Text

Follow-up Testimony Clarifying Position on Question of Disposition of Over 2 Million Gallons of Accident Generated Water.Related Documentation & Certificate of Svc Encl
	ML20235N216
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Site:	Three Mile Island
Issue date:	02/17/1989
From:	Piccioni R; ACCORD RESEARCH & EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATES, INC., SUSQUEHANNA VALLEY ALLIANCE, LANCASTER, PA, THREE MILE ISLAND ALERT
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9 d.

February 17, 1989 l UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD-In the Matter of )

GPU Nuclear Corporation ) Docket No.50-320-OLA (Three Mile Island Nuclear ) (Disposal of accident Station, Unit 2) ) generated water)

TESTIMONY Richard Piccioni, PhD Senior Staff Scientist Accord Research and Educational Associates 4 314 West 91st Street, New York, NY 10024 From the response.of the Board ( Final Initial Decision, February 2, 1989) to testimony I presented at the Atomic Safety and. Licensing Board, it is evident that my position'on the question of the disposition of over 2 million gallons of accident generated water was not clearly understood. I therefore offer the following further comments as clarification.

In the analysis submitted as part of my testimony, it is evident -

that doses to the public, whether due to the intended consequences of the disposal method (e.g. inhalation of gaseous radionuclides as a consequence of forced evaporation) or due to ~

the consequences of an accident (e.g., consumption of contaminated shellfish after an accidental release of stored water into the Susquehanna River) could be made as small as desired without increasing any health risks to the public, provided that the licensee was willing to pay the price in dollars.

This position is contrary to that taken by the licensee that forced. evaporation, in addition to being economical, was also safer that onsite storage. To support this position, they pointed to a calculation by the NRC Staff of the consequences of an accidental release of contaminated water stored onsite. As I pointed out in my earlier testimony, that calculation ignores several obvious ways of decreasing the impact of such a release, viz., treating the water prior to storage, storing the water in ;

multiple storage tanks, and, in the event of a release, '

interdicting shellfish in Chesapeake Bay. Taken together, these measures would decrease the total body population dose by a factor of approximately 100 x N, where N is the number of storage vessels. This is due to the ten-fold reductions due to water retreatment and shellfish avoidance.

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In the analysis presented earlier, N was taken to be 209, since use of 11,000_ gallon storge vessels was assumed. The point is that the factor can be made as small as desired by increasing N from unity, the value asssumed by the Staff. The greater the value of N, the greater the cost to the licensee, but the lower

.the risk to the public.

In addition, the consequence of such a release would diminish with the passage of time due to the radioactive decay of the isotopes remaining in the retreated water. Again, the longer the storage period, the greater the cgst to the licensee, but the lower the risk to the public.

Thus the health impacts expected for the offsite population due to forced' evaporation could be avoided to any degree desired provided the licensee was willing to spend enough money, with no added risk to the public. Since even the calculated impact is finite (less than one cancer is not the same as no cancers; it represents a nonzero risk of a person dying from cancer as a result.of forced evaporation of the accident generated water) as well as uncertain (since it depends upon the actual radionuclides levels in the water, the actual filtration efficiency, and the actual environmental transfer factors and biological effectiveness affecting each radionuclides released, none of which is known with certainty) it follows that the licensee is risking the health of the surrounding population in order to reduce the financial costs of the cleanup.

If the Board wishes to rule that the costs in dollars will not justify the savings in lives, even given the uncertainties, that is the Board's privilege, but it would seem appropriate for the public who is going to be subjected to the risks, be informed as to those risks, as well as the uncertainty associated with their estimation and the fact that the risks could be reduced to any extent required were the licensee willing to spend the money.

I hope this clarifies my position on this matter.

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i THREE MILE ISLAND Docket #50-320-OLA pp /[ N 0df" j ASLBP #87-554-3-OLA Disposal of accident generated water. Final Initial Decision Feb. 2, 1989 Re: #4 HEALTH EFFECTS, pages 37, 38, 39.

Enclosed are my comments plus attachments on the above issue, including the mutations, modifications and abnormalities of flora within 15 miles of TMI. The Health Effects issue has been brought before the NRC repeatedly in the past decade:

radiation symptoms (1)(2) including the metallic taste, animals dropping dead in the fields (at Bainbridge, Etters, Goldsboro, etc.) the increases in neo-natal hypo-thyroidism, increased infant deaths and miscarriages. The following is titled Three pile Island = Human Dosimeters and briefly explains 10 years of health issues crying for help.

, We the people of Three Mlle Island, alert you to the anticipated nuclear power accident of tomorrow. We Implore you to be prepared with knowledge about the impending dangers and deceptions. Not only from radioactive fallout, but also to the instantaneous coverups led by our governments and the nuclear establishment.

March, 1979 began snother decade of the nuclear holocaust created by man, and again we ha e had to learn through our personal experiences and sufferings. On behalf of global victims of radiation exposure we report our experiences so that others may learn and take action before the nuclear power doomsday clock strikes again.

, very few residents were aware of the dangers surrounding them during the early hours and days of the ihree Mile Island accident. As the accident unfolded, alarming events occurred reminiscent of the bomb tests in the 50's, such as ranchers from Utah and Nevada being contaminated by radioactive fallout, experiencing symptoms, and eventually suffering health damage.

Those living near TM1, including doctors, on both sides of the Susquehanna Rlver, independently and spontaneously complained of radiation symptoms: reddening of the skin (like a sunburn,some with blisters), irritated or burning throat or nostrlls, burning or Itching eyes, a strange metallic taste or smell, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, (some with bloody diarrhea), and halt loss. People reported abnormalltles, illness and death of thef t pets and livestock, and mutations of flora.

Authorities received thousands of phone calls and letters concerning these abnormalities, including Representative Stephen R. Reed currently mayor of Harrisburg.

He wrote a letter dated August 8,1979, to Chairman Hendrie of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (fEC) saying, "I am entirely baffled by the apparent refusal of the U. S.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission to have extensively reviewed the reports by hundreds of TM1 area residents." Representative Reed asks, "Why Is there a complete dismissal by the NRC of any immediate Indicator of exposure to levels of radiation higher than what were imediately thought. @ !

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L The NRC's classic response was, and still is, "At the radiation dose rates involved, none of the effects identified above can be expected to be caused by radiation." @

With much of the monitoring data damaged, mislabeled, missing, or " going off-scale high" we conclude the people were the (fue doslmeters. @

As time passed, we were finding our neighbors and relatives were having too many miscarriages, thyroid disorders, respiratory a!!ments and eventually getting leukemias or cancers. Our fears were real; we learned that a 12 times normal clustering of neonatal hypothyroidism occurred in Lancaster county, immediately downwind from the

)* reactor @ and that the infant death rate in Harrisburg area nearly tripled after THl. @ The former Secretary of Health, Dr. Gordon HacLeod (who had been fired from that post) revealed in a speech, the omission of 88 Infant deaths from the health department data when compared with the U. S. Vital Statistics. @

There were numerous requests in the years after the accident, from citizens asking the health department to investigate abnormal health effects in at~ least one small connunity on the east shore of the Susquehanna River, but to no avail as all requests were denied.

finally, in April and May of 1984, a " Voluntary Community Health Survey" was undertaken by a group of local citizens. This group was led by Marjorie Aamodt, an Intervenor.in the THI Unit 1 restart proceedings. Two survey areas were chosen where residents reported " radiation symptoms" during the accident. A third area, 7 to 8 miles away, was chosen as a control. The results of the Aamodt study, conducted on the west side of the river, showed a conclusive 600% cancer death rate increase for all three areas. @ The control area also revealed increased obnormal health effects which was totally unexpected.

The Aamodt data was verified, through a review of death certificates and population statistics, by members of the scientific advisory board of the THI Public Health Fund.

The Aamodt Study also found many persons living with cancers and tumors, and eleven birthing abnormalltles. As a result of the Aamodt Study the TH1 Public Health Fund commissioned Columbia University School of Public Health to study TH1 area cancers, and to re-examine pregnancy outcomes since " raw data" from an earliet study of fetal loss after the TH1 accident suggest that the early pregnancies were indeed adversely affected in a manner consistant with radiation damage. @

Then came a startling revelation; the courts approved more than $3.9 million in settlements of personal injury lawsuits resulting from the accident. @ Newspaper headlines continue to report new claims for health damages - from leukemias and cancers to birth defects and genetic damage. Ten years after the accident there are about

.three thousand claims awaiting tJinle

Meanwhile, another citizen survey, the Lee Study was completed in the community 3

where the health department refused to conduct an Investip tion. Since the accident, Lee reported: 23 cancer deaths, 45 living cancers, 53 benign tumors, 31 miscarriages, stillbirths, and defomitles, and 204 cases of respiratory problems; bronchitis, chronic pneumonia, allergies, skin rashes, etc. Metallic taste during the accident was reported by 98 of those interviewed.

4 When the health department released its'" official" cancer study in September 1985,

. Secretary of Health, Dr. Huller said, "The essence of the situation is this - we have not found any increase in the incidence of cancer within a twenty mile radius of ihree Mlle Island." @

Fortunately the Sunday Patriot News uncovered the deception with a ' front page article revealing how the health department - added 28,610 people to the five mile population and 122,000 people to the ten mile area - thus using populations outside the study areas to dilute the results of thelt study. @

While *of ficial science" engages in deceit by modifying data to fit their predeter-mined conclusions @ , pure science seeks truth. The health department's epidemiologist, Dr. George Tokuhata, has been criticized for his 1HI manipulations; 1. D. Bross, Ph.D.

recently wrote, "What he did involved statisteal fraud and deceit....." @ We are hostages of corrupt government agencies and self-serving utilltles.

When the next reclear accident strikes - it may be you and your loved ones who will !

suf fer the consequences of radioactive and political fallout. We implore you to be prepared: DETECT - RECORD - PHOIOGRAPH DOCUIENT. Demand truth and accountability.

It's not your life, but the inherited genetic pool that is the ultimate loss to the survival of this planet and every living thing. The next accident is not a case of if, but where and when. ~

Stephen R. Reed: Letter dated 8/8/79, to Hendrie,fRC. Harrlsburg.

Harold R. Denton: Reply to above, dated 9/20/79. IRC.

NUREG 0600: Examples; pp 15, 1-2-30, 1 3-21, 1-4-46. 11-3-20, 11-3-30. tRC. 8/79.

Gordon K. MacLeod: Nuclear Power: The Case for Informed Consent, Pittsburgh, 3/28/84. pp12.

Har.vey Wasserman: Killing Our Own, New York. Dell Publishing, 1982, pp 258.

Gordon R. MacLeod: THI and the Politics of Public Health, Pittsburgh. 11/22/80.

pp 18. ,

@ Marjorie H. Aamodt: The 1HI Accident, An Investigation of the Effect on the Health of Residents and Flora in ihree Areas WNW & SW of 1Hl. Attachment 3, Aamodt Motion, Revislon 1. 1/15/85. (Original Study of 6/21/84, revised)

@ THI Pubile Health Fund: A Research Study to Determine the Rates of Adverse Dutcomes or Pregnancy Among Resldents in the V1cinity of Three Mlle Island Before, During and After the Accident at the 1HI Nuclear Facility. 6/13/85. pp6.

@ Hary Warner: $3.9 Million OK'd for THI Injury Claims, the Patriot, Harrisburg.

2/7/85.

David Horris: State Flnds No 1HI-Tied Cancers, the Patriot, Harrisburg, 9/6/85.

810 11. Frank Lynch: State's 1HI Study Clouded by Survey Method Doubts, Sunday Patriot News, Harrisburg. 10/6/85.

@ Internal Memorandum of Atomic Energy Commission: For Commissioner Haworth from Paul C. Tompkl.ns, Dep.Dir. Olvision of Radiation Protection Standard. 9/25/62.

h Irwin D. Bross, Ph.D: Letter dated 1/26/09, to J. Lee. Eggertsville, N.Y.

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Anyone worth his salt knew or should have known . . ...(3) way hoursback andindays 1979-the'causw of adverse health symptoms reported during the early of the accident.

The NRC Staff knows the record very well. They know the Aamodt's, Marjorie !

and Norman, and they know of .their filing on health effects (4). I refer you to '

the 6/21/84 Aamodt Study, the 8/15/84 hearing before the Commissioners and the re- l vised Aamodt Study of 1/.15/85 with all the affidavits attached. Read those affidavits, i l

look at C. SPAN Video taping of the August 15th meeting-afternoon session-. where the l Aamodts and the people they represented were lied to by the Commissioners themselves.

Remember, it was the NRC "staf f" who with-held th'e " Leak Rate" issue from the

' Commissioners. It was the NRC " Staff" led by Stello & Moseley who stiffled criminal Investigators like David Gamble from getting at the full truth; it was the NRC "sta f f" who.sent incomplete and altered copy of the 6/21/84 Aamodt Study to Centers for Disease Control. Later the Aamodts found thru an FOIA request that Caldwell of CDC did write in his 1/7/85 letter that "I do agree that if all the deaths were confirmed by medical records, then this would be a statistically significant increase." Was this also with- l' held from the Commissioners? The Aamodts found a 600% cancer death rate increase and the deaths were independently verified by the TMI Public Health Fund at the request of Judge S. Rambo.

The TMI health effects issue is not a dead issue; it is the most compelling issue ever brought before the NRC and for all these years you have tried to bury the issue along with the full facts.

The recent news from the Soviet Union (5) is truth coming out at last - the ultimate truth: In -less than "three years after th'e Chernobyl nuclear disaster, su.ne cancer rates have doubled among middleaged residents of a contaminated farm region and calves are being born with-out heads and limbs." The myth of long latency periods in order for cancers to occur has finally been disproven.

The " Moscow News said more than half the children in the Narodichsky region of the Ukraine have illnesses of the thyroid gland, which exposure to radiation can cause." Chernobyl is proving our claims of THI health effects!

The admission by the Soviets of the doubling of cancer rates has resurrected the health effects issue in spite of our Governments cover-up. The tragedy is not just human and genetic loss but also the apparent " ROLE REVERSAL" of the United States of America and the Soviet Union. While the Soviets are striving for new Democratic style freedoms the U. S. has caused a Democracy in crisis as the basic human rights of TMI area residents have been violated as has the Constitution of the United States.

Methepeople-VOTEDby2to!3to1and4to1tokeepUnit1 Shut.

_ Irreparable harm has occurred to humans near TMI as evidenced by the victims in the massive lawsuits who have already been paid millions and millions of dollars for their sufferings; many cases involving genetic damage (irreparable harm). (6)

Any additional releases from TMI will continue to be cumulative to those of us living nearby. You are dead wrong when you compare background radiation people are exposed to; exposures to radiation are cumulative-not comparative.

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The TMI area definitely has suffered increased background radiation caused by man over long periods of time starting with U. S. bomb test- fallout raining uocn central Pennsylvania, we have indeed. received CHINESE BOMB TEST FALLOUT as Bill. Kirk of E.P. A. always used to mention, .we've had TMI routinely emmitting more than permissable limits of radiation and on top of all that we received Chernobyl fallout high in_ Iodine 131 (and whatever else came down) in the heavy rains that fell here in early May of 1986.

.l The NRC does have somewhere in their possession Infra-red aerial photos of

' TMI and surrounding. landscape. It would be nice if they would provide before and after photos for all the world to see. I have a copy of the Remote Sensing-Labs. (7) aerial radiological survey of TMI and surrounding area dated August 1983. I suggest-you obtain a better copy and take a good look at the differences in the 1976 survey.

versus or compared to the 1982 survey.- background radiation did increase! It is not~a seasonal change but was caused by the accidents fallout.

The " meadow vole" study (8) did show very high iodine 131 in the thyroios of these creatures. Takeshi Seo did 'cliTculate very much higher radiation releaset. from TMI (9) and R. Monte Greinitz stated in her papers "This partial dose rate is larger than values discussed at the workshop by several orders of magnitude. If I neglect the contribution to_ th skin surface from photons originating up to 500 meters frcm,

' the skin surface, and if I neglect the fraction of attenuated photons which are absorbed, then I can calculate an improper dose rate of 0.068 gamma rads /24 hour day.

~This improper dose' rate is similar to the individual doses discussed in the workshep."

(10)(She is referring to improper dose rates used in Kemeny Commission.)

Grenitz also wrote "It is shown in Appendix A that the beta dose is 100 rads /hr, )

which is 1,000 rem /hr for a quality factor of 10 for beta emissions. This means that people exposed from the early plume touchdowns received about 300 rem. And, this is quite consistent with the health ef fects reported by Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt!"(11) l I _d_id experience metallic taste at 6:00 am on 3/28/79, and so did my husband.

I did experience' reddening of the skin, and so did my son aged 2 years. I d_i_d experience hair loss shortly after returning from evacuating, and so did my daughter and my son and my husband.

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Starting in early April 1979, I have observed .the gross abnormalities in flora each and every year _since the accident at TMI. I have shown my specimens and photographs to experts. Dr. James Gunckel provided Mrs. Aamodt with a signed affidavit.

(12) He also said "I think that the gross effects that young woman saw, and the more-l subtle ones that I observed, we_re definitely radiation induced."(13)

Dr. Sadao Ichikawa told me in Washington in 1986, that the flora _ effects I showed him from TMI area were exactly how the flora in Europe started to grow af ter Chernobyl fallout, i

b.

) My s]Ide presentation shown before you in Lancaster on 11/3/88 began with an

- extremely important & relevant statement regarding "other possible causes" such as chemicals, pesticides, blights, or temperature extremes, etc. Please read over that transcript. What I said I will restate here by describing the first slide of the african violet:

"This slide showing 9 african violets was taken from an old 1960's i science book.

Most people including biologists, botanists and NRC's experts would say the cause of the effects shown "could be" from chemicals, pesticides, viruses or temperature extremes, etc. I thought so too, until I read the caption describing the experiment: MUTANT AFRICAN VIOLETS offer evidence of the effects of radiation on living things (opposite). A violet plant having normal leaves and flowers, like those shown at center, was exposed to ordinary X rays. All of the different leaves and flowers around it are mutations resulting from ;

this radiation."

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- I said more but the above is the most important. Apparently the NRC " experts" involved with Nureg 0738 did not know enough.about the full range of effects caused by radiaticn on flora to look beyo nda first impression.

It is this very reason a real expert in radiation botany, such as Dr. Gunckel, must do the examining and researching of the abnormalities found around TMI.

Mike Masnik USNRC and I have had words about this at some of the TMI Advisory Panel meetings. (also see correspondence attached.) I know I'm not an expert like Gunckel and I'm not an " expert" like LaRoche, and I'm not an idiot. There is more atstake here than the nuclear industry and jobs for you or me; we're hanging by a thread - the life support system of our environment is fast becoming an endangered species, caused in a greater part than you all will admit, by the releases and accidents of nuclear facilities and synergistically with the famous or infamous acid rain and other pollutants.

I have found oak leaves that appear to be "mishappen". Nureg 0738 mentions the 7 rem or rad dose which causes oak leaves to become mishappen. Some time ago .'

I did ask Masnik to provide me with a picture of a mishappen oak leaf, but I never received one - perhaps he forgot. (Two civilians in medical and military occupa-tions did record 3 r, 57 and 10 r in Middletown during the first few days of the accident, using good equipment.

I have also met with Walt Pasciak (see Randy Blough letter given to you on November 3, 1988) et which time I had esked if he was aware of the papers and comments of R. Monte Greinitz, because there were " improper" dose calculations and she recalculated them and did show very high doses occurred from the accident.

The NRC did receive at their request one hundred copies of J. Beyea's dose assess-ment books, which has the papers of Greinitz and also contains my plant study.

The african violet mutation experiment was brought to my attention by Mrs.

Joyce Corradi, in case the book is needed by you. I'm sure you are able to get similar data from Brookhaven Lab.

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' Both Dr. Gunckel and Dr. Ichikawa have done research at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Dr. George Woodwell had seen a few of my early specimens but has not commented except to tell me I.should handle the specimens more carefully.

I was disappointed when I read the section #4 Health Effects. The case you the NRC attempt to make is weak. It is obvious to me that the NRC does not have an expert on radiation botany on their staff. Nureg 0738,.the NRC's plant and animal report is unprofessional, of poor quality and vague. It is typical of too many of the Nuregs.

The word Dr. Gunckel used to describe part of Nureg D738 is " fallacious." (14)

I am familiar with the message stated in your quote of R. Buchsbaum:

"All living organisims always from the time of their origin on earth until now - have been irradiated and in the future everywhere they will continue to be irradiated. Some of the radiation from the sun is necessary for continued life. Some of it is unnecessary and some is harmful. It is extremely difficult to sort out the various effects and to decide what is factual and of significance." [(I.D. @ 12) Species Response to Radiation; Radioecology)

But - you address the issue halfway; citing just the real natural background radiation. You fail to cite the multitude of man-made causes of irradiation and their CVMUI,, ATIlE_ effects on the biosphere and the inhabitmts of that biosphere. You also failed to take into account the SYNERGISTIC ef fects (in the case of TMI) from the horrendous. amounts of chemicals (such as boron and chlorine) also released during the accident and in routine operations.

I submit here a more complete quote by Gunckel & Sparrow (15) which is the

" essence" of our concern:

"While it is obvious that no scientific investigations concerning the effects of man-made ionizing radiations on plants could have been under-taken before the discovery of these radiations, it is equally obvious that the naturally occurring ionizing radiations (e.g., cosmic rays and those from radioactive elements) were, nevertheless, producing their biological effects since time immemorial, and that the cumulative effect of these radiations might conceivably be of considerable evolutionary significance.

The recent concern over small increases in background radiation due to radioactive fall-out reflects the opinion of many biologists that an increase in the background level of radiation, if continued over long periods of time, may produce significant biological effects, mainly genetic."

This was written in 1961; much more has happened to our environment from radioactive fallout since then. The greatest concern is the survival of the species en this planet. The nuclear contamination is accelerating the harm to our biosphere.

and does play a damaging role along with the acid rain, which radiation also contributes to.

If you had an expert on radiation botany you would not be having the difficulty you claim concerning the lack of information on radiation dose levels. Dr. Gunckels affidavit and a list of 4 specific publications was presented to the NRC in 1984 &

1985. I have enclosed both again. If anyone cares to look they would easily see in the paper " Ionizing radiations: Biochemical, physiological and morphological aspects l

of their effects on plants," on table'5: A relatively understandable listing on

" Summary of morphological effects of irradiation on higher plants"

i This shows part affected, nature of effect, plant, type of irradiation, dose or dose rate, duration of exposure, reference number.. The. dose rates listed are anywhere from 1-10uc to over 150,000-500,000 r and for durations of a few minutes

. up to many months of exposure. Different species when exposed react differently.

(just like humans - standard man or universal man is better able to thrive when exposed to certain levels of radiation than than a fetus- it is basic common sense.)

Or. Gunckel did state that what Mrs. Aamodt & I'had shown him was the full rance of effects. As far as other causes or explanations - you're stealing my line'-

I. have repeatedly asked officials "If TMI didn't cause these effects - what did?"

Mr. Mike Masnik, UStEC and I have wanted to take experts around TMI to examine the flora, but apparently the tEC was unwilling to foot the bill for an independent -

competent, pondence.)(genuine 16) " expert" on' radiation effects on flora; Or. Gunckel. (see corres-

'We have been' overdosed - Unit one should never have been allowed to restart.

. All additional releases continue to add to our burden of cumulative radiation doses causing irreparable harm-to those living near TMI. Ten years later - the flora are

.still growing mutated, modified and abnormal. The local vegetables are growing in bizare shapes and sizes and cancerous meats, and chickens are sold in local farmers markets, which is enough to turn one's stomach, t

I am willing to particpate in a field study as we had planned, the criteria remain the same as stated in my letter to Masnik.

You are the ones making the decision. I expect you to be accountable for your actions.

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Mary Stamos Osborn gph 04 p y }/0 $f / NA :

4951 Highland St ApA MWdj W /

Harrisburg, Pa. 17111 .

717- 939-2890 b/jFf., 3_ -

February 17, 1989 encolsures are numbered.

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l Bibliography and notes

- 1. TMI Alert Health Symptom Questionnaire, 1979.

l /2. Stephen R. Reed: Letter dated 8/8/79, to Hendrie, NRC. Harrisburg.

I 3. Norman Aamodt: Statament before the Commissioners, 8 /15/86 See C-SPAN Video.

4. Marjorie samodt: The TMI Accident, sn Investigation of the Effect on the Health of Residents and Flora in Three Areas WNW & SW of TMI. Attachment 3, Aamodt' l Motion Revision 1, 1/15/85. Jriginal study was 6/21/84, C-SPAN 8/15/84.

/5. A.P.: Higher Cancer Rates Linked to Chernobyl, Patriot News, 2/16/89.

/6. Mary Warner, Judte OKs $3.9 million for TMI duits, Evening News, 2/7/85. Hbg.

/ The Patriot, 31 blaming THI for health problems, 3/29/85. Hbg.

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/7. Remote Sensing Lab. EGG-10282-1021, UC-41, sug. 1983.

/8. R.W. Field, E.H. Field, D.Zegers, and Guy Steucek: Iodine-131 in Thyroids of the Meadow Vole (Microtus Pennsylvanicus) in the Vicinity of TMI Nuclear

- Generating Plant, 1/5/81. Health Physics, Vol. 41 (August) pp. 297-301, 1981

/ Field, Zegers, Steucek, Fields: Regarding 131-I in Meadow Vole, Health Phyisics, '

Vol. 44, No 2 (Feb), pp.177-180, 1983.

/9. Seo Takeshi: NRC's Gross Underestimation cf the Radioactive Releases ana Population Doses During the TMI-2 steident, undated. Kyoto Univ. Reactor Lab., Japan.

/10. R. Monte Greinitz: Correspondence to David Berger, 12/12/84. Also published in l Proceedings of the Workshop on TMI Dosimetry, Vol. II.

/il. R. Monte Greinitz: Correspondence to Roda and Aamodt, 6/14/84. ..

/12. Janes Gunckel: Affidavit, The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical C'lub, N11'/84.

v13. Anna Mayo: Glowing in the Wind, Village Voice, 5/13/86. pp. 31. New York.

/14. Anna Mayo: ibid.

./15. J.E. Gunckel, A.H. Sparrow: Ionizing radiations: Biochemical, physiological and morphological aspects of their effects on plants,1961. Germany. '

v16. Mike Masnik: Letter to Bill Travers, NRC. 8/13/85 (Report of botanical abnormalities in the vicinity of TMI-2).

/ Mary Osborn: Correspondence to Mike Masnik, NRC. 8/30/85. l

./ Mike Masnik: Correspondence to M. Osborn, 10/29/85. )

1 Also enclosed; / One page of excerpts from Gunckel/ Sparrow papers. One page list of papers handed to ASLB on 11/3/88.

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= l State Representative StephenReed's I.etter to the NRC ,

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Augus t 8, 19 79 1 t

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Honorable Joseph M. Hendrie,. Chairman, i I U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, District of Columbia

Dear Chairman Hendrie,

I___.am entirely baffled by the apparent refusal of the U.$.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission to have extensively reviewed the reports ey nanars:s or Inree nale Islanc area re7Acents who, during Maren 2 5-31, 1975 primarily, and at times subsequent ,

experiences: 1 (a) metallic taste fn their mouth (b) metallic or Iodine-like oder in the air

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(c) irritated and watery eyes (d) moderate or severe respiratory inflammation (e) gastro-intestinal dys function and diarrhea (f) disruption of the menstral cycle in females (g) skin rashes (seme appearing as radiation burns)

(h) shcrp, abnormal pains in joints.

The U.S . Public Health Survice and Pennsylvania State Dept.

of Health are jointly conducting a survey of TMI area residents to record medical histories so that the full health consequences of TMI'. radiation releases in the next 25 years will be doeur.ented.

That is all fine and should be done, sut why is there a eceplete dismissal by the NRC of any immediate indicatters of exposure to i levels or raciation nAgner enan wnat were immediately tnougnt ene

_first dates oc the a:: dent? Psycnoscmatically &nduced ailments are possiale with some, out not with hundreds or even mere persons and I suqqeot this mattar nas been conveniently laid aside.

The NRC is charged with ascertaining full details about the TMI accident. You are further charged with knowing the full effects of even low level radiation on populations near to nuclear reactors.

Failure to pursue the ,a aforementioned recorts f rom TMI area residents is a dismal failure of your most impo r t an t safety responsibilities to tne tens 0: malltons of peppie living near reactors, not to Aen-tion the people around TMI.

I therefore' recommend that all available expertise be applied to ascertaining the cause of these physical ailments associated with the TMI accident and a completely accurate public disclesure made of its cause and the level of radiation or contar.ination that people may have been arposed to. The inability of both Metropolitan Edison and the NRC to know even to this day (or at least to have disclosed if you actually do know) the levels of erposure is in itself a major, most seriou.s failing of pre-TMI accident obligations by both parties. And if it is determined that the exact cause of these physical ailments cannot be determined due to the lack of l; adequate research on the subject pre-TMI, then the public should L *. know the extent to which we indeed are unprepared to deal with rj nuclear plant emissions.

Y$urs sinierely, i ~ .

\,,,e 7 ", ~,

, .s . ..- .,

STEPHEN R. REID State Representative 49 L_______________

//.

. m o

g=.,,--- m,y m-,. ..u . . . and the NRC's Response isto o.- 1,2,3 .====_.:= . _. - ~ .-

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W ~' Tear, .a.$,v.i.;.N Pl a'nts Technical.'s.taff mezbers

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%cf;ijEa" Nudi s aMig dl a tide,'G95ffsIf oh-l(riQ),Ct hE0e phth eit 6fN4e al t h i' " . 2J.'

hiidui:Idi'irFi rG, rei fa r'etI($EVFand" the IE ny'frori .e ntali P r ofed i o'n" Ag ehcf (EP A ) ,

~ , ',

7.N60,5n'sj~ c itut~de IUi' Nd' Hoc ,' D'se-o Assessirdnf droup ' pre;Iared the' repor1:.' '

'MThe 'repo,rp concludesnthat.t' he' off.s.ite desir asso,ciated with the accident -

L represents?minirna1 risks of '-

'M eddr4ng"thefeido&

W addi.tilonal hEaItpeffedts MarW.28fta 't'o the offsite 'Afr11popu -I 1979 htion. The pojected _ number y of additjonalfatail. Eancers- d'u e to the accident that could occur over the -

M re=a.ining' 14feth o'f' the- p(pu.Tatton wfthin 50 miles is less than one.

l. . ds,'Th'fs; r'epart,? cf ,6o'u'6fefdid':n'ot.' address the irrrediate physiological Jj rcactions addressed irr y.our Tetter.QHowever, we have consulted with

^ . .Dr4 Karv5Go1&an. a medicaT. consultant for t@C and he has Stated that C at the raatation dese . rater in.*olved, as described in'the report, none !

dor ttle'.etfects .1centttted,.ty.ttems ta) thru (h)..above .

can be excected to be caused bys radiation.: f/,, 'l :s ".r/ ~ -- .

v . ', 9 '

Ef' we cart be of further' assistance to you, please do not hesitate to write us. ,,,, J." ,f w ,d , { .

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Harold R. Denton, Director Office of Nuclear Roactor F.egulation The above is a part of the NRC's after spending much time and reply to Stephen Reed which was energy, one throws one's results written by Harold Denton on be- in front of those bureaucrats half of Chairman Hendrie. It only to receive in return, if stated that,"The on1y knowledge anything at all, the empty echo #

that we have of a large number of of one's own voice. No, it is oeople experiencing physiological worse than empty - it echoes reactions to the accident comes maliciously.

I through Mr. Arnold of ParaSci-ence Internation1." Enclosed '!hus, this was the NRC's only with the reply was a copy of response to the question of the

. Iarry Arnold's letter to the NRC strange experiences people had in which literally the same eight had at the time of the accident.

kinds of symptoms Mr. Reed had Q p)'t help _,but ask, even if, for example,.the metallic-taste -

listed can be found. It is ap-parent that Mr. Reed's letter was in the mouth had nothing to do based on Iarry Arnold's report. wlth_the~ radioactive materials from_,the nuclear power plant, It is as though the 'infor1 nation' how the NRC can justify its f ail-went round that closed circuits ure to ascertain what caused it?,,

e 50

L b /2 a akaby$q'tuaw M., h ut?G '

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A6-Elle !!ntriot Netus, Itarrisbert. Pa Thursday, february 16, 1989 Highdr cancer rates linked to Chernobyl '

l Associated Press High levels of cesium 137 i were detected among many res!-

MOSCOW - Three years af- dents of the region, which is ter the Chernobyl nuclear disas- within 30 miles of the Chernobyl ter, some cancer rates have dou- nuclear power plant and was not bled among middle aged residents evacuated after the accident.

of a contaminated farm region Thirty one people died as the im-and calves are being born with- mediate result of the disaster. i out heads and limbs, a newspaper " Health officials of the repub-

, said yesterday. lic insist there is no health danger "My daughter recently got for . people outside a 30-kilometer married. What kind of grandson [19 mile] zone around the atomic willi have?" the weekly Moscow power station," Moscow News news quoted one woman as say- said. The danger zone was de-Ing. -

clared soon after the accident.

It said authorities drastically Soviet officials have said re-underestimated the health prob- . peatedly that radiation levels are lems caused by the reactor explo- safe except in the zone, and gen-slon and fire April 26, 1986, enlly have discounted warnings which sent a cloud of radiation from some Western doctors of around the world, dramatic increases to come in Moscow News said more than cancer and other diseases.

' half the children in the Narodl- The Moscow News article chsky region of the Ukraine have was the second in the Soviet lilnesses of the thyroid gland, press this month to suggest which exposure to radiation can growing health problems because cause. -

of Chernobyl.

.. A. ~ u.na.w. L e 2 en . - . -. ~ .-* - * * ~ ~ '

m, "

m, Judge OKs S3.9 million for TMI sui s .-

By htARY WARNER Staff Writer A Dauphin County Court judge has approved more than 519 nul-110n la settlements of injury claims resulting from the 1979 accident at .

Three Mlle Island. !

The largest -in a claim filed for a Down's syndrome child -

was for 51.095.dOO.

The settlements. all reached

out of court. had to be approved by a judge' because they tavolvvd claims on behalf of children or of the estates of adults who have d!ed since the accident. .

A statement issued yesterday by the insurance companies repre- ,

senting the nuclear plant's opera. 1 tora indicated the c! alms were being settle (. without regard to the evidence, strictly to avoid the ex. 6

' pense of trials.

'*These settlements represent

.e an economic decision arrtved at by z the lasurance companies and do E not constitute an admission of lla. j

blitty by the companies tavolved, j f Generai Public Utt11 ties Corg. and Metropoutan Edison Co the

, i statement saJd.

'! "In exchange for payments to g the claimants by the lasurance companies, all of the defendants in

~

the settled cases are being given E/%

( E %

i general releases from claims of lla-biuty."

It could not be learned how much money was tavolved in the settlements that did not require court approval. Plaintiffs and de-l { fendants have agreed not to dis-cuss the settlements, the statement

/g,gy g. j k

g said. J S j,9/M/ 8/ cit si In all, the statement said. "the

.g great maprtty of 300 personal in. e' g i jury claims were being settled out

.e of court.

~

O Doug Bedell, a spokesman for old Bradley R. BakNf'New Cum- The suit said the plaintiffs

+ $ TMI operator GPU Nucteer Corp., berland,a Down's syndrome child. "most probably came into physteal

n released the statement. He had no Court documenu said Bradley, , contact with some radioactive ha other comment. born just over nine months after debris. which "was dispersed y ,

The settlements approved by the accident, suffered the disorder. throughout a large area.". .

Judge Wiluam W. Upstti closed which includes mentsJ retardation.

a.

Defendants in the suit were (y claims by 70 children and three es- }{ls parents Blalce and De= General Pubue Utilities Corp.t its-borah Baker were among 62 plain- subsidiaries. M Utan Edison A gr'oup of 19 settlements ap- t!ffs la a 1981 suit that sought Co Jersey Central wer 8: Usht g gved yesterday included damages for lajuries allegedly Co and Pennsylvama Electric Co.:

5 Hardsburg, an nfant bo n 24 to the M 3. M. ad. pht duigur BaM ud M.

$ the accident who suffered cerebral dent at the Londonderry Twp. nu.

"" See TMI - Page A8 pairy, and $1.095.000 for $. year. clear plant. e r

b t

P* .... ;

h

/Y

'@ 4, C4-Whc IJat rict. s ut. h. Wn. va n :m 31 Mamin&oTMI for heah problems-Thirty one people filed suit scnbed in'the suit filed yesterday l yesterday in Dauphin County are:

Court. claiming they or their rela- Frances P. Grosky of Lemoyne.

l tites suffered e c.ar3c.r. bir skin h caggr.

defects and other health prob! ems because Tuth E. Butler of Lemoyne, 1 of the 197 ace; dent at Three Mile s'efJanc r. !

Island. .

Cape Shapiro of Camp Hill The suits against TMI owner emononal distress and a malignant ,

, Genera! Public Utilities Corp. and tumor of the kidney.

I related compan.es is similar to M0es and Joan Arms *rong of suits filed a week ago on behalf of Harrisburg parents of Sybil Arm-l a totalof 43 area residents.

strong. who has Down's Syn.

l The buits claim that the plain- d;prr19 tiffs suffered emotional distress Carol A. and John G. Shaffer of because of the accident and were New Cumber!and. She suffered .

exposed to radiation dunng it and central.nerdis chorigrgtinopatfiy. l "du*irg the af termath and cleanup BettyT.~8oylestetn and of the facility

George L. Boylestein of Hammels- j They say the radiation in- town. She suffered an aborted ~

creased their risk of cancer, skin pregnancv.

, disease, genetic damagf. birth de- Barry L. and Joyce M. Schrade fects and 06e~r ailments. of Carliste, parents of Terry The complaints were filed by Schrade who is mentally and de-atto .ey Lee Swartz of Harns- setopmentally retiLHfel. ',

burg He sa:d still another g oup of David andTsaron Beaver of q

c: aims was "beicg processed." Dauphin. parents of Shannon Bea-i A:: the complaints accuse the ver. who has Down's Syfidrome.

Robert J. Christoff of Harna-

l. ment.'

defendants of "fraudu:ent which allegedly prevented conceal-burg. Ewing's Syndrome.

' t:ie p;a!nt:ffs from detecting until Joseph and Karen Durborow of recently the connection between Provo, . Utah. He suffered a low TMI ar.d their illnesses. . smRLio.u_nt. .

The s:stute of limitations says. Donald F. and Linda E For:na generally, that personal lajury of Dauphin, administrators of the l claims must be filed within two estate of Chnstopher Fortna. who years of the time the victim could was born prematurely and C,g$.

reasonasly hase detected the inju. Betty Hatter of Middletown, i The plaint:ffs.their cur ent ad- t

' dresses acd their injur:es as de- a es'F. and Joan B. Johnston of Camp Hilt He suffered lympho-ma.

Debra H. and Joseph Kimmel ,

of E:ters. She suffered cancer of !

the cervix and their sons Josef and Jeffrey Kimmel both have Dowrfs ,

Syndrome, i Lydia A. Knight of Middle. l town. thyr.old cames.

William C and Patricia A.

Nordfors of Halifax parents of Daniel Nordfors. who suffered a j malignant tumor in the shoulder. 1 Dorothy J. and Rudoiph R.

Pavlicir of Steetton. She suffered breast cancer and other ailments.

E:izabeth R. Pluta of Lancas-ter, rnother'of John Pluta, who suf-fered brain damage. developmen-tai retardat:on ano other ailments.

Sheryl L. and Harry E. Wil-liams Jr. of Middletown. She suf.

fered emouonal distress, loss.of

' hair and traumatic neurosis. He I suffered emononal d.r.ress. de-

' pression and traumatic reurts.s.

l 7 sides GPU. the defendan:s are Metropolitan Edison Co.. Jer-I sey Central Power & Light Co..

' Pennsylvania Electric Co.. Bab-t exk & Wilcox Co.. J. Ray McDer.

mott & Co.. Catalytic Inc., and i Burns & Roe. Inc.

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l' 40lLW78/8 tM8009LO5s02.0010 Heena Physars. Vol. 41 s Augusti. pp. 29M01.198 6 Pergamon Press Litt.
Primed in the li s.A.
IODINE-131 IN THYROIDS OF THE MEADOW VOLE (MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS) IN THE VICINITY OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT R. WILLIAM FIELD,' ELIZABETH H. FIELD,t DAVID A. ZEGERS* and GtJY L. STEUCEK'
(Received 22 October 1980

accepted 5 January 1981)
Abstract-Meadow voies (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were trapped in the vicinity of Three f Mile Island Nuclear Power Station between 6 and 16 April 1979. Thyroids of votes caught j l.9 km from the reactor (Site IID contained significantly higher amounts of "'I than those of voles caught further away. This is in agreement with Dept. of Energy predictions that l this site was contaminated to a greater degree than the other two sites sampled. The highest level of "'I detected from Site !!! was 11.4 pCi/ thyroid and the mean for that site I was 5.6 pCi/ thyroid. The vole is proposed as a monitoring organism for "'I contamination of ecosystems.
INTRODUCTION and 4 April 1979. The maximum levels .found THE vole (Microtus sp.) is used extensively in cow's and goat's milk were 36 and as a model organism for studying population 41 pCi/1., respectively (Bat 79). Our objective dynamics (Kr74), nutrition (Ke78: Sh76; was to test the usefulness of (M. pennsyl-Sh75; Barn 74, Br74: Sh74: Sh70), and bioac- vanicus) as a monitoring organism b using l cumulation (Wi78; Ge77) because of its posi- this voie to determine the extent of 'y'I con- j tion in the terrestrial food chain, widespread tamination of the surrounding ecosystem by l distribution, abundance, small size, and comparing these results to those obtained by limited home range (Am69; Va69). These conventional measures. !
attributes also make the vole a good model for studies involving radionuclides pollution. MATERtAt3 AND METHODS The accident at the Three Mile Island The study area consisted of three sites in Nuclear Plant (TMI) provided an opportunity Dauphin County, PA (Fig.1). Site I was to use voles to determine the extent and 12.9 km northeast of the damaged reactor and location of "'i Contamination of the served as control. Site II was located 2.3 km environment. east of the reactor, and Site III was 1.9 km Radiation from gas samples from the reac- northeast of the reactor. The three sites con- q
tor containment building on 1 April 1979 tained similar meadow vegetation and had not t showed that "'I was one of the radionuclides been farmed for 2 yr.
released as a result of the accident at TMI. Sampling stations were placed at 2-m in- .
< The first evidence of off site contamination tervals along two 30-m lines separated by by "'I was detected in milk samples of 8 m. Approximately 240 m were covered by I
domestic animals taken between 31 March the trapping grid at each site. Trapping was done between 6 and 16 April 1979 inclusively, j and utilized two Sherman live traps baited q
Department of Biology. Millersville State Col-lege. Millersville. PA 17551. with peanut butter at each sampling station. l I
tDepartment of Medicine. Hershey Medical The traps.were inspected and reset daily be-Center. Hershey, PA 17033, tween 1000 and 1200 hr. Captured rodents 297
. b
,' E V f _ _ _ . ._
c%
298 IODINE 131 IN THYROIDS OF THE MEADOW VOLE l
so im im se n to assays were conducted on different days dur-N.A .
t ing the trapping period. Xe 135 was among the radionuclides released from TMI and T s ** i emits a y of 360 kev. which is within the i ( ,,
/ window for "'I. However, analyses of dis-
***
N, sected thyroids taken from voles 24 48 hr 3 ,(
i, f.' , \*I sm
' so af ter capture were specific for "'I because "8Xe is not concentrated in the thyroid, and
.S because the half life of "'Xe is 9.2 hr and that
~. ' "* 5 of "'I is 8.1 days.-
k)0 '
no \ t RESUI.TS AND DISCUSSION I l- i During the 10- day trapping period the
,". number of voies caught was 20.22 and 18 for (9 g, . Sites 1.11 and III, respectively. Only adult iM' voles were captured, making age class com-
' parisons impossible between the sites.
5
\\\ Y; 7 :: Analysis for weight differences between sites.
I {,\. '
weight differences between sexes and weight s
i differences between site by sex revealed no significant effects. In addition, sex appeared
, in to have no influence on the "'I content of the Fic.1. Radiauon (mrem) isopleths for the period vole thyroid 28 March-3 April 1979 in the vicinity of the Three Thyroids of voles from Site I contained no Mile Island Nuclest Generating Plant (adapted "'L hm h b Sh W from Dept. of Energy: Bat 79). Site I is 12.9 containe km d m e. a d significantly higher amount northeast of the reactor and is not illustrated in (Table 1). The highest level of "'I detected at this figure. Site II is 2.3 lua direedy east of tkr reactor, and Site Ill is 1.9 km northeast of the Site III was ll.4 pCi/ thyroid, and the mean reactor.
- v11ue obtained for this site was 5.6 pCi/ thy-roid. Analysis of variance revealed that the sites did differ with regard were killed by diethyether and transported to to the content of "'I in vole thyroids, p <
the laboratory for analysis 24-48 hr after 0.01. The Student. Newman. Keuls multiple-capture. range-test, at p s 0.01, indicated that means Each thyroid ( < 4 mg tissuel together with for Sites 11 and 111 did not differ significantly.
a piece of trachea dissected microscopically was placed in a 12. x 75 mm disposable cul-ture tube and analyzed for "'I utilizing a Table I. todlar-l31 activery in the thyrood.s Nuclear Chicago 1185 y counter with a 5 cm '3 J
Nal scintillation crystal. Each sample was (n[,",', j,",d'y[$,(,M'*',,3y,5 jg,""f [3; counted for 10 min and background was ne,, mf, wong noefu , ,,,,,,,in, pron, determined over 600 min. Because of the I-131 activity number of samples from each site. it was (PCi/ thyroid) possible to make site to site comparisons. "*
Counting efficiency was determined by site s zf* Mean a
rror counting absolute standards in the same 1 20 00 o.s geometry and matrix. Blanks for each sample IJ H 22 2.2 .
were analyzed for "'I content to determine ni is 5.6, 1.2 background counts. After subtracting the ,__
background from the count rate, and samp"les .Means with the same subscript do not were corrected for "'I decay, since the 'I diff er significantly: p < 0.01 (Feal = 6.76L ,
1 e
~ - _ - - - - - - - _ _ - _ _ - - - _ _ . - _ __
r- -
W.
R. W. FIELD er at 299 but that the *I m vole thyroids from Site III Herbicides such as 2.1 dichloro-l was significantly greater than for Site I. At phenoxyacetic acid increases uptake of '"I in l
p s 0.05 the content of '"I in vole thyroids animals (sos 8: F162), hence high levels of "'l at from Site III was significantly greater than Site III may have been due to herbicide treat-that for animals from Site II. Analysis of ments. However, none of the sites had been variance is robust, but it assumes homo- treated with herbicides for at least 2 yr. Minute geniety of variance and normal distribution. amounts of "'I from local hospitals are dis-Therefore. the data were tested for homo- charged routinely. into sewer systems (C177) geniety of variance, skewness (gd and kur- and may ultimately contaminate rivers down-
' tosis (g:). The calculated values of gi and g: stream. Since our animals and their food for each site fell within allowable error and source do not obtain water from the Susque.
an Fm test found the variances to be
..n- hanna River, the contribution from this source
- geneous. To assure significance the data were is negligible.
analyzed again non-parametrically using the The mean concentration of "'I in the thy-i Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. roids of voies from Site III was 1866 pClig, The results were essentially the same as assuming a thyroid weight of 3 mg. Elevated those from parametric analysis. The between levels of "'I have also been found in thyroids site differences in "'I were significant at p s from large mammals exposed to ;"I during 0.001 and the Mann-. Whitney test indicated that uncontrolled releases from nuclear plants and
'"Icontentof thyroids from Site III was greater weapons testing (Ma80: Pe71: Bara66; Be60:
than at either Sites IorII.p s 0.01 in both cases. Ha59:CoS7L While comparisons of thyroid "'I The "'I content of thyroids from voies content between studies are difficult. it is captured at Site III decreased during the apparent that 'the relatively small vote is as sample period in a manner similar to that for effective as large mammals in monitoring *I.
the decay of "'I. This would suggest that Site In order to estimate the impact of III received one dose of *I since such a radionuclides pollution on wildlife one must decline would not be evident in a chronically consider not only the external irradiation of exposed environment. Estimates of the dis- organisms due to the dispersal of radioactive tribution of '"I released from TMI (Pa80) . material outside of the orgr.nism. but also the indicate that the major contamination of Site internal irradiation due to accumulation of III occurred between 28 March and 1 April radionuclides in specific organs. While iso-1979. Although the data describing the dis- pleth data (Bat 79) would suggest that the tribution of "'I are in agreement with our votes at Site III were exposed to 18 mrem findings, insufficient vote data preclude a (Fig.1). the actual radiological burden to the definitive statement. This points out the im- vote thyroid may have been several orders of portance of taldng successive samples from magnitude greater. For example, the mean an environment thought to be contaminated dose of radiation from "'I to the thyroid of by a single release of a radionuclides.
voies from Site III was 210 mrem using an ;
While no other systematic sampling of wild accepted computational procedure (Gr70).
animals was undertaken in the vicinity of This estimate is low for the following TMI. some scant evidence is in support of reasons: (a) the thyroid with the highest *I our findings. A vole captured 0.8 km east of content received a dose of 420 mrem: (b) )
TMI on 25 April 1979 was found to contain thyroid weight may be less than 3 mg. hence
"'I above background (Un79). In addition a the mean concentration of '"I was greater composite sample of rabbit thyroids from than 1866 pCilg:(c) voies were exposed to *I animals taken 1.6-4.8 km northeast of TMI on from 28 March while thyroid contents were 24 April 1979 contained 161 pCilg '"I. determined as of 9 April.more than a halflife whereas none was detected in spleen liver after the major venting: (d) undoubtedly and bone samples (Un79). other isotopes of iodine were vented and not A number of explanations are possible for included in our assay of *I: (e) mixtures of the *l content of vole thyroids at Site !!!. iodine isotopes have been illustrated to be
92.
i 300 IODINE 131 IN THYROIDS OF THE MEADOW VOLE more harmfui than a single radionuclides for a reasons the vole is ideal as a monitoring given dose (Bo80); and (f) fetal thyroids organism. Because of the limited home range.
concentrate radiciodine to a much greater 0.04-0.66 ha (Am69: Va69)., and sedentary degree than those of adults (Pe71). Clearly, habits of the vole the precise geometry of thyroid glands of herbivores should be sam- environmental contamination can be deter.
pied to assess the radiological impact of mined. Votes adequately sample local habi.
radioiodine pollution of an ecosystem.
tats because they consume a variety. of To test the validity of the vole as a moni. vegetation equivalent to one third of their toring organism we comped our data to body seight each day. Moreover, the vole is Dept. of Energy estimate = f the distribution used as a model herbivore (Sh76; Sh75; of radionuclides in ths vs Wy of TMI. The Sh7.t). The abundance of voles enables one to ;
mean "'I content of s, le t yroids for Site 111 destructively sample thyroid glands relatively '
was 2.5 times higher t a. ' hat for Site II. easily and at little expense. The widespread Sample Sites II and III mi placed on the distribution of votes permits one to employ exposure isopleth grid calt ped for external them as monitoring organisms in a great whole body radiation exposure to the popu. number of situations..
Others (Ma80; Pe71) have stressed the im.
lation around TMI by the Dept. of Energy (Fig.1); from these isopleth data we esti- portance of using thyroid assays in evaluating i mated the ratio of radiation exposure to be the radiological impnt of "'I pollution. We essentially the same as that for our voie data, found the content of "'I in vole thyroid Estimates of the distribution of "'I released glands to reflect the extent of environment from TMI (Pa80) show that the relative contamination in the vicinity of TMI. Hence degree of contamination of Sites 11 and III it seems prudent to assay thyroids of voies also agree with our vole data. The use of living adjacent to sites where "'I is vented to isopleths as indicators of exposure to "'I is the environment. Moreover, the reservoirs limited be'cause (1) the isopleths are based on and fluxes of "'I in the voie should be in-y radiation emitted mainly from noble gases vestigated in the laboratory. i and are not specific for "'1, (2) sampling l techniques used for calculating the isopleths Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge Drs. M. Jones. T. F. Mancuso. K. Z. Morgan, and are not standardized, and 0) the available R. J. Santen for their advice and encouragement.
isopleths do not take into account radiation We thank Drs. F. Congel and W. J. Pasciak for j j
released after 3 April 1979. Because the vole supplyms unpub,lished data, and Thomas Stebbms thyroid, radiation isopleth, and "'I dis- # * * "i"* * * * "I*"C * ' l tribution data are in accord, the vole is useful l as an assay animal.
, Domestic animals have been used exten- RUERENCES l
sively m, monitoring rad,ionuclide pollution Am69 Ambrose H. W.,1%9. "A Comparison of I
with an mtent to assess impact on humans. Microtus pennsylvanicus Home Range as
However, wildlife are better indicators of Determined by Isotope anci Live Trap
Methods **, Am. Midland. Nat. 81(2).535.
environmental contamination for several Bara66 Baratta E. J.,1966. " Uptake of '"! in reasons. First, contamination as measured in Bovine Thyroids". Radioccological Concentra.
domestic animals may underestimate actual tion Processes (Edited by B. Aberg and F. P.
environmental contamination due to their use Hungate), p. 609 (New York: Pergamon Press).
of stored, and therefore uncontaminated. Barn 74 Barnes R. F.. Fissel G. W. and Shenk J.
food. This was evid.ent in the levels of *! in S.,1974. ' Comparison of Ethanol-extracted and Unextracted Crownvetch Forage Fed to Wenn.
thyro.ds i of domestic sheep fed stored food compared to those of sheep allowed to graze ling Meadow Voies." Agron. J. 66(1). 72.
j (Pe71). Secondly, foods of wildlife may not Bat 79 Battist L. Buchanan J.. Cnngel F., Nelson l C., Nelson M.. Peterson H. and Rosenstein M..
be the same as those for domestic animals 1979. " Population Dose and Health impact of and may accumulate "'I to a greater degree than domestic crops (Pe71). For many the Accident at Three Mile Island Nuclear Sta-l l
l I ,
\
L-_--______ _ _ _ _ _
23 R. W. FIELD et al. 301 tion". U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Ma80 Markham O. D.. Jalford D. K.. Bihi D. E.
NUREG 0558,74 A-7). and Autenrieth R. E.,1980. ""'I Concentrations Be60 Beierwaltes W. H.. Eorace R. C.. Wegs in Air. Milk, and Antelope Thyroids in South.
A.. Spafford N. R. and Carr E. A.. 1%0. eastern Idaho". Health Phys. 38. 321.
" Radioactive lodins Concentration in the Fetal Pa80 Pasciak W. J.,1980. Nuc. lear Regulatory Human Thyroid Gland from Fall-out", JAMA Commission. Washington. DC. Private com-173, 1895. munication.
Bo80 Book S. A.. McNeill D. A., Parks N. J. and Pe71 Pendleton R. C Foranda J.J., Wagner W.,
U Spangler W. L,1980 " Comparative Effects of Phelps P. Lloyd R. D.. Anspaugh L and lodine.132 and Iodine.131 in Rat Thyroid Chapman W.,1971. "Radioecological Studies in Glands", Rod. Res. 81. 246. Utah Subsequent to the Baneberry Event",
1 Br74 Brinkman G. L. Shenk J. S.. Creech R. G. Proc. 3rd Narl Symp. Radioecology (Edited by and Garwood D. L,1974, " Comparisons Be- D. J. Nelson and F. C. Evansl. US AEC. CONF-t tween Rats. Voies and Chemical Methods for 710501.
the Determination of Protein Quality of Four Sh70 Shenk J. S.. Elliott F. C. and Thomas 1. W.,
Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes". Nutr. Rep. 1970. " Meadow Vole Nutrition Studies with Int.10(2). 61. Semisynthetic Diets". J. Nutrit. 100. 1437.
C177 Claridge D. E., Kendrick H. and Leventhal Sh74 Shenk J. S., Risius M. L and Barnes R. F..
L. 1977. " Environmental Radioactivity from . 1974. " Weanling Meadow Vote Responses to Hospitals". Am. Nucl. Soc. Trans. 27.137. Crownvetch Forage". Agron. J. 661),13.
CoS7 Comar C. L. Trum B. F., Kuhn U. S. G., . Sh75 Shenk J. S. Barnes R. F.. Donker J. D. and Wasserman R. H., Nold M. M. and Schooley J. Marten G. C. 1975. "Wesnline Meadow Vole C.,1957 " Thyroid Radioactivity after Nuclear and Dairy Cow Responses to Alfalfa Hays".
Weapons Tests", Science 126.16. Agron. J. 67(4) 569.
F162 Florsheim W. H. and Velcoff S. M.,1%2. Sh76 Shenk J. S.1976."The Meadow Vote as an "Some Effects of 2,4-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Experimental Animal". Lab. Anim. Sci. 26(4).
Acid on Thyroid Function in the Rat: Effects on 664 Iodine Accumulation", Endocrinology 71.1. sos 8 Sos J. and Kertai P.1958. "Effect of Di-Ge77 Getz L L. Verner L and Prather M., chlorophenoxyacetic Acid Upon the "'I Uptake ;
1977. " Lead Concentrations in Small Mammals of the Thyroid". Acta. Physiol. Acad. Sci.
Living Near Highways" Environ. Follut.13. Hung.14.367.
151. Un79 United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
Gr70 Greig W. R., Smith J. F. B., Orr J. S. and Region 5. Newton Corner. MA 02158, 1979.
Foster C. J.,1970. " Comparative Survivals of "A report on radionuclides anal */ sis done via Rat Thyroid Cells in Vivo after "'t. "'I and X gamma. ray spectroscopy on wildlife samples irradiations", Br. J. Radiol. 43. 542. from areas in close proximity to the Three Ha59 Hamish A. R. and Falconer I. R. 1959. Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station near
" Accumulation of Radioactive lodine in Thyroid Harrisburg, Pennsylvania" (unpublished manu-Glands Subsequent to Nuclear Weapon Tests script),
and the Accident at Windscale", Nature 184. Wi78 WiUiams P. H., Shenk J. S. and Baker D.
1699. E.,1978. " Cadmium Accumulation by Meadow Ke78 Kendall W. A.. Hill R. R. Jr. and Shenk J. Votes (Microtus pennsytranicus) from Crops S.,1978, " Regulation of Intake and Utilization Grown on Sludge. Treated Soil". J. Environ.
of Carbohydrates by Menoow Votes". J. Anim. Qual. 7(3). 450.
' Sci. 46,1641. Va69 VanVleck D. B.. !%9. " Standardization of Kr74 Krebs C. J. and Myers J. H.,1974. "Popu. Microtus Home Range Calculation". J. Mam- l lation Cycles in Small Mammals". Adv. Ecol, mal. 50(1). 69.
, 'Res. 8. 268.
E n__:_. _ _ 1
R, ~.
My
~
Ye . i 1
1 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 177 tems Lacoratory. Las Vegas. Nevada. Sept. 7, were the major radionuclides released as a result of the accident at TMI: " traces" of "'l were also l
1979.
Br79b Bretthauer E. W.. Grossman R. F., vented. Release of "Bi. "'Pb. *Th. "Ac. or Thome' D. J. and Smith A. E.,1979. Three Mile *Pa has not been reported. and we have not Island Nuclear Reactor Accident of Mar.1979, found any published reports of chronic con-Environmental radiation data. A report to the tamination of the environment by these radionucl- i President's Commission on the Accident at ides.
Three Mile Island. U.S. Environmental Protec. (2) "'I was positively identified in a rabbit thy-tion Agency. Environraental Monitoring Sys- roid and in an intact vole captured 1-3 miles NE of tems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Sept. 7 TMI using high resolution y ray spectroscopy 1979. Updata: Dec. 3L 1979. (US79c). These samples were taken from the Hi81 Hilton A. and Grossman R. F.,1981. Three general vicinity of our site III.
Mile Island Nuclear Reactor Accident of March, (3) L. Van Middlesworth " considers that if 27 Ci 1979. Environmental Ra(iation Data: Update 2. of '"I were released from Three Mile Island. it is Report EP A-600/4-81-014 A. Environmental not unreasonable to find such small quantities as 1 Monitoring Systems Laboratory. Office of to 2 pCi "'Ilg of sheep thyroid in Wales. 3600 Retcatch and Development. U.S. Environmental miles eastr.ortheast of the release point" (Va81).
Protection Agency. Las Vegas. NV 89114 This "'I activity was confirmed by gamma ray l LoS8 Loevinger R.. Holt J. G. and Hine G. J., spectro , copy.
1958. in: Radiation Dosimetry. (Edited by G. J. (4) Our counter was calibrated for '"I and used Hine and G. L. Brownell). Chap.17 (New York: a window of 320 400 kev which observed ap-Academic Press). proximately 80Fc of the "'I y intensity. Hence radiation from a variety of radionuclides was excluded from our assay. Dr. Kirk is quick to point out that *Ac. *"Pa. "'Pb. *Th and "Bi ali emit gammas within the window for '"I and um,a en , v t
u.. w..n.,n. ,,. m-iso. m therefore would be assayed. 2"Bl. "'Pb and " Ac
%,a==ts*
have half-lives of 2.15 min. 26.8 min. and 6.13 hrs
' respectively, hence interference from them would TN.S$is7.'i, have Pegunon Pwn ud. been minimal because the thyroid samples were assayed 24-18 hr after killing the voles. Dr.
Kirk agrees with this line of reasoning with regard Regarding I In Meadow Vole Thyroids 8
to possible interference by "'Xe. There is the possibility that the thyroids contained "Ra. *Rn (Accepted 19 Aprd 1982) and "Ra which generated "Bi "'Pb and "Ac respectively in situ Of course one would have to explain the origin of these parents through chronic
Dear Sirs:
contamination of the study sites II and III: this OR. KIRK questions not only the use of the vole to seems unlikely in view of NRC statements rnonitor environmental contamination by "'I but (US79b). While "Th and "Pa hav'e halflives of also our specific findings associated with the ac- !8.5 and 26.9 d respectively, their y intensities in cident at Three Mile Island (TMI). In this reply to the "'I window are ia the neighborhood of 5 and Dr. Kirk's queries we provide additional evidence 28% respectively, thus the chance of detecting a supporting the use of the vole to monitor decay of these nuclides is reduced.
environmental contamination by "'I. (5) It is well documented that iodine ac-cumulates in the thyroid, whereas the other
"'Iin Voie Thyroid Samples radionuclides ( "Bi, "'Pb. #Th. "Ac and "Pa) are concentrated in the lower region of the large While high resolution spectroscopy and radio. intestine and in bone, lungs. liver and kidneys.
chemical separations were not performed on our While "'I activity was found in raobit thyroid tissue samples surlicient evidence exists to support our (US79c). no activity was found in spleen, liver, claim that the vole thyroids were labeled with '"I: and bone sar;tples. Therefore, this suggests that (1) There was an obvious source of "'I. In late contamination by "Th and *Pa to the totat March 1979 approximately 27 Ci of "'I were activity in our assays was negligible.
released from the nuclear plant at TMI (US79a). (6) The activity in vole thyroids was congruent According to the NRC (US79b). '"Xe arid '"Xe with the geographical distnbution of "'I as a result
o
.t p..... y l
r.c* w, f , .. i ff 1 W si l
- n \
I

) R s l e s lit h hDil'()RS
. c .. . went ..t l \ll 11 n hyht) unlikeli that the background count data and use one mean
.nn .attern .. usJ coincide w ith ehronic son- background count rate. Since background anan tamin.atwn of the locale because the distribution of always surrounded sample assays, the question of "I was very dependent upon the specific atmos- diurnal variations in background and instrument phens conditions at the time of the accident. response is not relevant. t Moreover it is unlikely that such a relationship The background count rate was subtracted from would exist due to variation in natural activity as sample count rate which did resul in some nega-Dr. Kirk implies. We made this point on page 300 tive counts these were nor replaced with zeros.
(Fi81). Moreover, when activities were corrected for decay, the negative net counts were made more negative. Naturally, this did increase the variabil-Vole Thyroid Activity Significantly Above Back' ity of the data and hence increase the statistical ground: uncertainty in the analysis: however,it is the only Although Dr. Kirk raises some interesting ques- legitimate way to handle the data.
tions with regard to how the data were handled. While we focus our interest on the mean "'I there is little doubt tilat the activity in the vole activity in voie thyroids from a specific site and thyroids was significantly above background. designate all thyroids from that si et to represent a Because we used common practices in handling sample. Dr. Kirk views an individual voie as a our data, we believed that elaboration was not sample and deals with that datum. We were inter-necessary in the original manuscript. ested in the mean activity of thyroid samples from Prior to assaying each sample, an empty sample the three sample sites because these numbers best holder was counted for 10 m to assess background, represent the sites; therefore, the standard crrors Therefore. a total of 60 ten-minute counts were of these means were presented in Table 1 of Fi 80.
made. Assays were conducted on four different This standard error included error due to cot.nting, days. Analysis of variance revealed no significant environmental variations within the site. variations day effect on the background count rate: in fact, between voles due to sex. etc. Because counting i day means varied by less than 5% which is entirely error represents only one component of the total consistent with expected statistical variation, site error. it would not be correct tc consider only Moreover, control chart analysis for any given day counting error when comparing sites. Using D*.
illustrated no systematic bias in the background Kirk's one observation approach and his cal-counts. Therefore, it seemed reasonable to pool culated MDA of 6-13 pCi. it is obvious that our Table I. Characteristics of wildllie which may be used to monitor "'Iin a natural environment
Typical
Individual Totai Home population Thyroid Thyroid Range Density Mesa Mass I
(Deciej (ha) (number /ha) (aq) (eg/ ha)
)
Bouse Mous6 so.0* 4.0 I 200 (M.Ls, musculus) 0.3*
Deermouse 09, 20.0, 1.4 b 28 (Feromyscus sp.)
vole 1.2 a 140.0 a 4.4 b 616 (Microtus pennsvivanicus) cottontail Rabbit 8.0, s.0, 39.0 4 180 (Sviv11gus sp.)
white Tall Deer 84.4, 0.2, s100.3 3 1320 ?
(odocolleus vi rginianus) meterencess atre 7s), e mi 42), etsu 7s), d ier dos, eixa ?se, g n. a 71) t . - -_-__ _
f. -
t ,
. g.
J G_ ? .
b .
I LETTERS TO THE EDITORS !?9 estimates of 48 pCi of activity barvested from site . Importance of Sampilng Thyroids from Wildlife II in vole thyroids and 100 pCi from site III are Although TLD's may be convenient to estimate much larger than the MDA. In theory, additional the distribution of radiation in a contaminated counting time would not alter the site means, but environment, they do not interact with the would reduce the standard error. There is no doubt environment the way aa organisni does. Milk from that the mean activities of vole thyroid samples domestic animals also is a convenient sample to from sites II and III are above background (P < assess the extent of "'I contamination. In addition.
0.05). "'I in milk provides an index of the extent to We noted that "the "'I content of the thyroid which "'I will enter the human population.
samples from voies captured at site III decreased However, because farmers will feed their animals during the sample period in a manner similar to stored food and water in the event of suspected that for the decay of "'I"t we also state in the contamination, milk sarnples will underestimate same paragraph that we had "insu6cient vole the degree to which th environment .is con-data" to make a definitive statement in this regard. taminated. Because wild herbivores continuously Hence statement 5 by Dr. Kirk is of little inhale air and ingest vegetation and water from the l significance, environment in which they reside. they can be a useful monitor to assess environmental impact of Dose to the Vole Thyroid emuent I. Obviously all sampling techniques are We did not determine the exact geometry of the imperfect; therefore, a variety of monitoring sys-vole thyroid. nor did we determine the distribution tems should be employed to assess the extent of of "'I within the vole thyroid. In addition, we do environmental impact associated with nuclear not know the biological half-time for iodine in the plant emissions.
vole thyroid. Therefore. we estimated the dose to A wild herbivore will be usefulin monitoring "'I the thyroid as Dr. Kirk has elaborated in his letter. if it has a small home range so that the region of However, his estimates of the degree to which our contamination can be identified and if the popu-dose calculations are off are grossly overstated. lation is sudciently dense that a number of spe-First, he assumes that the biological half-time is cimens can be obtained easily. Several small much lower than the physical half-life for "'I. This mammals have small horr. ranges and often are may be true and is an important consideration in found at high population densities (Table 1). While laboratory studies where animals are injected with deer have large thyroids, their home ranges are a single dose of radionuclides. However, we large and hence identifying a location of assume the animals ingested contaminated food radioiodine pollution would be difficult. Moreover.
cvery day and consequently the thyroid "'I level they are di5 cult to capture and the sampling of a was in a quasi steady state with the environmental number of individuals would destroy the native
"'I. We do not know the half times for the "'I population. Voles are able to produce a large components of the environment with which the amount of thyroid tissue per hectare (ha). Popu-votes interact. Consequently it seemed reasonable lation densities as high as 390/ha have been to use the physical half life of "'I in our com- reported (Fr75) this represents 1276 mg thyroid putations. Secondly, there is little reason to bel- tissue per ha. Therefore, under some circum-ieve that the distribution of iodine is uniform stances votes may produce more thyroid tissue eer throughout the thyroid gland (Wa71). In addition. ha than deer. Moreover, voles are easily captured the doses within the gland will vary due to S-loss. and provide an index of biological variability in In an empirical study using a lobe of a mouse that thyroids of many animals from a locale may thyroid with a mass of 1.5 mg, Walinder (Wa71) be observed.
found that the dose to the center of the lobe was Choice of species to sample of course depends 80% of the dose to an infinite "'I source. The dose upon which species are native to the area and at the periphery of the gland would be lower due which are abundant at the time. WhUe the votes have to greater S-toss. U3ing this information and the the potential to produce an adequate amount of fact that the vole and the mouse are similar in size thyroid tissue per ha, they may not be abundant and their thyroids are of similar size and shape, we even if adequate habitat is available. However.
estimate the "'Idose to the vole thyroid from site III - because votes are easily reared, perhaps they to be 168 mrem. This is a low estimate for the could be distributed in regions of suspected "'I
~ ' reasons stated in the paper on pages 299 and 300 contamination where natural populations are low.
(Fi81). la addition, this dose does not include the Subsequent capture and assay could provide an external radiation estimated at lit mre m and that due esthnate of the extent of the "'I pollution. This to the presence of other radionuclides not assayed. approach merits investigation.
f ' d'E o 1 $
i W
t K ~
,r. g
?
180 LETTERS TO THE EDITORS While public hea.th officials are most concerned Ct40 Crile G. and Quiring D. P.1940. "A Record with potential hazards to the human population of the Body Weight and Certain Organ and and survey compor ents of the environment which Gland Weights of 3900 Animals". Ohio 1. Sci.
humans ingest, a survey of key natural populations 40.219.
would serve as an early warning system of future Fi81 Field R. W., Field E. H., Zegers D.' A. and hazards.The *I content of vole thyroids from site Steucek G. L.1981. Iodine-131 in Thyroids of
!!! was much greater than that estimated for the Meadow Voie (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in humans (US79bL Perhaps the vole would make a the Vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuclear '
good early warning indicator. Generating Plant". Health Phys. 41. 297.
Dr. Kirk stresses the importace of proper Fr75 French N. R.. Stoddart D. M. and Bobek.
radioassay techniques in tae assessment of B. 1975. " Patterns of Demography in Small radionuclides pollution and we acknowledge that Mammal Populations". in: Small Mammals:
we should have used y ray spectroscopy and Their Prosuctirity and Population Dynamics counted samples longer. However, the findings (Edited by F. B. Golley, K. Petrusewicz and L.
would not have differed substantially had we done Ryskowski). (New York: Cambridge University so. Moreover, if one is truly concerned with the Press). p. 77, environtnental impact of radiodine pollution from Ka75 Kammermeyer K. E. and Marchinton R.
nuclear power plants. the thyroids of wild animals L.,1975. "The Dynamic Aspects of Deer Popu-can not be ignored (Pc71. Va81). We conter.d that ~ lations Utilizing a Refuge". Proc. 29th Ann.
voletand other wildlife merit more attention in the Conf. Southeast Assee. Game and Fuh Comm.
asessment of radioiodine pollution. 466.
Pe71 Pendleton R. C.. Foranda J. J.. Wagner W .
Acknowledgements We thank Drs. Cooney. Phelps P., Lloyd R. D. Anspaugh L. and Chap-Reinking and Van Middlesworth for their helpful man W.1971. "Radioecological Studies in Utah discussions. Subsequent to the Baneberry Event". Proc. 3rd Natl. Symp. (Edited by D. J. Nelson and F. C.
R. WILLt.ut FIELD Evans). USAEC CONF 710501.
Dwis A. ZEGERS US79a U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ,i GUY L. STET lCEK 1979 " Investigation into the 23 March.1979, Three-Mile-Island Accident by the Orlice of In-Department of Biology spection and Enforcement". Document 9
Millersville State College NUREG-0600.113 20.
Millersville. PA 17551 US79b U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
1979. " Population Dose and Health Impact of ELIZABETH A. FIELD the Accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Department of Medicine Station". Document NUREG-0!!8. p. 75.
Hershey Medical Center US79c U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 5.
Hershey, PA 17033 Newton Corner. M A 02158.1979. "A Report on Radionuclides Analysis Done via Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy on Wildlife Samples from Areas in Close Proximity to the Three Mile 15 and References Nuclear Generating Station near Harrisburg.
A162 Altman P. L and Dittmer D. S.,1962. Pennsylvania". (unpublished manuscripts
" Growth: Including Reproduction and Mor. Va81 Van Middlesworth L.1981. "Small Quan-phological Development". Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. tities of *Iin Thyroids of Sheep from Wales".
B!o.. Washington. DC. 416. Health Phys. 40. 525.
Wa71 Walinder G.,1971. " Determination of the Bu?6 Burt W. H. and Grossenheider R. P.1976. #1 Dose to the Mouse Thyroid" Acta Radiol.
"A Field Guide to the Mammals". Houghton Ther. Phys. Pio.10. 558.
Mifflin Boston. M A. 284.
i
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NPC'$ GRO25_ UNDERESTIMATION OT WE RA320AC VE RZ" EASES _
lN I - AND PDPtlLATION DDSES DUR2NG THE TM2-2 ACCIDENT
< f by Sao Takeshi s N Kyoto University Nuclear Peacter Lacoratory POT;" ATION DOSE ESTIMTES N
s. -.w . Table 1 N
.. , ,s : r,em. . . r e . w N 5
n' N Locatice of 20 T1.D stations deployed by the utility,
n. showing that there are no data at all f=r sost 'of j'; * ] " '"
C
.... t
. ,,, s the 160 sectors (10 different distasce divisions in
r. . s. the 16 directions) . Estimates of the collee ive dose
.h.
T r~,,,,_,s.
Q_U and quantity of released radioactivity based on this
2. , poor data cannot be accurate and should be considerably MCs .. under the actual level.
O- Figure 1 yl est u:py
.e.
{ ,y v f Estimates of the collective dose made by the ad hoe
an co ittee',' ne collee.ive deses are
!l
, vrwer uae-as o w significantly underestimated when T:s are fewer
,l -- #
.:" in n::otbei. Moreover, there are ne NRO data for the
, I t ,.ar urs.svnum first 3 days of the ac=ident. By carree.ine these
{g "ll!
deficioneles, the collective dose thould be estimated
$ 9lt m sse to be at least as high as 16,200 persc= rues. .
ass asa , , i , n o. .e .u w, Bern, four different sets of et=r..lattve doses are show .:
(1) 1,600 person rems based on 15 "."Ds deployed within the 8 =i* e-radius by the utilityr (2) 2,800 person rems based on 30 NRC "."Ds in the same secters as above r (3) 3,300 person rems based on 20 T*Js of the utilityr (4) 5,300 person rems based on all the 37 NRC rDs.
These differenesi clearly indicate that the numoer of dosimeters a f fects the dose estimation. It has been pointed out that the background radiation for the NRC dosimeters was evaluated at too low a leve1I and that the data for the first day, the period of March 31-April 1, is not reliable because of the poor ,
i maintenance of TLDs." It vould be reasonable to suppose that the background level l was underestimated by 40 person rems per day. Consequently, the cumulative dose for the period of March 31 through April 6 is 460 person rems for the 30 NRC TLDs within the 8 mile-radius, and 770 persoo rems for all the 37 NRO dosimeters.
2,800 person rems NRD TJs (30 units) l
- 2,100 NRC r Ds on March 31st (30 units) j 700 l
- 240 (40 person rems s 6 days) l 460 person rems j l
5,300 person rems NBC TJs(37 units)
- 4,290 NRC r Ds on March 31st(37 units) 1,010 240 6 days)
(40, person rems i 770 person rems i 1
-1
'i,f, !
< i
.M ; -
' As a r38 ult, th3 cc11setiv3 dess for th3 wno19 peraod b6Md 6n ths ,
30 URC dessanters is. approximately'2,000 person rems / and 4,000 person rems for
[; .all the 37 NRC dosimeters, by addding 460;and 770 to the ' two da f'erent sets of
~' doses recorded by the utility for the. first three days.
Based on these figures, the imse for tne first. nree days wnen '
NRC dosimeters were not being 'used should be estimated as $110ws) - The ratio.
of the dose : received by 15 TI.Ds of the utility for the ~ period of March 31 through
- April 6 and that for March 28 through 31 is 1600 - 1500
= 0.07. m 1500 .
And as the 20 utility' f Ds are concerned, it is 3300 - 3200 3200 The value of 0.05 is considered to be about the average. Den, if from the very .
beginning the 37 NRC T.".Ds Nd been set up, the dose of 770 / 0.05 - 15,400 person rems
.. . . wuld be aquired for the first three days. 2 this figure of 15,400, the dose cf 770 for the next 6 days is added and'the total of 16,200 perso . r' ems is consequently estimated to de the collective dose for the period of Mar:n 31 thrbuch April 6.
Although the above calculation is an estimation wh::n icnore s f acters su=h as ene possible changes in meteorciogi=al =enditions. tnere is evidence that, the ac.ual dose cculd prc. ably be far greater since 37 desimeters can hardly be -
considered sufficient in number.
PCE* :: GAF FI;I;JE! 3-
. Im>ia a, c.; a r. -
j n . us w - ns.a. Figure 2 m-l . . . - - -
2 . ~ -
{
O Estimaced actle gas release rate by the veility, *'
,{
s y, The earliest two values based on data frem the "*Ts I) are underestimated as tc be less than one fourth J 4*e n . .
pan. . % ,,, the actual level. !
s
! e eu. ..
'., C e en ,
i ,
La s, , s a . .. s a . .si. u a v a Evaluating the released amount of radioactive neble gases solely on the bases of this uncorrected TLD data, combined with the available meteorological information, cannot but result in an underestimation of the released levels. The final conclusion by NRC (NUREG-0600)'# adopts their own preliminary estimation made in their July report"of 1.0 x 10E7 Ci for the total amount of the noble oss releases. 4 This July report presents a sequence of the noble gas releases (see rigure 2)
. tabulated after a detailed calculation with a computer system. However, such detailed and precise calculations cannot correct an extensive loss of actual, basic data.
As already shown, the collective dose for the period of March 28 through April 6 should, by correcting the apparent technical deficiencies, be estimated at around 16,200 person rems, while NFC provides the figure of 3,500 person rems f or the same period. He re , the value o f 3,500 / 16,200 = 0.22 should be adopted to correct the final estimation made by NRC of the amount of

.__a. ______.___m_ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _

e; **
g noble gis reiss:ss. nus, insts:6 of 1.0 m ICE" C1 (or 9sICE7 Ci in t3rms of
..Y xe-173) should be the estimate for the amunt of noble gases released.
10 INE FI*,. EASES r*r 2
% ., . . .. .. , N.
.' Radacactive iodine release rate based on TF.I-2 vent nonitors (charcoal cartridges) ."
$ - . It is clear that during the first two weeks the
I "
2{4j ,] y time intervals between car. ridge changings were l fjh '
significantly longer than the following weeks.
F . <
i This indicates that for the first two weeks there
! .i
,i o p .kJ E p) should rele ase be s . Daemajor underestimation actual iodine quantity releasedin the iodine en .
I,
. .s a. a , s . . .a I during these two weeks may have been ove. several hundredfcid of the level estimated by NBC.
It is , clear that during the period bef ore April 14 the average sarpling intervals were seven to eight times longer than those dunng ce period j af ter Apn1 14. Also it should be noted that after the sampling intervals became shorter, the declining gradient of the release rate was at a hagner level by several tenfolds from that fer the period between March 29 and April 14.
- De Japanese Atcmic Energy Ccianission's second re;crt on the M-2 ac ident states that this sudden rising of the monitored iodine release is due to e.
the filter cAangings dcne between April 12 and Apr-1 . 20. If this were the case, however, the ef f ee.s of the replacement of filte7 would appear in peaks rather I
the.n in the overall increased level as shown in Tigure 3. M:roover, according to the NR: staff report published in June, those cartridge changings were done not during April 12-20 but on April 20, 24-25, and May 23-24.
Therefore, it seems reasonable, instead, to explain this strange behavior of the monitored iodine releases a"5 follows: For the first two weeks the charcoal cartridges were changed only every day or eve.7 two days because there existed a real danger Uht workers replacing the cartridges would be exposed to extremely high levels of radiation. This period was the most critical phase of the plant's status with an extremely high iodine concentration in the ventilation system. There also existed unusual amount of aqueous vapor. Undar those conditions the absorbent capacity of the cartridges must have been rapidly minimized, resultino in the unusually = 1ow level of iodine concentration as shown in Figure 3. NitC and the utility did not make any corrections on those values recorded from the vent t
eeniotors in their estimatas of the actual iodine rele ases . This is inexcusable.
Figure 2 and 3 indicate that on April 20 the approximate quantity i of released itidine and noble gases were 1.4 C1/see and 4,700pci/pec respectively.
The ratio of iodine to noble gases is 1 / 3,400.
The reason for obtaining the ratio from the time period of April 20 is that the noble gas radiation sonitors in the plant ventilation exhaust whic* went of f scale at a very early stage had been recovered by then so that direct measurement of noble j gas releases were available, and that the time intervals between charecal cartridge changings were short enough to pro #de relatively reliable data. The n,' i f we a s s ume that tne ratio of iodine to noble gases was relatively constant, we can estimate the
,<.'2 N s s. ..
s * . ,J
. f.-
iodine /nocle gas ratio for thw petite right af ts tha beginning of tas accidsnt to be around =
. M
/ 8,800
.<'1 u . .
'o by taking the different half-lives of iodine and noble gases into account.
As the total amount of released noble gases is at least 4.5 2 10E7 Ci, the total released i dine should be e,stimated to be over 5,100 C1.
S Bowever, the above assumption of constant ratio between iodine and 3
d' noble gases demands.some discussion. First, iod,ine concentration in the effluent -
air depends on the temperature of the liquids. During the early stages of the y- accident the temperature is expected to have been considerably high so that the ~
ratio would be much greater. . For example, Table I2-3-3 of NUREG 0 06 0 provides' the ratic of 1 / 700 for the time period a little before 7:00a.m. March 28. Also on page I2-3-20 of the same report it states that the ma$ct release of noble gases
' began around 7:00a.m. March 28 and that' a few bours later the na;or iodine release .
. started. ':2:us, it is very probable .that. after these few hours tse ratio was muca greater than 1/ 700 which corresponds to the quantity of 64,00001. It,is also reported that even durir.g routine operation t.hase iodine ' filters bad been used at 'D12-2",' and t.here seems to be' no reason to negate the value of 1 / 700.
Consequently, even' the most conservative calc *alation wocid estimate the total iodine quantity released durdag b e accident to be !.100C1. *l Sere remain ,
reasons to' espec , that the released iodine quantity was f ar greasar than 64.000ci as indicatad above.
among the survey data in a task group report to the, presidactial commissions there are some fragmentary data to cualienge NRC's *,=scenviscing as.imation of released iodine. Fo example, (1) 1.2 x 10E-8pci/cc of ainorne 3-131 c=ncentrati:m recorded at 2:27p.m. , March 28 in Middletown (2.6 miles, north) , and (2) 9.6 x 10E-4a.C1/c=
during 4:00-6:00p.m. at an of f-site location, are hundreds or a thousand times larger ,
than the values expected from the assumed release rate (several tan pC1/sec) on which NRC's estimation of the total iodine release (14C1) was based.
Also Isake Barrett reported the ' rate of 40p*Ci/sec of iodine release at TMI-1 vent stack .(6:00a.m. , March 29)? Now, according - to the July report" the d -- s
~
'a rate at ':M2-2 vent stack was approximately a htsidred tises greater than TM2-1.
g
. ':his leads us to estimate that radioactive iodine was released into the atmosphere ,
at the rate of 4aC1/sec from 'tMI-2 at. that time of the accident.
his value is f f
.l approximately two hundred times greater than the quantity shown in Figure 3.
,I i
(E.xcerpts from the author's review published in Nuclear Encineerino Vol.26,no.3) a,,, ; se e a,. mss. ,o %ma t .i o*e.no a.s.or.en sa en **= m-e
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I,.' 10206 WEST t02ND AVENUC g-Joseph S. Roda , (Aamod t ) '" '"'y,, * **
June 14, 1905- T 301 ' Cipher Building \
36 East King Stree,t .
\q '
'Iancaster. Penn.17603 phone: 717-397-3791
Dear Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt and 11r. Roda:
MY PHILOS 0pHY Iam. pro-ndelear. That is, I am in favor of nuclear reactors, provided-theylcan be designed safely. g It is my opinion that scientific work that is not classified should be published in the.open literature and subjected.to peer review, and should not be presented for the first time in the court room.
4 I cannot answer the question of whether the TMI Unit 1 should be reopened because I don't have sufficient information.
y.. LEAK PATHS AND CONTAINMENT There is in progress a DOS funded study on leak paths from TMI reactors 3 and auxiliary buildings. I am not directly involved in this study, so
. 1 I cannot answer the question of whether leaks will occur in the future q
under any circumstance -- normal operation or during an accident.
Pa'pers in progress by me will show that containment of noble gases i is inadequate during a partial melt down which was the case during the- I TMI accident. This inadequacy might exist at all nuclear reactors as well.- i Therefore, I am in the process of proposing development of nonstructural changes to provide containment until most of the radioactivity has decayed. 1 1,
,s HEALTH EFFECTS FROM THS TMI ACCIDENT OR PREVIOUS LEAKS l
, Epidemiology studies for long term effects such as cancers are being funded by the TMI Public Health Fund now, partly as a result of Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt's work.
Epidemiology can show a correlation between health offects and the THI accident or perhaps previous leaks. This correlation should be ceupled with a cause and effect study involving environmental measurements, dosimetry and short term health effects cuch ac fetal deaths, ukin rashes and burns, and bloody diahhren.
e
ti Crainita, pagm 2 of 6 g ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ARE ABSENT FOR THE AREA AHOUND TMI Long lived fission product concentration profiles in soil and lake sediments as a function of depth have not been developed. I am proposing that this be done after I develope a relatively inexpensive method of analysis.
Intermediate liv _es!,,f_f ssiqJLgodgqta such as Zr-95 (td=65 days) andCe-144(t}=204 days)aswellasSr-90(t3=28.6 years)and Cs-137 (tl=30.2 years) and gross gamma should be monitored at several air sampling sites around nuclear reactors by the State and County health departments, and on a global basis by DOE's Environmental Measurements Laboratory (H4L). The D1L did this until April 1978.
Long lived gross alpha and gross beta in air samples should be monitored by the State and Counties at several sites. Colorado Departm.ent ol' Health and local counties jointly collect more than 1,000 samples per year.
Short lived actinides or their progeny _should be measured in autopsy liver, lung, bone and testes of people who lived around THI.
Short lived actinide progeny have been found in autopsy tissues of people who lived around Rocky Flats at the time of Rocky Flats accidents.
I Nn writing papers about the health effects of Am-242 and progeny and Pu-236 and its precursors on people around Rocky Flats. These short lived actinides bicaccumulate in specific organs and can be detected in autopsy tissue while they are below detection limits in soil and sediments. I am proposing to develope a method of analysis for autopsy studies that includes short lived actinide progeny and long lived fission products. ,
Chromosome abnormalities in white blood cells of people living around TMI should be studied. This has been suggested by several people.
I am proposing that this be donc after I develope a relatively inexpensive mathod of analysis. A proposal for nethods development is in progress.
Short lived fission lroducts i such as noble gases like Xe-133 and Xc-133m and their health offects can only be determined af ter the proposed work has been completed.
47 5
.- e Greinitz, .paga 3 of 6 DOSIMUfHY Post TMI health effects reported by Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt such as s ,
skin rashes and burns,. hair loss, vomiting, and bloody diahhrea are characteristic of doses of at least 100- rem. By contrast, scientists at the TMI Public Health Fund's Conference on Dosimetry reported doses less than 0.1 rem. Due to this apparent contradiction, I mn in the process of writing papers to show the nedd for proposed' work, the type of experimental data to be obtained, and how the data will be used. The following is a summary from 3 of the papers. These will hopefully be published 9 months from now.
POTENTIAL PHO' ION TRANSPORT MODELS FOR Xe-133 A11D Xe-133m The principles involved and the type of data are illustrated in Appendix B. The basic data concerning interactions of photons with matter such as attenuation, absorption, and scattering coefficients are reviewed periodically and reported by John Hubbell, National Bureau of Standards. Using the more recent 1975 and 1982 data which Dr. Hubbell sent me, I point out some contradictions with data in the l energy range corresponding to Xe-133 emissions and the need for research l In spite of the contradictions, I use this recent data in this area.
to develope a photon transport nodel. The dose rate to a person i surrounded by an infinite cloud of Xe-133 of uniform concentration is 6 times larger with the new data than with older 1969 data.
Dose build up factors are calculated from the transport models and are shown to be significantly different from dose build up factors 1
calculated by Chilton, Eisenhour, and Simmons who used a method of i i I
l function fitting, which is independent of a transport model.
Experimental determination of build up factors in the energy rance of Xe-133 and Xe-133m emissions is necessary.
At this point in time all dose rate calculations have been baced I
on a pyramid of accumptions. We do not have experimentally verifiable I values for a given concentration of Xc-133 or Xe-133m.
4 48 e
E ~
35.
Greinitz, page 4 of 6 From dose build up factors, the done rate to a person on the ground
~
from a shallow cylinder 50 meters thick with a diameter of 1 km, which [c contains 1 pCi/cc of Xe-133 is calculated for various elevations of the ;
cylinder. These calculated values vary by factors of 2 to 3, depending D' on which basic data is used and which build up factors are used. h
e PLUMES FROM THE THI ACCIDENT !
S Dr. Charles Eisenhour, National Bureau of Standards, a former /.
memberofthePresident'sCommissiokontheAccidentatTHI,sentme the " Sequence of Events" from the Task Force Reprt On Health Physics (
and Dosimetry. Using this data, plumes are described as a stack of cylinders with different concentrations of Xe-133 or Xe-133m when that was the dominant species in the cloud. The thickness and elevation of the plume as well as its vertical concentration profile can be described, provided measurements were taken at two or more different elevations.
The first two to five minutes of a plume is shown to have the i came radiation level, expressed as R/hr, as that in the auxiliary building as indicated by dome monitors.
Since the auxiliary building monitors went off scale at about 15 R/hr, the early releases were in excess of 15 R/hr, on the average.
Later plumes were at least 1.2 R/hr, on the average. >
HCTf TRACKS AND PLUME TOUCHDO)DS
" Hot" is commonly used to describe radioactive matter, while " cold" is commonly used to describe nonradioactive matter. Two accidents at Rocky Flats Plant,[ September 1977 and February-March 1978, were tracked by gross beta air measurements by Colorado State and County Health Departments. The average value in a track was 20 times that of normal background, and the maximum value was about 7 times larger than the average.
A track makes several plume touchdowns as it passes through the air.
The radioactive material is air born and travels with the wind to far distances. Using l}1L data, the tracks could followed from Colorado to Montana, Alaska, NYC, Ontario, Greenland, Miami, and to Livermore (nearSanFrancisco).
49
?b.
Crainitz, page 5 of 6
'ihis means that thd a from the '114I, accident at tou hdown, gave an exposure of at least 15 R/hr n the avera/ \
/
The early plumes could ave much higher radiation levels, (ge or 105 R hr maximu but there) -
was insufficient data to estimate'the exact level.
The time span of a touchdown is estimated and assuAsd to be related to the touchdown time for a tornado. A tornado traveling 25 miles por hour spends about 4 minutes on the ground. It is assumed a hot track traveling 5 miles per hour will spend about 20 minutes on the ground.
With these assumptions, the estimated dose from er.rly plume touchdowns is 5 to 35 R at the minimum. This is almost equal to 5 to 35 rem. About 3 R will causa = etallic : -- : - Therrfo timated minimum dose tent with the numerous reports Este41Lr the' 7 TM1 accident.
/ It is shown in Appendix A that the beta dose is 100 rads /hr, which \ I is 1,000 rem /hr for a quality factor of 10 for beta emissions. This means
~
that people exposed from the early " plume touchdowns received abou t 300 rom. /
/
And this is quite consistent with the health effects ' reported by tke.
N Marjorie Aamodt!
.N Me-accidents of September 1972_andlebruary tH6#((ocky Flats are distinguishable from atmospheric nuclear bomb tests by the following methods. (1) A sharp rise in air concentration of radionuclides occurs with an accident, whereas a bomb test generally gives a riso spanning g 2 or 3 months. (2) The ratio of Cs-137 to Cc-144 is characteristic of the cause of the nuclear criticality'and consictent with the type of accident ar$d not a test bomb. (3) the long lived beta activity in air is 20 tir5es that of nonnal background for accidents, whereas no increase (or only a barely detectable increase) in beta activity is observed with a bomb test. (4) The increased long lived beta activity can be related to progeny of short lived actinides in autopsy tissues. A paper explaining this relation is in progress.
TilY1101D CANCEllS Women are more sensitive than men.' Thyroid cancers can be caused by external radiation as well'as by internal radiation from I-131. A study of 11,000 subjects in Israel who were externall'y irradiated with 6 to 9 radu showed 10 excesa cancers. liyper and hypothyroidism of ten precede thyroid cancer.
kr w
37 Crainitz, p:g2 6 of 6 ADDill:'VIATED IIESUI1B Summer Fellowship (by invitation) Brookhaven Nat'l Lab, Long Island , N.Y.
B. A.1957 Reed College, Portland, Oregon M.S. 1963 Chemistry, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
Ph .D. 1966 Chemistry, Univ, of Colorade.
Member of the Transuranic Vaste Systems Office which monitors and advises DOE on waste projects to be funded - 1978 One paper on Remote Handled Transuranic Waste In The DOS Complex Coordinated other labs, Rocky Flats, and my responses ~to proposed waste acceptance criteria for a deep geological waste repository. These suggestions were all accepted.
All proposals for initiation of projects to be performed by others or by me were sucedssful and accepted while I was at Rocky Flats.
Six papers were written on implementing at Rocky Flats Plant a very sensitive gamma spectrometer developed by scientists at Los Alamos.
One paper on liquid wastes from various buildings at Rocky Flats. >
This allowed correlation of the Feb.1978 accident with environmental ,
measurements.
Three papers on conversion of Pu nitrate solutions to Pu oxide for nucle ~ar fuel.
Inter reports on Pu peroxide precipitation at Rocky Flats.
These allowed correlation of the Sept 1977 accident with environmental measurements.
Advised the attorney representing owners of land around Rocky Flats.
/- My phone has been bugged and these conversations plus his communications with Rockwell have,'resulted in an out of court settlement by the DOE and Rockwell, the contractor for Rocky Flats.
I have been invited to submit the papers in progress for publication in a new Journal by the National Academy of Science and for publication by the International Symposium on Radiation Physics.
S.* n w a I ENCLOSURES: ) .
l Apen11x i (Provided at 31-45) I 1
s .
1
- 1
I 'Chnsultent in UENistr[and Ch mical Enginscring (//) 38 l
10201 Wast 102nd Avsnua Page 1 of 3
.- .Brcomfield, Colcrado 60020 303-466-6043 December 13, 1984 Mr. David Berger ,
1622 Locust Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 -
l
Dear Mr. Berger:
l Thank you for inviting me to the November, 1984 workshop on radiation doses to populations around Three Mile Island, nn.
There are several types of doses shown in Figure 1 which were not discussed at the workshop. I have discussed some of these with Dr. Jock Cobb. A few nights ago I discussed my calculations for doses from Xe with Dr. Karl Morgan who would be pleased if you would make copies of the following information and distribute them to members of the advisory committee for their next meeting December 17, 1984.
133 Xe, Whole Body Exposure to External Radiation Beta Radiation from In Appendix A the dose rate beta rads / minute = 1.6 rads / min per ACi/cm3 is derived. From Charles Pellec,n a presentation, 131 7 during the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> was 0.5 x 10-6 ,cci/cm3, and 133 Xe was expected to be at least a million times larger during the early releases. This gives: N 3 )(0.5 Aci/cm3 133 (1.6 r, ads / min per)Ci/cm of Xe) = 0.8 beta rads / min
.\
[=48betarads/ hour
= 1,152 beta rad /24 hour day 133 A dispersion model is necessary to estimate the ac. Xe concen-tration in the cloud engulfing a specified population. The actual 3
concentration will be less than 0.5 mci /cm by some factor.
-c6-
Greinitz, paga 2 At pressnt, I think bota rcds delivered to the surfcce of a 39, 133 person's skin are important. Even though the range of Xe M a particles is only 0.1 cm in tissue, the unbound electrons and ex-cited electrons fall into vacant orbitals 'and release X-rays and florescent photons with a continuous spectrum.of energies ranging from 0.1 MeV down to the visible region. These secondary X-rays ,
can travel several em inside tissue. Also H' and OH* radicals are l
produced with travel by the domino effect through tissue.
i X and Gamma Radiation from 133 Xe, Whole Body Exposure to External Radiation 133 The gamma dose rate due to 0.081 MeV gamma rays from Xe is derived in Appendix B. The X-rays have not been considered yet.
Therefore, the followiag is only a partial dose rate for photons !
m -
from 133 Xe. \ f
_. . . . . / '
3 3 133 (0.583 gamma rads / min per aci/cm )(0.5 nci/cm of Xe) = 0.293 rads / min N
= 17.6 rads / min s hour d This partial dose rate is larger than values discussed at the~s workshop '
Q by several orders of magnitude. If I neglect the contribution to the g
skin surface from photons originating up to 500 meters from the skin M
surface, and if I' neglect the fraction of attenuated photons which h.
k are absorbed, then I can calculate an improper dose rate of 0.068 \
gamma rads /24 hour day. This improper dose rate is similar to the individual doses discussed in the workshop 4 g p
Inhalation of Short Lived Actinides from Thermal Neutron Reactions k
_ , _ __. _S.ince Cs contours exist in soil around THI, I expect a , _
-C7-29
1 Grainitz, pags 3 of 3 j s:211 cmount of short lived actinides v2ro clso rolsased during tha hD, L' accident. For major accidents at Rocky Flats Plant, I have shown l
that nuclear criticality excursions occurred by correlating wind -
direction c.t the time of the accidents with the geographical pattern of 137 Cs and 90 Sr in soil; with autopsy data by residence; vith epidemiology results of others; and with time patterns from 137 lake sediment depth profiles of Cs and normal Pu isotopes from Rocky Flats released during the accidents. The time patterns were r
developed jointly by people from Woods Hole and the DOE's Environ-mental Laboratory. More recently I have heard of an article on fetal deaths which confirms these findings. -
These short lived beta emitting actinides in autopsy tissue l'
are the result of inhalation of just one or more radioactive particles. In all cases where the time lapse was sufficient for the cancer latent period, cancers or tumors developed. This is an
\
important long term effect of accidents.
Other Categories of Health Risks and Doses \as All the categories shown in Figure 1 are pertinent to the THI accident itself or to the clean up operations. Since U and Pu that ,
\ \
resulted from reactor burn up are present along with fission products in the Containment Building, the problems are going to be similar to those encountered *in any Pu and U facility. One special comment about water which workers will think they have decontaminated suf ficiently for release to the public waterways. The evidence here in Colorado from Dr. Carl Johnson on U in drinking water indicates that existing limits are probably too high for other actinides and for gamma emitting fission products also. This area needs more work.
-C8-
The Bulletin /jg 1 of the Torrey Botanical Club l :s l o Eduor m Chkh Jamca E CunrLei Pay 31,195h AFFIDAVIT 9 l I heve carefully examined a few specimens of cmman plants collected l shortly after the accident at EI and cmpared them with specimens collected more recently. The current abnormalities are probab3y ~carri ed forward by induced chrcncsomal aberrations.- There were a number of anmalies ent$ rely emptrable to these induced by deci::ing radiat$ on -- . stm fcsc$ ations, grcwth stimulation, induction of extra vegetative buds and stm . tumors.
~
}lost of the stem abncmalities described in the literature, and in my own experj ence, are induced by relatively high doses of I or ramma rays extending over a period of usually 2-3 months. Notatle exceptions, however, are similar n.:gonses to beta ray expecure frm radioisotopes (P32, ZnU, CabN) and for only 2h hours. In other words, it would have been poscible for the types of plant abnomt.11 ties observed to have beeb induced by radioactive fallout an 1:ar'ch 29,1979.
In discussing the General biological effects of irradiation, sme ciari-fication may be helpful. In plants, the dose rate (e.g., mr/hr) is much more important than total dose (e.g., mr/yr) in inducing abnomaldties. Furthe r, the aquality factor" for gamma and beta radiation is not the same as ganerally assumed. In fact, I have incontrovertible experimental results to show thct beta rays are at least a quality factor of two in planto.
I am the world authority on modifications of plant growth and development induced by iord zinc radiations, having researched this area for 3h years at I the Brockhaven National 1mboratory and at Rut C ers University. The three nyd ew papers appended attest to my expertise.
^
E James E. Dunckel
h,2,
.i e
Pub 31 cations of James E. Gunckel IV. The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Plants: Morphological Effects, The Quarterly . Review of 8103 cgy, Vol 32, No. 1, March 1957 ge Modifications of Plant Growth and Development Induced by Ionizing Radiations, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol XV/2, 1965 Aberrant Growth in Plants Induced by Ionizing Radiation, with Arnold H. Sparrow, Abnormal and Pathological Plant Growth, Brookhaven Symposia in Biology No. 6 (1954) f / Ionizing Radiations: Biochemical, Physiological and Morphological Aspects of their Effects on Plants, with A. H. Sparrow, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol XVI, 1961 i
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lC ' REPRINT FROM Y ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY l5) N
' EDITED BY W. RUHLAND H VOLUME XVI l' SUBEDITOR G.MELCHERS SPRINGER.VERLAG / BERLIN.COTrlNGEN.HEIDELBERG 1%1 (PRINTED IN GERMANY)
Ionizing raidiatlions: Biochemictil, lihysiologictil aind mor[ihologictil tispects of their effects on phunts*. 1- By J. E. Gunckel and A. H. Sparrow. With I figure. I. Introduction. The accumulation of information concerning the effects of ionizing radiations on plants has been closely tied to developments in thn physical sciences. The discovery of X rays by ROENTGEN in 1805, of natural rmlicactivity by BECQUEnEL in 1800 and of induced radioactivity, by CURIE and JouOT in 1934, and more recently the many advancements associated with nuclear energy programs have all contributed to and stimulated the investigation of the biological effects of ionizing radiations. A measure of the growth of interest in plant radiobiology is given in the recent literature survey by SPARROW (1957) who noted that for the first 25 years following ROENTOEN'S discovery an average of less than lo papers a year were published as compared with an average of at least 200 papers per year for the years between 1950 and 1955 (see also SPARROW, BINNINGTON and POND 1958,'for a listing of papers in plant radiobiology 1806 - 1955). This trend seems to be continuing. While it is obvious that no scientific investigations concerning the effects of man made ionizing radiations on plants could have been undertaken before the discovery of these radiations, it is equally obvious that the naturally occurring ionizing radiations (e.g., cosmic rays and those from radioactive elements) were, nevertheless, producing their biological effects since time immemorial, and that the cumulative effect of these radiations might conecivably be of. considerable evo. lutionary significance. The recent concern over small increases in background radiation due to radioactive fall out reflects the opinion of many biologists that an increase in the background level of radiation, if continued over long periods of time, may produce significant biological effects, mainly genetic. However, since this paper is not prim:.rily concerned with genetic effects we shall not discuss this aspect further. Recent reviews of the very extensive literature on the genetic effects of ionizing radiations on plants include those of ANGULO CARPIO (1955), KONZAK (1957), SMITH (1958) and of a number of authors in Acta Agricultural Scandinavia (vol. 4,1954), Brookhaven Sympc.sia in Biology (no. 9,1950), and in the Proceedings of the International Conferences on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1955 and 1958. This review is mainly concerned with the non genetic effects of ionizing radiations on plants. The literature in this general area has been reviewed earlier by several authors (GAGER 1930, JOHNSON 1936 a, EnESLAVETS 1946, SCULLY 1953,
Research carried out at the Brookhaven Nationa! Laboratory and at Rutgers, The State University (contract no. AT-30-1 1120) under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.
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August 13, 1985 NOTE TO: Bill Travers, Deputy Drogram Director FROM: Mike Masnik, Technical Assistant
SUBJECT:
REPORT OF BOTANICAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE VICINITY OF TMI-2 At the July 18, 1985 Advisory Panel Meeting in Lancaster, PA, I was given a packet of documents by Ms. M. Osborn. In that packet was a report on botanical abnormalities in the vicinity of THI-2. The documents alleged that the abnormalities were the result of radiation released from TMI-2. During the course of the meeting Ms. Osborn, who requested that the infomation be provid ed to the Advisory Panel, . approached me and requested that the document aadressing the botanical abnormalities be returned to her. I expressed my own as well as the staff's interest in this matter, particularly the report of aberrantly large dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, and returned the document. I asked if s.he would mind being contacted by a staff biologist concerning the abnormalities and in particular the aberrant dandelion. She said she would be happy to talk to the biologist and gave me her telephone number. I provided the number to Dr. G. LaRoche, EEB, who arranged for a site visit to examine the abnormalities first hand. The trip was scheduled for August 1, 1985. On July 31,.1985, Ms. Osborn called me at work and informed me that she would like to cancel. She said she talked it over with some other people and agreed that they would rather not show the plants to us at this time. I expressed my disappointment and offered to reschedule sometime in the future convenient to her. She said she would let me know. Mike Masnik, Technical Assistant cc: G. LaRoche
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*..,* October 29, 1985-s Ms. Mary Osborn -
4951 Highland Street: Swatara,:PA- 17111
Dear Ms. Osborn:
I received your letter and as I have mentioned before both Dr. G.-LaRoche and I are still interested in meeting with you to examine some of the plant l abnormalities you have brought to our attention. In your . letter-you spoke of inviting Dr. James Gunckel on the field trip. We encourage you to include Dr. Gunckel; however, we'are not-in a ' position to pay for his traveling or other expenses.
...f s ~
g.gf Either Dr. LaRoche or I will give you a' call next week concerning the
, gg possibility of;getting together in the near future.
Attached is' a copy of Dr. LaRoche's' professional qualifications; also, EEB is the initials' of Dr. LaRoche's organization - the Environmental
'. Engineering Branch.
We have added your name to the distribution list for the Advisory Panel. Sincerely, s 1 y Michael T. Masnik, Ph.D. Technica1' Assistant Three Mile Island Program Office Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation i
Attachment:
As stated N ne e i 3f 5 ,; t
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.___.m_--..__._--____m ..__..i__-._____
1
? ~ . * ^ 6/,
PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS m)4
, Dr. Germain LaRoche
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission -
Wash'ington, D.C.- y _. .
~
As a Land Use' Anaiysh ~1n thE Terr'estSial'R'es'ou'rces Section cif the Environmental Engineering Branch of the Division of' Engineering, USNRC, I evaluate the potential. environment 1 impact on terrestrial ecosystems and land use. Prior to being employed by the NRC I was director of Terrestrial Ecology for a private consulting firm for three years. In this capacity I directed and conducted baseline studies of proposed nuclear or fossil fuel power plants,. 1 and large urban and recreational developments. 'For ten years I taught at colleges, attaining the rank of Associate Professor of Biology. These colleges were: Empire State College, Albany, N.Y.; State University College at New Palt'z,'N.Y.; Manhattan College and Bronx Community College, Bronx, N.Y.; i and Holyoke Community College, Holyoke, Massachusetts. Among the graduate and/or undergraduate courses I taught were Ecology, Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy and General Biology. I have also conducted forest and range manage-ment research with the U.S. Forest Service in Florida for 2 years. I received the Ph.D degree in Bot: ay-Plant Ecology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in 1969, t.he M.S.. in the same areas from The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. in 1958, and the B.A. in Biology from The Catholic University of America in 1957. In 1950 I graduated from the Stockbridge School of Agriculture of the University of Massachusetts as a a Floriculture major. I.have also attended the following Symp.osia and Institutes:-
- Coastal Mapping Using Remote Sensing - Biological Evaluation of Environmental Impacts - Land Capability Classification and Integrated Inventories for Land-Use Planning - Physiological Adaptation to the Environment - Primary Productivity and Mineral Cycling in Natural Ecosystems - Environmental Analysis Workshop ' - Remote Sensing for Natural Resources - Rare and Endangered Plant Species 1 - Energy Sensitive Land
Development i
- Bayosian Reliability Analysis - Intergrated County Level Data l
l UL_-___-__-___-__--_-------------------- .
52. e 1
- The Use of Remote Sensing Technology in Environmental Studies i~ - Water Resources - The Role of the University Community - The Economic and Social Impact of Environmental Changes in the Great Lakes Region j - Summer Research Participation Program for College Tebchers " Isotopes and Radiation Science" " Evolution in Vascular Plants" - Chemical Ecology of Animals I was elected to the Society of-Sigma Xi in 1958, have been a member of the Ecological. Society of America since 1957 and of the Society of American Foresters since 1972. I Publications: ' ' '
LaRoche, Germain "An experimental study of population differences in leaf i morphology of Aquilegia canadensis L. (Ranunculaceae)" 1978. American Midland Naturalist 100:341-349. . l 1
" Effects of Light inten'sity, photoperiod and gibberellic acid on leaf characteristics of Aouilegia canadensis L." Bulletin of the Ecological Society 57(1):26,1976. Abstract. "The effects of restricting root growing space on the phenetics of Aouilegia ,
canadensis." Bulletin of Ecological Society 54(1):22,1973. Abstract. 1972 Report of a grant from the State University of New York Research Foundation entitled, "Detennining the speed of gennination in seeds of Aouilegia canadensis L."
.. The ecology of red columbines in Western Massachusetts" Ph.D. Thesis 1969. " Secondary Succession", pp. 113-115 in Research Problems in Biology Investigations for Students, Series 2,1963, Anchor Books. Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. i "A phytosociological study of the alluvial floodplain forest comunity in the Patuxent Wildlife Refuge." M.S. Thesis 1958. Seminars Presented: l 1976 at York College, City University of New York entitled, "Decifering the ecological control mechanisms of Aquilegia canadensis' geographical distribution. 1972 at the University of Montreal entitled, " Technique de differentiation des contr61es gen 6tiques des controles environnementaux dans les variations morphologiques d'Aouflegia canadensis L'."
x U . L T 53,
'Below are excerpts from the booklets Dr. Gunckel gave,us'.
This; asumamenair
~ ~
explains why_ even knc Te~dgeable people have difficulty in accepting.the fact that radiation damage occurred in the plants 'around TMI. Most of? the radiation effects d'escribed are quantitatively ,
' I rather than qualitatively different from those known to occur in unirradiated plants. (273) .
You have nothing that is not.known in nature - you seem ~ to be speeding up the' frequency of these events. (279) Most, if. not: all, radiation induce effects are teratological responses observed in nature, but the frequency of such events is markedly accelerated. (373) A large variety'of leaf anomalies has been noted in irradiated plants. In any given species, one or more of the following cbangessmay appear; dwarfing,, thickening, roughened or uneven texture, puckering of blade, curling of leaf margins, distorted venation, fusions,' cup-shaped or tubular leaves, color changes, and premature abscission. (272) Irradiated ficwering plants may show: increased height, thick-ening & fasti.ation .of floral stalks, delayed and/or reduced
' flowering, premature or increased flowering, color changes and somatic changes, or high degree of sterility. and modification
in form and number of floral parts. (597) ,
Fasciation of stems, while not uncommon in unirradiated plants occurs so frequently in irradiatec plants that it may be considered a typical radiation effect. (375) It should be emphasized that the results for one species should not be extrapolated to another, as the responses of different species or even different forms or varieties within a species may vary. (595) An example was given-if you have an apple orchard with many 'different kinds of apple trees, and they were all exposed to equal doses of radiation, some trees could be injured while other trees are unaffected. !
~
Dr. Gunckel and Dr. Sparrow wrote in 1961, "it is obvious that the naturally occuring lonizing radiations were producing their biological ) effects since time immemorial, and that the cumulative effects of these j radiations might conceivably be of considerable evolutionary significance. ; The recent' concern over small increases in background radiat. ion due to 'l L radioactive fallout reflects the opinion of many biologists that an increase in the background level of radiation, if continued over long periods of time, may produce significant biological effects, mainly genetic." (p3,(55) i
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February 20,1989 l
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CERTIFICATE OF SERYlCE a- This is to certify that SVA/THI A application'for en appeel motion 1 i for a stey, comments to the Nucleer Regulatory Commissioners and notification of temporary change of oddress have been sent this 21st deg of February 1989 by first class prepaid mail to the enclosed service list and to the Nucleer Regulatory Cornmissioners. Frances Skolnick l 1
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ML20235N216

Contents

Text

Dear Chairman Hendrie,

Dear Sirs:

Dear Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt and 11r. Roda:

Dear Mr. Berger:

SUBJECT:

Dear Ms. Osborn:

Attachment:

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ML20235N216

Text

Dear Chairman Hendrie,

Dear Sirs:

Dear Mrs. Marjorie Aamodt and 11r. Roda:

Dear Mr. Berger:

SUBJECT:

Dear Ms. Osborn:

Attachment:

Navigation menu

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