila approach impinged fish were converted to equivalent age 3 adults using the annual mortality rate given above, assuming that young fish would complete their first year. Using EPA life stage data impinged herring were converted to equivalent age 3 fish using an adjusted juvenile stage survival value (adjusted S = 0.0739) to account for the mixed ages of impinged juveniles. The calculations then used the survival values for age 1 and 2 fish above. Based on these two methods impingement would add an annual average of 638 age 3 fish to the potential number of fish lost. Since Atlantic herring are generally fragile like other members of the herring family 100% impingement mortality was assumed.

Atlantic herring have long been an important component of the commercial fishery off the northeast coast of the United States (see for example Matthiessen 2004) They were severely

overfished by distant-water fleets during the 1960's and 1970's to the point where no larval herring were found on Georges Bank for a decade (Overholtz and Friedland 2002). They have

since recovered and are currently abundant on Nantucket Shoals and in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Although likely to increase, landings remain low. For example, while 1.1 million pounds were landed from Statistical Area 514 in 1997, none were reported for that area from 1999 through 2003 5 , and 14.6 million pounds were landed in 2008. Spawning stock biomass in the northeast was estimated at 400,000 metric tons (0.9 billion pounds) of adult fish 5 NOAA cautions that landings reported by water codes such as 514 may be unreliable as codes can be assigned after the fact and not necessarily based on observations or fisherman reports.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 86 Normandeau Associates, Inc.in 2008 (TRAC 2009). If spawning stock biomass in the 514 statistical area equals only one percent of the northeast stock, then the 2010 equivalent adult value resulting from entrainment and impingement at PNPS (1,121 pounds) would amount to about 0.01%. The combined time series average of 2,156 pounds would amount to about 0.02%.

Atlantic Cod Estimated numbers of Atlantic cod eggs entrained at PNPS dating back to 1980 ranged from 1,268,748 in 1993 to 20,388,850 in 1980 averaging 6,332,831 over the 30-year time series from 1980-2009. For cod larvae corresponding estimates ranged from 119,436 in 1989 to 4,215,642 in 2001, averaging 1,206,309 over the time series. Corresponding estimates for 2010 amounted to 8,707,496 eggs and 754,858 larvae. These values ranked 8 th and 18 th , respectively in the 77 th and 43 rd percentiles indicating that eggs were above average and larvae were below average in abundance in 2010 (Table 20).

Two methods were used to calculate equivalent adult Atlantic cod. The first method used the Vaughan and Saila procedure to convert the numbers of eggs and larvae to equivalent age 2 fish, the age at which 50% of the stock reaches maturity and the age at which they enter the fishery. To calculate age 0 survival using the Vaughan and Saila procedure fecundity at age was obtained by averaging values from May (1967) and Kjesbu et al.(1996). A natural mortality rate of M= 0.20 was obtained from NOAA (1998) along with a fishing mortality rate of F = 0.2 beginning at age 2. A maximum age of 6 was assumed based on their high exploitation rate (Serchuk et al 1994). Using these variables an age 0 survival rate of 1.5506E-6 was obtained.

Survival from spawned egg to entrained larva (Se) was estimated by averaging three values: The average larva/egg ratio obtained at PNPS from 1980-2010 following adjustment for the average age of entrained eggs; this equaled 0.0964. To derive this estimate, cod eggs were assumed to average 6 days old, half their incubation period at 5C. A 12-day incubation period was obtained from Pepin (1991) who related incubation duration to water temperature and egg diameter. A mean diameter of 1.5 mm was obtained from Colton and Marak (1969). Pepin (1991) also related daily egg mortality to water temperature. Assuming an average winter water temperature of 5C cod eggs would experience a daily instantaneous mortality rate of Me = 0.074 or 0.443 over six days. The Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 87 Normandeau Associates, Inc.observed geometric mean egg/larva ratio at PNPS from 1980-2010 of 0.1502, equivalent to an instantaneous mortality rate of 1.8959 was added to 0.443 to derive the mortality rate from spawned egg to entrained larva of Ze = 2.3389 (Se = 0.0964). The second estimate relied on daily mortality rates given for the closely related pollock by Saila et al (1997; 0.0068). They estimated egg mortality for pollock eggs from spawning to hatch to be Ze = 0.922 and larval mortality at Z = 1.358 per mm of growth.

Assuming cod larvae entrained at PNPS average 6 mm in length and that they hatch at 3 mm (Colton and Marak 1969), they would be expected to experience a mortality rate of Z

= 4.074. Combined these estimates equal 2.4184 = Z corresponding to a survival rate from spawned egg to entrained larva of S = 0.0068. The third value (Se = 0.0077) was derived as follows. Larvae entrained at PNPS were assumed to average 10 days old. Eggs were assumed to require 20 days to hatch with a daily mortality rate of 10% per day (Serchuk et al. 1994). Larval mortality from hatch to day 10 was assumed to be 4% per day (Serchuk et al. 1994) providing a survival rate of

0.0077 from spawned egg to entrained larva.The average of those three values, Se = 0.0370, was used to estimate the number of eggs necessary to yield the number of entrained larvae at PNPS.The average Se value was then applied to the number of larvae entrained each year, the result added to the number of eggs entrained and the value of age 0 survival applied to the total to provide the estimated equivalent adult values. Numbers of equivalent adults were converted to weight in pounds using an estimate of 0.5 pounds per fish.

The second method to estimate equivalent adults followed the life stage method.

Survival values were obtained from EPA (2004): S = 0.008 for eggs, S = 0.003 for larvae, S =

0.400 for juveniles, and S = 0.670 for age 1. The survival values were adjusted following EPRI (2004) to account for the mixed ages of entrained eggs and larvae (adjusted S = 0.0152 for eggs and adjusted S = 0.0059 for larvae). A weight of 0.245 pound for age 2 individuals (EPA 2004) was used to calculate weight.

The average number of age 2 fish potentially lost due to entrainment was 664 in 2010.

This was below the 1980 - 2009 mean of 1,011 age 2 fish. The 2010 average weight of 167

pounds was also below the overall mean of 254 pounds (Figure 17, Table 20). Atlantic cod eggs Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 88 Normandeau Associates, Inc.and larvae were all assumed to die following entrainment since species specific data on upper lethal temperatures and exposure limits were not available.

In addition to the numbers entrained 53 Atlantic cod were estimated to have been impinged on the PNPS intake screens in 2010. That compares with an average of 68 annually from 1980-2009 ranging from 0 to 688 in 2006; no cod were impinged during 10 years (see impingement section). The number of equivalent adult Atlantic cod potentially lost to impingement was calculated by two methods. Based on size the majority of impinged cod were young fish ranging in size from 50 to 100 mm total length. The first method assumed all impinged fish were age 1 and calculated survival from a natural mortality rate of M= 0.20 obtained from NOAA (1998). The second method used annual length frequency distributions to estimate the age of impinged cod. The percent composition for each 10-mm length class was multiplied by the total estimated number of fish impinged each month to partition each monthly total into age classes. The instantaneous mortality rate for the Atlantic cod age classes were obtained from EPA (2004) and were adjusted as above in winter flounder to account for the higher probability that fish impinged later in any given year are more likely to survive to their

first birthday (January 1 st). Mortality rate adjustments were made for each month that juvenile fish were impinged. The mortality rate was converted to the corresponding survival rate and multiplied by the number of fish impinged during each respective month. The monthly totals were then combined to obtain an estimated annual total number of equivalent age 2 fish. The number of impinged fish would account for an additional 36 equivalent age-2 adults in 2010 and an average of 41 additional adults over the 1980-2009 time series. These totals were considered low relative to any recent landings information for the Cape Cod Bay area. For reference Area

514 landings averaged 1,636,863 pounds (s.e. = 543,890) from 1995-2009 and Massachusetts inland and near shore (< 3 miles) recreational landingsaveraged 452,550 pounds (s.e. = 129,450) over the same period. Atlantic cod impingement survival was assumed to be 10.7% attributable to the fish return sluiceway and the low pressure spraywash (MRI 1984). When impingement survival is considered the number of equivalent adult cod potentially lost in 2010 declined to 32 fish (13 pounds). The 1980 - 2009 time series mean also declined to 37 age 2 adults weighing 15 pounds (Figure 18, Table 22).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 89 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 7. Numbers of equivalent adult winter flounder estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Figure 8. Numbers of equivalent adult winter flounder estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Winter Flounder PNPS Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 13,745 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010020406080 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 3 Fish Winter Flounder PNPS Survival Adjusted Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 9,299 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100102030405060 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 3 Fish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 90 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 9. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries spring winter flounder northern stock abundance data (mean catch per tow) from 1978-2010. Figure 10. NMFS spring survey winter flounder mean catch per tow in the Gulf of Maine from 1979-2010.

Winter Flounder Abundance Gulf of Maine Spring Survey79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Mean Number Per Tow Winter Flounder Abundance Massachusetts (MDMF)78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Year 0 40 80 120 160 200 Mean Number Per Tow Spring Survey Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 91 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 11. Numbers of equivalent adult cunner estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Figure 12. Numbers of equivalent adult cunner estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010.

Cunner PNPS Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 687,943 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201005001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,000 Number Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 1 Fish Cunner PNPS Survival Adjusted Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 150,439 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201002004006008001,000 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 1 Fish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 92 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 13. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic mackerel estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Figure 14. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic menhaden estimated from to entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010.

Atlantic Menhaden PNPS Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 2,303 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201005101520 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 3 Fish Atlantic Mackerel PNPS Equivalent Adult SummaryAnnual Mean = 4,818 Age 1 or 1,753 Age 3 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100510152025 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 1 Age 3 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 93 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 15. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic menhaden estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Figure 16. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic herring estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010.

Atlantic Herring PNPS Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 6,360 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010010203040 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 3 Fish Atlantic Menhaden PNPS Survival Adjusted Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 1,944 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201005101520 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 3 Fish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 94 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Figure 17. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic cod estimated from entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010. Figure 18. Numbers of equivalent adult Atlantic cod estimated from survival adjusted entrainment and impingement data at PNPS, 1980-2010.

Atlantic Cod PNPS Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 1,051 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201001234 Numbers Of Fish (Thousands)

Age 2 Fish Atlantic Cod PNPS Survival Adjusted Equivalent Adult Summary Annual Mean = 1,047 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201005001000150020002500300035004000 Age 2 Fish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 95 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 5. Numbers of winter flounder eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually by stage, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weight of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by four methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.Number OfYearEggs1234TotalEntrainedNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19803,513,7178,694,45612,714,8227,317,129028,726,4071,77386012,9696,2904,1732,0244,1904,1775,7763,33819819,674,9547,606,94219,133,1213,073,12643,30429,856,4941,8448948,1383,9472,4511,1892,4602,4533,7232,121 19827,001,7762,706,8346,724,79511,583,134425,01121,439,7741,32464220,81110,09310,6695,17410,71210,68010,8796,647 19831,305,7351,933,4532,246,1727,558,534260,35011,998,50874035913,1166,3616,7493,2736,7766,7566,8454,187 1984341,424166,9250164,03615,729346,6902110349111249121250249217123 198532,717,5351,039,0012,312,7898,025,452130,78611,508,02872034912,9806,2955,7142,7715,7365,7196,2883,78419865,118,0355,397,4035,783,6693,963,74777,00515,221,8239404567,3923,5853,0291,4693,0413,0313,6002,135198720,782,32405,61323,55503,534,6852181078453341634349253 19883,494,7711,995,9681,656,37615,079,960511,00919,243,3141,18857625,59012,41113,3276,46413,38013,34013,3718,198 19896,423,9871,668,8235,755,2402,224,67539,1149,687,8515992914,4912,1781,7038261,7091,7042,1261,250 199048,501643,6831,155,4046,846,71833,0028,678,80753526010,3415,0154,0331,9564,0494,0374,7402,817 19911,217,1783,471,0223,908,4885,188,05637,71712,605,2837783778,5204,1323,2461,5743,2593,2493,9512,333 19924,124,308873,660876,9147,034,69026,1928,811,45654526410,5405,1124,0651,9724,0814,0694,8082,85419933,078,9411,595,7003,540,7504,934,95288,61710,160,0196273048,3744,0613,6191,7553,6333,6224,0632,43619942,530,7071,034,6176,433,71613,060,373172,60620,701,3121,27762021,14710,2568,8844,3098,9208,89310,0576,019 19952,766,7161,632,9072,820,0238,826,496375,85713,655,28384340915,8107,6688,6154,1788,6498,6238,4795,220 19964,896,687504,8105,818,49911,329,855995,12718,648,2921,15155824,02711,65316,3057,90816,37016,32114,4639,110 19973,609,3932,225,6349,537,78841,484,0162,126,28055,373,7183,4161,65775,89636,81044,05921,36944,23544,10341,90225,984 19981,035,0013,111,89120,282,77258,546,9164,904,48286,846,0615,3562,597120,93558,65381,64339,59781,97081,72472,47645,64319991,409,4532,030,743496,056977,3731,3453,505,5172161061,57844755326855555372634420001,693,67233,482170,4755,391,08805,595,0453461687,8363,8002,8991,4062,9112,9023,4982,0692001330,2834,638,54613,093,69737,019,304263,14455,014,6913,3931,64557,63627,95322,79111,05422,88222,81326,67515,866200228,6371,389,3196,911,15114,802,8481,232,86524,336,1831,50172830,84014,95720,6029,99220,68420,62218,40711,575 20031,977,333700,749480,1903,040,299154,1854,245,1382701315,5382,6863,2111,5573,2243,2143,0611,897 2004246,468159,85910,431,90149,597,8232,044,82262,234,4063,8381,86187,16342,27447,59623,08447,78647,64346,59628,716 2005243,151158,9867,470,96420,441,5844,277,09232,348,6261,99596859,39628,80754,57526,46954,79454,62942,69027,718 2006758,00101,394,1216,306,024488,0478,188,19250524512,6186,1208,3714,0608,4058,3797,4754,701 2007125,635703,3473,928,9113,769,052236,0798,637,3895332597,6983,7344,4942,1804,5114,4984,3092,66720081,192,6161,197,4186,579,4713,934,150261,74711,972,7867393588,5594,1514,8922,3724,9114,8964,7752,9452009635,50972,9024,136,1797,462,932111,92811,783,94072735312,2285,9315,2182,5315,2395,2235,8533,509Mean 13,614,2392,043,6485,921,23113,172,154689,91821,822,2981,34765324,72011,97814,1966,88514,25314,21013,6298,432s.e.1,168,682413,097995,0802,820,350234,0653,783,9862331135,4652,6533,6721,7813,6873,6763,2352,039Minimum 128,6370170,475977,37303,505,5172161061,578447553268555553726344Maximum 132,717,5358,694,45620,282,77258,546,9164,904,48286,846,0615,3562,597120,93558,65381,64339,59781,97081,72472,47645,6432010756,692731,6343,813,0555,248,385388,69210,181,76662830510,8425,2596,8373,3166,8656,8446,2933,931Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Mesh factor = 1.24 applied to eggs prior to 1995.

Mesh factor = 1.62 applied to Stages 1 and 2 prior to 1995.

Larval densites recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters, see text for details.Weights for General, Staged Suite 1, and Staged Suite 2 are based on 0.485 pounds per fish. Weights for Staged Suite 3 are based on 0.997 pounds per fish.AverageEquivalent Age 3 AdultsStaged Suite 2Number Of Larvae EntrainedStage GeneralStaged Suite 1Staged Suite 3 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 96 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 6. Numbers of winter flounder eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS by stage, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.NumberOf AdjustedYearEggs1234TotalEntrainedNumberWeight (lbs

)NumberWeight (lbs

)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19803,513,7178,694,45612,714,8223,739,053025,148,3317,7903,7782,2521,0922,2612,2544,1012,37519819,674,9547,606,94219,133,1211,570,36721,91628,332,3475,8192,8221,4276921,4321,4282,8931,64719827,001,7762,706,8346,724,7955,918,981215,09815,565,70911,2105,4375,4952,6655,5165,5007,4074,53419831,305,7351,933,4532,246,1723,862,411131,7638,173,7986,9073,3503,4581,6773,4713,4614,6122,829 1984341,424166,925083,8227,960258,70718111112762127127145100198532,717,5351,039,0012,312,7894,101,00666,1917,518,9876,8673,3302,9501,4312,9622,9534,2602,57119865,118,0355,397,4035,783,6692,025,47538,97213,245,5194,3322,1011,6017761,6081,6032,5141,493 198720,782,32405,61312,037017,650675327133535433419883,494,7711,995,9681,656,3767,705,859258,62211,616,82613,2296,4166,8033,2996,8306,8098,9545,50819896,423,9871,668,8235,755,2401,136,80919,7958,580,6672,7871,3529224479269231,545907 199048,501643,6831,155,4043,498,67316,7025,314,4625,3862,6122,0701,0042,0782,0723,1781,89619911,217,1783,471,0223,908,4882,651,09619,08810,049,6954,7242,2911,6948221,7011,6962,7061,60319924,124,308873,660876,9143,594,72713,2565,358,5575,4742,6552,0861,0122,0942,0883,2181,91819933,078,9411,595,7003,540,7502,521,76144,8497,703,0604,5892,2261,8789111,8861,8802,7841,67219942,530,7071,034,6176,433,7166,673,85187,35614,229,54011,3335,4974,5892,2264,6074,5936,8434,105 19952,766,7161,632,9072,820,023422,339190,2215,065,4918,3224,0364,4112,1392,2242,2184,9862,79819964,896,687504,8105,818,4995,789,556503,63412,616,49912,7226,1708,3354,0428,3688,3439,8086,18519973,609,3932,225,6349,537,78821,198,3321,076,11034,037,86439,51419,16422,49410,91022,58422,51628,19717,530 19981,035,0013,111,89120,282,77229,917,4742,482,15855,794,29563,30630,70341,65320,20241,81941,69448,92630,86619991,409,4532,030,743496,056499,4386813,026,91888144728914029229148729320001,693,67233,482170,4752,754,84602,958,8034,0201,9501,4847201,4901,4852,3311,3852001330,2834,638,54613,093,69718,916,864133,17736,782,28530,56414,82411,7505,69911,79711,76218,03710,761200228,6371,389,3196,911,1517,564,255623,95316,488,67816,2927,90210,5275,10610,56910,53712,4637,84820031,977,333700,749480,1901,553,59378,0332,812,5642,8771,3951,6397951,6461,6412,0541,277 2004246,468159,85910,431,90125,344,4881,034,88436,971,13245,30721,97424,30911,79024,40724,33331,34119,3662005243,151158,9867,470,96410,445,6492,164,63620,240,23630,80914,94227,73913,45327,85027,76728,79918,7212006758,00101,394,1213,222,378247,0014,863,5006,5443,1744,2662,0694,2834,2705,0313,1712007125,635703,3473,928,9111,925,985119,4796,677,7234,2512,0622,3191,1252,3282,3212,9661,83620081,192,6161,197,4186,579,4712,010,351132,4709,919,7104,9112,3822,5451,2342,5552,5473,3372,054 2009635,50972,9024,136,1793,813,55856,6478,079,2856,5763,1892,6971,3082,7072,6993,9932,399Mean 13,614,2392,043,6485,921,2316,584,971349,16814,899,01713,1196,3647,2743,5287,2257,2039,2065,698s.e.1,168,682413,097995,0801,456,841118,4602,441,0072,8371,3761,8709071,8841,8782,1791,377Minimum 128,6370170,475422,33902,812,564881447289140292291487293Maximum 132,717,5358,694,45620,282,77229,917,4742,482,15855,794,29563,30630,70341,65320,20241,81941,69448,92630,8662010756,692731,6343,813,0552,681,925196,7177,423,3315,8452,8353,5081,7023,5223,5124,2922,683Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Mesh factor = 1.24 applied to eggs prior to 1995.Mesh factor = 1.62 applied to Stages 1 and 2 prior to 1995.Larval densites recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters, see text for details.Weights for Staged Suite 1 and Staged Suite 2 are based on 0.485 pounds per fish. Weights for Staged Suite 3 are based on 0.997 pounds per fish.Winter flounder eggs, and stage 1 and stage 2 larvae were assumed to have zero survival.Winter flounder stage 3 larvae were assumed to have 48.90% survival, and stage 4 larvae were assumed to have 49.39% survival.AverageStaged Suite 2Number Of Adjusted Larvae EntrainedStage Staged Suite 1Staged Suite 3Equivalent Age 3 Adults Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 97 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 7. Numbers of winter flounder impinged at PNPS annually, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods are also shown. EstimatedYear Annual Number ImpingedNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)198029734163617595943311981249291430155757392819822973416361712812866541983232271328142424261719844752636664198588410249106511201201097419869081055110953626292551987138168178161616111988556643167324444583619891,119129631346510510512377 19903363919401936363825199169480398340868683551992787914494461421421097719931,181136661416811511513183 19941,018117571225911611611877 19951,628188911959522322220213619968579948103501371371137819976087034733562626844 19982,069238115248120217216234151 19991,021118571225987871096820001,358156761637974741317620011,7291999720710017717619412420021,466169821768510410415090 20031,435165801728394941448620042,02123311324211714114120512420052,68831015032215615115126115220061,2421436914972999913080200771582408642107107926320081,01011656121591441441278620096727738803939396638Mean 11,038120581246010510511774s.e.1141361471010117Minimum 12322713281424242617Maximum 12,68831015032215622322226115220101,005116561205810010011271Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.

Weights for General and Staged methods are based on 0.485pounds per fish.Weights for Staged Suite 3 are based on 0.997 pounds per fish.Equivalent Age 3 AdultsAverageGeneralStagedStaged Suite 3 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 98 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 8. Numbers of winter flounder impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by three methods are also shown. YearAdjustedNumber ImpingedNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19802312713281346463324198119422112311454530221982232271328131001005242198318121102211202021141984374242555319856847938824094948557198670181398441484871431987108126136131313819884315024522536364628198986510048104508282956019902613015311527272919199154062306531686865431992609703473351101108460199391210551109539090101651994789914494469191926019951,258145701517317317215610519966637637793910810888611997473542657275050543519981,59518489191931691681811171999788914494466969855320001,04712158125611051051177520011,33415475160771381381509720021,13113063135661181181288220031,000115561205883831066620041,55918087187911121121599620052,0702381162481202292282381552006959110541155678781016220075536431663284847149200877990449345113113996720095266129633132325231Mean 17999245964690909360s.e.8710510599106Minimum 13742425553Maximum 12,07023811624812022922823815520107889144944680808857Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Impingement survival was assumed to be 23.1% attributable to the fish return sluiceway and low pressure spraywash.Weights for General and Staged methods are based on 0.485 pounds per fish.Weights for Life Stage are based on 0.997 pounds per fish.Equivalent Age 3 AdultsAverageGeneralStagedStaged Suite 3 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 99 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 9. Numbers of cunner eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearEggsLarvaeNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19803,257,891,776120,991,540882,027105,8431,278,2873,8351,080,15754,83919816,576,294,915576,322,5663,163,174379,5814,486,29813,4593,824,736196,52019822,010,779,15010,136,561275,66433,080418,5481,256347,10617,16819835,895,329,34742,488,978861,381103,3661,300,4173,9011,080,89953,633198456,209,02943,7016,70880510,325318,51641819852,021,886,07139,882,271400,80748,097591,2591,774496,03324,93519861,493,653,28926,913,778285,48034,258422,1591,266353,81917,76219871,122,803,794239,840131,36015,763202,605608166,9838,18619881,539,089,3187,376,502209,40725,129318,171955263,78913,04219894,469,416,00452,188,130736,21288,3451,100,5323,302918,37245,82319901,336,048,112172,098,797871,690104,6031,227,1753,6821,049,43354,1421991675,000,39016,735,627148,05217,766217,024651182,5389,20919922,174,661,0782,791,875264,11031,693405,7661,217334,93816,45519933,235,317,20715,250,109439,12952,695667,3582,002553,24327,34919941,558,253,6679,986,072222,49826,700336,5831,010279,54113,85519954,116,491,87447,130,178674,17680,9011,008,2523,025841,21441,96319962,807,124,10917,418,813398,44447,813603,0641,809500,75424,81119971,718,289,72099,634,994614,35173,722879,7882,639747,07038,181 19984,341,664,826370,217,4512,045,563245,4682,902,9068,7092,474,234127,08819991,098,618,43646,550,682321,37738,565464,0631,392392,72019,97920001,349,685,33063,093,975419,40950,329604,0061,812511,70826,071 20012,744,377,80371,295,038615,48473,858901,0312,703758,25838,2812002580,954,60715,566,804132,26715,872193,461580162,8648,2262003759,226,0584,557,281107,12412,855162,224487134,6746,67120041,452,433,32119,052,802247,96329,756369,6551,109308,80915,4322005816,334,98319,546,053176,16421,140258,484775217,32410,95820061,033,954,10914,140,211178,92221,471266,460799222,69111,135 20071,384,419,01110,574,648204,76624,572308,806926256,78612,74920081,102,923,95142,052,473303,14836,378439,0181,317371,08318,84720092,612,626,13641,475,460476,02756,885706,2752,119590,15929,502Mean 12,291,526,59370,552,488559,81567,169815,6102,447687,67734,808s.e.295,611,26023,293,720121,14714,538171,424514146,2787,526Minimum 1580,954,6072,791,875107,12412,855162,224487134,6746,671Maximum 16,576,294,915576,322,5663,163,174379,5814,486,29813,4593,824,736196,52020102,555,970,63237,470,155452,77254,333673,1332,019562,95328,176Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Mesh adjustment factors incorporated as necessary. Egg and larval densities recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in waters, see text for details.

Method 1 weight based on 0.12 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.003 pounds per fish.Equivalent Age 1 AdultsTotal Number EntrainedMethod 2AverageMethod 1 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 100 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 10. Numbers of cunner eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearEggsLarvaeNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)1980316,015,50252,188,454253,98830,479356,1621,068305,07515,7741981637,900,607161,201,665745,26089,4311,039,5113,119892,38646,2751982195,045,5782,812,35834,3554,12351,09715342,7262,1381983571,846,94717,344,339138,61016,633202,031606170,3218,620 19845,452,27622,725728871,1083918451985196,122,9494,643,47342,1055,05361,79918551,9522,6191986144,884,369375,30718,3842,20628,1208423,2521,1451987108,911,96883,96912,9951,55920,0016016,4988101988149,291,6643,615,46332,3873,88647,50614339,9472,0141989433,533,35213,205,564105,31912,638153,489460129,4046,5491990129,596,66788,510,263383,57846,029531,2141,594457,39623,812199165,475,0385,508,75430,5393,66543,35113036,9451,897 1992210,942,1251,033,52228,7943,45543,73713136,2661,7931993313,825,7697,779,51568,8288,259100,89330384,8604,2811994151,150,6065,145,73238,9744,67756,62217047,7982,4231995399,299,7129,399,79485,49810,260125,511377105,5045,3181996272,291,0397,595,78863,2417,58992,39527777,8183,933 1997166,674,10344,337,878203,96224,475284,340853244,15112,6641998421,141,488121,472,847554,67466,561772,6482,318663,66134,4391999106,565,9888,822,38349,1075,89369,73320959,4203,0512000130,919,47721,257,305103,71012,445145,466436124,5886,4412001266,204,64730,182,136156,57718,789220,934663188,7569,726200256,352,5976,871,47835,1544,21849,53714942,3452,184200373,644,928352,71110,0191,20215,2234612,6216242004140,886,0325,152,82637,8124,53754,82316446,3182,351 200579,184,4934,120,84426,3523,16237,84211432,0971,6382006100,293,549919,39015,4731,85723,2517019,3629632007134,288,6441,382,28621,3472,56232,0019626,6741,3292008106,983,62317,505,91485,31110,237119,646359102,4785,2982009253,424,73521,194,144117,67013,999167,059501141,8577,250Mean 1222,278,08023,711,862124,53714,940175,926528150,2137,734s.e.28,674,2927,327,77832,5093,90145,16213538,8352,018Minimum 156,352,597352,71110,0191,20215,2234612,621624Maximum 1637,900,607161,201,665745,26089,4311,039,5113,119892,38646,2752010247,929,15118,529,225105,93612,712150,779452128,3576,582Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Mesh adjustment factors incorporated as necessary. Egg and larval densities recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters, see text for details.Method 1 weight based on 0.12 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.003 pounds per fish.Cunner eggs were assumed to have 90% survival. Cunner larvae were assumed to have 100% survival at temperatures between 25 and 30°C and 48% survival at temperatures between 30 and 35°C.Total Adjusted Number EntrainedEquivalent Age 1 AdultsMethod 2AverageMethod 1 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 101 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 11. Numbers of cunner impinged at PNPS annually, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1+ adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19801,0431,0431253731708631981870870104508268953198261061073446152837198319619624187119212 198445455320383198558058070537255936198627027032271127117198711511514800987 1988979712560776 198919919924133016612 199021021025213121213 1991182182221791181111992282832202521993939311830886199477779770775 19953463464220112742119963323324025612942019974141532037319981011011210101016199915315318119013692000348348422281288212001140140177701099 20025959731045420031721722149011110200424024029169120415200571671686485160044200638438446156027023200736736744226129622200824724730210122915 2009895895107501269854Mean 132132139212126620s.e.52526300403Minimum 128283220252Maximum 11,0431,043125537270863201053553564348144233Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Method 1 weight based on 0.12 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.003 pounds per fish.Total Number ImpingedEquivalent Age 1+ AdultsMethod 2AverageMethod 1 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 102 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 12. Numbers of cunner impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 adults calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)1980931931112507271957198177777793431160447198254554565348144733198317517521970136111984404052903521985518518623541436321986241241291751208151987103103125808161988878710500695 198917717721960137111990188188231260157111991162162191240143101992252531502021993838310550695199469698470584199530930937183124619 199629729736177123718199737374250312199890901159075519991361361610501218200031031037188124919200112512515900108820025353628041320031541541844099920042142142615101831320056396397743315363920063433434115102472120073283283920212652020082212212783015213 200979979996281154048Mean 128728734165022617s.e.47476260363Minimum 125253150202Maximum 1931931112507271957201047847857308139329Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Cunner impinged were assumed to have a 10.7% survival attributable to the fish return sluiceway and the low pressure spraywash.Method 1 weight based on 0.12 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.003 pounds per fish.Adjusted Number ImpingedEquivalent Age 1 AdultsMethod 2AverageMethod 1 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 103 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 13. Numbers of Atlantic mackerel eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 and age 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearEggsLarvaeNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)198081,599,43222,293,1081,3732755643951,4474474632961,4103615133451981183,959,791320,135,59616,2753,2556,6914,68416,6435,1435,3233,40116,4594,1996,0074,043 1982108,234,9319,388,143835167343240918284294188877225318214 1983148,616,62141,333,6732,5365071,0427302,6718258545462,6036669486381984570,8542,48020113111211119851,867,648,43845,711,3438,7271,7453,5882,51210,0793,1143,2232,0609,4032,4303,4062,286 1986219,488,06658,333,5203,6127221,4851,0403,8111,1771,2197793,7119501,352909 19872,397,224107,72714364155531445419882,663,608,5683,401,4899,4291,8863,8772,71411,3103,4953,6172,31110,3692,6903,7472,51219894,673,915,93865,562,46919,4553,8917,9995,59922,8017,0467,2924,66021,1285,4687,6465,13019902,313,416,4554,627,2828,2711,6543,4012,3809,9063,0613,1682,0249,0882,3583,2842,2021991479,761,86566,009,4824,8929782,0111,4085,2801,6311,6891,0795,0861,3051,8501,2431992377,610,7648,086,3931,7083427024921,9806126334051,844477668448 19931,801,378,4188,325,7896,6711,3342,7431,9207,9482,4562,5421,6247,3091,8952,6421,772 1994520,917,2213,419,2991,9783968135692,3487267514802,16356178252519951,767,609,278197,689,69315,8023,1606,4974,54817,1965,3145,5003,51416,4994,2375,9984,03119961,507,370,68270,947,0538,7071,7413,5802,5069,8233,0353,1422,0079,2652,3883,3612,257 1997316,969,39025,778,0622,3614729716802,6048058335322,4836389026061998530,017,00656,622,6484,6099221,8951,3265,0251,5531,6071,0274,8171,2371,7511,17719996,182,166311,39437715114113138391014102000619,863,00316,496,6642,9615921,2188523,4111,0541,0916973,1868231,154775 2001134,385,4774,839,1767041412892038022482571647531942731832002280,852,5113,704,4441,1582324763331,3584204342781,2583264553052003310,982,5364,924,5631,3222645443801,5454774943161,433371519348 200470,143,35510,894,804776155319223834258267170805206293197 200586,441,2422,782,044436871791265001541601024681211701142006154,562,7729,370,5079951994092861,1113433552271,053271382257200797,050,6736,522,372656131270189729225233149693178251169200898,816,053609,492373751541074441371429140810614899200960,306,4711,407,7412785511480322100103662997710873Mean 1767,203,89738,197,4374,5339071,8641,3055,1031,5771,6321,0434,8181,2421,7481,174s.e.204,855,18112,952,5311,0062014142901,1293493612311,067275387260Minimum 16,182,166311,3943771511411313839101410Maximum 14,673,915,938320,135,59619,4553,8917,9995,59922,8017,0467,2924,66021,1285,4687,6465,130201072,370,028779,12929058119120341105109703168211495Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Mesh adjustment factors incorporated as necessary.

Egg and larval densities recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters, see text for details.Method 1 weight based on 0.2 pound per fish for Age 1 and 0.7 pound per fish for Age 3. Method 2 weight based on 0.309 pounds per fish for Age 1 and 0.639 pound per fish for Age 3.Atlantic mackerel eggs and larvae entrained were assumed to have zero survival.Age 3 AdultTotal Number EntrainedAge 1 JuvenilesEquivalent Age 1 Juveniles and Age 3 AdultsAge 1 JuvenilesAge 3 AdultAge 3 AdultMethod 1AverageMethod 2Age 1 Juveniles Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 104 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 14. Numbers of Atlantic mackerel impinged at PNPS annually, 1980 - 2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 adults calculated by two methods are also shown. YearEstimated AnnualNumber ImpingedNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)19800000000198149493400251719820000000198312128006419840000000198500000001986000000019870000000198824241700128198929292000151019901313900751991000000019920000000 19930000000199412128006419950000000199600000001997000000019980000000 1999000000020000000000200100000002002000000020030000000200400000002005000000020060000000 2007151511008520080000000200960604260386040Mean 18852153s.e.3322122Minimum 10000000Maximum 16060426038604020100000000Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Method 1 weight based on 0.7 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.639 pound per fish.Atlantic mackerel impinged were assumed to have zero survival.Method 1Method 2AverageEquivalent Age 3 Adults Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 105 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 15. Numbers of Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearAge 3Age 3Age 3EggsLarvaeNumber Weight (lbs)Number Number Weight (lbs)Number Number Weight (lbs)Number 198016,468,40812,060,7912,8191,691731430101911,62589641119813,473,08040,076,7997,9504,7702,0611,1062602354,5282,5151,1481982365,091,4711,845,84910,4506,2702,7092,3615555016,4053,4121,6051983869,5801,227,19026515969399815284381984300,94301317934200674017198541,131,4709,190,6542,9381,7637615091201081,723941435198621,112,8023,654,8541,30078033723255497664171931987135,755731,741314189822154168974319889,273,7712,713,8577884732041323128460252116198911,212,1654,411,8071,174705304190454068237517219907,057,0413,263,718835501216133312848426612219915,744,115512,3192591556750121115584391992392,5331,117,88123013860338713173331993947,815,34511,833,44328,50817,1057,3896,3201,4851,34117,4149,2954,365199410,221,7522,361,834745447193129302743723911019953,280,48112,419,8862,5251,51565435784761,44179936519964,861,2658,660,8741,8321,09947526562561,048581266199748,899,71548,283,15210,8146,4882,8031,6153803436,2153,4341,573199844,730,44733,280,8067,7584,6552,0111,1832782514,4712,4671,131199910,385,30418,939,5264,1852,5111,0855781361232,3811,3236042000882,086809,127183110472766105582720014,025,6481,251,8983572149259141320811453200214,464,4465,164,3081,412847366231544982245120820036,122,0684,059,95996557925014935325573071412004613,682176,0115131139223016820051,402,67717,566,1213,4812,0899024841141031,9831,10150320061,681,18722,066,4584,3712,6231,1336071431292,4891,38363120078,328,75817,482,9183,6572,19494814,5723,4243,0939,1142,8092,02020083,085,17569,472,95813,7018,2213,5512,0194744757,8604,3472,0132009203,07714,512,1152,8501,65973939493841,579876400Mean 156,886,77013,157,7544,1572,4931,0781,2222872612,6881,390669s.e.35,425,1863,129,0381,133680294548129116724371179Minimum 1203,077176,01151311392230168Maximum 1947,815,34569,472,95828,50817,1057,38914,5723,4243,09317,4149,2954,365201021,379,9625,751,8861,7181,03144529168621,004550253Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Egg and larval densities recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters, see text for details. Method 1 weight based on 0.6 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.235 pound per fish.Total Number EntrainedAge 2Equivalent Age 2 and Age 3 AdultsMethod 1Method 2AverageAge 2Age 2 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 106 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 16. Numbers of Atlantic menhaden eggs and larvae entrained adjusted for survival at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. Estimates based on normal operation flow.YearAge 3Age 3Age 3EggsLarvaeNumber Weight (lbs)Number Number Weight (lbs)Number Number Weight (lbs)Number 19803,293,6825,780,6601,22473431717742387013881771981694,61619,776,4703,8952,3371,0105391271142,2171,232562198273,018,2941,225,3102,2581,3555854951161051,377736345 1983173,916808,72316398422355935224198460,189021000011019858,226,2944,253,1431,061637275167393561433815519864,222,5601,694,15744926911673171526114366198727,151469,555935624133353291319881,854,7542,001,0434432661156615142551416419892,242,4332,451,7565423251418019173111727919901,411,4082,189,0954682811216816142681486819911,148,823230,5437746201433452511 199278,507641,934128773318447340181993189,563,0698,077,1646,8214,0921,7681,4183333014,1202,2131,03519942,044,3501,155,213283170734410916490411995656,0965,932,2861,18170830616539356733741701996972,2534,878,306983590255138322956031114219979,779,94329,172,6505,9883,5931,5528512001813,4191,89686619988,946,08924,529,8465,0553,0331,3107201691532,8871,60173119992,077,06113,174,0862,6391,58468436987781,5048353812000176,417497,183102612715335832152001805,130762,48517210345266599552520022,892,8893,839,6198324992161222926477264121 20031,224,4142,238,968473284123681614270150692004122,736169,68237229511211252005280,5357,904,7541,55793440421651468864922252006336,2376,459,3401,2757653311774238726403184 20071,665,7529,867,1631,09265528310,9532,5742,3256,0221,6151,3042008617,03552,641,90210,3346,2002,6791,4273353035,8813,2681,491200940,61510,869,2252,1311,24155229469621,181655299Mean 111,377,3547,972,2401,8451,1064786691571421,256631310s.e.7,085,0372,165,964465279121388918232115277Minimum 140,615169,6823722951121125Maximum 1189,563,06952,641,90210,3346,2002,67910,9532,5742,3256,0223,2681,49120104,275,9924,119,4839264632401383329532248135Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Egg and larval densities recorded in 1984, 1987, and 1999 are believed to be low relative to densities in surrounding waters. Method 1 weight based on 0.5 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.235 pound per fish.Atlantic menhaden eggs were assumed to have 80% survival. Atlantic menhaden larvae were assumed to have 55% survival at temperatures between 25 and 30°C, and 24% survival at temperatures between 30 and 35°C.Adjusted Number EntrainedAge 2Equivalent Age 2 and Age 3 AdultsMethod 1Method 2AverageAge 2Age 2 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 107 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 17. Numbers of Atlantic menhaden impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 and 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown. EstimatedAnnualYearNumberAge 3Age 3Age 3ImpingedNumberWeight (lbs)NumberNumberWeight (lbs)NumberNumberWeight (lbs)Number19802263722101042522712316198100000000001982171281771022422652014198352285512222353471545235 19841121051131119851,49124314663567133120405140921986953155934040695862819463 1987000000000019881772917773171651171219892,02032919785845198179587198132 19903,1355113071321,24929326588030019919911,11718210947440103933111067019923253122551343 19934674234872165 1994589522054145319951,560254152665761351224151449419962,168353212921,590374338972293215 19971,329217130564711111003441207819981,4232321396050111810636712883199942,6866,9584,1751,80316,2853,8273,45611,6214,0012,630 200034,3545,6003,3601,45127,4326,4465,82216,5164,9033,63720013,5995873521521,405330298996341225200253,3048,6895,2132,25219,0704,4814,04813,8794,8473,150 2003119,04119,40411,6425,02948,89911,49110,37934,15211,5677,704200410,3411,6861,0124374,2089898932,9471,0006652005277,60145,24927,14911,72990,77021,33119,26668,00924,24015,498 200615,1892,4761,4866425,6751,3341,2054,0761,4109242007154,83225,23815,1436,54257,20313,44312,14141,22114,2939,3412008721118713031975682187349 200912,5282,0421,2255295,2681,2381,1183,6551,232824Mean 126,4514,3122,5871,11710,1342,3822,1517,2232,4841,634s.e.11,6151,8931,1364914,0659558632,9711,042675Minimum 10000000000Maximum 1277,60145,24927,14911,72990,77021,33119,26668,00924,24015,49820101,4032291375948111310235512581Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low numbers resulting from plant outages.Method 1 weight based on 0.6 pound per fish. Method 2 weight based on 0.235 pound per fish.Atlantic menhaden impinged were assumed to have zero survival.Equivalent Age 2 and Age 3 AdultsAge 2Method 1Method 2AverageAge 2Age 2 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 108 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 18. Numbers of Atlantic herring larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 1 and 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown.TotalNumber ofYearLarvaeEntrainedNumberWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)19801,068,4661,566477032813,033951,1613512,2997193231619812,471,4923,6221091,6266507,0152202,6868115,3191642,156731 1982732,8571,074324821932,080657962411,57749639217 19835,880,3158,6182593,8691,54816,6915246,3911,93012,6543915,1301,739 1984468,840687213081231,331425101541,00931409139 19851,580,4352,316691,0404164,4861411,7185193,4011051,37946719861,811,1012,654801,1924775,1411611,9685943,8971211,58053619875,142,0457,5362263,3831,35314,5954585,5881,68811,0663424,4861,5201988639,089937284201681,814576952101,37543558189 1989911,4871,336406002402,587819912991,96261795270 19902,079,4833,048911,3685475,9021852,2606834,4751381,81461519911,280,2731,876568423373,6341141,3914202,755851,11737919923,970,2085,8191752,6121,04511,2693544,3151,3038,5442643,4631,174 19932,098,9523,076921,3815525,9581872,2816894,5171401,831621 199416,351,76523,96671910,7584,30346,4121,45717,7715,36735,1891,08814,2654,835199543,247,88363,3851,90228,45411,381122,7543,85447,00214,19493,0702,87837,72812,78819969,265,82613,5804076,0962,43826,30082610,0703,04119,9406178,0832,740199724,445,05635,8271,07516,0836,43369,3842,17926,5678,02352,6061,62721,3257,228 19984,026,7835,9021772,6491,06011,4303594,3761,3228,6662683,5131,191 199911,379,44616,6785007,4872,99532,2991,01412,3673,73524,4897579,9273,365 200012,306,50218,0375418,0973,23934,9301,09713,3754,03926,48481910,7363,639 20014,062,9775,9551792,6731,06911,5323624,4161,3348,7442703,5441,201 20023,468,8905,0841532,2829139,8463093,7701,1397,4652313,0261,02620031,096,6321,607487212883,113981,1923602,3607395632420045,064,6037,4232233,3321,33314,3754515,5041,66210,8993374,4181,498 20059,860,82414,4524346,4882,59527,98987910,7173,23621,2206568,6022,916 20068,006,76911,7353525,2682,10722,7267148,7022,62817,2315336,9852,368 2007341,37150015225909693037111273423298101 20082,879,2174,2201271,8947588,1722573,1299456,1961922,512851 20093,303,7044,8421452,1748699,3772943,5901,0847,1102202,882977Mean 16,558,3009,6122884,3151,72618,6155857,1282,15314,1134365,7211,939s.e.1,715,7802,515751,1294524,8701531,8655633,6921141,497507Minimum 1341,37150015225909693037111273423298101Maximum 143,247,88363,3851,90228,45411,381122,7543,85447,00214,19493,0702,87837,72812,78820103,737,4475,4781642,45998410,6083334,0621,2278,0432493,2601,105Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low number resulting from the plant outage.Outage periods in 1984 and 1987 may have affected entrainment estimates at the end of the spring larval herring period.

The outage in 1999 occurred after the larval herring season.

Method 1 weight conversion based on 0.03 for Age 1 and 0.4 pound per Age 3 fish. Method 2 weight conversion based on 0.0314 for Age 1 and 0.302 pound per Age 3 fish.Atlantic herring entrained were assumed to have zero survival.Equivalent Age 1 Juveniles and Age 3 AdultsAge 3Age 1Method 1Age 3Method 2Age 1Age 1Age 3Average Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 109 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 19. Numbers of Atlantic herring impinged at PNPS annually 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 3 fish calculated by two methods are also shown.EstimatedAnnualYearNumberAge 1Age 1NumberImpingedWeight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)Weight(lbs)NumberWeight(lbs)Age 3Age 1Age 319808323715361184931719815322410239123221119821565702851153592531 198322110411651314 1984000000000019853511661268211719863,009901,351540942,2186701,7859260519876031041401 19885122392381130210198913846225410231824281990408121837313301912421382199124,23872710,8804,35276117,8675,39614,3737444,874199251223923811302101993169576305125381005341994281135121617161995108348193802464322199600000000001997130620103803199810834819380246432219991815813261334010763620007723514257174621620014812292351129110200230191355492226717896120035122392381130210200413846225410231824282005549162469817405122325171102006122455224902772425 20070000000000200823110410051220090000000000Mean 11,077324841933479324063833217s.e.864263881552763719251327174Minimum 10000000000Maximum 124,23872710,8804,35276117,8675,39614,3737444,87420101625732919341316Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low number resulting from the plant outage.

Method 1 weight conversion based on 0.03 for Age 1 and 0.4 pound per Age 3 fish. Method 2 weight conversion based on 0.0314 for Age 1 and 0.302 pound per Age 3 fish.Atlantic herring impinged were assumed to have zero survival.Equivalent Age 3 AdultsAge 3Age 3Weight(lbs)Method 1Method 2Average Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 110 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 20. Numbers of Atlantic cod eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown.YearEggsLarvaeNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)198020,388,8501,450,52276382,5246181,300328198111,620,5882,173,07689453,5548711,822458 19822,582,984222,7211153819319649 19839,349,728142,1361783368217645198411,726,579587,05435181,06326054913919855,071,1511,441,44256282,3265701,191299 19862,788,7671,035,98739201,66140785021319875,623,282122,579116260641363519882,747,034254,23912643210622256 19893,395,726119,436842285611830 19902,406,5361,566,29157282,4906101,273319 19913,668,649239,7461364211032175519922,819,673469,71320107721893969919931,268,748446,4891787171763679219943,119,3121,904,51969353,0307421,55038919952,549,370602,5942412978239501126 19968,542,9222,369,25592463,8269371,959492 19971,800,7111,101,11840201,752429896225 19984,971,621735,30132161,215298623157 19991,932,894464,12518975318438597 200018,525,824325,09535177331803849820016,869,9774,215,642153776,7071,6433,43086020028,538,1461,299,39355282,1445251,100277200310,087,1982,000,12181413,2648001,67342020046,934,0461,550,05262312,5196171,290324 200514,954,283950,16452261,673410862218 20062,921,9072,681,55396484,2491,0412,172544 20076,308,9491,419,04857282,3065651,181297 20083,413,6241,009,70839191,62839983320920097,740,0451,587,15864322,5876341,325333Mean 16,332,8311,206,30949251,9724831,011254s.e.949,001176,303632796814336Minimum 11,268,748119,436842285611830Maximum 120,388,8504,215,642153776,7071,6433,43086020108,707,496754,85837181,291316664167Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low number resulting from the plant outage.from plant outages.

Method 1 weight conversion based on 0.5 pounds per fish. Method 2 weight conversion based on 0.245 pounds per fish.Atlantic cod eggs and larvae were assumed to have zero entrainment survival. Total Number EntrainedEquivalent Age 2 AdultsMethod 1Method 2Average Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 111 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 21. Numbers of Atlantic cod impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers and weights of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown.EstimatedAnnualYearNumberNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)ImpingedAge 2Age 2Age 2Age 2Age 2Age 21980121055183198110082413896025198211953163 198300000001984000000019850000000198633271413320819870000000 19882319107213619890000000199000000001991242010143177199210846173 1993473819246311219944234171642510199558472419533141996000000019970000000 199853432216430131999423417215281120000000000200111393476315783120020000000 2003615025236371520049981414210622520051921577976191174920066885632822466040517120075646232873715 2008143117594311803520098670352975021Mean 16855282664117s.e.25201092156Minimum 10000000Maximum 16885632822466040517120105343222973614Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low number resulting from the plant outage.Method 1 weight conversion based on 0.5 pounds per fish. Method 2 weight conversion based on 0.245 pounds per fish.Equivalent Age 2 AdultsMethod 1Method 2Average Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 112 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 22. Numbers of Atlantic cod impinged adjusted for survival at PNPS, 1980-2010. Numbers of equivalent age 2 fish calculated by two methods are also shown.AdjustedYearNumberNumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)NumberWeight (lbs)ImpingedAge 2Age 2Age 2Age 2Age 2Age 219801194416319818989453486226 1982108431621983000000019840000000 19850000000198629241216420819870000000 19882117872125 19890000000 1990000000019912218912315619929746173 19934234172252811199437311514322919955242211743013 19960000000 19970000000 19984739191432611 199938311519525102000000000020011018341561469282002000000020035445222153314 20048872363795523 200517114070681710443 200661450325122054361153 20075041202563313200812810553389723120097763322664519Mean 16050252463715s.e.2218982136Minimum 10000000Maximum 16145032512205436115320104738192563213Notes: See text for details.

1The mean, minimum, and maximum were calculated with 1984 and 1987 omitted due to the unusually low number resulting from the plant outage.Method 1 weight conversion based on 0.5 pounds per fish.

Method 2 weight conversion based on 0.245pounds per fish.Atlantic cod were assumed to have 10.7% survival attributable to the fish return sluiceway and the low pressure spraywash.Equivalent AdultsMethod 1Method 2Average Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 113 Normandeau Associates, Inc.E. American Lobster Larvae EntrainmentTwenty-seven American lobster larvae were found in the entrainment samples collected during 2010, resulting in an estimated total of 766,221 entrained larvae (Table 23). The number of larvae collected in 2010 was the fourth highest collected in a year dating back to 1974. The highest number of lobster larvae collected in a single year occurred in 2006 when 60 larvae were collected. A total of 212 lobster larvae have been collected at PNPS from 1974 - 2009 including the more intensive sampling directed specifically toward lobster larvae in 1976. The estimated total number of lobster larvae entrained in 2010 was above the 1980-2009 average of 271,766 (range = 0 to 1,973,143 in 2008, Table 23). The annual larval entrainment estimates were converted to equivalent numbers of 82 mm carapace length (CL) adults, the age at which they enter the Massachusetts fishery (Dean et al, 2004, 2005, and Dean et al. 2006). Survival values were obtained from French McCay et al.

(2003). To determine the individual instantaneous mortality rates (Z) for each of the four larval stages, the total larval stage instantaneous mortality rate (Z S = 4.116; French McCay et al. 2003) was divided by the stage duration of 28 days (French McCay et al. 2003) to produce a daily instantaneous larval mortality rate of Z D = 0.147. The daily mortality rate was then multiplied by the number of days in each larval stage interval at a water temperature of 19°C (Stage 1 = 3 days, Stage 2 = 4 days, Stage 3 = 6 days, and Stage 4 = 15 days; MacKenzie and Moring 1985). The larval stage mortality rates were then converted to survival rates (S = e-Z) as follows: S (stage I) = 0.6434 S (stage III) = 0.4140 S (stage II) = 0.5554 S (stage IV) = 0.1103 All lobster larvae are not entrained at the same point in a given life stage and it is assumed that the further along in development the greater their probability in reaching the next

life stage. To account for this, the survival values of the life stage entrained were adjusted based on EPRI (2004). The adjusted survival values were as follows:Adjusted S (stage I) = 0.7830 Adjusted S (stage III) = 0.5855 Adjusted S (stage II) = 0.7142 Adjusted S (stage IV) = 0.1986 Following Stage IV, when settlement to the bottom occurs, numbers were converted to equivalent adults by applying S = 0.2645 from the settlement to 7 mm CL interval and S = 0.0037 for the 7 to 82 mm CL interval (French McCay et al. 2003). This produced a total of 15 equivalent 82 mm Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 114 Normandeau Associates, Inc.lobsters potentially lost due to entrainment in 2010. The 2010 value is above the time series average of 8 (range = 0 to 47 in 2008) equivalent adult lobsters (Table 23). In addition to those entrained, American lobster were impinged on the intake screens each year (also see the impingement section). Annual totals ranged from 0 in 1984 and 1987 to 1,559 in 1993 and averaged 480 lobsters over the time series. The 2010 estimated total was below the average at 350 lobsters (Table 23). Based on annual mean length data most impinged lobsters were juveniles. Survival values for 5 mm size class increments from 7 mm CL to 82 mm CL were obtained from French McCay et al. (2003) and adjusted to account for the higher probability that lobster impinged later in the size class increment are more likely to survive to the next increment. Impinged lobsters would be equivalent to an average of 283 equivalent adults (range = 0 to 1,065). The 2010 estimate amounted to 238 equivalent adult lobsters, which was below the average (Table 23). A number of factors may be contributing to the increase in the number of lobster larvae observed at PNPS in recent years. The first is the addition of a nighttime sampling period to the entrainment monitoring protocol beginning in 1995. Adult female lobsters release larvae at night (Ennis et al.1975, Charmantier et al. 1991), so that more stage 1 individuals would be expected in the surrounding water at that time. Predation, dispersion, and mortality likely rapidly reduce their numbers during subsequent days. Since 1995, 84% of the lobster larvae captured were collected during the Friday evening sampling period. This represents 80% of the total larvae captured over the 37-year time period. In spite of the relatively high numbers obtained at night, numbers continue to show a recent increase when the Friday night sample is omitted as shown below.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 115 Normandeau Associates, Inc.There is no apparent direct relationship between prevailing winds or tides at sampling time and the number of lobster larvae entrained. The second factor that may be contributing to the increase in lobster larvae is the establishment of a protection zone around Pilgrim Station extending seaward from the shorefront for a distance of approximately 1,000 feet on September 11, 2001. Within this zone no lobster harvesting is permitted; as a result there may be an increase in nearshore lobster reproductive

activity and successful larval release. The last factor that may be contributing to the increase in the number of lobster larvae observed at PNPS is an increase in lobster larvae abundance in Cape Cod Bay. Although larval lobster abundance data for Massachusetts waters are not currently available, there are data for early benthic phase lobsters (0 to 40 mm carapace length). The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries coastal lobster project observed an increase in early benthic phase lobsters in Cape Cod Bay, Boston Harbor, and Salem Sound from 2001 to 2004 (MDMF 2005). The Gulf of Maine American lobster stock is currently at a record high (1981-2007; ASMFC 2009); except for lobsters in the southern Gulf of Maine (Statistical Area 514) which are considered to be in poor condition with low abundance, low recruitment, and a high exploitation rate. Lobster landings in Area 514 declined to a time series low of 5,392,509 lobsters in 2005 (ASMFC 2009). The Total AnnualTotal AnnualNumber EntrainedEquivalent Adults199500199600199700199800199994,3629200000 200100200200200340,9471200439,7251200553,7812200629,946120071,913,512372008462,728182009002010316,9386The number of lobster larvae entrained from 1995 to 2010 with Friday night samples excluded.

Equivalent 82 mm adults are also shown.Year Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 116 Normandeau Associates, Inc.increase in lobster larvae observed at PNPS is consistent with the increase seen in other coastal Massachusetts and Gulf of Maine areas.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 117 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Tabulation of previous lobster larvae collections, 1974 to 2010:

2010:27 larvae: 1 stage 1, May 24; 1 stage 1, May 31; 4 stage 1, June 4; 1 stage 1, June 7;2 stage 1, June 11; 9 stage 1 & 1 stage 2, June 18; 2 stage 1, June 30; 3 stage 1, July 2; 2 stage 1, July 19; 1 stage 1, August 2; 2009:11 larvae: 8 stage 1, May 29; 1 stage 1, Jun 5; 1 stage 1, Jun 19; 1 stage 1, June 26.

2008:44 larvae: 1 stage 1, May 19; 1 stage 1, May 23; 1 stage 1, June 2; 13 stage 1, June 6; 3 stage 1 & 1 stage 2, June13; 6 stage 1 June 20; 1 stage 1 June 27; 5 stage 1, July 41 stage 1, July 7; 4 stage 1, July 11; 1 stage 1, July 25; 1 stage 1, July 28; 1 stage 1, August 15; 1 stage 1 & 1 stage 2, August 18; 1 stage 1, August 22; 1 stage 4, September 22.

2007:19 larvae: 3 stage 1, June 8; 13 stage 1, June 13; 1 stage 1, June 18; 1 stage 1, July 16; 1 stage 1, July 23.

2006:60 larvae: 13 stage 1, June 2; 26 stage 1, 1 stage 2, June 16; 4 stage 1, June 24; 15 stage 1, June 30; 1 stage 1 July 3.

2005:32larvae: 8 stage 1, June 3; 1 stage 1, June 17; 5 stage 1, 1 stage 2, June 24; 9 stage 1, 1 stage 2, 2 stage 4, July 8; 2 stage 1, July 15; 1 unstaged July 18; 2 stage 1, August 5.2004:9 larvae: 2 stage 1, June 4; 2 stage 1, June 11; 1 stage 1, July 5; 1 stage 1, July 23; 1 stage 1, August 13; 1 stage 3, 1 stage 4, September 3.

2003:16 larvae: 1 stage 2, June 2; 1 stage 3, June 6; l stage 3, June 13; 7 stage 3, June 20; 5 stage 3, July 4; 1 stage 1, July 11.

1999:8 larvae: 4 stage 1, June 18; 1 stage 1, July 3; 1 stage 1, July 5; 1 stage 1, August 6; 1 stage 4, August 25.

1995:1 larva - stage 4-5, July 28.

1993:1 larva -stage 4-5, July 21.

1990:2 larvae - 1 stage 1, June 26; 1 stage 4, August 23.

1982:1 larva - stage 1 on June 14.

1981:1 larva - stage 4 on June 29.

1979:1 larva - stage 1 on July 14.

1977:3 larvae - 1 stage 1, June 10; 2 stage 1, June 17.

1976:2 larvae - 1 stage 1, July 22; July 22; 1 stage 4-5, August 5.

1975:1 larva - stage 1, date unknown.2002: none found2001: none found.

2000: none found.1996-1998: none found.1974: none found.1978: none found.1980: none found.1983-1989: none found.1991-1992: none found.

1994: none found.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 118 Normandeau Associates, Inc.Table 23. Numbers of American lobster entrained and impinged at PNPS annually, 1980-2010. Numbers of equivalent adults (82 mm) calculated by two methods are also shown.YearTotal LarvaeEquivalentsTotal LobstersEquivalentsTotal EquivalentsEntrainedAdult (82 mm)ImpingedAdult (82 mm)NumberAdult (82 mm)19800056455645198139,013820017439,213182 198238,306133222138,63822219830093749374198400000019850042021642021619860011096110961987000000 198800483048301989003261873261871990108,25412568325108,822337 1991005793275793271992001,0535571,053557199340,93681,55977142,495779 199400998551998551199534,389762234835,011355 199600990543990543199700387206387206 1998004312294312291999258,37710608283258,9852932000006333556333552001001149411494200200148105148105 2003604,07935321260604,400295 2004265,85010434293266,28430320051,382,946451,4931,0651,384,4391,11020061,728,159347014451,728,860479 20071,392,550275323111,393,08233820081,973,14347111851,973,2541322009286,9796542280287,521286Mean271,7668480283272,246291s.e.102,37537543102,38744Minimum000000Maximum1,973,143471,5591,0651,973,2541,1102010766,22115350238766,571253Entrainment + ImpingementEntrainmentImpingement Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Entrainment Monitoring 119 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

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409-419.Witherell, D.B. and J. Burnett. 1993. Growth and maturation of winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, in Massachusetts. Fishery Bulletin U.S. 91(4):816-820.

APPENDIX A*. Densities of fish eggs and larvae per 100 m 3 of water recorded in the PNPS discharge canal by species, date, and replicate, January-December 2010.

• Available upon request.

APPENDIX B*

Note the following: (MRI 1994).

Densities recorded at those times were probably biased low due to low through-plant water flow Geometric mean monthly densities and 95% confidence limits per 100 m 3 of water for the dominant species of fish eggs and larvae entrained at PNPS, January-December 1981-2010.

When extra sampling series were required under the contingency sampling regime, results were included in calculating monthly mean densities.

Shaded columns for certain months in 1984, 1987, and 1999 delineate periods when sampling was conducted for all or part of a month with only salt service water pumps in operation.

• Available upon request.

JanuaryEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989000000000 2.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.091.1-60.1-10-1.10-1.50-0.4 0Scomberscombrus 0 Gadus morhua Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Pollachius virens 00 0000000 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0000000000 Urophycis spp.000 000000 Prionotus spp.000 000000 Labridae-Limanda000000000Labridae000 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000000000 0.05 0-0.2000000000 2.9 0.05 0.3 0.5 0.091.1-60.1-10-1.10-1.50-0.4 Total S com b er scom b rus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Limanda ferruginea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000 Hippogloissoides platessoides January (continued)EGGS1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998000000000 0.1 0-0.5000000000 0.1 0-0.5 0.4 0.09 0.30-1.10-0.40-1 0.09 0-0.4 0.1 0-0.5 Enchelyopus cimbrius000 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Pollachius virens Gadus morhua 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000000 00 0 00000000000000 Urophycis spp.000 000000 Prionotus spp.000 000000 Labridae-Limanda00000000 0Scomberscombrus 0 0 0 0 0Labridae00000000 0 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus000000000 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000000000 0.2 0.30-0.70-0.9 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.09 0.70-1.10-0.70-1.10-1.10-0.40.2-1.3 Limanda ferruginea S com b er scom b rus 0 0 0 0 0000 00000 0 0 0 0 Total 00 January (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Brevoortia tyrannus000000000 0.5 0.1 0000-20-0.3 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus000000000 Enchelyopus cimbrius000000000 3.0 0.6 1.3 1.7 0.7 2.1 0.4 0.050-270-1.70.04-40.2-5 0.2-1.40-190-1.60-0.2 000 000 000 Labridae-Limanda000000000 000 0 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus000 0 0 Pollachius virens 00 0 00 00000 0000 00000 0Sbb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Prionotus spp.Urophycis spp.Labridae Gadus morhua 000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus000000000 Hippogloissoides platessoides000000000 Limanda ferruginea000000000 3.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 0.7 2.1 0.4 0.050-270.4-30.2-40.2-50.2-1.40-190-1.60-0.2 0 Scomber scombrus0000Total0 0 January (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010000 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-P e p rilus000 Enchelyopus cimbrius000 0.4 0-1.0 00 00 00 Labridae-Limanda000 0.08 0 0-0.3 0 0 Gadus morhua Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Pollachius virens 0 Prionotus spp.0 Urophycis spp.0Scomberscombrus 0Labridae0 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus000000000 0.1 0.40-0.30-1.0 Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea S com b er scom b rus 0 0 Total FebruaryEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989000000000000000000 000000000 000000000 1.0 0.08 0.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 000.2-2.20-0.30-0.70.6-2.10-10-10-0.4000000000000000000 000000000 Labridae-Limanda000000000000000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gadus morhua Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Labridae Prionotus spp.Urophycis spp.Pollachius virens Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannusScomberscombrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000000.3 0.30000.08 00-0.80.1-0.60-0.3000000000 1.9 0.08 0.5 1.6 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.08 0.10.1-7.10-0.30-1.40.8-2.90.3-1.60-10-0.40-0.30-0.4 Total Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea S com b er scom b rus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus February (continued)EGGS1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998000000000000000000 000000000 0.2 0-0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.10-0.80-1.10-0.90.7-4.8 0.3 0-1.1000000000 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius00000 000 0 00 0 00 0000 0000 0 Urophycis spp.0000 000 0 0 Prionotus spp.0000 0 0 0 0Labridae00000 0 0Sbb 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae-Limanda Pollachius virens Gadus morhua Brevoortia tyrannus000000000 0.3 0-1.4 0.1 0-0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 2.90-0.80-0.50-1.10.5-1.11-6.1 0000000 0 Scomber scombrus0000 0 0 000000 00 0Total000 Limanda ferruginea 0 00 Hippogloissoides Paralichthys-Scophthalmus February (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007000000000 0.08 0.15 00 0-0.3 0-0.4000000000 0.03 0 0-0.1 0.2 0.9 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.0 0.3 00-0.50-5.80.4-3.70.2-2.50.1-10.2-2.50-0.9 00 0 0 00 00000000000 0.1000.070-0.30-0.3 Enchelyopus cimbrius000 0 0 0000 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000 Urophycis spp.00000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Labridae00 0 00 Pollachius virens 0 0 Prionotus spp.0 00 Gadus morhua Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae-Limanda Brevoortia tyrannus 000000000000000000000 000000000 0.3 0.9 1.7 1.1 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.070-0.90-5.80.6-3.70.2-2.50.1-10.5-2.70-0.90-0.3 00 0 00 Scomber scombrus 0Total0 Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides February (continued)EGGS2008 2009 201000000.05 0.040-0.20-0.2000 00000.35 0-1.0 00 00 00000 00 0 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Labridae-Limanda Gadus morhua 0 Prionotus spp.0 Urophycis spp.0Labridae0Scomberscombrus Pollachius virens 0 0000000 00000.05 0.370-0.20-1.0 0 S com b er scom b rus Total Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea MarchEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989000000000 0.4 0.08 0.4 0.1 0.040-0.90-0.20-10-0.30-0.10000000000000000 0.08 0 0-0.2 0.9 0.3 2.9 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.040.2-20-0.81.1-5.90.8-2.90-0.50.1-0.60-0.80.01-0.40-0.1000000000000000000 000000000000000000 00 0 0 00 0 Prionotus spp.Urophycis spp.Gadus morhua Pollachius virensLabridae0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 000 0Sbb Labridae-Limanda Enchelyopus cimbrius Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus000000000 1.7 6.0 2.7 0.2 0.09 0.070.4-4.33.3-101.4-4.70-0.50-0.20-0.2 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.060-0.10-0.20-0.10-0.10-0.2 4.1 0.9 10.4 5.3 1.4 2.3 12.1 2.4 0.31.6-8.70.2-2.15.8-183.1-8.50.4-3.20.6-5.52-560.6-6.30.04-0.6 0 Total 0 0 Limanda ferruginea 00 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 00 0 Hippogloissoides platessoides 00 0 0 S com b er scom b rus March (continued)EGGS1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.05 0.2 0.06 0.1 0.10-0.20-0.50-0.20-0.30-0.4 0.2 0.20-0.50-0.7 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.6 0.5 0.10-0.40-0.40-0.20-1.60.2-0.90-0.3000000000 Gadus morhua Prionotus spp.LabridaeSbb Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae-Limanda0000 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000 Brevoortia tyrannus0000 0000000 Enchelyopus cimbrius0000000 0000 Pollachius virens000000000 Urophycis spp.0000000000 0000 0 0000 00 0000 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000000000 0.2 0.07 0.04 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.20-0.50-0.20-0.10.01-0.70-0.40-0.70-0.5 0.2 0.10.01-0.50-0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.2 0.70.01-0.90-0.50-1.90.6-3.80.2-2.50.3-2.70-50.2-1.3 S com b er scom b rus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 0 0 Hippogloissoides platessoides 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 Limanda ferruginea00000Total0 March (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007000000000 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.050.01-0.70-0.90-0.60.1-0.90.1-1.50-0.70-0.200000 0 000 0.1 0.05 0.05 00 0-0.20-0.20-0.2 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.05 0.07 000-0.30.1-0.60.2-1.70-0.20-0.3 0 000 0 000 0 000 0.2 000 0-1 000 0 0 0 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 0 0 Gadus morhua 00 Pollachius virens0000 0 Prionotus spp.000 Labridae-Limanda000 00 00 0 00 0Sbb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Urophycis spp.0000 0 000 0.3 0.3 0.300.1 0.1 00-0.70-10.7-0.60-0.2 0-0.2 0.1 0.6 00000-0.40-2 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.2 2.3 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.050.2-1.50-0.90.3-2.30-10.9-4.80-0.50.2-1.80-0.80-0.2 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 Hippogloissoides platessoides 00 0 00 Limanda ferruginea 00 Total March (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010000001.6 0.7-3.0000 0.05 0.04 0.030-0.20-0.10-0.1 0.202.40-0.71.0-4.9 00 00 00 00.2 0-0.7 0.0600.10-0.20-0.2 0 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadus morhua Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus cimbrius Labridae-Limanda 0 Prionotus spp.Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Urophycis spp.Pollachius virens 0 0 Labridae 0Scomberscombrus 0 0 0 0.2 0.06 0.50-0.60-0.20.2-1.0 0 0.6 0.2 5.40.1-1.40-0.72.4-11.1 0 S com b er scom b rus 0 Total Limanda ferruginea Hippogloissoides platessoides AprilEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1 9 8 7 1 1988 198900000000 0.03 0.4 0.5 0.06 0.060-0.10.02-0.80-1.30-0.20-0.200000000 0.2 0.03 0.4 0.1 0.5 2.1 1.9 0.50-0.50-0.10.01-0.80-0.40-1.40.5-5.40.4-5.20-1.3 0.3 0.07 0.4 1.4 1.0 0.1 1.1 0.40-0.70-0.20.1-0.70.4-3.30.2-2.20-0.40.03-3.40-1 0.05 0-0.200000000.2 0-0.9 Gadus morhua 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 Urophycis spp.0000 0 0 0 0 0000 000000 00000Scomberscombrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Prionotus spp.0 Pollachius virens Labridae 00 0.2 0-0.5 0.7 0.6 1.5 5.2 0.9 0.1 2.6 0.60.2-1.40.03-1.40.6-2.82.9-8.90.1-2.30-0.41.1-5.40-1.8 0.7 0.03 1.8 1.0 1.7 0.3 1.3 0.50.04-1.80-0.090.6-3.80.2-2.50.3-50-0.70.5-2.50-1.8 4.6 1.0 5.8 10.3 6.3 5.4 11.5 1.91.2-130.3-2.12.9-117.6-142.7-130.6-106.5-200.2-6.1 1 No sampling.Scomberscombrus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus0000000 Total Limanda ferruginea Hippogloissoides platessoides April (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.10.20.1 0.2 0.20-0.30-0.50-0.50-0.50-0.6 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.9 3.40-3.70.1-1.70.1-1.70-0.50-0.60-0.31.1-9.10.8-9.6 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.80-0.30.2-1.40.3-1.40-1.10-0.70-0.60.1-0.60.5-2.90.2-1.7000000000000000000 000000000 00000.0600.2 0.6 0.30-0.20-0.50-2.30-1.100000000.3 0.20-1.10-0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0006004 0 000 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Prionotus spp.Urophycis spp.Pollachius virens 0Sbb Labridae-Limanda Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae Gadus morhua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 0.040-0.20-0.1000000000 0.9 2.7 7.5 5.7 1.8 3.8 0.6 5.2 4.00.3-1.91.3-4.83-172.2-130.6-3.73-4.80.1-1.52.7-9.61-12 0.5 0.6 1.000.2 0.704.6 7.70.1-10.1-1.50.3-2.20-0.60-1.81.3-132.7-20 4.1 7.7 14.7 6.1 3.9 7.6 2.7 20.6 23.21.9-8.24.7-126.2-332.4-141.9-7.34-140.8-6.69.1-459.9-53 Total Limanda ferruginea Hippogloissoides platessoides Paralichthys-Scophthalmus S com b er scom b rus April (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070000.1 00000 0-0.2 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.3 4.6 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.70.1-1.60.1-2.30.01-2.10-0.80.7-180.5-3.20-1.60.04-1.10-3.301.0000000.1 00.1-2.60-0.3 1.6 0.100.7 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.1 00.6-3.30-0.30.1-1.60-1.40.2-1.10-0.90-0.2 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.4 1.3 4.4 0.6 0.1 0.20-0.60-0.30.4-2.50-10-4.41.8-9.30-2.10-0.40-1.1000000000000000000 000000000 00.7 4.0 1.7000.1 000-2.71.5-8.90.3-4.90-0.50000.5 00000 0-1.7 0.1 0 0.1 4.3 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Gadus morhua Labridae-Limanda Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus cimbrius Pollachius virens Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.Scomberscombrus 0.1 0 0.1 4.3 0 0 0 0 00-50-0.20.6-17 0.1 0.0.6 0.1 0.8 000000-0.40-0.20-0.20-2.5 5.3 1.0 11.8 0.5 5.7 8.7 0.7 0.8 0.72.5-10.40-3.25.8-230-1.32.4-124-170-2.20.1-2.00-2.4 2.4 0.601.1 1.1 1.6 0.3 0.3 0.10.8-5.30-1.80-3.20-3.60.6-3.20-0.70-0.70-0.5 13.2 5.9 19.7 10.2 16.8 21.9 2.9 2.8 1.97.5-221.5-189.7-392.2-387.5-36 12-390-8.31-6.00-9.2 Hippoglossoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus TotalScomberscombrus April (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010000 0.0400.10-0.10-0.3 0.1 00 0-0.3 0.4 0.2 1.40-0.90-0.80.3-3.3 0.7 0.2 0.20.2-1.50-0.80-0.7000000.04 0-0.1000 0.300.60-1.10-1.6 0.0400.10-0.10-0.4 0.1 0 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Gadus morhua Labridae-Limanda Labridae Brevoortia tyrannusScomberscombrus Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus cimbrius Pollachius virens 0.1 0 0 0-0.2 0.1 00 0-0.2 1.4 0.5 0.80.2-4.10-2.20.1-1.8 1.0 1.2 2.50.3-2.30.4-2.50.7-6.1 4.8 3.3 10.31.5-12.60.8-9.85.6-18.4 Limanda ferruginea Hippoglossoides platessoides Paralichthys-Scophthalmus TotalScomberscombrus MayEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.1 0-0.3 0.2 0.2 2.0 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.60-0.60.02-0.40.6-4.70.6-2.50.2-1.20-0.90.1-20-0.40.1-1.3 6.2 2.2 6.0 3.6 4.5 16.3 10.7 9.2 22.13.6-101.2-3.64.3-8.21.3-8.31.9-96.2-415.2-212.7-276.9-66 5.2 0.6 3.3 2.2 6.7 13.5 11.2 18.6 8.71.3-160.2-1.10.6-100.5-5.84.3-105.6-315.8-216.8-483.5-20 0.5 0.09 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.06 0.30.1-1.10-0.20.1-0.90.3-1.40.1-0.60-0.40-0.60-0.20-0.6 0.08 0.04 0.4 0.06 0.05 0.30-0.30-0.10-0.90-0.20-0.20-1 0.2 0.060.1-0.40-0.2 23.0 16.3 6.6 4.9 85.2 18.9 7.1 39.6 47.210-507.1-361.3-242.2-9.719-3656.7-512.7-1713-1158.3-250 1.3 2.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.4 4.4 1.90.1-3.71-3-4.20-0.40-0.60-1.50-2.60.01-1.11.6-100.5-4.9 54 25 95 96204391017015251375 000 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus0000 Gadus morhua Pollachius virens0000 Urophycis spp.0000000 0 Labridae-Limanda LabridaeScomberscombrus Prionotus spp.000000 5.4 2.5 9.5 9.6 204.3 91.0 17.0 152.5 137.50.8-220.5-7.11.1-513.9-2164-64456-1496.9-4018-121714-1322 7.0 3.9 3.6 3.8 15.3 14.3 4.7 22.4 15.72-201.4-8.70.8-111.5-8.410-246.4-301.7-116.3-746.9-34 4.5 0.9 1.8 1.7 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.05 1.22.6-7.40.3-1.60.9-30.8-3.10.5-1.60.01-0.80-10-0.20.3-2.7 3.7 1.5 1.0 1.1 2.5 0.4 1.3 4.6 2.51.5-7.60.7-2.70.2-2.40.4-2.11.1-4.80.01-0.90.3-2.91.9-100.8-5.5 108.0 107.1 66.3 48.4 757.8 230.1 86.7 473.7 616.662-18859-19421-20233-71271-2111150-35357-131129-1727125-3021 S com b er scom b rus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus

Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea Total May (continued)EGGS1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.3 0.06 0.1 0.90-0.90-0.20-0.30.02-2.4 0.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.20.2-10.3-3.70-0.60-0.70-4.20-0.20-0.70-0.5 21 15.9 1.0 3.7 3.2 3.7 3.3 2.2 5.79-465.3-440.3-2.21.9-6.61.1-7.50-251.4-6.80.6-5.33.3-9.4 10.7 18.9 3.1 1.8 5.9 9.9 2.7 3.5 3.66.7-179-380.7-8.80.9-3.11.8-163.7-241-60.9-9.61.9-6 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.10.1-10.3-1.90.1-1.50.1-10.2-1.80-0.4 0.1 0-0.2 0.05 0-0.2 20.9 36.7 16.9 110.0 10.0 25.0 24.2 19.5 51.17.3-576.6-1873.8-6612-9282-402.4-1974.9-1075.8-618.6-281 0.6 5.3 2.4 2.8 0.6 2.7 4.6 1.8 1.30-1.51.4-160.7-5.50.5-8.20-2.10.1-110.6-190.4-4.40-8.45047502251042167473220142131960 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 Brevoortia tyrannus0000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 0 Pollachius virens000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua 00 0000000 Urophycis spp.000000 000 Prionotus spp.0000 Labridae-Limanda LabridaeScomberscombrus 0 50.4 75.0 22.5 1042.1 67.4 73.2 201.4 21.3 196.08.7-27112-4515.8-80157-689016-2696.5-73323-16993.2-11743-887 6.7 10.3 12.0 34.2 2.6 16.2 11.4 8.8 23.32.8-155.8-184.8-287.6-1430.8-6.12.7-793.1-363.8-1913-42 1.2 1.7 3.2 0.7 4.2 5.8 1.3 1.3 1.10.5-2.20.7-3.10.9-8.20-2.52-82.9-110.5-2.50.4-2.80.2-2.7 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.5 4.8 3.5 0.5 2.6 2.00.3-1.20.4-2.60.1-20-1.52.5-8.60.6-120.02-1.11.1-50.4-5.1 278.6 298.5 131.1 1301.9 139.4 240.2 336.1 91.3 579.699-78491-96963-272211-799944-44143-131553-211928-289174-1921 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea Total S com b er scom b rus May (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.3 0.030000.50-0.80-0.8 0-1.6 0.4 0.8 0.1 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.10-1.30.1-2.20-0.30.2-4.50.3-2.5 0.1-0.90-1.60-0.70.4-2.2 16.0 7.3 1.7 6.5 3.9 2.2 1.6 2.2 76.6-373.2-150-6.43..3-12.21-11 1-4.20.5-3.40.6-5.63.6-13.1 3.0 0.6 5.3 0.2 3.3 1.4 2.5 1.0 2.90.8-7.90-1.40.7-220-0.71.1-8.1 0.3-3.30.5-7.10.1-2.71.1-6.1 0.1 0.04 0.4 0.06 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.90-0.40-0.10-1.20.0.20-1.3 0-10-0.90-0.60.8-3.7 0000 0.1 0.1 0.1000.10-0.40-0.40-0.40-0.3 0.1 0000 0-0.5 31.8 80.7 44.4 29.6 7.2 27.9 24.8 37.5 16.613-7722-2827.8-23411-751.5-25 7.6-977.4-78.19.5-1406.4-41.1 0.06 0.7 2.2 0.2 0 1.80-0.20-2.10.4-6.30-0.70.5-4.2349197614133712601156 6 86 72 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua Urophycis spp.000 Pollachius virens000 0 Labridae-LimandaLabridae000 Prionotus spp.000Scomberscombrus 34.9 197.6 141.3 371.2 60.1 15.6 6 8.6 7.217-7244-87045-436224-61613-281 4.2-521.0-23.31.0-44.11.9-22.2 8.0 22.4 30.0 19.8 5.6 15.1 4.9 8.7 11.43-207.8-6115-5712-312.1-13 5.5-391.8-11.43.3-21.04.3-27.9 1.9 3.4 2.4 1.3 5.9 5.9 0.9 2.8 6.60.3-5.41.3-7.40.4-7.40.1-3.81.4-19 2.2-140-3.21.2-5.82.4-15.8 0.2 1.9 2.5 0.5 000.1 0.50-0.70.3-5.30.6-6.40-1.60-0.30.1-1.1 116.0 712.6 394.1 514.4 129.4 141.9 56.9 89.4 66.859-226283-1790138-1120345-76844-37463-31617.6-178.626.5-295.722.4-196.0 0 TotalScomberscombrus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Limanda ferruginea May (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 0.2 00 0-0.7 0.2 1.3 0.20-0.50.3-3.00-0.6 12.9 5.1 5.76.2-26.01.3-14.72.7-11.1 2.5 3.8 4.00.7-6.21.1-9.71.8-8.1 0.4 3.3 0.30-1.40.6-10.60-0.7000 0.2 00 0-0.6000 65.5 85.5 31.524.3-173.411.7-590.17.8-118.5 2.1 18.5 19.30.2-6.95.7-55.68.6-42.2337563109 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-PeprilusScomberscombrus Urophycis spp.Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua

Pollachius virens Labridae-Limanda Labridae Prionotus spp.33.7 56.3 10.97.6-138.612.7-238.33.6-30.2 20.1 58.2 33.77.4-52.016.4-200.311.0-99.3 1.7 11.6 1.70.4-4.33.6-33.30.7-3.5000 190.2 309.1 195.173.5-489.749.0-1922102.5-370.8 Total S com b er scom b rus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus JuneEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1.3 1.4 0.4 2.1 0.4 0.8 0.3 1.8 21.10.7-2.10.3-3.40-0.90.2-7.30-1.30-2.40-0.90.2-5.916-28 1.6 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.1 0.20.8-2.80.04-0.70.1-0.70.1-2.80.2-1.30.1-1.40-0.70.4-2.20-0.6 32.3 6.7 23.7 7.9 13.7 14.0 8.8 21.9 26.918-573.9-1113-413.7-167.3-254-442.7-2511-4319-38 11.8 6.7 7.0 1.5 5.5 22.7 16.0 28.3 26.77.9-174.6-9.63-150.3-3.82.2-126.2-777.6-3215-5217-42 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.05 0.3 0.20.9-2.80.01-0.40-1.00.2-1.30-0.40-0.20-1.10-0.5 3.8 1.4 1.7 0.6 2.7 2.3 1.5 2.2 26.91.9-7.10.7-2.30.6-3.30.1-1.41.3-4.80.6-5.90-5.91.1-3.920-35 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 3.5 2.7 27.0 0.8 1.80.2-10.04-0.70.2-1.60-0.81.5-7.21.6-4.36.4-1050.1-0.30.6-3.9 892.7 1187.9 2641.3 482.3 376.6 900.3 2261.4 704.6 2941.8459-1734745-1893932-7480168-1378169-838431-1879746-6849419-11841807-4789 58.7 143.8 100.5 1.2 61.2 41.7 41.0 147.7 674.333-105115-18050-2010.2-2.730-12317-9811-145114-192461-98646615077314647843466954291146 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua Pollachius virens 0 00 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.0000 Labridae-Limanda LabridaeScomberscombrus 0 46.6 15.0 77.3 14.6 47.8 43.4 66.9 542.9 114.625-863.2-6035-1695.2-3818-1268.5-20727-164155-190125-513 30.7 30.8 29.2 6.4 27.5 22.8 36.0 37.1 114.618-5220-4815-562.7-1412-6016-3318-7022-6273-179 1.2 0.5 0.06 0.5 0.070.6-1.80.1-1.10-0.20-1.70-0.2 1.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.3 2.4 1.4 2.50.5-3.30-2.00.09-20-1.80-2.10-1.10.3-7.40.3-3.20.7-6.5 1432.7 1565.7 4035.4 645.9 575.4 1555.9 2734.6 2659.4 4653.7813-25241040-23571930-8435268-1553264-1254867-27921003-74531563-45242825-7665 0 Limanda ferrugineaScomberscombrus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus000 Total Hippogloissoides platessoides June (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.5 2.8 0.7 3.2 20.3 7.30.1-1.10-2.30-0.80.5-3.30.5-8.20-2.10.7-9.16.2-622.4-20 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.50.1-1.70-0.40-0.40.01-0.90-0.60-0.60-1.1 9.8 3.6 2.5 7.9 3.4 7.1 4.1 7.7 13.63.5-251-90.7-6.33.1-181-8.81.8-231.1-112.4-217.9-23 8.9 2.2 2.3 3.4 5.6 8.5 1.6 9.7 7.33.1-230.04-90.6-61.1-8.42.3-122.3-270.3-44.9-183-16 0.5 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.02 0.8 0.080.2-0.80-0.40-0.60.4-1.90-0.50.1-1.90-0.2 1.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.7 1.2 7.4 1.40.1-5.20-1.70.1-0.90-0.30.1-1.60.3-2.72.7-180-4.6 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.040-0.50-5.30-0.30.2-1.80.1-1.10.3-2.60-0.1 794.6 448.6 453.8 596.5 218.9 1102.0 779.1 918.1 1292.0492-1283362-556261-829191-185887-547304-3987330-1839439-1919564-2956 14.3 54.5 32.6 39.6 6.7 77.4 112.9 186.5 4.83.1-566.3-42011-9717-912.2-1828-21134-36568-5110.4-238334425881941076246184143110 Gadus morhua 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 Urophycis spp.0 0000 Pollachius virens 0 00 Labridae-Limanda Labridae Prionotus spp.Scomberscombrus 83.3 44.2 58.8 19.4 107.6 24.6 18.4 14.3 11.011-5890.4-146612-2823.7-8838-3042.2-2053.1-911.8-833.7-30 17.8 14.4 18.4 47.6 14.2 35.7 37.7 43.2 41.86.7-453.2-5510-3334-676.1-3120-6416-8720-9224-71 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.1 1.4 0.4 0.50.1-1.80.02-1.30.4-2.60-0.40.1-4.10.1-0.80-1.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.30-1.40.1-1.30.04-0.90-2.10-1.50-1.20-1 1448.7 867.4 924.4 1622.5 638.2 2246.0 1548.4 2062.0 1585.0645-3250367-2051528-1618886-2972326-1250787-6409732-32751282-3317716-3506 0 Limanda ferruginea 00 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides 0 S com b er scom b rus Total June (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 8.0 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.4 0.2 0.6 1.2 2.51.7-290-1.70.1-4.70-2.20-5.3 0-0.60-1.90.2-3.30.4-7.7 0.03 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.04 0.3 00-0.10-1.40.2-1.3 0-10-0.10-0.8 9.3 10.3 4.8 19.5 4.6 3.7 3.9 7.6 8.73.4-234.9-212.5-8.611-351.9-9.9 1.3-8.62.0-7.12.7-19.03.6-19.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 0.5 0.8 2.8 2.1 2.9 4.10.3-7.70.7-5.40.8-4.80-20.2-1.8 0.4-9.30.4-5.70.4-9.61.3-10.3 0.3 0.9 0 0.1 0.1 0.30.04-0.70-0.20-0.20-0.30-1.0 0000 1.4 10.7 0.1 0.7 0.8 0 0.3 0.5 0.30.1-3.93.6-290-0.50.1-1.60-2.50-0.70-1.30-0.9 1.5 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.200.1 0.10.2-4.40.4-4.80-1.30.1-1.30-0.70-0.40-0.4 491.2 438.9 808.6 390.0 376.0 730.4 157.8 264.7 681.886-2782182-1054335-1952178-854143-985 338-157949-49956.1-1236291-1593 32.1 50.1 5.2 6.2 4.8 1.5 1.3 25.44.4-20124-1051.3-161.6-18 0.7-180-6.90-5.65.2-110.3 19130213 91507 5.9162 62 3 0 0 Pollachius virens0000 Gadus morhua 00 0 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.0 Labridae-LimandaLabridae0Scomberscombrus 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 1.9 13.0 21.3 9.1 50.7 5.9 16.2 6.2 30.2-6.24.3-367.2-601.9-349-267 1-243-73.10.5-34.60.5-34.6 22.3 39.3 51.3 15.4 28.0 26.7 8.6 12.4 93.25.5-8322-7131-845.6-409.3-81 13-542.9-22.44.9-29.549.1-176.1 0.07 0.02 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.04 0.05 0.30-0.30-0.60.4-2.50-0.50-0.4 0-0.50-0.10-0.20-0.9 0.2 1.0 6.5 00 0.5 0.40.70.1-2.81-270-2.90-1.4 616.2 649.6 1073.2 599.8 964.0 943.1 289.6 335.1 928.0106-3563313-1346487-2364328-1095485-1916507-1755117-71772-1556406-2117 0 Total Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferruginea 0Scomberscombrus June (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 0.1 0.1 3.80-0.30-0.30.7-12.4 0.1 0.7 0.10-0.30-2.10-0.3 20.9 2.5 23.17.6-55.30.8-5.912.4-42.3 1.9 2.0 2.91.1-3.00.7-4.42.1-3.9 0.4 0.2 0.40-0.90-0.60-1.1000.04 0-0.1 0.8 0.5 2.10.1-1.90-1.50.8-4.5 0.4 0.8 1.60-1.00.2-1.90.4-3.9 249.4 249.3 1547.5134.4-46239.2-1556857-2795 37.3 31.5 68.69.9-1337.3-126.426.3-176.4 23 60250 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Pollachius virens Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda LabridaeScomberscombrus 2.3 6.0 25.00.5-6.51.3-20.612.0-51.2 39.0 30.7 75.020.2-74.69.1-98.936.9-151.3 0.3 0.2 0.70-0.70-0.50-2.0000.5 0-1.3 444.4 337.4 2039.6247-79951.8-21701206-3394 Total Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides Limanda ferrugineaScomberscombrus JulyEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 2.0 0.7 0.6 1.5 0.080.4-5.40.1-1.70.1-1.20.1-4.80-0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.03 0.2 0.20-0.40.09-1.10.1-1.70.06-0.70-0.10-0.40-0.6 36.7 6.4 73.7 5.0 11.9 10.3 2.4 11.2 8.616-832.3-1629-1883.2-7.58-166.5-161-55.2-234.2-17 2.6 3.5 10.0 0.05 1.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 3.11-5.51.4-7.43.9-240-0.20.7-2.10-0.90-0.50.6-2.21.0-7.3 0.2 0.3 0.30-0.40-0.70-0.6 31.1 1.6 54.2 0.5 5.8 3.7 1.3 2.1 15.511-820.5-3.735-840.1-0.93.9-8.51.6-7.70.4-2.90.9-4.112-21 4.4 0.2 12.6 0.06 3.6 3.1 3.6 0.6 1.92.8-6.70-0.45-300-0.22.4-5.21.7-5.41.3-8.10.1-1.40.5-4.7 630.3 481.4 862.1 312.5 513.4 177.6 230.9 488.2 272.0141-2807245-944580-1280204-477196-134182-38564-826311-76594-784 57.8 21.5 84.9 4.3 23.1 19.1 3.1 69.4 39.110-31411-4258-1241.6-9.911-4810-360.6-9.538-12512-123 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua0000 00 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae-Limanda Labridae 00 0 Pollachius virens 000 8.5 0.2 4.0 0.3 0.06 0.6 0.06 5.6 2.01.1-420-0.60.6-140.01-0.60-0.20.1-1.40-0.23.2-100.02-7.6 27.2 11.7 23.2 1.5 10.6 6.5 1.1 30.29.9-725.9-2213-410.9-2.36.9-163.8-110.2-2.916-56 0.04 0.050-0.10-0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.30-1.50-0.50-0.40-0.7 986.1 576.5 1317.6 337.4 670.5 293.3 297.3 651.7 490.3238-4068312-1065932-1862226-504301-1491165-520104-843425-1000221-1086 Scomber scombrus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 Hippogloissoides p latessoides0000000 00 Total Limanda ferruginea000 July (continued)EGGS1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.1 1.3 0.06 0.04 0.9 1.00-0.40.5-2.60-0.20-0.10-3.40.02-2.7 0.3 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.20.04-0.70-0.20-0.20-0.20-0.6 19.8 3.0 12.3 5.3 0.9 5.6 4.5 5.7 10.211-351.8-4.76.2-241.8-130.1-2.31.9-141.9-9.21.6-164.9-21 8.7 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.4 0.07 1.2 6.92.8-240.02-1.10.6-3.30-1.40-1.30-0.20-3.72.7-16 0.04 0.2 0.030-0.10-0.60-0.1 8.7 0.5 0.06 0.9 0.04 1.1 1.0 4.3 10.94.3-170.1-1.10-0.20.1-2.60-0.20.2-2.70-2.90.7-164.2-26 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 2.2 0.2 0.7 0.40.1-0.70-10.1-0.80.2-1.60.6-5.60-0.60-2.10-1.1 451.0 99.3 418.6 240.8 210.1 187.9 705.4 115.7 238.8279-72845-21852-335173-79481-54592-381343-145038-35161-930 83.3 2.6 14.6 60.0 34.9 28.6 39.7 12.7 29.948-1441.2-4.91-11925-14410-11811-7423-703.8-384.2-182 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Brevoortia tyrannus000 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 000 00 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Gadus morhua 000 Labridae 0 Pollachius virens 00000 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 1.20.4-3.80.03-0.40-0.40-0.50-1.30-10.3-2.7 31.3 3.8 12.8 17.7 29.5 12.7 21.6 19.8 20.624-411.3-8.76.5-248.8-3517-517-2211-418.6-448.2-49 0.05 0.1 0.10-0.20-0.40-0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.04 0.1 1.70-0.60-0.40-0.90-0.10-0.40-8.6 712.5 130.5 1242.0 388.6 431.8 361.3 841.2 213.7 427.8481-105569-246384-4010140-1074211-884213-612434-162991-50197-1869 0 0000 Scomber scombrus 00 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides platessoides 0 Total Limanda ferruginea000 July (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0 0.4 0.03 0.130-2.20-0.30-1.30-1.10-1.50-0.10-0.5 0.1 0.0300000-0.30-0.1 18 9.4 4.7 6.4 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.07 4.49.9-323-262.5-8.53.1-120.4-2.80.2-2.60.3-2.70.4-2.11.2-12.5 2.5 0.3 1.5 0.1 0.05 00 0.34 0.041-5.20-0.70.2-4.10-0.40-0.20-1.20-0.1 0.2 0.1000 0-0.5 0-0.20000 5.8 27.6 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.91.7-167.2-990.7-50-0.50-0.20-0.40-1.50-2.7 1.2 4 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.300.30.4-2.61.7-8.20.4-2.40-0.50-10-0.80-0.7 368.9 380.5 40.1 95.0 283.0 201.3 49.3 337.5153-889166-8729.3-16232-28171-112062-64923.7-101.4131.9-860.9 36.6 150.6 17.9 0.7 0.5 2.9 0 1.2 9.0 14-95 26-841 8.3-37 0-2.5 0-1.8 0.5-9.4 0.1-3.5 2.5-27.5 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Brevoortia tyrannus 0 0 00 00 0 Pollachius virens 0000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua 0 0 Urophycis spp.0 Prionotus spp.0 Labridae-Limanda 0 Labridae 14-95 26-841 8.3-37 0-2.5 0-1.8 0.5-9.4 0.1-3.5 2.5-27.5 0.3 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.04 00 000-10.2-2.20.3-2.80-0.40-0.1 42.9 0.3 49.4 5.2 3.0 9.2 5.1 7.1 36.821-850-1.332-772.2-111.2-6.33.1-251.3-15.13.5-13.814.3-92.0 0.2 0.200000-0.90-0.5 0.1 0.3 00 0.1 00-0.20-0.80-0.2 547.3 558.3 95.6 106.4 298.7 214.3 69.42 419.8256-1170281-110736-24937-30674-119066-68834.6-138.2172.7-1019 0 Scomber scombrus Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides 0 Limanda ferruginea000 Total 0 July (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 0.6 0.1 1.20-1.60-.30-4.4 0.1 00 0-0.2 26.6 17.5 16.88.4-80.09.4-31.79.2-29.9 3.2 2.11 0.81.4-6.20.7-4.70.1-2.0 0.1 00 0-0.4 000 7.5 6.7 2.52.9-17.73.2-13.30.9-5.3 0.5 3.5 7.50-1.11.6-6.82.9-17.2 281.9 393.2 526.285.9-919.886.1-1782.9 261.3-1058.7 31.5 28.4 65.4 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Labridae-Limanda Labridae Urophycis spp.Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua Brevoortia tyrannus Pollachius virens Prionotus spp.11.9-81.16.6-112.329.5-144.0 0.3 0.2 1.00-0.90-.50-2.8 16.4 25.6 31.26.6-38.616.9-38.414.3-66.9 000 0.04 00 0-0.1 449.9 1107.7 770.9140-1441598.5-2049.4 421.2-1410.4 Hippogloissoides p latessoides Total Scomber scombrus Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus AugustEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.2 0-0.4 0.03 0.040-0.10-0.1 11.7 3.7 3.5 4.4 9.4 13.3 1.2 7.4 24.46.0-221.2-92.2-5.31.7-9.85.4-168.2-210.3-2.61.7-2511-51 1.3 1.9 0.7 0.2 3.3 1.0 0.2 2.9 1.40.6-2.40.8-3.50.3-1.30-0.51.8-5.50.2-2.40-0.51.2-5.90.5-2.9000000000000000000 4.9 4.4 3.9 8.2 12.1 5.2 2.0 5.1 11.52.3-101.6-9.92.1-6.93.2-198.8-173-91-3.41.9-126.1-21 3.1 0.5 2.0 2.3 8.7 3.1 1.0 0.8 1.71.1-7.10.3-0.90.9-3.60.5-5.83.4-201.7-5.30.4-1.90.1-20.3-4.4 2.1 12.2 11.9 75.2 8.5 5.5 1.8 16.1 65.20.6-4.92.4-509-1615-3605.9-123-90.5-4.436-6326-160 2.5 3.0 3.1 4.0 7.1 3.9 0.9 3.2 14.71.2-4.80.8-7.91.5-5.91.1-114.1-121.9-7.40.1-2.21-86.7-31 Pollachius virens Gadus morhua Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00000000000 Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda Labridae 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.000 0.05 0.08 0.060-0.20-0.30-0.2 15.3 12.0 4.8 12.2 16.9 4.4 1.0 12.2 81.97.5-307.3-192.1-9.88.2-189.6-293.3-5.90.2-2.45.3-2754-125000000000 0.1 0.02 0.2 0.1 0.10-0.20-0.080-10-0.60-0.4 58.2 53.1 41.6 204.0 80.8 43.7 11.0 57.5 261.438-8920-13635-5067-61760-10833-586.7-1820-166152-449 Hippogloissoides p latessoides 0 Scomber scombrus 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Limanda ferruginea000 0000 0 Total August (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.05 0.04 0.9 0.4 0.40-0.20-0.10.2-2.20-1.40-1.2 0.06 0.050-0.20-0.2 0.6 5.6 18.5 0.9 1.4 1.3 8.5 1.2 6.10.2-1.31.4-177.2-450.1-2.10.3-3.70.2-3.83.2-210.3-2.82.4-14 2.2 4.0 2.8 3.5 2.1 1.1 0.7 0.3 2.61-40.7-140.5-8.52.1-5.60.7-4.80.2-2.80.01-20-0.60.8-6.1 0.2 0-0.5 2.9 4.2 8.7 2.0 2.5 3.6 13.0 0.9 7.71.3-5.61-131.7-351.2-3.30.8-5.80.8-115.2-310.2-2.13.2-17 0.6 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.4 1.7 0.5 0.2 0.40.1-1.30.5-2.50.3-2.00-10.1-0.70.2-50-1.30-0.60-1 4.0 11.2 18.0 15.5 6.6 12.5 15.7 4.0 20.71.1-115.3-234.3-675.3-422.6-153.8-376.1-391.1-117-58 1.9 5.6 25.5 4.3 2.2 2.1 3.6 0.6 7.30.7-3.82.2-138.3-751.9-8.70.6-5.40.2-6.91.1-9.30-1.52.6-18 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Brevoortia tyrannus00000000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 0 Gadus morhua 000000 Labridae-Limanda Labridae 00 Pollachius virens0000000 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.00 0.2 0.2 0.070-0.40-0.70-0.3 18.3 15.9 17.7 18.0 8.0 31.5 6.2 38.013-257.9-319.2-346.6-474.3-1417-591.8-1724-60 0.05 0.040-0.20-0.2 0.05 0.3 0.05 0.06 0.070-0.20.1-0.70-0.20-0.20-0.2 37.9 68.6 131.2 62.2 33.4 51.0 113.9 18.9 127.626-5528-16548-35536-10711-10023-11169-1889.4-3774-221 00 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 00000 Scomber scombrus 00000 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000 0 Total Limanda ferruginea 00 August (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.07 0.0400.03 000-0.30-0.1 0.09 0.10000 0-0.3 5.6 1.6 2.8 1.8 1.66 0.9 1.5 10.3 7.81.9-140.3-4.21-60.7-3.40.2-4.90.2-2.30.7-2.92.8-32.62.8-19.5 1.6 0.2 0.2 000 0.20.5-3.40-0.40-0.80-0.400000000 8.4 5.4 1.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.9 1.2 1.83.4-191.7-140.01-60.1-1.20-0.60-0.30.2-20-4.30.4-4.5 1.0 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.05 0.1 0 0.2 0.10.2-2.30.6-2.90.02-0.80-0.90-0.2 0-0.2 0-0.6 0-0.3 7.1 8.5 1.7 14.9 12.0 24.8 19.8 41.11.9-222.8-230.4-4.25.6-373-428.6-68.86.5-56.716.1-102.6 2.5 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.7 0.7-5.9 1.2-12 0-1.1 0-1.8 0-0.4 0-0.3 0.2-3.0 0.5-3.7 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 000 00 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 00 Pollachius virens 00000 Gadus morhua 0 0Labridae0 0.7-5.9 1.2-12 0-1.1 0-1.8 0-0.4 0-0.3 0.2-3.0 0.5-3.7 0.05 0.0800000-0.20-0.3 36.9 18.7 13.9 2.4 9.112.212.8 29.66 26.719-726.8-496.1-310.5-6.84.9-165.3-275.5-28.410.2-83.013.3-52.8 0.04 0.0500000-0.10-0.2 0.09 0.2 0 00 0.2 00-0.20-0.90-0.5 92.5 38.0 14.0 30.6 27.6 47.4 71.2 115.344-19116-916.3-3014-649.8-7519-11421.8-227.560.3-219.7 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Total Scomber scombrus 000000 Limanda ferruginea 00 August (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 0.9 00 0-3.1 0.3 00 0-0.8 7.2 1.3 6.12.4-18.90-4.31.5-19.6 0.9 0.7 0.90.3-1.80-2.50.3-1.7000.05 0-0.2 000 5.6 6.2 7.21.8-14.42.5-13.82.7-17.4 0.5 0.6 1.50-1.20-2.30.3-4.1 45.1 10.9 24.812.0-162.53.1-33.95.6-100.9 6.9 1.9 4.12.3-18.00-8.50.7-14.7 Labridae Pollachius virens

Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Gadus morhua Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 000 10.6 19.4 13.84.5-23.811.4-32.64.5-38.9 000 000 82.8 105.0 126.023-28957.4-191.436.7-426.9 Scomber scombrus Total Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides SeptemberEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 39.1 1.7 0.05 0.42.8-4290-7.60-0.20-1.1 0.04 0.04 0.060-0.10-0.10-0.2 0.3 8.9 6.3 5.9 1.5 1.2 1.4 2.1 0.40.1-0.72.9-241.5-211.4-190.7-2.60.5-2.30.6-2.50.6-4.90.1-0.7 0.04 1.6 3.4 4.2 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.4 2.30-0.10.4-3.80.9-9.40.8-140.6-6.21-310.5-2.80.5-2.81.5-3.3000000000000000000 0.7 5.8 3.9 11.5 5.8 3.5 1.5 0.9 1.00.4-1.22.5-121.5-8.43.8-313-111.8-6.50.8-2.60.2-2.10.3-2.2 1.5 0.2 2.1 0.4 0.30.6-2.80-0.50.4-5.60.1-0.70-0.8 1.8 0.8 1.04 0.4 0.09 1.0 1.4 0.50.04-6.50-2.20.3-2.30-10-0.30.3-20.2-3.50.1-1 0.04 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.04 0.4 0.5 0.40-0.20.1-20-0.70.1-1.30-0.40-0.10.1-0.70.02-1.10-1 Gadus morhua Labridae Pollachius virens Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.Brevoortia tyrannus00000 Labridae-Limanda 0 Prionotus spp.000 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00000 0000000000 4.6 80.4 16.1 27.5 4.4 0.9 12.3 11.1 41.02.9-7.157-1129-2819-392.4-7.70.4-1.67.6-203.1-3522-74000000000 0.2 0-0.4 7.3 469.2 40.7 85.8 17.2 20.3 21.2 19.4 47.34.5-12199-110720-8256-13210-2910-4114-326.8-5227-84 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Scomber scombrus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Limanda ferruginea Total 0000000 0 September (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1.5 0.3 95.4 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.4 0.50-5.70-1.417-5130-0.80-1.80-0.50.03-4.80-1.5 0.05 0.080-0.20-0.3 0.2 1.9 0.4 6.5 2.5 0.7 1.7 2.60-0.60.6-4.30.02-0.91.5-210.8-6.10-20.4-4.21.1-5.2 0.4 1.4 1.7 3.1 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.9 1.70-1.10.3-3.40.9-2.71.1-70-3.70.3-1.80-0.70.1-2.30.8-3.2 0.03 0-0.9 0.4 0.7 1.9 4.1 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.1 2.00-10.1-1.90.9-3.41.2-110-0.80.04-20.2-20.1-2.90.5-5 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.30-0.20-0.30.2-3.20-1.2 0.05 0.2 1.0 3.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.5 0.60-0.20-0.50.3-20.9-7.90-1.40-0.60.02-1.20.3-3.70-1.9 0.09 0.3 2.0 0.09 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.3 0-0.2 0-0.6 0.4-5.4 0-0.3 0-2.3 0-0.9 0.2-2.9 0-0.8 Gadus morhua Labridae-Limanda Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 000 Brevoortia tyrannus000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 0 0 00000 000 000 0 00 000 0 0 0 Pollachius virensLabridae0 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.0 0-0.2 0-0.6 0.4-5.4 0-0.3 0-2.3 0-0.9 0.2-2.9 0-0.8 0.1 0.040-0.40-0.1 3.1 5.0 13.3 19.9 7.6 6.4 2.6 21.3 16.71.2-6.72.2-107.7-226.5-573.2-173.1-130.4-811-407.2-37000000000 0.3 0-0.8 7.7 10.2 23.6 201.8 10.9 17.5 5.4 41.6 26.62.6-203.9-2516-3441-9784.3-268.5-351.4-1623-7611-63 Hippogloissoides p latessoides Scomber scombrus 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus0000 00 00 0 Limanda ferruginea 0000 Total September (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.6 0.04 0.2 0.2 0.0500.5 0.04 0.060.03-1.50-0.20-0.70-0.60-0.2 0-1.70-0.10-0.200.1 00 0-0.4 1.25 0.1 0.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 4.8 1.6 15.00.1-3.80-0.30-1.30.2-30.3-2.60.1-2.51.3-13.20.6-4.06.4-33.4 0.5 0.04 0.05 0.600.2 0.04 0.20-1.60-0.20-0.20.2-1.30-0.50-0.10-0.600000000 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.400.5 0.2 2.80.1-2.40.1-1.50-0.20-0.80-1.2 0-1.90-0.80.4-8.8 0.300.07 0 0.2 0-0.80-0.20-0.7 0.5 0.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.9 3.80-1.20-0.40.9-4.50.4-6.70.6-5.70-2.91.3-9.0 0.05 0.04 0.0500.2 0.1 00-0.20-0.20-0.20-0.60-0.3 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 000 00 00 Gadus morhua 000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Pollachius virens 00000 0 Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.000 Labridae-Limanda 00Labridae0 0.2 0.1000 0-0.6 0-0.5 7.9 3.1 42.7 0.8 1219.524.5 5.5 47.15.3-111.2-6.525-720.1-1.74.8-288.7-427.6-74.71.9-13.826.2-83.900000000 14.9 46.5 3.9 17.8 27.9 38.4 8.4 88.38.4-2629-751.7-7.96.7-4513-5712-1142.5-24.645.1-171.8 00 Scomber scombrus0000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides 000 Total Limanda ferruginea0000 0 September (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010000.1 0-0.2 000 4.3 1.8 3.11.5-9.9.4-4.51.3-6.1 0.3 0.2 0.30-0.90-.50-0.6 000 000 1.1 0.9 0.40.2-2.7.01-2.40-1.200.1 0.040-.30-0.1 1.4 1.9 1.10.3-3.2.3-5.30.3-2.6 0.4 0.1 0.40-1.30-.30-1.0 Labridae Pollachius virens Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Gadus morhua Labridae-Limanda Urophycis spp.Prionotus spp.000 2.7 8.5 8.30.9-6.43.3-20.13.8-17.0 000 000 14.0 16.6 19.74.9-37.06.6-40.08.4-44.4 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Total Scomber scombrus Limanda ferruginea OctoberEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.2 34.5 0.20-0.55-2020-0.8 0.1 0.08 1.5 0.7 0.30-0.60-0.30.3-3.80-2.20-0.9 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 2.9 0.08 0.2 0.1 0.20.1-4.60-0.50.2-1.50-0.70-180-0.30-0.40-0.40-0.9 0.9 0.2 1.0 0.4 6.8 0.1 1.3 1.9 1.10-3.30-0.80.3-20-1.12.9-150-0.60.2-3.70-8.60-3.6 0.1 0.090-0.40-0.4000000000 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.09 0.1 0.10-1.40-1.50-0.40-2.40-0.40-0.40-0.5000000000 0.2 0.1 0-0.5 0-0.4000000000 Labridae Prionotus spp.Pollachius virens Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadus morhua Labridae-Limanda 0 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000 Brevoortia tyrannus000000 Urophycis spp.00000000000 00000000000 1.7 1.0 3.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.50-7.70-2.90.4-120-1.80-1.90-0.40-0.90.1-1.2 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000000000 0.09 0-0.4 4.1 1.7 6.3 4.4 52.0 0.5 2.2 2.4 2.70.3-190.4-4.32-172.6-7.111-2320-1.50.8-4.80-131-6 Scomber scombrus Total Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Limanda ferruginea0000 0000 0 October (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.00-3.20-2.90-1.70-4.30-4.8 0.1 2.7 0.08 1.2 1.50-0.40-170-0.30-5.20.03-4.8 0.2 0.8 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.2 0.20-0.70.3-1.60-1.20-9.80-0.40-0.70-0.7000000000 0.2 0.1 0.10-0.70-0.40-0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.50-0.70-0.50-10-0.80-1.6 0.1 0-0.5 Gadus morhua Enchelyopus cimbrius Labridae Brevoortia tyrannus Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda 000 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 000 0 00 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus0000 000 00 Pollachius virens 00000000 0 0 Urophycis spp.0000000000 00000000000000 00 0-0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.9 2.7 0.40-0.50-0.60-0.50-3.20-0.60-2.70-150-1.2000000000 1.8 1.4 1.0 5.4 3.3 1.3 0.1 5.5 3.30.5-4.10.8-20-4.10.01-401.2-7.70-4.50-0.50.6-250.1-16 Scomber scombrus Total Limanda ferruginea 000000000000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000000 October (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.5 0.4 0.500.2 00-2.90-1.30-3.50-0.70000 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.70-20-0.60-0.70-1.50-0.90-0.40-0.70-2.3 0.2 0.2 000 0.10-0.60-0.80-0.500000000 0.1 0.1 0.06 000 0.20-0.30-0.40-0.20-0.70000 0.2 0.4 0.100.1 00-0.70-1.10-0.40-0.60000 Brevoortia tyrannus Urophycis spp.Labridae-Limanda 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 000 0 0 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 000 00 Pollachius virens 00000 Gadus morhua 0 Prionotus spp.0000 00 00000 0Labridae0000000 0.5 1.1 1.3 0.1 2.05 1.2 0.05 0.5 0.70-20-6.70-7.90-0.40-9.10-50-0.20-1.40-3.000000000 0.9 3.0 1.4 3.2 1.9 0.3 1.2 1.70-3.20.1-130-5.50.2-140-9.90-0.70.1-3.40-6.0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides 00 Scomber scombrus 000 0 Limanda ferruginea 0000 0000 0 Total October (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010000.1 0-0.2 000 0.7 0.7 0.20-2.10-2.10-0.900.1 0 0-.4 000 000 0.3 0.1 00-1.30-.3 000000.1 0-0.4 000 Prionotus spp.Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Urophycis spp.Pollachius virens Gadus morhua Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus cimbrius Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Labridae Labridae-Limanda 000 0.2 0.6 0.90-0.70-1.50-3.4 000 000 1.1 1.4 1.30-4.3.04-4.40-5.4 Total Limanda ferruginea Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Hippogloissoides p latessoides Scomber scombrus NovemberEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989000000000 6.0 0.2 0.7 2.01.8-200-0.60.04-1.81.4-2.7 0.9 0-0.4 0.2 0-0.6 1.2 0.3 2.6 2.1 3.3 0.5 0.2 0.40.5-2.90-1.51.4-4.40.2-6.81.5-6.50-1.50-0.70-1.1000000000000000000000000000 0.1 0-0.4000000000 Labridae Prionotus spp.Brevoortia tyrannus Pollachius virens Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius Gadidae-Glyptocephalus000 00 0 0 0000 0000000000 Gadus morhua 0 Labridae-Limanda 0000 Urophycis spp.0000000000000 Paralichthys-Sco p hthalmus000000000 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000000000000000000 7.3 0.3 2.6 2.1 4.5 0.6 1.3 2.42.8-190-1.51.4-4.40.2-6.82.1-8.60-20.3-3.11.3-4.1 Scomber scombrus Limanda ferruginea Total 0 November (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.8 0.07 0-2.6 0-0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0-0.90-0.40-0.6 0.1 0-0.4 0.2 0.080-0.70-0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.2 1.6 0.6 0.20-0.40-0.50-0.40-1.90-0.90-70-2.70-0.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.10-10-0.60-0.70-0.50-0.40-0.4 0.1 0.070-0.40-0.2 Brevoortia tyrannus Gadus morhua Labridae 000 000 0000 0 0 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 000 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus0000 Enchelyopus cimbrius0000000 0 0 Pollachius virens 00 0 Urophycis spp.0000 000000 0 Prionotus spp.0000 0000000 Labridae-Limanda000 00 0000000 0.08 0.30-0.30-1.1 0.4 0-1.5 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 1.3 0.2 1.9 0.9 0.60.1-3.10-1.30-2.60-0.80.4-2.70-0.90-8.60-3.40.1-1.5 Hippogloissoides p latessoides Total Scomber scombrus000000000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus0000000 0000 Limanda ferruginea000000 00 00 00 0 November (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070000 0.1 00 0.2 00-0.40-0.600000000 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.1 2.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.20-0.50-1.30-0.60-3.70.7-7.80-0.90-0.50-0.60-0.6 0.20000 0-0.900000000 0.1 0.08 0.200000-0.50-0.30-0.80000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Labridae Brevoortia tyrannus 0 00000 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 000 0 Gadus morhua Pollachius virens 00 0 00 0 00 00 00 00 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 00 Urophycis spp.0 Prionotus spp.0 0 000000000000 0000 0000 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.2 3.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.20-0.90-1.30.03-0.90-4.50.7-8.50-0.90-0.50-1.10-0.6 Scomber scombrus 00000 0 Hippogloissoides p latessoides 00000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 0 0 Limanda ferruginea 0 0 00 Total November (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 000 000000.1 0-0.3 000 0.4 0.1 0.20-1.20-0.40-0.9 000 000 000 000 000 Brevoortia tyrannus Labridae-Limanda Prionotus spp.Urophycis spp.Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Labridae Gadus morhua Pollachius virens Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 000 000 000 000 0.4 0.1 0.30-1.20-0.40-1.1 Hippogloissoides p latessoides Paralichthys-Scophthalmus Scomber scombrus Total Limanda ferruginea DecemberEGGS1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989000000000000000000 2.4 1.1 1.3 0.7 1.2 1.2 2.5 0.1 1.11.7-3.10.3-2.40.1-3.90.1-1.90.6-2.20.3-2.70-140-0.40-3.8 0.3 0-0.8000000000000000000 000000000 0.05 0-0.2 Urophycis spp.Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Brevoortia tyrannus Prionotus spp.Labridae-Limanda Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 000 00 00 00 Gadus morhua Pollachius virens 000000-00Labridae0 0000 0--000000000000 Paralichthys-Sco p hthalmus000000000 Hippogloissoides p latessoides000000000000000000 2.4 1.2 1.7 0.7 1.2 1.4 2.7 0.2 1.11.7-3.20.4-2.50.5-3.90.1-1.90.6-2.20.3-3.60-160-0.70-3.8 Scomber scombrus Limanda ferruginea Total December (continued)

EGGS 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.07 0.40-0.20-1.2000000000 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.08 0.2 0.20-1.20-30-0.40-0.60-0.30-0.80-0.6 0.1 0-0.6 0.1 0-0.4 0.1 0.60-0.50-2.3 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Brevoortia tyrannus000000000 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus0000 0 0 0000 0 00 Gadus morhua 0 Pollachius virens000000 Urophycis spp.000000000 Prionotus spp.000000000 Labridae-Limanda 000000Labridae000 000000 0.08 0-0.3 0.08 0.4 1.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.30-0.30-1.20-3.60-0.40.1-10-0.70-0.90-0.40.2-3.5 00 Scomber scombrus 000 00000000 00 Hippogloissoides p latessoides 00000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 00 00 Limanda ferruginea 0000000 Total000 December (continued)EGGS1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070000 0.3 0.1 00 0.04 00-1.70-0.40-0.200000000 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.80-40-220-9.30.1-4.90-2.30-0.40-0.60-1.00-4.700000000 0000 0000 0000 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 00 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus 0 00 0000 00 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 000 Gadus morhua Pollachius virens000 Urophycis spp.00000 00 0 Labridae-Limanda 00000 Prionotus spp.00 0 0 0 00Labridae0000000000 0.080000 0-0.30000 1.1 1.8 2.8 1.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0-4 0-220.1-120.1-5.10-2.30-0.40-0.60-1.10-4.7 00 Scomber scombrus 00000 0 Hippogloissoides p latessoides0000 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 00 00 Total Limanda ferruginea 000 December (continued)EGGS2008 2009 2010 000 0.24 00 0-0.8 000 000 0.2 0.7 1.70-0.60-2.10-6.5 000 000 000 000 000 Labridae Labridae-Limanda Prionotus spp.Brevoortia tyrannus Urophycis spp.Pollachius virens

Gadus morhua Gadidae-Glyptocephalus Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius 000000.1 0-0.4 000 000 0.4 0.7 1.7 0-1.2 0-2.1 0-6.7 Scomber scombrus Total Limanda ferruginea Hippogloissoides p latessoides Paralichthys-Scophthalmus January LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.1 0.08 0.9 0.08 0.70-0.40-0.30.1-2.10-0.30-2.1 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.090-0.30-0.40-0.40-0.4 0.2 2.3 0.2 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.20-0.50.3-7.50-0.60.5-2.30-1.40-0.60-0.6 0.1 0.05 0.090-0.40-0.20-0.3 00 Clupea harengus 0 Brevoortia tyrannus000000 M. octodecemspinosus 0 0000 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius00000 Urophycisspp.000 00 00 0000 M. aenaeus000 00 0 M. scorpius000000000 L. atlanticus000000000 L. coheni000000000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus00000 Tautoga onitis 0 00 00 Ulvaria subbifurcata000 0000 00 00 0.05 0.08 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.10-0.20-0.30.5-4.30-0.80-0.40-2.60.02-10-1.10-0.4 1.0 0.5 0.7 13.4 0.90-3.60-1.30.2-1.41.9-700-2.9 1.1 1.0 7.5 0.6 15.5 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.20-4.10.3-2.14.2-130-1.92.6-750.1-9.40.1-40.1-20-0.7 00 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.00 Scomber scombrus00000 0 00 0 0 00 0 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00000 January (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.09 0.4 0.07 0.20-0.60-1.30-0.40-0.80-0.40-1.10-0.30-0.9 0.2 0.4 0.20-0.70-1.30-0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.90-0.60-0.40-0.40.1-2.3 0.2 0-0.6 0.2 0-0.8 0.1 0-0.5 0 000 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 000 Urophycisspp.0 Clupea harengus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius000000000 00 0 000000 0 M. octodecemspinosus0000 M. aenaeus0000 0 M. scorpius00000000 L. atlanticus00000000 L. coheni00000000 Tautoga onitis000000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus000000000 Ulvaria subbi f urcata00000000 0 0.1 1.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.6 0.07 1.0 0.50-0.60.3-4.40-0.40-2.20-0.70.1-5.20-0.30.1-2.60-1.7 0.09 0.07 3.3 1.9 1.3 2.5 1.2 0.10-0.30-0.30.5-120.5-4.70-4.20-400.1-3.40-0.5 0.6 2.8 0.5 4.2 2.2 3.8 3.0 3.4 1.30.2-1.10.9-6.40-1.30.5-170.7-5.21.3-9.20-440.7-100.3-2.9 0Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus0000 Scomber scombrus0000000 000 Total 00 January (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0000 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 00-1.40-0.40-0.70-1.50-0.5 0-1.30-0.40-1.5 0000 0000 0.3 0.1 0 0.100.50-0.70-0.40-0.40-1.4 2.8 1.4 0.5 00000.5-8.60.4-3.20.2-0.8 0000 0000 0.2 0000 0-0.9 0000 0000 0.08 0 0 0 0 00 Brevoortia tyrannus000 Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius000 Urophycisspp.00000 00 M. aenaeus000 0 M. scorpius00000 M. octodecemspinosus 0 0 L. coheni0000 L. atlanticus000 0 0 0 00 Tautogolabrus adspersus00000 Tautoga onitis 00 0Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0-0.3 4.9 2.7 1.7 34 0.2 0.08 0.5 0.7 1.11-170-130.2-5.313-860-0.8 0-0.30-1.50-1.90.1-2.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.20-2.60-2.60-5.50-2.10-1.60-6.00-0.5 0000 0000 11.0 4.8 3.7 38.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.3 1.44.5-261-161.4-8.415-960.4-30.1-4.30-3.90-10.70.1-4.1 0 00 0 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.00Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 00 Scomber scombrus 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus00000 Total January (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010000 0.200.050-0.80-0.2000000 0.1 00 0-0.5 0.2 0.4 0.10-0.70-1.50-0.3000000 0 00000 000 0 0 0 Brevoortia tyrannus

Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius M. octodecemspinosus Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus M. scorpius L. atlanticus

L. coheniUlvariasubbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus Tautoga onitis 0 0 0 0.8 0.2 0.40-3.50-0.60-1.2 1.7 0.1 0.040-9.00-0.40-.1000000 2.9 0.7 0.50-14.20-2.20-1.5 Ammodytes sp.Ulvariasubbifurcata Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus Pholis gunnellus Total February LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.2 0.08 0.4 0.4 0.10-0.80-0.30.1-0.70-1.10-0.5 0.1 0.08 1.4 0.4 3.7 0.6 8.4 3.2 0.30-0.40-0.30.4-3.20.1-0.90.7-120-26.5-110-180-0.9 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.40-3.60-0.60.2-0.80.1-1.70-1.10-0.70-1.2 2.5 2.3 12.7 1.10.3-8.60.3-7.51.3-820.04-3.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 1.00-0.80.1-0.90-0.40.2-2.4 0.06 Brevoortia tyrannus0000 Clupea harengus0000000000 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius0000000000000000 00 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 000000 0 00 0 0000000 Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 L. coheni M. scorpius L. atlanticus M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus Urophycis spp.Tautoga onitis 00 00 0 0 0.06 0-0.2 1.3 0.4 3.1 6.7 10.6 4.7 4.6 4.0 8.40-4.80-1.30.9-7.82.9-142-442.3-8.73.7-5.70.3-193.2-20 8.9 1.4 0.3 0.6 9.7 0.08 0.44.4-170-6.10-10.2-1.21.5-450-0.30-1 11.6 2.1 6.3 8.9 21.6 7.6 18.3 19.4 10.94.5-280.2-7.23.1-124.1-183-1264.9-1217-202.3-1244.4-25Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.00 0 0 0 0 0 00 Scomber scombrus000 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00 0 00000 0 0 0 00 February (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.09 0.40-0.40-1.60-3.30-0.50-0.40-1.8 0.1 8.6 0.1 2.2 0.6 4.4 0.3 7.4 7.50-0.56-120-0.40-110-1.80.9-150-1.40.2-600-81 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.09 0.3 0.7 0.30-0.60-0.40-0.80-1.60-0.40-0.70-2.50-1.2 12.2 1.9 0.9 0.3 1.8 2.5 8.5 0.52.8-460.4-5.10-3.10-0.80.2-60-152.6-240-1.7 0.07 0.1 0.10-0.30-0.40-0.3000 0 00 Clupea harengus000 Brevoortia tyrannus0000 000000000 Urophycisspp.0000000 0 0 M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 0 0 L. atlanticus 0 0 0 00 0000000 00 Tautoga onitis000000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus000000 0 000Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 L. coheni M. scorpius Enchelyopus cimbrius 1.1 45.7 1.8 2.0 1.5 6.4 3.7 4.8 6.80-4.238-550.5-4.40-7.90.01-5.30.9-280.5-130-360.8-33 0.5 0.6 4.5 5.9 18.9 29.6 2.7 7.1 0.80-2.40.2-1.20-300.2-3912-295.9-1340.1-120.6-410-3 1.5 74.5 11.1 8.5 22.9 48.3 9.5 550.4 24.40-6.754-1032.5-410.3-6913-4013-1781.4-4642-614.6-113 0 Pholis gunnellusUlvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 00000 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus0000000000 000 Total Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus February (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0000 0.2 0.2 2.9 0.05 00 0.2 00-0.60-11-6.50-0.20-0.6 0000 0000 1.2 3.2 3.3 16.8 0.5 0 1.9 6.4 3.20.1-3.10.1-160.4-125-520-1.60-9.81.2-24.00.6-9.7 0.2 3.2 1.3 8.9 0.6 0 0.1 2.6 3.70-0.60-200-5.81.7-360-1.90-0.20.6-7.10.5-14.3 0.7 2.2 0.8 1.2 0.3 0 0.3 4.0 00-20.1-8.70-2.90.2-3.10-1.10-1.50.5-15.300.1 0.3 00-0.40-1.0 0.1 0.1 00 0.1 00-0.40-0.50-0.3 0000 0000 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Urophycisspp.00 M. octodecemspinosus M. scorpius L. atlanticus 0 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 0 00 0 0000 0000000 0 0000000 0 0 0 0Ulvariasubbifurcata L. coheni Tautogolabrus adspersus Tautoga onitis M. aenaeus Clupea harengus 0 0 0 0 1.5 15.2 19.4 59.1 2.5 0.3 2.9 4.2 2.60-5.73.6-574.5-7529-1180.3-8.7 0-1.10.2-11.10.9-13.50.2-9.8 0.9 11.8 5.0 43.7 1.0 0.4 2.6 3.7 0.90.1-2.20.5-1110.8-1916-1150.1-2.7 0-10.6-7.00.5-13.50.02-2.4 0000 0000 4.2 41.9 40.0 179.7 4.1 1.0 7.8 13.2 28.90.6-157.6-21315-10798-3260.5-170.3-2.11.2-340.9-103.39.5-84.5 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 00 00 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus TotalUlvariasubbifurcata Scomber scombrus Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.

February (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010000 0.2 00 0-0.6000000 1.6 1.4 0.30.2-4.70-5.10-0.9 1.5 1.1 0.20.2-4.10.2-2.60-0.7 0.4 1.2 0.50-1.30-5.30-1.5000 0 00000000 0 0 0 Tautoga onitis Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata L. coheni L. atlanticus M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus

M. scorpius Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.Clupea harengus 0 0 0 2.0 2.0 2.80.1-7.10-8.20.4-9.7 1.6 5.5 1.40-5.70.6-24.70.3-3.5000000 5.5 9.8 4.10.8-22.71.2-51.00.6-15.6 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrusUlvariasubbifurcata March LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1.7 0.2 2.6 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.20.7-3.30-0.60.9-5.80.01-0.70.3-1.70-0.30-1.50.03-0.4 18.9 17.1 4.6 8.4 14.2 34.0 2.7 59.8 18.68.6-407.6-372.1-93.3-196.7-2918-641.1-5532-117.7-43 1.2 0.5 0.06 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.2 1.00.5-2.40-1.70-0.20.2-10.4-1.30-0.40-0.50.3-1.9 0.1 0.8 2.0 1.0 3.5 0.1 7.1 6.50-0.30.1-1.90.4-5.60.3-1.92-60-0.43.5-141.9-18 0.03 0.6 0.04 0.2 0.08 0.040-0.10-1.80-0.20-0.60-0.20-0.1 0.4 0.08 0.3 0.03 0.4 0.3 0.06 0.3 0.40.1-0.70-0.30-0.70-0.10.1-0.80.03-0.60-0.20.04-0.70.04-0.9 0.04 0.03 0.2 0000000 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 00 Clupea harengus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius0000000 00 M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 0 Urophycisspp.0000 00 00 0 M. scorpius 0 L. atlanticus 0 L. coheni Tautoga onitis 00 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus0000000000 000Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0.04 0.03 0.20-0.10-0.90-0.5 10.4 14.8 3.7 16.3 24.5 30.3 2.4 57.6 32.33.5-287.6-281.4-8.44.5-538.3-6914-660.9-5225-12912-83 30.0 59.0 3.3 0.7 4.1 5.1 0.06 1.3 3.020-4512-2830.9-8.80.3-1.31.1-112.3-100-0.20.4-2.81.7-4.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.70.1-1.10-3.60-1.70-0.30-0.50.1-1.7 84.8 124.9 14.6 30.2 55.7 86.7 6.4 137.6 70.658-12548-3225.6-369.8-8926-11847-1593.3-1271-26629-168Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 00 Scomber scombrus000 0 0 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Pseudopleuronectes americanus 000000 Total March (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.5 1.1 0.5 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.80.1-1.10.3-2.40.1-10.7-2.90.1-2.60.1-0.90-3.20.2-1.8 1.6 33.8 3.3 7.2 5.5 13.6 13.9 38.5 17.20.1-5.423-491.1-7.61.9-221.2-188.5-215-367.9-1758.3-35 0.7 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.080.1-1.50-0.40.1-3.10-0.50-0.90-2.30-0.2 6.9 1.3 4.1 2.5 2.5 5.4 6.2 0.8 0.91.6-230.7-2.21.2-110.7-6.21.1-4.92.1-121.7-180-2.50.3-1.8 0.05 0.05 0.20-0.20-0.20-0.5 0.1 0.09 0.5 0.060-0.40-0.20-1.20-0.2 0.05 0 00 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 0 0 Clupea harengus 0 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius000000000 00 000000 M. scorpius L. atlanticus 00 Urophycisspp.0 M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 00 00 L. coheni0000 00 0 Tautoga onitis000000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus000000000Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0-0.2 2.8 14.3 5.9 2.0 71.1 8.2 16.1 51.5 6.70.7-7.58-261.6-170.4-5.340-1262.6-236-4111-2283-14 0.8 3.4 21.4 4.7 61.3 26.2 45.0 42.6 8.50-2.81.6-6.38.3-531.4-1217-21711-6316-12612-1513.5-19 0.05 0.5 0.30-0.20-2.20-0.7 14.9 59.3 52.7 16.6 188.9 74.0 108.7 147 38.96.9-3148-8425-1105.4-4782-43242-13147-24930-69519-78Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus000 000 000 0 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00 March (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0000 1.3 1.1 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.030.5-2.50.2-2.70.04-0.60.2-2.70-0.5 0-0.90.02-3.30-1.50-0.1 0000 0000 32.3 10.8 16.1 55.8 17.2 9.8 9.8 16.3 8.815-673.1-335-4830-1046.3-45 3.7-243.5-256.5-39.31.9-32.0 0.8 0.8 0.2 2.3 1.6 0.3 0 0.5 1.30-2.40.1-2.10-0.60.2-8.30.4-4.1 0-0.90.1-1.10.1-3.7 3.1 2.5 1.8 0.9 2.5 0.6 0.7 5.3 1.60.2-130.8-5.80.5-4.30-2.60.9-5.5 0.1-1.40.3-1.32.5-10.40.3-4.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0 0.2 0.3 00-0.90-0.30-0.30-2.10-0.60-0.6 0.5 0.04 0.07 0.08 00000-1.10-0.20-0.20-0.3 000000000 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0 Clupea harengus Brevoortia tyrannus 00 0 Urophycisspp.00000 M. octodecemspinosus 0 00 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 M. aenaeus0000 M. scorpius L. atlanticus Tautoga onitis 0 L. coheni 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04 0-0.1 9.9 24.1 14.3 9.4 7.6 6.1 6.4 5.4 3.63.3-277.1-775.1-372.9-271.9-25 2.3-142.8-13.52-12.71.1-9.5 18.9 24.7 2.4 55.9 7.9 9.8 36.4 34.3 2.75.6-598-720.6-6.219-1633.4-17 3.5-258.4-14812.2-930.9-6.4 0000 0.3 0000 0-1.2 94.6 113.4 36.0 161.6 49.7 38.2 67.8 88.1 17.438-23449-25711-11073-35519-13117-8419-23742.5-181.44.4-61.8 00 0 00 0Ulvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus

Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus 0 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00 March (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010000 0.7 0.4 0.70.1-1.70.1-0.80.1-1.6000000 38.6 11.8 3.117.9-82.34.4-29.61.1-7.0 1.5 0.2 00.5-3.30-0.5 1.9 1.1 0.20.4-5.20.4-2.30-0.5 0.3 00 0-1.2 0 00000000 0 0 0 Brevoortia tyrannus

Clupea harengus M. scorpius L. atlanticus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus L. coheni Tautoga onitis

Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 0 0 0 13.9 5.7 3.25.8-31.62.3-12.81.3-6.4 44.8 8.0 3.517.1-114.93.3-17.71.1-8.6000000.04 0-0.1 134.8 32.7 13.270-25713.0-80.65.7-29.0Ulvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total AprilLARVAE1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1 1988 1989 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.20.4-1.40.2-2.40-0.30-0.70.1-1.60-0.6 0.04 0.060-0.10-0.2 10.0 47.8 4.7 1.3 58.7 24.9 14.2 19.14.3-2221-1082.1-9.20.03-4.328-1248-744.9-3811-33 0.3 0.1 0.30-0.60-0.30-0.8 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.40-0.20-0.40-030-0.50-0.70.1-0.8 0.6 5.1 3.1 4.5 4.1 1.90.1-1.31.5-131-71.7-100.4-180.2-6.4 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.070.3-1.20-0.70-0.40-0.3 25005 27 20 13 05 03 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 0 00000 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius000 0 Clupea harengus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M. aenaeus 000 Urophycisspp.00 0 M. scorpius 00 M. octodecemspinosus 00 L. coheni000 L. atlanticus 00 0 Tautoga onitis00000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus00000000Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 2.5 0.05 2.7 2.0 1.3 0.5 0.30.5-6.90-0.21.2-5.30.4-5.40.4-30-1.50-0.7 1.6 21 1.2 1.4 9.9 4.8 2.7 4.10.4-3.99.4-450.1-3.60.1-4.42.5-331.9-111.2-5.41.1-12 24.8 28.6 9.7 12.6 3.8 2.8 2.014-4215-544.3-215.6-270.2-180.2-110.7-4.2 1.3 2.6 2 2.5 5.2 1.2 1.20.4-2.81-5.60.6-4.51-5.31.8-130-3.90.1-3.7 57.3 112.7 36.9 3.4 136.9 69.7 32.7 40.140-8255-23021-660.7-1082-22928-16813-8323-71 1 No samplingUlvariasubbifurcata 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 00 Ammodytes sp.0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 0 000 Scomber scombrus 00 Total April (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 000 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.1 4.0 2.3 2.5 0.3 1.10-0.60-0.50.5-1.90-0.51.8-7.90.4-7.20.6-6.50-0.70.5-1.8 0.06000.2 1.1 0-0.20-0.60-3.2 000 22.2 11.3 12.9 5.4 11.4 31.1 19.0 14.1 8.712-418.4-158.9-190.3-324.7-2612-779-396.3-303.9-18 0.2 0.06 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.06 0.10-0.50-0.20-0.40.5-1.80-1.20-0.50-0.20-0.5 0.5 0.1 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.400.070.1-1.10-0.30.2-20.1-1.50.2-2.20-10-0.2 3.0 1.4 0.3 0.8 4.4 0.7 4.6 0.51.9-4.50.4-2.90-0.70-2.91.7-9.80-1.81.2-130.1-1.1 0.05000.08 0-0.2 0-0.30000.04 0-0.1 000 05 20 05 0009 01 07 0 Clupea harengus 00 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 0 M. octodecemspinosus 0 00 0000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 00 L. coheni 0 L. atlanticus 0 0 M. aenaeus 00 Urophycis spp.M. scorpius 0 Tautoga onitis000 00 0 00 0 0Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 00 T. adspersus 0 0 0.5 2.0 0.5 0 0.09 0.1 0.70-1.20.5-50-1.20-0.30-0.50.1-1.6 9.6 3.5 11.9 1.4 10.6 8.9 7.0 5.3 0.83.8-221.7-6.64.3-310.01-4.95.9-181-482.2-192.2-120.3-1.6 33.3 26.1 34.9 11.2 274.4 44.2 154.2 52.1 18.713-8413-5021-581-73130-58014-13148-48929-926.2-53 000 0.8 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 2.2 0.2 8.2 1.80.1-1.70.3-1.90-0.30-0.80.2-20.1-80-0.52.9-210.5-4.5 109.0 55.2 99.7 20.2 349.1 114.3 216.2 118.6 53.464-18535-8778-1282.8-116182-66844-29377-60785-16632-90 Ammodytes sp.Pholis gunnellus Ul var i a su bbif urca t a 0 Total 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00 Scomber scombrus000 April (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007000000000 3.7 1.0 1.5 0.2 0.7 1.6 1.3 2.5 0.081.4-80.2-2.50.2-4.20-0.40-0.30.6-3.30-6.20.5-7.20-0.300.050000000 0-0.2000000000 13.1 18.4 8.1 9.9 8.4 12.5 5.1 3.6 1.27-247.8-422.4-234.4-212.5-245-300.6-221.6-7.10-7.3 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.2 0000-0.20-0.30-10-0.6 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.10-0.20-0.30-0.40-1.40-1.20.01-1.20-1.10-0.3 3.7 0.9 1.4 10.5 0.4 0.2 1.5 01.2-9.10.2-20.2-3.84.8-220-1.10-0.40.8-2.6 0000 0000 0000 0.04 4.8 0.2 0 0.9 0 Urophycis spp.Brevoortia. tyrannus Clupea harengus Enchelypus. cimbrius 0 M. scorpius 0 00000 M. octodecemspinosus L. atlanticus 00 L. coheni000 0 0 0 000000 0Ulvariasubbifurcata Tautoga onitis T. adspersus M. aenaeus 0.04 4.8 0.2 0 0.9 00-0.11.5-130-0.50.1-2.3 1.1 7.9 2.1 0.2 3.0 2.9 2.4 5 0.40.3-2.43.2-180.5-5.70-0.60.8-7.70.9-7.10.1-9.62-11.20-1.4 38.9 29.8 10.3 5.4 71.5 45.7 27.1 64.7 1.216-9013-672-411.7-1418-27617-1192.9-20225.3-163.10-5.1 0000 2.5 0.8 1.4 3.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.11-5.20.2-1.70.3-3.71-8.20-0.80-0.80-0.20-0.20-0.4 79.4 69.9 36.5 74.5 103.0 78.6 45.1 98.2 2.641-15534-14012-10647-11840-26635-1775.5-32747-204.20-15.6 0 0 0 00 Scomber scombrus000Ulvariasubbifurcata Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus Ammodytes sp.Pholis gunnellus April (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010000 0.7 1.2 0.20.04-1.70-4.40-0.6000.2 0-0.5000 4.4 10.3 5.61.8-9.31.6-48.92.7-10.7 0.2 00 0-0.5 0.3 00 0-0.6 1.4 0.1 2.00.6-2.90-0.40.6-4.6 0 00000 000 1.0 0 1.1 M. octodecemspinosus

M. scorpius Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius

Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus L. atlanticus L. coheni Tautoga onitis

Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 1.0 0 1.10.2-2.50.2-2.8 1.4 3.6 0.060.7-2.30.3-16.10-0.2 44.5 7.9 15.119.3-100.81.0-30.98.3-26.50000.501.10.05-1.20.04-3.2 71.1 24.1 33.636.3-138.53.3-144.921.4-52.4Ulvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total May LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.1 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.20-0.30-0.10-0.20-0.20-0.20-0.5 0.7 0.03 0.2 1.3 1.8 0.2 1.7 0.60.2-1.50-0.080-0.50.4-2.90.3-5.30-0.50.2-5.30-1.9 0.2 1.8 2.4 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.90-0.40.8-3.50.5-7.10.2-2.10.3-20.01-0.80-0.30.04-2.4 M. octodecemspinosus000000000 8.0 1.0 6.2 2.0 7.4 1.8 2.0 12.63.5-170.3-2.22.1-160.8-43.5-151-30.1-75.2-29 0.1 0-0.3 0.05 0.030-0.10-0.1 0.03 0.1 0.050-0.10-0.40-0.2 9.3 1.9 11.1 0.6 7.0 4.4 0.3 1.7 12.3 0 Clupea harengus000 Brevoortia tyrannus0000 000000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Urophycisspp.00000 M. aenaeus 00000 0 L. atlanticus 0 M. scorpius0000000000 L. coheni000 0 0 Tautoga onitis0000000000 Ulvaria subbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus 006.4-130.7-3.75.3-220.1-1.23.3-142.4-7.50-0.80.5-46.5-23 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.08 0.06 0.7 0.40-0.30.01-0.30.2-1.20-0.20-0.20.2-1.40.03-1 1.4 9.1 3.9 5.7 0.4 0.7 0.04 0.9 2.70.6-2.64-201.6-8.61.7-150.1-0.80.1-1.70-0.20-2.71.1-5.7 0.4 0.07 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.30-1.20-0.20-0.60-0.30-0.20-0.7 12.6 8.0 10.0 4.8 7.6 6.5 1.6 9.4 5.13.9-372.9-204.7-201.8-114.1-144.4-9.40.1-5.23.2-252.8-8.8 45.9 39.7 37.7 20.5 45.2 22.4 3.3 38.0 49.526-8225-6218-769.5-4333-6318-280.5-1119-7538-64 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 f 0 Ammodytes sp.Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total Scomber scombrus 0 0 May (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.05 0-0.2 1.7 0.2 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.10.6-3.60-0.50.4-3.50.2-1.80-1.30-0.3 1.8 0.2 0.05 2.4 1.4 5.0 4.70.8-3.30-0.60-0.20.2-8.30.2-3.81.4-141.9-10 0.2 0-0.6 1.9 0.7 0.5 5.6 0.9 2.1 2.2 0.30.5-4.40-20.1-1.11.8-150-4.30.5-5.31.1-3.90-0.8 0.1 0.060-0.40-0.2 4.9 4.7 1.5 3.7 8.4 9.0 1.3 8.1 1.02.5-8.83.3-6.70.4-3.61.2-9.13.6-183.4-220.4-2.92.5-220.3-2 0.2 0-0.6 0.04 0.05 0-0.1 0-0.2 0.1 0.06 0.20-0.50-0.20-0.6171 93135113 64295195104130 Brevoortia tyrannus00000000 Clupea harengus000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 Urophycisspp.00000000 M. aenaeus 0 M. octodecemspinosus00000 00 M. scorpius000000000 L. atlanticus

L. coheni00000000 Tautoga onitis0000000000Ulvariasubbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus000 17.1 9.3 13.5 11.3 6.4 29.5 19.5 10.4 13.08.8-333.7-226.2-282.4-443-139.3-9010-375.6-193.6-42 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.08 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.20.1-0.80-0.30-1.20-0.30.1-1.70-0.50-0.70-0.6 14.2 0.6 17.5 10.9 53.3 2.3 18.7 15.6 2.87.1-270.1-1.23.7-724.6-2423-1240.1-8.66.1-546.3-370.5-8.5 0.04 1.2 0.4 0.3 1.3 0.7 2.80-0.10-4.70.01-0.90-1.10-4.70-2.31-5 5.6 10.3 3.5 9.6 16.8 17.3 7.3 45.3 27.92.2-134.3-230.6-125.7-167.6-3611-273.1-1620.2-1009.4-79 68.9 50.8 72.4 54.5 136.7 94.0 97.6 127.7 111.051-9237-7032-16330-9986-21653-16670-13680-20351-240Ulvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus 0 Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus 00 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total May (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20070000.4 0-1.7 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.0 0 0.00-1.10-0.80-1.80-1.2 0-0.50.2-2.40-0.1 0.3 0.06 8.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.80-1.10-0.22-290-80.04-1.5 0-1.50-0.90-0.20.1-1.80000.04 0-0.1 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.80-1.50-1.60-1.60-0.50-1.2 0.3-30-0.50-0.20.2-1.6 0.05 0000 0-0.2 0000 1.1 0.4 4.0 3.5 0.5 4.1 0.7 1.8 1.20.2-2.80-1.21-121.3-80-1.3 1.8-8.20.1-1.90.7-3.80.4-2.6 0000 0.3 0.05000.06 0-0.90-0.20-0.2 0.3 00 0.04 0.10-1.50-0.10-0.4 1.0 5.3 16.2 14.6 11.1 14.9 1.3 2.4 1.9 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycisspp.00 00 Clupea harengus 0 00 00 0 0 00 00 00000 M. scorpius L. atlanticus L. coheni 00 00 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus0000 Tautoga onitis000Ulvariasubbifurcata M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 1.0 5.3 16.2 14.6 11.1 14.9 1.3 2.4 1.90-3.91-199-295.1-396.3-195.8-360.3-3.00.9-5.00.8-3.6 0.07 0.05 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.05 0.150-0.20-0.20-0.50-0.10-0.30-0.20-0.4 1.3 5.0 2.1 0.8 6.4 3.2 1.4 1.1 0.60-6.41-170-130.1-2.11.9-18 1.6-60.1-4.00.3-2.30.1-1.4 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.09 0.05 0.2 0.10.6-110.02-1.20-0.4 0-0.20-0.20-0.80-0.3 1.2 1.2 71.0 13.2 3.2 11.3 5.7 5.1 3.90-4.20.2-3.525-1975.3-311.1-7.6 2.5-431.5-172-11.31.3-9.5 7.4 53.2 164.4 50.9 29.2 70.3 16.6 16.2 12.41.7-2532-8981-33425-10118-4733-1476.1-438.1-31.24.3-34.0 00 Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus 00Ulvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total May (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010000 0.08 0.1 00-0.20-0.4 0.6 0.4 0.50-1.70-1.50-1.300.2 0 0-0.600.3 0.10-0.80-0.2000000 1.9 1.6 1.00.5-4.50.1-5.00.1-2.5 0 00000.1 0-0.200.2 0 0-0.6 11.7 20.2 5.3 Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus L. coheni Tautoga onitis M. scorpius L. atlanticus Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 11.7 20.2 5.34.4-29.04.2-85.92.2-11.2 0.04 00 0-0.1 2.4 2.4 0.70.05-8.40.3-5.10.1-1.4 0.4 0.1 00-1.20-0.3 4.8 6.6 5.80.9-16.90.5-38.61.7-16.3 42.7 36.8 19.018.6-96.16.0-203.27.9-43.8 Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanusUlvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.Total June LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 18.1 0.2 0.2 4.7 2.6 1.0 0.3 3.08.6-370-0.50-0.51-150.5-7.70-3.30-0.60.8-7.9 0.05 0-0.2 19.6 0.5 7.1 0.1 15.9 12.6 1.5 1.0 16.312-330.1-1.13-160-0.36.5-376.3-240-60.4-197.3-35 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.20.1-0.80.03-0.80-1.70-0.6 M. octodecemspinosus000000000 0.7 0.3 0.5 2.1 1.4 1.5 0.4 3.9 0.70.3-1.40-0.70.03-1.20.5-5.50.8-2.20.4-3.30-1.61.9-7.30.1-1.8 3.5 1.0 0.4 1.7 0.7 0.9 0.3 6.01.7-6.60.1-2.60.1-0.80.3-4.60.2-1.60-2.90.04-0.52.5-13 34.4 3.3 3.2 8.4 12.8 0.4 0.6 35.815-791.2-7.30.6-9.81.2-383.4-430-1.20.1-1.315-85 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 2.3 1.9 0.1 0.5 2.1 0 00 Clupea harengus0000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycisspp.00000 00 000000000 M. scorpius0000000 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 00 L. atlanticus L. coheni0000000 Tautoga onitis 0 00 Ulvaria subbi f urcata M. aenaeus Brevoortia tyrannus 9 90.2-10.3-1.80.2-1.20.1-1.41-4.71-3.30-0.40-1.50.7-4.7 0.03 0.060-0.10-0.2 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.090-0.060-0.20-0.20-0.3 15.6 4.8 20.6 0.06 13.2 15.3 0.3 1.7 37.86.1-381.6-127.6-530-0.22.5-561.9-900-0.70.5-4.28.4-160 1.0 2.3 0.3 1.9 1.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.40.5-1.81-4.40-0.60.4-5.10.8-30.1-1.70-0.60-0.80-1 181.6 16.9 47.1 5.9 69.2 87.3 4.1 14.5 204.998-3366.8-4020-1102.2-1421-21934-2200.6-169-23121-346 Uf 00 Ammodytes sp.0000000 Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total 00 Pholis gunnellus 0

June (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 6.3 0.9 3.4 1.60.1-1.40-1.50.03-1.20-1.51.9-180.2-2.11.2-7.90.3-4.3 0.07 000 0-0.3 8.1 1.3 8.9 10.0 3.6 9.9 10.7 11.9 10.52-260.1-3.92.7-267.2-141.7-6.62.2-363-334.5-294.1-25 0.08 0.2 0.7 1.80-0.30-0.40.2-1.50.3-4.7 0.08000.1 0-0.3 0.3 M. octodecemspinosus.000000000 000 2.3 2.4 0.4 1.6 2.6 1.3 2.0 0.8 0.080.9-4.80-130.1-0.80.1-5.21.1-5.20.1-3.50.3-6.30.2-1.80-0.2 000 1.3 1.0 2.1 0.6 1.5 0.8 0.9 1.10.2-3.30-3.80.8-4.40.03-1.40-50.1-1.90.3-1.90.4-2.2 2.0 4.9 1.1 0.3 0.2 1.9 9.9 13.80.2-6.70-440.4-220.1-0.70-0.60.4-53.9-232.8-57 2.7 1.2 1.2 3.4 6.3 0.7 9.7 2.2 3.9 0000 M. aenaeus 0 00 Urophycisspp.000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Clupea harengus 00 00 M. scorpius 0 0 0 000 0 00 00 0 Ulvaria subbi f urcata Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 L. atlanticus L. coheni 00 0 Brevoortia tyrannus Tautoga onitis 7 7 97 91.3-4.80.1-3.30.5-2.21.9-5.72.6-140-23.2-260.4-6.71-1100.07 0 0-0.2 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.06 0.2 0.10.1-0.90.1-3.10-0.90-0.20-0.60-0.4 2.4 19.0 7.0 5.5 1.2 30.5 13.8 16.1 8.10.5-6.40-6262.9-152.1-130.2-3.33.4-2234.1-425-481.9-27 0.08 1.1 0.4 3.7 2.3 0.8 6.5 4.9 11.60-0.30-4.10.1-0.91.5-7.80.6-5.50.1-1.81.6-211.2-153.6-33 36.8 31.8 23.8 45.2 33.8 59.7 89.4 98.1 150.417-79 0.5-7328-7031-6625-458.2-39933-23853-18062-363 Uf Pholis gunnellus000000 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus000 Ammodytes sp.Total June (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.8 2.0 6.30.1-2.70-0.80-0.20-1.10-0.2 0-0.30.1-1.80.1-7.42.1-16.2 0.03 0.07 000 0-0.1 0-0.3 1.9 0.5 3.6 2.5 0.7 15.7 3.7 3.8 3.20.3-5.40-1.41.9-6.20.7-6.30.1-1.8 5.7-401.2-9.01.1-10.21.1-7.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0 0.2 0.10-2.10.1-0.80-0.90-0.9 0-1.30-0.70-0.300.100 0-0.2 M. octodecems p inosus00000 0000 0.05 0000 0-0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.30-0.40.03-0.70-0.50-0.3 0.04-1.10-0.90-0.40-0.6 0000 1.4 0.4 1.6 0.6 1.9 1.9 1.0 0.50.3-3.40-1.10.1-5.10.02-1.4 0.7-40.6-4.40-2.90-1.2 6.3 3.4 6.3 1.8 0.4 7.0 4.3 5.2 5.40.6-330.6-111.3-220.6-3.80-1.3 2.1-200.7-161.2-16.41.6-14.5 0.7 1.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 3.5 2.0 0.4 1.4 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycisspp.0 Clupea harengus 00 00 M. aenaeus000 00 M. scorpius000 0 Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 0 L. atlanticus 0 L. coheni000 Tautoga onitis Brevoortia tyrannus 0.7 1.4 3.1 1.6 3.6 3.5 2.0 0.4 1.40-2.40.1-4.41.1-7.20.2-50.8-11 0.8-100.3-5.80-1.30-6.1 0.1 0000 0-0.3 0.1 0.6 0 0.3 000-0.30-1.80-0.8 0.3 4.3 1.7 1.4 0.9 7.6 2.5 4.3 3.30-0.80.4-180.2-4.80.2-3.80.1-2.5 2-240.7-61.0-13.10.7-10.2 0.8 4.3 3.2 2.2 3.0 6.0 10.3 0.8 1.60-2.30.4-181.4-6.40.3-71.1-6.7 2.3-142.3-370.1-1.80.3-4.3 15.6 29.9 47.7 24.2 17.0 107.8 75.4 25.2 46.13.2-6412-7128-7913-4618-3552-22143-1327.4-81.023.3-90.5Ulvariasubbifurcata 0 Ammodytes sp.000 Pholis gunnellus000 Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Total June (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 0.4 0.04 0.90-1.00-0.10.3-1.900.04 0 0-0.1 2.3 2.7 2.00.5-6.30.7-7.10.7-4.1 0.4 0.1 0.20-1.50-0.30-0.400000000000.2 0.10-0.40-0.3 0 00 0.4 0.04 0.60-1.40-0.10.01-1.5 1.7 0.4 1.80-6.40-1.20.2-5.5 2.2 2.7 2.3 L. atlanticus L. coheni Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus

Enchelyopus cimbrius

Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus

M. scorpius Tautoga onitis Tautogolabrus adspersusUlvariasubbifurcata 2.2 2.7 2.30.1-6.00.4-8.80.9-4.600.05 0 0-0.2 0.3 0.04 00-0.70-0.1 0.2 0.7 0.60-0.50-1.90.1-1.4 3.3 2.3 1.51.1-7.90.4-7.00.7-2.8 21.0 14.1 21.87.3-56.94.3-42.412.4-37.8 Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus

Pseudopleuronectes americanus TotalUlvariasubbifurcata Pholis gunnellus July LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 3.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.09 1.2 1.40.8-120.3-1.50.04-0.70-0.30-0.30.1-3.20.4-3 0.03 0-0.1 6.3 1.0 3.4 0.6 1.6 0.09 1.1 0.62.8-130.5-1.81.1-8.50.2-1.20.5-3.50-0.20.2-2.50-1.6 2.1 2.3 0.04 0.060.4-60.7-5.30-0.10-0.2 000000000 0.03 0-0.1 3.4 0.3 1.5 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.61.6-6.30.01-0.60.4-3.30.1-10.1-0.90.3-2.90.4-3.9 Brevoortia tyrannus 00 Clupea harengus 000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 Urophycisspp.0 00 M. aenaeus 000000 00 00000 M. octodecemspinosus 0000 00 L. atlanticus 000 M. scorpius 000 0 000000 00 0 Tautoga onitis 00 0000 L. coheni 00 83.5 0.9 21.2 0.05 4.4 0.4 5.1 6.418-3840.3-1.79.8-450-0.22-8.50.05-0.82.6-9.63.6-11 0.1 0.090-0.40-0.3 2.1 0.6 0.05 0.7 0.3 0.080.2-7.30.09-1.40-0.20.2-1.50-0.70-0.3 0.05 0.080-0.20-0.2 126 3.4 39.5 1.1 10.4 1.4 0.2 11.7 18.733-4752.4-4.720-780.6-1.85.6-190.6-2.70-0.66.4-2114-24 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0000000 Pholis gunnellus 0000000 Ammodytes sp.00000 00 00 00 0000 00 Pseudopleuronectes americanus000 Scomber scombrus 0 Total July (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1.900.5 0.04 0.3 1.0 1.4 11.1 28.10.8-3.60.2-0.90-0.20.01-0.60.4-1.80.4-3.13.5-3210-75 000000000000.3 0.6 2.4 1.9 0.8 3.4 32.30-0.90.01-1.60.9-5.10.5-4.40.1-1.81.4-713-78 0.7 0.040000.8 0.2 1.1 16.60.2-1.40-0.10-3.20-0.60-5.94.4-570000.2 00000 0-0.6 000000000 000000000 0000 0.0500.1 000-0.20-0.3 000000000 2.600.600.4 0.7 1.6 4.5 22.50.8-6.30.1-1.30-10.3-1.20.8-2.71.2-139-54 Brevoortia tyrannus M. octodecemspinosus Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus M. scorpius L. atlanticus

L. coheni Tautoga onitis 106.400.4 0.7 2.3 4.5 6.9 56.1 135.653-2140.09-0.70.07-1.80.9-4.72.7-7.33.6-1324-13239-471 0.200.4 0.05 0.800.5 0.1 0.50.01-0.40.08-0.80-0.20.03-2.10-1.40-0.30-1.3 0000000000000.2 00000 0-0.5 1.200.6 0.3 0.6 1.6 1.6 0.5 0.90.2-2.90.1-1.40-0.80-1.80.1-5.10.3-4.20-1.50.1-2.30000.100.06 0.1 0.1 0.080-0.40-0.20-0.30-0.30-0.3 146.7 1.1 3.8 4.4 11.0 18.3 16.9 104.0 282.280-2700.5-2.11.7-7.73-6.25.3-229-369-3152-20679-1007 Tautogolabrus adspersus Ulvaria subbifurcata Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Total Pholis gunnellus Ammodytes sp.

July (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 4.5 0.2 0.6 1.4 0.5 0.1 9.0 5.4 3.22-9.20-0.60.2-1.20.3-3.30.04-1.20-0.22.4-28.22.8-9.60.8-8.700.0400.1 000000-0.10-0.3 18.5 0.5 3.2 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.18.6-390.02-1.10.8-8.80-0.70-0.40-1.20-2.50-0.40-0.3 3.100.6 0.0400.300.03 00.9-80-1.80-0.10-0.90-0.100.04 0000 000 0-0.2 000000000 000000000 000000 0.06 00 0-0.2 000000000 1.2 0.2 5.0 1.6 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.80.3-2.70.01-0.53.3-7.50.4-3.90.2-3.60.2-1.70.01-2.10.02-0.50.1-1.9 Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus

Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus

M. octodecemspinosus M. scorpius

L. atlanticus L. coheni Tautoga onitis 22.2 15.4 33.6 7.2 2.3 2.5 6.2 2.1 1.011-435.9-3816-692.9-161.1-40.7-6.12.7-12.80.9-4.00.3-2.0 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.03 000-2.40-0.40-10-0.40-0.40-0.60-0.1 000000000 000000000 0.200.3 0.4 0.1 0.5 0000-0.50-0.60-1.50-0.40.1-1.1 00000 0.04 0.06 000-0.10-0.2 70.0 66.5 26.5 6.4 4.8 27.1 11.1 9.045-10939-11215-463.2-121.5-1311-64.06.8-18.03.8-20.0 Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus Tautogolabrus adspersus Ulvaria subbifurcata

Pholis gunnellus Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Total July (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 1.1 6.3 3.10.4-2.02.8-13.11.5-6.0 000 3.1 2.6 1.01.2-6.40.9-5.60.1-2.7 1.4 2.2 0.50.5-2.90-9.20-1.2 000 000 000 000 000 1.2 5.2 6.10.5-2.32.2-11.32.9-11.8 Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus L. coheni Tautoga onitis Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus

M. octodecemspinosus M. scorpius

L. atlanticus 16.5 31 31.16.8-37.916.2-58.718.4-52.1 0.0400.30-0.10-0.8 000 000 0.05 0.2 00-0.20-0.4 0.04 00 0-0.1 27.9185.253.612-62.786.5-395.133.3-85.9 Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Total Ulvaria subbifurcata Pholis gunnellus

Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus Tautogolabrus adspersus August LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.05 000.5 00-0.30-0.40-0.50-0.2 0-1.5 0000 1.7 1.6 5.3 0.6 0.8002.1 8.70.6-3.70.5-3.61.1-180-1.50.1-1.90.3-6.33.6-20 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 1.400.05 0.3 3.20.3-2.90.1-0.90.06-0.90-10.3-3.80-0.20-0.90.8-9 0000 M. octodecems p inosus 00000 0 000 0000 0000 0000 0.9 0.06 0.7 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 2.30.3-1.90-0.20.2-1.50-30.1-1.20.01-0.70-0.60-0.91-4.5 Tautoga onitis 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Clupea harengus 00000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.

M. aenaeus 0000 M. scorpius 000 L. atlanticus 000 0 00 00 00 L. coheni 00 3.2 2.8 3.5 0.6 3.6 0.202.4 9.31.6-5.91--6.11.1-90-1.61.9-6.40-0.40.9-5.46.4-13 0.05 0000 0-0.2 0000 0.04 0000 0-0.1 0000 0.05 0000 0-0.2 12.0 7.8 15.0 2.9 10.2 1.2 0.3 6.3 38.56.6-214.2-145.1-410.7-7.65.7-180.6-1.90-0.82-1723-65 Tautogolabrus adspersus 00 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 00000 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 Scomber scombrus 00000 Ammodytes sp.

00 0 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 000 August (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.3 0.05 0.3 0.1 7.5 0.70-0.80-0.20-0.80-0.31.9-240.09-1.6 2.2 1.7 1.0 0.3 2.6 0.9 2.7 1.2 2.20.4-6.20.7-320.4-1.80-0.90.6-6.80-2.70.8-6.50.2-3.10.8-4.8 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.7 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.90.4-30.06-1.60.04-2.70-0.70.1-1.70.2-160.7-10.61.1-111.3-9.5 000000000 3.4 1.0 0.4 1.6 0.4 2.2 1.9 3.1 0.71.3-7.50.4-1.80-1.10.1-50.1-0.90.3-6.60.6-4.20.8-8.50.1-1.7 M. aenaeus M. scorpius M. octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus000 Clupea harengus 000000000 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0000 Urophycis spp.0000 00 00 000 L. atlanticus00000 0 0 Tautoga onitis 0000 00 00 0 0 L. coheni000 10.0 9.9 1.1 8.5 4.8 10.2 3.5 34.3 3.32.3-365.6-170.4-1.94.1-172-103.9-251.1-8.812-971.3-6.9 0.05 0.20-0.20-0.7 0.1 0-0.3 0.1 0.08 0.20-0.30-0.30-1 000000000 26.7 18.5 5.2 13.1 9.4 31.6 22.4 89.2 20.910-6714-252.7-9.45.7-283.4-2313-7711-4345-1759.7-44 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Tautogolabrus adspersus Ulvaria subbifurcata0000 Pholis gunnellus 000000 0 00 0 0 Ammodytes sp.000 000 Total Scomber scombrus 00 00 0 000 0 August (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0.9 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.400.3 2.1 0.350.3-1.80-0.30-0.50.1-4.60-10-0.90.2-7.40-0.8 0.0400.09 00 0-0.1 0-0.3 1.6 0.4 2.7 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.30.4-3.70-10.7-70.04-1.50-1.40.4-3.40-1.20-0.7 0.7 0.3 1.7 0.1 0.200.5 0.4 0.60.08-1.60-0.60.9-2.80-0.40-0.7 0.03-1.10-1.10.1-1.3 0000 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1.0 0.8 1.5 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.50.3-20.3-1.50.4-3.30-0.30-0.50.5-3.30.2-1.60-1.50.1-1.1 Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus M. octodecemspinosus 00 00 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus000 0000 M. scorpius 00 0 L. atlanticus0000 L. coheni000 0 Tautoga onitis 0 1.3 2.3 4.8 0.6 0.3 2.6 0.8 1.1 3.00.5-2.70.8-5.31.8-110-1.80-0.70.8-6.30.2-1.50.1-3.11.5-5.2 0.04 0.1 000 0-0.1 0-0.3 0.09 0000 0-0.3 0000 0.01 000 0-0.2 0.1 0.03 000-0.20-0.1 10.8 17.6 6.2 1.9 9.1 6.1 6.9 6.85.3-219.8-312.8-130.8-3.74.6-172.8-12.32.1-18.93.6-12.1 Tautogolabrus adspersus 00 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 Pholis gunnellus 000 00 0 0 Ammodytes sp.000 00 Scomber scombrus000 0000 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 0 Total August (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 23.5 2.2 0.45.0-99.90.6-5.20-0.9 000 0.7 4.9 1.70.1-1.61.6-12.20.4-4.2 4.8 3.7 1.80.6-20.61.50.5-4.0 000 000 000 000 000 4.8 17.4 1.31.0-15.910.2-29.20.5-2.7 Clupea harengus L. coheni L. atlanticus

M. scorpius Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus

M. octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus Tautoga onitis 6.5 8.1 5.01.6-20.83.9-15.91.4-14.2 000 000 000 000 000.04 0-0.1 50.1 69.0 19.011.1-21640.9-115.87.9-44.4 Tautogolabrus adspersus Scomber scombrus Ammodytes sp.Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pholis gunnellus Ulvaria subbifurcata September LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.04 1.7 0.1 0.10-0.20.7-3.50.01-0.30-0.3 0.5 1.6 6.0 3.0 3.1 0.3 1.6 1.7 2.10.09-1.10.5-3.32-151.6-5.31.5-5.70.03-0.60.8-2.80.3-4.51.1-3.6 2.0 1.9 4.5 12.3 10.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.30.3-5.70.4-4.72.4-83.9-353.6-300-0.50.03-0.70.1-0.90.5-2.5 000000000 0.07 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.04 0.70-0.30.5-1.50.2-1.80.2-3.60-0.50-0.50-0.10.3-1.3 L. coheni Tautoga onitis 0 M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 0 00 Brevoortia tyrannus 000 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.Clupea harengus00000 0 0000 00000 M. scorpius0000000 L. atlanticus0000000 0 00 000000 00 000 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.04 0.3 0.06 0.50-0.30-0.40-0.50-0.40.1-0.80-0.10.04-0.50-0.20.1-0.9 0.04 0-0.1 000000000 5.3 8.3 19.6 27.3 21.5 2.3 3.9 3.4 8.82.1-123.9-1711-3412-619-481-4.42.1-6.71.4-7.27-11 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pholis gunnellus Tautogolabrus adspersus Ulvaria subbifurcata Total0000 0000 00 0 00 Ammodytes sp.000 00 0 00 Scomber scombrus 000 00 00 00 00 00 0 September (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.2 7.7 0.2 0.6 1.9 0.40-0.53.9-150-0.70-1.70.7-3.80.04-0.9 1.0 1.6 1.7 3.2 0.9 0.2 0.5 2.7 1.70-3.30.4-3.70.6-3.81-7.80-3.10-0.40.04-11.2-5.30.6-3.4 0.9 1.7 1.0 4.3 7.8 3.6 2.6 24.3 7.20.01-2.50.6-3.80.1-2.72.5-7.12.5-211-100.6-7.57.8-721.6-25 000000000 0.1 1.7 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.05 1.2 0.4 1.60-0.40.4-4.10-0.60.5-1.90-1.60-0.20.2-2.90-90.5-3.5 M..octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus Enchelyopus cimbrius000 0 00 Urophycis spp.00 Clupea harengus 00000000 0 0 M. scorpius 00000 M. aenaeus 0 0 00 00 L. atlanticus 000000 0000 00 Tautoga onitis L. coheni 0000000 0.5 2.8 0.3 3.2 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.3 0.50-1.30.6-7.80-0.91.3-6.80-1.30-1.20.2-2.90-0.90.02-1.1 0.03 0-0.1 000000000 4.2 10.5 4.1 28.3 15.2 9.1 7.2 48.4 18.71.3-114-251.4-9.917-476.6-333.8-202.1-2024-955.8-56 Tautogolabrus adspersus 00 Ulvaria subbifurcata000000 Pholis gunnellus 000000000 Ammodytes sp.000000000 Scomber scombrus0000000 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus 00 September (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 9.0 0.08 0.04 0.3 0.6 0.1 0 1.0 0.23.3-220-0.20-0.20-0.70-1.70-0.30.2-2.40-0.4 0000 0.04 0 000 0-0.1 1.200.6 0.1 0.05 0 0.09 0.6 0.60.1-3.30.09-1.50-0.30-0.2 0-0.30-1.40-2.1 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.04 0.07 0 0 0.2 0.50-3.90-0.5-0.80-0.40-0.10-0.20-0.50-1.1 000000 0.1 00 0-0.3 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 1.4 1.4 0.300.5 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.70.5-2.80.5-2.80-0.90.1-1.10.3-2.9 0.3-1.80-0.90.1-1.7 Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus

Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.L. coheni Tautoga onitis M. scorpius L. atlanticus M. aenaeus M. octodecemspinosus 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.04 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.10-0.30.0.30.03-1.40-0.10.04-1.30-0.2 0-0.60-0.30-0.3 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 000000 0 00 22.1 2.5 0.8 3.1 1.7 2.1 3.7 9.59.6-500.9-5.70.3-1.51.2-6.80.5-3.70.8-4.51.4-8.34.0-20.9 Ulvaria subbifurcata Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Total September (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 1.8 1.6 1.30.2-4.90.2-4.40.3-3.3 000 0.3 0.2 0.60.1-0.60-.50.1-1.2 0.5 1.1 0.90-1.30.2-2.70.2-2.0000.05 0-0.2 000 000 000 000 0.7 0.9 2.80.2-1.60.1-2.51.2-5.7 M. scorpius L. atlanticus Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus L. coheni Tautoga onitis M. octodecemspinosus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus 0.1 0.1 0.30-0.40-0.30-0.8 000 000 000 000 000 11.0 9.0 10.44.1-27.43.7-20.44.6-22.5 Ammodytes sp.Scomber scombrus

Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Total Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus Ulvaria subbifurcata October LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.4000.4 0.1 0.2 000-1.10-1.40-0.40-0.500000.3 0.05 000-0.80-0.2 0.800.3 0.06 6.201.3 0.6 6.70-2.50-0.80-0.22.3-150.4-2.80-23.3-13 1.5 1.100.4 4.3 0.1 0.201.10.01-5.20-40-1.20.5-180-0.40-0.40.01-3.3 00000000 000000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 0.200000.2 000-0.50-0.6 M. octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus M. scorpius 0 Tautoga onitis 0 0 Clupea harengus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius

Urophycis spp.M. aenaeus 0 L. atlanticus 0 L. coheni 0 0.07 0000 0.06 000-0.30-0.2 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 000000000 2.1 1.7 0.9 0.9 11.9 0.5 3.2 0.9 9.90-8.60.07-5.90.2-1.90.1-2.23.7-340-1.71.6-5.90-2.64.9-19 Tautogolabrus adspersus Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 Ammodytes sp.0 0 Total Pholis gunnellus October (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1.2 2.0 0.7 5.2 2.0 13.2 0.50.1-3.50-80-1.80.4-260.1-7.11.2-890-1.6 0.1 0.60-0.50-3.5 6.1 0.3 2.1 0.4 6.3 0.1 0.6 1.41.4-200-10.9-3.90-1.40-540-0.40-1.70-6.6 1.5 0.3 0.4 2.1 0.9 0.8 2.50.2-40-1.20-1.40-9.20-30-2.40.4-8.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.60-0.90-0.40-0.40-0.70-1.6 Clupea harengus M. aenaeus 0 0 0 0 00 Brevoortia tyrannus 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 Urophycisspp.0 00000 0000000000 0000 0 M. octodecemspinosus 0000 0000 0 M. scorpius 0000000 0 0 L. atlanticus 0000 0 0 L. coheni00000 Tautoga onitis000 0.1 0.10-0.40-0.4 000000000 11.6 0.3 3.4 2.8 10.8 13.0 4.1 34.0 2.04.9-260-11.7-6.10.2-110.7-795.4-300.6-1511-1040.03-7.8 000 Tautogolabrus adspersus0000 Ulvaria subbifurcata 000000000 Pholis gunnellus 000000000 Ammodytes sp.000000000 Scomber scombrus 000000000 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus October (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 4.7 00 0.2 0 0.8-17 0-0.7 0.5 0.1 0.07 0.3 0 0-1.40-0.30-0.20-1.3 1.0 1.1 0.04 0.100.3 0.10-5.20-3.80-0.10-0.30-0.70-0.3 0.4 0.6 000 0.040-1.70-1.8 0-0.1 000 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.1 0.3 0.100.2 00-0.50-1.20-0.60-0.9 Brevoortia tyrannus 0000 00 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 00 Clupea harengus000 M. aenaeus 000 Urophycisspp.000 000 M. scorpius 00000 0 L. atlanticus 0 L. coheni 000 0 Tautoga onitis 00 0 0 M. octodecemspinosus00000000 0.1 0-0.4 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 13.9 4.1 0.06 0.4 1.0 0.1 1.5 0.87.3-261-120-0.20-1.30-3.20-0.20.1-4.50.2-1.9 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus 00 Ammodytes sp.000 Scomber scombrus 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 0 0 00 00 00 0 Total 0 00 0 October (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 0 0.3 0.50-0.60-1.7 0.2 00 0-0.7 0.300.20-0.60-0.6 0 0.2 0.10-0.50-0.2 000 000 000 000 000000.1 0-0.3 M. aenaeus Enchelyopus cimbrius Urophycis spp.Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus Tautoga onitis L. coheni L. atlanticus

M. scorpius M. octodecemspinosus000.1 0-0.2 000 000 000 000 000 1.2 0.7 2.10.4-2.70.1-1.70.3-6.1 Total Ammodytes sp.Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus Ulvaria subbifurcata November LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.5 2.1 0.40.04-10.7-50-1.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.40-0.80-1.70-2.90-1.2 0.2 0.09 0.1 0.3 0.60-1.70-0.40-0.40-0.80-1.6 0.2 0.2 0.090-1.70-0.70-0.4 000000000 M. octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus 00 0 000 0 Clupea harengus 00 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 00 00 0 Urophycis spp.000000 M. aenaeus 000000000 M. scorpius 000000000 L. atlanticus 000000000 L. coheni 000000000 Tautoga onitis 000000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 0.4 0.7 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.4 1.30-40-20.05-1.30.6-6.50-1.70.8-5.60.8-1.9 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Ulvaria subbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus 000000000 Ammodytes sp.

000000000 Scomber scombrus 0000000Total00 0 0 November (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.50-2.20-1.50-0.90.07-1.10-1.2 4.6 11.4 15.3 2.8 12.5 1.51.3-131.4-641.3-1170.6-8.11.6-690-5.8 0.4 0.1 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.20-0.90-0.60-0.30-0.50-0.50-0.50-0.6 0.2 0.06 0.60-0.80-0.20-1.7 0.1 0-0.5 Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus000 0 000 00 Urophycisspp.00000 0 M. aenaeus 000000000 M. octodecemspinosus 000000000 M. scorpius 000000000 L. atlanticus 000000000 L. coheni 000000000 Tautoga onitis00000000 000000000 000000000 000000000 5.3 0.6 0.2 0.7 11.5 16.9 3.0 14.2 5.31.2-170-230-10.04-1.81.4-651.7-1180.6-8.82.7-611.9-13 Ulvaria subbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus Pholis gunnellus 000000000 Ammodytes sp.000000000 Scomber scombrus0000000 Total 00 Pseudopleuronectes americanus November (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1.1 0.8 0.09 0.1 000 0.10-4.60-2.50-0.40-0.50-0.3 3.7 4.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 00.4-150-310-2.10-1.60-1.20-4.40-1.6 0.1 0.2 00 0.1 00-0.40-0.50-0.2 0000 0000 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 M. octodecemspinosus Enchelyopus cimbrius Clupea harengus 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 0000 Urophycis spp.00000 00 M. aenaeus 00000 00 M. scorpius 0 L. atlanticus 000 00 0 Tautoga onitis 00000 L. coheni000 0000000000 00000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0.06 0000 0-0.2 6.6 2.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.12-190.5-60-1.90.1-1.20-1.40-4.40-2.30-0.3 Tautogolabrus adspersus Ulvaria subbifurcata Total 0 0 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp.00000 Pholis gunnellus 00 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus0000 Scomber scombrus 00 November (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 0.1 00 0-0.3 0.2 0.6 1.40-0.70-1.70-6.4 0.100.30-0.40-0.8 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 Tautoga onitis L. coheni L. atlanticus Brevoortia tyrannus Clupea harengus Urophycis spp.M. scorpius M. aenaeus

Enchelyopus cimbrius M. octodecemspinosus 000 000 000 000.1 0-0.3 000 000 0.6 0.6 2.10-1.70-1.80.1-8.0 Pholis gunnellus Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus Ammodytes sp.Ulvaria subbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus December LARVA E 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 0.2 0-0.5 0.2 1.9 1.0 0.1 4.6 0.1 0.10-0.60-8.80.02-3.10-0.41.1-140-0.40-0.4 0.1 0-0.4 000000000 M. octodecemspinosus Enchelyopus cimbrius M. scorpius Brevoortia tyrannus 0 0 Clupea harengus 00 0000 00 000000000 Urophycis spp.

000000000 M. aenaeus00000000 000000000 L. atlanticus 000000000 L. coheni 000000000 Tautoga onitis 000000000 000000000 000000000 0.1 0-0.4 2.1 0.1 0.10-9.30-0.60-0.4 000000000 0.2 2.8 2.3 0.2 1.8 0.1 4.9 0.1 0.10-0.60.2-110.08-9.10-0.60.3-5.40-0.41.4-140-0.40-0.4 Ulvaria subbifurcata Tautogolabrus adspersus Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pholis gunnellus00000000 Ammodytes sp.000000 0000 Total 000 00 December (continued)

LARVA E 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 0.5 0-1.4 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.2 13.3 0.6 9.9 2.00.8-1.60-40.3-2.90-5.51.9-700.02-1.51.3-510.5-4.9 0.09 0.040-0.40-0.1 L. coheni M. scorpius L. atlanticus M. octodecemspinosus Brevoortia tyrannus0000000 Clupea harengus 0 0 0 Urophycis spp.0000 Enchelyopus cimbrius00000000 00 M. aenaeus00000 00 00 0 0 00 0000 00 0000 0 0 00 00 000 00 0 0 0 0 0000 00 000 Tautoga onitis0000000 0 000000000 000000000 0.3 0.050-10-0.2 0.2 0.04 0.40-1.10-0.10-1.4 000000000 1.2 1.0 2.0 0.2 1.5 13.3 0.6 10.5 3.40.8-1.60-40.5-4.90-0.70-61.9-700.02-1.61.4-551.3-7.3 Tautogolabrus adspersus Scomber scombrus Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pholis gunnellus0000000 Ulvaria subbifurcata000000 Total 00000 Ammodytes sp.000 0 December (continued)

LARVA E 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0000 3.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.6 0.6 1.1 0.20.4-120-30-2.90.04-1.10.3-4.30-2.10.2-2.50-1.0 0000 0.1 0000 0-0.5 0.2 0000 0-1 0000000.1 00 0-0.4 0000 0000 0000 0000 Enchelyopus cimbrius Clupea harengus 00 0 Brevoortia tyrannus 000 0 0 M. scorpius000 M. aenaeus 00 M. octodecemspinosus 0 L. coheni 00000 L. atlanticus 00 0 Tautoga onitis 0000 00 0 Urophycisspp.0 0 0 0 00 000 0000000000 0 000 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 00-0.60-3.70-0.20-0.2 0.2 0.4 00000-1.20-1.5 0000 00000 0000 4.8 1.1 0.8 1.7 0.9 1.2 0.41.1-150-3.70-2.30.3-4.40-2.70.3-2.80-1.5 Total Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 Pholis gunnellus000 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus 00 Ammodytes sp.000 0 0 0 00 December (continued)

LARVA E 2008 2009 2010 000 0.2 0.5 1.40-0.60-1.50-5.9 000 0 00 0 00 000 000 000 000 000 M. aenaeus Tautoga onitis L. coheni L. atlanticus M. octodecemspinosus M. scorpius Urophycis spp.Clupea harengus Enchelyopus cimbrius Brevoortia tyrannus 000 000 0 00 0.2 0.1 00-0.90-0.3 000 000 0.5 0.7 1.40-1.70-1.90-5.9 Total Pseudopleuronectes americanus Scomber scombrus Ammodytes sp.Pholis gunnellus

Ulvaria subbifurcata

Tautogolabrus adspersus

IMPINGEMENT OF ORGANISMS ON THE INTAKE SCREENS AT PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010

Submitted to Entergy Nuclear Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Plymouth, Massachusetts

by Normandeau Associates, Inc. Falmouth, Massachusetts

April 22, 2011

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 2 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Introduction Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) is located on the northwestern shore of Cape Cod Bay (Figure 1) with a licensed capacity of 685 megawatts. The unit has two circulating water pumps with a capacity of approximately 345 cfs (155,500 gallons per minute) each and five service water pumps (2,500 gallons per minute each) with a combined capacity of 23 cfs. Water is drawn under a skimmer wall, through vertical bar racks spaced approximately three inches on center, and finally through vertical traveling screens of 1/2 x 1/4 inch mesh (Figure 2). There are four vertical screens, two for each circulating water pump.

This report describes the monitoring of impinged organisms at Pilgrim Station based on screen wash samples taken from January to December 2010 and provides documentation of the environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of NPDES Permit No. MA0003557 (USEPA) and No. 359 (MA DEP).

Methods and Materials Three scheduled screen wash periods were monitored each week from January to December 2010. These included the 0830 wash on Monday, the 1630 wash on Wednesday, and

the 0030 wash on Saturday. Each sampling period thus represented a separate, distinct eight-hour period. Prior to each sampling period, the time of the previous screen wash was obtained from a strip chart recorder located in the screen house or from the Control Room log to permit the actual sampling interval to be calculated. Whenever the screens were static upon arrival a 30-minute sample was collected, and if the screens were already operating then a 60-minute sample was obtained.

Low and high pressure spray nozzles directed at the screens washed impinged organisms and debris into a sluiceway which was sampled by inserting a collection basket made of stainless steel mesh. All fauna were identified and noted as being alive, dead, or injured. Fish were determined to be alive if they showed opercular movement and no obvious signs of injury.

Fauna determined to be alive were measured for total length (mm), then released. Those determined to be dead or injured were preserved. In the lab, the weights (grams) and total lengths (mm) were recorded for up to 20 specimens of each species. The impingement rate was calculated by dividing the number of fish collected by the number of hours in the collection period. Counts made from all collections during a month were pooled and then extrapolated to estimate a monthly total (total number of fish in each month divided by the total collection hours in each month) x 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> x number of days in the month. These monthly totals were summed to derive an annual total adjusted for number of collection hours.

If an impingement rate of 20 fish per hour was obtained for static washes, an additional one-hour sample was taken. If at least 20 fish were present in the extra 60-minute collection period the Operator and Shift Manager were immediately informed and advised to leave the screens operating until further notice. Additional follow-up sampling would be performed at approximately 4-hour intervals, as warranted by conditions until the impingement rate declined to less than 20 fish per hour. As these subsequent samples were taken communication typically Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 3 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Figure 1. Location of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 4 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Figure 2. Cross-section of intake structure of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 5 Normandeau Associates, Inc. occurred in order to keep all appropriate individuals updated. A similar procedure was followed if 20 or more fish were found in an initial continuous wash sample, with additional monitoring occurring until the impingement rate was less than 20 fish per hour. As in the case of static wash samples all appropriate individuals were kept apprised as conditions changed.

Results and Discussion Fish In 434.78 collection hours, an estimated total of 32,962 fish consisting of 33 species was collected during sampling completed from January - December 2010 (Table 1, Figure 3).

Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia

), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), Atlantic menhaden, (Brevoortia tyrannus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus

), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax

), and cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), were the top six numerical dominants accounting for 41, 38, 4, 3, 3 and 2 %, respectively, of the annual total. The overall impingement rate of all fish combined in 2010 was 4.43 fish per hour, ranging from 16.7 in July

down to 0.1 fish per hour in June (Table 1).

Atlantic silversides, historically one of the most numerous fish impinged at PNPS, ranked first with an estimated annual total of 13,576 fish. Silversides were represented in the catch every month but were most abundant in April (8,233 fish), when 61% of the annual total was collected (Table 1). Impinged silversides were all young-of-the-year and age 1 fish (see Conover and Murawski 1982) ranging in size from 63 to 152 mm with a mean length of 95 mm (Table 2).

Alewife ranked second in 2010 with an extrapolated total of 12,680 fish. They were impinged most often in July when 95% of the annual total was obtained (Table 1). The remaining individuals were found in March, April, May, August, and October through December. Impinged alewives were juvenile fish ranging in size from 64 to 172 mm with a mean length of 95 mm (Table 2).

Menhaden were impinged from July through December with 65% of the years total being collected in August. Winter flounder were impinged every month except for June, September, and October; 63% were recorded from January through March. Smelt were most common in November, and March, 68% of the fish being impinged during those two months.

Lastly, cunner were represented in the catch primarily during the cold months of November through February; 93% of the fish were taken during those months.

In 2010 there were two brief impingement incidents where the sampled impingement rate exceeded 20 fish per hour; one in April and one in July. The April sample, taken on the 12 th , involved Atlantic silversides and spotted hake impinged at the rate of 25 fish per hour. The July sample, taken on the 28 th , contained five species impinged at a combined rate of 236 fish per hour. Silversides accounted for 99.5% of the April catch and alewives accounted for 99.4% of the July catch. In both cases subsequent samples taken immediately following the first (3 and 0 fish per hour, respectively) indicated that the relatively high rates of impingement were of short

duration.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 6 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Annual extrapolated totals for all species impinged from 1980 to 2010 along with their respective 1980 to 2009 long-term means are shown in Table 3; results for the 14 typical dominants and total fish are also shown in Figure 4. The select 14 species typically account for greater than 90% of the annual total collected on the screens. The 2010 impingement total of 32,962 fish was 71% of the 30-year mean of 46,516 fish impinged. The below average value in 2010 was clearly due to reduced numbers of Atlantic menhaden which have typically ranked first or second over the 1980 to 2009 time period; in 2010 their annual total (1,403) amounted to only 5% of the time series mean of 25,691 fish. Overall among the remaining numerical dominants silversides, alewife, cunner, and lumpfish were above average in number in 2010. The alewife total, in particular, was seven times the time series mean. Grubby, smelt, tomcod, hakes, blueback herring, windowpane, tautog, and Atlantic herring were below average in number.

Winter flounder numbers were near average (1005 in 2010 compared with a mean of 975).

Figure 3. Percent of total for numerically dominant species of fish impinged on the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station intake screens, January to December 2010.

Pilgrim Station Impingement January - December 2010 Atlantic Silverside 41.2%

Alewife 38.5%

27 Remaining Species 8.7%

Atlantic Menhaden 4.3%

Winter Flounder 3.1%

Rainbow Smelt 2.8%

Cunner 1.6%

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 7 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Previous large impingement events, defined as those involving more than 1,000 fish, are documented in Table 4. The short-lived influx of alewives in July represented the only such event in 2010 and the first one occurring since September 2007. At PNPS menhaden and silversides have accounted for 15 of the 21 cases. These events often occur in the late summer and autumn when young fish are abundant, actively moving offshore for the winter and water temperatures are declining. As water temperatures drop, metabolism declines along with

swimming ability.

Impingement rates (number of fish collected divided by number of collection hours) for each species and their respective estimated annual totals for 2010 are presented in Table 5.

Alewife and silverside yielded the highest impingement rates (2.465 and 1.290 fish/hour, respectively). For all species combined, the impingement rates were 4.44 fish/hour and 32,962

fish/year, ranking 11 th over the 31-year time series from 1980 to 2010 (Table 6). The average annual impingement total recorded from 1980 to 2009 was 46,448 fish per year, ranging from

1,112 (1984) to 302,883 (2005) fish per year.

Since 1980, 80 species of fish have been collected on the PNPS intake screens (Table 7).

Nine species of fish (alewife, Atlantic silverside, Atlantic tomcod, blueback herring, cunner, grubby, hakes, rainbow smelt, and winter flounder) were collected every year from 1980 to 2010.

Eight other species, Atlantic herring , Atlantic menhaden, lumpfish, northern pipefish, rock gunnel, tautog, threespine stickleback, and windowpane were present at least 90% of the time

Invertebrates From January to December 2010, 12,454 invertebrates representing 13 taxa (Table 8) were estimated to have been impinged at Pilgrim Station yielding an impingement rate of 1.4 invertebrates per hour. Sevenspine bay shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) ranked first and accounted for 51% of the annual estimated total. They were primarily impinged in January, February and April when 28, 35 and 24%, respectively, of the 6,368 estimated total was collected. Cancer crabs (Cancer spp) and green crabs (Carcinus maenas) ranked second and third in numerical order accounting for 18 and 8%, respectively, of the annual invertebrate total.

Cancer crabs were present throughout the year and were most abundant in November when 22%

of their total (2,301 crabs) was collected. Green crabs were also impinged every month and were most abundant in January when 28% of their annual total of 999 crabs was impinged. Seventeen American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were impinged during sampling periods in 2010 ranging in size from 12 to 143mm, yielding an annual estimated total of 350 animals. Among the seventeen lobsters collected three were of leg) and the rest were less that 80

mm and likely juveniles.

Table 9 presents annual estimated totals for impinged invertebrates dating back to 1980.

Based on the times series mean the bay shrimp total for 2010 was below average amounting to 89% of the mean. The green crab total was also below average amounting to 75% of the mean.

In contrast, rock crab were impinged in above average numbers, 1.6 times the mean (2301 compared with 1447)..

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 8 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Conclusions 1.The average hourly impingement rate for 2010 at Pilgrim Station from January to December was 4.4 fish per hour for all fish combined. The estimated annual impingement total of 32,962 fish ranked 11 th over the 31-year time series, 66% of all previous annual totals were lower. 2.Thirty-three species of fish were sampled in 437.28 collection hours in 2010.

3.Atlantic silversides, alewife, Atlantic menhaden,, winter flounder, rainbow smelt, and cunner, were the numerical dominants accounting for 41, 38, 4, 3, 3 and 2 %,

respectively, of the annual total. 4.In 2010 there were two brief impingement incidents where the sampled impingement rate exceeded 20 fish per hour; one in April and one in July.

Silversides accounted for 99.5% of the April catch and alewives accounted for 99.4% of the July catch. In both cases subsequent samples indicated that the relatively high rates of impingement were of short duration. 5.The short-lived influx of alewives in July represented the only large impingement event (more than 1,000 fish) in 2010 and the first one that occurred since September 2007. 6.Invertebrates were impinged at a rate of 1.4 animals per hour. Sevenspine bay shrimp, cancer crabs and green crabs accounted for 51, 18, and 8% of the 2010 estimated annual total of 12,454 invertebrates.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 9 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Literature Cited Conover, D.O. and S.A. Murawski. 1982. Offshore winter migration of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Fishery Bulletin U.S. 80(1):145-150.

Witherell, D.B. and J. Burnett. 1993. Growth and maturation of winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus, in Massachusetts. Fishery Bulletin U.S. 91(4):816-820.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

10 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Atlantic Silverside Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Atlantic Menhaden Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Winter Flounder Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Alewife Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Figure 4. Extrapolated annual totals for typical numerical dominants impinged at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, 1980-2010.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

11 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Blueback Herring Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Cunner Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Windowpane Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Tautog Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Figure 4. Continued.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

12 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Grubby Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Rainbow Smelt Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 10 100 1,000 10,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Atlantic Tomcod Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Hakes (Red and White)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Figure 4. Continued.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

13 Normandeau Associates, Inc.

Lumpfish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Atlantic Herring Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Total Fish Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Impingement 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99'00'01'02'03'04'05'06'07'08'09 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Extrapolated TotalTotalMean 1980-2009 Figure 4. Continued.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

14 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 1. Monthly extrapolated totals for all fishes collected from Pilgrim Station intake screens, January-December 2010.Common NameSpecies2010 SummaryJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAtlantic SilversideMenidia menidia13,5767843792,7558,2331482412142517613572AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengus12,680003576413012,082140173796Atlantic MenhadenBrevoortia tyrannus1,4030000001839161461710932Winter FlounderPseudopleuronectes americanus1,0051961482922237035700010996Rainbow SmeltOsmerus mordax911404326001300980036196CunnerTautogolabrus adspersus53511885001302300073223LumpfishCyclopterus lumpus319003300000000286Blueback HerringAlosa aestivalis2710002213001401710996Sand LanceAmmodytes sp.246402213022000000032Atlantic TomcodMicrogadus tomcod1960002237000007364Striped KillifishFundulus majalis1870220000000037128GrubbyMyoxocephalus aenaeus1814064650001200000Atlantic HerringClupea harengus16200986400000000Northern PipefishSyngnathus fuscus131000220000001090American ShadAlosa sapidissima12000982200000000Atlantic MoonfishSelene setapinnis11400000000011400Little SkateLeucoraja erinacea1120000252435280000Threespine SticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus11279033000000000WindowpaneScophthalmus aquosus93000431300000370Smallmouth FlounderEtropus microstomus90003343000140000ButterfishPeprilus triacanthus74000000231400370Spotted HakeUrophycis regia7200022500000000Radiated ShannyUlvaria subbifurcata6240220000000000Red HakeUrophycis chuss57000013012000032Atlantic CodGadus morhua5340000130000000Rock GunnelPholis gunnellus430004300000000Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus320000000000032SearobinsPrionotus spp.320000000000032ScupStenotomus chrysops2600000012140000American Eel Anguilla rostrata250000000025000 White PerchMorone americana170000000001700TautogTautoga onitis130000130000000Striped Bass Morone saxatilis120000001200000Number of Species339811131321110361214Extrapolated Totals32,9621,3777854,1548,6444014812,4411,1961961991,7041,817Number of "Collection Hours"437.2819.0031.9722.9634.0260.6330.8865.0953.6629.7845.8819.9823.43Impingement Rate (fish per hour)4.431.841.165.5711.990.530.0616.721.600.270.262.352.43

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

15 Normandeau Associates, Inc. NumberCommon NameSpeciesCollectednMeanMinMaxn MeanMinMaxLittle SkateLeucoraja erinacea88457.93845520American EelAnguilla rostrata11305.0305305128.6428.6428.64Blueback HerringAlosa aestivalis1010141.75529533.281.654.77AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengus1,0784794.664172415.682.2014.82American ShadAlosa sapidissima44114.07515023.651.925.37Atlantic MenhadenBrevoortia tyrannus939361.534121591.790.358.46Atlantic HerringClupea harengus66140.3124160613.618.2322.87Rainbow SmeltOsmerus mordax3232100.777198165.211.8523.53Atlantic CodGadus morhua22256.56345011.991.991.99Atlantic TomcodMicrogadus tomcod8897.04515353.510.6613.02Red HakeUrophycis chuss3376.3628722.431.773.08Spotted HakeUrophycis regia5588.86412033.221.415.58MummichogFundulus heteroclitus1187.087870Striped KillifishFundulus majalis6673.86010213.083.083.08Atlantic SilversideMenidia menidia56430595.0631521543.780.8412.86Threespine SticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus3359.044680Northern PipefishSyngnathus fuscus44115.8821500SearobinsPrionotus spp.11212.02122120GrubbyMyoxocephalus aenaeus7771.658950LumpfishCyclopterus lumpus101058.438690White PerchMorone americana11121.3121.3121.3123.7723.7723.77Striped BassMorone saxatilis11585.058558511282.001282.001282.00Atlantic MoonfishSelene setapinnis7749.646550 ScupStenotomus chrysops2237.5324310.280.280.28TautogTautoga onitis11320.03203201670.00670.00670.00CunnerTautogolabrus adspersus191978.340160339.4610.1270.94Radiated ShannyUlvaria subbifurcata22100.5761250Rock GunnelPholis gunnellus22138.01131630 Sand LanceAmmodytes sp.88152.911019517.067.067.06ButterfishPeprilus triacanthus4444.8395130.920.731.09Smallmouth FlounderEtropus microstomus4488.84819621.731.002.45WindowpaneScophthalmus aquosus44119.8342140Winter FlounderPseudopleuronectes americanus393990.24431041.360.951.78Table 2. Species, number, length and weight for all fish impinged at Pilgrim Station, January - December 2010.Length (mm)Weight (g)

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

16 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. Annual extrapolated totals for fish found on the Pilgrim Station intake screens, 1980-2010.Species19801981198219831984 1198519861987 2 1988198919901991199219931994 31995 4Alewife992012628388807261264641491,4802502471,02112339,884American Eel184112000190015008000American Plaice0000000000000000American Sand Lance00121100000900000 American Shad000000002120000000 Atlantic Cod121221100033023002410474258Atlantic Herring8353156220353,00965113840824,2385116928108Atlantic Mackerel0490120000242913000120 Atlantic Menhaden2260171522111,49195301772,0203,1351,1173246581,560 Atlantic Moonfish00010800004300140021 Atlantic Seasnail053013000000370190011 Atlantic Silverside19190,4492,6261,5862454,4177021,2989402,8384,7612,9552,3819,87236,49813,085 Atlantic Tomcod6376221276157389174571,578433291159104329153260 Bay Anchovy90859001242001042250000Bigeye00000000011000000Black Ruff0000000000900000Black Sea Bass0130000107010019140085Black Spotted Stickleback0000000270000025330 Blueback Herring46230251754347916372222071,1942981102952691,244 Bluefish00160000000000000 Butterfish0360301539000101,686240124142 Crevalle Jack0000000000000000Cunner1,0438706101964558027011597199210182289377346Dogfish0000000000000000 Flying Gurnard00000900000000022 Fourbeard Rockling0000000000000000 Fourspine Stickleback1120700000000000000 Fourspot Flounder877102200001201069012021 Gizzard Shad0000000000000000Golden Redfish0000000000000000Goosefish0000000000000000Grubby1074483404901149323592001246845854685076401,094648Gulf Stream Flounder0000000000000000 Haddock0000000000000000Hakes (Red and White)931011250834275323550551416623182 Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

17 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. (continued).19801981198219831984 1198519861987 2 1988198919901991199219931994 31995 4Hogchoker00700010000080000Little Skate0712451532112912084078921474835Longhorn Sculpin008250000001300000Lumpfish380160103751254672674307851122329177116Mummichog00210000097028120113520 Northern Kingfish231700000000100000Northern Pipefish1447912217782130024176283028116230180Northern Puffer1441,327177947836510120388471414212043 Northern Searobin692070601769132705113230488068Ocean Pout0000000000000000Orange Filefish900000000112300000Planehead Filefish00000000000014000Pollock2203811191418025560502317107939 Radiated Shanny3004500657030036920436614185Rainbow Smelt8142366341,224291891,9091,0703708863873723178,3029,4642,191Rock Gunnel1130053844211804842623821084107Round Scad000000000212300000 Sand Lance sp.660247902010000020190790Sculpin sp.0000000000000000Scup8023831109500051599159328130 Sea Raven0000090000000000Seaboard Goby0000000000000000Searobin sp.0000000000000000Shorthorn Sculpin00110000000121001100Silver Hake573502202449260109239322711 Silver-rag00800000002300000Smallmouth Flounder00000016000500000Smooth Dogfish0000000561112100000Smooth Flounder00000010000000000Spiny Dogfish823028000012719100800Spot0000000000000800Spotted Hake0000000000000000 Striped Bass0000000000000000Striped Cusk Eel00000000000002700Striped Killifish031013064222741594682511238552

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

18 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. (continued).19801981198219831984 1198519861987 2 1988198919901991199219931994 31995 4Striped Searobins00009000001030012012Summer Flounder1202000000070000220Tautog06918411183261138215952175932755073 Threespine Stickleback3711843421711203727211430192647270124 Weakfish0000000000000000Weitzman's Pearlside0075000190000003400White Perch0420058100000298802421 Windowpane689610717356146870017117110341133179232 Winter Flounder297249297232478849081385561,1193366947871,1811,0181,628Winter Skate110101200000000000Yellowtail Flounder0000005150000002700Annual totals4,02895,3588,4066,5591,10412,2439,2413,7836,22710,29015,93532,0775,39823,89050,78662,614Collection Time (hrs.)687574.86877631,042465806527525618919.5930.3774.0673.5737.4607.7Impingement Rate (fish/hour)0.6610.020.930.570.131.141.260.280.270.81.703.380.632.785.975.871 No CWS pumps were in operation April to August 1984.

2 No CWS pumps were in operation August 1987.3 No CWS pumps were in operation 9 October - 14 November 1994.4 No CWS pumps were in operation 30 March - 15 May 1995.

5 No CWS pumps were in operation 10 May - 10 June 1999.

6 No CWS pumps were in operation 28 April - 9 May 2001.7 No CWS pumps were in operation 21 April - 11 May 2003.8 No CWS pumps were in operation 20 April - 8 May 2005.

9 No CWS pumps were in operation 7 April - 20 April 2007.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

19 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. (continued).MeanSpecies1996199719981999 520002001 620022003 720042005 820062007 920082009 1980-20092010Alewife2163171586102,4431,618334438145265240438751,2611,80012,680 American Eel0000130000001500525American Plaice00000003600000010American Sand Lance00001600000000020 American Shad000000000000007120Atlantic Cod00534201130619919268856143866453Atlantic Herring01310818177483015113854912202301,006162 Atlantic Mackerel000000000001506070 Atlantic Menhaden2,1681,3291,42342,68664,3543,59953,304119,04110,431277,60115,189154,83272112,52825,6911,403 Atlantic Moonfish94017273086234002070002330114 Atlantic Seasnail0000013010800016060 Atlantic Silverside16,6156,3036,7738,57725,6654,9874,43023,14913,10711,5907,9933,3626,1675,34910,63013,576 Atlantic Tomcod4667240302323278168193041,518616154289107313196Bay Anchovy023000814860000282323440Bigeye0000000000000000 Black Ruff0000000000000000Black Sea Bass00015057038147188820300240Black Spotted Stickleback050000000034000060 Blueback Herring2,4624241345505,9192299431,9682,04664657035220330750271 Bluefish001700047000000030 Butterfish441,58142188017000317829852818614774 Crevalle Jack000000170000003020Cunner3324110115334814059172240716384367247895305525Dogfish00001300000000000 Flying Gurnard00000270000000020 Fourbeard Rockling00110000000000000 Fourspine Stickleback0000013000720000100 Fourspot Flounder0176470005612200000170Gizzard Shad00002700000000010Golden Redfish00000017000000010Goosefish00001300000000000Grubby1,3474053356281,1055171,0872372,257501306349374666595181 Gulf Stream Flounder00002700000000010 Haddock00000000000150010Hakes (Red and White)1131961066821821,158192128202707212615927315457

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

20 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. (continued).

MeanSpecies1996199719981999 520002001 6 2002 2003 7 20042005 82006 2007 920082009 1980-20092010Hogchoker00000046000000020 Little Skate2746480080691212371388569754660112Longhorn Sculpin1302115261000000000120Lumpfish206173244136131013761840914091161211143319Mummichog00036130000270493001332Northern Kingfish0000000000000020 Northern Pipefish143550187922811099145091191546120103131Northern Puffer0105000001100351800960Northern Searobin0063131957010515850030120450Ocean Pout0000000261400016020Orange Filefish0000000000000010Planehead Filefish0000000000000000Pollock000105520005378800670650Radiated Shanny290632613673159141601531313562Rainbow Smelt3,7281,9781,656875138793355321,0922,8407561,1919436771,530911Rock Gunnel155021161007550024216532929156543Round Scad0000000000000010 Sand Lance sp.00380035030,7653850150783203611,072246Sculpin sp.00001300000000000Scup00601203527722160480235326Sea Raven000000019023000020Seaboard Goby00000012000000000Searobin sp.000000000390000132Shorthorn Sculpin00000002600000020Silver Hake2613821831651140970000023330 Silver-rag0000000000000010Smallmouth Flounder00111000000723102361890Smooth Dogfish0000000261600081070Smooth Flounder000001102200000010Spiny Dogfish0000028000154084540150Spot0000000000000000Spotted Hake002100000000000172Striped Bass77000390016139039213101212Striped Cusk Eel0019000000012016020Striped Killifish29044523096461348812122337144100120108187

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

21 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 3. (continued).

MeanSpecies1996199719981999 520002001 6 2002 2003 7 20042005 82006 2007 920082009 1980-20092010Striped Searobins083061000000832100110Summer Flounder0010000004100023050Tautog48817212911915792289461439158890010413Threespine Stickleback9909119276413191581512626962398108112Weakfish000000026000270020Weitzman's Pearlside00000006001600050White Perch20634431222421721586282127145604017Windowpane29665416434363162241337135158423030114193 Winter Flounder8576082,0691,0211,3581,7291,4661,4352,0212,6881,2427151,0106729751,005Winter Skate0000000000000010Yellowtail Flounder00032000163724000080Annual totals30,23614,22814,30158,314103,98616,56764,583179,44533,564302,88329,808163,03611,82124,75646,51632,952Collection Time (hrs.)416455575375.5507430.1494.4714.1638.3440.5432.3468.0388.2249.1597436.3Impingement Rate (fish/hour)3.111.431.307.219.251.784.9325.582.8518.873.2610.241.412.154.334.46

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 22 Normandeau Associates, Inc. impingement events at PNPS, 1973-2010.DateSpeciesEstimated Number for all SpeciesAugust-September, 1973Clupeids1,600August 5, 1976Alewife1,900November 23-28, 1978Atlantic menhaden10,200December 11-29, 1978Rainbow smelt6,200March/April, 1979Atlantic silverside1,100September 23-24, 1981Atlantic silverside6,000July 22-25, 1991Rainbow smelt4,200December 15-28, 1993Atlantic silverside5,100November 26-28, 1994Atlantic silverside5,800December 26-28, 1994Atlantic silverside and Rainbow smelt11,400September 8-9, 1995Alewife13,100September 17-18, 1999Atlantic menhaden4,910November 17-20, 2000Atlantic menhaden19,900August/September, 2002Atlantic menhaden33,300November 1, 2003Atlantic menhaden2,500November 12 - 17, 2003Atlantic menhaden63,900 November 19 - 21, 2003Sand lance and Atlantic menhaden17,900November 29, 2003Atlantic silverside3,900August 16 - 18, 2005Atlantic menhaden107,000September 14-15, 2007Atlantic menhaden6,500July 29, 2010Alewife1,061Table 4. Dominant species and estimated number impinged during high

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring 23 Normandeau Associates, Inc. SpeciesFish Per Hour Estimated Annual RateDominant Month of OccurrenceTotal CollectedLittle Skate 0.018112July 8American Eel 0.002 25September 1Blueback Herring 0.023271November 10Alewife 2.46512,680July1,078American Shad 0.009120March 4Atlantic Menhaden 0.2131,403August 93Atlantic Herring 0.014162March 6Rainbow Smelt 0.073911November 32Atlantic Cod 0.005 53January 2Atlantic Tomcod 0.018196November 8Red Hake 0.007 57December 3Spotted Hake 0.011 72 May 5Mummichog 0.002 32December 1Striped Killifish 0.014187December 6Atlantic Silverside 1.29013,576 April564Threespine Stickleback 0.007112January 3Northern Pipefish 0.009131November 4Searobins 0.002 32December 1Grubby 0.016181March 7Lumpfish 0.023319December 10White Perch 0.002 17October 1Striped Bass 0.002 12July 1Atlantic Moonfish 0.016114October 7 Scup 0.005 26August 2Tautog 0.002 13 May 1Cunner 0.043535December 19Radiated Shanny 0.005 62January 2Rock Gunnel 0.005 43 April 2Sand Lance 0.018246March 8Butterfish 0.009 74November 4Smallmouth Flounder 0.009 90 April 4Windowpane 0.009 93 April 4Winter Flounder 0.0891,005March 39Annual Totals4.4432,9621,940Table 5. Impingement rates, fish per hour and fish per year, for all fishes sampled from the Pilgrim Station intake screens, January-December 2010 (assuming 100% operation).

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

24 Normandeau Associates, Inc. YearFish/HourFish/YearDominant Species (Number/Year)Cunne r (1,043)Atlantic silverside (90,449)Atlantic silverside (2,626)Atlantic silverside (1,586)Atlantic silverside (245)Atlantic silverside (4,417)Atlantic herrin g (3,009)Atlantic silverside (1,298)Atlantic tomcod (1,578)Atlantic silverside (2,838)Atlantic silverside (4,761)Atlantic herrin g (24,238)Atlantic silverside (2,381)Atlantic silverside (9,872)Atlantic silverside (36,498)19945.9750,43919920.635,39719932.7824,10519901.7015,93919913.3832,08019880.276,67519890.809,08819861.269,25919870.283,15519840.131,11219851.1412,49919820.938,41119830.576,558Table 6. Hourly, daily, and estimated annual impingement rates for all species combined and annual dominants collected on the PNPS intake screens

, 1980-2010.19800.664,030198110.0295,336

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

25 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 6. (continued).YearFish/HourFish/YearDominant Species (Number/Year)Alewife (39,884)Atlantic silverside (16,615)Atlantic silverside (6,303)Atlantic silverside (6,773)Atlantic menhade n (42,686)Atlantic menhade n (34,354)Atlantic silverside (4,987)Atlantic menhade n (53,304)Atlantic menhade n (119,041)Atlantic silverside (13,107)Atlantic menhade n(277,607)Atlantic menhade n (15,189)Atlantic menhade n (154,832)Atlantic silverside (6,167)Atlantic menhade n(12,528)Mean4.3246

,448Atlantic silverside (13,576)20104.4433,45720081.4111,82120092.1524,77920063.2629,711200710.24163,03620042.8533,591200518.84302,88320024.9364,606200325.58179,60820009.25103,96820011.7815,63619981.3014,30319997.2158,31819963.1130,26419971.4314,23019955.8762,616

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

26 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. Species collected on the Pilgrim Station intake screens, 1980-2010.Common NameSpecies1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAmerican EelAnguilla rostrataxxxxxxAmerican PlaiceHippoglossoides platessoidesAmerican ShadAlosa sapidissima xAtlantic CodGadus morhuaxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic HerringClupea harengusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic MackerelScomber scombrus xxAtlantic MenhadenBrevoortia tyrannusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic MoonfishSelene setapinnisxxxxxAtlantic SeasnailLiparis atlanticusxxxxxAtlantic SilversideMenidia menidiaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic TomcodMicrogadus tomcodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBay AnchovyAnchoa mitchillixxxxxxBigeyePriacanthus arenatus xBlack RuffCentrolophorus niger xBlack Sea BassCentropristis striataxxxxxxxBlack Spotted SticklebackGasterosteus wheatlandixxxBlueback HerringAlosa aestivalisxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBluefishPomatomus saltatrix xButterfishPeprilus triacanthusxxxxxxxxxCrevalle JackCaranx hipposCunnerTautogolabrus adspersusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDogfishsee belowFlying GurnardDactylopterus volitans xxFourbeard RocklingEnchelyopus cimbriusFourspine SticklebackApeltes quadracus xx Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

27 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. (continued).Common NameSpecies1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995Fourspot FlounderParalichthys oblongusxxxxxxxxGizzard ShadDorosoma cepedianumGolden RedfishSebastes norvegicusGoosefishLophius americanusGrubbyMyoxocephalus aenaeusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxGulf Stream FlounderCitharichthys arctifronsHaddockMelanogrammus aeglefinusHakes (red and white)Urophycis spp.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxHogchokerTrinectes maculatus xLittle SkateLeucoraja erinaceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLonghorn SculpinMyoxocephalus octodecemspinosus xxLumpfishCyclopterus lumpusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxMummichogFundulus heteroclitusxxxxxxxNorthern KingfishMenticirrhus saxatilis xNorthern PipefishSyngnathus fuscusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNorthern PufferSphoeroides maculatusxxxxxNorthern SearobinPrionotus carolinusxxxxxxxxxxxxxOcean poutZoarces americanusOrange FilefishAluterus schoepfii xPlanehead FilefishMonacanthus hispidus xPollockPollachius virensxxxxxxxxxxxxRadiated ShannyUlvaria subbifurcataxxxxxxxxxxxxRainbow SmeltOsmerus mordaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRock GunnelPholis gunnellusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRound ScadEtrumeus teres xxSand LanceAmmodytes sp.xxxxxxxx Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

28 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. (continued).Common NameSpecies1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995Sculpin sp.Myoxocephalus spp.xxxScupStenotomus chrysopsxxxxxxxxxxxSea RavenHemitripterus americanus xSeaboard GobyGobiosoma ginsburgiSearobin sp.Prionotus sp.Shorthorn SculpinMyxocephalus scorpius xSilver HakeMerluccius bilinearusxxxxxxxSilver-ragAriomma bondi xxSmallmouth FlounderEtropus microstomusxxxSmooth DogfishMustelus canisxxxxxxxSmooth FlounderPleuronectes putnamiSpiny DogfishSqualus acanthusxxxSpotLeiostomus xanthurus xSpotted HakeUrophycis regiaStriped BassMorone saxatilisStriped Cusk EelOphidion marginatum xStriped KillifishFundulus majalisxxxxxxxxxxxxxStriped SearobinsPrionotus evolansxxxxSummer FlounderParalichthys dentatusxxxxxTautogTautoga onitisxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxThreespine SticklebackGasterosteus aculeatusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWeakfishCynoscion regalisWeitzman's PearlsideMaurolicus weitmani xWhite PerchMorone americanaxxxxWindowpaneScophthalmus aquosusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWinter FlounderPleuronectes americanusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWinter SkateLeucoraja ocelataxxxxYellowtail FlounderLimanda ferrugineaxxx Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

29 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. (continued).Common NameSpecies199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010AlewifeAlosa pseudoharengusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAmerican EelAnguilla rostrataxxxAmerican PlaiceHippoglossoides platessoides xAmerican ShadAlosa sapidissima xAtlantic CodGadus morhuaxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic HerringClupea harengusxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic MackerelScomber scombrus xxAtlantic MenhadenBrevoortia tyrannusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic MoonfishSelene setapinnisxxxxxxxAtlantic SeasnailLiparis atlanticusxxxxxxAtlantic SilversideMenidia menidiaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxAtlantic TomcodMicrogadus tomcodxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBay AnchovyAnchoa mitchillixxxxxxBigeyePriacanthus arenatusBlack RuffCentrolophorus nigerBlack Sea BassCentropristis striataxxxxxxBlack Spotted SticklebackGasterosteus wheatlandi xxBlueback HerringAlosa aestivalisxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxBluefishPomatomus saltatrix xButterfishPeprilus triacanthusxxxxxxxxxxxxCrevalle JackCaranx hippos xxCunnerTautogolabrus adspersusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxDogfishsee below xFlying GurnardDactylopterus volitans xFourbeard RocklingEnchelyopus cimbrius xFourspine SticklebackApeltes quadracus xx Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

30 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. (continued).Common NameSpecies199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010Fourspot FlounderParalichthys oblongusxxxxxxGizzard ShadDorosoma cepedianum xGolden RedfishSebastes norvegicus xGoosefishLophius americanus xGrubbyMyoxocephalus aenaeusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxGulf Stream FlounderCitharichthys arctifrons xHaddockMelanogrammus aeglefinus xHakesUrophycis spp.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxHogchokerTrinectes maculatusLittle SkateLeucoraja erinaceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxLonghorn SculpinMyoxocephalus octodecemspinosusxxxxLumpfishCyclopterus lumpusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxMummichogFundulus heteroclitusxxxxxxNorthern KingfishMenticirrhus saxatilisNorthern PipefishSyngnathus fuscusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNorthern PufferSphoeroides maculatusxxxxNorthern SearobinPrionotus carolinusxxxxxxxxxxOcean poutZoarces americanusxxxOrange FilefishAluterus schoepfiiPlanehead FilefishMonacanthus hispidusPollockPollachius virensxxxxxRadiated ShannyUlvaria subbifurcataxxxxxxxxxxxxxRainbow SmeltOsmerus mordaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxRock GunnelPholis gunnellusxxxxxxxxxxxxxRound ScadEtrumeus teresSand LanceAmmodytes sp.xxxxxxxxxxx

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

31 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 7. (continued).Common NameSpecies199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010Sculpin sp.Myoxocephalus spp.

xScupStenotomus chrysopsxxxxxxxxSea RavenHemitripterus americanus xSeaboard GobyGobiosoma ginsburgi xSearobin sp.Prionotus sp.

xxShorthorn SculpinMyxocephalus scorpiusSilver HakeMerluccius bilinearus xxSilver-ragAriomma bondiSmallmouth FlounderEtropus microstomusxxxxxxxSmooth DogfishMustelus canisxxxSmooth FlounderPleuronectes putnami xSpiny DogfishSqualus acanthusxxxxxSpotLeiostomus xanthurusSpotted HakeUrophycis regia x xStriped BassMorone saxatilisxxxxxxxStriped Cusk EelOphidion marginatumxxxStriped KillifishFundulus majalisxxxxxxxxxxxxxxStriped SearobinsPrionotus evolansxxxSummer FlounderParalichthys dentatusxxxxxTautogTautoga onitisxxxxxxxxxxxxxThreespine SticklebackGasterosteus aculeatusxxxxxxxxxxxxxWeakfishCynoscion regalisxxxWeitzman's PearlsideMaurolicus weitmanixxxWhite PerchMorone americanaxxxxxxxxxWindowpaneScophthalmus aquosusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWinter FlounderPleuronectes americanusxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxWinter SkateLeucoraja ocelataYellowtail FlounderLimanda ferrugineaxxxx Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

32 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Common NameSpecies2010 SummaryJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecRibbon wormNemertean12900330000000096 NereisNereis sp.916067316343000000370NephtysNephtys sp.32500325000000000SquidLoligo pealeii4550000111234237001700Horseshoe CrabLimulus polyphemus61000025241200000Sevenspine Bay ShrimpCrangon septemspinosa6,3681,7632,2506491,503620000010932American LobsterHomarus americanus3504006501230000177332Spider CrabsLibinia spp.250000000025000Cancer CrabsCancer spp.2,301235337130106234210691412124450596 Blue CrabsCallinectes sapidus250000000025000Green CrabsCarcinus maenas999275223364622446144965217128Lady CrabsOvalipes ocellatus21800982200120049370StarfishAsterias spp.2824000438624 0 0 250064Number of Species13 5486 75 5 3 5566Extrapolated Totals12,4542,3533,2821,4961,78170351616298245392978448Number of "Collection Hours"437193223346131655430462023Impingement Rate (fish per hour)1.413.685.292.612.701.040.710.350.280.340.701.701.07Table 8. Monthly extrapolated totals for invertebrates impinged on the PNPS intake screens, January - December 2010.

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

33 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 9. Extrapolated totals for invertebrates collected at Pilgrim Station from the intake screens, January - December, 1980 - 2010.Species1980198119821983198419851986198719881989American LobsterHomarus americanus7,4823,8284,5966,04405,483112046323AmphipodAmphipoda0000000 023353Arctic Lyre CrabHyas coarctatus00000000015BarnacleCirripedia0000000000BloodwormGlycera sp.0000000000Blue CrabCallinectes sapidus0007,4940011000Blue MusselMytilus edulis44,708154,266005,9666,5989,19549,8234,8913,309Brittle StarOphiuroidea00000000230Cancer CrabCancer spp.0000000490158Caridean ShrimpCaridea000000000446Clam WormNereis spp.8,5896,52108,2130058149133329Common PeriwinkleLittorina littorea000000930240Gammarid ShrimpGammarus spp.0000000000Glass ShrimpDichelopandulus leptocerus011,17700000000 Green CrabCarcinus maenas4,5823,8284,2794,6641,7504,490447220311362Hermit CrabPaguridae00000000240Horseshoe CrabLimulus polyphemus3,6104,1673,96211,9069934,61784288718721Isopod Isopoda000009,12411542266170Japanese Shore CrabHemigraphus sanguineus0000000000JellyfishCnidaria07440940000000Lady CrabOvalipes ocellatus8,9398,9756,1255,3045,2434,859263310341Mysid Shrimp Mysidacea0000000000Mantis ShrimpSquila empusa006,7360000070NephtysNephtys spp.0000000000NudibranchNudibranchia0000002362,7672,684246Oligochaete wormOrbiniidae0000000000Penaeid ShrmipPenaeidae0000000000Polychaete wormPolychaeta0011,207007,159995,0045,530638Ribbon wormNemertean010,4278,975000741,55834890Rock CrabCancer irroratus3,8915,3522,8364,2103,1426,7014462,7671,7251,215RoundwormNematoda00006,711000790Sea AnenomeActinaria9,771000005901960Sea UrchinEchinoidea6,8588,25915,6618,9523,7728,483451,215222855Sevenspine Bay ShrimpCrangon septemspinosa6,65711,0384,8937,1992,58423,2431,7785,9034,0433,456Softshell Clam Mya arenaria0009,682000000Spider CrabLibinia spp.00000011000SquidLoligo spp.7,98816,56713,4733,8814,5065,32724039328660Starfish Asterias spp.3,5966,8495,5316,7684827,766302352,2152,934TunicateTunicata00000000736Twelve-scaled WormLepidodontus spp.0000000000Unidentified crab0010,4630000000Total116,669251,99798,73685,25735,15093,85014,23770,21824,05116,354

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

34 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 9. (continued).Species1990199119921993199419951996199719981999American LobsterHomarus americanus4106311,0501,554993619986383429606AmphipodAmphipoda0000000000Arctic Lyre CrabHyas coarctatus101210221300000BarnacleCirripedia01000000000Bloodworm Glycera sp.0000483121000Blue CrabCallinectes sapidus12000000000 Blue MusselMytilus edulis20974214035003400Brittle StarOphiuroidea0000000000 Cancer CrabCancer spp.0000000000Caridean ShrimpCaridea0000900000Clam WormNereis spp.10702266481,0861,4175109697420Common PeriwinkleLittorina littorea0000000000Gammarid ShrimpGammarus spp.14000000000Glass ShrimpDichelopandulus leptocerus0000000000Green CrabCarcinus maenas2725976221,0131,6431,3951,358906550950Hermit CrabPaguridae93200000000Horseshoe CrabLimulus polyphemus3404211,1281,6165191831901317137IsopodIsopoda973106501376270100Japanese Shore CrabHemigraphus sanguineus0000000000JellyfishCnidaria0000000000Lady CrabOvalipes ocellatus904664449104044645335Mysid ShrimpMysidacea00003300000Mantis ShrimpSquila empusa0000001355015Nephtys Nephtys spp.00000000016 NudibranchNudibranchia0000000312026Oligochaete wormOrbiniidae000048021000Penaeid ShrmipPenaeidae0000000000Polychaete wormPolychaeta002510000400026Ribbon wormNemertean4510421551864027078Rock Crab Cancer irroratus5658932151,2078131,6071,337244113360RoundwormNematoda00034000000Sea AnenomeActinaria005800019000Sea UrchinEchinoidea72636161958260713131Sevenspine Bay ShrimpCrangon septemspinosa1,0191,5732,8251,7056,8765,74016,3429079,5707,861Softshell ClamMya arenaria00002400000Spider CrabLibinia spp.0000000000SquidLoligo spp.6052964453607602,2703093431,1451,013StarfishAsterias spp.1,6611,812616753511471135342221,885TunicateTunicata00000000010Twelve-scaled WormLepidodontus spp.0000000000Unidentified crab0000000000Total5,3527,7026,9349,24913,39013,67121,3894,10712,29013,371

Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Marine Ecology Studies 2010 Impingement Monitoring

35 Normandeau Associates, Inc. Table 9. (continued).

Species20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010American LobsterHomarus americanus6311121453211401,0252785195401,293350AmphipodAmphipoda0000000000100Arctic Lyre CrabHyas coarctatus0130000000030 BarnacleCirripedia000000000000BloodwormGlycera sp.024000161500050 Blue CrabCallinectes sapidus080000000025125Blue MusselMytilus edulis02101830288819135009,3750Brittle StarOphiuroidea000000000010Cancer CrabCancer spp.1001,4671,2241,95404794628582581,1702730Caridean ShrimpCaridea0000000000150Clam WormNereis spp.1,8093021474783921,05553153163991,118916Common PeriwinkleLittorina littorea000000000020Gammarid ShrimpGammarus spp.000000000000Glass ShrimpDichelopandulus leptocerus00000000003730Green CrabCarcinus maenas2,2771,378569426111682653141772791,337999Hermit CrabPaguridae0002300000030Horseshoe CrabLimulus polyphemus260000225714001,21361IsopodIsopoda016000000003500Japanese Shore CrabHemigraphus sanguineus00473621060003570JellyfishCnidaria0000000000560Lady CrabOvalipes ocellatus0271352700014001,373218Mysid Shrimp Mysidacea000000000010Mantis ShrimpSquila empusa00000000002280NephtysNephtys spp.0000011236670024325NudibranchNudibranchia08000000002090Oligochaete wormOrbiniidae000000000020Penaeid ShrmipPenaeidae0013000000000Polychaete wormPolychaeta085000000009970Ribbon wormNemertean0000000012393738129Rock CrabCancer irroratus3,134000634000001,4472,301 RoundwormNematoda00008000002280Sea AnenomeActinaria00000000003370 Sea UrchinEchinoidea0210000000271,8330Sevenspine Bay ShrimpCrangon septemspinosa26,9597,0307,1657,92515,6229,2831,7281,5443,5757,5057,1186,368Softshell ClamMya arenaria00000000003240 Spider CrabLibinia spp.26012007200450625SquidLoligo spp.1,9619038785453664850468299622,221455StarfishAsterias spp.01,206274612645517636971,527282TunicateTunicata000000000020Twelve-scaled WormLepidodontus spp.1600000000010Unidentified crab00000000003490Total36,93912,62210,60911,97916,99012,4284,6614,6244,8839,66734,64612,4541980-2009 Mean