Revision as of 06:06, 31 January 2020

Text

Ecological Studies of WOOD-BORING Bivalves in the Vicinity of Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station
	ML19345B194
Person / Time
Site:	Oyster Creek
Issue date:	10/31/1980
From:	Crocket L, Hoagland K, Turner R; LEHIGH UNIV., BETHLEHEM, PA
To:	;
References
	CON-FIN-B-5744 NUREG-CR-1517, NUDOCS 8011260304
	Download: ML19345B194 (67)
	v • d • e

{{#Wiki_filter:- __. - NUREG/CR-1517 RE Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating i Station l Manuscript Completed: July 1980 Date Published: October 1980 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L. Crc:F-t, ... D. Turner Wetlands Institute Lehigh University Stone Harbor, NJ 08247 Prepared for Division of Safeguards, Fuel Cycle and Environmental Research Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research , U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN No. B5744

             $0 \ \ %W bO

    ..    -      _ .. .      . ..       .       . . ~ . .        _   -         ._.   .     -.-

I v k PREVIOUS REPORTS i i Tvelve reports ha.ve been prepared under Contract AT(49-24)-0347

during three years of funding from the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory i- Commission, 1976-1979, under the title

I i . Analysis of Populationc of boring and fouling organisms in the

,      vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical parameters.

Those reports with NTIS numbers are: l NUREG/CR-0223 Dec. 1, 1977-Feb. 28, 1978 NUREC/CR-0380 Mar. 1, 1978-May 31, 1978 i

;                NUREC/CR-0634            Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978                                i J                 NUREG/CR-0812            Sept. 1, 1978-Nov. 30, 1978 NUREG/CR-0896.           Dec. 1, 1978-Feb. 28, 1979 NU.7EG/CR-1015           Mar. 1, 1979-May 31, 1979
  ,               NUREG/CR-1209           June i, 1979-Aug. 31, 1979 i                                                                                                   i i

l l t i 5 l 't i 1 h v-l l s 1 g - e i

                     ,  ., +      ,   .       -              , ,   _   . ,             ,,,    , ,

                                                                              , --..         .     . _ _ - . .                   --           . - . - . .             . - - _ .          .~

i 4 i i t ABSTRACT i The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in-the vicinity of i the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Barnegat Bay, . New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physiological tolerances of 3 species l are also under investigation in the laboratory. Relative destructiveness and competition among the species are baing

!                               analyzed. Teredo bartschi . caused almost complete destruction of panels in Oyster Creek during the summer of 1979. Reproduc-tion and settlement of this species continued into October.

The native snecies Tereda navalis and Bankia gouldi coexist

with T. bartschi in Oyster Creek, at the mouth of Forked River and on the coast of the bay between the two creeks.

T. bartschi does not exist outside the thermal plume, but it j has now been found at the limits of the plume (Waretown, N.J.). t The greatest shipworm damage is in Oyster Creek. Heavy mortality i I. occurs in all species during winter, especially in winters such ar 1979-80 when the generating station is not operating. ! Adults of all three species car 1 survive for at least 30 days at salinities from 5 /oo to 45 o/oo. They can withstand abrupt salinity changes. Terodo bartschi larvae can bore into wood at salinities as low as 9 o/oo. i i I I i i h [ 111 l l s {

                                                                                                                                       --n_,. .

J ? l

l~ i l l l \ 1 i NOTE I. 4 Funding for this project was delayed. Field work was performed on schedule, except that constant. recording salinity meters i were not operated due to lack of funds during the period Sept. 1 - March 15, 1980. Panels were stored frozen until they could be analyzed. For this reason, we have combined the results of two quarters, September-November, 1979 and December-February, 1980. l A

p 1 i ! 1 I } i iv i

                                                       .-   . - -      - . - . . - - . - -       . , . , . - - . . . ;.--.        . - ,.-,.

SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS The purpose of this investigation is to understand the population dynamics and competitive interactions of shipworms in the vicinity of

the Oyster Creek Nuc1 car Generating Station and at control stations outside the influence of the station. The relative importance of the

) introduced species Teredo bartschi in causing damage, and physiological

tolerances of all species, are being assessed. On a canthly basis, wood panels are added and removed for analysis of population dynamics and to obtain live animals for the lab studies. We also record temperature, salinity, and we estimate siltation levels at each station.

Our major findings are:

1. The power plant was not operating during Nov. 23-26, 1979, and l January 5-February 28, 1980.
2. The water temperature in Oyster Creek was about 6* C above ambient

in September, about 8" C above ambient in October, about 4* C above ambient in November, and .about 6* C above ambient in December. Ambient temperature for inner Barnegat Bay is characterized by the i temperature at station 1; station 14 is at the edge of the thermal

effluent. l 3. Water temperatures in Forked River were above ambient in September, 1 October, and early December, indicating recirculation of the thermal 1 effluent. j 4. Shipworm larvae settled on monthly panels removed in early September and October. These were Teredo navalis and Teredo b creschi. t

5. Teredo bartschi was found and is breeding in Oyster Creek, at Bayside; Beach Club, at the mouth of Forked River, in Forked River, and at

               -the mouth of Warctown Creek. The last-named locality is at the edge of the thermal plume. It did not have ];. bartschi last year.

, 6. Larvae were found in the gills of T. navalis in September and October. Larvae were found in the gills of ];. bartschi in all months of the study.

7. The heaviest shipworm attack occurred in Oyster Creek, by an order of magnitude.

8. All three species co-occur in panels from Oyster Creek, Waretown, !

and Forked River. Only ];. navalis and a few B. gouldi occur on ! l Long' Beach Island. Holly Park has mostly Bankia gouldi. V

I i i L' 1 l t l 1 i i i

9. lleavy mortality of adult shipworms occurs naturally during winter.

This winter kill was greater than usual in Oyster Creek because the plant shut down for refueling on Jan. 5, 1980, and remained dova for repairs through the winter.

10. Physiological tolerance experiments showed that all species can survive l

a salinity of 45 */.. for at least 1 month, a greater salinity than would be encountered for this length of time in any part of Barnegat Bay.

11. The minimum maintenance salinity for adults of all 3 species is 4 */...

i 12 \t 13 */.., young Teredo bartschi become abnormally active. At i 10 */.., they become abnormally inactive; growth and bovind appear j to cease between 10 and 7 */.. for most individuals. The field-

!              observed minimum salinity for T. bartschi in Barnegat Bay is i                10-12 */...

P i 1 d 1 1 E vi

i f i i l 4 i TABLE OF CONTENTS i ABS.RACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii NOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i j- LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix ACKNOWLEDCMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xi INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . MET 110DS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

,      PilYSICAL DATA                 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                           11 t

l 3 SilIPWORM POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

.i REPRODUCTION                   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                                           46 1      SilIPWORM PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY                                    . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                                       49      '

4 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 REr dRENrES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 APlENDLX. STATION LOCALITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 , DISTRIBUTION LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 i e l E I vii r h i

             - --      .                   4      -r .- -                  - - , , , ,    ..-m- , . . - - --- - + - - - . _ ~     m -.-- -    -

t i i J }! L st of Figures f

1. Map Showing the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and Field l 3 !

Stations 1-13. . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 2. Station Locations 14-17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3. Station Location $ 1R-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1

{ 4. Monthly Temperatures . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 j 5. Monthly Salinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ! 4

6. Activity of Teredo bartschi Pediveligers and Recently Metamorphosed Animals under Ccad'itions of Reduced Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 i

3 7. Activity and Survival of Teredo bartschi Adults under Reduced Salinity . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "'. e I . U N I i I h 1 2 s s 4 as 1 4 t viii

   + = - - -                                M - Fp    g  ud

tot-? .-- = *- p- - y.

i LIST OF TABLES t

1. Temperature Profiles in C September, 1979 to February 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2. Continuous Temperature Recorder Data ( C) for September 7, j 1979 to March 7, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 13 l

3. Salinity Profiles in /oo, September, 1979 to February, 1980 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 18 3

4. Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Outage Dates, 1979-1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . 20

] i

5. Oyster Crcck Nuclear Generating Station Circulation and Dilution Flow in gal. x10 for 1979-1980. . . . . . . . . . . . 20

o. Numbers of Living Shipworms, Monthly Panels .. . . . . . . . 22

7. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Bore lloles or Empty Tubes Detected in x-rays, Monthly Panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

8. Length Ranges of I '.ving Specimens, Monthly Panels, in mm. . . 24

9. Numbers of Living. Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submerged May 5, 1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2n

10. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 28

11. Percentage of Specimens Alive when Collected, Cumulative Monthly Panels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 30

12. Length Ranges of Living Shipworms, Cumulative Panels Submerged May 5, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 33 i

13. -Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels . . . . . . . . . 35

14. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Paaels . . 37

15. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . 39

16. -Length Ranges of Living Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels . . . 41 j ix r

I i

   - -        .-~. .  . .     .         -- - . -.          . . -         ._... . -                  - - ... . . . .--.. ..-.                               ..

4-I a f

17. Percentage Weight Loss by Cumulative Panels Submerged >

May 5, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

18. Percentage Weight Loss by Yearly Panels . . . . . . . . . 45; 19. Percentage of Live Teredo Specimens Found with Larvae in the
Gills: Cumulative Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 i 20.' Percentage of Live Teredo Specimens Found with Larvae in the l Gills; Yearly Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6d 4

i 6 I i I

,                                                                                                                                                             i J

4 4 4 i i f i X + E

       .- + ,w+-    #                                                              , - - % .                            ,, -- - - ,.------, , , w  - ~ , ,

4 4 I i 1 i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek who have cooperated in our field work. James Selman, Jane llalbeisen, Charles. King, i and Susan Salwen provided technical assistance. Eugenia Bohlke of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia served as X- ! ray technologist. Virginia 0hori of J.C.P. & L. provided data on the operation of the Generating Station. i a i - i l, 1 i s. I 1 A 1 i i

1 l t f Xi i f

  - - . -.         - . _ _       _ - _ - - . - . .           .  --       _ - ~ . -        -     .. -- _ - _ . - .

) 1 4 ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION j 4 Sept. 1, 1979 - Feb. 28, 1980 : J INTRODUCTION l Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between . the effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and < the proliferation of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent portions of Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (Turner,1974;

Hoagland et al,1977; Hoagland et al,1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979; Hoagland and Turner,1980). The effluent adds heat to the receiving waters, which extends the breeding season of teredin;Ja, increases their growth rates, and reduces their

, winter mortality rates. It has allowed the establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredq bartschi, in Oyster Creek and Forked River. The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant, and out into Oyster Creek (Fig. 1),

has increased the salinity of these two creeks. Shipworms now can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuit-able in salinity level and constancy for the establishment of l

, actively breeding shipworm populations. The populations of Teredo bartschi in Oyster Creek and (in lesser numbers) in Forked River are the focus of current studies. This report summarizes an ongoing collection of data on physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, listribution, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids. We go on to investigate species interactions and physiological limits to species survival which bear on the

question of whether or not Te;edo bartschi is replacing the l- two native species. We aise assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station, and which species are responsible. , 1 Two related projects are being conducted in Barnegat Bay using the same stations a's this study. Dr. R. D. Turner has deployed i ' I

l l l } i

i i l panels with various types of chemical and physical treatment l to see which wood preservative can best withstand very heavy i shipworm assault. Dr. K. E. Hoagland is conducting population i j genetic sttadies of three species to assess the relationship j between population genetic. structure, type of sex, method of reproduction, larval dispersal, and the ecological character-l istica : hat'are associated with good colon.sts that often 1 secome introduced species. Data collected J.n these two projects } will be reported elsewhere. . Earlier data related to this report can be found in Lane et al. , (1954), Directorate of Licensing, A.E.C. , 19 73, Woodward-Clyde, ! 1975, and J. C. P. and L., 1978. t -l

a j 1 h i ' i l' '

h 4 I 4 2 f

                                                                                                                                                           }
                             -    ..s.-            . , , - --,#-.,, ,. -en, .- , - , . .               e       -- -       -- - ,       s.--,e -- em,m. -,-

                                                     ,                                                  l'                   &                                                                        l
                                                        .                                                     es, w                                                                           --
                                                                                                                             .*; #2 w LLY PARA Q
                                                ..b#
                                          .h ,

[(an JO,. 3MM cto CREE :) - 2 i ' MY , < .:.

                                                                                                                                                     - Y , 'h;.s!, .
                                 % I       O       .
                                                                                                                                     ~ -
                                                                                                         ..                   3             ;

stout'S CRELK .

                                                                                                         /             r Mi1        N. '       -                                               l-                         .         AJ               un 4%

0 KM l pomktO RWER i' ..~ C; ' . . . .

                                                                          'f i;'s                                               ~ , .

1-{-Q

                                                                                                    . j. .'
                                                                                   e,                                                      'il-D ff.             (g { .
            <^
                                                              . , , ., M                   ,. :.ge. . E,'.ly@., . -Q,;.'
                                                                                                                                                                    , , ip;, '

p:.:, %, .:,,, ':

                                                                                                                                                 '*<              ~        ~*

f l I^Y ) h'%: $

                                                                                                                                                                    .i i:. ,{'

c f:

n:,.; f,. s ',, m.pj ./ '- , gj ,;(

. ' , ,,..y

                                                                                                                                     ~. -

,

9 ,

                                                                                                                     ...                   t-           . . .. ,,

l . .. *9c. - - p'

                                                                        ~
                                                                                                                                         ' ..,,:.e:   %.y:!;,:h, l                                                                                          ~ 29

0' f i,. .

                                                                                                                             ;-N:;,,
                                                                                         . . ; ,;..e

, , . . . . . ,, g 1

                                                             . .c . .:4
                                                                                                                 . . . .c;
                                                                                                                                           ,9.          . .: .L, E'i. '.(j                                                                                  .. ,g' ,

l 6.7

                                                             .p. g3 gJ'i.4 .* *j;c. ,.r'. .p:f *K.y                                .

1.i;. - ;/ :. [.y N;','I,I'~

                                                          ,v
                                                          's .r . .n.

n

                                                                                          ,               ..A                                                       lO .-

l

hp ., ? .[p 12 Il

                                                                                                                                                    ' , , ; .',4j 5 l

l l [ Fig. 1. Map Showing the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and Field Stations 1-13. The Station is at the extreme left. I i 3

METHODS Ef il.t i ons_ Over the first three years of our study, 20 stations were established in Barnegat Bay t o ronitor boring and foulind organisms. In September, 1979, the number was reduced to 12. The stations are shown in Fixs. 2 and i, and are listed in the appendix. The s tat ion numbers are not cont inuous because some have been discontinued. Station 1 is a northern control station on Barnegat Bay out side t he influence of the heated effluent. Some shipvarms, primarily Bankia gauldi, are traditionally found there. Station 3 is a cont rol s tat ion in a tidal creek outside the influence of the effluent. Shipworms are rarely found there. Stations 4, 5, and 6 are in Forked River, influenced by the plant's water intake system. There is some recirculation of heat-ed water that affects these stations, but the ru in influence is that the salinity is essentially that of the bay. Station 6 is sampled on a reduced schedule, only 4 times a year. Station 8 is on the hay between Oyster Creek and Forked River. Stations 10-12 are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals, silt, increased flow rate, etc.). Since JCP & L calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necesaary to characterize the effluent completely are not available. Stations 14 and 15 are at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, oe Barnegat Bay. Station 15, like Station 6, is being sampled on a reduced schedule. Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis for laboratory experinents. Fie Work- - - - --.ld Once each month, the water temperature and salinity are reasured at each station. Air temperature and tir.e of day are also rec a rded . The amount of silt set tling on wood panels submerged for one month is estimated as trace, light, r:od e ra t e , or heavy. At stations 1, 5, 11, and 14, records of temperature and salinity are kept by means of constant recording instruments that are servitad once a month. White pine panels, approximately 3/4" x 4" x 8", are used to obtain ship-worms for study. There are three panel ser.es: 1) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 1 month is removed and replaced. In this way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers arc obtained.

2) Each month, a panel that has been in the water for 12 months is re-moved and replaced. It provides data on timing of rep oduction, species and age struct ure of >stablished borer t.o *aunities, and other population data. 3) Each May, a series of 12 panels is deployed. These panels 5

OYSTED CRLEK ,,

                       ,                              n Dy 14
                  /

WARETOWN CREEK ' i IS h 9' i Y 16 ,

                                                                          %'                   s BARhEGAT     g         ,
                                                                                -             f*

W 'f p 3 ge:. v 4 I 4 IkN g gg ,

                                          ~0
                                                                      ~'

l

                                                                                                           ^
                                      )                                           .
                                                                             .? U '}';

5 u -

I MANAHAWKIN BAY ' j

                            %                                                                          /
                                                                                    - :<r                                                         l i

Fig. 2. Station Locations 14-17. 6

   .,,                       ,          ,                       -                     . - - . . .            r.     , , , , . . - .

    . - = . - . . ..          .. .         -_ .        ..       -. . . .        .      .       ..           . . . _            . - .. . . .

1 1 i a 4 ) i Y l

~[

i

i

BARNEGAT LIGHT i 18 ^ f

                                                                               . 19 O          KM            i i

k i ytg, 3 . Station Locations 18-19. i 7 (

i i a 1

are removed one per, month. They provide information on the cumulative a growth'and maturation of individual borers as well as development of the i

boring and fouling communities. The cumulative monthly amount of wood l destruction can be evaluated. These three panel series are called M, ! Y, and C. respectively. The Y and C series are replicated at some ] stations, as indicated in the data tables to follow. Replication is not j possible at all stations because of limed space where the water is deep ! enough to submerge a series of shipworm panels. i l Panels are presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks j against bulkheading or off finger docks. They rest about 6" above the water-sediment interface. i Lab Work Panals are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods, then scraped and X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent i record of damage. It is possible to count and often to identify shipworms j from the X-rays in uncrowded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantita-tive data in most cases. Therefore, using the X-rays as guidea, the pancis are dissected. All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined 4 for larvae in the gills, and measured (length only). They are preserved in 751 buffered alcohol. Identifications are first made by technicians, j but all Teredo spp. are checked by one of the senior investigators. i j Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved. Calcarcout tubes and other debris lef t by the shipworms are removed with F"-. The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weig&,, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed. The panels are s' ,o weighed before going into the water. The weight difference is a acasure of wood destruction dua to boring organisms. l During dissection of the wood panels, we <*;1 mate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicate mortalit*f. If pallets ate still present in the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm. Shipworms from the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved but are s kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels. In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi. Individuals of B. gouldi and T. navalis from the field are being maintained in the laboratory. i These stocks are used for temperature and salinity tolerance experiments. 4 As of February, 1980, three preliminary experiments to determine the i tolerances of Teredo bartschi to extremes of salinity had been conducted. 3 First, the salinity in a tank of >100 T. bartschi adults was raised via addition of artificial sea uater, 3-4 /oo per day, to 100/oo above that

,           ever experienced at our Barnegat Bay field stations (i.e., 45 /oo). The shipworms remained in this water for 2 months, during which time the temperature' varied from 10*-20* C. The water was changed every three days.

1 8

      , _             _         ~  _ _
                                           -- . _ _ ~ ._ _ _ _ - __ _ - ____                               , _ _ _ __      _

E 1 i The second experiment consisted of pediveliger Teredo bartschi of .75-2 mm long that were offspring of field-collected individuals. They had been allowed to settle on fresh 3/4x4x6" pine panels, f ree of nacro-

scopic predators, and were at the crawling stage or were beginning to l

bore but without a calcified burrow at the beginning of the experiment.

A control group of 20 individuals was placed in a small aquarium and i maintained at 22 /oo salinity. An experimental group of 20 individuals j was placed in an identical aquarium. Salinity was dropped gradually by adding dechlorinated water of 0 0/oo through a pasteur pipette into the j chamber containing the shipworms. The chamber was large enough so that i the pipette was away from the wood; mixing occurred before the zero i salinity water reached the shipworms. The salinity was dropped over a 3-hour petiod. The salinity was decreased by 3 o/oo per day, until 4 /oo i was reached. The animals were then maintained at 4 /oo, at which

! salinity raore than 50% mortality was achieved, and the experiment was terminated. The survivors were returned to 22-24 0/oo and observed for two more months. Daily observations using a dissecting microscope with universal stand, < l were made as to whether the shipworms were filtering, or had their siphons withdrawn, or were dead. These observations were made before and after the salinity was changed. It is difficult to determine death until the , bod / falls out of the wood, because in some cases, animals withdraw the siphons and then die in that condition. Growth and deposition of calcium were also observed. All observations were made at the same time of day, when the lab temperature was 20" C. Salinities were checked daily with i a hand-held refractometer. Missing data are due to the absence of 4, technicians on son a weekends and holidays. I the second experiment consisted of adult T. bartschi within wood sub-strate that had been taken from the field stations. These substrates i contained adult Nereis succinea within empty shipworm burrows. Since

     -the polychaetes could not be removed without damaging the shipworms, the
>    experiment was designed to include observations of predator activity.

Although flatworms are also predators on shipworms, none were seen on
the experimental panels.

I Specimens of Teredo bartschi in three panels were gradually adjusted to 12 0/oo salinity over a 48-hour period. One' panel containing 60 specimens was left at 12 /oo as a control. Af ter 24 hours, the two i experimental pancis were reduced to 9 o/oo. One containing 41 specimens . i was lef t n't 9 /oo. After another 24 hours, the remaining panel with 43 ! specimens was reduced to 6 O/oo. The shipworms were observed daily and i data recorded as in the previous experiment, except that observations of predatory activity by Nercis succinea were also attempted. After 36 days, the experimental salinities were lowered from 9 to 7 0/co and from 6 to j 3 O/co over a three-day period. After 63 days had ela.ded, the experi-mental salinities were lowered from 7 to 1 0/oo and from 3 to 1 /oo over a nine-day period. Because precise salinities were desired, closed j aquaria with aeration were used; the water was changed every two days. i 9

t i i d ) RESULTS Physical Data i j Monthly temperatures and continuous temperature data are in Tables 1

and 2 respectively. They reflect the shutdown of the generating station in early January for ref ueling. Prior to that time, the AT was about 6-7* C, comparing stations 1 and 11, September-December l (Table 2). Ice was present in Oyster Creek in February. It was so thick at the lagoon near the mouth (sta. 12) that the panels could not be removed. The plant was off.

i

Neither standard deviation nor the temperature range per month was greater in Oyster Creek than elsewhere, while the generating station was operating. Ilowever, during the periods when the station shut down, the temperature range was elevated both in Oyster Creek and Forked i

River (Table 2. December-January data) . l ! There was evidence of recirculation of the heated effluent into Forked l River in September, October, and November, albeit -internittent in the last month. The average rise in temperature in Forked River was l j between 1-2* C (Table 2, sta. 1 vs. 5). The temperature elevation at Bayside Beach club between Oyster Creek and Forked River can be seen

in Table 1. Recirculation was especially noticeable in September.

As we have found in past years, there is a slight natural temperature elevation at station 3, probebly due tn runoff from cedar swamps. The temperatures at the times of sampling are illustrated in Figure 4. Salinities are shown in Table 3 and Figure 5. We have continued to i experience severe technical problems with constant salinity recorders, even with backup instruments. Therefore, we rely on the monthly j field measurements. Salinity in Oyster Creek is less than in Forked River by 1-4 */.. f rom September to December. In January, when the station was not operating, station 4 at the mouth of Forked River was fully influenced by the bay' salinity (24 */..), while station 5 in Forked River had a reduced salinity level (half that of the bay). Oyster Creek station 12 (our farthest upstream station) likewise had salinity half that of the bay. Stations 10 and 11 were partly affected by bay waters, to about the same ment as stations 1 and 14 on Barnegat Bay near tidal cracks. In February, there was greater encroachment of salinity into Forked River and Oyster Creek. ~ These data can be understood by examining data for outages and pumping 1 levels at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (Tables 4 and 5). j Both circulation ind dilution pumping have been reduced during extensive outages in 1980. At times (e.g., early January), very little water was l pumped upstream in Forked River, allowing Oyster Creek and Forked River . l to approach the salinity regimes of other tidal creeks in Barnegat Bay. ! 11 i~ i _- ___ _i

I i Y 1 Table 1 ' Temperature Profiles in

C September, 1979 to February, 1980 Statien Sept 7 Oct 7 Nov 5 Dec 6 Jan 6 # Feb 9 different.a1 i within stations among months 1 24.1 d 13.0 b 5.0 -0.5 -0.5" 24.6 I I 3 28.3 d 14.6 9.0 e('0) e(~0) '28.3

. 4 27.3- 18.8 13.0 b 9.0 0.2 -1.0 28.3 )

5 27.3 d 14.1 8.0 -0.6b -1.0 28.3 ; 7 24.1 e e c c c c 8 23.3 18,8 14.6 9.0 0.5 -2.0 30.3 , 9 27.3 c c c c c c 10 28.9 24.6 16.7 a 11.0" 1. 0 . e 2;.9 11 28.3 24.9a 16.2 11.0a 1.0 0 28.3 ; 29.4 12 29.4 24.6 16.7a 11,oa 1.0 0 N 13 29.9a 24.1 e c c c c , 14 26.2 16.7 13.6 6.0 2.8a -2.2b 28.4 - 18 23.6 b c c c c c c 19 25.7 e c c c c c 20 26.2 14.lb c c c c c ' I i i

Differential among stations 6.3 10.8 3.7 6.0 3.4 1.7 } i liighest monthly value ) b Lowest monthly value C i No data. Stations discontinued. d Missing data ]

t C Station frozen in ice 1 # Plant off i

e i I _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ . _ _ _ + , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - - - -<m- * 'M a ^4 % '+- r?- ++ - - - - , - , - _ - o -c- s.e ~- - ----- - _ -- - -

Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data (*C) for September 7, 1979 to March 7, 1980 Stations 1, 5, 11, 14 I. Temperature at 1:00 PM Sept 7-Oct 7 Oct 7-Nov 5 Nov 5-Dec 6 a b 1 5 11 14 1 5 11 14 _1 5 11 14

                              'han Daily Temp. at IPM 19.2 22.3 26.1 21.3                     12.1 12.6 18.9       '14       8.4   -

14.3 ~9

_ Standard deviation 2.2 1.2 1.8 1.8_ 2.1 2.9 2.6 ~2 2.6 -

2.4 '2 Highest value at 1 PM 23.3 25.3 29.6 24.9 16.9 19.3 24.9 ~19 12.3 - 17.9 '13 Lowest value of temp. at 1PM 15.4 21.1 21.9 17.9 9.6 7.9 15.9 ~12 2.7 - 9.7 '4 Monthly temp. range at 1PM 7.9 4.2 7.7 7.0 7.3 11.4 9.0 '7 9.6 - 8.2 '9 C Dec 6-Jan 6,1980 Jan 6-Feb 9 Feb 9-March 7 1 5 11 14a 1 5 11 14a 1 SC 11 14" 3 T.ei e "tily Temp. at IPM 3.0 3.3 9.0 '4 0.9 - 2.7 ~6 0.6 - 2.9 - Stariard deviation 2.1 3.0 2.2 ~2 1.6 - 2.0 'l 1.3 - 1.7 - Hi' . r. Jalue at 1 PM 5.2 9.2 12.9 '8 3.7 3.4 5.8 ~3 3.2 3.7 6.8 - Lo se of temp. I n?. 'IPM -1.4 -1.7 2.7 ~2 -1.6 <-2.2 -0.3 '1

                                                                                                                            -1.6 <2.2      0.4        -

Manihly reap.' range at IPM 6.6 10.9 10.2 ~6 5.3 - 6.1 '4 4.8 - 6.4 - a Calibration of the thermometer at station 14 was of f by approximately 23' F. The data presented are corrected based upon this value. They must be considered ap. oximate, and should not be compared rigorously with data from other stations. b Chart winding mechanism malfunction d in November, c Chart does not record temperatures' lower than -2.2" C.

Table 2 continued II. Maximum Daily Temperature Sept 7-Oct 7 Oct 7-Nov 5 Nov 5-Dec 6 D 1 5 11 14 1 5 11 14" 1 S 11 14" Mean value of max. 19.8 23.6 26.5 22.5 13.0 14.1 19.4 ~15 9.0 - 15.0 ~10 Daily Temp. Standard deviation 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.6 2.1 2.6 2.7 2 2.5 - 2.4 '2 Highest value of max. Daily Temp. 24.6 26.1 29.9 25.0 17.6 20.3 25.0 ~20 13.3 - 18.6 ~13 Lowest value of rmx. Daily Temp. 116.2 22.2 22.7 19.2 10.4 11.1 16.1 ~13 3.3 - 9.8 '5 Monthly range of max. Daily Temp. 8.4 3.9 7.2 5.6 7.2 9.2 8.9 ~7 10.0 - 8.8 ~8 l 5 Dec 6,1979-Jan 6,1980 Jan 6-Feb 9 Feb 9-March 7 C 1 5 11 14" 1 S 11 14" 1 Sc 11 14a

                                 .Mean value of max.                   3.6             4.5 10.1     ~5        1.3   -

3.1 'l 1.0 - 3.8 - Daily Temp. Standard deviation 1.8 3.0 2.3 ~2 1.5 - 2.1 'l 1.3 - 1.7 - Highest value of max. Daily Temp. 5.3 10.1 13.7 '8 4.2 4.6 6.7 '4 3.8 4.4 7.1 - 2 Lowest value of max. Daily Temp. -0.4 -0.4 4.9 ~2 -1.2 <-2.2 -0.2 -

                                                                                                                                     -1.4   <2.2   1.5    -

Monthly range of max. Daily Temp. 5.7 10.5 8.8 ~6 5.4 - 6.9 ~5 5.2 - 5.6 -

Table 2 continued 111. Minimum Daily Temperatures Sept 7-Oct 7 Oct 7-Nov 5 1 5 a Nov 5-Dec 6 11 14 1 5 11 14 b Mean value of min. 1 S 11 14" 18.5 21.7 24.5 21.0 11.2 11.7 17.4 'l 7.5 - 13.7 ~9 Daily Temp. ' Standard deviation 2.1 1.1 1.9 1.8 2.3 2.7 2.5 '2 2.7 Highest: value of min. . 2.7 '2 Daily Temp. 22.5 24.6 27.5 24.9 Lowest value of min. 16.4 17.8 23.3 '19 11.4 - 16.3 '12 Daily. Temp. 14.4 20.6 20.7 17.8 7.8

              ' Monthly range of min.

8.3 14.4 ~12 1.5 - 8.4 '4 Daily Temp. 8.1 4.0 6.8 7.1 8.1 10.0 8.9 ~ 7 9.9 - 7.9- '.8 C Dec 6,1979-Jan 6,1980 Jan 6-Feb 9 1 Feb 9-March 7 5 11 14" 1 5 11 14" 1 Sc 11 14" Mean value of min. 2.2 1.8 8.4 ~4 0.3 2.2 2.6

                                                                                               '2    -0.1  -                 -

Daily Temp. Standard deviation 1.9 2.3 2.3 '2 1.6 - 2.0 1.3 - Highest value of mia. 'l 1.7 - Daily Temp. 5.0 7.4 12.5 '7 3.2 3.2 5.5 Lowest value of min.

                                                                                               ~2      3.1  3.3      6.8    -

Daily Temp. -1.5 -2.1 1.9 '2 Monthly range of min.

                                                                      -2.0 <-2.1    -0.6       '2    -2.0 <2.2 0.4          -

Daily Temp. 6.5 9.5 10.6 ~6 5.2 6.1

                                                                                               '4     5.1  -

6.4 -

 . . . - . _ . -...-         .-   - -~    .-    ..   . . - . ..-       -     -.   .         -         .-. . - . - = -        .          _-   ~ . . .

f Table 2 continued

IV. Daily Temperature Ranges Sept 7-Oct 7 Oct 7-Nov 5 Nog 5-Dec 1 5 11 14 1 5 11 '14 1 5 11 , J4' Mean daily AT 1.3 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.8 '2.4 2.0 1 1.4 - 1.3 0.9 Standard deviation 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 6 0.8 - 0.8 0.4 Largest daily AT for

                  .one month             2.7   3.2          5.4     2.6       3.5    4.2      5.2 2.8        3.4       -

3.0 1.7

            ' Smallest daily AT for one month       0.3   0.7         0.4      0.8      0.5     1.3      0.7 0.5       0.4         -

0.4 0.3 t

5 ; l Dec 6,1979-Jan 6, 1980 Jan 6-Feb 9 Feb c 9-March 7

1 5 11 14 1 Sc 11 14 1 ~5 11 14 Mean daily AT 1.4 2.7 1.8 0.7 1.0 -

0.9 0.8 1.1 - 1.2 - 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 - 0.6 - Standard deviation 0.8 2.3 1.4 - Largest daily AT for one month 3.2 10.2 3.5 1.7 2.9 - 2.5 3.2 2.5 - 2.4 - Smallest daily oT for one month 0.3- 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 - 0.2 0.2 0.5 - 0.2 - i r t t

2 1 l 5, 4

                                                                                      }48 1              .

b A e aA* A N 2 1 s , n 1 o 1 i , 5 t 4 0 ' a 1 154l kt .

                                                                               ^   aA*^            f t

a mSr C e J h rt eO t sl yl OA 2 1 aA 1 8, 1, 0 4, 4 1 3 5 1 1 . c a A A a A e D s0 e8 r9 u1 t a . s 4 rb h t e pF ee n r m- i o u e9 2 f gT7 i 9 1, F y1 01 8, 4 4, l 11 3511 . h . v t t np aa AAAa o oe N MS 2 1 10

4 11 1 .

t

c O

1 1 20 8, 5, 4 . 1 t1 41 1 t 3a^A 4 4 p

               ^                                                                                   e S

0 8 6 4 2 0 8 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 6 4 0 8 6 2 2 0 1 1 1 - u

Table 3 l Salinity Profiles in */... September, 1979 to February, 1980 Stations Sept 7 Oct 7 Nov 5- Dec 6 Jan 6 Feb'9 differential within stations 1 11.5 14 24 20 17 9 15 3 15 a 17 17 ice ice 2 4 22 21 23 23 24 21 3 5 24 a 24 22 12 21 12 ! 7 5 8 Discontinued

                       .8              24        20                     24                24                    24                         18                                         6 9              22.5      Discon t inue d -------------                       -      - - - -                 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10 20 17.5 21 20.5 18 ice 3.5 5 11 21. a 22 19 17 21' 5 9.5

12. 22 18 21 20 12.5 20 13 21 Discontinued --

                                                                                                 - - - - - - - - - - - -                             =

14 22 20 22 19 18 22 4

                                                                                               - - - - - - - - - - -                  ==

18 27 Discontinued ----

19. 26 Dis con t inued --------------- - - - - - - - - - - = - - = --

20 5 5' Discontinued -- - = - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Measurements are to nearest 0.5 */.. a Missing data 4

- - - - - - - - - ,, c-w w, ,v . w _, _ -,w figure 5 Monthly Salinities Sept. 1979 - Feb. 1980 30 0 Oyster Creek 28 m All Other Stations 26 24 m 5,8 a 1,5,8 4,8 m 4 m 4,8 22 as 4,12,14 oa 11,14 e 5 a 14 a 11 e4 0 10,12 O a 4.5,11 20 0 10 0 10 a 8,14 oa 1,12 a 12

                 -                                                   "               O'

11,14 18 a 12 88 o 0 10 Oe 10,14 o

a 3 ca 1,11 16 iC a 3 a 14 a 14 m a 12 12 , y a 5 10 ml 8 6 4 2 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. MONTilS

l l Table 4: OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION Outage Dates, . 1979-1980 1979: Jan. 16-18 1980: Jan. 5-Feb. 28 and l Feb. 6-7 -continuing.

Mar. 26-Apr. 8
May 2-31 Nov. 23-26 Table 5: l
,

OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION 6 r CIRCULATION AND DILUTION FLOW IN GAL. x10 FOR 1979-1980 'I Circulating Water Flow DilutionFgow (gal. 10 6) (gal. 10 ) i j January 19,490 19,008 ~ February 18,350 20,194 March 19,625 18,800 April 18,575 18,308 May 15,151 12,282 June 19,872 21,745 f July 20,476 23,148

;             August                                     20,553                      23,138
'             September                                  19,522                      12,483

October 20,522 18,718 November 19,553 20,638 December 20,405 22,816 1980 January 5,976 17,835 February 0 21,067 i

1 4 t 2a e.,- ~.- , p. .yg.4-- ,y- - , w w - -r-., y mey -,-

4 i Shipworm Populations Panels submerged for one month and retrieved in September, 1979, contained shipworms at most stations, except for those high in eldal creaks. Most specimens could not be identified due to their small size and hence are left as "Teredinid spp." in Table 6. However, inference from other months' data ctrongly leads to the conclusion that the unidcutified specimens 'at stations 10-12 were mostly Teredo bartschi, while those at station 19 were Teredo navalis. Tn September, settlement a was highest at Long Beach Island and in Oyster Croek, followed by Forked River and then other inner Barnegat Bay stations. There were many newly-settled shipworms at station 10 in Oyster Creek that could not be extracted whole from the wood; the X-ray of that panel showed over 1,500 entries (Table 7). 3 In . the panels removed October 8, . shipworm settlement was drastically reduced. It occurred only in Oyster Creek. Thus settlement of ship-

  ;               worms was- prolonged in Oyster Creek relative to the other stations, i                  This is due at least in part t- the presence of ];. bartschi in Oyster Creek, a long-term brooding species that releases pediveliger larvae that do'not disperse far. We have found that T. bartschi has a longer breeding and settlement period than species native to Barnegat Bay.                 l ll,                 There was no shipworm settlement in one-month panels recovered over the period November through February.

Table 8 shows the size ranges of the shipworms extracted from the one-month panels. The largest individuals were from Oyster Creek and the Bayside Beach Club between Oyster Creek and Forked River. For example, Bankia gouldi was only 4 mm long at station 1, while a specimen 39 mm long was found in Oyster Creek. The size differences are dramatic evidence cf accelerated growth due to the heated effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. None of the shipworms taken f rom one-month panels contained larvae in the gills. Therefore, in late summer, 1979, the generation time was greater than could be accommodated by submerging a panel one month and removing it the next. i Specimens of all three species, the two native to Barnegat Bay and the introduced T. . bartschi, settled in Oyster Creek in September. The only [ other station for which this was true is station 8 at the Bayside' Beach

j. Club, which is also under the influence of the power plant's effluent.

Although no Teredo bartschi could be identified positively from the

,                 one-month panel in September, several specimens quite probably were
                  ];. bartschi.

21

Table 6 Numbers of Living Shipworms, Monthly Panels Date Removed: S,2p t 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Station B_. g. T.n. T.b. T.spp. Teredinid spp. Total Total T_. b_. 1 1 3 4 0 , 3 0 0 4 3 3 0 5 1 19 20 0 7 0 0 8 3 5 11 19 0 9 0 0 10 42 ~126 '168 106 106 M 11 1 . 22 31 28 84 14 14 12 12 49 61 64 64 13 0 0 14 1 1 0 18 a 0 19 3 237 127 367 0 20 0 0 Totals 9 32 76 280 330 727 184 184 a: Rack lost

_ _ _ _ - _ _ - - . . - . . . - . _ ~ . - . . . , . - - . . - . . . . - - . . - Table 7 ' Numbers of Living Shipworms Plus Bore Holes or' Empty Tubes Detected in X-rays, Monthly Pancis Date Removed: Sept 1, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. T.spp. Teredinid spp. Total T.b. Total 1- 1 3 4 0 3 0 0 4 1 1 4 0 5 1 19 20 0 7 0 0 8 3 5 11 10 29 0 9 0 0 g 1,0 42 '1451 ~1500 106 106

'                                        u     11           1                 2        22       31             17.1               229         14         14 12                                       12                     125                 137        64         64 13                                                                                    0                    0 14                                                1                                   1                    0 18                                                                                    a                    0 19           3                                  237            ~360               '600                     0 20                                                                                    0                    0 Totals         9                32         76     280          ~2127                2524        184        184 a: Rack lost containing Monthly Panel

.i

Table 8 Length Ranges of Living Specimens, Monthly Pancis, in mm Date Removed: Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 , Station --B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. _B .-.g . T.n. __ .T.b.

,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   7 1                                            4                                                  4-6 3
                                                                                       -4                                                                                                   11-15 5                                       10                                                        5-25 r3                                      5-37                                                    14-19                      1-20*
                                                                                        .9                                                                                                                                                                                       ,

y 10 , 1-14, 1-10 11 39, 22-26 3-16 1-14 1-4 12 2-6 2-10*

13

! 14 5 .l 18 19 2-4 1-13 20 Largest specimen each month, each species. r. k

T Tables 9-12 present the data on shipworms found in panels submerged I on May 5, 1979, arid removed be: ween September, 1979 and February 1980. We used the x-rays taken of each panel in order to count the total number of tubes (Table 10). Although much of the difference

,         between Tables 9 and 10 represents mortality to shipworms (Table 11),

some of the difference is due to destruction of tiny shipworms in the process of dissection. Hence in Table 9, the number of shipworms for stations 10.in September and 5, 10, and 12 in October are under-estimates. Likewise, the percentages of shipworms alive at the same stations (Table 11) are underestimates. Some of the unrecovered i shipworms at station 5 could have been Teredo bartschi. Another. misleading datum is the number of shipworms in the panel from station 11 in November. That panel was half eaten away; the total number of specimens that once inhabited it (Table 10) is hence much greater than 570. 4 The most significant discovery of this report is the finding of Teredo bartschi at station 14, Waretown Creek, in November. This introduced species was not distributed widely in the area. It was not found on the monthly ranels, nor on the October cumulative panel, although the size of the specimens found in the November cumulative punel (Table 12) indicates that the animals settled r< re than one month before they were collected. Teredo bartschi was found at Waretown Creek by R.D. furner in 1975, but has not been seen there i by us in the pasc 3 years. The greatest shipworm attack as represented by the cumulative panels was at Oyster Creek (mainly Teredo bartschi but all three species), lleavy attack also occurred at Bayside Beach Club (all 3 species), IIolly Park (mainly Bankia gouldi), Forked River (all 3 species), and at the mouth of Paretown Creek (all 3 species). The only stations without shipworms w ne those far into tidal creeks (sta. 3, 7, 9, 13, and 20). Teredo bartschi occurs in an area between Waretown and Forked River, all of which is influenced by the thermal plume from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The cumulative. panels reveal that most settlement occurred by early September at llolly Park and Forked River, but significant settlement occurred during September in Oyster Creek, Waretown Creek,.ind Long Beach Island. This is due to the strong component of Teredo spp., which settle later than Bankia gouldi, at these si.'tions. I The low numbers of shipworms at stations 9 and 13 in the intake and

effluent canals were due to very rapid current and scour in those areas.

25

I i I Table 9 Numbers of Living Shipworms in Cumulative Panels Submarged May 5,1979 Sept. 8, 1979 Tere- Oct. 8, 1979 Nov. 5, 1979 Station B_.3. T.n. T.b. T.spp dinid Total B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sou. Total B_.g. T.n. T.b. T.spp. Total 1 89 19 0 0 21 129 49 14 0 0 63 69 9 0 0 78 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 11 1 0 5 29 13 7 0 0 20 13 16 0 0 29 5 17 27 0 0 22 66 25 19 0 0 44 25 22 0 0 47 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - b 8 53 15 4 3^ 51 126 49 18 157 0 224 56 7 34 0 97 9 2 2 0 0 1 5 2 1 0 0 3 - - - - b 10 7 0 262 0 0 269 4 0 186 1 191 2 3 115 0 120 11 3 1 68 0 0 72 5 1 -600 0 606 - - - - c 12 2 2 492 0 0 496 0 2 80 0 82 0 0 70 0 70 5 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 - - - - b 14 29 34 0 0 0 63 25 60 0 1 86 27 35 20 12 94 18 - - - - - b - - - - b - - - - b 19 1 34 0 0 0 35 2 75 0 0 77 - - - - b 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - b Totals 215 145 827 3 100 1)290 175 197 1,023 2 1,397 192 92. 239 12 535 "Probably T. bartschi; too small for positive identification. b Station discontinued.

                                                                                             ' Panel lost.

Teredinid = shipwcrm without pallets; could not te identified.

  - _ _ _ - _ - _ - _ .      .    -   .       . - - .          .  . . - - -       .-.. .--- - . - ~ . -

i l l Table 9 , continued

                                                . Numbers of Living Shipwoms in Cumulative Panels submerged May 5,1979 Dec. 6, 1979                             Jan. 6, 1980                                Feb. 9, 1980 Tere-                            Tere-Station      B_. g.        f.n. T.b. Total      B.g.           T.n.         T.b. dinid Total  B.g. T.n. T.b. dinid Total 1

1 82 6 0 .88 57 10 0 0 67 122 11 0 0 133- ! 3- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 15 8 0 23 12 9 0 3 .24 13 10 . 0 0 23 5 22 24 0 46 18 27 1 9 55- 29 19 5 'O 53 8 45 4 11 60 52 5 5 0 62 39 6. 0 11 56 10 3 5 113 -121 7 2 107 0 116 - - - - e ! 11 4 3 90 97 - - - -- d - - - - d 12' O O .75 75 - - - - d 0 0 0 0 O f U- 14 30 19 2 51 20 19- 0 0 39 24 15 0 0 39 Totals 201 69 291 561 166 72 113 12 363 227 61 5 11 304 dp anel removed earlier due to riddling.

                           *I station frozen.

panel full of mud; all animals dead. 4 -

Table 10 Numbers of Living Shipworms plus empty tubes, Cumulative Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1979 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp Tere- Total dinid dinid dinid 1 89 19 0 0 150 258 49 14 0 6 167 >230 69 9 0 0 52 >130 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 11 1 0 8 32 14 8 0 0 0 22 14 23 0 0 19 56 5 17 27 0 0 35 79 25 19 0 0 55 99 25 22 0 0 30 77 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - b 8 53 15- 4 3a 134a 209 49 18 157 0 149a 373 56 7 34 0 123a 220 9 2 2 0 0 1 5 2 2 0 0 1 5 - - b a 0 186 1 >1109a 1300 3 122 0 100a 227 10 7 0 262 0. >231 >500 4 2 13 3 1 68 0 >648a >720 11 1 600 0 > 400a >1012 - - - - - c 12 2 2 492 0 >164a >660 0 2 80 0 >1418a :1500 0 0 70 0 >500^ >570 M 13 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - - b la 29 34 0 0 28 91 25 60 0 1 >39 >125 27 35 20 12 47 141 18 - - - - - b - - - - - b - - - - - b 19 1 34 0 0 42 77 2 75 0 0 >73 >150 - - - - - b 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - b Totals 215 145 827 3 >1442 >2632 182 199 1023 2 >3411 4817 193 99 246 12 >841 >1421

        ^ Probably T. bartschi, at least in large part.

b Station discontinued. c Panel lost.

Table 10 continued Numbers of Living Shipworms plus empty tubes, Cumulative Panels, submerged May 5,1979 - Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9, 1980 Station B,. g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B,.g. T.n_. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total dinid dinid dinid 1 82 5 0 0 162 250 57 10 0 0 101 168 122 11 0 0 200 333 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 15 8 0 7 0 30 12 9 0 0 12 33 16 10 0 3 2 31 5 22 24 0 0 24 70 18 27 1 0 34 80 31 22 6 0 43 102 8 45 4 11 0 > 90 >150 52 5 6 0 22 85 39 6 0 0 179 224 10 3 5 113 0 >182 >303 7 2 107 0 >174 >290 - - - - - d 11 4 3 90 0 >388 >485 - - - - - e - - - - - e 12 0 0 75 0 >425 >500 - - - - - e - - - - - f 14 30 19 2 0 0 51 20 19 0 0 24 63 24 15 0 0 4 43 Totals 201 69 291 7 >1271 >1839 166 72 114 0 >367 >719 232 64 6 3 >128 >733 d Station frozen. 8 Panel removed earlier due to riddling, f Completely riddled. Teredinid - shipworm without pallets.

Table 11 Percentage of Specimens that were alive when collected, Cumulative Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1979 Station No. Living Total No. % No. Living Total No. % N . Living Total No. % a a Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Observed Observed , Observed 1 129 258 50 63 >230 <27 78 >130 <60 3 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 4 29 32 91 20 22 91 29 56 52 5 66 79 84 44 99 44 47 77 61 7 0 0 - 0 0 - b b b 8 126 209 60 244 373 65 97 220 44 9 5 5 100 3 5 60 b b b 10 269 >500 <54 191 >1300 <l5 120 227 53 - 11 72 >720 <10 '606 >1012 <60 e e c 12 496 >660 <75 82 >1500 <5 70 >570 <12

                                  $   13                      0                               1           0                     1                1 100                      b            b        b 14            63                                       91         69                    86       > 125       <69                     94         141       67 18                      b                               b           b                     b                b   b                      b            b        b 19            35                                       77         45                     77      > 150       <51                      b            b        b 20                     0                                0           -

0 0 - b b b Totals, 1290 >2632 <49 1397 >4817 <29 535 >1/ <38 a Underestimated because some small specimens were not successfully dissected from panels.

Some panels had desiccated in the freezer and small specimens were brittle.

b Station discontinued. C Panel lost.

Table 11 continued . Percentage of Specimens that were alive when collected, Cumulative Panels Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9, 1980 Station No. Living Total No. % No.Living Total No. % No Living Total No. % a ' Alive Specimens Tubes Alive" Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Observed Observed Observed l _ 1 88 250 35 67 168 40 133 333 40 3 0- 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 4 23 30 77 24 33 73 23 31 74 5 46 70 66 55 80 69 53 102 52 - 8 60 >150 <40 62 85 73 56 224 25 10 121 >303 <40 116 >290 <40 d d d 11' 97 >485 <20 e e e e e e 12 75 >500 <15 e e e 0 f 0 14 51 51 100 39 63 62 39 43 91 ' N P Totals 561 >1839 <31 363 >719 <50 304 733 41 c Panel lost. d Station frozen. e Panel r,.oved earlier due to riddling, f Panel completely riddled. Note: Some of the values of % alive in this table are underestimates. See text for an explanation.

4 i The lengths of shipworms (Table 12), as in the monthly panels, demon-

strate more rapid growth in Oyster Creek and Forked River, compared with Holly Park and Waretown. In only one case (Bankia gouldi in November) was the largest specimen found outside the Oyster Creek-Forked River area. Some specimens of Teredo bartschi exceeded 120mm; this is unusual for this species.

The pattern seen in the panels that had been submerged for twelve i months (Tables 13-16) is similar to that described for the cumulative

panels. The variable total numbers of living shipworms in the panels

from any one station removed between September and February reflect natural variation in settling patterns, ec well as timing of spat-falls versus mortality. For example, September and October panels received new settlement just before their removal, whereas many of the young shipworms perished before the December-February panels were removed. Hence the total numbers of living animals declined f rom December to February.

Table 14 shows that, after one year, panels from Oyster Creek con-

i tained an order of magnitude more shipworms than panels from Long Beach Island. They contained two orders of magnitude more shipworms j than panels from inner Barnegat Bay stations not subject to the thermal plume from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

;.

Forked River stations were more heavily attacked in 1979-1980 than previously, probably because of the increasing presence of Teredo bartschi there. 1 Table 15, the percentages of specimens alive when collected, is biased as described earlier for Table 11, although most of the mortality described for December-February is real. Our laboratory cultures of i shipworms confirms that badly riddled panels cannot support living shipworms for more than 12-15 months. Mortality from the polychaete Nereis succinea and various flatworms is high because shipworm tubes j i become exposed. Mortality is higher in our Oyster Creek panels than 1

in others simply because there is less protective wood in these heavily l 4

eaten panels. -The shutdown of the power plant in winter probably , contributed to the mortality of Teredo bartschi. In yearly panels removed December through February, there_were several very large specimens taken at Station 14. The reason for this deviation from the pattern seen in the cumulative panels is that Oyster Creek and Forked River panels are too crowded for the shipworms to attain their l 4 maximum size. Station 14 is at the edge of the thermal plume. 1 . 32 1 I I

Table 12 Length Ranges of Living Shipworcs, Cumulative Panels, Submerged May 15, 1979 Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1979-Statlo;t s_.3 I.n. I.b. 33 I.n. I.b. i s.3 I.n. I.b. 1 15-75 20-69 9-70 4-35 11-50 15-50 3 4 35-145 56-145 28 30-225* 25-220* 70-170 21-185* 5 20-208 11-150* 20-140 14-175 15-130 20-147 7 8 18-120 20-100 8-30 15-75 13-75 2-44 8-115 10-84 3-60 9 145-210 95-125 60-115 10 10 82-230* 8-116*' 36-152 3-90* 120-165 65-75 3-100* ts 11 43-92 87 3-55 6-70 29 1-70 12 145-164 82-117 4-76 95 3-40 2-30 13 10 14 19-197 2-130 25-175 12-110 40-250* 15-160 2-32 18 19 7 1-38 25-40 3-165 20 Largest specimen each species, each month.

                       ..       - . .        --. .                        . . - - .. .        - . . .              ..    =.    -        ..      .  .   . _.

Table 12 continue.d Length Ranges of Living Shipworms, in mm, Cumulative Panels Dec 6,'1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9. 1980 Station B_.g. T.n. T . b_. B.g. I. n_. I.h. B_. 3 1. n_. I.A. I 10-71 19-31 10-54 13-30 6-60 15-35 3 4 55-175* 42-215* 57-196* 36-210* 80-250* 4-180* 5 30-165 23-205 22-187 26-160 18-149 12-67 3-30* 8 9-165 9-40 4-26 18-145 67-97 18-104 38-85 ' 10 120-158 '18-150- 1-90* 65-162 130-190 2-50* m 11 15-66 15-37 1-39 e 12 1-45 14 35-170. 30-87 25-33 37-150 23-115 25-120 18-40

Largest specimen each species,each month.

b i Table 13 Number of Living Shipworms in Yearly Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 8, 1979 Station B_.g. T_.n_. T.b_. T_.sp. Tere- Totar B.g. T_.n. T.b. T.sp. Total B_. g . T_. n . T. b_. Total 4 dinid 1 '29 4 0 0 3 36 21 8 0 0 29 0 0 0 a 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 4 14 12 1 0 4 31 32 17 0 1 50 18 16 0 34 5 22 30 0 2 0 54 23 27 61 3 114 25 12 22 59 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - b 8 1r 5 0 0 1 25 29 6 8 1 44 47 4 6 57 10 1 1 80 0 0 82 4 0 800 0 804 a t 11 6 7 395 0 12 420 1 2 158 0 161 0 0 208, 208 , 12 - - - - - c - - - - c - - - c i M 14 25 52 0 0 0 77 20 48 0 0 68 27 25 0 52 ' 18 0 210 0 0 0 210 - - - - - - - * - b 19 1 44 0 0 0 45 3 103 0 0 106 - - - b Totals 117 365 476 2 20 980 133 211 1027 5 1376 118 57 236 411 , Panel lost after X-ray. b Station discontinued. C Panel had been removed earlier due to riddling, to prevent its loss. i

n. ._ -

Table 13 continued Number of Living Shipwerms in Yearly Panels Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9,~1980 Station B_.3 T_.n. T. b_. Total B_. g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total dinid dinid 1 19 2 0 21 21 3 0 0 24 29 5 0 0 34 1 Rep 57 8 0 65 - - - - - 99 8 0 0 107 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 20 9 0 29 28 7 0 0 35 18 8 0 0 26 5 25 8 19 52 31 6 17 0 54 28 21 0 0 49 8 64 8 47 119 58 9 9 0 76 40 0 1 2 43 8 Rep - - - - - - - - - 39 8 3 0 50 10 8 0 127 135 2 0 17 0 19 - - - - d g 11 2 0 41 43 1 0 117 0 118 2 0 0 0 2 12 1 0 99 100 - - - - c 1 0 0 0 1 14 13 41 0 54 15 24 0 3 42 25 26 0 28 79 14 Rep - - - - - - - - - 9 5 0 0 14 Totals 152 68 333 553 156 49 160 3 368 143 60 1 30 234 Rep = Replicate panel, data not included in totals. C Panel removed earlier due to riddling. d Station frozen.

Table 14 Numbers of Living Shipworms p3 a empty tubes, Yearly Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8 1979 Nov 5, 1979 Total Station B.g. T_.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B_.g. T.n. T.b. T.sp. Tere- Total B_.g. T.n. T.b. Tere-dinid dinid dinid 1 33 4 0 0 3 40 29 8 0 0 15 52 0 0 0 0 e 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 18 12 1 3 4a 38 33 18 0 0 Sa 56 18 18 0 '4 40' 5 22 30 0 2 22a 76 23 27 61 3 71 185 25 12 22 59 118 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - b 8 2'i 5 0 0 13a 39 29 6 9 1 22a 67 47 4 6 57a 134 10 4 1 80 0 >1415a >1500 4 0 482 >1514 >2000 0 0 0 >1500a >1500 11- 6 7 395 0 >1592a >2000 1 2 158 0 > 839a >1000 7 G 908 >1285a >1500 12 - - ' - - - d - - - - - d - - - d 14 25 52 0 0 24 101 20 48 0 0 64 132 27 25 0 22 74 w

             "      18                               0 525     0      0      0     525   -    -     -    -          -

b - - - - b 19 1 44 0 0 38 83 3 103 0 0 5 111 - - - - b Totals 130 680 476 5 >3111 >4402 142 212 710 4 >2535 > 3603 125 59 236 >2927 >3347

                                        " Probably Teredo barts G .

b Station discontinued. C Panel lost. d Panel removed earlier due to riddling.

Table 14 continued Numbers of Living Shipworms, plus empty tubes, Yearly Panels Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9,1080 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total B.g. T.n. T.b. Tere- Total dinid dinid djnid 1 19 2 0 0 21 24 4 0 1 29 29 6 0 4 39 1 Rep 57 8 0 _19 84 - - - 99 0 8 23 130 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' 4 20 9 0 29 58 28- 12 0 15 55 18 8 0 14 40 5 25 8 19 >78 >130 31 6 17 >81- >135 28 21 0 >147 >196 8 64 8 47 >119 >238 58 9 9 >124a >200 40 0-1 >109 >150 8 Rep - - - - - - - - 39 8 3 >150 >200 10 8 0. 127 >540 >675 2 0 17 >931 >950 - ' e 11 ~2 0 41 >817 >860 1 0 117 >662 >780 2 - - - f u 12 1 0 99 >900 >1000 - - - - d 1 - - - f 14 15 41 0 16 72 15 24 0 21 60 25 26 0 37 88 14 Rep - - - - - - - 0 0 9 7 16 Totals 154 68 333 >2499 >3054 159 55 160 >1835 >2209 143 62 3 > 334 >859 Rep = Replicate panel, data not included in totals, a Probably T. bartschi; too small for positive identification. d Panel removed earlier due to riddling.

Station frozen.

f Panel completely riddled.

Table 15 Percentage of Specimens that were alive when coll-ected. Yearly Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8. 1979 Nov 5, 1979 No. Liv'.ng Total No. % No.Living Total No. % No.Living Total No. % Station Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Observed Observed Observed 1 36 40 90 29 52 56 - - 3 0 0 - 0 0 - 1 1 100 4 31 38 82 50 56 89 34 40 85 5 54 76 71 114 185 62 59 118 50 7 0 0 - 0 0 - - - b 8 25 39 64 44 67 66 57 114 50

                                                                                 '10            82      >l500        <5            804         >2000      <24      -
                                                                                                                                                                          >1500          a 11          420       >2000        <21           161         >1000      <16    208      >1500       <14 12             -          -

d - - d - - d

                                                                            $     14            77        101          76           68           132       52     52         74        70 18          210         525         40             -             -

b - - b 19 45 83 54 106 111 95 - - b Totals 980 >4402 <22 1376 >3603 <38 411 >3347 <13 8 Pa: ei lost af ter X-ray taken, b Station discontinued. c Panel lost. d Panel removed earlier due to riddling. 3

                                        . -                                .  --      . ..              _.           ~.. -      . - . _   _        .

1 Table 15 continued Percentage of Specimens that were alive when collected. Yearly Panels i Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9, 1980 No.Living Total No. % No.Living Total No. % No.Living Total No. % Station Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Observed Observed Obse rved 4 1 21 21 100 24 29 83 34 39 87 1 Rep 65 84 77 - - - 107 130 82 3 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 4 29 58 50 35 55 64 26 40 65 5 52 >130 <40 54 >135 <40 49 >196 <25 8 119 >238 <50 76 >200 <38 43 >150 <29 8 Rep - - - - - - 50 >200 <25 10 135 >675 <20 19 >931 <2 - - e

                         ,,     11               43       >860       <5             118           >662     <18                2               f       41 c)     12              100      >1000       <10               d              d      d                1              f        <1 14               54         71         76            42             60      70               79           88          90 14 Rep             -          -          -              -             -       -

14 16 88 Totals 618 >3C66 <20 368 >2209 <17 405 >859 <47 Rep = Replicate panel, data not included in totals.

Station frozen.

I Panel completely riddled. t

_. ,, .. . . _ . -_ ._ _ . _ . . __ - . - _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ . . . . ..- . . _ _ _. = . _ _ _ _ .

i . ' Table 16 ! t Length Ranges of 1.iving Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1^79 . Station B.g. .T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b. l i

 .                        1            31-195      120-197                     45-170                  60-130

! 3 191* ! 4 34-262* 67-175 60 20-1.55 20-115 25-170 30-191* 5 17-143 16-210* 20-105 15-155 2-45 10-106 12-38 2-42 7 i 8 25-184 18-145 30-235* 40-175* 3-10 9-118 42-55 6-52' l 10 56 78 8-70 15-62 1-62* I ., 11 30-82 29-113 2-80* 50 23-33 2-42 3-55* 12 1 14 5-180 5-178 20-120 15-150 15-123 22-115 '

,               $     18                             6-76 19               <5           <5-190                     15-130                     7-159                                                                                    .

Largest specimen each species, each month.

l

 !.                                                                                                                                                                                                 ;

i 1 i i _____- _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - . , , - - - . . - c , . - . - - ..

Table 16 continued Length Ranges of Living Shipworms, in mm, Yearly Panels Dec 6. 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9. 1980 Station B.g. T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b. B.g. T.n. T.b. 1 65-260* 111-130 76-200 73-143 22-142 70-112 1 Rep. 15-140 56-91 4-140 33-65 3 4 33-190 20-70 45-170 88-200* 31-112 30-130 5 15-100 10-47 2-35 8-70 15-25 2-20 23-105 32-120 8 7-175 16-63 2-40* 14-155 16-110 6-30 10-115 12 8 Rep 15-143 17-75 6-15* 10 12-160 3-40* 30-37 2-26 11 5-20 1-22 23-64 1-43* 40-54

y. 12 25 1-35 70 b3 14 30-180 15-185* 51-205* ' 18-150 30-180* 20-136*

14 Rep 22-214 60-132

Largest specimen each species, each month.

Rep = Replicate

4 c I i 'I i

. Tables 17 and 18 present information on loss of weight occuring in i panels duo to destruction by boring organisms. None of our panels were inhabited by significant numbers of the isopod Limnoria, so

'                    all weight loss is due tc shipworms. Many panels lost more than                                            ,

i half their weight. The cumulative wood weights lost should be com-

pared to those in our last report covering June-August, 1979, when j the panel series was beiin. The percent damage tapers off after a
panel submerged in May has been in the water for four months. At j this time, many individuals are putting energy into breeding l

rather than growth. Although the panels from flo11y Park contained far fewer shipworms ' j than those from Oyster Creek, damage co the wood was comparable. This is because Bankia gouldi, the dominant species at llolly Park, grows to enormous size compared with Teredo bartschi. j e f i i

                                                                                                                              'l I

f 43 i l

1 Table 17 4 .

submerged May 5, 1979 Percentage Weight Loss by Cumulative Panels Month Reraoved: Station Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1979 Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 i'eb 9, 1980 I 1 72 .89 68 77 81 59 + 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 4 47 35 49 50 47 40 ' 5 56 70 59 62 61 71 '; 7 0 0 b b b b 8 62 75 77 75 66 69 : 9 7 7 b b b b l

10 47 65 62 63 79 a 11 78 77 a 78 a a

) ,. 12 50 74 71 87 a a i 13 1 5 0. b b b b 1 14 26 64 62 62. 64 58 '

19 3 45 b- b b b j 20 0 0 b b b b i

! a No data. i' b Station discontinued. i 1 r t c _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . . _ _ _ _ . _ - _ _ - , - - , . - _ - - - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - - - - ~ ' ' - '=-^rw'* c'- ~

_ _ . __ , _ __ _ .__. . _ . . . _ - . _ . . - . _ . _ _ . _ _ . . _ . . _ _ . _.~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . , _ . _ _ . _ . _ _ . . - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ ___ _ _ . _ I i i I Table l ) Percentage Weight Loss by Yearly Panels Month Removed: . 4 Station Sept 8, 1979 Oct 8, 1979 Nov 5, 1979 Dec 6, 1979 Jan 6, 1980 Feb 9, 19SO

f 1 44 61 a 45 56 60 j 1 Rep a a a 61 a 68 3 0 C 0 0 0 0 '

! 4 44 67 61 57 60 60 , 5 58 73 76 77 83 62 7 0 0 b b b b-8 32 ~ a 67 72 76 59 8 Rep a a a a a 62 i 10 69 71 79 83 84 a 3 4- 11 71 85 a 80 85 a l

                               "                                                                                                 a                                76                       a

! 12 a a 71 i . 14 37 66 66 64 71 63 , 4 14 Rep a a a- a a 14 18 68 b b b b b i ,a - - 19 10 39 b b b b j r i a No data. b Station discontinued. i b i t I e

;
;

i Reproduction j Teredo bartschi breeds in Forked River and at the mouth of Waretown Creek, as well as in Oyster Creek (Tables 19 and 20). T. bartschi can hold t j larvac in the gills over the winter, although in the Oyster Creek popu-l 1ation, successful settlement does not take place between December and. h i April. Mature female T. bartschi as small as 4 mm long were found. t ) A comparison of columns 1 and 3 shows that some of the largest T. bartschi

were not carrying larvae. Either they had released their young, or t

perhaps like oysters, T. bartschi are capable of alternating male and female phases, f The percentage of adult Teredo bartschi carrying larvac declined f rom j 65% in September to 58% in October to 48% in November ani. 38% in j December and January. The sample size of adults in February was too small to calculate a value. i ! A much lower percentage of Teredo navalis carry larvae in the gills at i any one time, compared with T. bartschi. The smallest brooding female was 10 mm long; most exceeded 20 mm. As with T. bartschi, many of the ' largest (as well as smallest) specimens of T. navalis lacked larvae. , There was a sharp decline in percentage of individuals carrying young between September (25%) and October (11%), excluding from the , i calculations those animals below 10 mm, which were probably male or immature. , l These data on reproduction suggest that Teredo bartschi is able to l release young at almost any time of year if temperature and perhaps other conditions are met. The species can respond quickly to changes in the environment. Ecologists call such a species opportunistic.

l Also, T. bartschi matures at a smaller size and probably has more

,            generations per year than T. navalls.               The dacum that a higher percentage of T. bartschi in Barnegat Bay are brooding females com-pared with T. navalis indicates greater reproductive potential for the T. bartschi population as a whole.

4 Tables 19 and 20 '(columns 1 and 3) also reinforce the evidence that ! growth of shipworms is greater in Oyster Creek than elsewhere in j Barnegat Bay. I I ) 1 1 . 46 i I i l

   . __   _       .   -     -- . _ _ .        -       -      _ . . -      _.        - .           . .      ..   .  =    ..     - - .      .  - -

i m Table 19 , The Percentage of Live Teredo Specimens Found with Larvae in the C111s Cumulative panels Species, Max. Size Min. Size Max. Size Min. Size % of Adult Shipworms

Station of Shipworms of Shipworms of Shipworms of Shipworms with Larvae and Panel with Larvae with Larvae without Larvae without Larvae followed by (N)

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mu) Teredo bartschi 4-C-Sept 28 100 (1) 10-C-Sept 74 9 116 8 67 (262) 11-C-Sept 55 10 48 3 62 (65) 1 12-C-Sept 76 6 54 4 65 (492) 8-C-Oct 44 6 33 2 54 (152) 10-C-Oct 90 5 60 3 66 (185)

        ,   11-C-Oct                  70              4                   45                           1                      67 (418)

12-C-Oct 40 5 26 3 82 (39) 8-C-Nov 48 7 60 3 39 (33) 10-C-Nov 100 6 80 3 53 (98) 12-C-Nov 30 6 22 2 56 (61) 14-C-Hov 32 7 16 2 53 (19) 8-C-Dec 26 11 25 4 55 (11) 10-C-Dec 90 10 85 1 31 (84) 11-C-Dec 38 5 39 1 31 (77) 12-C-Dec 27 5 45 1 47 (55) 14-C-Dec 33 25 - -

100 (2) 8-C-Jan 40 18 - 7 83 (6) 10-C-Jan 40 8 50 2 34 (88) 5-C-Feb 16 - 30 3 25 (4) t Teredo navalis ! 1-C-Sept Broken Broken 69 20 21 (19) t 5-C-Sept 140 93 150 11 33 (27)

;           8-C-Sept                   75            58                  100                          20                      27 (15) i            12-C-Sept             117                82                      -                         -

100 (2) 31 (29)

14-C-Sept 92 35 130 2

An adult Teredo bartschi is greater than 3 mm long; an adult T_. navalis exceeds 9 mm.

__ _ . . . _ _ ._..- __ . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ . ~ . . _ _ . . _ _ _ . . . . Table 20 The Percentage of Live Teredo Specimens Found with Larvae in the Gills ' Yearly Panels

Species, Max. Size Min. Size Max. Size Min. Size % of Adult Shipworms

Station of Snipworms of-Shipworms of Shipworms of Shipworms with Larvae ,

and Panel with Larvae with Larvae without Larvae ' without Larvae followed by (N)

                                       ,    (mm)                       (mm)             (mm)                      (mm)                                                               7 Teredo bartschi 4-V-Sept                          60                          -           -                             -

100 (1) : 10-V-Sept 62 8 85 20 68 (80) 11-V-Sept 62 5 80 2 63 (385) 5-V-Oct 45 12 30 2 63 (59) 10-V-Oct 62 4 55 1 51 (475) 11-V-Oct 42 6 35 2 38 (151) , 5-V-Nov 42 11 25 2 38 (21) 8-V-Nov 52 6 16 6 67 (6) 11-V-Nov 31 5 55 3 43 (101) 5-V-Dec 25 8 35 2 50 (18) 8-V-Dec 40 10 33 2 47 (14) j ', 10-V-Dec 40 5 39 3 60 (94)

11-V-Dec 22 6 17 1 36 (33) 12-V-Dec 20 7 35 1 12 (86)
5-V-Jan 20 15 7 2 56 (9) 8-V-Jan 30 .13 8 6 56 (9) 10-V-Jan 26 6 11 7 71 (17) 11-V-Jan 41 9 43 1 32 (102) 8-K-Feb 15 8 6 33 (3)-

8-V-Feb 25 10 19 5 56 (16) , Teredo navalis 4-V-Sept l 150 115 175 67 33 (12) ; i 5-V-Sept i 96 90 210 16 13 (30) 14-V-Sept 178 46 152 5 21 (39) 18-V-Sept 48 10 76 6 26 (192) 5-V-Oct 155 20 75 15 19 (27) l ~8-V-Oct 60 - 175 40 17 (6) 14-V-Oct 150 41 150. 15 10 (48) 19-V-Oct 159 48 147 7 9 (101) , An adult Teredo bartschi is greater than 3 mm long; an adult T. navalis exceeds 9 mm. I 9" - _ ' -- , . , _

I 4

Shipworm Physiological Ecology.

1 Teredo bartschi under lab conditions in closed aquaria can tolerate 1 45*/.. salinity, much higher than that ever reached under natural j conditions in Barnegat Bay, with no significant increase in mortality

'                         over that experienced by control populations maintained at 22-24 */...

The animals, sacrificed after 2 months, had wood in the caecum and

appeared normal in all respects. Some were brooding young. I L e Juveniles exposed to lowered salinity were also able to withstand conside'rable change. Teredo bartschi pediveligers began to bore into

>                         the wood within two days of being placed in the control aquarium at 1

22 */.. salinity, No mortality was observed during the experiment. After one week, the bore holes had all advanced from the initial dumbell-

;                         shape to calcified holes with circular apertures.

i l The activity pattern of juveniles in the experimental aquarium is shown , in Figure 6 Boring and calcium deposition were observed to increase i to greater than the control immediately after 13 */.. was reached, but activity fell to less than the control at 10 */... No growth or boring (as evidenced by productinn of frass) was observed in 21 hours at j 10 */.., but there was nc moctality, either. When 7 */.. was reached, i two pediveligers that were not yet burrowed into the wood were dead or [ muribund; they did not respond when prodded with a fine needic. The

 ;                        other larvae were observed to move much more slowly than the controls.
                         . Af ter 21 hours at 7 */.., about 1/3 of the shipworms had withdrawn

their siphors.

!                         When the salinity was lowered to 4 */.., 50% of the shipworms withdrew j                          their siphons. Because the behavioral change was so clear at this i                          salinity, no further reduction in salinity was made. The first mortality

. occurred after 21 hours, but it could not be quantified because most j shipworms had withdrawn the siphons and could not be seen moving. After 10 days, it was certain that 50% had died and decayed; all others were moribund. ! The panel was cicaned and placed immediately into water of 24 */... Surprisingly, 9 of the 20 initial young T. bartschi revived and began filtering within 24 hours. However, at least two had abnormal pallets, showing signs of decalcification. One shipworm of the nine died per day until, after ten days, only one survived. It lived for forty days

after being placed in the 24 */.. water; then the experiment was terminated, i

3 1 49 i' J i a I

     , . , , ~ - ,  ,      ~ , . . - - .              ,,- g  -
                                                                   , , ,      --    ,    ,, >-,,r-~.,  ,--a,,n,-n,,                    - , . - -         ,,,-

   ._. .             _ _ _. --.                   . . . ~ . _           _        _ __           - . _ _ .                   _.__. _          ._ . .

i i j' Adult Teredo bartschi released larvae in the experimental aquaria, and ; + the young pediveligers metamorphosed, entering the wood. This activity took place at all three initial salinities: 6 */.., 9 */.., and 12 */... !

No release or settlement was observed below 6 */... I I

} Mortality from Nereis succinea confounded the results of the salinity i tolerance study, but provided some interesting information. Nercis

predatory activity was greatest at 12 */.., and continued as low as . I 1 */... No mortality of Nereis occurred. There was also an intra- ! , specific source of shipworm mortality: several times, a larger individual bored through the burrow of a smaller one and killed it, t Figure 7 details the results of the first half of the adult salinity

,         tolerance experiment. No significant mortality attributable directly to
!         Icw salinity occurred in the 3 aquaria after 36 days at 6, 9, and 12 */..,                                                                        .
 .        respectively,              llowever, mortality due to competition and predation l'        reduced the animals to between 20 and 51% of their original numbers.

1 Predation and growth of shipworms were both greatest in 12 */.. salinity. The shipworms were most consistently active in 12 */..; animals in the 6 and 9 */.. aquaria sometimes uisappeared for days, but eventually reappeared. We do not consider the differences between the 6 */.. and

,        9 */.. activity and survival patterns to be meaningful.

Figure 7. continues the adult salinity experiment from day 38, when j the salinity was being reduced (9 to 7 */.. and from 6 to 3 */.. ), l to the end of the experiment. Vertical lines indicate times when the l salinity reductions were started. Not until 3 */.. did significant 4 mortality not accountabic by competition and predation take place. Below 3 */.., activity and survival of T. bartschi dropped sharply. i It is well-known that salinity affects growth, respiration, and j filtration activity of bivalves (B'6hle, 1972; Shoemaker, 1973; Van Winkle, ] 1968). Salinity tolerances vary, both within and between species, in j natural environments of dif ferent salinity (Castagna and Chanley,1973). l Teredo bartschi has been found in Oyster Creek and Forked River in 1 waters which reach salinities of 7.5 */.. . to 30 */.. (but rarely go j below 12 */..). The normal field temperature range is. wider than that t under which these experiments were conducted. Laboratory experiments show that'T. bartschi can survive at salinities both higher and lower

]         than those to which it is usually exposed.                                       Release of larvae and

' metamorphosis of pediveligers can take-place at salinities lower than n .those usually experienced. It may appear, then, that salinity is not .

      . a factor limiting' distribution of T. ' bartschi.                                         Ilowever, young specimens                                 j j          do not grow well and show decreased activity below 10 */.., which does

_ fit well with their distribution in Oyster Creek and lower reaches of i 1 Forked River. L - i 't 50

1

     ,-,,     em -
                   ..c.,.               r ,nm- g-     e -,    --.3 r--y-c.v--     --  em -  w-,        7  - , - - - . . , -
                                                                                                                              ---r- .---%.- we      .-m, ,-

        -- -     . ~ .           - .. . . - . _ - - - - .                               -.- -        -.        . . .      -  ..          .. . -       ..

1. :

1 f Figure 6 Activity of Teredo bartschi pediveligers and recently metamorphosed j animals under conditions .of reduced salinity. An animal that is moving or has its siphons extended is considered active. i i (

h b i i 4 I' t i i d. I 1-

51 .

                       .   .__..                      . . , . . ..- , - - - , , . - . , _          , - , - - - , . - , .-       - - . . - . , ~ , , .    . , , - .

FIGURE 6 Sa linity, in o/oo 22 19 16 13 10 7 4 24 m 10 0 e; ;-0 o

 $     90

Z 80 C

e 70 U g 60

 .E    50                    *
                              \

x

 .      40
                               \
 ~

30

\\

20 e Ne N 10 e 0 x -^

                                                                           *T .=.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Day

Figure 7 Activity and survival of Teredo _bartschi adults under reduced salinity. An animal that is moving or has its siphons extended is considered active. Initial salinities: 9: 12 */oo ; N = 60. E: 9 */.. ; N = 41. JL : 6 */.o; N = 43. Vertical bars indicate times when salinity was changed. Salinities as the experiment progressed are indicated on the figure. Lines are drawn through the highest percent active values to estimate the minimum percent that remained alive. See the text for further explanation. 53

r~ ~

  "                  .e                                                                                                             q a

3 y . . a

                    . . _ _                                                                                               e         I' w                 ...                                                                                                               ,
                                                                                                                                ,i
                                                                                                                         .      ...~
                                                                                                                                      ,=

9 e4

                                                                                                                         %          42 i .i i e4

9 !

99 ." l-v ,

                                                                                                                                 .g r ll           I JJJ                                                                                                /+          1:
                    ...                                                                                           ,f ,')           ::

e , ;

                                                                                                           ; ..

2.':

                                                                                                          ,         e                   :
                                                                                                         ,          l
                   ~~-                                                                                                                  .

e.. r . ,i . 8 I l 2 t d e *

                                                                                                    # . 4                     .         :

i

                                                                                                                 ?                      2

f. -

1 l' i l e o m

                                                                                             ,8             I                          :     e a              9                                 O
                                                                                        ,I . .                                         :
                                                                                    ,'                  s.

( / . . : l

                                                                              #                        $                               =
                                                                           ._s.----q_-

o l . j))

O**

                                                                           .r'  .                      o
                                                                                                                                       ~
                                                                           ,8      .                   .
                   ...                                              . e 2

e' F.-

                                                                                        /
                                                                                     .I
                                                         ,                       I
                                                     ,'                      /                                                        -

y a

e' e

                                        ,'            .              e                                                                r
                                                                  /
                                  ,'          .                 e                                                                     e a'                              /
                           ,e                                /                                                                         2
                                                            /9        .                                                               O P                                        i

r. ?

/,.

g . a . J *e e t o . i 6 . . j~ _ ' _ _ . .,., . , _ _ _ ~

w. i ea!33y tua3 sad 54 1

y ,. Adults appear to be slightly more tolerant than juveniles, but the differences between 3 */.. and 4 */.. is not important in nature and ' may not reficct any real difference, due to the nature of the two l experiments. The data strongly suggest that healthy, stable populations q of Teredo bartschi will not exist if the salinity remains below 7 */.. for a considerable time. Equally clear is T. bartschf,'s ability to tolerate IcN salinities . (3-6 */.. ) temporarily. Revival is even possible after ten-days in a moribund state at 4 */.. , but only 20% survived this treatment. As in any wild population, there is consi-derable variation in salinity tolerances among individuals. Some individuals can withstand a salinity shock of an instantaneous 4 */.. to 24 */... change. Teredo bartschi's wide salinity tolerances enable it to live in estuaries (including mangroves) where sudden but short-term changes in salinity are common, due to hurricanes and other 4 natural factors. Turner (1966) noted that pallet shape is affected by salinity. We

,        found distorted pallets in juveniles subjected to salinities below 4 */...

Nereis succinea cats live shipworms. We found it active at salinities 1 as low as 1 */.. , in agreement with Taylor (1971), who found the species in Tampa Bay, Florida, living in waters from 1.2 to 35.1 */... Neuhof f (1979) described European N. succinea as a detritivore and suggested that it prefers a salinity of 30 */.. rather than 15 */.. In Ba rnegat Bay, it is found most commonly at salinities of 15-24 6/... We believe that a more thorough comparison of the eastern and western

 .       Atlantic N. succinea is in order to insure that they are not difterent species.

Data on salinity tolerances for Teredo bartschi reported here are very similar to those of Blum (1922) for T. navalis. 55 i

                                    . , - . -s,    , - =         --     - - . , . -...n.

   .     -          --       -                     -_        . - _ - - . _ -               . -           - - _ = .          -

1 I CONCLUSION Evidence in this report continues to strengthen carlier evidence that the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station's warm water effluent is , responsible for increased growth and breeding of shipworms in Oyster ' Creek, the South Branch of Forked River, and along the coast of Barnegat [ s Bay from Forked River to Waretown. Increased salinity over that found i in natural tidal creeks, and constant, high salinity at that, also contribute heavily to the continuous presence of shipworms in Oyster

Creek and Forked River. Teredo bartschi is probably limited in its distribution by a lower salinity of <10 */... Teredo bartschi is still restricted to the area covered by the thermal plume.

l j i a 1 ' i 57

REFERENCES Blum, H. F. 1922. On the effect of low salinity on T. navalis. Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. 22:349-368. BEhle,B. 1972. Effects of adaptation to reduced salinity on filtration activity and growth of sussels (Mytilus edulis). Journ. Exp. Marine Biology and Ecol. 10:41-47. Castagna, M. and P. Chanley. 1973. Salinity tolerance of some marine bivalves' f rom inshore and estuarine environments in Virginia waters on the Western Mid-Atlantic coast. Malacologia 12:47-96. Directorate of Licensing, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1973. Draft environmental statement related to the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Jersey Central Power and Light Company. Docket No. 50-219, Chapter 5, p. 17, paragraph 5.5.21. July, 1973. Hoagland, K. E. and L. Crocket. 1979. Analysis of populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. Annual Progress Report. Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978. NTIS f NUREG/CR-0634. 113 pp.* Hoagland, K. E. and R. D. Turner. 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms).and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology (in press). Hoagland, K. E. , L. Crocket, and M. Rochester. 1978. Analysis of popu-lations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical factors over the period: Dec . 1, 19 77-Feb . 28, 19 78. NTIS # NUREC/CR-0223. 44 pp.* Hoagland, K. E. , R. D. Turner, and M. Rochester. 1977. Analysis of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Craea Nuclear Generating Station with discussion of relevant physical paramerars over the period: April 30-November 30, 1976. Report to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Jan. 1, 977. 61 pp. Jersey Central Power and Light Co. 1978. Oyster Creek and Forked River Nuclear Generating Stations 316(a) and (b) Demonstration. Vol. 1: Text; Vol. 2: Appendices Al-C1. Lane, C. E. , J. Q. Tierney, and R. E. Hennacy. 1954. The respiration of normal larvae of Teredo bartschi Clapp. Biological Bull. 106:323-327.

 *Available for purchase f rom the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555, and the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.

59

l' Neuhoff, H.-G. 1979. Influence of temperature and salinity on food conversion and growth of different Nereis species (Polychaete, t Annelida). Marine Ecology - Prog. Ser. 1:255-262. Shoemaker, A 11 1973. ' Thermal and salinity effects on ciliary activity of excised gill tissue from bivalves of North and South Carolina. Veliger 15:215-222. Taylor, J. L. 1971. Polychaetous annelids and benthic environments in Tampa Bay, Florida. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida. 1331 p. Turner, R. D. 1966. An Illustrated Catalog of the Teredinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. University, Cambridge, ' Mass. 265 p. Turner, R. D. 1974. In the path of a warm, saline effluent. American Malacol.. Union Bull, for 1973. 39:36-41. - VanWinkle, W. Jr. 1968. The effects of season, temperature, and , salinity on the ' oxygen consumption of bivalve gill tissue. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26:69-80. Woodward-Clyde, 1975. .The physical behavior of the thermal plume ! discharged from the Oyster Creek Nucicar Generating Station. Final ! Report, July 31,19 75. Reprinted in JCP&L, 316 Demonstration, Vol. 2, l Appendix B-3. l l \ l l 60

l

l ' I 4 5 APPENDIX: STATION LOCALITIES j

STATION ;

NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES i I

r < 1 Holly Park Dick's Landing Lat. 39" 54' N ,. i- Island Drive Lon. 74* S' W I Bayville, N.J. Bay control 1 l 3 Stout's Creek End of Raleigh Drive 39' 50.7' N Custav Walters' residence 74* 9' W Estuarine control '1

j. 4 Mouth of South Shore 39* 49.6' N

                  ' Forked River            Developed property                            74* 9.8'           W         ,

Possible temperature increase increased oceanic influence i due to reverse flow i 5 Leilani Drive At branch point of 39' 49.6' N Forked River 74* 10.5' W ,

'             6    Elk's Club                South Branch                                 39* 49.4'          N
!'                                           Forked River                                 74* 10.9'          W Increase in salinity due to l                                            plant intake canal 1

! 8 Bayside Beach On bay between Oyster Creek 39' 49.0' N Club and Forked River across 74" 9.7' W from 1815 Beach Blvd., Forked River, N.J. Temperature increase since i plant operation. 1 10 Kochman's End of Compass Rd. on 39' 48.5' N Residence #1 Lagoon, Oyster Creek, 74* 10.6' W Waretown, N.J. Temperature, salinity, siltation increase 61 I

     . . _ _ _ . _ _ .    ..~ -            . _ . . -  . . .      . . _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ -              m    . _ _ _ _ . _ . . _ . .      __                _ - . _ . .

i 4 I i I r

i STATION NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION COORDINATES

11 Crisman's Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek, 39' 48.5' N

. Residence Waretown, N. . 74* 11.0' W l Temperature, salinity, s11tation increase ' i l 12 Gilmore's 20 Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek 39' 48.5' N } Residence Waretown, N.J. Temperature, 74* 11.3' W i salinity, siltation increase 1 14 Cottrell's End of North Harbor Rd. 39' 47.7' N

,                                                 Clam Factory                         Warctown, N.J.               (Mouth of                  74* 10.9'                 W I

Waretown Creek) l Within but near limits of ) reported thermal plume l 15 Carl's Boats Washington & Liberty Sts 39* 47' N i Warctown, N.J. (on the bay) 74* 11' W 18 Barnegat Light Marina adjacent to Coast 39' 45.8' N-

3 Cuard Station 74* 6.5' W l

l

{

s ? i i j ? 1 4 62 4^

                       ..         _ , _ . . , _ .           - , -    . _ , - _ . . _ ~ . . . , _ . ,           _.      .          --,-        .      -. - - _ _ _ ,

i, i-i

DISTRIBUTION LIST i

Distribution Category: RE SS ylemental Distribution: j Part A 1 Mr. Richard Baumgardt j Dick's Landing 1 Holly Park l Bayville, New Jersey 08721 )

;'

Mr. William Campbell P.O. Box 668 108 Long John Silver Way Waretown, New Jersey 08758 ! Mr. Stan Cottrell f North liarbor Road Waretown, New Jersey 08758

Mr. Wilson T. Crisman 901 Iludson Street

} iloboken, New Jersey 07030 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Cilmore 20 Dock Ave., liox 205 E, R.R.I. Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Walter llolzman 1915 Beach Blvd Forked River Boath, New Jersey 08731 Mr. Charles Kochman Compass Road Waretown, New Jersey 08758 Mr. Ed Sheridan 1108 Leilani Drive Forked River, New Jersey 08731 r Mr. Gustav Walters : 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 Union City, New Jersey-07087 63 l i

i e 1 i l I Mr. Edward Wheiler i 16 River View Drive P. 0. Box 642 i Forked River, New Jersey 0873L i j Part B i j . Battelle Columbua Laboratories l Clapp Laboratories !

Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Mr. Michael Roche Supervisor of Environmental Science i Jersey Central Power and Light Co. ;

Madison Ave. at Punchbowl Road )' Morristown, New Jersey 07960 , Dr. Glenn Paulson ! Asst. Commissioner for Science Dept.'of Environmental Protection State of New Jersey P. O. Box 1390 l Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Mr. Alan R. Iloffman } Lynch, Brewer, llof fman 6 Sands j Ten Post Office Square i Suite 329 - j Boston, Massachusetts 02109 1 1 Mr. John Makai i i Nacote Creek Research Station Star Route Absecon, New Jersey 08201 i Mr. Steve Lubow NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029 . Trenton, New Jersey 08625 Dr.11arry L. Allen US EPA Region II 26 Federal Plaza j Room 832 1 New York, New York'10007 1 64 i } i i 4 , _ . . , , , . _w. - - . . -,y,--.. . 4y - , - -%. - - . ey - - , - , , - , . -

                                                                                                                                    ,,,,t .-,.m- -       .- , ..       .  . , . ,

Dr. John Strand Ecosystems Department llattelle Northwest Lab Richland. Washington 99352 h I w Rh 65

U.S. NUCLE A*3 REGULf.TDRY CCMMislON Med A DOCf BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-1517 4 ilTLE AND SusTITLE Mas vafwane Na.#apprepneel 2. Esse we,&f Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves ir the Vicini".y i of Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station s. nEclPIENT1 ACCES$10N NO.

7. AUTHORISI 5. DATE REPORT COMPLETED M ON TH (YEAR K. E. Hoaqland L. Crocket. R. D. Turner July 1980

9. PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION N AME AND M AILING ADORESS #acke le Com/ DATE REPORT ISSUED EONTH l YEAR Wetlands Institute November 1980 (Lehigh University) an m &i Stone Harbor, NJ 08247

s. noe. um,&J

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZ ATION N AME AND M AILING ADDRESS #acke Ep Osef

                                                                                                               ,p Environmental Effects Research Branch Division of Safeguards, Fuel Cycle and Environmental Res.                                           ii. CoNTnACT NO.

Office of huclear ulatory.Research U.S., Nuclear Ragul ry Contin s s ioi' FIN No. B5744 W nhinaton. DC 20

13. TYPE OF REPORT PE ReoD cove mE D #acksa, alems)

Interim Report Sept. 1, 1979 - Feb. 28, 1980

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14.Emme Wei&)

16. A8STR ACT 000 =orws er Jessf The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jerse,y. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 1.2 stations. Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in the laboratory. Relative destructiveness and competition among the species are being analyzed. Teredo bartschi caused almost complete destruction of panels in Oyster Creek during the summer of 1979. Reproduction and settlement of this species continued into October. The native species Teredo navalis and Bankia Louldi coexist with T. bartschi in Oyster Crcak, at the mouth of Forked River and on the coast of the bay between the two creeks. T. bartschi does not exist outside the thermal plume, but it has nort been found at the limits of the plume (Waretown,N.J.). The greatest shipworm damage is in Oyster Creek. Heavy mortality occurs in all species during winter, especially in winters such as 1979-80 when the generating station is not operating. Adults of all three species can survive for at lehst 30 days at salinities from 5 /oo to 45 /oo. They can withstand abrupt salinity changes.

Teredo bartschi larvae can bore into wood at salinities as low as 9 /oo.

17. KE Y WoRDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS' 17a DESCRIPTORS Oyster Creek Bankia gouldi Barnegat Bay _T. bartschi Teredo navalis Forked River Teredo bartschi shipworm 17tt IDENTIFIE RS/oPENIN DED TERMS

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT C a report) 21. NO. 0F PAGES 19.39 Unlimited 2 g g g wi ICE CimC FOmW 338(777) l

_ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _}}

ML19345B194: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:06, 31 January 2020

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

Navigation menu

ML19345B194: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:06, 31 January 2020

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

Navigation menu

Search