ML20235X734

Forwards Revised Page 3 of Newmark Rept on Bodega Bay Reactor Sent by Buck Slip on 630922

ML20235X734
Person / Time
Site:	05000000, Bodega Bay
Issue date:	09/30/1963
From:	Case E US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
To:	Boyd R, Bryan R, Doan R US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
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ML20235X376	List: ML20235X451 ML20235X454 ML20235X460 ML20235X469 ML20235X480 ML20235X487 ML20235X501 ML20235X549 ML20235X566 ML20235X570 ML20235X577 ML20235X603 ML20235X621 ML20235X625 ML20235X629 ML20235X641 ML20235X654 ML20235X658 ML20235X661 ML20235X673 ML20235X681 ML20235X694 ML20235X699 ML20235X719 ML20235X722 ML20235X734 ML20235X741 ML20235X768 ML20235X779 ML20235X783 ML20235X805 ML20235X809 ML20235X821 ML20235X824 ML20235X827 ML20235X844 ML20235X855 ML20235X864 ML20235X869 ML20235X876 ML20235X903 ML20235X924 ML20235X941 ML20235X949 ML20235X959 ML20235X983 ML20235Y016 ML20235Y029 ML20235Y042 ML20235Y048 ... further results
References
FOIA-87-462 NUDOCS 8710200099
Download: ML20235X734 (2)

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MEMO ROUTE SUP su,nn oouunia.

ror e ncuni r., ution, Form AEC 03 Oter. Mar H 19m Note and return.

Forlignature.

For reformation.

TO (Name and unit)

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INinALS REMARK 3 J. F. Bowell, RL om J. Medlaak, 00C rROM (Name and unit)

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. The supply of power to the facility,' from power lines crossing the major fault, might be interrupted, although the probability of such ' inter-ruption is fairly low.

In the event of such interruption, auxiliary power supplies are. required. The sources ' of auxiliary power described -

appear to have adequate. capability to resist the postulated earthquake e ffe cts.

1 In general, the provisions for aseting the various requirements are j

1:

based on methods which in the light of analysis and study appear to be -

1 reasonably adequate.

The earthquake motions, in terms of acceleratica and velocity,' appear to be 2 to 3 times more intense than any that have been recorded in the i

United States, and probably about twice as intense as those experienced 1

anywhere else in the world in the recent years for which we have fairly l

good records. Nevertheless, it appears that the. design objectives can be accomplished.

)

i A more detailed discussion of the various points described in Amendment l

No. 8 is contained in the following material.

In addition, consideration l

j is given to several points not specifically discussed in the amendment.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SAND LAYER IN SHOCK ISOLATION The sand layer under the containment building is intended to act in two ways:

(1) to isolate in part the containment structure from the high peaks of e. deceleration that might be transmitted to it fra the' ground beneath it; aM (2)- to permit uither horizontal.or vertical faulting to take place in the rock beneath the containment structure without damaging the structure.

It will be shown in the following discussion that the i

effectiveness of the sand layer in reducing the peak accelerations may.be questionable, but its effectiveness in reducing the effects of faulting.

is substantial.

3 c

. Q.MO rRANK NEUMANN q

4 S4 6 FORTvarartM AVENus N.E.

s s Arrqt,. wAs H., e s t o s l

November 11, 1963.

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(;.

Mr. Gerald F. Hadlock.

i. l Counsel for AEC Regulatory Staffi l

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission,

.J Washington 25, D. C.

l Res Pacific Gas and Electric Co..

Bodega Bay Atomic Park Unit No. 1, Docket No. 50-205 cj

Dear Mr. Hadlock:

'1 Not having heard from you any further on the matter of submitting a final draft of my report to Mr. Lowenstein I am takin6 -

the liberty of listin6 below a few changes that I have made in the text of the report and a set of illustrations in which certain changes i

have been mados j

1. Page 3, line 5, eliminate period and add "in the central portion of q

l a shaken area.

l l

2. Page 3, last line of footnote, change (4) to (5 and 6).

l

3. Page 9, middle line of table, change 1-11 and 111 to Roms.n I-II and III, respectively.

l

4. Page 9, 5th line from bottom, word Figure is misspelled.

5. Page 10.10th line from top, change a-6 to a-b.

TableI.

l Sth column heading. Insert superscript after " Magnitude".

3 Year 1865, 4th column, change VII _LX to VIII-IX 1907, 2d. col., date is Sept. 20 (insert 20) si Footnote (2), Add, " Intensity evaluations are from Reference 1".

(4), Omit " apparent'by". Add'this new sentences" Tabulated:

figures refer to intensities along the coastal areas of Humboldt

'i County".

Appendix I Reference 11. Symposium is misspelled.

'"i 13.

Beniaff should be Benio_ff FoI h-87-%1.

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Concerning the-illustrations:. Figures:3 and 5 have been sepa.

rated.and one of the' explanations.-in Figure 4!has been shortened:in the interest of clarity. Some minor modifications' have been made in other-illustrations as you suggested.--

Thank for the copy of AEC Report TID-7024 entitled Nuclear Reac--

-tors and. Earthquakes. ; Your attentionLis called to the following items in the report concerned with the subject of. earthquake intensity. -

1.

In the middle of page.15-it states " Propagation from a point _

~

source'is assumed" which is contrary.to the Housner thesis that tho' souece is. planar in character. The authors (f) state that "the-(cir ;

cular) pattern shown would-be elongated in the case of a: shallow shock involving a:long fault break".. In myl opinion this would most.likely-result from a succession of point sources and the character of tho're-

'g gional geology. Nowhere,.however, including the various: fou'rmulas 'in-volving epicentral distance,7 oes the author advocate a planar energy d

source.. The circular isoseismals on page 16 are not the basement rock isoseismals which I consider of fundamental importance ;in understanding' intensity distribution.. It.is not made clear just how the distances are chosen for the radii of the various circles; they are " idealized" isoseismals which might mean anything. The paper shows: at least a cautious trend toward the point source' idea and ' circular. isoseismals.

i 2.

It is noted in the intensity tables on page 13 that intensity 6 12 might reach 5 g.

In my report the. upper limit suggested is a-round 1.5 g. The introduction to the Hanford report states "The ap-proach to earthquake-resistant structural engineering was quided by G. W. Housner --- ". How could Housner approve 5 g.for MM-12 when in recent AEC reports he ' advocates about 1/3 g as a niaximum possible,in basement rock?

In connection with the Hanford report you may not be' aware that I was also called in as a seismological consultant. My' report was pub-lished by AEC (for.the General Electrical Co.) as research and develop-ment report HW-63832 entitled "Seismologcial Investigations in the Han-for Area, 1958-1959". The report is dated Novanber 10, 1959. This report goes much more into the local' seismicity than AEC ' report TID-7024. At

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s that time the relationships between ground motion, intensity, magnitude, etc. had not been explored as thoroughly as in my current report on.

Bodega Head.

A few days ago several reprints of my: paper on " Seismic Forces on -

Engineering Structures", with discussions, were mailed to you for dis-tribution within the L & R Division. The discussion reveals: the violent opposition of some influential people toward 'some of the ' intensity con-cepts expressed in my current AEC report now inl preparation.

In 10 yefs

'f of this type of criticism I have never been able to put my finger on the.

individuals who are responsible for this criticism. ~ NatunaIV, I would not be surprised to learn that the same forces are exerting some influ-ence' in the current AEC studies. You will note that a large part of my ASCE' discussion is taken up with a defense of the intensity - velocity-e

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(vibrational velocity) relationship which my unknown critio claims is unsubstantiated. I think the discusaion. presents.an airtight case for such a' relationship and would suggest that your colleag%s read it in case they have any serious doubts about it.

Actually, this relation-

' ship plays'enly a secondary role'in my Bodega Head report.

3 Sincerely yours,

' Frank Netwnann.

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.. ~. FRANK NEUMANN 4 s 4 s ro =Tv* firth Avs N u t N.E. stATT(E. wash.,estos November 11, 1963. i'

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Mr. Gerald F. Hadlock, ~ Counsel for AEC Regulatory Staff, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington 25, D. C. ~l Re: Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Bodega Bay Atomic Park Unit No. 1, Docket No. 50-205 I

Dear Mr. Hadlock:

Not having heard from you any further on the matter of submitting a final draft of my report to Mr. Lowenstein I am taking the liberty of listing below a few changes that I have made in the text of the report and a set of illustrations in which certain changes have been mades

1. Page 3, line 5, eliminate period and add "in the central portion of a shaken area.

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2. Page 3, last line of footnote, change (4) to (5 and 6).

3. Page 9, middle line of table, change 1-11 and 111 to Roman I-II j

and III, respectively. ' 'l

4. Page 9, 5th line from bottom, word Figure is misspelled.

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5. Page 10. loth line from top, change a-6 to a-b.

TableI. I 3 Sth column heading. Insert superscript after " Magnitude". Year 1865, 4th column, change VII _LX 'to VIII-IX 1907, 2d. col., date is Sept. 20 (insert 20) Footnote (2), Add, "Intens,ity evaluations are from Reference 1". a (4), Omit " apparent by". Add'this new sentences" Tabulated figures refer to intensities along the coastal areas of Humboldt County". 4-Appendix I 0. FOI A-87-%7.- N Reference 11. Symposium is misspelled. p, '

13. Beniaff should be Benioff FI5

~ E' [ / If c-p,, ,c y .= . + : g p., a - g mw=g. n. u

~ 7-w j ft. 4 ,4 y _._ : 2 ____y- ..._.,_.4 f ( c .:n - . u -- y 2. ,o b: y y. 'Concerning tho' illustrations: Figur.er 5,and 6 have been sepa-rated and one'of tho' explanations in Figure 4 has been shortened in the interest of clarity. Some' minor modifications have been made in j other illustrations as you suggested. .] Thank for the copy of AEC Report TID-7]24 entitled Nuclear Reno- ] tors and Earthquakes.,. Your; attention Lis called to the following; items q in the report concerned with the subject of earthquake intensity.- 1. In the middle of page 15 it staten. " Propagation from a point.. ~ source is assumed" which is-contro.ry to th*' Housner thes&s that' the source is planar in character.. The authoi:s (1). state that "the'(cir-cular) pattern shown.would be elongatei in the casetof. a shallow. shock involving a long fault break". In my, opinion this would most likely. d result from a succession.of point. sources and.the character'of theLre ' gional geology. Nowhere, however, including, the various fou'rmulas in-volving epicentral distance, does the author advocate a planar. energy source. Tho' circular isoseismals on page 16 are not the basement rock isoseismals which I consider of' fundamental importance in. understanding intensity distribution. It 14 not made clear-just how.the distances ] are chosen for the radii of the various circles; they are."idealised" ~ 1 isoseismals which might mean anything. The paper shows at least a n) cautious trend toward the point source idea and circular. isoseismals. ) .I 2. It is noted in the intensity tables on page 15 that intensity E!-12 might reach 5 g. In my report the upper limit suggested is a-4 round 1.5 g. The iIitroduction to the Hanford report states "The,ap-proach to earthquake-resistant structural engineering was quided by [2 G. W. Housner --- ". How could Housner approve 5 's for MM-12 when in recent AEC reports he advocates about 1/3 g as a niarimum possible in ~ basement rockt In connection with the Hanford report you may not be aware that I + was also called in as a seismological consultant. My report.was - pub-lished by AEC -(for the General Electrical Co.) as research and develop. ment report BW-63832 entitled "Seismologcial Investigations -in the Han-for Area,.1958-1959". The report is dated November 10, 1959. This report goes much more into the local seismicity than AEC report TID-7024. At t that time the relationships between ground motion, intensity, magnitude, 2 .etc. had not been explored as thoroughly as in my current' report on ~ Bodega Head. T-A few days ago several reprints of my paper on "Seismio Forces on. 1 Engineering Structures", with discussions,.were mailedito you for, dis-q tribution within the L & R Division. The discussion reveals the violent M opposition of some influential people toward some of the intensity con- ,1 cepts expressed in my current AEC report now in preparation. In 10 ye s of this type of criticism I have never heen able to put my finger on t[he. s individuals who are responsible for-this criticism. Nstuna%, I would. 'g not be surprised.to learn that tho' same forcoc-are exerting some influ- '1 ence in the current AEC studies.. You will note that a'large part of my ? ASCE discussion is taken up with a defense.of the interisity - velocity .M p N. 1 m l Yh Nh tl r i.

m 1..~ u.,, - r-6- 4. e . a x, y 3 -- -- ~ ~ + - 1 [ 3 4 1 (vibrational velocity) relationship which my unknown critic claims is ] unsubstantiated. I think the discussion presents an airtight case for ,j such a relationship and would'suggest that your colleagBs read it in- _j case they have any serious doubts about it. Actually, this relation-- '] l ship plays only a secondary role in my Bodega Head report. 1 i Sincerely yours, 1 r 4, Frank Neumann. e t i ,l 4 4 4 l _r l 93 y l

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m..h - j g ~ - A' ', 4^ HOLME5 8 NARVER. I N C. ENGIN EE KS + CON STRUCTORS ese soutw reousmoA svnsat Los ANOCLES, CAUF. 90017 TELEPMONE et Fed 377 December'4, 1963 /,' ,,,;. \\ s-Dr. Nathan M. Newmark I i ', Head, Department of Civil Engineering (,7 '. V lZ 1, 1-L ,gdi' i University of Illinois ,C,S/, Urbsr a. Illinois . [,,Q0 f'

Dear Nate:

.__;5 ' 3 Contained herein are comments regarding e draft of your report " Structural' Design Considerations and Safe Against Earthquakes, Bodega Bay Atomic Park Unit No.1". 4.2 ne 25,1963. Also included is a marked up copy of the ont d a revised copy of the preliminary draft of my re t ed this date. As I ex. plained during our telephone c ion on November 27, 1963, it is my own opinion, and tha k Narver's legal counsel, I that it would be desirable to j sen khe reports as. separate docu-ments. Cons equently,. my report contemplates this .rrangement. As we discussed I am e g a copy of the material distributed by Mr. Ackerman at the San Francisco Conference which you may find of interest. In addition, I am enclosing five copies of average response spectra for earthquake ground motion for the intensity recorded at El Centro, California, plotted on a logarithmic scale. These spectra are those developed by Dr. Housner anc presented in conventional form in the recently published document " Nuclear Reactors and Earthquakes". You may wish to compare these spectra in the short period and with your own data in this region. I' I am forwarding a copy of this letter and comments to Mr. Hadlock for his information. I trust that my comments will be of some as. sistance in the revising of your report'and that the additional data FoI.A-84-%7. FI(o ~. /5g 17986 p

l , s ,~ Dr. N. M. Newmark ' December 4,1963 submitted will be o.f some value to you. Please do not hesitate to contact me if I can be of any assistance. I would appreciate re-ceiving any comments you might have regarding my own report. j Sincerely, HOLMES 8e NARVER, INC. i - l l R. A. Williamson l enc 1. cc: G. F. Hadioek j 1 i J I t i 5 ~~ '~' ~y G / e t ) t 4 7l, g I

1 [ N!) ,..~,- ..- W G - p-df.. /. \\; ~h)~ 9 7, 'a s 1 j' Q. g,. p?{.. ~, [y'q.f g % ~ y ~ s / b Y Y COMMENTS .;-J 4. ' ' f 'ye 2g ) k} 'l' Some of the comments which come to mind in light of the develop- ~e N U mente which have transpired since the writing of the document are '; p'. \\ \\ me follows: 1. Page 4, last paragraph - You may wish to consider whether the material here relating to movements of faults directly beneath the foundation should be modified in view of the dia. covery of such a fault at the Bodega site. 2. Page 5, Section 3, first sentence - In view of Neumann's revised thinking concerning the maximum ground accelera. tion perhaps the sentence should be modified to read..... order of about 2 to 3 times that measured in.............

3. - Page 5, Section 3, third sentence - Just as an observation, Neumann c' nsiders an intensity of X as being credible com.

o pared to the intensity of the order of IX which you mentioned. Perhaps a rephrasing might be made to de emphasise any differences that may exist between your thinking and that of' Neumann regarding this intensity. 4. Page 8, end of first full paragraph - Somewhere (and pos. sibly this is not the proper place) it might be well to insert a paragraph comrnenting on the matter of damping and re m -- ;. lating this to the question of whether the values proposed by the applicant are acceptable. This suggestion stems from the known desire of the AEC staff to direct comments wherever possible ~to the specific reactor and particularly to the proposals for seismic criteria submitted by the ap-plicant. With this in mind, a possible paragraph at this point might be phrased somewhat as follows:' "In application of spectra to the investigation of various features of the re-3 actor appropriate estimates of the amount of damping to be i l considered are required. The values presented in Ref. ( ) are suitable for conditions of elastic response. " l l Such a statement, of course, implies that a complete set of such values has been presented by the applicant or, at least, j anticipates that they will be presented. Unless my memory is in error, I do not believe that a complete set of such values has been presented by,the applicant in an amendment. ( i _'^ \\ .+ 8 e g f.. y '

3.,

__-___t_____-__ x x m as__t

.a s n 1 l 1 5. Page 8, last paragraph - You may wish to take some account - of the fact' that in Amendment.4 the applicant proposes a sup-- I plementary criterion requiring capability of safe shutdown at 66%g. In this same paragraph you mi ht wish to modify the-8 recommended g values for short period structures founded l on rock in light of later data rer ulting from your own further. investigations and the comments of Dr. Housner. If such a 'l modification is made, there may be a revision needed in the first paragraph of p. 9 and this may, ir. turn, call for modi-l fication of the first sentence in the second paragraph of p. 9. - 4 6. Page 11, Section 5'- Should the word " conclusions" be in-corporated in the heading of Section 57 j \\ 7. Soction 5, first paragraph - You may wish to make changes In this paragraph because of the discovery of the fault in the reactor excavation. The same comment possibly applies to ~ p.12 first full paragraph, first sentence. In fact, it is not clear to me that Section 5 can be written at this time with-out further information regarding the significance of the fault. 8. Page 12. first full paragraph, fourth sentence - You may wish to modify or delete this sentence in view of Dr. Housner's comments in the Argonne meeting limiting the scope of the overload analysis. j 9, Page 13 References, Ref. (7) - The title of the most recent version of Neumann's report is " Seismological Analysis of Bodega Head, California". You may also wish to add Amend. d ment No. 4 and any subsequent amendments which may be forthcoming. The addition of certain other iterr.: might be appropriate such as " Geologic and Seismologic Study of 1 Bodega Head" by Pierre Saint-Amand and " Geologic and Seismic' Investigations of a Proposed Nuclear Power Plant Site on Bodega Head Sonoma County, California (TEl 837), Parts I and II" by Schlocker, Bonilla, Clebsch and Eaton, U.S. ' Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C., September 1963. In addition, allowances will have to l be made for incorporating the forthcoming geological survey -- report and peihaps other documents as yet unknown. si 4 e 12/4/63' 'i,., ' * ~ - t

E- ' ~ IQ M24MD"* y ',; ' I, } gg. PRESS RELEASE for 9.~ a.m.

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i ,.- ' MR File COPE Tuesday, ' October 8,1963' <[ 4t' in San Francisco N ..i (e Released by:

.' o Adolph J. Ackerman

. '3 g) t .F 'l-l, Consulting Engineer. I i V '.i /,. / Madison, WiscoAsin ' ? '- Alpine 5-1998 Annual Meeting of the.Ameryc,/*an Society of Civil Engineers 3 Hotel Fairmont, San Francisco,. California ~' ' Session of the Power Division, Tuesday, October 8, 1963, 9 a.m., Terrace Room l ATOMIC POWER PLANTS AND EARTHQUAKE PROBLEMS AS FOUND AT 'BODEOA BAY \\ n. l 'At today's Power Division Session of the Annual Meeting of the Amer'ican Society of Civil Engineers the gxperts in the field of Atomicyower and earth-quakes compared notes on how to design and build atomic. power plants"ii -T :. -. seismic areas. A formal Discussion was subm!tted by Adolph J. Ackerman, Con'sulting 2ngineer of Madison, Wisconsin, whose analysis of engineering responsibility,in this new science has become known throughout the engineering profession.. "In the application of the new and revolutionary science of nucleonics t,he .j civil engineer must concern himself not only with the new technology, but also [ with the full spectrum of professional responsibility and ethical obligation,s," l l '. Mr. Ackerman. declared. "In fact," he added, Hat a national meeting of civil' f i engineers the problems impinging on the ethics of the profession must.be regarded as of paramour.t importance. " ', %..[ The Wisconsin engineer sought to alert his professional colleagues by I , pointing out that "Never before in the world's history has. a relatively small ) group of engineers with a highly specialir.ed training been called upon to,ifeal i with a greater responsibility--a responsibility which two Justices of the United t J... ' States Supreme Court have identified in terms of 'the most awesome, the'most deadly, the most dangerous process that man has ever conceived.'" -) $.~ "In this unprecedented responsibility," Mr. Ackerman declared, "the I~ ethical dommitment of the engineer to serve the public interest above all f ,.4 others extends in all directions, including the development of applicable Rules of Law." He referred to a recent address in which the Chief Justice, Earl

• Warren, declared: " Society w.ould come to grief withcut Ethics which is unen-

) forceable in the courts, and carmot be made part of Law.... This Law.d_. bpyond the Law as distinct from Law',. is the creation of civilization and is i ..I_.. indispensable to it.... " ,M Mr. Ackerman observed that "Today our profession is confronted with the~ application of a new science and technology in which our knowledg'e, when- ....:.t._..___,,., T.:# .c.:... ?;a. :..;4S..w.y g 86; * +

y.. me,sured against the potential hazard to the public, is extremely limited. Notwithstanding the personal competence of the engineers currently engaged in the design of atomic power plants, it would be a disservice to all concerned to claim adequate competence in the present embryonic stage of the art." He said the present enthusiasm to pioneer in the new field of atomic power is reminiscent of the 1930's and the promotion of air travel in rigid dirigibles. All of the great dirigibles, except one, failed with tragic losses of life and resulted in bringing this new field of engineering to an early end. Only the scoring mast for dirigibles atop the Empire State Building remains as a reminder. In his Discussion of the Bodega Bay project, Mr. Ackerman noted that a protest is now before the California Supreme Court. Furthermore, before a construction permit for an atomic power plant can be issued the law requires that a public hearing be held. At such a hearing the public interest and safety are of overriding concern. He raised the question: "Is it ethical to delay such a public hearing while at the same time committing the Company to heavy expenditures in preliminary construction?" Mr. Ackerman also noted that in another case.the U. S. Supreme Court established the principle (unfortunately) that a construction permit may be issued by the Atomic Energy Commission without any assurance that an operating permit will automatically be granted at a later date. In that case the Court declared that the licensee "has been on notice long since that it proceeds with construction at its own risk, and that all its funds may go for naught... It may be that an operating license will never be issued." " Engineers have the responsibility and ethical commitment to inform the Company's ma nagement of the financial risk entailed in making a major investment. Has this peril to the proposed investment been adequately recog-nized and communicated to all concerned?" Mr. Ackerman noted that if the Bodega Bay atomic power plant were to be constructed, as now proposed, it would mark one of the rare occasions in the Company's history when private insurance companies would refuse to write full protection against a potential catastrophe. He posed the questions: "To what extent have the Company's engineers, its management and its directors examined their ethical commitments to the public and to the stockholders to perpetuate their traditional standards of responsibility and self-discipline before embarking on this venture? How could the management and Directors of a distinguished company justify abandoning their traditional standards of respon-sibility by transferring the consequences of a major disaster to the general publi c ? " ^

39y l f U e e "j ' JAnnual' Meeting hf the American Society of Civil-Entinors ~'*' ^ Hotel Fairmont, San Francisco, California ' 4 Session of the Power Division, Tuesday, October 8, ' 1963,.9 s. m. 4 Terrace Room [ THE. EAR'"MGUAKE PROBLEMS _OF NUCLEAR POWER GENERATORS ' Pape'r presented by Dr. George'W. Housner - , '. l Professor of Civil' Engineering California Institute' of Technology, Pasadena, California g DISCUSSION - e by Adolph J. Ackerman Consulting Engineer ] Madison, Wisconsin Dr. Housner's paper deals with a problem of unprecedented importance in the planning of an atomic power plant, and* merits careful, study since it reflects.his-l [ firsthand experiences as a consultant for the proposed atomic power plant at Bodega { Bay. Apparently his paper must be studied in context with another paper on this' I.i -l program dealing with the Bodega Bay project. This project is currently attracting-l public interest and concern, particularly in the San Francisco region. Some basic 1 l . questions are emerging which should be of overriding concern to all engineers engaged in the new field of atomic power. f.l

. j At this point it may be well to remind ourselves that, when Professional

'1 .r Papers and Discussions appear in the older areas of engineering, it has become. .I l common practice to examine only the new technology, with the understanding that the professional disciplines are generally understood and universally accepted. ,However, such understanding does.not prevail in the application of the new and revo- ~ ' i lutionary science of nucleonics; hence, it is particularly important that in this new l l field civil engineers cohcern themselves not only with the new technology, but'also [ with the full spectrum of professional responsibility and ethical obligations. In fact, at a national meeting of civil engineers the problems impinging on the ethics [ of the profession must be regarded as of paramount importance. ,i Fortunately, the management of the Company proposing to build the Bodegai l Bay atomic power plant has autherized a public disclosure and open discussion at a j level where the problems of engineering planning and of professional responsibility '{ may be freely examined. Such an appraisal should be of value to the profession and t I to all others concerned, provided a full range of professional judgment and con-l structive criticism is produced. This can only be achieved where responsible dis-6- I cussion is recognized as a professional dsty. Never before in the world's history has a relatively small group of

engineers with a highly specialized training been called upon to deal with a greater Nsponsibility a responsibility which two' Justices of the United States Supreme j

yourt have identified in terms of "the most awesome, the most deadly, the most r dangerous process that man has ever conceived."1 lL{ .i. ) l-IU'.S. Supreme Court No. 315 and '454,. October Term,1960, June.12,.19.61. ' i l ,.,.'; } w,' 1f,' ! b.,[

2

l

? ) 4, I. In this unprecedented responsibility the ethical commitment of the engineer * "to se: ve the public interest above all others" extends in all directions, including

j the development of applicable Rules of Law. The importance--even the indispensa-bility--to society of those who will identify these e'thical.,bliga. ion,s in a time of t

confusion, and act upon them, was pointed out recently by the Chief ftiisticrof the- ,__. l .,\\ United States: " Society would come to grief without Ethics which is unenforceable i in the courts, and cannot be made part of Law.... Not only does Law { in civ..ized society presuppose ethical commitment;; it presupposes .I the existence of a broad area of human condtiet controlled only by [!j' cthical norms and not subject to Law at all.... This Law beyond the ' ~h Law as distinct from Law, is the creation of civilization and is indis-pensable to it....n2 -l In the new scientific age this challenge is of overriding importance to the l, ongineer. New Questions of Ethics I j In the new field of atomic power an engineer who assumes the ultimate l responsibility for planning and building a power plant, and his professional assistants, j are duty-bound to examine their responsibilities in terms of a number of new questions of ethics, as for example: 1., It is generally recognized that responsible criticism and even sincere opposition In recent decades criticism are part of the ethical duty of the professional.1 engineer. l or adverse opinion frequently have been discouraged. The resulting silence might lead to the erroneous inference that the profession at large has given its tacit con-I currence to a proposed project. Would it be ethical to introduce such an inference in an effort to gain official' approval for a new project?

2. A public protest is now pending before the California State Supreme Court.

Furthermore, before a construction permit for an atomic power plant can be issued, ~ f the law requires that a public hearing be held in which all facets of the proposed , project may be examined in detail. At such a hearing the public interest and safety i .] are of overriding concern as compared with the technical probIems of foundations or Is it ethical to delay such a public hearing while at the same time committing design. the Company to heavy expenditures in preliminary construction? w_ 3

3. On June 12, 1961, the United States Supreme Court in another case e stablished tFe~ (regrettable) principle that a construction permit may be issued by the Atomic Energy Commission without any assurance that an operating pe'rmit will automatically 2 Discussion by' John W. Forster, M. ASCE of Paper No. 2975, " Atomic Power,.

A Failure in Engineering Responsibility," Journal of Professional Practice, ASCE, PP.1, January 1963, p.108. 3Oy,. Cit., footnote #1 ,.7 .~:. u: .a.:

m J g ') - e 3

• [

i. In that case the Court declared that the licensee "has ,,, granted at a 4ater date. (been on notice long since that it proceeds with construction at its own risk, and that ,3 an its funds may go for naught.... It may be that an operating license win never i i f the presence of an active fault and earthquake hazard in the be is sued." In view o vicinity of the proposed Bodaga Bay atomic power plant, it is conceivable that new i i facts could emerge during the construction period which would preclude the granting [, l l Engineers have the responsibility and ethical commitment t'o of an operating permit. inform the Company's management of the financial risk entailed in, making a major investment in such a venture which, in the present state of the art! must be regarded ' Has this peril to the propoccd investment been solely as a "research undertaking." f adequately recognized and communicated to all concerned?

4. At what stage will it be feasible for the management and the ' Company's Board of

.{' Directors to present an accurate evaluation of the financial risk and public hazard to Apparently-the stockholders so they may be fully informed regarding this new peril? 3 at this stage this is an ethical obligation that cannot be adequately enluated. i

5. The Company's record of successful construction of hydroelectric and steam l

power plants is indeed a notable one, and the high confidence of its investors and of The Company's notable record of safety in the the general' public is fully merited. de' sign and operation of its power plants has, in part, been achieved through'the I-direct collaboration of its insurance underwriters functioning under expertly If the Bodega Bay atomic power plant were to be developed actuarial procedures. [ constructed, as now proposed, it would mark one of the rare occ'asions in the Com-pany's history when private insurance companies would refuse to write full protecti The project is, in essence, an experimental venture against a potential catastrophe. l and is being proposed'under conditions of limited available knowledge and experience. It involves the introduction of a peril to the public and to the Company of such magni-To what extent have the Company s engineers, its 8 tude as to stagger the imagination. management and its directors examined their ethical commitments to the public and to the stockholders to perpetuate their traditional standards of responsibility and I self-discipline before embarking on this venture ? t

6. Under present law, in the event of a catastrophic accident in the proposed reactor, i

the. nation's taxpayers would be committed to pay for an but a relatively small ~ This commitment involves the tremendous sum of $500,000,000 fraction of the damage. depending on the extent of human casualties, the cost of such a disaster has been This obligation, as.now imposed on

but, estirnated to exceed this amount several times.

As a matter of fact, the American taxpayers, is understood by relatively few people. a pou taken within our engineering profession has disclos'ed the fact that a majorit of those polled (all engineering educators) were not even aware of this commitment. How could the management and Directors of a distinguished Company justify abandon-ing their traditional standards of responsibility by transferring the consequences l i ' major disaster to the general public ? !. In this new science the proposal to abdicate our traditional engineering respu.1-n Mity of safeguarding the public health and safety must become better understood I It signalizes a revolutionary departure from our profession's heritage. ' ?" , their ethical commitment to " serve the public interest above an others w ..L,....-,.

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i ~ . in st hist >ry civil' engineers have never been confronted with a greater chience. One of our great leaders, the late Thaddeus Merriman, has admonished us: -l 1 "The engineer's duty does not lie only in saving'a maximum of his-f' . client's incney. :It demands absolutely that'the public be afforded a l maximum of safety. If the client is unwilling or unable to pay for that My maximum then he should not have his project. And what is true in the lI case of a private client is just as importantly true when the engineer - 't l L acts for public authority--he must.still protect the public--no one else l can perform that function."4 !I f! Today our profession is confronted with the application of a new science . { a.nd techifology in which our knowledge, when measured against the potential hazard e1 l,E f to the jIublic, it, extremely limited. Notwithstanding the personal competence of fl h-the engineers currently engaged in the design of atomic power plants, it would be a l disservice to all concerned to claim adequate competence in'the present embryonic I stage of the art. To gain some perspective on the unprecedented respo'nsibilities in this new field, one need only recall the p.eriod of enthusiasm asso.:iated with theC f.]! building and operation of rigid dirigibles in the 1930's.5 ai :. ;l It has been well stated that the art of engineering advances as we learn

• I I j,

from failures.' )I Problem of Location of Reactors 4 Under the disciplines of professional responsibility and ethics cited abovF,' 'l the necessity.of examining alternative sites for an atomic power plant, including underground installations, takes on special importance. When the potential conse 4 quences of a major disaster were being reviewed in a Congressional Committee, the one dissenting Congressman declared: "The location of reactors has been a sub' ject I have worried about a great deal. I oppossd, and I think I may have been the only.one that opposed, the $500,000,000 compensation factor, not because I didn't want to see a financial responsibility set up, but I.was more concerned - with the location of reactors.... I felt that one large reactor incident would cause such great loss of life that it might preclude any further i development in the industrial field if it should occur. I felt that a great t 4Quoted in ASCE Paper No. 2975, " Atomic Power, A Failure in Engineering 'l Responsibili:y" by Adolph J. Ackerman, F. ASCE, Journal of Professional Practice, October 1961, p. 60 5 i Following the success of hundreds of long flights by the German "Graf i 1 Zeppelin" without misadventure, the failures of the "Shenandoah," " Akron,"' 'Macon and the "Hindenburg" with tragic losses of life in each case brought this new field of engineering to an early end. Only the mooring mast for dirigibles l' atop the Empire State Building remains as a " reminder. "I Remember Distinctly," Harper & Brothers,1947 L-

^ 5- ~ .O dal more attention should be paid to tha: location of reactor sites than 'I to trying to compensate for a lack of attention, you might say, by promising to pay people, or the. remaining relatives of those who have I been killed, $500,000,000 I thought the human factor was much more important than the' other factor."6 Since then the Atomic Energy Commission has established certain guides for reactor site selection, which were formally adopted and published in April 1962., l E,:. wever, only a short time ago the Deputy Director,of Regulation for AEC declared: s "The present guides are far from perfect'and.are particularly vulnerable to attack at certain points, which are as well known to their authors as they are to others. "7 i l Summary + i ,I The problems in'the area of professional responsibility and ethics are - 1 i qui'e different from governmentally drafted codes on the location and design of an atomic power plant. Such codes, at best, can only reflect minimum standards as ompared with the function performed by an engineer who has the ultimate respon- .i i cibility to protect the public safety. l At this stage the members of this distinguished Society.of Civil Engineers '.tava the profound duty to clarify their professional responsibilities and ethics in i, this new technology and to dedicate themselves anew to serving "the public interest. 4l above all others." +, . l '.l ~. i. i 6Statement by Rep. Chet Holifield, " Federal-State Relationships in the Atomic Energy Field," JCAE Hearings, 86th Congr.,1st Session, May 19-26,1959, p. 376 I 7"A Progress Report on Reactor' Site Criteria" by Clifford K. Beck, Deputy Director of Regulation, Atomic Energy Commission before the Annual Convention of the Federal Bar Association, Philadelphia, September 25, 1963, j s i j ll 't .i l, i. i i t. I a f. 1 g !1 i .. ;i - Jj ) ! (,.. "3 t .,y ' {8 1.

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o, 1 AVERAGE RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION 1 l: OF INTENSITY RECORDED AT EL CENTRO, CALIFORNIA ~ (940 j s .7 % /,;C V - .f;N (Moximum Ground Acceleration 33%g) ) R..,

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I, '1" ti.D. 7024,' Nuclear Reactors and Earthquakes

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