ML17341B013

Annual Nonradiological Environ Monitoring Rept,1981.

ML17341B013
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	12/31/1981
From:	FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO.
To:
References
NUDOCS 8204080350
Download: ML17341B013 (622)

Text

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction I I. Abiotic Monitoring II.A. I- I A. Thermal (ETS 3.l. I) II.A. I- I B. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.I.2) I I.B. I- I III. Biotic Monitoring III.A.I- I A. Aquatic Environment II I.A. I- I I. Plankton (ETS 4. I. I.I. I) II I.A. I - I

a. Zooplankton III.A.I- I (I) Physical data III.A.I- I (2) Nutrient data I I I.A. I-5 (3) Organisms I I I.A. I -9

b. Phytoplankton II I.A. I -24 (I) Chlorophyll-a, Biomass, and II I.A. I-24 Primary Productivity (2) Organisms II I.A. I-36

2. Fish (ETS 4. I. I. I.2) II I.A.2- I

3. Benthos (ETS 4. I.I. I.3) II I.A.3- I

a. Characteristics of the sediments II I.A.3- I I

b. Benthic organisms II I.A.3-29

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal III.A 4- I Discharge Area (ETS 4.I.I.I.4)

5. Grasses and Macrophyton Invasion/ II I.A.5-1 Revegetation (ETS 4.2.2.2)

6. Groundwater Program II I.A.6- I (ETS 4.!. I.2) 8204080350 811231 PDR ADQCK 05000250

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B. Terrestrial Environment III.B.I-I

. I. Revegetation of the Cooling III.B.I-I Canal Banks (ETS 4.2. I)

a. Natural Revegetation II I.B. I - I

b. Soil Chemistry III.B. I - I 8 ci Soil Erosion II I.B. I -26

d. Faunal Survey II I.B. I -3 I

2. Sampling of Soil & Vegetation III.B.2-I West and South of the Cooling Canal System (ETS 4.2.2.3)

a. Soil Study lll.B.2-l

b. Vegetation Study Ill.8.2-6

3. Annual Aerial Photograph II I.B.3- I Analysis (ETS 4.2.2. I)

IV. Literature Cited IV.A-I V. Changes in Survey Procedures (ETS 5.4. I (3)) V.A-I A. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.I.2) V.A-I I. Lower Detection Limit - Zinc V.A-I

2. COD Procedure V.A-I B. Revegetation of the Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.I) V.A-I I. Soil Sample Collection Method V.A-I

2. Faunal Survey V.A-I Vl. Studies not required by the ETS VI.A-I (ETS 5.4.I. (4))

A. American Crocodi le, Studies- VI.A-I Site Management Program B. American Crocodile Studies- VI.A-I Population Studies C. Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation Studies VI.A-I

I Vll. Violation of the ETS (ETS 5.4. I(5)) . VII.A- I Vill. Unusual Events, Changes to ETS, Permits or VIII.A-I Certificates (ETS 5.0)

A. National Pollutant Discharge VII I.A- I Elimination System (NPDES) Permit

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I I. INTRODUCTION This report is submitted in accordance with Section 5.4.1 of Appendix B to Operating Licenses DPR-31 and DPR-41. It constitutes the Annual Non-Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Number 15 for the period of January 1, 1981 through December 31, 1981.

II. ABIOTIC MONITORING A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1)

Introduction This monitoring provides circulating cooling water temperature data for the Turkey Point Power Plant intake and discharge.

Materials and Methods Data were-collected continuously at each station by an ar ray of three resistance temperature devices and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax 250 Chart Recorder. The inlet temperature monitoring system is located at the intake canal of Units 3 and 4. The discharge temperature monitoring system is located at the outlet end of the Lake Warren basin (Figure 1). Data were summarized hourly.

Results and Discussion A summary of the Units 3 and 4 inlet and Lake Warren outlet mean circulating cooling water temperatures for 1981 are presented in Tables 1 - 12. The maximum inlet and outlet temperatures from 1976-1981 by month are presented in Table 13. A comparison of modal tempera-tures for inlet and outlet appears in Figure 2 and demonstrates the most frequent temperature difference (at) across the plant.

Conclusions Examination of the temperature'data obtained during 1981 revealed 1 '

nothing unusual nor did the results differ notably from previous years.

Outlet Station Power Inl et Lake War'ren Plant Station B

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SCALE IN FEET 0'000 6000 Figure 1. Temperature monitoring stations for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

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110 105 100 H 95 H

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4J 85 80 75 70 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT- OCT NOV DEC TIME (months)

Figure 2. Modal temperatures for inlet ( a ) and outlet ( e ) by month, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1981.

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Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant, circulating cooling water, January 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (~) Hours ('F) (~)

0 80 0.0 0 95 0.0 2 79 0.3 7 94 0.9 13 78 2.0 7 93 1.9 6 77 2.8 4 92 2.4 13 76 4.6 12 91 4.0 33 75 9' 20 90 6.7 40 74 14.4 23 89 9.8 31 73 18.5 33 88 14.2 91 72 30.8 57 87 21.9 66 71 39.7 51 86 28.8 46 70 45.8 41 85 34.3 49 69 52.4 41 84 39.8 86 68 64.0 41 '83 45.3 75 67 74.1 55 82 52.7 40 66 79.4 54 81 59.9 38 65 84.5 45 80 66.0 21 64 87.4 63 79 74.5 24 63 90;6 44 78 80.4 16 62 92.7 27 77 84.0 20 61 95 ' 20 76 86.7 6 60 96.2 17 75 89.0 15 59 98.3 ll 74 90.5 4 58 90.8 10 73 91.8 3 57 99.2 ll 72 93.3

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Table 1. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating (Cont'd) cooling water, January 1981.

UNITS 3 & 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (<<) (~) Hours (oF) (~)

56 100. 0 6 71 94.1 7 70 95.0 15 69 97.0 7 68 98.0 4 67 98.5 2 66 98. 8 3 65 99.2 2 64 99.5 4 63 100.0

Table 2. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, February 1981.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature 'ccumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours ('F) (I) 0 82 0.0 0 97 0.0 5 81 0.7 6 96 0.9 7 80 1.8 22 95 . 4.2 46 79 8.6 60 94 13.1 98 78 23.2 92 93 26.8 160 77 47.0 82 92 39.0 120 76 64.9 86 91 51.8 63 75 74.3 78 90 63 '

45 74 81.0 81 89 75.4 28 73 85.1 55 88 83.6 10 72 86.6 23 87 87.1 6 71 87.5 3 86 87.5 4 70 88.1 1 85 87.6 16 69 90.5 4 84 88.2 9 68 91.8 20 83 91 '

16 67 94.2 7 82 92.3 23 66 97.6 9 81 93.6 6 65 98.5 21 80 96.7 8 64 99.7 14 79 98.8 2 63 100.0 3 78 99:3 5 77 100.0

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Table 3. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, March 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE l<ARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated

• of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (%) Hours ('F) 0 82 0.0 0 97 0.0 14 81 1.9 6 96 0.8 20 '80 4.6 7 95 1.7

48. 79 11.0 9 94 3.0 43 78 16.8 18 93 5.4 86 77 28.4 29 92 9.3 103 76 42.2 52 91 16.3 ill 75 57.1 78 90 26.7 61 74 65.3 85 89 38.2 62 73 73.7 67 88 47.2 63 72 82 F 1 73 87 57.0 13 71 83.9 47 86 63.3 32 70 88.2 45 85 69.4 62 69 96.5 32 84 73.7 17 68 98.8 27 83 77.3 7 67 99.7 25 82 80.6 2 66 100. 0 21 81 83.5 17 80 85.8 21 79 88.6 23 78 91.7 16 77 93.8 21 76 96.6 18 75 99.1 0 74 99.1 3 73 99.5 4 72 100.0

I Table 4. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, April 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of .

Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours ('F) (X) 0 88 0.0 0 102 0.0 M 15 87 2.1 6 101 0.8 M 33 86 6.7 15 100 2.9 41 85 12.4 55 99 -

10.6 57 84 20.3 58 98 18.6 I

CO 63 83 29.1 74 97 28.9 72 82 39.1 65 96 38.0 69 81 48.7 96 95 51.3 66 80 57.9 76 94 61.9 59 79 66.1 73 93 72.0 107 78 80.9,, 55 92 79.7 52 77 88.2 51 91 86.8 59 76 96.4 35 90 91.7 19 75 99.0 25 89 95.1 7 74 100.0 9 88 96.4 3 87 96.8 3 86 . 97.2 2 85 97.5 4 84 98.1 2 83 98.3 8 82 99.4 0 81 99.4 1 80 99.6 3 79 100.0

Table 5 ~ Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, May 1981.

UNITS 3 8( 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) Hours ('F) 0 90 0.0 0 105 . 0.0 8 89 1.1 ll 104 1.5 38 88 6.2 1 103 1 ~ 6 67 87 15.2 95 102 14.4 135 86 33.3 40 101 19.8 91 85 45.6 138 100 38.3 90 84 57.7 112 99 53.4 71 83 67.2 46 98 59.5 71 82 76.7 132 97 77.3 89 Gl 88.7 35 96 82.0 53 80 95.8 70 95 91.4 22 79 98.8 12 94 93 '

9 78 100.0 27 93 96.6 7 92 97 6 F

12 91 99.2 5 90 99.9 1 89 100.0

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Table 6. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, June 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE 'WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) Hours (oF) 0 93 0.0 0 110 0.0 6 92 0.8 5 109 0.7 64 91 9.7 13 108 2.5 130 90 27.8 31 107 6.8 150 89 48.6 88 106 19.0 127 88 66.2 38 105 24 '

122 87 83.2 134 104 42.9 55 86 90.8 39 103 48.3 44 85 96.9 166 102 71 .4 19 84 99.6 40 101 76.9 2 83 99.9 89 100 89.3 1 82 100.0 56 99 97.1 8 98 98.2 7 97 99.2 4 96 99.7 2 95 100.0

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Table 7. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, July 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) Hours (oF) 0 95 0.0 0 110 0.0 6 94 0.8 22 109 3.0 66 93 9.7 104 108 16.9 105 92 23.8 27 107 20.6 159 91 45.2 87 106 32.3 126 90 62.1 51 105 39.1 80 89 72.8 92 104 51.5 72 88 82.5 29 103 55.4 36 87 87.4 59 102 63.3 39 86 92.6 14 101 65.2 21 85 95.4 71 100 74.7 23 84 98.5 45 99 80.8 2 .83 98.8 27 98 84.4 5 82 99.5 46 97 90 '

4 81 100.0 19 , 96 93.1 30 95 97.2 15 94 99.2 3 93 99.6 2 92 99.9 1 91 100.0

I Table 8 ~ Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, August 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) colours (oF) 0 6

94 93 0.0 0.8 0 ill 0.0 5 110 0.7 36 92 5.6 19 109 3.3 83 91 16.8 26 108 6.8 138 90 35.3 84 107 18.2 108 89 49 ' 88 106 30. 2 104 88 63.8 66 105 39.1 54 87 71.1 97 104 52 '

35 86 75.8 79 103 63.0 24 .85 79.0 62 102 71.5 27 84 82.7 30 101 75.5 30 83 86 ' 26 100 79.1 ll 82'1 88.2 41 99 84.6 6 89.0 18 98 87.1 23 80 92.1 13 97 88.9 19 79 94.6 16 96 91. 0 10 78 96.0 22 95 94.0 30 77 100.0 ll 94 95.5 19 93 98.1 7 92 99.0 7 91 100.0

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Table 9. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, September 1981.

I UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE LIARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) Hours (oF) 0 92 0 109 0.0 21 90 91 2.9 ll 108 1.5 90 15.4 48 107 8.2 155 89 36.9 95 106 21. 4 124 88 54.2 69 105 31.0 100 87 68.1 108 104 46 '

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3 21 55 78'.0 86 85 84 83 82 75.6 79.2 80.1 80.6 83.5 87 67 42 24 17 103 102 101 100 99 58.1 6?.4 73.2 76.5 78.9 81 91.1 29 98 82.9 15 80 93.2 48 97 89.6 20 79 96.0 12 96 91.2 29 100.0 22 95 94.3 31 94 98.6 5 93 99.3 5 92 100.0

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Table 10. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, October 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (F) Hours ('F) (x) 0 90 0.0 0 107 0.0 15 89 2.0 1 106 0.1 56 88 9.5 18 105 2.6 55 87 16.9 66 104 11.4 85 86 28.3 37 103 16.4 41 85 33.8 63 102 24.8 27 84 37.4 50 101 31.5 39 83 42.. 7 49 100 38.1 115 82 58.1 23 99 41.2 133 81 76.0 27 98 44.8 57 80 83.6 14 97 46.7 59 79 91. 5 33 96 51.1 53 78 98.7 26 95 54.6 10 77 100.0 27 94 58.3 34 93 62.8 74 92 72.8 72 91 82.4 56 90 89.9 29 89 93.8 23 88 96 9 F

4 87 97.4 19 86 100.0

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Table 11. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, November 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number T1111e of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours (oF) (~)

0 82 0.0 0 92 0.0 2 81 0.3 4 91 0.6 5 80 1.0 15 90 2.6 40 79 6.5 32 89 7.1 41 78 12.2 38 88 12.4 46 77 18.6 54 87 19.9 105 76 33.2 74 86 30.1 61 75 41.7 63 85 38.9 55 74 49.3 59 84 47.1 48 73 56.0 90 83 59.6 87 72 68.1 109 82 74.7 62 71 76.7 76 . 81 85.3 87 70 88.7 53 80 92.6 34 69 93.5 37 79 97.8

-35 68 98.3 13 78 99.6 12 67 100.0 =3 77 100.0

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Tabl e 12. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating cooling water, December 1981.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours (oF) (~)

0 84 0.0 0 100 0.0 4 83 0.5 3 99 0.4 15 82 2.6 15 98 2.4 37 81 7.5 26 97 5.9 31 80 11.7 21 96 8.7 22 79 14.7 16 95 10.9 17 78 16.9 24 94 14.1 30 77 21.0 18 93 16.6 83 76 32.1 8 92 17.6 31 75 36 ' 15 91 19.7 24 74 39.5 20 90 22.3 23 73 42.6 13 .89 24.1 62 72 50.9 33 88 28.5 42 71 56.6 38 87 33.6 44 70 62.5 37 86 38.6 36 69 67.3 59 85 46.6 19 68 69.9 42 84 52.2 46 67 76.1 30 83 56.3 31 66 80.2 25 82 59.6 25 65 83.6 9 81 60.8 17 64 85.9 16 80 63.0 19 63 88.4 20 79 65.7 15 62 90.5 20 78 68.4 37 61 95.4 55 77 75.8 21 60 98.3 31 76 79.9

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Table 12. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant circulating (Cont'd) cooling water, December 1981.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE llARREN OUTLET Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours (oF) (~)

59 98.9 31 75 84.1 58 100.0 46 74 90. 3 35 73 95.0 20 72 97.7 8 71 98.8 1 70 98.9 2 69 99.2 4 68- 99.7 2 67 100.0

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Table 13. Inlet and outlet circulating cooling water temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant from 1976 through 1981.

MAXIMUM INLET TEMPERATURE ( F) MAXIMUM OUTLET TEMPERATURE ( F)

MONTH 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 January 80 75 78 78 80 79 96 90 91 90 95 94 February 83 82 77 82 84 81 98 99 90 93 100 96 H

H March 86 85 86 81 88 81 102 103 101 94 103 96 April, 86 84 87 87 89 87 102 100 101 102 105 101 00 May 87 91 92 89 89 89 105 105 108 103 105 104 June 90 94 95 92 94 92 106 109 111 108 110 109 Jul y 94 . 93 96 96 96 94 111 110 111 112 111 109 August 94 94 94 95 95 93 110 111 108 112 110 '10 September 92 95 92 91 93 91 108 110 106 107 108 108 October 89 92 91 91 92 89 104 108 104 108 108 106 November 83 84 87 88 87 81 96 100 100 103 101 91

=December 83 84 .

86 83 78 83 97 97 99 95 93 99

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B. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2)

Introduction This monitoring provides data for the determination of cooling water quality characteristics and their relative changes in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Materials and Methods M'onthly grab samples were taken at the discharge side of the plant in Lake Warren (Figure 1) and analyzed for copper, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.). Copper and zinc were analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (EPA, 1979). During 1981 lower detection limits were revised and employed in zinc analysis (Section V ). The C.O.D. was analyzed using EPA approved methods (Section V ).

Weekly grab samples were taken at the same location and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and salinity. Instrumentation included an Orion Model 401 Ion Analyzer, a Yellow Springs Instrument Polarographic Probe/Oxygen Meter and an American Optical T/C Refractometer respectively.,

Results The results of the 1981 chemical monitoring program for copper, zinc, C.O.D., pH, D.O. and salinity are given in Table l.

1 The quantities of bulk chemicals used in the operation of Units 3 and 4 are reported in Tables 2 and 3.

Discussion The lower limit of detection for copper is 0.02 mg/1. The values for copper have remained below 0.02 mg/1 since June 1976.

Zinc data are compared with data from 1977 through 1980 in Figure 2."

The linearity breaks of zinc values seen in 1981 were the results of reevaluations of instrument capability pertaining to lower detection limits. These comoarisons demonstrate that no unusual levels of copper or zinc were observed during 1981. The C.O.D. data for 1979 through 1981 are presented in Figure 3. Values reported for 1981 were within the historical ranges (FPL, 1979 and 1980).

The 1981 pH values ranged from 7.9 - 8.2 with an average value of 8.1. Average pH values have steadily increased from 7.9 in 1975 to 8.1 in 1981. Dissolved oxygen continued to fluctuate inversely with power plant loading (i.e. electrical generation per unit time).

The yearly average salinity 'decreased from 42.1 o/oo in 1980 to 38.6 o/oo in 1981-. This decrease was due to two periods of heavy rainfall during August and September which have temporarily suppressed the long term upward trend (Table 1, Zooplankton Section).

The chemical quantities listed in Tables 2 and 3 are based on power plant bulk chemical usage. The assumption is that ultimately II.B.1-2

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the chemicals were added in some form to the circulating cooling water system. Most of the chemicals were used for water treatment processes necessary to produce high quality water for steam production.

Only estimates of chemicals discharged to the canal system can be made since treatment processes of sedimentation, neutralization and precipitation are carried out before the wastewater is discharged.

Conclusions Copper levels continue to be below detectable limits. Zinc levels were below detectable limits during 1981. C.O.D. levels continue to fluctuate in a range considered to be of questionable reliability for testing in saline waters (EPA, 1979 Method 410.3).

There appears to be no measurable effect, on cooling system water quality, of the chemicals assumed in this report to be added to the open circulating cooling water during plant operations.

Although in lesser quantities than from Units 3 and 4, two adjacent fossil units also discharged similar water treatment related chemicals to the canal system.

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0. 05 0.04 0.03 0.02

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0. 00 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 TINE (months)

Figure 2. Monthly zinc. values at the outlet of Lake Warren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1977-1981.

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1500 Historical Upper Limit (5/25/73) 1472 mg/1 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 en 900 800 p5 700 tD 600 500 400 300 200 100 1979 1980 1981 TINE (months)

Figure 3. Monthly C.0.0. values at the outlet of Lake Warren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1979-1981.

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Table l. Va1ues of selected chemical parameters monitored at the outlet of Lake Warren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1981.

MONTHLY WEEKLY C.0.D. Cu Zn pH (std. D.O. Sal ini ty DATE (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) DATE units) (mg/1) (o/oo)

Jan. 219 <0.02 <0.02 01/08 8.2 4.8 40.0 01/15 8.0 5.4 40.0 01/22 7.9 4.6 40.0 01/29 7.9 4.7 40.0 Feb. 261 <0. 02 <0. 02 02/05 8.0 5.8 41. 0 02/12- 8.0 4.4 42. 0 02/19 7.9 4.8 41. 0 02/26 8.0 5.0 42.0 Mar. 197 <0. 02 <0. 02 03/05 8.1 4.2 42.0 03/12 8.1 4.1 42 '

03/19 8.1 4.2 42.0 03/26 8.1 4.9 44.0 Apr. 236 <0.02 <0.01 04/02 8.0 5.0 44.0 04/09 8 .-2 5.8 44.0 04/16 8.0 4.6 44,0 04/23 8.0 5.0 44.0 04/30 8.0 4.1 44.0 May 222 <0. 02 <0. 01 05/07 8.1 4.0 44. 0 05/14 8.1 4.0 44. 0 05/21 8.0 4.0 45.0 05/28 8.0 3.7 41.0 Jun. 276 <0.02 <0.01 06/04 8.2 3.8 42.0 06/11 8.1 2.0 42.0 06/18 8.1 4.2 44.0 06/25 8.0 4.7 43.0 Jul. 202 <0.02 <0.01 07/02 8.0 4.8 43.0 07/09 8.1 5.0 44 '

07/15 8.1 5.0 45.0 07/23 8.0 4.'3 46 ..0 07/30 8.0 4.7 '6.0 Aug. 266 <0. 02 <0. 01 08/06 =

8.0 4.1 45.0 08/13 8.1 3.7 46.0 08/20 8.1 4.1 33.0 08/27 8.1 3.1 35.0 Sep. 302 <0.02 <0.005 09/03 8.1 3.6 36.0 09/10 8.0 4.0 36.0 09/17 8.1 3.8 37.0

. 09/24. 8.2 3.9 35.0

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Table l. Values of selected chemical parameters monitored (Cont'd) at the outlet of Lake Marren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1981.

MONTHLY MEEKLY C.O D Cu Zn pH (std. D.O. Sal ini ty DATE (mg/1 ) (mg/1 ) (mg/1) DATE units) (mg/1) (o/oo)

Oct 234 <0.02 <0.005 10/01 7.9 4.7 27. 0 10/08 8.1 4.0 29.0 10/15 8.,1 4.9 28.0 10/22 8.2 4.6 30.0 10/29 8.2 - 4.2 30.0 Nov. 254 <0. 02 <0. 005 11/05 8.2 4.8 29.0 11/12 8.1 4.8 29.0 11/19 8.1 5.3 30.0 11/25 8.0 6.0 30.0 Dec. 413 <0.02 <0.005 12/03 8.1 4.8 30.0 12/10 8.1 6.0 31. 0 12/17. 8.1 4.8 31. 0 12/24 8.1 5.6 32.0 12/31 8.0 4.0 33.0

Table 2. Chemical usage during operations of the Turkey Point Power Plant Units 3 5 4 January .through June, 1981.

CHEMICALS JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL JUNE Amerfloc 275 29 23 26 21 14 15 Ammonium Hydroxide (58K) 0 0 0 30 0 0 Bentonite Clay 1,710 1,303 1,462 1,322 840 1,224 Boric Acid 10,361 1,701 0 4,390 5,270 1,834 Chlorine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentrated Sodium 85,109 76,369 72,375 59,443 47,710 51,627 Hydr oxide (50'5)

Concentrated Sulfuric 101,322 110,324 118,300 75,417 57,489 68,298 Acid (93K)

HTH - Calcium Hypochlorite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrated Lime 25,402 19,839 5,855 26,518 12,880 14,696 Hydrazine (35$ ) 0 0 26 708 27 0 Potassium Chromate 50 67 75 25 0 16 Potassium Dichromate 0 8 0 10 0 9 Soda Ash 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Chloride 0 0 0 0 .0 0 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 0 8 0 14 0 0 bAll. values in pounds.

Trade name for a coagulant aid.

Table 3. Chemical usage during operations of the Turkey Point Power Plant Units 3 8 4 July through December, 1981.

CHEMICALS JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER Amerfloc 275 17 20 17 12 2 19 Ammonium Hydroxide (58K) 0 0 0 0 117 0 Bentonite Clay 1,043 1,152 997 661 108 1,226 Boric Acid 6,160 2,742 2,384 3,150 7,348 4,780 Chl orine 0 0 0 0 0 0 H

H Concentrated Sodium 39,837 52,252 40,262 23,612 =7,784 3,502 tO Hydroxide (50K)

I Concentrated Sulfuric 53,095 49,467 40,051 41,291 7,670 4,262 I Acid (934)

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HTH - Calcium Hypochlorite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrated Lime 15,875 17,600 15,470 10,227 1,658 18,461 Hydrazine (35K) 0 0 0 0 568 0 Potassium Chromate 75 55 37 70 25 25 Potassium Dichromate 5 5 21 0 16 15 Soda Ash 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Chloride 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 3 2 10 0 7 4 bAll values in pounds.

Trade name for a coagulant aid.

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I II. BIOTIC MONITORING A. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

1. Plankton (ETS 4.1.1.1.1)

a. Zooplankton (1) physical data Introduction This monitoring serves "to compare the physical parameters of the water in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) and determine the ability of the cooling canal system to support biological life" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Physical data were collected quarterly during plankton sampling at various stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Water temperature was measured using a Yellow Springs Instruments (Y.S. I.) Telethermometer with an accuracy of + 0.15 C and a readability of 0.2 C. Salinities were determined using an American Optical T/C Refractometer wi.th an accuracy of 0.10 o/oo and a readability of 0.5 o/oo. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was measured using a Y.S. I.

Polarographic Probe and Oxygen Meter. The accuracy of this instrument was 0.20 mg/1 with instrument readability of 0.1 mg/l. All instruments were calibrated before sampling and all measurements were made in the top meter of the water column.

l Results Results of the physical data for 1981 can be found in Table 1 (canal system) and Table 2 (bay) at the end of the Zooplankton Organism Sections The temperatures in the canal system for 1981 ranged from 42.0 to 24.0 0 C with a mean of 29.2 0 C. The maximum reading was recorded at Station F.l nearest the power plant discharge. Temperatures in the bay for 1981 ranged from 32.5 to 21.0 C with a mean of 26.2 C. The mean temperature for the canal system was 3.0 C higher than the bay temperature.

The salinity in the canal system for 1981 ranged from 46.0 to 26.0 o/oo, with a mean of 39.9 o/oo. There was an average decrease of 1.8 o/oo in salinity in the canal system from 1980 to 1981. The lowest salinity in the canal system was 26.0 o/oo and occurred at Station WF.2. The salinity in the bay for 1981 ranged from 41.0 to 19.5 o/oo, with a mean of 33.5 o/oo. The average salinity in the canal system was 6.4 o/oo higher than'the bay.

The D.O. in the canal system for 1981 ranged from 8.3 to 3.0 mg/1 with a mean of 5.3 mg/1. In the bay, D.O. ranged from 8.1 to 5.2 mg/1 with a mean of 6.8 mg/l.

I Discussion h

Temperatures in both the canal system and the bay were within ranges observed for previous years (Tables 1 and 2). The maximum bay temperature was typical of the deeper waters of the bay area but did not reflect the higher temperatures known to occur on the tidal flats due to solar heating.

The decrease of 1.8 o/oo in the mean salinity of the canal system from 1980 - 1981 was due to two periods of heavy precipitation (Table 1).

The low salinity value at Station WF.2 was a result of back pumping of the Interceptor Ditch into the canal system. Salinities in the bay were also lower than previously noted. This was also attributed to the aforementioned precipitation and the subsequent heavy discharges from the South Florida Water Management District flood control canals.

Dissolved oxygen levels in the canal system were generally lower than those in the bay (Tables 1 and 2). This is due to the decrease in oxygen solubility with increases in temperature and salinity. The level of dissolved oxygen in the water column is of fundamental importance to the biota, although response of individual species or a group of species may be highly variable (Perkins, 1974).

Although lower than the bay levels, the D.O. levels in the canal system were sufficient to support the established biota.

IXl.A.1-3

There was no notable difference exhibited between, physical data for the bay during 1981 and that obtained during baseline bay monitoring (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Conclusions Temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in both canal and bay are not significantly different from previous years (1975-1980). The variation of salinity from the previously established pattern is the result of two brief periods of heavy rainfall.

The physical data do not indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system with the exception of the circu-lating cooling water discharge area. The discharge area is species selective as a result of elevated and fluctuating temperatures.

No significant changes in physical parameters were observed in the bay as a result of power plant operation.

III.A.1-4

5 I

a. Zooplankton (2) nutrient data Introduction This program compares the chemical parameters of the water in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) and determines the ability of the cooling system to support biological life (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Samples were collected quarterly at 12 sample points within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and five control points in southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Acid washed, clear glass containers with ground glass stoppers were used for the ammonia samples, with five milliliters of phenol/

ethanol solution added as the preservative. Acid washed, dark glass containers with ground glass stoppers were used for the other nutrient samples with 0.5 milliliters of 0.2N mercuric chloride added as the preservative.

All analyses were performed with either a Beckman OU-2 Spectrophotometer or a Technicon (CS-M-6) Autoanalyzer. Nitrite, nitrate and inorganic phosphate were determined by Technicon Methodology modified by Klaus Grasshoff. Ammonia was determined III.A.1-5

using the Phenol-Hypochlorite Method and total phosphate was measured using the EPA Method (1979). Data were reported in milligrams per liter.

Results Results for nutrient data for 1981 can be found in Table 1 (canal system) and Table 2 (bay) at the end of the Zooplankton Organism Section.

Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) values in the canal system ranged from 0.218 to 0.044 mg/1 with a mean of 0.089 mg/l. At the bay control stations the maximum value was 0.074 mg/1 and the minimum value was 0.005 mg/1 with an average value of 0.045 mg/1. The highest ammonia values in the canal system were found at Station MF.2 while those in the bay occurred at Station Y-2.

Nitrite Nitrite (NO ) values in the canal system ranged from 0.041 to 0.001 mg/1 with a mean of 0.010 mg/l. At the bay control stations values ranged from 0.009 to <0.000 mg/1 with a mean of 0.004 mg/l.

The average canal value was approximately three times the average bay control value. The highest nitrite values for the canal system were found at Station E3.2 while the maximum values for the bay were III.A.l-6

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Nitrate Nitrate (N03) values in the canal system ranged from 1.612 to 0.016 mg/l. Values at the bay control stations ranged from 0.322 to 0.012 mg/1. The average values for the canal system and the bay were 0.547 mg/1 and 0.098 mg/1 respectively. Peak values occurred at Station RC.2 in the canal system and Station 12 in the bay.

Inor anic Phos hate Inorganic phosphate (IP04) values in the canal system ranged from 0.024 to <0.002 mg/1. The bay control stations values ranged from 0.028 to <0.002 mg/1. The mean value for the canal system was 0.008 mg/1; the .bay mean value was 0.009 mg/1. Highest values of inorganic phosphate in the canal system occurred at Station. MF.2, while those in the bay occurred at Stations R-3 and 28.

Total Phos hate Total phosphate (TPO ) values in the canal system ranged from 0.057 to 0.004 mg/1 with a mean of 0.029, mg/1. The bay control stations values ranged from 0.050 to 0.006 mg/1. The highest values occurred at Stations MF.2 in the canal system and Station Y-2 in the bay.

Discussion The mean ammonia value for 1981 in the canal system was greater than those noted for the past three years (1978-1980). The mean III.A.1-7

ammonia value for 1981 in the bay was greater than those previously encountered from 1976-1980. The elevated ammonia values of canal system Station HF.2 were again the result of back pumping the Interceptor Ditch into the canal system.

Nitrites in the canal system continued the established decreasing trend (FPL, 1978-1980). Ni trites in the bay decreased from 1980, but the decrease was slight and the overall trend (FPL, 1973-1980) is best described as variable.

Nitrates in both the bay and the canal system increased signifi-cantly relative to 1980 values.

By comparison, nutrient values for the bay and the canal system

'are similar to values obtained in Card Sound during the baseline studies (Bader, 1969; Tabb 8 Roessler, 1970; Bader 5 Roessler, 1971; Bader & Roessler, 1972; Segar, 1971).

Conclusions Generally, nutrient levels in the canal system are higher than levels in the bay. The decreasing trend of nitrite values observed in the canal system in previous years is repeated in 1981. No trends are apparent in the other nutrient parameters monitored. The chemical data does not indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system.

3:XI. A. 1-8

A. Zooplankton (3) organisms Introduction This report qualitatively and quantitatively assesses the major groups of planktonic consumers present in the cooling canal system and the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) in order "to follow biological succession and determine the biological stability of the system" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Plankton samples were collected quarterly at stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2). A 5 inch diameter Clarke-Bumpus sampling apparatus with a number 10 mesh (158 micron) net and bucket was used to impinge zooplankters. Plankton tows were performed in the top meter of the water column at speeds of 1 to 3 knots. Each tow lasted 5 minutes in the canal system and 3 minutes in the bay. Zooplankton densities were obtained using the Lackey Drop Method (APHA, 1975) and the volume of water sampled.

Biomass was determined using' volume displacement technique (UNESCO, 1974; Yentsch and Hebard, 1957) and was expressed in terms of volume of water displaced. The method proved acceptable for bay samples, however, it was not sensitive enough to determine the very low biomasses known to occur in the canal system and was subject to IXI.A.1-9

l interference due to particulate matter.

Zooplankton organisms were divided into the-following six categories: Copepods, Gastropods, Bivalve Larvae, Copepod Nauplii, Cirriped Nauplii, and Other Plankton.

Biological stability of the canal system was assessed by comparing the mean (1976-1981) percent of the combined gastropod and copepod fractions of the canal system to that of the bay. 'eans were computed separately for the canal system and bay using the following equations.

XFY XGY XCY Z

X'= z FY Y=l X

T X

F Z Where: XGY The percent of total plankton represented by gastropods in a specific year.

XCY The percent of total plankton represented by copepods in a specific year.

XFY The 'percent of total plankton represented by both copepods and gastropods (copepod/gastropod fraction) in a specific year.

Number of years'n data base.

XT Sum of all XFY in data base.

XF The mean percent of total plankton represented by the copepod/gastropod fraction oyer all years in the data base.

III.A.1-10

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Results Zooplankton organism data for 1976- through 1981 can be found in Table 3 (canal system) and Table 4 (bay).

~Co e ods The 1981 mean copepod densities were 0.187 organisms per'iter in the canal system and 6.392 organisms per liter in the'bay. The percent of the total plankton population represented by copepods was 67 percent in the canal system and 54 percent in the bay.

Gastro ods The 1981 mean planktonic gastropod densities were 0.065 organisms per liter in the canal system and 4.551 organisms per liter in the bay.

The percentage of the total plankton population represented by gastropods was 23 percent in the canal system and 39 percent in the bay.

Bivalve Larvae The 1981 mean bivalve larvae densities were 0.007 organisms per liter in the canal system and 0.218 organisms per liter in the bay. The percent of the total plankton represented by bivalve larvae was 2.5 percent in the canal system and 1.8 percent in the bay.

'I Co e od Nau lii The 1981 mean copepod nauplii concentrations were 0.009 organisms per liter in the canal system and 0.131 organisms per liter in the bay.

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The percent of the total population represented by copepod nauplii was 3.2 percent in the canal system and 1.1 percent in the bay.

Cirri ed Nau lii No cirriped nauplii were noted in the canal system during 1981.

The 1981 mean concentration of cirriped nauplii in the bay was 0.034 organisms per liter. This represented 0.3 percent of the total plankton population.

Other Plankton The 1981 mean densities of the other plankton were 0.02 organisms per liter in the canal system and 0.445 organisms per liter in the bay.

The percentage of the total plankton represented by other plankton was 8.0 percent in the canal system and 3.8 percent in the bay.

Total Plankton The 1981 mean densitites of the total plankton population were 0.281 organisms per liter in the canal system and 11.744 organisms per liter in the bay.

Zoo lankton Biomass The zooplankton biomass in the canal system for 1981 could not be measured due to interferences mentioned previously. The mean

-2 .3 zooplankton biomass value of bay sample was 0.95 X 10 ml/m for 1981.

-2 3 -2 Biomass values for the four quarters were 1.33 X 10 ml/m, 0.78 X 10 ml/m, 0.58 X 10 ml/m, and 1.10 X 10 ml/m .

lIX.A.1-12

l Di scussi on

~Co e ods The mean copepod concentration in the canal system increased from 49 percent of the total plankton population in 1980 to 66.5 percent of the total plankton population in 1981. The mean copepod concentration in the bay decreased from 79.2 percent of the total plankton population in 1980 to 54.4 percent this year. This reversed the increasing bay to canal system copepod ratios observed in the past six years. This reversal is attributed to the increased density of gastropods in the bay in 1981. The mean copepod densities in the canal system and the bay have remained constant.

Gastro ods Gastropods in the canal system comprised a slightly smaller per-centage of the total plankton population in 1981 than they did in 1980.

Bay gastropod concentrations in. 1981 were up 500 percent over 1980.

This was the first time in 6 years that the bay had a higher percentage of gastropods than the canal system.

Bivalve Larvae Thermal exclusion of these larvae during initial open mode use of the bay water for condenser cooling (1968-1972) and subsequent inadequate adult base populations is the most likely cause for the low mean density values for the canal system. Although 1981 bivalve increased 250 percent over 1980 values, the concentrations have never exceeded 3 percent of the total canal system plankton population in the past six years.

III.A.1-13

I The 1981. bivalve densities in the bay increased 151 percent over 1980 values. This group was the second least abundant zooplankter and continued to comprise only 1.0 - 2.0 percent of the total bay plankton since 1976.

Co e od"Nau lii Copepod nauplii were found in the canal system during the first, second, and fourth quarters of 1981 although occurrences were sporadic and densities low.

Copepod nauplii continued to be collected in very low concentra-tions, in the bay. Copepod nauplii densities and percentages in both the canal system and the bay have not changed notably in six years.

Cirri ed Nau lii Cirriped nauplii were not found in the canal system in 1981. This supported the data- from the previous year in which cirriped nauplii were observed in low and sporadic density levels.

Cirriped nauplii were collected in very low concentrations in the bay as they have been in the past.

Both cirriped and copepod nauplii are too small to be adequately sampled by a <10 mesh (158 micron) net, therefore the concentrations reported are'ot considered representative of actual population densities.

'Other Plankton This category of zooplankters includes the fish larvae, zoea and megalops of various crustaceans, cladocerans, ostracods, chaetognaths, tunicate larvae, polychaete larvae, echinopluteii, bipinnaria, and medusae.

The difference in density levels between the bay and canal system dropped considerably during 1981. The bay density was 20 times higher than the canal system density for 1981 and was 28 times higher for 1980. This was due to a 22 percent increase in other plankton in the canal system and a 13 percent decrease in the other plankton density in the bay.

Densities of other plankton in the canal system have steadily decreased from 1976-1979. Since then they seem to have leveled off.

This is most likely a reflection of the absence of all the afore-mentioned other plankton with the exception of polychaete larvae.

Total Plankton Zooplankton concentrations in the canal system were consistently lower than those found in the bay. The total bay plankton density increased 76 percent over the 1980 bay value and was 42 times higher than the canal system concentration. Total plankton densities observed in the canal system increased 45 percent over the 1980 value. The III.A.1-15

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0 bay to canal system ratio of the total plankton continued on its. in-creasing trend due to the higher than normal concentration of plankton noted in the bay during 1981.

The total bay plankton density was 76 percent higher than 1980 and 20 percent higher than the previously reported record mean value.

The previously reported record mean value occurred in 1979, correspond-ing to the passage of Hurricane David. The record mean value for 1981 is most likely due to the effect of Tropical Storm Dennis which occurred in late August. Coastal run off and storm flood gate inflow ~

as a result of "Dennis" released large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous into the nutrient cycles. Fourth quarter nutrient data agree with this supposition since values are notably higher than during other sampling periods.

The gastropod/copepod fraction over a number of years was used as an index of stability. The canal system compared favorably to the bay. The mean gastropod/copepod fraction for the canal system was 87.0 with a standard deviation of 5.0 while the bay was 90.4 with a standard deviation of 2.2.

Data for 1981 were not comparable to the pre-operational data because of the different methods of collection and quantification that were employed i.e. different plankton net sizes, equipment types, and taxonomic categories.

III.A.1-16

I Conclusions The canal system zooplankter populations show limited variations and have densities and diversities similar to previous reporting periods and hence apparently normal for this environment. The canal system seems to be a stable environment when compared to the bay.

I F. 1 Power Plant RC.O

~ll d Ogo d Rc. 1 Inter'ceptor e d

Ditch e 0

IO Biscayne Bay 0

) 0 e

0 d

W18. 2 E3.2 W24. 2 RC.2 WF. 2 W6.2 W12.2 pO od D+

llll llllil ll ll Card Sound a

RC.3 SCALE IN FEET a 0 3000 6000 Zooplankton stations.

Figure 1. Physical, nutrient and zooplankton sample stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

XII.A.1-18

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l2 El 1 iott .

Power Plant : Key

~

5

~3 Biscayne Bay P

R-3 8Q 19, X-3 Card Sound

. ~ 29 ".. 6~ g 26 Miles

~ a ~ 26'a O 2 3 4 5 2 4 6 6

~ 23

~ 24 Kilometers

~ 25

Key '.'

'. Largo.."

Indicates nutrient sample stations.

Figure 2. Physical, nutrient and zooplankton sample stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound for the Turkey Point Power Plant, 1981.

IXI.A.1-19

I Table 1. Composite physical and nutrient data for years 1976 through 1981 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

PARAMETERS 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Max. 41.6 40. 0 42.5 44.0 42.7 42.0 Temperature - Mean 28.3 29.2 29.2 29.8 29.7 29.2 (oC) Min. 18.5 19.2 18.0 24.0 21.5 24.0 Max. 40 ' 41. 5 43.5 46.0 45.0 46.0 Sal ini ty - Mean 36.6 37.7 37.3 40.8 41.7 39.9 (o/oo) ~ Min. 26.0 28.5 29.5 36.5 38.0 26.0 Di ssol ved Max. 8.4 7.4 6.4 7.9 8 ~ 1 8.3 Oxygen - Mean 5.4 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 (mg/1) Min. 4.1 2.6 3.3 3.2 . 2.2 3.0 Max. 0.463 0. 284 0.208 0.169 0.104 0.218 NH3 Mean 0.072 0. 093 0.049 0.068 0.047 0.089 (mg/1) Min. 0.012 0. 015 0.008 0.011 0.000 0.044 Max. 0.060 0,055 0 '41 0.029 0.023 0.041 N02 Mean 0.028 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.010 (mg/1) Min. 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.000 0.001 Max. 0.960 0.769 1. 373 1.649 0. 596 1. 612 N03 - Mean 0.474 0.287 0.476 0.553 0.217 0.547 (mg/1) Min. 0.042 0.007 0.040 0.009 0.002 0.016 Max. 0.048 0.143 0.033- 0.019 0. 017 0.024 IP04 - Mean 0.026 0. 021 0.017 0.008 0.010 0.008 (mg/1) Min. 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.000 0.002 0.000 Max. 0.098 0.098 0. 072 0: 064 0.079 0.057 TP04 Mean 0.058 0.049 0.048 0.036 0.043 0.029 (mg/1) Min. 0.019 0.011 0.029 .

0.009 0.010 0.004 III.A.1-20

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Table 2. Composite physical and nutrient data for years 1976 through 1981 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.'ARAMETERS 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Max. 32.4 32.1 31. 9 32.7 32.0 32.5 Temperature - Mean 26.0 26.2 25.7 25.7 26.2 26.2 (oC) Nin. 17.5 18.7 15.5 ,

19.9 19.5 21.0 Max. 40. 0 38.0 38.5 41.5 38.0 41. 0 Sal ini ty - Mean 35. 2 33.5 33.7 34.3,, 33.6 33.5 (o/oo) Min. 21. 0 28.0 24.0 21. 5 25.0 19.5 Dissolved Max. 8.8 8.3 7.8 9.2 7.5 8.1 Oxygen - Mean 6.8 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.9 6.8 (mg/1) Min. 5. 0 3.3 3.6 4,4 4.1 5.2 Max. 0.044 0.098 0.134 0. 059 0. 061 0.074 Mean 0.022 0.032 0. 028 0.025 0.034 0.045 (mg/1) Nin. 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.005 Max. 0.028 0.009 0.023 0. 018 0.012 0.009 NO Mean 0.005 0.003 '.004 0. 007 0.005 0.004 (mg)l) Nin. 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.164 0.112 0. 527 0.237 0.233 0.322 NO Mean 0.052 0. 034 0.085 0.103 0.057 0.098 (mg)l ) Min. 0.002 0. 001 0.009 0.022 0.003 0.012 Max. 0.019 0. 019 0.011 0.025 0.024 0. 028 IP04 Mean 0.007 0. 007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0. 009 (mg/1) Min. 0.002 0. 002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0. 000 Nax. 0.055 0. 151 0.021 0.066 0.091 0.050 TPO Mean 0.016 0.017 0.012 0.027 0.032 0.025 (mg/f) Min. 0.006 0.004 0,006 0.009 0.002 0.006 III.A.1-21

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Table 3. Composite zooplankton data for years 1976 through 1981 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

ORGANISMS 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Nax. 0.630 0. 440 0.682 0. 560 0.533 0.626 Copepods - Mean 0.100 0. 096 0.148 0.136 0.095 0.187 Nin. 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.021 Max. 2.530 3.380 0.325 6.550 0. 827 0.580 Gastropods Mean 0.064 0.153 0.036 0.302 0.076 0.065 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.000 0. 040 0. 010 0. 022 0.026 0.103 Bivalves Mean 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.007 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Nax. 0.010 0.220 0.060 0. 011 0.026 0.118 Copepod Mean 0.001 0. 007, 0.006 0.001 0.002 '.009 Nauplii Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.240 0. 020 0. 030 0. 010 0.009 0.000 Cirriped Mean 0.004 0.002 0.005 0. 001 0.000 0.000 Nauplii Nin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.680 0.620 0.120 0.240 0. 086 0.335 Other Mean 0.049 0.036 0. 017 0.027 0. 018 0. 022 Plankton Nin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Nax. 2.610 3.490 0.844 6.990 0.943 0,738 Total Mean 0.210 0.291 0.210 0.472 0.194 0.281 Plankton Min. 0.000 0.010 0.008 0.000 0.012 0.031 a

All values in organisms per liter.

III.A.1-22

Table 4. Composite zooplankton data for years 1976 through 1981 showing the maximum, minimum and mean-for all stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

ORGANISMS 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Max. 15.050 17.090 27.360 18.320 11.890 23.396 Copepods - Mean 3.075 3.799 5.341 7.200 5.269 6.392 Hin. 0.030 0.050 0.026 0.060 0.288 0.263 Max. 6.290 10.540 7.029 17.890 3.500 74.208 Gastropods - Mean 0.396 0.576 0:849 1.569 0.682 4.551 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0. 370 1 ~ 670 2.667 0.450 1. 316 1.649 Bivalves - Mean 0. 027 0. 074 0.129 0 '02

• 0.087 0.218 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0. 280 0. 083 1.500 0.217 0.862 0. 967 Copepod - Mean 0. 030 0.111 0.139 0.067 , 0.097 0.131 Nauplii 'Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hax. 1.000 0.490 0.264 0.240 0.234 0.532 Cirriped - Mean 0.652 0.046 0.016 0.027 0.011 0.034 Nauplii Hin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 1. 330 5.190 2.584 4.800 2.145 1.393 Other - Mean 0.204 0.409 0.309 0.849 0.509 0.445

- Plankton Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.000 '.000 Max. 18.980 24.350 35.820 41. 630 16. 680 86.998 Total - Mean 3.790 5.030 6.727 9.808 6.655 1,1. 744 Plankton Min. 0.040 0.150 0.039 0.080 0.418 0.405 All values in organisms per liter.

XIX.A.1-23

b. Phytopl ankton (1) chlorophyll a, biomass, and primary productivity Introduction Chlorophyll a is used to estimate phytoplankton biomass and pri-mary productivity: Chlorophyll is a pigment contained in the chloro-plasts of plant cells, the function of which is to absorb radiant energy which is then used by the plant to manufacture food. The chlorophyll discussed in this report is extracted from marine phytoplankton.

Materials and Methods Chlorophyll a, biomass, and primary productivity were determined quarterly at 13 stations. Eight of these stations were located in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and five were located in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a determinations were made using the Trichromatic Method 1

(ASTM, 1980; APHA, 1975). Two each, one liter samples were 1

The Trichromatic method of analysis was used to determine the chlorophyll a content of a quality control sample from the Environ-mental Protection Agency's Cincinnati monitoring and support laboratory.

I Yalues obtained were within 4.7 percent of the reference value for the sample. This is within the acceptable limit of 10 percent set by the EPA for this method of analysis.

III.A.1-24

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taken at each of the 13 stations and concentrated using l<hatman GF/C glass fiber filters. Pigments were extracted from the con-centrated samples by homogenizing the impinged sample with a tissue grinder, steeping in an aqueous acetone solution, and decanting the supernatant. Optical density of the extracts was determined using a Beckman 25 UV-Visible Light Spectrophotometer with a 5 centimeter path length.

Biomass "Chlorophyll a constitutes approximately 1 to 2 percent of the dry weight of organic material in all planktonic algae and is therefore the preferred indicator for algal biomass estimates.

By assuming that chlorophyll a constitutes, on the average, 1.5 percent of the dry weight organic matter (ashfree weight) of the algae, one can estimate the algal biomass by multiplying the chlorophyll a content by a factor of 67" (APHA, 1975).

Primar Productivit Primary productivity was estimated by using chlorophyll a values, surface solar radiation values and extinction coefficients in equations derived by Ryther and Yentsch (1957). Surface radiation values were taken at a nearby coastal meteorological facility. A table by Ryther and Yentsch (1957) showed the relationship between total daily surface radiation and daily relative photosynthesis beneath a unit of sea surface. Extinction coefficients were calculated III.A.1-25

1 in the canal system using Secchi Disc measurements. Due to the shallowness and water clarity', it was not possible to obtain Secchi Disc readings at sample stations in the bay. Consequently, an estimated extinction coefficient of 0.15/m was used (see Ryther and Yentsch, 1957, Figure 1).

Results The mean chlorophyll a values, biomass, and primary productivity for the canal system and the bay for 1981 are shown in Table l.

Discussion "The chlorophyll of the euphotic zone fluctuates as a function of available nutrients, predation, and conditions favoring high turnover rates" (Odum, 1975).

Chlorophyll a 3

The mean chlorophyll a value in the canal system 0.36 mg/m in 3 . 3 3 1978, 0.43 mg/m in 1979, 0.63 mg/m in 1980 and 0.53 mg/m in 1981.

The mean chlorophyll a value in the bay was 0.20 mg/m in 1978, 0.16 3.'g/m 3 3 in 1979-1980 and 0.47 mg/m in 1981 (Figure 3).

The highest values for chlorophyll a in the canal system and the bay occurred during quarters with long photoperiods and/or high nutrient values.:The elevated chlorophyll a values in the canal system were attributed primarily to its high phytoplankton levels as III.A.1-26

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'1 I

a result of the higher nutrient levels. Nutrient levels, in general, were three times greater in the canal system than in the bay.

There appeared to be a limited amount of nutrients in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, with most of them probably being utilized by the macrophytes or otherwise tied-up in biogeochemical cycles.

The 1981 chlorophyll a values for both the canal system and the bay fell within the range of baseline values for Biscayne Bay as determined by Bader and Roessler (1972).

Biomass 3

The average biomass value in the canal system was 22.08 mg/m in 1978, 28.61 3.

mg/m in 1979, 41.88 3.

mg/m in 1980, and 35.77 mg/m 3 . 3 in 1981. The bay value was 12.97 mg/m in 1978, 11.04 mg/m in 1979, 3 . 3 10.62 mg/m in 1980, and 31.48 mg/m in 1981 (Figure 4).

Biomass values were higher in the canal system than the bay.

This was expected since biomass values are a function of the chloro-phyll a. These data cannot be validly compared 'with the Bader and Roessler (1972) baseline biomass data since different analytical methods were employed.

XXI.A.'1-27

l Primar Productivit The mean primary productivity value for the canal system was 0.055 gC/(m 2. day) in 1978, 0.057 gC/(m 2. day) in 1979, 0.063 gC/(m 2. day) 2 in 1980 and 0.048 gC/(m day) in 1981. The mean primary productivity value of the bay was 0.147 gC/(m 2. day) in 1978, 0.084 gC/(m 2..day) in 1979, 0.082 gC/(m 2..day) in 1980 and 0.242 gC/(m 2..day) in 1981 (Figure 5).

Primary productivity estimates have remained consistently greater in the bay than in the canal system. Higher productivity estimates in the bay were attributed to greater light penetration, Greater light attenuation in the canal system is thought to be the result of high tannin and lignin concentrations which produce color and organic debris which produce turbidity. Color and turbidity are expected by-products of impoundment. The lowest primary production estimates were recorded in the canal system at stations where water velocities were relatively high. No comparisons between the baseline and present primary productivity estimates could be made due to the differences in the methodologies employed.

Bader and Roessler (1972) observed that rain causes nutrient rich run-off to enter the bay. The nutrient load causes a buildup of phytoplankton and benthic flora during the early summer. The highest primary productivity estimates during 1981 in the bay occurred in the fourth quarter. This increase was correlated with IXX.A.1-28

~

~

I

~

~

~

the effects of Tropical Storm Dennis which occurred in late August.

The resulting agricultural run-off caused signifjcantly higher nutrient values, with a resultant buildup of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a.

Conclusions Chlorophyll a and biomass values are higher in the cooling canals than the bay. This is attributed to the higher nutrient levels in the cooling canal system. The primary productivity values of the bay are greater than those of the cooling canal system. This difference is caused by the disparity in light penetration between the two systems.

ZZX.A.1-29

i l

~W18. 2 N

)

'gg IO gI io ro ro 0

0 O~

F.

g)Do 1

~

~~

'I

~ I

~

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~

Plant Biscayne Bay

~ y

~ ~

WF.2 RC.2 ~~

\

] W6.2

~ ~

~ ~

)III Illllllllll Card Sound aaao RF.3 SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Chlorophyll a sample stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

IIX.A.1-30

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

I

~

1

l2 ~ ~

El 1 iott ."

Power,. Plant :. Key .:

Biscayne Bay R-3 X-3 Card Sound Miles-I~

0 I 2 3 4 5

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

0 2 4 6 B Kilometers

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

Figure 2. Chlorophyll a sample stations in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound associated with the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

III.A.1-31

I

'I

0.600 0.500 E

0.400

)~l 0.300 0.200 0.100 1978 1979 1980 1981 (years) 'INE Figure 3. A comparison of mean chlorophyll a values for all stations in the Turkey PointCooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1978-1981.

XXX.A.1-32

50 Canal s 40 E

E 3

C) 20 10 1978 1979 1980 1981 TIME (years)

Figure 4. A comparison of mean biomass values for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1978-1981.

XII.A.1-33

I I

~

~

1 I

~

~

~

~

~

0. 25 Canal s 0

Bay

~~

o 0.20 N E

Ol

~~ 0.05 1978 1979 1980 1981 TIME (years)

Figure 5. A comparison of mean primary. productivity for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1978-1981.

III.A.1-34

l Table 1. Mean chlorophyll a, biomass and primary productivity, values for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound for 1981.

PRIMARY CHLOROPHYLL a BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY DATA (mg/m3) (mg/m3) [gC/(m2 day)]

PERIOD Canals Canals Canals Bay Bay Bay First quarter 0.62 0.18 41.59 11.87 0.050 0.091 (February)

Second quarter 0.12 42.86 7.98 0;053 0.062 0.64 (May)

Third quarter 0.41 0.21 27.49 13.86 0.043 0.107 (July)

Fourth quarter 0.46 1. 38 31.14 92. 20

0. 044 0.713 (November)

Yearly Mean 0.53 0.47 . 35.77 31.48 0.048 0.242 III.A.1-35

b. Phytopl ankton (2) organisms Introduction This report compares phytoplankton populations occurring in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/

Card Sound) with those of previous reports (FPL, 1973-1980) in order to follow biological succession and biological stability of the system.

Materials and Methods Samples were collected in the top meter of the water column quarterly (February, May, August and November) at 12 stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and 13 stations in Biscayne Bay/

Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay (Figures 1 and 2); These samples were reduced in volume, sedimented, in 5A formalin and examined for species and abundance of 'reserved organisms. Procedures were as in the previous reports (FPL, 1977).

Because the traditional method of preserving samples (5/ formalin) occasionally caused erroneous identification of diatoms at the species level, many diatoms were identified only to genus. This is based upon the understanding, widely 'accepted by aquatic biologists, that relatively few diatoms can be determined to species level without clearing. Since the methods employed did not permit clearing, only those diatoms with distinctive outline features could be accurately XIX.A. 1-36

I I

identified. The method thus permits identification of most diatoms to genus, and a few to species.

Results A total of 103 organisms were identified in the canal system, including 32 considered common and relatively abundant, and 33 of sporadic occurrence. A total of 134 organisms were identified in the bay, including 43 comnon and relatively 'abundant species, and 31 others of sporadic occurrence. Most of these organisms were recorded in previous studies in comparable numbers. Counts of the principal organisms appear in Tables 1 and 2 for the canal system and bay respectively.

The diversity of the phytoplankton populations (Table 3) is expressed as the number of genera identified in the different groups.

The principal taxomonic groups, counts of organisms by'month and group for both the canal system and bay are listed in Table 4. It also gives total counts for the year by group and total counts by month.

Oiatoms represented the largest component of the phytoplankton in both the canal system and the bay. Diatoms were generally at least twice as abundant in the canal system as in the bay.

III.A.l-37

~

~

~

~

5 1

I

Discussion Considerable fluctuation in populations occurred seasonally in both the canal system and the bay. Most. organisms or groups of organisms have appeared in previous years and have often been repre-sented by large populations. The most conspicuous canal system ppb I p I h dllhd p. I~C p.

II, b,~db 11 .I Pb y M, d I Idd diatoms in February and August. Lesser population peaks occurred in Ch byd Igg b i..~C1 11 p. dd I 11 pp.

The population totals listed for specific groups (Table 4) are essentially similar to those for 1980. The seasonal fluctuations were well within the limits which can be expected for phytoplankton populations.

Increased bay populations were observed in November due to the higher concentrations of principal phytoplankton nutrients (Plankton Nutrients, Table 2, Section III A.l.a). This was attributed to the excessive rainfall and subsequent run-off which occur red in August and September.

Conclusions The majority of the phytoplankton organisms and groups show no major changes in numbers or diversity and hence provide evidence for biological stability of the canal system. Most of these organisms III.A.1-38

5 I

l I

I

~

~

~

~

~

were observed in previous years. The fact that certain organisms present in the bay do not regularly occur in the canal system has been documented in a previous report (FPL, 1979). This is to be expected in view of the detrital sedimentation and higher temperatures of the canal system producing a lower species diversity and greater number of organisms. Thus, the phytoplankton populations do not suggest any marked changes from conditions existing in the canal system prior to this report period.

The proportion existing between the different taxonomic groupings of phytoplankton is comparable for both canal system and bay. The canal system populations parallel those observed in previous reports (FPL, 1979-1981) and represent populations which are apparently normal for canal system environment.

When compared to sampling periods of previous years, no marked trends were observed during 1981.

IXX.A.1-39

~

~

g i

~

F. 1 Power Plant g 'e',

j 8 RC.O D

0

ill

~

~

~

~

~

.'C.l idj Og Biscayne Bay r0 D

0 0 ~ ~ ~

0 ~ ~

~ ~

0 W18. 2 E3. 2: ~

'C.2 W24. 2 ~ ~ ~

WF.2. W6.2 ~

~

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oprro OO 0

~ ~

~ ~

NIIIIIIIIII )IIII( IIII ~ r 0

Card Sound 0

0 ~ ~

RC.3 RF.3 SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Phytoplankton sample stations'in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

III.A.1-40

I 2

~ ~

o +~

~ ~

'l2

~ ~

~ ~

Plant o

~ 5

~

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03 Biscayne Bay

~I ~

I~

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88 19

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X-3

~ .'ard Sou nd 26 Miles

,. ~ 29 0 I 2 3 4 5 2e O 2 4 6 6 23 Ki-lometers

~ 24

~ ~ ~

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25

.;: KEY.

~

LARGO-S

~ ~

~ ~

Figure 2. Phytoplankton sample stations in B'iscayne Bay and Card Sound adjacent to the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

III.A.l-41

l Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY

a. a~MAY a

AUGUST b a NOVEMBER b

Sul fur organisms Beqeiatoa sp. 5 92 10 509 10 2016 107 B. arachnoidea 2 30 B. mirabilis 1 15 Macromonas sp.

Blue-green algae Anabaena sp. 2 45 4 390 ~ 9 960 4 210

~Anac stis sp. 3 270 3 60 2 75

~hh 1 45 3 135

~hh 1 60 3 105 2 33 Cnroococcus giiantea 7 141 5 770 11 766 1 3 Chroococcus sp. 4 120 6 370 7 585 3 93 2 105

~hh h 4 150 10 628 2 45 Johannesba tistia sp. 2 150 6 181 1 15

~Ln<Lbba sp. 1 3 1 60

~hi hl 3 120 7 330 Osci 1 1 ator i a sp. (3-5v ) 7 270 12 1440 5 180 Oscillatoria sp. (9-12' 5 132 12 737 Oscillatoria sp. over 12' 6 106 8 306 5 96 Schizothrix calcicola 7 600 9 840 8 440

~Sinful ina major 5 243 1 3 S. minor 2 18 9 480 1 513

I I

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1981

'RGANISMS FEBRUARY' ~AllGUS tggEM~BR b a b a b a b Green algae

~dhh d 4 360 8 285 '5 420 Pediastrum sp. 3

~did d 1

1 60 3 75 2 390 Euglenoids

~Eu lena acus 1 45

~Eutre tia birudoidea 1 30 .2 33 5 133 E. viridis 8 399 6 315 4 123 12 1836 Trachelomonas sp. 2 45 1 30 1 60 Bodo sp. 1 30 Unni entified Euglenoids 4 180 2 30 3 105 Cryptomonads

~C 12 1556 8 1170 11 1485 12 18 510 Rhodomonas sp. 12 3318 4 345 8 450 12 59 430 Flagellates (incertae sedis) 10 2190 12 4290 12 5530 12 13 190 Dinoflagellates

~Chal N 11 1500 11 960 8 840 11 405

~dhidh 1 3 Exuviaella baltica 3 135 7 330 6 495 5 208 E. marina 2 6 5 136 5 81 E. minor 2 30 E. ~oblon a 12 1203 10 1095 9 340 9 290

I r

t L

I

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1981..

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY MAY AU UST NOVEMBER a b a b a b a Dinof1 agel 1 ates (cont 'd) d~di 1 1k 1 5 30 2 45 8 525 7 540 G. breve 1 15 G. foliaceum 8 76S 1 30 6 420 3 450 H G. ~sendens 3 9 M G. ~in ue 1 30 6 305 H 11k k.

U 12 1350 12 25OS 9 213O 10 g~di"i tl g t U k. 10 1200 3 225 8 3780 9 11 OSS 7SOO Peridinium ~brevi es 1 15 I

P. hirobis 1 30 8 378 i'. ~tri uetra 1 30 PE trochoideum 7 510 2 45 9 2490 Peridinium sp. ll 1650 10 1590 6 315 10 2160

~Pedi 2 45 4 63 Prorocentrum micans 1 30 1 30 Protoceratium reticulatum 4 105 1 3 30 lo

~Pdii tk

~P 1 1 2 18 1 6 Unidentified Dinoflagellates 12 5540 11 3575 ll 5535 12 4305 Diatoms

~dk 11 9 573 8 810 6 403 6 555 A. minuta 11 1140 6 155 10 2145 5 555 A. ~aludosa 3 75 2 180 1 60 A. sp. 5 150

l I

I I

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton. organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1981.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER a b a b aaa'2 Diatoms (cont'd)

~pm hora sp. 7 480 12 1028 6195 8 735 c 1 i osp. b~ l~l~iif~ i 1 30 1 180 5 285 Chaetoceras 1 30 4 195 6 255 6 255

~C 2 33 3 55 9 7971 Cocconeis sp. 12 5730 11 2715 12 3460 7 2250 Coscinodiscus concinnus . 1 10

~C 12 48 750 12 22 365 6 525 8 1155

~Cmbel1 a sp. 2 90 8 450 5 350 2 150

~Fi1

~Hh Gyyrosi p.

baiticum p.

4 1

195 15 6

2 630 60 8 570

~Lh ma L. flabellata 8'08 2 33 3 153 4

8 81 551 7 261 4 72 8 314 Navicul a ~am hibola 4 120 8 645 4 513 2 45 Unidentified Naviculoids 12 33 750 1215 870 12 24 650 12 4440 Nitzschia acicularis 9 1740 6 795 N. closterium 7 285 3 270 11 720 8 840 N. 11 2175 8 1080 6 1250 9

~1 1431 N. H 11if N. riciida N. ~si ma 1

6 '0015 1 180 5 25 4 72 N. ~si moidea 3 Nitzschia sp.

Pinnularia sp.

11 1530 ll 4425 11 5400 1

10 930 2 90

~

l'

~

~

l

~

I I

t

~

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1981.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b a MAY b aaa AUGUST NOVEMBER a b Diatoms (cont'd)

~P1 i b bi<< 6 315 8 570 11 2910 2 60 P. ~clou atum Striatel1 7 ill 5 103 12 13 680 8 342 a sp. 1 30 1 3 Suri.rella sp. 3 75 1 30

~S nedra acicularis 3 105 S. 5 330 3 78 2 36 2 63 S. ~laevi ata 1 30 S. ful<uens 4 315 1 30 12 6540 3 75

~Snedra sp. 4 105 12 900 3 120 7 345 Tabel1 aria sp. 4 78 10 3780 3 75 Thalassiosira sp. 1 30 2 45 Unidentified Diatoms 6 780 10 345 9 690 4 210 Ciliates Askenasia sp. 1 15

~C 133 1 10 Favella sp. 3 Helicostomella ~s . 1 3

~Metac lis sp.

Orthodon sp. 3 Strombidium conicum 675 Strombidium sp. 3

~l'i 210

I I

I

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1981.

ORGANISMS aE FEBRUARY aa)

MAY AUGUST aa)

NOVEMBER Ciliates (cont'd)

T. tubulosoides

~T" <<p.

Unidentified Ciliates 2

3 45 90 7

1 9

660 30 891 375 12 18 9 11 3810 H

H Rhizopoda Amoeba sp.

I Metazoa Polychaetes 1 3 Copepods 9 266 8 199 5 129 Unidentified Larvae 2 45 2 36 150 Nematodes 1 30 1 15 8 76 51 Gastropods 3 76 10 86 Crab larvae 2 10 10 148 Rotifers 1 6 1 6 Bivalves 1 3 12 309 5 90 Eggs 6 114 2 40 2 33 1 15 Cells (incertae sedis) 12 4080 12 4620 11 3750 11 4530 bNumber of stations at which it occurred.

Total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

I Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1981.

ORGANISMS aaa'AY FEBRUARY

'aaa'UGUST aaa'OVEMBER aa Sulfur organisms

~Be iatoa spp. 3 63 5 390 528 Macromonas sp. 1 3 H Blue-green algae H

Anabaena sp. 3 150 3 48 9 300 240

~Anac stis sp. 1 30 A~h 1 30 3 60 3 105 60 I

A~h 1 3 1 15 5 78 255 CO Cnroococcus <jiiantea 3 90 3 60 3 90 30 Chroococcus sp. 4 180 10 315 8 220 270

~CA h 1 15=

~Euca sis sp. 3570.

~CA 1. 75

~CC"" hA 4 156 11 315 8 195 48 Johannesba tistia sp. 6 300 12 375 7 276 143

~Lnqb~a sp.

M~ihh c. 5 165 2 45 3

195

~M 1. 1 30 Oscillatoria sp. (3-5v) 2 60 3 39 1185 Oscillatoria sp. (9-12>) 5 69 7 135 8 186 Oscillatoria sp. over 12@) 1 30 2 33 4 46 Schizothrix calcicola 7 315 7 270 4 90.

~Sirulina ~aia or 30 5 243 ST minor 3 75 9 480 4 90

I I

I

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1981.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b a b Green algae

~CPP d p. 4 225 7 535 2 120 Dunal i ella salina 1 300 Pandorina sp. 1 15 Pediastrum sp.

~P"" "'"'1"'"1 90 6 210 1

2 90 3

9 715 Euglenoids

~Cled p. 3 240

~Eu lena acus 3 90 1 30

~Eutre tia hirudoidea 1 15 5 715 E. viridis 4 105 3 16 Trachel omonas sp. 30 3 120 Bodo sp. 60 Peranema sp. 1 3 Unidentified Euglenoids 90 11 1965 395 360 Silicoflagellates

~Dict ocha fibula 2 120 7 570

~C<<C.

Cryptomonads Rhodomonas sp.

2 2

180 330 5

10

. 150 2105 8 2010 12 13 21 2525 335 Flagellates (incertae sedis) 13 17 430 1) 5610 13 10680 13 50 280

~

I 1

I I

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1981.

ORGANISMS aaa FEBRUARY 'aaa'UGUST, MAY aaa'OVEMBER a Dinoflagellates delhi'di 1 5 k~kidi 1 p. 2 360 12 1050 12 1550 13 3300 Ceratium furca C. fusus 1 6 3.86 ll 614 10 3334 1 3 2 60 6 390

~(p p. 1 30 2 60 Exuviael1 a bal tica 11 1320 5 240 12 655 13 19 470 E. marina 3 19 8 196 3 27 E. ~oblon a 13 1639 8 345 12 658 8 691

~Gon aulax ~di itale 1 30 G~d.

~Gon aulax sp.

G; auratum 11 1 2

1 1

60 30 30 5

4 195 300 2

5 18 1050 G. breve 1 30 1 60 G. foliaceum 3 150 6 105 4 210 G. ~lachr a 1 3 2 9 G. ~sendens 1 3 8 113 2 63 G. ~in ue 1 90 1 . 30 10 705 13 2295

~Gd pi(i(1 1 ( .11( P k. 13 6300 13 2895 13 4770 13 7020 a 1 Ilk, 4 1500 3 90 8 390 9 1515 Peridinium conicum 1 30 P. ~de ressum 2 30 5 79 P. ~diver ens 1 30 5 225 38 P. Globulus 1 30 P. hirobis 2 60 3 60 7 180 105

I Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd-) 1981.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Dinoflagel lates (cont'd)

P. tri uetra 7 330 4 330 P. trochoi eum 10 1170 5 225 12 1305 7 405 P. enta onum 1 30 Peri indium sp. 13 2790 13 1380 11 2580 9 4125 P~~ii 1 1 dt 1 30 2 30 3 195 11 4845 Prorocentrum g~raci e 2 6 2 45 6 114 P. micans 4 93 5 135 9 4843 p, fuf 1 30 Protoceratium reticulatum 6 160 7 165 10 247 9 412 P roc stis sp. 5 99 4 125 13 4019 3 9 Pyro sn)um bahamiense 32 3 60 10 370 did if gati 1 f11 13 1

6220 13 5355 13 10 170 6

13 474 11 235 Diatoms

~dh 3 105 2 45 5 63 4 570 A. minuta 7 690 1 60 7 270 A. ~pa u osa 3 90 1 15 2 90 Am hi rora sp. 5 120 1 60 hora commutata 3 240 1 480 A. oce ata 3 150 3 75 2 75 4 165 A~m hora sp. 10 1206 6 240 9 795 9 570

~tf

~idd 1 hi h 11if 1

2 3

60 1 15 2 45 Ch

~C+ 1 1 P.

tit 1 30 5 1

675 15 2 63 3 1

135 15

I I'

I

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1981.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b Diatoms (cont'd)

Cocconeis sp. 12 2280 13 720 10 570 10 1705 Coscinodiscus concinnus 1 30 10 511

~C1 11 p. 13 3040 9 555 11 1696 13 17 025 H

~Cmbella sp. 5 270 8 210 4 150 1 30 F~1 p. 5 420 7 255 2 90

~Li h p. ll 1900 3 90 3 255 6 186 L. flabellata 8 213 8 579 2 45 L. grandis 2 123 2 195 3 3 63 I

Vl hD Navicula a~m hibola 8 423 8'45 1 11 825 9 615 2.

N.

Uni

~1 N. Nandura denti fi ed Na vi dul oi ds 13 2

11 33 63 400 1

13 15 7650 2

13 63 9930 1

12 60 6690 Ni tzschi a aci cul ari s 8 960 11 630 N. closterium 6 300 3 135 9 210 2 45 N. 10 840 7 240 12 8910 5 690 N. ri<iida 2 120 1 30 4 180 N. ~si ma 1 30 2 18 N. ~si moidea 1 60 1 60 1 30 Nitzschia sp.

Pinnularia sp.

13 2790 11 1050 13 2280 ll 1034 1 15 Pleurosi ma brebissonii 1 30 1 30 P. e omOatum 9 226 5 69 4 1110 Striatel1 a sp. 6 243 6 2623 30 6 ill 2 45 3 75 1

2 30

I I

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1981.

~AUGUS V MBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b a b Diatoms (cont'd)

~S nedra acicicularis 4 225 4 630 S. affi nis 5

2 45 S. 2 6 5 139 4 36 2 9 S. ~laevi ata 2 120 S. ~ful ens 1 . 6 2 30 1 15 '4 225 S. undulata 2 30 2 18

~Snedra sp. 8 660 9 800 9 -

2025 6 495 Tabellaria sp. 7 660 8 660 3 135 Thalassiosira sp. 1 30 4 13 350 Unidentified Diatoms 11 843 9 510 10 1170 3 285 Ciliates Askenasia sp. 1 30 F 11 2 1 13 7 61 M~etac lis cnrbula 1 15 3 40 M. 5 118 1 60 9 318 173

~Metac lis sp. 2 60 2 40 Parafavella sp. 1 3 1 15

~i1 i 11 p. 1 6 Strobi1 idium sp. 3 150 2 60 Strombidium conicum 2 4 4 75 8 483 603 Strombidium sp. 4 270 3 105 5 360 723 Tintinnus ~a ertus 1 3 8 269 T. tenue 1 3

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1981.

FEBRUARY HAY AUGUST NOVEf1BER ORGANISMS a .

b a b a b Ciliates (cont'd)

Tintinno sis everta .1 3

. was esi 3 45 1 3 4 67 3 21 H T. ~bubo osoides 10 955 1 75 3 190 8 448 H

H T. Sp. 2 63 1 6 1 60 4 108 Unidentified Ciliates 9 1500 13 1703 12 2460 12 4680 I Rhizopoda Ul bd

~Rl 1 p. 2 135 Metazoa Trematodes 1 3 Polychaetes 1 3 Copepods 13 627 9 238 11 441 9 439 Unidentified Larvae 3 42 2 18 5 45 7 127 Nematodes 3 36 2 9 2 16 Gastropods 4 112 1 30 3 12 7 60 Crab larvae 7 156 Bivalves 3 12 2 6 6 101 10 143 Eggs 9 214 4 78 4 78 Cells (incertae sedis) 13 5940 13 11 160 13 6150 10 1431 bNumber of stations at which it occurred.

Total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

Table 3. Diversity of the respective groups of plankton found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1.980-1981.

1978 1979 1,980 1981 GROUPS Canals Bay Canals. Bay Canals Bay Canals Bay Sulfur organisms 1 1 2 1 Blue-green algae 22 20 25 18 18 17 15 18 Green algae 5 6 4 5 Euglenoids 5 6 4 5 6 8 Si1 i cof1 agel 1 ates 1 1 1 1 0 1 Cryptophytes 3 3 2 2 2 2 Flagellates (Incertae sedis) 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 Di nof1 agel 1 ates 22 31 16 33 23 40 22 34 Diatoms 56 70 59 60 48 58 40 45 Ciliates 10 21 6 23 11 23 14 22 Rhizopoda 1 1 Total 127 161 122 149 113 152 109 139

5:

I I

I

Table 4. Counts by taxonomic group of planktonic organisms monitored in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 198).

FEB. HAY AUG. NOV. SUB-TOTALS TOTAL GROUPS H

H Blue-greens 1432 1683 2430 1278 7799 2464 1766 6486 13,427 11,911 25,338 Dinoflagellates 13,925 22,557 10,821 12,770 , 14,567 30,280 30,197 65,915 69,510 13'1,522 201,032 k I I Oiatoms 99.178 29,994 54,25) 15,948 83,650 34,367 15,515 46,648 252,594 126,957 379,551 Vl Ch Ciliates 163 3205 1584 2057 375 4426 4855 6759 6977 16,447 23,424 Flagellates 2190 17,430 4290 5610 5530 10,680 13,190 50,280 25,200 84,000 109,200 Cryptomonads 4874 510 1515 2255 1935 2010 77,940 23,860 86,264 28,635 114,899 Sub-totals 121,762 75,379 74,891 39.918 113,856 84,227 143,463 199,948 453,972 399,472 Total 197,141 114,809 198,083 343,411 853,444 (Grand Total) a bPopulation totals are expressed in terms of organisms per 0.5 liters.

Incertae sedis ny ~ntE - Canals and Bay combined.

I

2. Fish (ETS 4.1.1.1.2)

Introduction Populations of fish within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System were isolated from Biscayne Bay and adjacent offshore habitats, here-after referred to as the canal system and the bay, when the canal system was closed off from the bay in February 1973.

This study characterizes and documents. population changes that occur in the fish fauna within the canal system. To place these changes in perspective, the canal system fish data is compared to that of the bay (Nugent, 1970).

Materials and Methods Fish were collected monthly at the ten stations in the canal system to determine the species present, their relative abundance, life history stages, biomass, and size. Species that'demonstrated a variety of life history stages were considered to be reproducing and established in the canal system, while those represented only by adults were not considered to be reproducing and are expected to be lost through natural attrition over time.

Stations 1 and 8 were relatively deepwater (6 m) areas located near the plant intake and discharge, respectively (Figure 1). Water IJ depth at Stations 2 and 4 ranged from 1 to 6 m. Water d'epth at Stations 3, 5, 6, and 7 averaged less than 1 m. Stations 9 and 10 were in a backwater area and small pond, respectively, adjacent to the III.A.2-1

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canal system proper. Water depth at these two stations was less than 0.6 m.

Collections were made by nylon gill nets and minnow traps. Each gill net was 30 m in length by 1.8 m in depth and consisted of three 2

10 m panels of 25, 38, and 51-m mesh sewn end to end. The gill nets were set perpendicular to shore in water depth of 1 to 2.5 m. The minnow traps were of the double funnel type and measured 406 mm long 2

by 229 mm in diameter. These traps were constructed of 6.4 mm galvanized mesh. The traps were set near the edges of the canals at water depths of from 30 cm to 50 cm.

The sampling method at each station was determined primarily by the water depth at the sampling site. Gill nets were set at Stations 1, 2, 4, and 8; the minnow traps were set at Stations 1 through 10. One gill net and/or two minnow traps were fished for one 24-hour period per station per month.

All specimens collected were identified to species whenever possible, counted, measured to the nearest millimeter, and weighed to the nearest gram. Fish were measured from the tip of the snout to the caudal peduncle (standard length). Fish nomenclature -was in accordance with Bohlke and Chaplin (1968).

Results A total of 16 species of fish represented by 6446 individuals III.A.2-2

I was collected. in the canal system during 1981 (Table 1). The majority of these individuals were small forage fish collected by minnow traps.

The killifish family (Cyprinodontidae) comprised 94.6 percent of the total number of fish collected in 1981. The goldspotted killifish and sheepshead minnow were the predominant species found with 3579 and 2521 individuals respectively (Table 1). Other members of this family collected were the rainwater and gulf killifish.

Killifish were generally less than 65 mm in length, and because of their small size, made up only 24.6 percent of the total biomass of the fish collected.

The livebearer family (Poecilidae) was represented by the sai lfin molly. Livebearers comprised 2.4 percent of the total number of fish collected during 1981 and, due to their small size, made up only 0.8 percent of the total fish biomass (Table 1).

The balance of the fish collected in 1981 comprised only 3.0 percent of the total number but accounted for 74.6 percent of the total biomass. The collection of a relatively few large individuals such as bonefish, barracuda, and snapper accounted for most of the biomass (Table 1).

Discussion Actively reproducing populations of killifish and livebearers within the canal system were evidenced by the occurrence of juveniles as III.A.2-3

l well as adults (Table 1) and the continued abundance of these fish over past years (Table 2). Although not as abundant as the killifish, crested gobies and gulf toadfish were also collected as juveniles and adults and are considered established in the canal system. No juvenile silver jenny or mojarras were collected during 1981.

Redfin needlefish were frequently observed in the canal system and are considered established. However, they were generally not collected because of the sampling methods employed. Needlefish are becoming a prominent predator in the canal system as populations of nonrepro-ducing predatory species are reduced by natural attrition.

The remainder of the species found did not appear to be repro-ducing in the canal system as indicated by both an absence of juveniles and a decline in number collected (Table 2). The species that were not reproducing within the canal system generally spawn at sea. These fish (i.e. barracuda, bonefish, and crevelle jack) have pelagic eggs and larvae which develop offshore. Confinement to the inshore canals was not conducive to spawning and development of eggs and larvae.

Changes which occurred in fish populations in the canal system were reflected in the data when plotted as catch per unit effort (C.P.U.E.).

The minnow trap C.P.U.E., indicative of populations of the'small forage species, increased after the first year of the study and decreased slightly over subsequent years. The minnow trap C.P.U.E.

III.A.2-4

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for 1981 was similar to that of past years after an unusually high C.P.U.E. in 1980 (Figure 2). The large expanse of generally shallow water provided an ideal habitat for forage fish. This and the decrease in the number of predatory species is considered the cause for their established populations. The gill net C.P.U.E., indicative of popula-tions of larger fish, decreased substantially after the 1975 study and continued its slow decrease through 1.981.

Eighty species of fish were collected by trawling in southern Biscayne Bay;and Card Sound during the baseline survey for the Turkey Point Plant (Bader and Roessler, 1971). This can be compared to 42 species collected in the canal system for 1974 through 1978 by Applied Biology, Inc. and 27 species collected in 1979-1981 by Florida Power 5 Light/Land Utilization. Although the different collection methods between the baseline survey and later surveys may have accounted for some of the difference in the number of species, it appears that many species found in the bay simply did not enter the canal system during the brief period the canal'ystem was open to the bay.

The surveys conducted by Nugent (1970) with gill nets and fish traps in the immediate vicinity of the power plant resulted in a collec-tion of 51 species of fish. These studies were conducted in tidal creeks and other nearshore areas so that the species found were more representative of those collected in the canal system (Table 3).

Nevertheless, Nugent also found more species than were found in the canal system. This is a further indication that certain fish species III.A.2-5

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in the area may not have entered the canal system before it was closed off from the bay in 1973.

In general, studies conducted since 1979 have shown that the fish which became isolated in the canals were primarily the common, and often abundant species found by Nugent outside the canal system.

The few species collected from 1974 through 1978 by A.B.I., which were not found by Nugent (Table 3), were mainly small fish collected by minnow traps, a method which Nugent did not use.

Conclusions Populations of fish within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System became isolated from Biscayne Bay, Card Sound, and adjacent offshore habitats when the canal system was closed off in February 1973.

Certain species, particularly forage fish in the killifish and livebearer families, have adapted relatively well in the canal system.

Other fish, such as snappers, grunts and barracuda, are not able to,reproduce within the canals and their numbers have been reduced through natural attrition. Many of these species are predators which may, at least in part, account for the continued abundance of the forage fish.

Study comparisons indicate that several species found in the bay and sound adjacent to the canal system did not enter when the canal system was open. All fish found within the canals are. members of III.A.2-6

species which were common or abundant outside the canal system in adjacent waters.

III.A.2-7

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Card Sound SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Plankton station numbers in association with fish stations are indicated by ( ).

Fi gure 1. Fish sampling station locations, Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

III.A.2-8

80 70 Fish/(Trap day) o o Fish/( Net day) 50-H

)

Cl H Q 40 H

bJ I o 30 20 10 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 TIME (months)

Figure 2. Minnow trap and gill net catch per unit effort in Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1976-1981.

Table 1. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME NUMBER OF RANGE OF TOTAL I COMPOSITION LENGTHS WEIGHT BY INOIVIOUALS (nm) (g) NO. . WT.

Goldspotted Killifish ~F1 di hh 3579 15-65 5333.2 55.5 14.9 Sheepshead Minnow Cy rinodon varie atus 2521 17-53 3348.2 39.1 9' Sailfin Molly Poecilia ~atl iona 153 22-70 298.7 2.4 0.8 Crested Goby Yellowfin Mojarra Lh ~

b Gerres cinereus d~ 81 34 32-81 146-250 469.5 7415.0 1.2 0.5 1.3 20.7 Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta 26 71-198 623.9 0.4 1.7 Rainwater Killifish Lucania ~arva 16 21-35 9.6 0.3 <.1 H Gulf Killifish ~Fundu us ~randis 13 47-97 115.9 0.2 0.3 H Tidewater Silverside Menidia ~ber llina 7 39-48 7.4 <.1 <.1 Bonefish Albula vul es 4 480-580 10400.0 <.1 29.1 hJ Pike Killifish Beionesox be izanus 4 60-117 37.8 <.1 <.1 I Gray Snapper ~Lut anus riseus 3 263-480 3418.6 <.1 9.6 C) Silver Jenny Eucznosto~mus Bu a 2 207-230 543.9 <.1 1.5 Great Barracuda ~Sb raena barracuda 1 680 2381.4 <.1 6.7 Atlantic Needlefish 5551 1 232 22.4 <.1 <.1 Ladyfish ~Elo s saurus 1 530 1360.8 <.1 3.8 Species which are reproducing in the canal system.

I Table 2. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1981.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER YEAR 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 d

Goldspotted Killifish ~dt tdt hth .

3392 3233 1984 3153 3579 Sheepshead Sailfin Molly Minnow /tt Poecilia ~lati irma 2207 1212 1091 4672 2521 762 173 48 228 153 Crested Goby Yel 1 owfin Mojarra

~th hd Gerres ciner us

/F i id 53 59 73 154 204 81 29 58 87 34 Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta d 8 6 13 23 26 Rainwater Killifish Lucania Parva 7 13 10 6 16 H Gulf Killifish t undulus randis H 13 2 0 7 13 H Tidewater Silverside Been~ ia ~ber 1 ina 8 1 3 0 7

. Bonefish Albula ~vul es 11 8 6 3 4 bJ Pike Killifish Belonesox belizanus 3 15 0, 0 4 I Gray Snapper Lutjanus riseus 9 4 9 8 3 k Silver Jenny Eucinostomus ~u a 14 21 44 8 2 Great Barracuda ~Sb raena barracuda 4 6 8 7 Atlantic Needlefish Ladyfish dddtsaurus

~Elo s 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0 0 1 Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis 0 0 0 2 0 Spotfin Mojarra Eucinostomus ~ar enteus 2 13 3 1 0 Drum SC IAEN IDAE 0 0 0 1 0 Marsh Killifish Fundulus confluentus -

12 4 1 1 0 Striped Mojarra crees ~lumieri 'Eu 2 1 3 0 0 Schoolmaster ~Lut anus ~andes 10 4 2 0 0 Sharksucker Echeneis naucrates 0 0 2 0 0 Bluestriped Grunt Haemulon sciurus 4 2 1 0 0 Crevalle Jack Zaara nx ~i~os 1 1 1 0 0 Sailors Choice ~Haemu on Earrai 1 0 1 0 0 Atlantic Spadefish ~th dt Fh 0 0 1 0 0 Snook ~t d 1 4 0 0 0

Table 2. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1981.

(Cont'd)

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER YEAR 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Sea Catfish Arius felis 1A Redfin Needlefish Stron lura notata 2 Pinfish o on rhomKoides 'La 0

Hardhead Silverside Atherinomorus sti es 4 Striped Mullet ~Mu il ~ce halus 20 Lined Seahorse ~th 0 H

H H

Permit Sheepshead Fat Sleeper

~AA ~AA Trachinotus falcatus Dormitator maculatus 1

0 1

1 hJ I

Total fishes 6612 4829 3443 8412 6443 bJ a

bRanked from most abundant to least abundant, based on 1981 collections.

F.P.L., 1973-1978 dF.P.L., 1979-1981 Species which are reproducing in the canal system.

Observed, but not collected during 1981.

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B.I. FPVLU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. '1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIfIC NAME THRU THRU THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1981 Atlantic Needlefish 5551df Atlantic Spadefish ~CP 1 b Bandtail Puffer ub fidd Banner Goby ~bh Barbfish ~Seer aena brasiliensis Black Drum ~ibo onias cromis Bonefish A'Ibula ~vul es X Blue Runner Caranx ~cr sos X X Blue Striped Grunt Haemulon sciurus X X Bull Shark Carcharhinus leucas X Checkered Puffer ~5h fd 1 ri X X Crested Goby ~LP bf md i id X X Crevalle Jack Caranx ~hi os X X Fantail Mullet Mu<uil trichodon X Fat Sleeper Dormitator maculatus Fat Snook ~C ~

Goby Gobionellus sp. X X Goldspotted Killifish ~ff fdf h h X X Gray (Mangrove) Snapper ~Lut anus Briseus X X Gray Triggerfish Bal stes ~ca riscus Great Barracuda ~Sh raena barracuda Gulf Flounder ~P1i h h ~fbi Gulf Killifish Fundulus ~randis X X Gulf Kingfish Menticirrhus 1ottoralis X X Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta X X Hardhead Silverside Atherinomorus ~sti es X X

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU -THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1981 Jewfish Ladyfish

~dhsaurus

~Elo s 1 X X

Lane Snapper ~Lut anus sVVna ris X Lemon Shark ~Ne a rien brevirostris X Lined Seahorse ~tl Lookdown Selene vomer Margate Haemulon album Marsh Killifish Fundulus confluentus Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis Mummichog ~Funda us ~eteroo itus Nurse Shark ~~d Permit Trachinotus fal catus X X Pike Killifish Belonesox belizanus X X Pinfish odon rbomboides Pipefish Rainwater Killifish

~dh larva

~La Lucania

'h. X X

X X

X X

Redfin Needlefish Remora 1111 1 X X Remora remora X X Sailfin Molly Poecilia ~lati irma X X Sailors Choice Haemulon parrai X X Sargassum Fish Histrio histrio Scrawled Cowfish Schoolmaster

~hh Lutjanus ~ao dd us X

X X X X Sea Catfish Arius felis X X

~hh X

Sharksucker Echenesis naucrates X X Sheepshead ~AA 1 X X

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Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

A.B. I. FPL/LU NAME'UGENT AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC THRU THRU THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1981 Sheepshead Minnow Shortnose Gar Silver Jenny L

C i

d Eucinostomus

~lhi

~ul a X

X X

Snook ~C d X H

Southern Stingray ~Das atis americana X H Spot Leiostomus xanthurus X H Spotfin Mojarra Eucinostomus ~ar enteus X Spotted Seatrout ~C noscion nebulosus X lV Striped.Mojarra ~Eu crees plumieri X I

Striped Mullet il balus 2'

~Mu ~ce X Vl Tarpon Tarpon Snook Tidewater Silverside

~Ne

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alo Menidia s

~ber atlantica llina X

X Tripletail Lobotes surinamensis X White Mullet ~Nu il curema X Yellowfin Mojarra Gerres cinereus X bFPL, 1974-1978 FPL, 1979-1981

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3. Benthos (ETS 4.1.1.1.3)

a. Characteristics of the Sediments Introduction This study of the characteristics of .the sediments is designed to determine the pH, salinity and temperature and to monitor selected nutrients in the interstitial (pore) water and sediments of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System. To assess potential biological changes resulting from operation of the Turkey Point Plant, results of sediment analysis from samples collected in the cooling canal system are compared with data from samples collected at three control areas outside of the I

canals.

From September 1970 through May 1971, preoperational chemical data were collected in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound (RSMAS, 1971, 1972). These studies differed from the existing operational monitoring program in many aspects (Table 1). Nevertheless, operational monitoring data can be com-pared with relevant preoperational data to evaluate the long term impact of the Turkey Point Plant on the water and sediments in and adjacent to the cooling canal system.

The Turkey Point Canal System is potentially oxygen poor because the heated water from the power plant discharge is not mixed with adjacent Biscayne Bay waters. Additionally, the canal system is located in the subtropics that are characterized by the high production of organic material. Evidence of anoxic conditions, if present, would be observed first in the interstitial water of the sediment-water interface.

I Various chemicals used in Turkey Point Plant operations (Section II.B - Table 1 r

and 2) are considered in evaluating the results of the chemistry program (Tables 2 through 12).

Materials and Methods Samples containing a combination of water and sediment were collected monthly at eight canal stations and three bay stations (Figure 1). Sediment and interstitial water samples were collected in cylindrical polyp opylene cores approximately 5 cm in diameter and 45 cm in length. All samples were placed in an ice chest and kept at 4 C until analyzed. Samples were then homogenized, filtered and analyzed for the following soluble nutrients: sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate. Standard analytical methods (Table 13) were used to per-form all chemical analyses. Sediment from the core samples collected at canal and bay stations also was analyzed for insoluble sulfide content.

A portion of each of these samples was acidified to convert insoluble sulfide to hydrogen sulfide, which was then distilled into a trapping solution of zinc acetate and analyzed spectrophotometrically.

Mater samples to be analyzed for the presence of sulfite and sulfide ll were collected in 250-ml screwcap polyethylene bottles containing 0.5 ml, of zinc acetate (2N). Because these ions are susceptible to oxidation, the bottles were filled to overflowing to avoid excessive exposure to oxygen that would be contained in an airspace. To prevent the dele-terious effects of oxygenation, these samples were kept at 4 C and ana-lyzed without filtration.

III.A.3-2

The pH of sediment samples,was measured with a standard Corning Model 10 pH meter. Salinity was measured with a Yellow Springs (YSI) Model 33 salinity-conductivity-temperature (S-C-T)

'nstrument meter. Temperature was measured in the field using a YSI Model 42 single channel temperature meter.

Results and Discussion The pH of marine and estuarine waters is a measure of the acid-base equilibrium of dissolved components. pH is important in aquatic chemical and biological systems because 1) changes in pH affect dissociation of weak acids and bases, 2) the degree of dissociation affects the toxicity of many compounds, 3) pH affects the solubility of metals from suspended solids and bottom sediments, and 4) changes in pH directly influence physiological changes in marine organisms.

'The pH values of the cooling canal system sediments ranged from 7.2 to 8.6. Measurements for Biscayne Bay stations ranged from 7.7 to 9.4 (Tables 2 and 14). These values are close to the narrow range of 6.8 to 8.2 found for most marine porewaters (Goldberg, 1974). Comparison of the past year's average values (Table 15) shows very small variations among canal stations (7.6 to 8.1) and Biscayne Bay stations (8.4 to 8.5). The pH range of the canal stations was apparently not affected by the addi-tions of various chemicals to the circulating cooling water system.

III.A.3-3

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~Sal init Salinity is a measure of the salt content of water. Marine organ-isms vary in their ability to tolerate salinity changes. In deep water and open sea where salinity ranges from only 34 to 36 ppt, animals are sensitive to relatively small salinity changes. In the coastal regions and estuaries where wide salinity variations may occur, organisms adapted a

to these habitats are more tolerant of salinity changes.

During 1981, the salinity of the sediments ranged from 1.5 to 40.0 ppt at Biscayne Bay stations and from 18.0 to 46.0 ppt in the Turkey Point .canal system (Tables 3 and 14). The value of 1.5 ppt measured in Biscayne Bay during October 1981 was unusually low; values of 8.0 and 9.0 also were recorded at other Biscayne Bay stations during October. High rainfall at this time may account for the temporary decrease in salinity.

In 1980, these ranges were from 8.2 to 35.8 ppt for Biscayne Bay stations and from 21.0 to 39.0 ppt for the Turkey Point canal system (FPL, 1981).

The average yearly sediment salinity at the adjacent Biscayne Bay sampling stations was 29.6 ppt in 1977, 22.2 ppt in 1978, 22.5 ppt in 1979, 23.9 ppt in 1980, and 23.4 ppt in 1981. The average yearly sedi-ment salinity in the canal system was 38.4 ppt in 1977, 30.4 ppt in 1978, 29.3 ppt in 1979, 31.3 ppt in 1980, and 30.5 ppt in 1981.

There was no increase in sediment salinity from 1980 to 1981 in the canal system, although values were higher in the canals than at control stations in Biscayne Bay. Seasonal variations in salinity were also noted with high values generally occurring in May and low salinity values III.A.3-4

I occurring in October or November (Table 3). Because the heaviest rain-fall of 1981 occurred in August and September, it is likely that the low salinity in October and November resulted from rainfall in the Turkey Point area.

Tem erature Temperature is important to biological systems because high tem-peratures decrease dissolved oxygen levels, increase the rates of chemi-cal reactions, and give false temperature cues to aquatic life. If temperatures are high enough, lethal temperature limits may be exceeded.

These factors affect not only the fish, benthic organisms and aquatic plants but also the bacterial populations living in the sediment.

Temperatures in the Turkey Point Canal System reflected the thermal discharge from the power plant and solar heating of the canals.

Temperatures ranged from 11.1 to 29.6'C at control stations in Biscayne Bay and from 12.4 to 42.5'C in the cooling canals (Tables 4 and 14). In 1980, temperatures ranged from 10.2 to 30.3'C at the Biscayne Bay sta-tions and 13.0 to 43.0'C in the canal system (FPL, 1981). Biscayne Bay stations had lower yearly average temperatures than canal stations (Table 16). The highest average temperature (33.8'C) was recorded at canal Station 8, lower temperatures were found at Stations 5, 6, and 7 (27.9 to 28.4'C), and the lowest readings were at Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 (24.6 to 26.4'C). This gradient followed the path of the water in the canal system. Mann water discharged from the plant enters the canal system close to Station 8, moves through'he canal system in a circular fashion, III.A.3-5

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and re-enters the plant at Station 1. Temperatures observed at Station 8 were in a range that could exclude some biota occurring in the other parts of the Turkey Point canal system (Roessler and Tabb, 1974).

Sulfur Sulfur occurs in a riumber of forms in marine water but only sulfate and sulfide are of major importance. Both forms are present in the waters of anoxic sediments, with sulfate usually the most abundant.

Bacteria can reduce sulfate to sulfide. This reduction can trike place in the water column if oxygen is not available, but more frequently, sulfate reduction occurs in the underlying sediment. Dissolved sulfides are to a large extent precipitated to form sulfide minerals. Sulfite can also be present in the marine environment where the redox process (sulfate-sul-fide conversion) is active. Because the Turkey Point canal network is a closed system, it is a potentially anoxic environment in which sulfide could build up within the sediment through depletion of available sulfate.

During 1981, the sulfate concentration ranged from 1569 to 4841 ppm in the cooling canals and from 887 to 3519 ppm at Biscayne Bay stations (Table 15). In 1980, these values ranged from 2115 to 3611 ppm in the cooling canals and from 959 to 3215 ppm at Biscayne Bay stations (Table 15). The average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters was about 36 percent higher than in Biscayne Bay samples (2212 ppm; Table 16). The average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters decreased from 3095 ppm in 1980 to 3018 ppm in 1981. In Bi scayne Bay it III.A.3-6

I I

decreased from 2311 ppm in 1980 to 2212 ppm in 1981. There was no dif-ference in the average yearly sulfate concentrations at the canal sta-tions ~

Soluble sulfite values in 1981 ranged from <2.0 to 23.0 ppm in the cooling canals and from <2.0 to 15.0 ppm at Biscayne Bay stations (Table 6). In 1980, sulfite levels were generally below the 0.02 ppm detection limit. Values of 3.0 to 23.0 ppm were observed during the winter and spring of 1981, but after June, nearly all sulfite values were at or below detectable limits of the method employed.

Ouring 1981, levels of soluble sulfide (Table 7) were generally below the detectable limit of 0.05 ppm for the analytical method used.

Similarly low levels were observed in 1980.

Insoluble sulfide values in the cooling canals ranged from <0.05 to 14.31 pg/g wet weight of soil and in Biscayne Bay from 0.10 to 3.38 pg/g I

wet weight of soil (Table 8). The yearly average value of insoluble sulfide at canal stations was 1.49 yg/g in 1981 as compared to 1.56 pg/g wet weight of soil in 1980. At Biscayne Bay stations, the yearly average value was 0.94 qg/g in 1981 as compared to 0.79 pg/g wet weight of soil in 1980. These findings indicate that sediments in the Turkey Point Canal System are not anoxic.

~Nitro en Nitrogen occurs in a number of different forms in marine waters.

The principal ones are N03 (nitrate), N02 (nitrite), N2 (dissolved nitro-III.A.3-7

I gen gas) and HH4+ (ammonium). Under the conditions existing in the porewaters of anoxic marine sediments, the principal species are H2 and

""4+ (Thorstenson, 1970). A lack of nitrate and nitrite is caused by rapid bacterial reduction to Hp and HH4+. Hitrate, nitrite and ammonium were analyzed in the interstitial water of Turkey Point Cooling Canal samples.

During 1981, nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.014 to 0.914 ppm in the cooling canals and from <0.001 to 0.367 ppm at Biscayne Bay control stations (Tables 9 and 14); . In 1980, these ranges were very similar: 0.003 to 0.746 ppm in the cooling canals and 0.004 to 0.404 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations (Table 15). The 1981 yearly average values were very close for all cooling canal stations but higher than for Biscayne Bay stations (Table 16). Comparison with Biscayne Bay stations and 1980 values indicates that during 1981 there was no depletion of nitrate that might indicate anoxic conditions in the cooling canals.

During 1981, nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.002 to 0.046 ppm in the cooling canals and from 0.002 to 0.033 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations (Tables 10 and 14). In 1980; these ranges were similar, <0.001 to 0.084 in the cooling canals and <0.001 to 0.070 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations. The yearly average value for canal stations was 0.010 ppm and 0.008 ppm for Biscayne Bay stations. This constancy in nitrite con-centrations indicates that during 1981 there was no depletion of nitrite in the cooling canals due to anoxic conditions.

III.A.3-8

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Ammonium values found in the Turkey Point Canal System during 1981 ranged from <0.01 to 6.66 ppm (Tables ll and 14). These values were lower than the control stations'alues, which ranged from 0.28 to 10.00 ppm. Ammonium values were especially high at the Biscayne Bay stations in March. In 1980, the range of ammonium values at the cooling canals (0.10 to 6.02 ppm) were higher than the range of values at the Biscayne Bay stations (0.08 to 1.74 ppm). The 1981 yearly average value was 1.18 ppm for the canal stations and 2.25 ppm for Biscayne Bay stations (Table 16). Yearly average values were 0.74 ppm ammonium at the canal stations and 0.53 ppm at the Biscayne Bay stations in 1980. This increase in ammonium concentrations is one parameter indicating that conditions may be becomi ng anoxic at the sediment/water interface both in the cooling canals and at the Biscayne Bay sampling stations.

Phos horus The most stable and dominant form of dissolved phosphorus in marine sediments is orthophosphate (Kester and Pytkowicz, 1967). Dissolved orthophosphate levels in oxygen-containing sediments are similar to values for the overlying water. By contrast, phosphate levels increase in anoxic sediments (Brooks et al., 1968) with ammonium and, to a lesser extent, sulfide.

During 1981, orthophosphate values in interstitial waters ranged from <0.01 to 0.55 ppm in the cooling canals (Tables 12 and 15) and from 0

<0.01 to 0.10 ppm at the control stations in Biscayne Bay. In 1980, orthophosphate values ranged from <0.01 to 0.15 ppm in the cooling canals

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and from <0.01 to 0.08 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations. Yearly average values in 1981 were 0.02 ppm in the cooling canals and 0.01 ppm at the Biscayne Bay stations (Table 16). From 1980 to 1981, there was no increase in orthophosphate concentrations in the interstitial waters of the cooling canals. This trend indicates that the sediments were not anoxic.

Com arison With Prep erational Data Parameters monitored, analytical methods and sampling locations dif-h fered between the preoperational studies (RSMAS, 1971, 1972) and the operational study (Table 1). However, the values for the same parameters were in similar ranges. The pH range of 7.0 to 7.8 found in Card Sound sediments in 1970-71 is slightly lower than the pH ranges found during 1981 (Table 15). The salinity of Biscayne Bay/Card Sound water during the 1970-71 sampling was slightly higher (27.3 to 44.4 ppt) than that of sediments in Biscayne Bay control stations in 1981 (1.5 to 40.0 ppt).

This difference probably was caused by the rainfall pattern during this time. The range of nitrate values (<0.001 to 0.023 ppm) found during the preoperational study was lower than that found in 1981 (<0.001 to 0.367).

Differences in preservation and analysis methods used in these studies could account for this discrepancy. Nitrite and orthophosphate values were in the same range during the 1970-71 and 1981 monitoring.

III.A.3-10

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Concl us i on In the cooling. canals, salinity, temperature, sulfate and nitrate values of sediment samples are higher than in Biscayne Bay. Temperatures of the cooling canal sediments are influenced by plant operations as shown by the decrease in temperature at stations farther from the plant discharge. Salinity and sulfate values are influenced by outside factors such as water evaporation and rainfall.

Anoxic conditions result when ammonium, sulfide and phosphate con-centrations increase. For the cooling canals, ammonium values in 1981 are 45 percent higher than in 198G, in Biscayne Bay ammonium values increased 325 percent since last year. These results suggest that environmental conditions such as drought may have had a greater impact on sediments in Biscayne Bay than in the cooling canals. Sulfide and orthophosphate values are similar to those of previous years at control and canal stations. The slightly higher nitrate values in the cooling canals show that there is no depletion of nitrate due to anoxic con-ditions. All other parameters are in the same range as values from control stations.

Comparisons of 1981 data with those of the preoperational study indicate that no detectable impact on physical or chemical parameters has resulted from plant operation.

III.A.3-11

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III.A.3-12

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Table 1. Parameters measured during the preoperational studies and 1981 operational study at the Turkey Point Plant Site.

PREOPERATIONAL STUDIESa OPERATIONAL STUDY PARAMETER 1970-1971 1981

'nterstitial Water Sediment water Water Sediment Al kal i ni ty Ammonium Dissolved inorganic carbon Dissolved organic carbon Dissolved oxygen Nitrate Nitrite pH Orthophosphate Radioactivity Salinity Silica Sul fate X Sul fide Sulfite Temperature Trace metals RSMAS, 1971, 1972.

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Table 2. pH of sediments at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 12 13 Jan.. 7.7 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.7 7.8 8.2 7.7 7.7

.Feb. 8.2 7.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 7.8 8.0 8.8 8.2 8.8 Mar. 7.9 7.2 7.8 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.8 8.1 =

8.1 8.1 Apr. 8.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.3 8.7 . 8.4 8.8 May 7.8 7.2 7.9 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.8 8.2 8.5 Jun. 7.5 - 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.9 . 8.2 8.0 8.3 Jul . 8.5 8.3 7.9 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.6 8.6 8.7 Aug. 8.0 7.6 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.6 8.3 8.4 9.4 9.2 9.0 Sep. 7.5 7.9 7.8 7.8 '.1 8.2 8.0 7.9 8.4 8.2 8.8 Oct. 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.6 8.8 7.8 Nov. 8.3 7.5 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.2 7.8 8.0 8.4 8.3 8.3 Dec. 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.2 7.9 8.1 8.5 8.3

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Table 3. Salinity (ppt) of sediments at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 31.5 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.5 31.0 31.0 31.0 21.0 21.5 21.0

.Feb. 28.8 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.0 28.5 28.0 28.5 16.8 -16.3 17.5 Mar. 30.1 30.2 28.7 29.5 27.0 . 30'.4 30.8 28.2 20.8 20.5 21.1 Apr. 27.5 24.8 26.5 26.5 24.8 25.4 26.3 26.2 22.2 22.2 21.4 May 44.0a 44.0 . 46.0 44.0 38.0 44.0 44.0 44.0 40.0 38.0 38.0 Jun; 33.0 33.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 35.0 35.0 33.0 26.0 27.0 28.0 Jul. 37.0 40.0 44.0 44.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 44.0 40.0 37.0 37.0 Aug. 38.0 37.0 38.0 34.0 39.0 39.0 39.0 38.0 35.0 32.0 37.0 Sep. 32.0 30.0 30.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 22.0 20.0 20.0 Oct. 19.0 23.0 22.0 19.0 19.0 22.0 23.0 18.0 1.5 9.0 8.0 Nov. 22.0 21.0 21.0 20.0 21.0 21.0 20.0 22.0 17.0 19.0 18.0 Dec. 21.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0 22.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 17.0 Salinity readings to whole numbers after April 1981.

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Table 4. Temperature ('C) of sediment surface at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 20.2 19.8 12.4 12.8 21.6 19.2 19.9 28.2 11.2 11.3 11.1 Feb. 25.0 24.5 23.2 24.8 27.9 27.1 26.7 32.2 22.0 21.9 21.9 Mar. 23.1 25.0 22.0 22.8 27.5 26.2 26.9 31.0 21.3 21.0 20.8 Apr. 25.9 25.9 25.2 25.0 28.1 28.0 28.7 33.6 23.7 24.1 24.2 May 26.0 27.0 24.8 26.0 27.8 28.2 . 29.9 34.2 25.8 26.0 27.0 Jun. 30.4 30.0 28.9 29.0 30.8 31.8 31.8 38.4 27.0 27.2 28.3 Jul. 33.0 32.7 31.5 33.7 34.2 34.6 34.8 42.5 29.0 29.1 29.6 Aug. 30.2 30.0 28.7 29.9 32.3 32.5 32.3 37.9 27.3 27.3 27.3 Sep. 32.5 32.2 31.2 31.9 35.0 33.2 33.9 40.0 29.0 29.0 29.2 Oct. 28.2 29.1 28.2 29.0 31.4 30.2 30.5 36.8 25.8 26.2 26.4 Nov. 22.2 22.0 22.0 22.2 24.1 23.1 23.2 27.2 21.0 21.0 21.0 Dec. 18.1 17.3 19.2 20.0 20.2 21.2 23.5 16.8 16.3 16.5

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Table 5. Analysis of soluble sulfate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 Jan. 4841 4749 3972 4051 3735 3833 3975 4270 2259 2930 2673 Feb. 3190 3237 2962 3277 -

3056 3157 3354 3197 1900 1868 1801 Mar. 3366 3070 3211 3022 2573 3173 3060 3137 2176 1889 1264 Apr. 3298 2945 2923 3169 2978 2959 3257 3281 2762 2505 2604 May 3384 3337 3324 3203 2666 3134 3095 3342 2628 2724 2757 Jun. 3203 3366 3117 3141 3080 3146 2843 3285 2989 2786 2717 Jul. 4065 3873 3984 4095 4021 4076 4021 4384 2977 3519 3473 Aug. 3347 3073 3015 3121 3260 3389 3126 3260 2811 2720 3047 Sep. 2832 2850 2501 2422 2438 2893 2689 2955 1750 1678 1589 Oct. 2405 2379 2601 2145 1569 2231 2282 2533 1194 1109 887 Nov. 2029 2160 2144 2191 2128 2318 2214 '2201 1559 1635 1710 Dec. 2076 2165 2368 2140 1654 2246 2055 2018 1598 1578 1569

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Table 6. Analysis results of soluble sulfite (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

HONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUHBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 17.0 15.0 14.0 11.0 16.0 14.0 23.0 13.0 10.0 11.0 15.0 Feb. 8.0 7.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 11.0 8.0. -9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Har. 8.0 14.0 12.0 9.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 11.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 I

CO Apr.

Hay 7.0 8.0 8.0 12.0 '.0 7.0 3.0 9.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 4.0 7.0 4.0 8.0 3.0 7.0 3.0 Jun. 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 <2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Jul. <2.0a <2.0 10.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Aug. <2.0 <2.0 3.0 <2.0 2.0 3.0 <2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

'ep. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Oct. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 2.0 Nov. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 . <2.0 <2.0 Dec. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Previous reports cited <O.l ppm as the detection limit for soluble sulfite but that limit can be obtained only when other elements do not obscure the reading. A detection limit of <2.0 ppm is cited in APHA (1980).

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Table 7. Analysis results of soluble sulfide (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. <o.os'o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os . <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os Feb. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Mar. <0.05 <0.05 *

<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 .

<0.05 <0.05 Apr. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 May- <0.05 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Jun. <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os <o.os Jul. <0.05 <0.05 0.26 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Aug. <0.05 <0.05 0.97 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Sep. <0.05 <0.05 0.08 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Oct. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.06 Nov. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Dec. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Detection limit is 0.05 ppm.

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Table 8. Analysis results of insoluble sulfide (pg/g wet weight sediment) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 3 4 12 13 Jan. 5.92 <0.05 2.32 0.40 .

<0.05 0.39 0.33 <0.05 1.49 1.01 0.51 Feb. 3.84 0.10 0.21 5.51 0.06 0.20 1.12 =

3.58 1.54 0.37 0.14 Mar. 5.44 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.05 1.96 0.16 0.54 Apr. 1.40 2.20 0.43 0.25 1'.59 0.56 1.56 0.13 1.78 3.32 0.52 May 0.10 0.05 0.36 0.37 0.22 0.10 4.33 0.14 0.20 3.38 1.01 Jun. 0.57 <0.05 3.07 7.32 1.39 0.17 0.11 0.06 1.84 0.95 0.17 Jul . 0.08 1.56 4.24 0.31 3.97 4;60 0.11 0.82 0.10 1.55 0.34 Aug. 4.36 0.39 1.64 0.02 0.52 1.30 0.87 0.77 0.24 0;22 0.13 Sep. 14.31 0.13 8.32 <0.05 2.73 5.84 5.65 2.03 1.91 1.05 0.86 Oct. 3.79 0.36 0.16 0.10 <0.05 0.15 <0.05 0.49 1.02 0.21 0.'27 Nov. 12.71 0.52 0.20 0.39 <0.05 0.11 0.06 <0.05 0.72 1.38 0.40 Dec. -0.62 0.22 0.09 0.06 0.41 0.47 0.10 0.92 0.20 1.25 1.04 a

Detection limit is 0.05.

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Table 9. Analysis results of soluble nitrate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

HONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUHBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 Jan. 0.057 0.206 0.104 0.067 0.104 0.198 0.117 0.174 0;045 0.044 0.038 Feb. 0.052 0.042 0.035 0.057 0.062 0.070 0.052 0.077 0.033 0.060 <0.001a Har. 0.044 0'018 0.109 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.013 <0.001 <0.001 Apr. 0.082 0.049 0.059 0.042 0.026 0.025 0.037 0.036 0.086 0.043 <0.001 Hay 0.118 0.102 0.082 0.080 0.110 0.103 0.108 . 0.081 0.114 0.102 0.167 Jun. 0.210 0.009 0.026 0.014 0.032 0.021 0.026 0.047 0.053 0.019 0.049 Jul. 0.091 0.054 0.035 0.041 0.087 0.057 0.046 0.037 0.102 0.051 0.054 Aug. 0.086 0.066 0.140 0.104 0.070 0.064 0.073 0.127 0.056 0.122 0.052 Sep. 0.062 0.232 0.083 0.196 0.102 0.234 0.145 0.119 0.023 0.079 0.367 Oct. 0.062 0.132 0.914 0.333 0.058 0.111 0.137 0.201 0.026 0.052 0.095 Nov. 0.031 0.082 0.099 0.082 0.046 0.078 0.045 0.086 0.107 0.167 0.098 Dec. 0.316 0.393 0.329 0.227 0.294 0.268 0.267 0.285 0.264 0.179 0.217 Detection limit is 0.001.

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Table 10. Analysis results of soluble nitrite (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 5 . 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 0.005 0.021 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.003 Feb. 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.009 0.008 0.00& 0.006 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.033 Mar. 0.006 0.006 0.023 0;007 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.019 0.016 Apr. 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 May 0.010 0.012 0.011 0.013 0.0".0 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.012 Jun. 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.002 Jul. 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.004 0.005 Aug. 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.004 Sep. 0.027 0.028 0.011 - 0.011 0.018 0.021 0.015 0.017 0.010 0.004 0.019 Oct. 0.011 0.017 0.017 0.046 0.012 0.015 0.024 0.032 0.004 0.006 0.003 Nov. 0.008 0.015 0.021 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.029 0.011 0.007 0.023 0.014 Dec. 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.005 0.012 0.009 0.008 0.015 0.011 0.004 0.006

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Table 11. Analysis results of soluble ammonium (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 0.98 0.19 2.03 0.62 0.27 0.15 1.95 '.21 2.02 0.80 1.03 feb. 0.61 0.58 0.81 0.47 0.38 1.13 1.25 1.56 2.16 2.58 Mar. 1:06 . 1.04 0.93 0.82 0.56 0.32 5.39 0.46 4.69 10.00 9.38 Apr. 1.04 0.65 4.63 0.61 0.39 0.49 0.35 0.32 1.06 4.04 0.92 May 0.96 0.26 0.06 0.14 0.07 <0.01a 0,33 0.08 1.97 0.56 0.28 Jun. 1.11 1.11 1.46 1.01 0.90 1.39 2.67 0.05 1.48 1.63 0.33 Jul. 0.59 0.48 1.08 0.34 0.42 0.10 0.63 0.38 0.91 0.42 0.35 Aug. 1.28 1.38 6.66 0.43 0.62 0.40 1.62 0.53 1.16 1.22 0.81 Sep. 3.04 1.48 3.04 5.90 1.79 0.96 1.04 1.15 0.92 1.73 2.50 Oct. 2.71 2.32 2.00 1.04 1.14 1.33 1.38 1.57 3.17 . 3.17 3.43 Nov. 2.09 1.04 0.57 0.96 0.57 0.57 0.68 0.61 1.23 3.97 2.78 Dec. 3.43 1.32 1.79 0.50 0.93 0.97 1.09 3.43 4.13 1.71 0.70 Detection limit is 0.01.

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Table 12. Analysis results of soluble orthophosphate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay.during 1981.

MONTHS STATION LOCATiON AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. <0.01a <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 . <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Feb. <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.07 '.01 , 0.10 Mar. 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.05 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 Apr. <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 May 0.03 <0.01 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 NDb <0.01 <0.01 Jun. <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Jul. <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Aug. 0.02 0.02 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0

Sep. 0.55 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.02 Oct. 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Nov. 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0..01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Dec. 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 . 0.08 <0.01 <0.01 Detection limit is 0.01.

b ND-no data.

Table 13. Methods for chemical analysis of sediment and interstitial water at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

PARAMETER METHOD REFERENCE Sul fate turbi dimetri c APHA, 15th edition, (barium sul fate) 1980, p. 493 Sulfite t i trimetri c APHA, 15th edition, (i odi de-i odate) 1980, p. 509 Sul fide spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (p-phenylenediamine) 1972, p. 41 Nitrate nitrogen cadmium reduction APHA, 15th edition, method 1980, p. 434 Nitrite nitrogen spectrophotometric APHA, 15th edition, (diazotization) 1980, p. 434 Arrmonia nitrogen spectrophotometric Strickl and and Parsons, (phenol-hypochlorite) 1972, p. 87 Orthophosphate spectrophotometric APHA, 15th edition, (ascorbic acid) 1980 p. 481 III.A.3-25

I Table 14. Ranges of selected physical and chemical parameters at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay.

SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE STATIONa pH SALINITY TEMPERATURE SULFATE NITRATE NITRITE AMMONIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE t 'C m m m m 1 7.5-8.5 19.0-44.0 18.1-33.0 2029-4841 0.031-0.316 0.003-0.027 0.59-3.43 <0.01-0.55 2 7.2-8.3 21.0-44.0 19.0-32.7 2160-4749 0.009-0.393 0.003-0.028 0.19-2.32 <0.01-0.02 3 7.6-8.3 21.0-46.0 12.4-31.5 2144-3984 0.026-0.914 0.002-0.023 0.06-6.66 <0.01-0.06 4 7.6-8.5 19.0-44.0 12.8-33.7. 2140-4095 0.014-0.333 0.003-0.046 0.14-5.90 <0.01-0.05 5 7.8-8.3 19.0-42.0 20.0-35.0 1569-4021 0.017-0.294 0.004-0.018 0.07-1.79 <0.01-0.05 6 7.7-8.6 20.0-44.0 19.2-34.6 2231-4076 0.017-0.268 0.002-0.021 <0.01-1.39 <0.01-0.12 7 7.7-8.3 20.0-46.0 19.9-34.8 2055-4021 0.019-0.267 0.002-0.029 0.33-5.39 <0.01-0.02 8 7.8-8.4 18.0-44.0 ~

23.5-42.5 2018-4384 0.020-0.285 0.005-0.032 0.05-3.43 <0.01-0.02 11 8.1-9.4 1.5-40.0 11.2-29.0 1194-2989 0.013-0.264 0.003-0.011 0.91-4.69 <0.01-0.08 12 7.7-9.2 9.0-38.0 11.3-29.1 1109-3519 <0.001-0.179 0.002-0.023 0.42-10.00 <0.01-0.03 13 7.7-9.0 8.0-38.0 11.1-29.6 887-3473 <0.001-0.367 0.002-0.033 0.28-9.38 <0.01-0.10 Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System; Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

Table 15. Ranges for selected parameters recorded at stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (pre-operational studies) and in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay (operational studies).

PREOPE RATIONAL PARAMETER STUD IESa OPERATIONAL STUD IESb 1970-1971 1977 1978 1979 1981 pH (pH units) 7.0-7.8 7.4-8.5 7.2-8.7 7.6-8.9 7.0-8.3 7;2-8.6 (8.08 7)c (7.4-8.4) (7.8-8.9) (7.2-8.3) (7.7-9.4)

Salinity (ppt) 27.3-44.4 35.00-54.54 22.0-43.1 18.3-48.0 21.0-39.0 18.0-46. 0 (23.69-35.54) (11.6-37.7) (14.0-31.5) (8.2-35.8) (1.5-40.0)

Temperature (C') d 11.1-39.9 15.8-39.5 17.5-44.0 13.0-43.0 12.4-42.5 (19.1-33.0) (18.5-33.9) (10.0-37.0) (10.2-30.3) (11.1-29.6)

Soluble sul fate d 2100-3818 360-3950 2399-3450 2115-3611 1569-4841 (ppm) (733-3448) (180-3100) (1521-3120) (959-3215) (887-3519)

Soluble nitrate <0.001-0.023 0.014-0.460 0.002-0.346 .

<0.001-2.712 0.003-0.746 0.014-0.914 (ppm) (0.007-0.240) (0.005-0.253) (<0.001-0.341) (0.004-0.404) (<0.001-0.367)

Soluble nitrite <0.001-0.003 <0.001-0.017 <0.001-0.024 <0.001-0.028 <0.001-0.084 0.002-0.046 (ppm) (0.001-0.010) (<0.001-0.012) (<0.001-0.014) (<0.001-0.070) (0.002-0.033)

Soluble ammonium d 0.01-0.98 <0.01-1 .91 0.02-0.97 0.10-6.02 <0.01- 6.66 (ppm) (<0.01-0.69) (0.24-1.78) (0.09-1.00) (0.08-1.74) (0.28-10.00)

Soluble <0.01-0.10 <0.01-0.13 <0.01-0.24 <0.01-0.90 <0.01-0.15 <0.01-0.55 orthophosphate (<0.01-0.04) (<0.01-0.17) (<0.01-0.24) (<0.01-0.08) (<0.01-0.10)

(ppm)

RSMAS, 1971, 1972. Biscayne Bay values in parenthesis.

b FPL, 1977-1980. dNo adequate data.

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Table 16. Yearly average values for selected physical and chemical parameters at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay during 1981.

SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE STATION> pH SALINITY TEMPERATURE ,SULFATE NITRATE NITRITE AMMONIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE (ppt) ('C) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)b 8.0 30.3 26.2 3070 0.101 0.008 1.58 0.06 7.6 30.3 26.4 3100 0.115 0.011 0.99 0.01 7.9 31.0 24.6 3010 0.168 0.010 2.09 0.02 7.9 30.2 25.5 2998 0.105 0.011 1.07 0.01 8.0 29.4 28.4 2763 0.084 0.008 0.67 0.01 8.1 31.0 27.9 3046 0.104 0.009 0.65 0.01 8.0 31.4 28.3 2998 0.089 0.010 1.52 <0.01 8.0 30.4 33.8 3155 0.108 0.011 0.84 <0.01 11 8.5 23.2 23.3 2217 0.077 0.006 2.03 0.01 12 - 8.4 23.2 23.4 2245 0.077 0.007 2.62 0.01 13- 8.4 23.7 23.6 2174 0.095 0.010 2.09 0.01 Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System; Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

b To calculate yearly means for orthophosphate, the value <0.01 ppm was considered equal to 0.

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b. Benthic Organisms Introduction This report documents trends in the benthic macroinvertebrate popu-lations of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. This unique

't marine habitat is analyzed to determine the benthic species present and their relative abundances. A further objective of the study is to assess the impact of power plant operation on the cooling canal system environ-ment since operation began and to compare the canal habitat to the adja-cent lagoonal ecosystem, which was monitored during 3 years of baseline study (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and retained by a U.S. Standard Ho. 30 sieve (0.595-mm mesh; EPA, 1973). They live at least part of their life cycles within or upon suitable substrata. Benthic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to external stress due to their limited mobility and relatively long life span. As a result, benthic communities exhibit characteristics that are a function of environmental conditions in the recent past. Benthic com-munities reflect the effects of temperature, salinity, depth, current, substrate, and chemical and organic pollutants. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates are important members'f the food web as prey for many species of the water column (EPA, 1973).

III.A.3-29

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Materials and Methods Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed using methods and materials recommended by. Holme and McIntyre (1971), EPA (1973), NESP (1975) and APHA (1980).

Turkey Point Cooling Canal System substrates were sampled with an Ekman grab. The sample was washed through a No. 30 mesh sieve to remove fine sediment and detritus. All material retained on the sieve was pre-served in a 1:1 mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet stains in a 1:1000 concentration of 5-percent formalin (Williams, 1974). Preserved samples were placed in labeled containers and taken to the laboratory where they were hand sorted and the specimens identified to the lowest practicable taxon. Temper'ature, salinity and dissolved oxygen measure-ments were made concurrently with each biotic sampling.

In May and October of 1981, three replicate grab samples were taken at each of 11 sampling stations (Figure 1). Three control stations have been established in Biscayne Bay north of the plant site. Control Station 1 is located on shallow flats just offshore. Control Station 2 j

is at the mouth of a small creek, and Control Station 3 is some distance up this same creek. The control stations were sampled for the first time in May 1979.

Prior to 1980, reliable sampling at canal Station RC.O was hindered by the rocky substratum that prevented penetration and proper closure of the grab. In 1980, this station was relocated several hundred feet I I I.A.3-30

I I

closer to the plant intake. Former benthic Station RC.2, even though not specifically associated with plankton Station RC.1 (Section III.A.1.a

-Figure 1), sampled the same key cut canal. In 1980, station designation RC.2 (Figure 1) in this report was transferred to plankton Station RC.1.

Biomass analyses of the samples were made on an ash-free dry weight basis. Whole samples were dried at 105 C for 4 hours, then weighed to the nearest milligram on a Mettler H32 analytical balance (EPA, 1973).

Biomass per square meter and density per square meter were calculated by taking the sum of the results of the three replicate samples and multiplying by the appropriate factor.

The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and the equitability component were also computed from the data. Diversity indices are additional tools for measuring the environmental quality and the effect of induced stress on the structure of a macroinvertebrate community. Use of these indices is based on the generally observed phenomenon that undisturbed environ-I ments support communities having relatively few species with large num-bers of individuals and large numbers of species represented by only a few individuals. Many forms of stress tend to reduce

'a diversity by making the environment unsuitable for some species or by giving other species a competitive advantage.

Species diversity has two components: the number of species (species richness) and the. distribution of individuals among the species (species evenness). The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index independent of sample size.

III.A.3-31

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The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H'; Lloyd et al., 1968) calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA (1973):

H' C (N 1o910N-anil og10ni)

N where: C = 3.321928 (converts base 10 log to base 2),

N = Total number of individuals, Total number of individuals of the ith species.

Mean diversity as previously calculated is affected by both species richness and evenness and can range from 0 to 3.321928 log N.

Equitability, the distribution of individuals among the species present, is computed by:

e s where: s = Number of taxa in the sample, s' Hypothetical maximum number of taxa in the sample based on a table devised by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964).

Data from EPA biologists (EPA, 1973) have shown that diversity indi-ces in unpolluted waters are generally greater than 3.0 and are usually less than 1.0 in polluted waters. Equitability levels below 0.5 have not been encountered in waters known to be free of oxygen-demanding wastes.

In such waters, equitability usually ranges from 0.6 to 0.8, while equi-tability in polluted waters is generally 0.0 to 0.3.

III.A.3-32

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The number of species found at each station was analyzed using Sorensen's (1948) index of similarity:

Similarity (5) = x 100 a+b where: Number of species common to the two stations being compared, Number of species at the first station, Number of species at the second station.

Results and Discussion Benthic macroinvertebrates collected in the Turkey Point Plant area were representatives of four main groups: polychaete worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves), crustaceans and a miscellaneous group of diverse organisms that were present irregularly and in small numbers (Tables 1-11). The canals were characterized by higher temperatures and salini-ties than were the control areas (Table 12).

Canal Stations In 1981, the density of macroinvertebrates sampled in the canals varied considerably from station to station, ranging from 230 individuals/m2 (Station F.l in October; Table 8) to 24,368/m2 (Station E3.2 in Hay; Table 3). This wide range in density illustrates the highly variable nature of the canal system infauna. i4lacrobenthos density was higher in the spring than in the fall, and conformed to a fairly regular pattern of high spring density/low fall density noted over the past 7 years (Figure 2). The mean density of all stations combined was III.A.3-33

I I

8358/m2 in May and 4449/m2 in October (Table 13). The May density was similar to high values recorded in 1979 and 1980. The October density was similar to those of earlier years, being much lower than the figure recorded for October 1980.

Mean biomass in the canals was 9-143 g/m2 in May and .5.310 g/m2 in October (Table 13). The May value was high compared to earlier moni-toring studies (being surpassed only by the very high value in April 1980). The October mean was the highest fall biomass estimate to date in the canals. The 1981 figures conformed to the trend of higher spring biomass and lower fall biomass that have been observed in every year 'of the study except 1979 (Figure 3). Biomass values ranged from 1.48 g/m2 (Station RC.O in October; Table 5) to 45.60 g/m2 (Station RF.3 in May; Table 4). Most of the wide biomass variation was caused by the occurrence of larger specimens such as molluscs or brittle stars.

Generally, however, the benthic fauna was composed of individuals of small size.

The mean index of diversity in the canals was 3.23 in May and 3.00 in October. Both of these values were high when compared to previous monitoring data (the May value was exceeded only by that for April 1980, and the October value was the highest fall diversity ever observed in the canal studies; Figure 4). However, these mean values were lower than those usually observed for marine communities, which typically show values over 3.5 (Bader and Roessler, 1971, 1972; Holme and McIntyre, 1971). In 1981, diversity indices ranged from 1.50 (Station F.1 in October; Table 8) to 4.09 (Station RC.1 in October, Table 2).

III.A.3-34

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As indicated, macroinvertebrate density, biomass and diversity were generally higher at the canal stations during 1980 and 1981 than in pre-vious years (Figures 2, 3 and 4). These increases were partially caused by inclusion in 1980 and 1981 of data from the previously unsampled Stations RC.O and RC.l, which usually have denser and more diverse benthic communities than the other canal stations. In the 1980 Turkey Point Plant report (FPL, 1981), mean density, biomass and diversity data were compared for the stations common to both the 1979 and 1980 moni-toring studies (RC.O and RC.1 were excluded), and this showed that the inclusion of RC.O and RC.1 data exerted a general increasing effect on mean density, little or no effect on mean biomass, and a large increasing effect on diversity (FPL, 1981).

Control Stations Control station density was as highly variable as that of the canal stations, ranging from 6092 individuals/m2 (Control Station 1 in May; Table 9) to 87,155/m2 (Control Station 2 in May; Table 10). Overall mean densities were 36,600/m2 in May and 21,188/m2 in October (Table 14; Figure 2). The annual mean density of 28,894/m2 was much higher than the annual mean density of 6404/m2 at the canal stations.

II Biomass values at the control stations ranged from 0.50 g/m2 (Control Station 3 in October, Table 11) to 6.07 g/m2 (Control Station 2 in May; Table 10). Mean biomass was 3.90 g/m2 in May and 2.85 g/m2 in October (Table 14; Figure 3.). The annual mean biomass during 1981 at the control stations was 3.38 g/m2 compared to 7.23 g/m2 for the canal sta-III.A.3-35

I tions. The canal mean annual biomass was more than twice the value for the control stations. In contrast, the values were approximately equal in 1980, while in 1979, the control biomass was twice that of the canals, the reverse of the situation in 1981 (FPL, 1981; Table 14). Much of the wide variation in biomass values can be attributed to the sporadic occurrence of larger specimens of molluscs, echinoderms or brittle stars.

Control station diversity ranged from 2.08 (Control Station 1 in October, Table 9) to 5.50 (Control Station 2 in May, Table 10). Mean control station diversity was 4.70 in May and 2.88 in October (Table 14, Figure 4), the highest and lowest mean control station diversity indices to date. The mean annual diversity for the control stations was 3.79, while that of the canal stations was 3.11.

Biomass, density and diversity at the control stations were generally higher in May than in October 1981, a trend observed for biomass and diversity at the control stations in 1980. This contrasts

.with the trend observed for biomass, density and diversity in 1979 (and

\

density in 1980), where the fall values were generally higher than those observed in the spring. The 1980 and 1981 data indicate that biomass, density and diversity variation at the control stations'follows a pattern similar to that of the canal stations (with high values in spring and low values'n the fall).

III.A.3-36

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-Com arison of Station Grou s The trellis diagram (Figure 5) resulting from the use of Sorensen's index of community similarity illustrates that the Turkey Point benthic sampling stations can be divided into four groups for comparative purposes: east stations (RC.O, RC.1, E3.2 and RF.3), west stations (HF.2, H18.2 and H6.2), discharge (F.l) and control stations (C-l, C-2 and C-3).

The data for these groups from 1975 to 1981 were compared statistically using t-tests at the P=0.05 level. Analysis of the biomass 'data showed that while the biomass values for the east stations were significantly higher than those for the west stations, there were no significant dif-ferences between the biomass figures for the other groups. Oensity showed no significant difference between the east and.control groups, although both of these groups had significantly higher density than the west group, and all three of these groups had significantly denser popu-lations than the discharge station. All groups were significantly dif-ferent in diversity. The control group had the highest diversity, followed by the east group, the .west group and the discharge group, respectively.

Biomass, density and diversity data were checked for correlation with the dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature data by calculating correlation coefficients on a station-by-station basis. Relatively strong negative correlations between density and temperature and diversity and temperature were indicated. No consistent relationship could be found between biomass and temperature. Neither dissolved oxygen concentration nor salinity showed consistent correlation with either den-sity, diversity or biomass.

III.A.3-37

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The relationship between temperature, density and diversity could be seen clearly when the annual means of these parameters were calculated for the station groups (Table 15). These data reflect the fact that the discharge station (F.1) is closest to the plant's thermal outfall, the west station group (WF.2, W18.2 and W6.2) is the second closest, the east group (RC.O, RC.l, E3.2 and RF.3) is the farthest canal station group from the thermal effluent, while the control stations are essentially unaffected by the heated water (Figure 1). Many researchers have stated that the faunas of subtropical and tropical areas still thrive at or near their upper incipient lethal temperatures (Mayer, 1914; Gunter, 1957; Naylor, 1965; Bader and Roessler, 1972). Additional heat increases, even relatively small ones, may create stresses that are intolerable. Though the canal salinity averaged 35.7 ppt and the average salinity of the control stations was 28.2 ppt, salinity and dissolved oxygen showed no consistent relationships with the station groups.

Communit Com osition As in the past years of monitoring, the canal stations were domi-nated by polychaetes (Figure 6). The numerically important species of polychaetes are limited to a few types. They were primarily burrowing, sedentary, detritus feeding, or filter feeding species. The bottom substrate of the canals, which is composed of fibrous peat and mud mixed with shell debris, is an environment to which these worms are well adapted.

III.A.3-38

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Polychaetes are known to be more tolerant of wide variations in environmental conditions than are most other marine organisms. Several studies have shown that polychaetes are among the only organisms able to survive the effects of thermal outfalls (Narkowski, 1960; Warinner and Brehmer, 1965, 1966). Studies in southern California have reported polychaetes surviving in heavily polluted areas with restricted cir-culation (Reish, 1956, 1959). Bandy et al., (1965) reported that polychaetes outnumbered other groups 8 to 1 at an ocean sewage outfall.

From the preceding studies, polychaetes appear to be the group of orga-nisms most tolerant of elevated temperature and salinity, restricted cir-culation, and highly organic substrates that are characteristic of th' Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Compared to the canal stations, the control stations showed a slightly better balance between the major macroinvertebrate groups (Figure 6). Polychaetes were 40 percent of the macroinvertebrate fauna at the control stations as opposed to 65 percent of the canal stations organisms. These numbers were lower than those for 1980 (control sta-tions with 69 percent polychaetes, canal stations with 78 percent). The control station macroinvertebrates exhibited a wider degree of niche dif-ferentiation (utilization of different feeding and habitat preferences) than did those of the canal stations.

Control Station 3 was the only control station with a mud and peat substrate similar to that in the canals. Control Station 1 has a sand/calcareous algae substrate, while Control Station 2 has a C

III.A.3-39

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sand/peat/seagrass substrate. Because its substrate is similar to that of the canals, the community structure of Control Station 3 was more like that of the canal stations than like the other control stations.

Com arison with Previous Studies Some species found in both baseline and operational studies were recruited originally from the adjacent Biscayne Bay and Card Sound estuarine ecosystems. In studies of these adjacent ecosystems 266 spe-cies of epifaunal macroinvertebrates, including molluscs, large crusta-ceans, sponges and echinoderms were sampled by trawling (Bader, 1969; Tabb and Roessler, 1970; Bader and Roessler, 1971 and 1972). This large number of species does not include infaunal organisms such as polychaete worms and small crustaceans that comprise the bulk of the species in the canal system. Many"more species could be found in Biscayne Bay or in Card Sound if these infaunal forms were included in faunal surveys.

Differing sampling methodologies, thermal regimes and substrates limited the applicability of these studies to the present monitoring study.

Conclusion During 1981, no significant changes in the macroinvertebrate fauna of the Turkey Point Canal System are observed when the data are compared to the data from previous years of monitoring. Biomass, density and diversity values observed in 1981 are among the highest ever encountered in the canals. Though there are some devi ations, the data from the past seven years indicate a fairly regular pattern of higher biomass, density and diversity in spring alternating with lower biomass, density and diversity in the fall.

III.A.3-40

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When compared to control stations, the canal macroinvertebrate fauna had lower density, higher biomass and statistically significantly lower diversity. The diversity trend is probably the result of 1) a lack of means of recruitment of new species to the canal system, 2) the higher temperature and salinity of the canals, and 3) the general unsuitability of the canal substrate for animals other than polychaete worms.

The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the canal system has many species, but only those burrowing, sedentary, detritus feeding and filter feeding species that are adapted to living in the thick fibrous peat substrate (such as many polychaete worms) can be expected to have signi-ficantly large populations. The relatively harsh environment and the restricted fauna of the canals makes the canal macroinvertebrate popula-tions subject to wide and sometimes irregular variations in biomass, den-sity and diversity.

III.A.3-41

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CONTROL 5 CONTROL 2 o-CONTROL l RC.O B

/ o RC. I BIS CAYNE BAY INTERCEPTOR DITCH W6.2

//oc enomooo Nl8.2 WF.2 RF.5 5/A QACE CANAL ~oo

~ops ((

o Cy~

p(

Figure 1. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling station 1 oca ti ons, Turkey Point s i te, 1981.

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MAY DEC MAY NOY APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT MAY OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Figure 2. Mean number of benthic macroinvertebrates per square meter (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1981.

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MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT MAY OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 figure 3. IIean benthic macroinvertebrate biomass per square meter (all sampling stationscbmbined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1981.

5.0 CANAL STAT IONS 4.5 0--W CONTROL STATIONS 4.0 w

). 3o5 3.0 C) 2.5 2.0 w 15 5 10 0.5 0

MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT MAY OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Figure 4. I<can benthic macroinvertebrate species diversity (all sampling stations combined), -Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1981.

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(cont'd)

Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RC.O at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)

Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)

Class Anthozoa (sea anenomes)

Anenome sp.

unidentified specimen Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) 28 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 60 20 Total individuals 1268 332 Total biomass (g) 0.1360 0.1032 Density (no./m2) 18,218 4,770 Biomass (g/m2) 1.954 1.483 Index of diversity 3.54 3.70 Equitability 0.48 0.81 III.A.3-49

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Table 2. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RC.l at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATfS Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Armandia maculata 12 16

~Ca itella ~ca itata 160 Caulleriella alata 4 Ceratonereis mirabilis 16 Cirriformia ~fili era 12 ar

~

ExocXone ~dis Fabricia sp. 12 12 Naineris ~1aevi ata 68 32 Naineris setosa 20 Nematonereis sp. A 4 Nereis acuminata 84 N 8

~l ra '>'araonides 140 Prionos io heterobranchia texana 4

Schistomerin os ~rudol hi 60 4 4

~S1 is cornuta 16 Terebel~lidae damaged) 4.

Tubificidae 8 124

~T 12 P

• 12 84 p ~ 40 16

p. C Typosyl 1 i s sp. (damaged) 4 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Balcis conoidea 4 Bulla striata 20 Cerithium muscarum 12 Haminoea anti llarum 4.

H. succinea Nod~a us modulus 8 Prunum ~a icinum 16 P. lavalleeanum Class Pelycypoda (bi val ves) 0 isthobr anchia sp. B Tellina sp. juvenile)

Class Crustacea (copepods)

Harpacticoida sp. 76 III.A.3-50

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d so ' s ~ dwsd ~ - "~ odd m'm ~ ~ dw ~ ' gsdo ~

Table 2. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station RC.1 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Crustacea (isopods, amphipods, tanaids)

Asellota sp.

~cmodosa spp. 12 8

Grandidierella bonnieroides i~I 16 Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 24 d d 28 24

~Th encl la ~emmata 12 Class Anthozoa (sea anemones)

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) 16 124 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Total individuals 580 956 Total biomass (g) 0.2884 0.8736 Density (no./m2) 8,333 13,735 Biomass (g/m2) 4.140 '2.550 Index of diversity 3.75 4.09 Equitability 0.85 0.69 III.A.3-51

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Table 3. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Armandia maculata Aricidea ~ta lori 8 8

~Ca itella ca itata 16 Ceratonereis mira ilis 4 Cirratulidae (damaged)

Cirriformia ~fili era 8 8

~Exo one veruceera 220 Fabricia sp. 180 Laeonereis culveri 12 4 haineris laevi<aata 448 16 Paraonides ~l ra 20 4 24

.8 Schistomerin os ~rudol hi 24 P 12 12 Terebella rubra 24 124.

36 T os llis sp. A 56 64 P 40 12 p~ 16 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Haminoea antillarum 16 Haminoea sp. (juvenile) 8 Odostomia sp. C 4 Prunum ~a icinum P. lavalleeanum Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

ILteneridae sp. A Class Crustacea (copepods and isopods)

Co e oda sp. 68 Ase ota sp. 84

~Cmodoce faxoni III.A.3-52

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Table 3. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM Of 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class crustacea (amphipods and shrimp)

~Cmadusa ~com ta 20

~Codusa sp. 40

~Elasmo us levis 64 E. ~ra ax 4

~Elasmo us sp. 20 Grandidierella bonnieroides 4 Thor sp.

Class Ophiuroi dea (bri ttl e stars)

~Ahi h hdd Amphiuridae sp. 16 Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

~hd 96 Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones)

Anemone sp.

Phylum Nematoda (round worms)

Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 36 Total individual s 1696 268 Total biomass (g) 0.4148 0.1468 Oensity (no./m2) 4,368 3,850 Biomass (g/m2) 5.960 2.110 Index of diversity 4.02 2.81 Equitability 0.53 Oe75 III.A.3-53

Table 4. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Armandia maculata 4 68 Ceratonereis mirabilis

~Exp one ~veru era 16 Fabricia sp. 52 64 Naineris laevi ata 20

'16 8 Streblosoma hartmanae 4 S iorbis corru atus 272 Terebe lidae damaged) 8 Terebellides stroemii 4 44 T os llis sp. A 4. 28 d d 48 84

d. d 4 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla striata 12 Cerithium muscarum 4 4

Haminoea succina 4 Hocuus mouuuus 64 16 d 20 Prunum lavalleeanum , 8 12 unidentified damaged specimen 4 Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

~Lonsia f1oridana Class Crustacea (tanaids, isopods, amphipods, shrimp)

~Har aria ~ra ax 8 Asellota sp. 40 ~0 C madoce faxoni 56 Er>c sane~a fs iformis 4,

~Cmodusa sp. 32 24 II

~Easmo us ~ra ax ~0 8

~Elasmo us sp. 8 16 4 8 Grandiderella bonnieroides Thor III.A.3-54

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Table 4. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Pantopoda (sea spiders)

Achelia ~sawa ai Amnothella ~cu ulosa o Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Class Holothur oidea (sea cucumbers)

~d1 Holothuroidea

~Th

~lif encl la ~emmata 180 16 116 Phylum Pori fera (sponges)

Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish)

Class Ascidacea (sea squirts) 112 Class Anthozoa (sea anemones)

Anemone sp.

Phylum Nematoda (round eorms) 12 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 44 12 Total individuals 828 1064 Total biomass (g) 3.1736 0.3748 Density (no./m2) 11,897 15,287 Biomass (g/m2) 45.598 5.385 Index of diversity 3.64 3.91 Equitability 0.53 0.64" III.A.3-55

I I

I

Table 5. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station WF.2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ~hilbinae A. ~ta 1ori

~Ca itella ~ca itata 4 Ceratonereis mirabilis 12 1 11 20 12 12 Laeonerei s cul veri 136 296

~Mar h sa ~san oinea 12

~Pol dora sp. 4 Prionos11 io heterobranchia texana 20 Spionidae (damaged

~f1 1 i . 1 12 32 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Batillaria minima 12

~C11 56 Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

~L onsia floridana

~ff 108 Tivela floridana 16 Class Crustacea (tanaids and i sopods)

Ha~caeria ~ra ax

~C madoce faxoni Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Total individuals 300 520 Total biomass (g) 0.2016 0.3936 Density"(no./m2) 4,310 7.471 Biomass (g/m2) 2.897 5.655 Index of diversity 2.92 1.96 Equitability 0.71 0.46 III.A.3-56

I Table 6. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sam'pling at Station W18.2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ~hilbinae 12 A. ~ta lori 4 8 4

Ceratonerei s mirabi1 i s 20 12 Laeonereis culveri 32 hi 68

p. 100 12 P 12 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla striata 12 Cerithium lutosum 12 C. eburneum ~

16 36 Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

~L onsia floridana 4 Pol esoda maritima 24 Tive a floridana 108 4 Class Crustacea (ostracods)

Haplocytheridea '? sp. A Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

~Th onel la ~emnata Phylum Nemertines (proboscis worms) 20 28 Total individual s 428 176 Total biomass (g) 0.4128 0.8032 Oensity (no./m2) 6,149 2,529 Biomass (g/m2) 5.931 11.540 Index of diversity 3.15 3.22 Equitability 0.79 1.10 III.A.3-57

I

~

~

~

t I

I' i

~

t

~

Table 7. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station W6.2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms) 4 Caulleriella killariensis Ceratonereis mirabilis 12 C. sin ularis 8 12 Laeonereis culveri 12 Naineris ~laevi ata 4 Terebella rubra 20 P

200'

~

p Class Gastropoda (snail s)

Batillaria minima Cerithidae (damaged)

Cerithium lutosum 52 8

Haminoea succinea Class Pelycypoda (bivalves) d 60 Tivela floridana 52 Transennella conradina 12 Class Crustacea (ostracods and- amphipods)

Haplocytheridea sp. A 12 24

~Cmadusa sp.

Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 12 Total individual s 360 200 Total biomass (g) 0.2860 0.2592 Density (no./m2) 5,172 2,874 Biomass (g/m2) 4.109 3.724 Index of diversity 2.49 2.83 Equitability 0.45 0.90 III.A.3-58

I I

I I

t t

i l

Table 8. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station F.l at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

~Ca itella ~ca itata Ceratonerei s mir abi1 i s 4 Ceratonereis S~. Saamaged) 4 Eunicidae

p. A 52 Died A p~ 8 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Batillaria minima 12 Cerithium lutosum 24 Class Crustacea (copepods)

Copepoda Total individuals 112 16 Total biomass (g) 0.1776 0.1536 Oensity (no./m2) 1,609 230 Biomass (g/m2) 2.552 2.207 Index of diversity 2.29 1.50 Equitability 0.83 1.19 III.A.3-59

1 Table 9. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 1 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ghilbinae 4 Armandi a macul ata 8 Axiothella mucosa 40

~Ca itella ~ca itata 8 C. jonesi 4 Ceratonereis mirabilis 16 Chone sp. 20

~xocsone ~die ar Fabricia sp. 48 MMa Mdani ae (damaged) 16 Nereis (Neanthes) acuminata 8 Notomastus latericeus 8 4

Pr ionosJIio

.heterobranchia texana 12 S irorbis corru atus 12 I I 16

" 'P.

P:

8 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Batillaria minima 4 Caecum ulchellum 20 Cerithidae juvenile) 4 Cerithium muscarum ~ \

~Cre idula sp. A 8 C lichnella canaliculata 72

~Far oa v ~aevi ata 4 Granulina ovuliformis 4 Nodulus modulus Prunum lavalleeanum 8 4

Class Pelycypoda (bivalves)

Anomalocardia auberiana 72

~L

~

onsia floridana Parastarte ~tri uetra Pol mesoda maritima Tellina Eu~r tel ina) sp.'(juvenile)

T.

III.A.3-60 16 512 172

Table 9. Results of benthic Wcroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 1 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polyplacophora (chitons) hhh1 Class Crustacea (tanaids, isopods, amphipods)

~Har aria ~ra ax 16 11 ill

~Codoce faxooi

p. A 4

Erichsonel 1 a filiformis 8

~Codusa sp. 8

~Elasmo us levis 24 Class Insecta (midges)

Chironomidae 28 Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones)

Anemone sp.

Phylum Nematoda (round worms)

Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Total individuals 424 916 Total biomass (g) 0.068 0.1032 Density (no./m2) 6,092 13,161 Biomass (g/m2) 0.977 1.483 Index of diversity 4.95 2.08 Equitability 1.07 0.47 III.A.3-61

I I

I I

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES ecies October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Arabella mutans Aricidea ~hilbanae

~~AA. ~ta ori Armandia maculata 52 Axiothella mucosa 4, Brania clavata 84

~Ca itella ~ca itata 16 56 C. onesi 8 Gaul eriella alata 20 C. killariensis 4 Ceratonereis mirabilis 20 Chanc sp. 388 P 4 Cirratulidae (damaged) 8 Eunicidae 4

~xocXone arenosa E. veruceera 276 Fabncza sp. 280 4

p 132 Lanicides tobo uille 36

~Ma danidae sp. amaged or juvenile) 8 Naineris laevi ata 52 Nereidae damaged Nereis (neanthes) acuminata 48 i~IT'~~

Nematonereis sp. 20 Notomastus latericeus 28 4

~

Parahesione luteola 4 Paraonides ~l ra 68 48 16 Podarke obscura 8 Pol dora ~li ni 40

. we steri 52 h b hi 160

p. A 4

~d1 hi 120 p A 24 S haeros llis sp. A P.

40 III.A.3-62

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES October Class Polychaeta (continued)

Streblosoma hartmanae 24

~Thar x annulosus

~Thar x cf. seticlera Tubificidae sp. 20 Tubificoides (Peloscolex) sp. 8 48 C 104 T os llis sp. ~

B 52 C C C 4 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Alvania auberiana 4 Bittium varium 4 Bulla striata 28 Caecum ulchellum 640 36 Cerithidae damaged)

Cerithium muscarum Costoanachis catenata

~Cre idula maculosa 12 C. )slana C lichnella canaliculata 4, 12 24

~CC Gastro oda sp.

Geukensia demissa A

CC) 4 8

12 Haminoea antillarum 8 Meioceras nitidium 108 Modulus modulus 8 Odostomi~a  ? juvenile)

Odostomia sp. C 8 C 4

~Pol cera sp. B Prunum ~a icinum 24 P. lavalleeanum 12 60 Turbi nidae sp. A 12 Turbonilla (chemitzia) sp. A Tri t chus niveus 4 Vitrinel a floridana 40 Vitrinellid~ae damaged)

III.A.3-63

I I.

I

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981

'RGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

~Am dal um ~a) rium 40 Anomalocardia auberiana 36 100 Branchidontes sp. 116 id 28 Gouldea cerina 8

~L onsia floridana 8

~L onsia ~spp. damaged)

Mytilidae (juvenile) 128 M tilo sis leuco haeta  ? 44 strei ae (guveni e Parastarte tri uetra 4 elec oda damaged 4.

Pitar fulminatus Pteria sp. juvenile)

Sportellidae sp. A 16 Tellina sp. (juvenile) 192 Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

Chaetooleura ~a iculata h 168 Class Crustacea (ostracods, copepods, cumaceans, caprelids, tanaids, isopods,

~

amphipods)

~H1 h id . p. A 4

~Co e oda 92 Cumacea sp. A 8 256

~a~caeria ~ra ax 512 Kallia seudes sp. 12

'P. < 16 Tanais sp. 4

~Aanthura ma nifica 8 Erichsonel a fili formis 20 32

~Codoce faxoni 64 Paracerceis sp. 28 52

~Am hithoe sp. 12 Aoridae 4

~Codusa ~corn tu 144

~Cmodusa spp. 32 536 III.A.3-64

g~

a I

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981

'RGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October

~Elasmo us 1evis 28

d. d 12 E. floridana 8

~Elasmo us sp. 16 Class Crustacea (amphipods, shrimp, barnacles crabs) 72 392 Grandidierella bonnieroides 472 Lembos sp. 4 id 124 92 M. ~elon ata Melita spp. 16

~Me itidae 44. 12 Caridea 24 Thor floridanus 8 Thor sp. 12

~Ba anus sp. 4 Class Insecta (midges)

Chironomidae 52 20 Class Pantopoda sea spiders)

Achelia ~sawa ai 24 40

d. 8 Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

~di 1 ddi 4 A. thrombodes 4 Amphiuridae 8

~0hiactis sp. 64 Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Le tos na ta sp.

Synapti ae

~S1 ud iif fi Class Ascidacea (sea squirts) 84 32 526 III.A.3-65

l

~

l

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Anthozoa (sea anemones)

Anenome sp.

Phylum Nematoda (round worms) 364 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 172 Phylum Platyhelmenthes (flatworms)

Phylum Sipuncula (sipunculan worms)

Phylum Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

Total individuals 6066 3080 Total biomass (g) 0.4224 0.3392 Density (no./m2) 87,155 44,253 Biomass (g/m2) 6.069 4.874 Index of diversity 5.50 3.81 Equitability 0.53 0.46 III.A.3-66

p B ~

Table 11. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 3 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Brania clavata 4

~Ca itella ~ca itata C. jones1 Cirratulidae (damaged) 36 Cirratulus sp. A 8

~Exp one ~veru era 36 Fabricia sp. 280 20 Laonereis culveri 20 Naineris laevi ata Nereidae juvenile)

Paraonides ~I ra 212 68

~Pol dora ~li ni 4 96 Schistomorin os ~rudol hi S haeros llis sp. A 24

p. B 4 20 Trichobranchus ~1acfalis 12 Tubificidae sp. 116 172 Tubificoides (Peloscolex) 24

~P p. B 4 Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

Tell ina sp. (juvenile)

Class Crustacea (ostracods, cumaceans, copepods,

~lp 11 Sarsiella zostericola Cumacea sp. A caprelids, tanaids, amphipods, snapping shrimp) 28 Copepoda 16 4

~har aria ~ra ax 8 20 Grandidierella bonnieroides 20 76 4

Melita spp. 8 Rudilemboides ~na lei 8

p. 4 Class Insecta (midges)

Chironomidae III.A.3-67

I

'l

Table 11. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 3 at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981 ~

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Phylum Nematoda (round worms) 116 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 32 12 Phylum Sipuncula (sipanculan worms) 16 Total individuals 1152 428 Total biomass (g) 0.3244 0.0348 Density (no./m2) 16,552 6,149 Biomass (g/m/m2) 4.661 0.500 Index of diversity 3.64 2.75 Equitability 0.58 0.62 III.A.3-68

l

~

~

~

I a

~

~

Table 12. Physical data recorded during benthic sampling at the Turkey Point Plant during 1981.

STATION MONTH TEMPERATURE SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN oC m RC.O May 29.2 45.0 3.6 October 29.8 28.0 4.6 RC.1 May 30.1 45.0 10.4 October 29.6 28.0 5.9 E3.2 May 28.8 46.0 5.7 October 27.8 26.0 6.0 RF.3 May 28.1 45.0 4.7 October 28.2 27.0 5.3 WF.2 May 29.3 37.0 4.8 October 32.0 26.0 4.6 W18.2 May 30.5 45.0 3.0 October 30.9 27.0 5.7 W6.2 May 30.4 46;0 4.0 October 31.0 27.0 6.0 F.l May 36.0 45.0 4.2 October 38.0 28.0 4.7 Control 1 May 25.1 41.0 6.4 October 25.0 15.0 3.3 Control 2 May 24.9 42.0 3.3 October 25.8 14.0 4,4 Control 3 May 25.1 43.0 3.8 October 25.9 14.0 2.6 III.A.3-69

~

~

~

~

I 1

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

l

Table 13. Comparison of the mean density, biomass and diver-sity of the Turkey Point Canal Stations.

DATE DENSITY BIOMASS DIVERSITY (no./m2 /m2 1980 April 9575 11.56 3.36 October 8858 2.34 2.39 1981 April 8358 9.14 3-23 October 4449 5.31 3.00 III.A.3-70

I Table 14. Comparison of the mean density, biomass and diver-sity of the Turkey Point Canal Stations.

DATE DENSITY BIOMASS DIVERSITY (no./m2 /m2 1980 April 14,377 12.05 4.47 October 16,640 1.04 4.10 1981 April 36,600 3.90 4.70 October 21,188 2.85 2.88 III.A.3-71

I Table 15. Correlation coefficients of biomass, density and diversity vs. dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature for benthic macroinvertebrate at the Turkey Point Plant in 1981.

PARAMETERS MONTH TEMPERATURE SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN oC t m Density May -0.50 -0.09 -0.25 (no./m2) October -0.52 -0.56* -0.17 Diversity May -0.80* -0.22 0.15 October -0.43 0.07 0.33 Biomass May -0.09 0.20 -0.05 (g/m2) October 0.14 0.38 0.56*

• Statistically significant correlation at the P=0.05 levels.

III.A.3-72

I Table 16. Annual means of temperature, density and diver-sity for the macroinvertebrate station groups at the Turkey Point Plant in 1981.

STATION GROUP TEMPERATURE DENSITY DIVERSITY

('c) (no./m2 Control 25.30 28,894 4.58 East 28.95 12,557 3.68 West 30.68 4,751 2.76 Discharge 37.00 920 1.90 III.A.3-73

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal Discharge Area (ETS 4.1.1.1.4)

Introduction This study documents the recovery of the marine flora in the Grand Canal Discharge Area. Grand Canal discharged into Biscayne Bay from 1967 to 1973. Area damage was a result of thermal, scouring, and turbidity effects of the effluent.

Materials and Methods A qualitative and quantitative study of the revegetation of the Grand Canal Discharge Area (Figure 1) was conducted on a semi-annual basis. This study employed three methods to map and evaluate the recovery of seagrasses and macroalga. A combination of aerial and plane table surveys, in situ density determinations, and in situ transect surveys constituted the study.

Method 1 - Aerial and Plane Table Surve s The revegetation of the affected Grand Canal Discharge Area was assessed using aerial photographs taken from an altitude of 2000 feet. The scale of the photograph was determined by measuring known reference points on Turtle Point. Tracings of the different floral populations were made from the photographs. A plane table survey using a Keuffel and Esser paragon conventional expedition alidade and a fiberglass Philadelphia rod was carried out to determine, in acres, the affected area and compare it to the baseline data of Thorhaug (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

III.A.4-l

l l

I

guantitative measurements of seagrass and algal densities were made by counting and identifying the vegetation at six stations of one square meter each. Stations X-l, X-2, X-3, and X-4 are per-manently located 100, 200, 400, and 600 feet east of the mouth of the former discharge canal respectively. Station X-2N is located approximately 200 feet north northeast of X-2. Station X-2S is located approximately 200 feet south southeast of X-2.

Method 3 - Transects Three east-west transects and two north-south transects, represented by dotted lines in Figures 2 and 3, were surveyed to to determine the different floral zones in the affected area.

Relative abundance, sediment depths, general conditions, and macroalga present were also determined during this survey. The surveys primarily served to "ground truth" the aerial photographs.

Results June 1981 II The analysis of the aerial photograph and transect swim indi-cated four community zones in the previously affected area (Figure 2). Listed in order from west to east were a Halodule ~wri htii comaunity, a mixed Thalassia testudinum and H. ~wri htii community, T. testudinum community, and T. -testudinum community with large

~id'ili a a i

III.A.4-2

I I

filiforme was h ii dominant at i <<

Results of the quadrat density analysis are summarized in Table X-2N.

i -1 <<-

Thalassia testudinum

. ~id' was dominant l.

at Stations X-2, X-3, and X-4. These results correspond roughly to seagrass zones determined from the aerial photographs and the tran-sect swim.

October 1981 The October photograph and .transect swim showed four zones,.

A zone of macroalgae dominance occurred around the mouths of Grand Canal and the tidal- creek. A large zone of blue-green algae and detrital mat was noted to the north of Station X-2. Zones of T. testudinum, H. ~wri htii mixed dominance were recorded from Stations X-2 to X-3. Thalassia testudinum was dominant at tation t-3..~iCh ill d d K.4 <<h A zone of mixed dominance was recorded in the area north of the tidal creek and an additional zone occurred south of the mouth of Grand Canal."

The results of the October quadrat density analysis are summarized .in Table 2. Thalassia testudinum was dominant at all six stations.

III.A.4-3

I l

I

Annual The alidade analysis revealed a total affected area of 0.21 acres (Figure 4). This roughly corresponds to the velocity scarp (canal drop off) visible in the aerial photographs. The alidade figures for 1981 show that more than half the 1980 denuded area has been recovered by marine flora.

Discussion June 1981 The vegetation in the area of X-1 was composed of sparse H.

~wn htii with some T. testudinum present. Macroalga were very abundant to the west of X-1 in the vicinity of the former discharge canal drop off. ~Cooler a Brolifera was the most abundant algae. Also present in the area were species of Acetabularia, Laurencia, Halimeda, and ~Dict ota.

The west to east zonation patterns encountered during the north transect swim were a H. ~wri htii zone, a zone of mixed dominance, and

1. dd * . ~Rhi* h ~i d11 dh1 germinan seedlings were recorded as were species of Halimeda, ~Cauler a, penicillus, Acetabularia, and ~Bate hora.

The west to east zonation patterns encountered during the south transect swim were a mixed dominance zone and a T. testudinum zone.

Species of Halimeda, ~Cauler a, Penicillus, Udotea, Acetabularia, d~Rhi hi III.A.4-4

October 1981 The vegetation in the ar ea of X-1 was extremely sparse. The macroalgae ~Cooler a grolifera was the dominant plant in the Grand Canal mouth area. Thalassia testudinum and H. ~wri htii were present but were very sparse. Other macroalgae noted were species of Penicillus and ~Cauier a mexicana.

The northern transect swim traversed three marine floral communi-ties. The west to east zonation patterns were a ~Cooler a grolifera zone, a detrital and blue-green algal mat zone, and a T. testudinum.

Various species of green macroalgae were noted during the transect S willi.

The southern transect swim traversed four zones. The west to east zonation patterns were a mixed dominance zone, a detrital and blue-green algal mat zone, a zone of mixed dominance, and a T.

testudinum zone. The macroalga encountered were species of Halimeda,

, ~C1, Ud, ~Ni, ~Ad, d A 1 1 The sediments in the vicinity of all stations except X-1 were greater than six inches deep and composed of Thalassia blades, algae, mangrove leaves, and animal remains (crustacean cuticle, molluscan shel.ls, etc). The scoured area of the velocity scarp was covered with one to two inches of fine organic silt.

III.A.4-5

I Thorhaug (Bader and Roessler, 1972) reported that areas of decreased sediment depth were unable to sustain large populations of T. testudinum due to its extensive root and rhizome system, but major macroalga flourished under these conditions. This might explain the dense macroalga population and the lack of seagrasses at the immediate mouth of Grand Canal Discharge Canal.

The extensive detrital and blue-green algal mat zone reported during the October survey may have been caused by the effects of Tropical Storm Dennis which dropped 11.53 inches of precipitation on south Florida (Homestead Air Force Base Weather Service Data). The salinity in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound prior to Dennis was 38 o/oo.

Approximately one month after the storm, salinities in the low 30's were recorded and in October the salinity reached 18 o/oo (FP&L unpublished data). Temperatures in the low to mid 80's were recorded for the waters of Card Sound during this period (FP&L unpublished data). Conover (1954) reported that some benthic marine plants have a decreased tolerance for low salinity and high temperatures. Also, the opening of flood gates and the high winds of the tropical storm caused extremely turbid conditions in Biscayne Bay. Visibility was six inches or less during the October survey. Thorhaug (Bader and Roessler, 1972) reported that wave action and turbidity were factors adversely affecting local distribution of seagrasses and macroalgae.

In general, all stations exhibited a seasonal fluctuation of grass and macroalgal densities with lower densities occurring during III.A.4-6

I I

the summer months. The densities of all stations, except X-l, appeared essentially the same as those found in the baseline report (Bader and Roessler, 1972). However, they were not directly comparable since the units of enumeration used in these, studies differed. The present study used fascicles (sheaths of blades) per square meter while the baseline study used blades per square meter as an indication of density..

Conclusions The previously affected area has revegetated and supports a seagrass macroalgae community very similar to the community described in the baseline studies (Bader and Roessler, 1972). The large denuded area recorded for October is most likely due to the effects of Tropical Storm Dennis. The non-recovered area (0.21 acres) at the mouth of the former discharge canal will continue to recover at a slow rate and will not support a floral community of densities similar to adja-cent areas until a stable sediment base becomes established.

IXI.A.4-7

I I

I

1 0

Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge Area

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SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Location of Turkey Point Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge, closed in February 1973.

III.A.4-8

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'halassia Dominance

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Figure 2. Tracing of Aerial Photograph of previously affe'cted area at Turkey Point Power Plant, Grand Canal Discharge, June 1981.

III.A.4-9

I I

Thalassia Dominance 0 1~~ 0 ~ 1 ~ IO ~ .X ~ a ~ \~ ~ ~ ~ ~~

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Figure 3. Tracing of Aerial Photograph of previously affected area at Turkey Point Power Plant, Grand Canal Discharge, October 1981.

III.A.4-10

~ ~

~ 0

~~~

~ ~

~ 4 ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ yt ~

~ ~ ~

~ ~

~~

~N

~ ~ ~

TIDAL CREEK ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~0

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

23 acres 0.21 acres 4NVk

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ t

~ ~ I ~ t~~

I ~ ~~

~

GRAND CANAL. -;'.' \ ~ ~

~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~ I~

TURTLE POINT

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

~

~

~

~

SCALE IN FEET 0 300 6 0 Figure 4. Comparison of plane table surveys of previously affected Turk'ey Point Power Plant Grand Canal Dischange Area. after.Thorhaug, October 1971 (dotted line) and Florida Power 5 Light, June 1981 (blackened area).

III.A.4-11

I I

~

l ~ ~

p ~~ r aAR A W

~ d ~ ~ ~ <<w a ~d u ~ v ~

~ d

~ h ada ' w Al \ uo wd sw M ha) a A d=&h<<

~

~

~I~

~

~

~

~

R

~

~II~~

~ d Table l. quadrat Study of the marine flora at the Turkey Point Plant Grand Canal Discharge, June 1981.

UADRATS FLORA X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S g R ANGIOSPERMS:

Halodule ~wri htii 148 388 Thalassia testudinum 76 116 532 576 448 344 1 di fili 516 480 I CHLOROPHYTA:

Acetabularia sp. b b

~hd b c

Avrainvillea ~ni ricans hara oerstedi l

~Bato b b

~Cauler a sp. b b b Halimeda sp. b Penicillus sp.

~ ~dhi h i p. b Udotea sp. b b PHAEOPHYTA'Dict ota sp; RHODOPHYTA:

~0i enia sp. c Laurencia sp.

OTHERS:

~hi* h a 2 bNumber of fascicles/m .

Present Present in previous years.

III.A.4-12

I I

,A, ', ~

Table 2. quadrat Study of the marine flora at the Turkey Point Plant Grand Canal Discharge, October 1981.

UADRATS FLORA X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S ANGIOSPERMS:

Halodule ~wri htii 96 104 124 184 100 Thalassia testudinum 124 156 596 820 288 120 140 CHLOROPHYTA:

Acetabular ia sp.

~Ad Avrainviliea ~ni ricans

~Bato hara oer.stedi

~Cauler a sp. b b Halimeda sp. b Penicillus sp.

PHAEOPHYTA:

~Dict ota sp.

RHODOPHYTA:

~Di enia sp.

Laurencia sp.

OTHERS:

I* I c

~RI b

Number of fascicles/m .

Present Present in previous years.

XXI.A.4-13

I

5. Grasses and Macrophyton Invasion/Revegetation (ETS 4.2.2.2)

Introduction Grasses and macrophyton can have potentially detrimental effects on the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, hereafter referred to as the canal system. This study qualitatively assesses the diversity and extent of seagrasses and macroalga within the canal system in order to monitor changes in populations which might effect power plant operations.

Materials and Methods Identification and quantification of seagrasses and macrophyton were made during a yearly survey and periodically in conjunction with other monitoring programs in the canal system.

Results Thirty-five genera of seagrasses and macrophyton were identified in the canal system during 1981 (Table 1) compared to fifteen for 1980, twelve for 1979 and eleven reported during the baseline study (Bader 8 Roessler, 1972). Concentrations of these plants were scattered throughout the canal system with the most dense assemblages in the southwest corner and the eastern return canals (Figure 1).

The effectiveness of the "drag bar", a means of clearing the canals of aquatic weeds (FPL, 1980), was determined this year. The results obtained employing this method were very similar to the results ZZZ.A.5-1

I I

I

~

k

~

I

obtained using the rotary cutting head or "rotavation" (FPL, 1980).

One year after these two methods were employed the densities of

~Ru ia maritime (coasaonly known as widgeon grass, ditch grass or sea tassle) were approximately the same as the control canal. In additiQn, the seagrass was more uniformly distributed in the test canal than the control canal .

In addition to the previously colonized canals this year R.

maritima was found in heavy concentrations in the eastern canals P

and the south ends of western canals 7 through 16.

Discussion

~Ru ia maritima continued to be the seagrass of primary impor-I tance in the canal system (FPL, 1979-1980). It is no longer confined to the southwest canals and was observed in very heavy concentrations in the eastern return canals and many western canals formerly not colonized. The dramatic increase in this species was thought to be due to the inefficient entrainment techniques used during the "rotava-tion" and "drag bar" experiments. This grass grew to lengths of 4 to 8 feet and seasonally became encrusted with heavy epiphytic growth.

The length of the grass and the epiphytic encrustations combined to severely impede water flow in the affected canals.

The apparently large increase in the number of macroalga over previous years was not significant. This increase was primarily due to an effort made this year to collect rarely occurring specimens and to enumerate to the species level alga previously listed only to genera.

III.A.5-2

I I

I

'I I

I

dd Also found in the canal system were the marine angiosperms 1d1 ~iii ( 1 1 ~ih h

~idiocy, h

h northernmost sections of the eastern return canals continued to represent the area with the heaviest growth of the latter two .

grasses.

Halodule ~vari htii was particularly well represented by stands on both east and west sides. Due to the finite growth habit of its fascicles, this species was thought to be of little consequence in restricting water movement. However. in dense stands or on rocky substrates, this species'unners, which are normally attached to the substrate by holdfasts, overlapped each other in such a way that the holdfasts did not reach or penetrate the substrate. This resulted in long floating strands that obstructed water flow in a manner similar to R. maritima.

dd 111 d .<<dd h d 1 d 1 1 <<1 . ~dy h11 fairly common on the east side of the canal system.

Various red and brown alga continued to be found along the rocky shoreline of most of the canals (Table 1). ~gas a sp. grew predominantly in the winter months on rocks in the shallower canals and was associated with high water velocity. Laurencia spp. were III.A.5-3

l:

~

2

~

observed scattered throughout the canal system. The brown algae, last year. However, densities were still extremely low and this fucale was considered to be of little consequence to the marine ecology and flow characteristics of the canal system. In greater densities this aglae has the potential of becoming a major flow inhibitor.

There was substantial green algal growth on solid substrates throughout the system. Halimeda spp. were observed on rocks throughout the southern end of the western canals and in the rocky shallows of the eastern return canals. Penicillus spp. were prominent in the northeastern canals. ~Cauier a mexicana occurred in varying densities systemwide. Several other species of caulerpa were also present.

~Bato hara oerstedi, Acetabularia crenulate, A. farlowii, and Anad omene stellata were found as epiphytes on a variety of stable substrates in shallow water.

Sixteen genera were identified in the canal system that were not reported during the baseline study (Bader and Roessler, 1972; Table 1).

The baseline study does not appear to be representative of the present floral community of either the canal system or Biscayne Bay/

Card Sound.

Conclusions In the eastern return canals R. maritima has increased signifi-cantly and shares dominance of the area with the macroalga. H. ~wri htii III.A.5-4

'I I

'I 4=

~

~

l

~

~

~

and R. maritima continue to dominate the southwest corner of. the system on alternating seasonal cycles and will continue to spread rapidly until an effective method of control can be found. The continuingspread and concentration of these seagrasses will reduce the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the canal system.

III.A.5-5

I i

~

~

1

~

~

\

04 E 4 A *p -- %we ~ 0 Power Plant 8

D 0

Biscayne Bay ego ohio

'a; I

iilI om 0 m>>o r a 0

0 0

0

~ mme mme one I

~ 0 OO

\ ~

llI ~ a~

~ "..:..'.-",.:: Card Sound e

SCALE IN FEET

~ 0 3000 6000 Nacroalga domi.nance,- seagrasses. present.to lesser b

extent.

Area dominated by ~Ru ia maritima and Halodule wrightii.

Figure 1. Grasses and macrophyton orientation in the Turkey Cooling Canal System, 1981. 'oint III.A.5-6

I l

I l

l a

~

• . ~ ' P Table l. Comparison of macrophyton and seagrasses identified during the baseline study with those in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1979-1981.

BASELINE SCIENTIFIC NAME 1972 1979 1980 1981 ANGIOSP ERMS Malodule ~wri htii X X X X X

~Ru ia maritima X X X X X X Thalassia testudinum X X X CHL'OROPHYTA Acetabulari'a crenulata X Acetabularia farlowii Avrairivillea sp.

~Anad omene.stellata

~Rate hera oerstedi

~Cauler a spp. c

~h

~Cauler a mexicana

~CauTer a 2rolifera, d h d h

~hhd h h h Derb'esia vaucheri aeformi s Halimeda spp.

Hal~meda incrassata Halimeda tuna Penicillus spp.

Penicillds ~ca itatus Penicillus dumetosus Penicillus lamourouxii-

~ddt h X Udotea sp. X III.A.5-7

Table 1. Comparison of macrophyton and seagrasses identified (Cont'd) during the baseline study with those in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1979-1981.

BASELINE SCIENTIFIC NAME 1972 1979 1980 1981 CHLOROPHYTA (Cont'd)

Udotea flabellum PHAEOPHYTA

~Sar assum sp. c X

RHODOPHYTA

~Ah h X h X Centroceras cl avul atum X

~Das a sp. X

~hhh X

~Di enia ~sim lex X Jania rubens X Laurencia sp. c Laur'encia intricata X Laurencia ~a i llosa X

~hi F hh* X' h

~S ridia filamentosa X bBader F

8 1 F~lh Roessler, 1972.

Refer to second paragraph of iscussion.

III.A.5-8

6. GROUNDWATER PROGRAM (ETS 4.I.I.2)

A summary report entitled Groundwater ~Monitorin Procrramr ~Turke ~point Fl Moore, for period July l, l98i through June 30F l982 will be forwarded to NRC by August 30, l982.

III.A.6-1

~

l

~

~

=4

~

~

~

B. TERRESTRIAL ENV IRONMENT

1. Revegetation of Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.1)

a. Natural Revegetation Introduction This study measures the density of the floristic species and their rate of recolonization on the spoil berms created by constructing the cooling canals.

Materials and Methods Data were gathered semi-annually from six stations located within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (Figure 1). One 10 meter by 10 meter quadrat was permanently staked out at each of the six stations on the canal system spoil berms. Two meter by 10 meter quadrats, established along the shoreline at each of the six stations, were monitored to estimate Rhizo hera ~man le growth and reinvasion rates.

Tabulated data were presented as number of individuals with the 91 fC 1 wi iffy 9~6 . 61 fdffd 1 g <<h f f .wi i idg <<h fff 1 foot for C. erectus were reported.

Resul ts Changes in the number of individuals of all species observed at h 6' 1 1916 11<<d 1 1 91 1-6. ~hi* h manclle growth and reinvasion rates are presented in Table 7. The common and scientific names of all species identified

1 t

l I

~

~

l

~

~

~

~ 8 I f 8* a*

since the start of the natural vegetation program in 1975 can be found in Table 8.

Discussion Station 105S During 1981 the small vegetation at this station continued to increase in density. Distichilis ~s icata N,ikania scandens, and

~gi ~iffif 11 11 hf 1 d fg 1 sity. Two new species, Borrichia frutescens and Melothria Bendula, appeared in small numbers. Schinus terebinthifolius which had disappeared from this station in 1980 reappeared during 1981.

Station 204N 8 fgfggfC.ui<<i 11 1 8 d 11 1 188.

Solanum donianum experienced a moderate increase in density during the year. Bor richia frutescens appeared at this station for the first time since January 1976.

Station 310N Rhf* h ~f,C.ui i 11 d 1df all exhibited declines in population due to the vegetation control p g . ~dd gl pp d f h ff 1 <<hf station. All other species remained at approximately the same density level.

III.B.1-2

l:

~

~

I

~

4=

~

I

~

~

~

<<h This station showed recruitment by 1

density levels.

1 10 adults.

~

a Station 323S major decrease in density in all but two 1

Solanum donianum maintained d 1 its high di 1 Station 408M d 1, .~ihhi 11 dA.

all showed major increases in density during 1981. Two new species, M. scandens id 11 and Trema 1

floridana d d ii were 1 1 <<h identified. Casuarina 1 1111.

Station 505N The small

, A the largest density increases.

vegetation continued to spread within this station.

1 11 Sabatia

, d A. 11 stellaris, M. scandens ihi and d

Rhabdadenia biflora were new species which appeared during 1981.

Two of the six shoreline quadrats (Table 7) showed changes in the adul,t population of R. ~man le. Station 204N experienced the death of its only adult and the population at Station 405M decreased by 4 adults. The adult population for all other stations remained unchanged.

The R. ~man le seedling population of Station 408M was the only station to show an increase. The populations of Stations Ill.B.1-3

105S, 204N, and 505N all decreased while Stations 310N and 323S remained unchanged.

Discussion A vegetation control program has been underway for over two years. This program was designed to control vegetation over 3 feet in height which inhibit wind flow across the waters surface thereby reducing cooling canal efficiency.

primary target species of the vegetative control program. 8oth of these trees are undesirable exotic species which have invaded and outcompeted the natural vegetation of south Florida. All six monitoring stagions have received herbicide applications. Four of these six stations showed a substantial decrease in the C.

The decrease in large tree species has had a dramatic effect on most small species. Significant increases in D. ~s icata, A.

lomeratus, S. donianum, A. tenuifolius and numerous other species were observed in 1981 as well as in 1980. These increases in previously declining species can be attributed primarily to the vegetation control program, which targeted the, woody species of the canopy. Where aerial application was utilized in areas of dense concentration of these large species, little or no herbicide reached the ground. The large species died while the smaller under story

~

~

l

~

~

~

plants were relatively unaffected. The small plants, previously shaded by the large species, receive increased light and nutrient resources and have proliferated accordingly. In conjunction with the above physical selectivity, the herbicide combinations used in the control program were chemically selective for woody species.

population increased at four stations, decreased at one and remained unchanged at one. Seedlings were too numerous to count at Stations 505N, 323S, and 105S.

The higher elevation caused by berm construction has allowed sufficient edaphic changes to permit non-mangrove community species such as Baccharis halimifolia, Passiflora suberosa and several new species (Tables 1-6) to progressively invade from the western upland side of the canal system.

Comparison with available pre-operational vegetation data is inappropriate since construction of the canal system has disrupted the indigenous topography and vegetative communities in areas within the system. Areas south and west of the system are dealt with in another section of this report (Section III.B.2).

Distichilis ~sicata, remained the primary ground cover on the western berms (1-7) and continued to spread. westward.

i L

t

~

~

~

I l

~

~

~

This grass grew well even on marl soils and should serve as excellent hurricane protection for the berms. Increases in this species occurred A1, stations, systemwide

.d it was still considered an important ground cover and erosion inhibitor.

Conclusions Soil type continues to be the apparent factor determining vege-d . d the peat and muck soils of the old tidal creeks and hammock areas, while salt grass and saw grass dominate the marl barrens. Casuarina d

• 1 1 1 1 d 1 df where it dominates. The vegetation control p'rogram has been effective 1 11yd 1 1 d fd.~iflf Afd in turn has allowed for greater species diversity. The increased elevations resulting from berm construction have allowed upland species to invade the western areas of the canal system.

'he total number of C. erectus has increased sharply .when compared to 1980. The increase results from the recruitment of seedlings into the adult population. This is not surprising since three stations had numerous seedlings in 1980. This increase in the adult population is expected to'ontinue during 1982.

1 l

h < sff ~ I

I I

I Table 5~ Number of individuals per 1 0 x 1 Om revegetation quadrat at Station 408M in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1 976-1 981 ~

1 976 1 977 1 978 1 979 1980 1 981 SCIENTIFIC NAME e

C S- e C S r C sd D.

0 O cd O O asd CL

<<C 0O sd rd 0 sd 0 0 H

H

~Conocar us Cl ad i um Distichilis u'

~s erectus

'f'1 amai censi s icata 13 2

3

~ 5 10 18

~

1 5

18 14 2

1 61 14 5

2 32 5

3 2

8 85 16 4

7 5

7 5

7 9

7 7 79 130 139 140 140 140 145 101114 13 12 12 12 9 9 7

9 7

9 1

7 12 50 155 162 12 1 0 9 9 8

7 9 1 3

1 1 5

2 2

3 5

1 2 12 2

3 6

H ~Rhizo hara ~man lec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W Sabatia stel 1 ari s 4 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 21 0 Pteri s vi ttata 2 9 1 1 33 47 40 42 50 40 30 20 18 16 4 0 32 b 85 I ~i 1 7 1 0 9 6 7 6 8 7 4 4 4 4 2 9 24 1 4 1 2 4J Baccharis hal imifolia 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 5 4 Sol anum doni anum 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 57 37 Acrosti chum danaei fol ium 6 5 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 40 26 1 1 Sonchus ol eraceus iiiifii ~ 1 2 1 1 3

1 3

1 4

1 6

1 4

1 6

1 6

0 2

0 0

0 0

1 1 0

b 0

b 8 6 0 14 50 50 50 8 b b Pl uchea rosea 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 43 1 0 0 Sa 1 i x carol i ni ana 3 1 1 Aster tenui fol i us 1 0 3 Val 1 esi a anti 1 1 ana 0 0 f

Trema 1 ori dana 1

57 37 Mi kania scandens 8 8 a 2 bDenotes coverage in m Too numerous to count.

Found previous to 1 976 ~

i I )J sp I lie ~ es f(

I Table 6. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 505N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1976-1981.

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 SCIENTIFIC NAME C S- C S ~ M C O

0 a cd CL

<<t 0O a sd 0.

<<C aD 0O a Z z0 Z z0 Z 20 sd sd sd sd 5 5 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 Borrichia frutescens 40 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 8 12 13 13 13 40 38 47 128 82 H Distichilis ~s icata 0 0 0 .3 .5 .3 .5 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 10 25 16 H 0 0 0 2 H 1 1 1 Aster tenuifolius 39 84 120 b b 3 1 8 3 3 I

I

~ndro o on ~lomeratus 1 1 10 23 Sabattia stellaris 1 0 Mikania scandens 10 7 Rhabdadenia biflora 1 1 a 2 bDenotes coverage in m .

Too numerous to count.

s f~ I) ~ I ite ~ as ~

f(

I b1 7: b f~hi' stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1979-1981.

1979 1980 1981 STATIONS JAN. MAY NOV. MAY NOV. MAY NOV.

105S b

Mature 2 2 2 2 2 2 Seedlings 7 4 3 3 0 0 204N Matur e 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Seedlings 12 12 16 14 7 5 3 310N Mature 2 2 2 2 2 2 Seedlings 7 0 0 0 1 0 323S Mature 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seedlings 0 0 0 0 0 0 408M Mature 0 10 10 14 7 6 3 Seedlings 0 48 53 27 2 0 4 505N Mature 6 a 14 15 16 15 Seedlings 15 a ll 5 4 0 0 a

bNo data taken Adults, woody trunk and prop roots, greater than foot in height.

1 No prop roots, green radicle, less than foot in height.

1 III.B.1-15

I I

Table 8. Historical list of species identified in the Turkey Point Natural Revegetation Program, 1975-1981.

SCIENTIFIC NAME 'COMMON NAME Acrostichum danaeaefolium Leather Fern (Mangrove Fern) d Beard Grass Aster tenuifolius Saltmarsh Aster Baccharis halimifolia Saltbush (Groundsel)

Borrichia frutescens Sea Oxeye (Oxeye Daisy, Sea Daisies)

~i<<if it Australian Pine

~h d i id it Spurge Ci di Sawgrass Buttonwood Distichilis ~s icata Saltgrass Echites sp. Devil's Potatoe Eleocha'ris sp. Club Rush (Spike Rush)

Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed (Burnweed)

Dog Fennel Fuirena sp. Umbrella Grass

~I'omoea ~sa ittata Glades Morning Glory Juncus roemerianus Black Rush (Needle Rush)

~L White Mangrove Lantana camara Lantana Melanthera ~as era Rohrb Melothria ~endula Creeping Cucumber Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed (Hempvine)

Passiflora suberosa Corky-Sterned Passio'n'lower

~Ph sal is ancnulata Ground Cherries

~Ph tolacca ~ri ida Pokeweed (Inkberry)

Pluchea rosea Marsh Fleabane Pteris vittata Brake Fern Rhabdadenia biflora Mangrove Rubber Vine Red Mangrove III.B.1-16

I Table 8. Historical list of species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Natural Revegetation Program, 1975-1981.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Sabatia stel laris Marsh Pink Salix caroliniana Coastal Plains Willow Sarcostemma clausa White Vine Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian Pepper Sea Purslane Mallow Family Solanum donianum Blodgett's Potatoe Black-Nightshade

~Solida o atcicta Golden Rod Sonchus oleraceus Sow Thistle S Virginia Dropseed Ill Schmidel Trema floridana Florida Trema (Nettle Tree)

Vallesia antillana Oleander III.B.1-17

I

b. Soil Chemistry (ETS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction This program monitors selected chemical parameters and their changes over time for three elevations of the spoil banks i.e. berms in the Turkey Point 'Cooling Canal System.

Materials and Methods One hundred fifty nine samples were collected on a semi-annual basis at 53 sample sites that represented all major soil types throughout the canal system (Figure 1). Samples were taken from each of three berm levels at a depth of 12 inches using'a JMC Backsaver

'oring Device. They were placed in "Whirl Paks" for transportation to the laboratory. Samples were separated by type and replicates were mixed to create a composite sample representing the soil type.

and elevation. East side samples were mixed according to elevation only i.e. "ET" equals all east side top elevations.

Composite samples were analyzed for pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, chloride, and conductivity (Tables 1 and 2).

The pH was measured using a glass electrode; potassium and calcium were determined using a Beckman DU-2 Flame Photometer (APHA, 1975).

Nitrogen was determined using the Brucine Method (APHA, 1975).

Phosphorous was determined using the Stannous Chloride Method (APHA, 1975). Chloride was determined using a silver nitrate titra-tion (APHA, 1975). Conductivity was determined using a modified III.B.1-18

I Wheatstone Bridge (APHA, 1975). The resulting data were analyzed statistically using the P7D program of U.C.L.A. Biomedical Program Series P.

Results Nutrient data for all sample sites for Nay and November are listed on Tables 1 and 2. The ranges of the nutrient values and the sample sites having the highest nutrient values can be found on Table 3.

Discussion The pH exhibited a highly significant variance (a=0.01) within successive years and soil types. It was lowest at stations with organic substrates and at middle elevations. The high pH values were found in the marl substrates, areas of sparse vegetation and low elevations. The highest value occurred during Hay in sample 4 WT (Table 3). The pH values were more alkaline than the range cited as optimal for plant growth (Hartmann 8 Kester, 1975).

Nitrogen values also exhibited highly significant variance (a=0.01) within. successive years and soil types. Values ranged from 2.0 - 180.0 mg/kg. This was similar to the 1980 range of 0.1 - 110 mg/kg (FPL, 1980). Generally the lowest nitrogen values were obtained at low elevations.

III.B.1-19

I Phosphorous values were not significantly different (a=0.05) by soil type but exhibited a highly significant difference (a=0.01) from year to year. The yearly variations are apparent in the following ranges O.l - 10.0 mg/kg, 1981; 0.1 - 6.0 mg/kg, 1980; and 0.1 - 2.0 mg/kg, 1979. Phosphorous values were unaffected by sample elevations. The highest recorded phosphorous value occurred during November in sample 9 WT (Table 3)..'hosphorous was generally present in very small quantities, due to the very high calcium levels (Black, 1968).

'Potassium values were not significantly different (a=0.05) by soil type. They did, however, have a highly significant difference (a=0.01) by year. This year's potassium values correlated well with both chloride and conductivity having correlation coefficients (r) of 0.91 and 0.95 respectively. However, the historical correlations (using all data points 1975-1981) between potassium and chloride and potassium and conductivity were only fair with correlation coefficients of 0.73 and 0.82. The highest. potassium value was noted "in Nay in sample EL (Table 3). The levels of potassium for the berms were within the historical ranges for this geographic, area (Black, 1968).

Calcium values showed no significant variance (a=0.05) as a function of time from 1975 through 1981, however this parameter exhibited highly significant variance, (a=0.01) by soil type. In.

Hay the highest value was observed in sample EL while in November the highest value was noted in 7 WT (Table 3).

III'.l-20

Chloride levels showed significant~ variance by year (a=0.05) but no significant difference by soil type. Generally, the higher chloride levels were observed at the lowest'levations (Tables 1 and 2) which were in contact with the water.

Conductivity followed chloride very closely in terms of yearly and soil type comparisons. Again the general pattern was hi gher conductivities at the lowest elevations. Tables 1'and 2 present data for the dry and wet seasons respectively. Generally, the values for parameters decreased during the wet season and increased in the dry season. The exception to this trend was phosphorous.

Conclusions The pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, chloride and conductivity vary significantly from year to year (FPL, 1975-1981).

Calcium shows no significant variations, and hence is temporally stable.

t The pH, nitrogen and calcium vary significantly by soil type while phosphorous, potassium, chloride and conductivity exhibit no such variation.

III.B.l-2l

Power Plant N

~ll do ~ r P

r jdl d de ~ 0 ~ ao Biscayne Bay 0

rar ~ 0 ~ dddrd er ~ ~, i ~

~ ~

~~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

Ih ~ ~

~~

eras ~

~

+ ~

~ ~

~ ~

ra ~ ~

IIilail ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

~ ~ I

~ ~

Card Sound

~~

Western Eastern Berms SCALE yN FEET 32-1 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Soil Chemistry samples sites ( ~ ) in the.

Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1981.

III.B.1-22

l I

Table 1. Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during May 1981.

SAMPLE- Cab NO P K Cl Cond.

SITES 3 1 WT 7.8 39 0.5 17 900 1500 240 WM 7.7 35 1.0 37 1000 1700 260 HL 8.0 15 0.3 540 1400 52,500 1800 2 HT 7.7 31 0.1 9 600 1650 150 WM 7.6 60 <0.1 25 900 2000 320 WL 7.8 23 1.0 238 900 23,500 1200 3 WT 8.0 42 0.3 82 550 5100 600 WM 8.0 23 0.2 40 200 2000 280 WL 8.1 23 0.1 190 550 31,000 800 4 WT 8.3 41 <0.1 59 450 3700 420 WM 8.0 65 1.0 120 400 4250 600 WL 8.1 75 0.1 500 650 28,000 1500 5 WT 8.1 100 <0. 1 53 700 4300 400 HM 7.9 38 <0.1 59 350 3650 450 WL 8.2 5 0.3 325 650 35,500 1350 6 WT 8.1 27 1.0 17 450 3600 240 WM 7.9 27 0.3 13 250 1400 170 WL 8.1 31 1.0 300 950 37,000 1200 7 WT 8.0 37 <0.1 13 600 2600 200 WM 7.9 26 <0.1 27 550 3500 240 HL 8.1 24 <0. 1 325 800 42,000 1400 8 WT 8.0 50 1.0 30 550 3300 300 WM 8.0 22 1.0 42 500 2500 280 WL 8.2 8 1.0 500 650 49,500 1800 9 HT 8.1 35 <0.1 17 250 2000 200 WM 8.1 31 0.2 22 300 2000 220 WL 8.2 8 0.2 307 600 26,250 900 ET 7.7 46 0.1 56 2000 4100 325 EM 7.7 48 <0.1 100 2000 7000 500 EL 7.6 60 0.3 630 4500 30,000 1250 1-4, sample site based on composition i.e. black organic, organic, mucky-marl and marl respectively.

5-9, sample site based on vegt. density i.e. none, heavy, medium, light and areas initially covered by grass.

"W" and "E", samples taken on the west and east sides of system respectively.

"T", "M", and "L", samples taken at thr ee levels, top, middle and one foot above water level.

b All these values in mg/kg.

Conductivity in MHOS X 10 5.

III.B.1-23

l I

Table 2. Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during November 1981.

SAMPLE '. Hb Cab NO P K Cl Cond.

SITES 3 1 WT 7.2 54 <0.1 12 '1300 440 123 WM 7.1 180 6.0 26 900 1300 250 WL 7.6 4 6.0 276 500 12,500 1000 2 WT 7.4 36 4.0 22 800 500 127 WM 7.0 18 2.0 22 1800 400 215 WL 7.9 6 2.0 124 500 8700 480 3 HT 7.5 78 2.0 30 300 1500 250 WM 7.1 82 2.0 54 500

'20 290 WL 7.7 2 4.0 136 600 9000 550 4 WT 7.5 92 0.6 60 700 2200 325 MM 7.2 34 0.6 54 300 3600 350 WL 8.0 26 0.1 124 300 8900 520 5 HT 7.7 52 2.0 18 200 1000 163 WM 7.3 28 0.6 34 300 2400 310 WL 8.0 8 2.0 106 500 7500 440 7.6 6.0 400 340

'01 6 WT 12 12 HM 7.4 21 2.0 12 300 250 97 WL 7.8 2 6.0 142 500 8800 480 7 'WT 7.4 23 <0.1 18 2100 460 150 HM 7 3. 95 6.0 30 800 1400 208 ML 7.9 2 1.0 106 600 760 490 8 MT 7.5 30 2.0 22 200 1500 170 MM 7.5 40 8.0 34 300 "

1600 260

'ML 7.9 14 4.0 172 600 9800 590 9 WT 7.8 30 10.0 30 100 350 55 WM 7.7 14 6.0 16 100 740 103 HL 8.1 4 2.0 112 300 7800 470 ET 7.6 44 2.0 . 30 . 500 ., 1500 212 EM 7.6 32 4.0 30 800 1100 152 ET 7.6 4 4.0 130 500 7500 440 1-4, sample site based on composi.tion i.e. black organic, organic, mucky-marl,and marl respectively.

5-9, sample site based on vegt. density i.e. none, heavy, medium, light and areas initially covered by grass.

"H" and "E", samples taken on the west and east sides of system respectively.

"T", "M", and "L", samples taken at three levels, top, b

middle and one foot above water level.

All these values in mg/kg.

Conductivity in MOOS X 10 III.B.1-24

k I

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Table 3. The ranges of soil nutrient values and the sample site with the highest nutrient value for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1981.

MAY NOVEMBER SAMPLE SITE SAMPLE SITE

. NUTRIENT RANGE WITH NUTRIENT RANGE WITH HIGHEST VALUE HIGHEST VALUE pH 7.6-8.3 4WT pH 7.1-8.1 9WL H

H H Nitrate a 5.0-100 5WT Nitrate a 2.0-180 txl <0.1-1.0 1WM,2WL,4WM, Phosphorous Phosphorous <0.1-10.0 k

6WT,6WL,8WT, I 8WM,8WL Vl a 9-630 a Potassium WEL Potassium 12-276 1WL a

Calcium 1400-52,500 WEL Calcium 100-2100 7WT Chloride 1WL Chloride 250-12,500 1WL a

Values in mg/kg.

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c. 'oil Erosion (ETS,4.2.1.1)

Introduction Soil erosion data are collected and quantified to determine canal bank i.e. berm erosion rates due collectively to soil oxidation, precipitation, and wind.

"Erosion, in its physical aspects, is simply the accomplishment of a certain amount of work in tearing apart and transporting soil material" (Stallings, 1957). It is important since it can cause sedimentation in the cooling canals thus reducing the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Materials and Methods Soil erosion data were collected semi-annually at two stations in the canal system (Figure 1). Station 502N is located at the north end of Section 5, on berm 2 and Station 530N-is located at the north end of Section 5, on berm 30. The most common soil type in the canal system is mucky-marl, therefore, both stations were placed in areas with predominantly that edaphic characteristic. At each station, four pipes were driven vertically through the berms and into the underlying rock to serve as permanent reference'oints. A stainless I

steel "averaging cross" was placed horizontally on each of the pipes.

It was oriented to magnetic north and the distance from the tips of the cross to the berm surface was then measured. Comparing these measurements over time yields the berm erosion rates.

III.B.1-26

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Results An average berm erosion of 0.010 feet occurred during the dry season and 0.027 feet during the wet season for a total average erosion of 0.037 feet in 1981. Rainfall for the dry season and wet season was 7.49 inches and 28.78 inches respectively (Table 1).

Discussion Data for 1981 showed the general pattern of erosion by season (Table 1), i.e. deposition or little erosion during the dry season and higher erosion during the wet season.

Rainfall and erosion were very weakly correlated (r=0.54).

When the rainfall versus erosion correlation was examined considering seasonal components, the correlation coefficients were 0.04 and 0.69 for the wet and dry seasons respectively. These low correlation coefficients indicate that rainfall was not the sole agent responsible for erosion of the berms. Other factors such as degree of wind gustiness, duration of critical wind velocities, soil densities, soil moisture content, rainfall frequency and rainfall intensity act in concert to erode the berms. General pattern reversals such as those that occurred. in 1978 and 1979 should not be considered uncommon and were manifestations of significant changes in the patterns or magnitudes of eroding agents other than rainfall.

The berm erosion for 1981 was 0.037 feet. This value was similar to all years except 1976.

III.B.1-27

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No comparison to baseline data can be made since preoperational data for erosion do not exist.

Conclusions During 1981 the cooling canal berm erosion rate did not differ significantly from historical data (1976-1980). No increase in erosion rate can be expected to occur other than that due to the intrinsic seasonal fluctuation apparent in the historical data (FPL, 1976-1980).

III.B.1-28

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III.B.1-29

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Table 1. Rainfall, average erosion and erosion rate per quarter in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1976-1981.

AVERAGE EROSION PER YEAR QUARTER RAINFALL EROSION INCH OF RAINFALL (inches) (feet)a [(feet) 10 4]

1976 1 5.80 +0.035 2 21. 76 -0.005 3 18.78 -0.032 4 5.39 -0.004 Total 51.73 -0.006 -1.16 1977 1 4.81 +0 001b 2 22.16 +0.057b 3 23.56 -0.093 12.66 -0.016 Total 63. 9 -0.05T -8.07 1978 1 10. 20 -0.008 2 12. 92 -0.007 3 25.42 -0.014 4 4.11 -0. 018 Total 52.65 -0.047 -8.93 1979 1 2 10.62 -0.034 3

4 22.75 -0. 012 Total 33.37 -0.046 -13.78 1980 1 2 12.44 +0.008 3

4 30.84 -0.042 Total 43.28 -"0.034 -7.85 1981 1 2 7.49 -0.010 3

4 28.78 -0.027 Total 36.27 -0.037 -10.20 bErosion is denoted by (-), and deposition by (+).

An error was made in the 1977, 2nd quarter measurements indicating relatively high deposition. The 3rd quarter measurements were correct, but compensated for the 2nd quarter by indicating greater than normal erosion. The yearly average follows the norm.

XII.B.1-30

I

d. Faunal Survey (ETS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction This section furnishes a qualitative assessment of the fauna (birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) found in association with the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and compares it with the fauna of the surrounding area (ABI, 1978b). The study area encompasses 6,800,acres of land needed for the cooling canal system, selected coastline, associated canals and 28 acres for plant site (Figure 1).

Materials and Methods Most faunal estimates were made by visual observation during routine monitoring. Some non-destructive sampling was carried out on reptiles and amphibians. Captured organisms were released after identification. Mammal abundance was estimated from visual observation, road kills and natural deaths. Due to the opportunis-tic nature of the program, it is quite likely that some species inhabiting the study area were not observed and therefore the data constitute a conservative estimate of faunal populations.

Results One hundred five avian species (Table 1), 18 reptilian species (Table 2), 5 amphibian species (Table 2) and 7 mammalian species (Table 3) were observed in the study area during 1981. Among the observed species were: the southern bald eagle, the wood stork, the III.B.1-31

~: ~ 5 american crocodile, the eastern indigo snake, the bobcat, and the manatee.

Fifty avian species, 13 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 6 species of mammals were common to both the surrounding area (ABI, 1978) and the study area (Tables 4, 5 and 6).

The 1981 population estimate for crocodiles observed in the study area was 18 to 21 individuals (Table 7). Crocodile nesting was discovered and 30 hatchlings were observed..

Discussion Table 1 is a list of 105 avian species sighted'in the study area for 1981. A total of 65 avian species were sighted during 1980.

The birds occurred either as permanent residents, regular or casual visitors, or visitors that appeared only during migration.

The least tern was common during the months of April through August. As in previous years, this species found the spoil banks a suitable nesting ground. Nests were observed and young birds were commonly found on the spoil banks.

A total of 18 reptiles and five amphibians were observed in the study area (Table 2) as compared to only 10 reptiles and one amphi-bian in 1980 and 8 reptiles and one amphibian in 1979. All reptiles and amphibians were considered permanent residents of the study area.

III.B.1-32

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The 1981 crocodile population estimate was 18 to 21 individuals, as compared to 14 individuals in 1980.

Two hatches were discovered on berm 26. The first took place on July 9, and resulted in the capture of 27 hatchlings. The second hatch occurred on August 6 and three hatch)ings were captured. All of the hatchlings were measured, weighed, marked, and released. After Tropical Storm Dennis in mid-August only three hatchlings were observed. It is believed that the high waters left by the tropical storm may have resulted in the death of some of the 1981 hatchlings (Metcalf 8 Eddy Inc. unpublished data).

Nocturnal monitoring indicated that the marsh rabbit and racoon were quite common. A total of 7 species of mammals were identified in 1981, compared to 8 in 1980 and 6 in 1979.

Data for the surrounding area (ABI, 1978) was compared to the fauna of the study area (Tables 4, 5 and 6). A total of 76 bird species, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 10 species of mammals were observed in the surrounding area in 1978. During 1981 fifty species of birds, 13 species of reptiles and amphibians a

and 6 species of mammals were common to both areas.

Conclusions The increase in the total number of bird species sighted from 1980-1981 is not considered significant. It is primarily due to a more intensive monitoring program.

IZZ.B.1-33

I Both crocodile and alligator populations appear to have increased since 1980. However, the numbers of reptiles, amphi-bians, and mammals do not differ notably from 1980 or 1979.

III.B.1-34

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L SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Faunal study area (outline) for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System,1981.

III.B.1-35

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Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVEb SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE American Bittern Rare Transient American Black Duck Anas ~rubri es Very Rare Accidental American Coot Fulica americana Uncommon Permanent American Kestrel Paleo ~s arverius paulus Fairly Common Winter Anhinga ~dhi ~hi Rare Permanent H

Bald Eagle tl 11 << ~hh Rare Permanent H Belted Kingfisher ~Me seer le ~alc on ~alc on Common Winter N Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis ~s uatarola Uncommon Winter I

lA Black-crowned Night Heron ~R cticorax ~n cticorax hoactli Uncommon Winter Black-necked Stilt ~Mimanto us mexicanus Uncommon Summer Black Scoter Melanitta ~ni ra ~ni ra Very Rare Winter Black Skimmer ~Roche s ~ni ra Common Winter Black Vulture ~Cora gps atratus Common Permanent Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ~Polio tila caerulea caerulea Rare Permanent Boat-tailed Grackle Cassidix mexicanus Fairly Common Permanent Bob-white 1 11 Rare Permanent Bonapartes Gull ~I'll 1 1 hl Very Rare Winter Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis caroli nensis Common Permanent Cape May Warbler Oendroica ~ti ring Rare Winter Cat Bird Dumetel la carol inensi s Very Rare Winter d' dt ~

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Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

(Cont'd)

.COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVEb SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Cardinal Richmondena cardinalis Fairly Common Permanent Caspian Tern Sterna ~cas ia Common Winter Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Fairly Common Permanent H

M Clapper Rail Common Crow Common Egret

<<~hh Casmerodius albus h

~e retta Very Rare Fairly Common Common Permanent Permanent Permanent W

Common Flicker ~Cola tes auratus Fairly Common Permanent I

I tat Common Gallinule Gallinula ~chloro us cachinnans Very Rare Permanent Common Grackle guiscalus guiscula Fairly Common Permanent Common Loon Gavia immer Rare Winter Common Nighthawk Chorheiles minor Common Summer Common Snipe ~Ca ella ~allina o Very Rare Winter Common Star ling Sturnus ~vul aria vulcuaris Common Permanent, Common Tern Sterna hirundo hirundo Fairly Common Winter Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorox auritus Common Permanent Dunlin Calidris ~al ina Uncommon Winter Eastern Kingbird ~Trannus ~trannus Very Rare Surfer Eastern Phoebe ~Sa arnis phoebe Rare Winter Gray Kingbird ~T rannus dominicensis dominicensis Uncommon Summer Great Blue Heron. Ardea herodias Common Permanent s i vl ~ ~ s ~s ~ I~

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

(Cont'4)

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVEb SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis occidentalis Uncommon Permanent Green Heron Butorides virescens virescens Permanent r

Common Ground Dove ~C1 i 11' << i "i C Permanent Gull-bi.lied Tern Gelochelidon nil otica aranea Rare Casual Herring Gull Larus arqentatus Fairly Comon Winter H Hooded Merganser ~to hod tes cucullatus Rare Winter H

House Sparrow Passer domesticus domesticus Fairly Comon Permanent Killdeer Charadrius voci ferus voci ferus Fairly Common Winter I

le Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Common Permanent CO Least Flycatcher ~Em idonax minimus Very Rare Accidental Least Sandpiper Erolia minutilla Fairly Common Minter Least Tern Sterna albifrons Common Summer Lesser Yellowlegs ~Trio a ~flavi es Uncormon Winter Little Blue Heron- Flor ida caerulea coerulea Co+non Permanent Long Billed Curlew Numenius americanus Common Winter Louisiana Heron Magnificent Frigatebird Duck 'allard

~H dranassa

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Comon Uncoranon Uncommon Permanent Permanent Permanent Marsh Hawk Circus ~c aneus hudsonius Uncomon Winter Mockingbird Fairly Common Permanent I sl' ll~ ~ I~

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Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

(Cont'd)

COf1MON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVEb SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Mottled Duck Anas ~fulvi ula Common Permanent Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura Common Permanent Osprey Pandion haliaetus carol inensis Common Permanent Palm Warbler Dendroica ~almarum Fairly Common Winter Painted Bunting Passerina ciris ciris Very Rare Hinter Pied-billed Grebe ~Podil bus ~odice s ~udice s Common Hinter Pileated Woodpecker Dryroco us Pileatus Very Rare Permanent Piping Plover Charadrius melodus Uncorenon Winter Purple Martin ~Pro ne subis subis Rare Transient Red-bellied Woodpecker ~Nelaner es carol inus Uncommon Permanent Red-breasted Merganser ~Her us serrator Rare Winter Reddish Egret Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens Fairly Common Summer Red Knot Calidris canutus rufus Very Rare Winter Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Uncommon Permanent Red-tailed Hawk B j Rare Permanent Red-winged Blackbird ~A elaius ~hoeniceus Fairly Common Permanent Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis Common Winter Robin Very Rare Winter Rock Dove Columba livia Rare Permanent Roseate Spoonbill ~Aaia aiiaa Common Hinter

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I Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

(Cont'd)

RELATIVE SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE" OCCURRENCE Royal Tern Sterna maxima Common Winter Ruddy Turnstone Aernaria ~inter res morinella Common Summer Rufous-sided Towhee ~Pi ilo er thro hthalmus Very Rare Permanent Sanderling alba 'alidris Common Winter Scrub Jay A helocoma coerulescens Very Rare Permanent H

coeru escens H

H Semipalmated Plover Cl dd hh Common Winter tO Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris pusillus Fairly Common Transient I Sharp-shinned Hawk ~Acci iter striatus Common Winter CD Short-billed Dowitcher d Common Winter Snowy Egret ~Leuco ho x thula thule Common Permanent Solitary Sandpiper ~Twin I solitaria Rare Winter Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata Very Rare Accidental Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macul aria Uncommon Winter Summer Tanager ~Piran a rubra Rare Casual Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides forticatus forficatus Very Rare Permanent Tree Swallow ~l.id hh Common Winter Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Common Permanent White-crowned Pigeon h I Rare Summer White Ibis Guara alba Permanent White Pelican ~hh h Common Fairly Common Winter

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Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1981.

(Cont'd)

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME RELATIVEb SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Wi1 1 et ~C Rare Winter Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia Uncomon Permanent Wood Ibis ~N cteria americana Fairly Common Winter Yellow-crowned Night Heron ~Nctanassa vinlacea Uncomon Permanent Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons Very Rare Winter H

H txt bBinomial Nomenclature by American Ornithologists Union.

I Very rare = 1 sighting; Rare = 2-5 sightings; Uncommon = 6-20 sightings; Fairly common =

21-50 sightings; Common = 51 and more sightings.

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Table 2. A list of reptiles and amphibians observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1981.

COMMON'NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PREFERRED HABITAT Reptiles American Alligator Fresh or brackish water American Crocodile ~Crocod 1 us acutus Salt or brackish water Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta caretta Tropical and subtropical Atlantic H

H Brown Anole Anolis ~sa rei On ground near shrubs H Eastern Diamond Back Rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Dry thickets tU Eastern Garter Snake ~Thamno his sirtalis sirtalis Marshes woodlands, and drainage I ditches Eastern Indigo Snake ~hr marchon corais ~cou eri Near thickets of dense vegetation Florida Red-bellied Turkey Chryhsem s nelsoni Fresh or brackish water Florida Soft Shell Turtle ~Trine x ferox Fresh water Green Anole Mangrove Mater Snake Mediterranean Gecko 1

~dd 1 1 1 ~id Anolis carolinensis carolinensis Shrubs and vines Salt or brackish water Associated with man Red Rat Snake ~Ela he ~uttata guttata Rocky hillsides Snapping Turtle ~Chal dra ~ser anting Fresh or brackish water Southern Black Racer Coluber constrictor ~rig us Low vegetation Southeastern Fivelined Skink On spoil banks Striped Swamp Snake ~Lied tes el lani Shallow water, dense vegetation

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Table 2. A list of reptiles and amphibians observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for (Cont'd) 1981.

COt1MON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PREFERRED HABITAT Amphibians Cuban Tree Frog Met, moist environments.

Green Tree Frog ala conerea Swamps, streams borders of lakes and Florida Cricket Frog Acris ~r llus dorsalis Swamps, ponds H

H Southern Leopard Frog Rang utricularia Fresh or brackish water Southern Toad Bufo terrestris Sandy areas I

4J Binomial nomenclature by Conant, 1975.

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Table 3. A list of mammals observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1981.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PREFERRED HABITAT Bobcat ~Lnx rufus Swamps Domestic Cat Felis domestica Associated with man Marsh Rabbit S lvila us ~alustris Berms, swamps, and hamocks Manatee Trichechus manatus Shallow, protected, coastal waters Opossum Woodland, along streams H

H H Raccoon ~Proc on lotor Along berms W Whitetail Deer Odocoileus ~vi inianus Forest and swamps I

dta Binomial nomenclature by Burt, et al., 1976.

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Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1979-1981, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa

lg7g lgBO lgB1 American Bittern American Coot American Goldfinch X American Kestrel X American Redstart X Anhinga X X X Bald Eagle X X X X Barn Owl X Barn Swallow X X X Belted Kingfisher X X X X Black-bellied Plover X X Black-crowned Night Heron X X Black Duck X Black-necked Stilt X Black Scoter X Black Skimmer X X Black Vulture X Black-poll Warbler X Black-whiskered Vireo X Blue-gray Gnatcatcher X Blue Jay X Blue-winged Teal X Boat-tailed Grackle X X X Bobolink X Bob-white X X Bonapartes Gull ~

X Broadwinged Hawk X Brown Pelican 'X X Cape May Warbler X X Cardinal X X X Caspian Tern X X X Cat Bird X Cattle Egret X X X.

Cedar Waxwing X Chuck-will's Widow X Clapper Rail X X Common Crow X X Common Egret X 'X X b

Common Flicker X X 'X Common Gallinule X Common Grackle X Common Loon X Common Nighthawk X X Common Snipe X X III.B.1-45

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Table 4. A comparison of the bird. species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area,. 1979-1981, to those of the Surrounding.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME 1979 1980 1981 AREAa Common Starling X Common Tern X Double-crested Cormorant X X Downy Woodpecker 0unl in X Eastern Kingbird X Eastern Meadowlark Eastern Phoebe X Glossy Ibis Gray Kingbird X Great Blue Heron X X X Great White Heron X X X Green Heron X X Ground Dove X X Gull-billed Tern Herring Gull Hooded Merganser House Sparrow X House Wren Killdeer X Laughing Gull X Least Flycatcher X Least Sandpiper X Least Tern X Lesser Yellowlegs X Little Blue Heron X Long Billed Curlew X Louisiana Heron X X Magnificent Frigatebird X X Mallard Duck X Marsh Hawk X Merlin (Pigeon Hawk)

Mockingbird X Mottled Duck X Mourning Dove X Northern Waterthrush Osprey X Painted Bunting X Palm Warbler X Peregrine Falcon Pied-billed Grebe X Pileated Woodpecker X Pine Warbler Piping Plover X III.B.1-46

I Table 4, A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1979-1981, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa lg7g lgBO lgB Prairie Warbler Purple Martin X Red-bellied Woodpecker X X Red-breasted Merganser X X Reddish Egret X X Red-headed Woodpecker Red Knot X Red-shouldered Hawk X X Red-tailed Hawk X Red-winged Blackbird X Ring-billed Gull X Robin X Rock Dove X Roseate Spoonbill X Royal Tern X Ruddy Turnstone X Rufous-sided Towhee X Sanderling X Savannah Sparrow Screech Owl Scrub Jay Semipalmated Plover Semipalmated Sandpiper Sharp-shinned Hawk Short-billed Dowitcher Smooth-billed Ani Snowy Egret X Solitary Sandpiper X Sooty Ter.n X Spotted Sandpiper X Summer Tanager X Swallow-tailed Kite X Tree Swallow X Turkey Vulture X White-crowned Pigeon X White-eyed Vireo White Ibis X White Pelican X Willet X Wilson's Plover X Wood Duck Wood Ibis X Wurdemann's Heron Yellowthroat III.B.1-47

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Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1979-1981, to those of, the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa lg7g lg8O lg81 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker X Yellow-billed Cuckoo X Yellow-crowned Night Heron X Yellow-rumped Warbler Yellow-throated Yireo Yellow Warbler bABI, 1978 In previous years the Common Flicker was referred to as the Yellow-shafted Flicker within the Turkey Point Study Area. This has now been changed to the Common Flicker since both the Red-shafted and Yellow-shafted Flicker are now considered to be the same species by the American Ornithologists Union.

IXX.B.1'-48

C Table 5. A comparison of the amphibian and reptilian species in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1979-1981, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREA,a" lg7g 19BO lgB1 American Alligator American Crocodile Atlantic Green Turtle Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Bahaman Bark Anole Brown Anole Corn Snake Cuban Tree Frog Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Eastern Garter Snake Eastern Indigo Snake Everglades Racer Snake Florida Cricket Frog Florida King Snake Florida Red-bellied Florida Softshell Turtle Florida Water Snake Green Anole Green House Frog Green Tree Frog Key West Anole Mangrove Water Snake Mediterranean Gecko Mud Snake Pig Frog Reef Gecko Southeastern Five-lined Skink Southern Black Racer ZII.B.1-49

I Table 5. A comparison of the amphibian and reptilian species (Cont'd) in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1979-1981, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa lg7g lg8O lg Southern Leopard Frog Southern Painted Turtle Southern Ringneck Snake Southern Toad Striped Swamp Snake Yellow Rat Snake ABI, 1978 XXI.B.1-50

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Table 6. A comparison of the mammali'an species in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1.979-1981, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa 1 g7g 1 gBO 1 g81 I

Black Rat Bobcat Cotton Rat Dolphin Domestic Cat Domestic Dog House Mouse Manatee Marsh Rabbit Opossum Raccoon X Rice Rat Whitetail Deer ABI, 1978 jzz.B.1-5l

Table 7 ~ Crocodile observations in the Turkey Point Study Area- for 1981.

TAGGED ANIMALS NUMBER Of SIZE RANGE MATURITY INDIVIDUALS (FEET) 3-4 Juvenile 5-6 Sub Adult 81/2-9 -

Adult 12 1/2 13 Adult UNTAGGED ANIMALS NUMBER OF SIZE RANGE MATURITY INDIVIDUALS (FEET) 20' 3-4 Juvenile 1 4-5 Sub Adult 2 to 4 5-6 Sub Adult 2 6-7 Adult 3 8-9 Adult 1 ll - 12 Adult III.B.1-52

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2. Sampling of Soil and Vegetation West and South of the Cooling Canal System (ETS 4.2.2.3)

a. Soil Study Introducti on The soil study is conducted to measure nitrite and nitrate levels in soils to the west and south of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System.. These data define soil nitrogen levels in areas of natural vegetation relatively unaffected by the Turkey Point Plant and canals.

Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from the midpoint of Transects 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Figure 1). A small core of several grams was taken after removal of the top 3 cm of soil. A second sample was taken 30 cm below the first. All samples were preserved on ice and sent to the laboratory. An acidified sodium chloride extraction procedure was used for nitrite and nitrate analyses (Jackson, 1958). Nitrate was reduced to nitrite in a cadmium column and the nitrite was analyzed using the diazotization method (APHA, 1980).

T Nitrite and nitrate values were reported as nitrogen in micrograms per gram of dry weight of sample (Table 1).

Results Nitrite levels in 1981 are about the same as levels in 1980.

The, range of nitrite at different sampling points is 0.38 to 6.11

pg/g dry soil in 1981 (Table 1) as compared with a range of 0.31 to 6.83 yg/g dry soil in 1980 (FPL, 1981). Nitrate levels are much lower this year and ranged from 1.56 to 10.93 pg/g dry soil in 1981 as compared with a range of 5.17 to 103.17 pg/g dry soil in 1980.

The highest nitrite and nitrate values are present at a depth of 33 cm in the middle of Transect 5.

Discussion Most soil nitrogen is found in organic matter that is decomposed by soil microorganisms into ammonium compounds. This nitrogen is first oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate. The two oxidation .

changes are called nitrification. These microbiological transfor-mations are influenced profoundly by soil conditions. When soil is cold, waterlogged, or excessively acid, nitrification progresses slowly. The most favorable conditions for nitrification are 1) ade-quate soil aeration, 2) temperatures from 27 to 32'C, 3) moderate soil moisture, and 4) an abundance of exchangeable bases (Brady, 1974).

The major soil type found west and south of the Turkey Point cooling canal system is highly organic peat. Organic soils are characterized by a high calcium oxide content and, therefore, an abundance of exchangeable bases even though the soils are often aci-dic. In the presence of a high hydrogen ion concentration, more nitrate accumulation takes .place than in mineral soils.

Consequently, the nitrite and nitrate values found in the 1981 soil III.B.2-2

samples probably reflect this accumulation. As in previous years, nitrite and nitrate values are greater in the grasssland (Transects 1, 3 and 5) where greater soil aeration may have occurred than in the mangrove swamp (Transects 7 and 9) where standing water can be expected year round.

Conclusion The combination of edaphic characteristics and environmental factors that influence the nitrification process accounts for the high variability found in soil nitrite and nitrate concentrations.

Ho evidence suggests that this natural variability is affected by operation of the Turkey Point Plant.

III.B.2-3

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Table 1. Laboratory analysis of 10 soil samples from the Turkey Point Site during 1981.

TRANSECT SOIL DEPTH NITRITE NITROGEN NITRATE NITROGEN number cm dr soil u / dr soil 3 0.64 2.45 33 1.30 4.23 3 0.51 1;74 33 0.71 4.19 3 1.11 3.28 33 6.11 .10.93 3 0.74 2.15 33 0.79 1.56 3 0.75 2.10 33 0.38 2.01 I I I.8.2-5

b. Vegetation Study (ETS 4.2.2.3)

Introduction The salinity regime resulting from land elevation is a major factor that determines the composition and distribution of plant communities along southeast Florida's coast. The interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff from rain creates a salinity gradient that ranges from salt water along the coast to fresh water inland. Following this gradient, the mangrove swamps that fringe shallow marine bays give way to buttonwood tree islands, salt marshes and eventually inland freshwater wetlands dominated by saw grass.

The climate and topography of this area strongly influence the interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff that produce the salinity gradient. Runoff varies seasonally with rainfall. About 152 cm of rain falls in the area annually, primarily from May through November. During this wet season, groundwater is near the surface. During the dry'eason (December through April), when groundwater levels are low, infiltratio'n of surface water is greater and freshwater runoff is reduced. The slight slope of the.

land, approximately 1.8 cm per 100 m, causes fresh water from inland regions to drain southeastward into Card Sound (Figure 1).

The natural equilibrium between freshwater runoff and tidal waters has been altered in recent years by the construction of

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Canal L-31 west of the Turkey Point Plant, the Sea Dade and Model Land Canals south of the site, and the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. The natural southeasterly flow of runoff and ground-water from inland regions has been diverted towards these canals and away from the plant communities located south and west of the Turkey Point system (Figure 1). The purpose of this continuing study is to identify the long-term operational impacts of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System on vegetation located south and west of the system.

Materials and Methods Stud Desi n The vegetation near the cooling canal system was classified into three plant community types for sampling and data analysis.

These categories were 1) the saline mangrove swamp south of the system, 2) the brackish grassland of saw grass, salt rush and salt grass to the west, and 3) mangrove and buttonwood tree islands within the grasslands. Each of these communities was sampled to identify potenti.al impacts of the canal system on vegetation com-position and biomass.

The specific location of sampling stations within each com-munity was determi ned by the interpretation of aerial photos.

Sampling transects were chosen to provide equal sampling in each of the major vegetation communities on the site.

III.B.2-7

I The study design assumes that impacts on vegetation attribu-table to the cooling canal system will decrease with distance from the system. Sample quadrat locations were selected along transects that originated adjacent to the cooling canal and extended into the surrounding vegetation west and south of the system. Thus, by com-paring the composition and biomass of vegetation adjacent to and farther away from the canal system, changes attributable to opera-tion of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System can be readily observed.

Field Methods guantitative data have been collected along nine transects once during each dry season since 1975. The 1981 sampling was con-ducted in early November.

Transects 1 through 6 run east to west perpendicular to and west of the cooling canals (Figure 1). These transects were selected so that three intersect tree islands and three intersect grasslands. Transects 7 through 9 run north-south perpendicular to the southern border of the canal system and intersect mangrove com-munities.

Four sampling points were established at predetermined inter-I vals along each transect to identify canal system effects on vege-tation with distance from the canal. At each sampling point, two 5 x 5-m (25-m2) quadrats were located on opposite sides of the III.B.2-8

transect line as:shown in the insert of Figure 1. Thus, for the grassland community (Transects 1, 3 and 5), quadrats A and vegetation adjacent to the canal system and quadrats A'epresent D

and D'epresent vegetation farthest away from the system. This sampling design yields six replicate quadrats per community and distance from the canal system.

Statistical Methods The statistical approach used to detect impacts of cooling canal system operation on the vegetation answered the following questions:

l. Is there a change in composition and/or biomass of vege-tation communities that is greater adjacent to the canal system and less farther away from the system,

2. Is the change greater this year than in previous years,

3. Are both of the above true; that is, does the change increase with time and is it greatest adjacent to the canal systems If the answer to any one of these questions is affirmative, it may be concluded that canal system impact has occurred. If the associated null hypotheses are accepted according to the data, no effects can be attributed to the canal system.

Composition was estimated by frequency. Frequency is defined as the number of quadrats in which a species occurred divided by the total number of quadrats sampled. The resulting values esti-mate the probability of finding at least one individual of the spe-

I I

cies in one quadrat. Analysis of frequencies with G as the test, criterion (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) was used to detect changes in species compositi on.

Biomass was estimated by a volume-density index developed for this study. This index estimates the volume (height x radius2) and weighs it by the density of individuals within the volume (Figure 2). This method is analagous to traditional measures of yield and

'as derived from Goodall's vector space approach to community anal-yses (Greig-Smith, 1964). It shares the advantage of the traditional measures in that it can be determined easily in the field and has the further advantage of allowing comparisons of spe-cies with different growth forms. Multivariate analysis of variance (SAS, 1979) with the F-ratio as the test criterion was used to detect changes in biomass. Because biomass data are strongly skewed and biomass changes exponentially due to the rate of plant growth, the data were transformed by taking natural logarithms of the values (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).

Whenever the hypotheses tested were proven to be true with 95 percent confidence (P=0.05), the results were designated as

"(statistically) significant". The independent variables for the analyses are 1) distance from'the cooling canal system and 2) calendar year in which the data were collected. The dependent variables are 1) frequencies of each species and 2) volume density index for each common species.

The critical tests of the hypotheses determined not only sta-tistical significance, as defined above, but also the ecological significance to the ecosystem (Collier et al., 1973). The indices were chosen because they allow an examination of the individual species'ontributions to overall community effects. If a com-1 munity effect was detected, then individual species were examined to identify the ecological significance of the change in the community.

Although the statistical design was constructed to detect changes attributable'o the canal system,'he study design can also detect impacts from other events. Correct interpretation of the data requires identification of the manner in which vegetation would be affected by different causes.

Com arison With Baseline Data The data collected in this continuing study were compared with Turkey Point baseline data collected east of the present study area prior to cooling canal construction in 1972 (FPL, 1978a).

Additional baseline data were collected from the South Dade site, southeast of the present study area, in 1974 (FPL, 1978b).

III.B.2-11

I Results and Discussion Plant S ecies at Turke Point A total of 186 plant species (Table 1) have been observed in the Turkey Point and South Dade studies. Fifteen species were pre-sent in all studies and in 1981, 29 species had frequencies greater than or equal to 5 percent. In the 1981 study, 67 species were observed. This value is not significantly different from the average (64 species) for all studies.

From 1974 through 1976, a decreasing number of new species was observed each year (Figure 3). In a stable plant community- this would be expected because a smaller number of the uncommon species would be discovered with each year's sampling effort. In 1977, however, the number of new species increased, suggesting a change, in the previously stable plant communities. The major cause of this change was a killing freeze that occurred in January 1977 (FPL, 1978). After the 1977 sampling year, the number of species observed for the first time again steadily decreased through 1980.

This phenomenon indicates that the composition of species at Turkey Point reached.,a new, post-freeze stability through 1980.

In 1981, seven new species were observed for the first time (Figure 3; Table 1). Four of the new species were found in fire-impacted guadrats 202, 4D1 and 4D2 (Figure 4; Benedict, 1981). The probable cause of this increase in new species was revegetation after brush fires swept through areas west of the cooling canal

l system in March. These fires destroyed quadrat location markers at 4Dl and.4D2 and three of four corners were destroyed at quadrat 2D1. All three quadrats were reset as close as possible to their original locations.

Communit Com osition 1981 Stud Overall community composition in 1981 was not significantly different from community composition in 1980 but was significantly different from that of the pre-freeze years (1975-1976; G=65.50, P<0.05) as expected. Impacts from the freeze of January 1977 have been noted in previous studies (FPL, 1979, 1980, 1981). Community composition in 1981 also was significantly different from that of two post-freeze years (1978 and 1979; G=52.2 and 48.0, respec-tively, P<0.05). To identify the ecological implications of these results, the contribution of each common species to the overall difference between 1981 and these years was examined.

First, the frequency of occurrence of common species was calculated to detect differences between 1981 and the pre-freeze years (Table 2). Common species are defined as those present in 1981 at frequencies greater than 5 percent. Of these 29 common species, 13 showed significant differences in frequency between 1981 and 1975-1976. Twelve species have increased in frequency (aster, glades morning glory, salt grass, clubrush, schoenus, climbing hempvine, groundsel, Brazilian pepper, St. John's wort, loosetrife, mermaid weed and white indigo berry) and one (leather

I I

fern) decreased in frequency since the freeze. For many of these species, an abrupt change in frequency took place between 1976 and 1977 (Figure 5) and the impact of that change is still evident in statistical tests comparing 1981 data with those preceding the freeze (1975-1976) .

Ecological causes for the changes in species'requency can be inferred by exami ning frequency changes observed immediately after the freeze. Between 1976 and 1977, 10 predominately salt-tolerant herbaceous and woody species increased in frequency (white mangrove, aster, glades morning glory, salt grass, clubrush, schoenus, groundsel, sea daisy, Brazilian pepper and St. John' wort; Table 2). These species apparently benefited from the effects of the freeze by expanding their distributions. Perhaps their ability to recover quickly might have given these plants a competitive advantage over their neighbors. In contrast, other species such as red mangrove, blechnum fern, leather fern and cab-bage palm were adversely affected by the freeze as shown by their sharply reduced frequencies in 1977. Most of these species are slowly returning to pre-freeze frequencies. As we have seen, however, the frequency of leather fern in 1981 still is signifi-cantly lower than in pre-freeze years. Freeze effects therefore account for some but not all of the discrepancy between overall community composition in 1981 compared with previous years.

I I I.B. 2-14

I Secondly, differences Here examined in the frequency of occurrence of common species between 1981 and two post-freeze years (1978 and 1979; Table 2). Five species have increased significantly in frequency since 1978 and 1979 (glades morning glory, climbing hempvine, St. John's wort, loosestrife and red bay). In each case, these species had frequencies of less than 5 percent in 1978 or 1979 and increased to greater than 5 percent in 1981. Successional changes can account for the increase in these species over the post-freeze years. Since 1977, only seven species (glades morning glory, rush, schoenus, climbing hempvine, fleabane, loosestrife and muscadine grape) have shown greater than a 5 percent net increase in frequency with time.

Although there were no statistically significant changes in community composition from 1980 to 1981, the frequency of one spe-cies increased significantly (loosestrife) and three others increased sharply (glades morning glory, climbing hempvine and fleabane) over the past year. These increases most likely reflect successional changes in community composition. Only red mangrove showed reduction in frequency between 1980 and 1981. This change occurred because a fire in March 1981 destroyed red mangroves in Transect 2.

These results show that no ecologically significant change in overall community composition has occurred since the freeze.

Species'requencies appear stable with the exception of some

increases resulting from natural succession. Although there have been some changes in species frequency over time, these changes reflect impacts. from the freeze of. January 1977 or slight increases probably resulting from succession. No impacts attributable to the cooling canal system are evident.

Communit Com osition Com arison Mith Baseline The community composition for 1981 was significantly different from the community composition for both the 1972 Turkey Point Baseline Study (FPL, 1978a) and the 1974 South Dade Baseline Study (FPL, 1978b; G=24.16 and 36.58, respectively, P<0.05).

To determine the ecological implications of these results, the contribution of common species to the differences observed between the operational monitoring data and the baseline data were examined (Table 3). Generally, species that showed significant frequency differences between studies had greater frequencies in 1981 than in either baseline study. Species characteristic of the saw grass prairie and associated 'hammocks (saw grass, buttonwood, white mangrove and poisonwood) had greater frequencies in the 1981 study than in the baseline data. However, more salt-tolerant species, such as red mangrove and salt grass, had higher frequencies in one or the other baseline study than in the 1981 operational monitoring study. Red mangrove was reduced because of the March 1981 fire.

Frequencies of all other species were fairly constant from 1972 to 1981, indicating that differences were not increasing over time (FPL, 1979, 1980, 1981).

I I I.B. 2-16

Therefore, the significant differences observed in community composition between the baseline studies (FPL, 1978a, 1978b) and the 1981 study cannot be attributed to the cooling canal system.

The observed differences in frequency are probably due to differen-

-ces in sampling locations among the studies. The Turkey Point operational monitoring study stations are further from the shore-line than those of either the Turkey Point Baseline Study or the South Dade Baseline Study.

Biomass 1981 Stud Analysis of biomass for 1981 is valuable for the information it conveys in detecting long-term trends. Vegetation volume-density indices by transect for 1981 are presented in Tables 4 through 6. Biomass data from 1981 then were combined with all of the previous data for the 12 most common species (annual mean fre-quencies greater than 10 percent; Table 1) and used for the long-term analysis.

Biomass Lon -Term Anal sis Biomasses of the 12 common species were examined to detect changes occurring over time and changes occur ring with distance from the cooling canal system. If the biomass of a species dif-fered significantly with time or distance, the overall biomass for that year or quadrat was examined. A species'iomass in each of the three vegetation communities grassland, tree island and

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mangrove was discussed when this information revealed ecological reasons for its abundance or decline.

Five species showed significant biomass differences among years'Table 7). Four of these species, saw grass, buttonwood, red mangrove, and leather fern, decreased in biomass by a factor of 10 between 1976 and 1977 (Figure 5). Since the freeze, all of these species have exhibited varying degrees of biomass recovery. When data from each vegetation community were combined, biomass of saw grass, red mangrove and leather fern increased in 1981 to levels that were not significantly different from those of one or the other pre-freeze years (1975 or 1976). Although the biomass of buttonwood increased from 1980 to 1981, 1981 biomass was still significantly lower than in pre-freeze years. The fifth species, aster, was rare prior to 1977 but has now become established and is maintaining a low biomass.

In the tree island vegetation community, red mangrove and but-tonwood appear to be competitors. Both species increased from relatively low biomass in 1975 to much greater biomass in 1976 (Figure 6). They also both decreased after the freeze and retained low biomass through 1978. By 1979, red mangrove biomass increased in tree island communities then decreased slightly in 1980 and but-tonwood remained about the same during 1979 and 1980. Red mangrove biomass in 1981, however, decreased to the low 1975 pre-freeze biomass. In contrast, buttonwood biomass increased in 1981 to the ,

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high 1976 level. Ecological reasons for these changes in the tree island communities are, first, that the March 1981 fire scorched and destroyed red mangroves in several tree island quadrats.

Second, buttonwood responded to the effects of the freeze by pr o-ducing many-stemmed shrubs after its top branches were killed.

This probably increases its biomass and may be giving buttonwood a competitive edge in the tree islands where both species coexist.

Future studies will show whether red mangrove replaces itself, but-tonwood increases its biomass or new woody species invade as the burned quadrats recover.

For each of the five species that exhibited a statistically significant change in biomass over the years 1975 to 1981, the most abrupt change occurred between pre-freeze 1976 and post-freeze 1977. Therefore, the observed changes in biomass primarily reflect the impact of the freeze and, to a lesser extent, the effects of local fire and natural succession. Because there has been no con-sistent annual change in biomass overall, evidence suggests that the cooling canal system has had no significant impact on vegeta-tion biomass over time.

Biomass of five of the common species showed significant dif-ferences with distance from the canal system (Table 7). These spe-cies were saw grass, buttonwood, rush, leather fern and Australian pine (Figure 6) ~ Biomass for saw grass, buttonwood and rush was higher at quadrats close to the canal system (A,B and C) than

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farther away (D). Biomass for leather fern and Australian pine also was significantly higher close to the canal system (guadrats A and. 8) than at quadrats farther away.,(C and D). Because biomass at the D quadrats was significantly lower in all cases and because D quadrats are the only ones located either west of Canal L-31 (Transects 1 through 5; Figure 1) or south of the Sea Dade Canal (Transects 7 through 9), it is likely that effects are attributable to these canals.

Each of the species that showed significant differences in biomass with 'distance from the cooling canal system has specific ecological requirements. Therefor e, the response of each species to environmental variables is different and it is difficult to determine specifically how proximity to the canal system may have resulted in biomass changes. Ecological needs of each species are discussed briefly.

Saw grass, buttonwood and rush did not differ significantly in distribution of biomass within the area likely to be affected by the cooling canal system (guadrats A through C). Saw grass biomass in the most seaward portions of the mangrove community (D quadrats) was naturally low because brackish water there limits growth of this freshwater species (Long and Lakela, 1971). Buttonwood is a species commonly found in less brackish inland areas and rush is a fresh- and salt water tolerant species usually found on salt flats (Craighead, 1971).

111.8-2-20

I Leather fern and Australian pine decreased in biomass with distance f

from the cooling canal even when biomass at D quadrats was not taken i@to consideration. Leather. fern is a salt-tolerant spe-cies common to brackish coastal hammocks. Australian pine grows well on disturbed land such as spoil berms but cannot colonize mangrove communities or wetlands that are flooded most of the year (Craighead, 1971).

A consistent increase or consistent decrease in biomass with distance from the cooling canal system would indicate an impact on vegetation. No ecologically consistent pattern is evident, however,. For example, biomass of salt-tolerant species is not always greater adjacent to the cooling canals, nor is biomass of freshwater species always greater away from the system. Therefore, evidence suggests that no impact on the biomass of vegetation can be attributed to the Turkey Point canals. It does appear, however, that statistically significant differences in biomass at the farthest quadrats (D) result from proximity to,Canal L-31, the Sea Dade or Model Land Canals where the interception of freshwater run-off may cause different ecological conditions from those east and north of these canals.

Conclusion A total of 186 plant species have been observed in all of the Turkey Point (FPL, 1976, 1977, 1978c, 1979, 1980, 1981) and South Dade Studies (ABI, 1978a, 1978b). Examination of the number of III.B.2-21

l species observed for the first time each year revealed that there have been no major changes in the spe'cies list since the change that occurred between December 1976 and December 1977, following the freeze of January 1977.

Community composition showed a significant change attributable to the freeze of 1977. There was evidence in the 1981 study that both freshwater and salt-tolerant species had increased in fre-quency since that natural event. However, salt-tolerant species seem to have recovered more quickly than salt-intolerant ones.

Successional changes account for the increase in frequency of some less-common species during the years since the freeze.

Community composition in the 1981 operational monitoring study was significantly different from both the 1972 Turkey Point base-line data (ABI, 1978a) and from the 1974 South Dade baseline data (ABI, 1978b). Baseline data showed higher frequencies for salt-tolerant species and lower frequencies for salt-intolerant species than did the operational monitoring data. Differences in sampling locations in the studies probably accounted for the observed differences.

Two general trends in vegetation biomass are evident. First, the biomass of five'ommon species differed significantly among years. These differences reflect the impact of the freeze of 1977, the localized effects of a fire in March 1981, and overall natural

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succession. Secondly, the biomass of five common species decreased significantly with distance from the Turkey Point canal system.

These results probably-reflect the impact of canals outside the cooling canal system (Canal L-31, Sea Dade and Model Land Company Canals) as well as differences in the ecological requirements of those species. Evidence suggests that the cooling canal system has had no clear impact on the biomass of species at Turkey Point.

III.B.2-23

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II I.B. 2-24

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Exam le l. S'" 9""'1'd" p i

'here: Cladium index = NHR 2 I

A N = Number of graminoid plants; H = Average height per plant, in centimeters =

Total WH T

WH = Weighted height per plant, in centimeters

PC, P = Number of plants per clump, C = Clump height, T = Total number of plants measured; R = Radius per plant, in centimeters (gathered, D compressed and measured at widest point)

2 D = Average diameter per plant, in centimeters =

Dl T

Total 'diameter of all measured plants, T = Total number of plants measured.

sample N = 240 R = 1.592 values . H = 142.2 A=1.0 Cl d I d (240)(142.2)(1.59) ..= 86,002.56 1.0 Figure 2a. Examples of volume-density index calculations of a graminoid and woody plant species, Turkey Point P 1 ant, 1981.

111.8.2-25

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where: N = Number of shrubs of similar dimensions (seedlings measured separately);

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Nl O' Total height of all measured shrubs, N' Total number of shrubs measured; D

R = Radius per shrub, in centimeter =

2 0 = Average diamqter per shrub, in cen-timeters = D D' Total diameter of all measured shrubs, O' Total number of shrubs measured.

sample values 1.0 365. 8 6.452

~CI 2 (1.0)(365.8)(6.45) = 15,218-19

'Figure 2b. Examples of volume-density index calculations of a graminoid and woody plant species, Turkey Point Plant, 1981.

I I I.B. 2-26

o o TOTAL SPEClES OBSERVED SPECfES OBSERVED FOR l50 THE FlRST TlME 100 I Q 50 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 YEARS Figure 3. Number of plant species observed, Turkey Point P 1 an t,,l 973-1981.

III.B.2-27

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III.B.2-28

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10 p.o 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Values are the geometric mean of the index for each coamunity per year.

Figure 5. Comparison of average biomass for selected species, Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1981.

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Sampling quadrats A through 0 represent sampling points of increasing distance from the cooling canal system; A is adjacent to the cooling canal, 0 is farthest from it (see Vegetation Figure 1).

Figure 6. Comparison of average biomass for selected species with increasing distances form the cooling canal system, Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1981.

4 4

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant durIng 1972-1981.

SPECIES CNONN NAME FRE ENCY 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 978c 979c 1980 98lc Mean Acrostichun aureun Leather fern 15.9 10.0 30.6 18.1 6.9 12.5 11.1 12.5 8.3 14.0 X~Xat s sp. False foxglove 2.4 0.3 Annona 4LIabra Pond apple 3.7 3.3 la4 1.4 1.4 1.2

~Ardls a escaAonoides Harlb<<rry 4.2 0.5

~~sr ~ s sp. Hllkweed 3.7 0.5 0.5 Aster sp. Aster 0.5 30.6 29.2 27.8 29.2 30.6 16.4 Aster 1.4 0.2 a.lt- i. 4. I,a i Black mangrove 5.2 1.4 4.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.1

+a a la httlaa)4 Groundsel, sal tbush 4.2 4.2 1.4 2.3 Baccharis sp.

s. ~astir tt False willopI 1.2 7.1 1.4 5.6 4.2 1.4 5.6 4.2 3.3 0.2 B. dioica Groundsel B. ~orarul flora Groundsel tree 4.2 4.2 2.8 5.6 1.9 B.hain ia Groundsel 12.2 6,2 1.4 2.8 8.3 4.2 1.4 4.1 S~a~al pails ~Ht w o

Mater hyssop SaltpIort 4.3 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.6 5Teehnun serrul atom Blechnum fern 9.8 5.2 23.6 15.3 6.9 8' 5.6 9,7 11.1 10.6 Borrichia ar borescens Sea oxeye daisy '

1.4 1.4 0.3 tas s Sea daisy 6.1 16.2 2.8 2.8 12.5 12.5 9.7 12.5 8.3 9.3 1.4 0.2

~

Spiny hue ida B ucida 8

ak it e

spinosa IT fus formis

~th ll (no connon napne)

Sea rockets 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 on sp. Grass pink 0.5 0.1 a tranthes pallens Pale lidfiopper 1.4 Oa2

~asa tha II Isa~a Love vine, dodder 1.4 2.8 5.6 1.4 1.2 as i ~~sat *II Australian pine 12.2 5.7 13.9 12.5 8.3 12.5 9.7 9.7 llal 10.6

~ts

~anthus a ~

as~I occIdental is Hackberry Buttonbush 4.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.8 Cha4naes ce sp. Spurge 1.4 0,2 hiococca alba Snouberry 4.9 5.2 5.6 4,2 5,6 1.4 4.2 3.5 Fhla Is Ip. Finger grass 0.5 0.1 Chr sobalanus icaco Coco palm 1.2 1.9 4.2 6.9 4a2 2.0 C adiupn amaic~ens s SapI grass 74.4 44.3 83.3 80.6 81.9 86.1 84.7 83.3 84.7 78.1

~Mariscus amaicensis) 4 4 th I ~aa I I Silver palm 1.4 a 0.2

~ss 4 I a Coconut palm 1.2 0.1

~co ubriIi~n~ a~eT tica Nakeduood 2.4 0.3

~Cot ubrina reel Inata)

Conocar us erecta ButtonpIood 65.9 30.5 77.8 76.4 70.8 77.8 73,6 70.8 69 ' 68.1 rlnln axparTcanupn String lily 2.4 1.4 1.4 0.6 Cuscuta Sp, Dodder 1.2 2' 1.4 0.6 Cuscuta aeericana Dodder 0.5 Oal

~C h .~QA VIne mIIkppeed 2.4 1.4 1.4 0.3 0,3 CYPERACEAE Sedge Oalber ia aaperllnon (no connon name) 1.4 '

0.2 P~bta h TIP

~

I I pltI" 4 ~

I 1

I

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during 1972-1981.

(cont'd).

SPECIES COIGN RANE ERE ENCY S 1972 974 975c 1976c 1977c 978c 979c 1980c l98lc Mean G. ca~sec h llum no cannon name 1.4 0.2 (Iaml tino s po no connon name 1.4 1.4 0.3

~Dchramena floridensis no connan name 1.4 - 1.4 0.3

~ho Is s ~eisa Ia Bustle 1.4 1.4 4.2 1.4 1.4 "2,8 1.4 1.6 st chi Is ~s icata Salt grass 20.7 49.0 4.2 5.6 18.1 18.1 19.4 18.0 18.1 19.0

~eocha I ~ sp. Clubrush, splkerush 1.2 1.0 0.2

~eche cell less Clubrush, spikerush 1.2 4.2 13.9 8.0

~s

~cc I ~C1

~<<ca Yard grass Butterfly orchid 1.0 1.4 1.4 12<<5 12<<5 11.1 15.3 0.1 0.2 sp (no camnon name) 1.4 0.2 laris Nhite stopper 2.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 0.9

. confusa iron<<ood 2.8 0.3

f. foetida Stopper 2.8 0.3

f. rtole(es 2.4 Eu m

Eulohaa ta ator cus aure T- Ill um ~cia 11 Spanish stopper Nild coco Oog fennel Strangler fig 7.1 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.4 5.6 1.4 1.4 4.2 2.8 1.0 0.2 2.2 0.3

~trtfoAa Mild banyon tree 3.7 3.8 1.4 1<<4 1.1 Fl<<~sr s sp. Sedge 1.4 2.8 0.5 aver a sp. (no connon name) 1.4 1<<4 0.3 Pedal seep ~Se pa florida privet 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 fuirena sp. Uxhrella grass 1.2 0.5 0.2 P. ~scl Ide Vabrella grass 1.2 3' 1.4 1,4 0.8 Gall ~h1s Id I Bedstra<< 1.4 0.2 (p. obtusum Bedstra<< 1.4 2.8 1.4 0.6 Nab~enar a sp. Orchid 1.4 1.4 0.3

~hd C I I O<< tt I Harsh penny<<ort 3.3 0.4 G~tt Sp, St. John's <<art 6.9 6.9 2.8 6.9 2.6 lex cassine Baboon holly 6.1 5.2 4.2 5.6 2.8 1.4 1.4 4.2 2.8 3.7 T~amaea spe Horning glary 2 ' ~

. sa fttata Glades corning glory 4.3 5.6 8.3 20.8 1.4 9.7 '0.8 7.9 Sac vernant a curtissii no connon nameI 2.8 2.8 2,8 4.2 1.4 J. rec nata no ccdnnon nameI 4.2 0.5 Vuncus roemerianus Rush 15.9 17.6 22.2 13.9 13.9 19.4 22.2 19.4 19.4 16.7

~rstep trk ~1 ~ p Ica Salt marsh <<illa<< 0.5 0.1 Lachnanthes caroliniana Red root 0.5 0.1

~

L ac a a accedes Nhite sangrove 9.8 34.8 23.6 30.6 41.7 33.3 29.2 29.2 33.3 29.5 antana invo ucrata Lantana 0.5 1.4 2.8 2.8 1.4 l<<4 1.4 1.3

. mlcrocc~hala Lansana 1.4 1.4 1.4 4.7 nodiflara Cape<<eed 1.0 0.1 Ia sp. (no eamon name) 1.4 5.6 4.2 l<<2 L. micro car a Mater purslane 1.4 0.2 I. p ana Primrose <<Illa<< 1.0 0.1 L. re en s Mater purslane 5.6 4.2 4.2 1.4 1.7

~L c a ro1 I ni a num Christmas berry 2.8 2.8 0.6 a atum Loosestrlfe 1.4 1<<4 6.9 1.1

~

t ~

/ l(ti' r ~ ~

~

~

~

~

l

~

l

~

'l

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during 1972-1981.

(cont'd).

SPECIES CSR40N NAHE ERE ENCY 'S 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 1978c 1979c 1980c 1981c Mean

~Hz nolia ~vir iniana Sweet bay, swae)p bay 3.8 2.8 2.8 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.7

~Na tenus h Tfaant )oides Holina 2.8 0.3

~~to un tox crux) Poisonwood 4.9 1.9 2.8 4.2 8.3 8.3 8.3 9.7 8.3 6.3 bbbta b)stat o Ta Heep vine 1.4 5.6 1.4 0.9 H. scandens Cll)thing hesq)vine 4.9 4.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 6.9 12.5 3.7 R

b vs r ~eels rica cen fera

~aa ea d a e sl ~ )

Max c)yrtle Hyrsine 4.9 4.9 5.2 5'

5.6 4.2 9.7 5.6 6.9 5.6 6.9 8.3 5.6 6.9 6.9 Bo3 8.3 8.3 6.7 5.9 Nectandra corlacea Lancewood 1.4 0.2

~~be h a~et~so se ata Boston fern 2.8 Oo3 M. exaltata Boston fern 0.5 0.06 Usx)~un a c nnaaenea Royal fern 0.5 0.06 l)..~calls v. ~sectabtt ls Royal fern 2,4 1.4 0.4 Panic)xn sp. Panic grass 1.4 0.2 o

lce s Panic grass 1.4 0.2

~dchoto)x)xn Panic grass 1.4 0.2 pa tttoc ss s Virginia creeper 4.9 4.8 1.4 1,2 Pas a u)n sp. (no co)neon nano) 3.3 0.4 asst ora suberosa Corky-steamed passion 1.4 1.4 0.3 flower Pelts d a ~le i~ka (no coamon nano) 2.4 0.3 p st sp. Beardtongue 0,5 0.1 b l Red bay 4.9 5.6 5.6 4.2 1.4 1.4 4,2 6.9 3.8

~~a~st s Swanp bay 3.3 1.4 0.5 Vhl~eo T)xx sp. Golden polypody 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.6 p.a e Golden polypody 4.9 1,4 0.7 fh Tlanthus (no conson na)ne) 1.4 1.4 2.8 0.6 P n u cu a Ru)ella Buttenert 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 son a sp. Cockspur 2.8 ' 0.3

~acu cata Oevil's claw 2.8 0.3 F. tllscolor Blolly, beef tree 1.2 4.2 1.4 2.8 4.2 1.5 (Yoarrub a ion ifolia)

Plt~ece o tco ~os.catt Catclaw 1.2 0.1 P4 he Wu ~ sscceo ss Caephorweed 2.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.7

%. rosea Harsh fleabane 6.2 1.4 8.3 1.8 Lol~~aa sp. Hilkwort 0.5 0.1

~Pol aa acruciata i(a Hilkwort 1.4 0.2 P,.d a dtp)o a Hilkwort 1.4 1.4 0.3 Folygonux) sp. Knotweed, snartweed 1.0 0.1 Ponte er a lanceolata Pic'kerelweed 0.5 1.4 0.2 sp. Hennaid weed 4.2 2.8 0.9 a ustr s Swae)p s)e)maid 4.3 1.4 4.2 5.6 1.7

~st~~tet T)si ot)xe nududn

)ttt~ti 1 l Nhisk fern Mild coffee Brake fern 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.8 0.2 0.5 0.5

~ I~ ~ )V4" a ~

ll Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during 1972-1981.

(cont'd).

SPECIES COHHOH HAHE Fre uenc 1 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Hean Randia aculeata Vhi te indigoberry 0.5 1.4 4.2 2.8 2.8 5.6 1.9 Heado<< beauty 1.2 0.5 0.1 K. mariana Heado<< beauty 1.4 1.4 0.3 Khlzio zora ~esn le Red mangrove 50.0 46.2 36.1 50.0 29.2 31.9 33.3 37.5 27.8 38.0 us Spe Sumac 1.4 0.2

%h nchos ora sp. Beak rush 1 ~4 0.2 aba Ba setto Cabbage palm 13.4 4.3 23.6 12.5 8.3 9.7 8.3 8.3 6.9 10.6

~a Tats atia sp.

randiflora

~at~ctao a~ ta

~ 1 ifcoat eats Harsh pink Harsh pink Perennial glass<<ort 4.9 1.0 8.6 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.4 2.8 0.7 0.5 2.4

~t ca ~e 1 a Coastal plain <<Illo<< 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 camo us ebracteatus Hater pimpernel 1.4 1.4 0.3 3 aot Vhlte vine 1.4 0.2 Sect s t aataffoll s Brazilian pepper 6.1 5.7 1.4 6.9 5.6 6.9 6.9 8.3 5.2 Ya (no conson name) 1.0 6.9 6,9 8.3 8.3 12.5 4.9

~erenoa ~re ens Sa<< palmetto 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.4

~esuv um mar ttimum Sea purslane 5.6 4.2 1.1

'tet

~etar a sp.

~ct ortulacastrum c Sea purslane Foxtail grass Foxtail grass 1.2 6.2 0.5 1.4 0.8 0.2 0.1

%Rdx Spe Briar 3.7 0.4

~aurleuiata Earleaf briar 1.4 0.2 Y. bona-nox Green briar, 0.5 0.1 T. ~aur o Ia Bamboo vine 1.4 0.2 Tolaaa a atilt Nightshade 20.8 13.9 19.4 20.8 18.1 18.1 18.1 14.4

~er ant um Potato tree 13.4 8.1 2.4 (5H olf

~stT8 tcCC a 11 f Goldenrod 1.4 0.2

~t. tortf X~K tenandr o a sr~Sic um Sp.

s Goldenrod Hecklace pod Bro<<n dropseed (no common name) 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Suriana maritima Bay cedar 0.5 0.1 mf t t ~stat a 1 Vest indian mahogany 1.2 0.5 2,8 2.8 2.8. 2.8 2.8 2,8 2.1 un sa. Flame flo<<ers 1.4 0.2 an culatfxa Flam flo<<er 2.4 1.4 0.4 The ter S Sp. no canaon.name) 1.2 2.8 2,8 2.8 1.4 1.2

. au escens no conffon name) 1.4 0.2 Til ands>a albisiana Air plant 0.5 0.1 AII plant 2.8 4.2 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.4 T.

T. tl

~sc t Alr plant 1.4 0.2 T<<isted air plant 1.4 2.8 2,8 4.2 1.2 T. uutr ucu ata Air plant 2.4 0.3 T. ~e Soft-leaf air plant 1.4 0.2

~ I '( ~ l ~ tV4" ~ ~

'I i

~

'g i

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during 1972-1981.

(cont'd).

Sa SPECIES COHHON NAHE FRE ENCY aa 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 1978c 1979c 1980c 198lc Hean Toxicodendron radicans Poison ivy 6.1 7.1 1.4 2 8 1.4 2.8 4.2 2.9

~can aoa a a Nest Indian trefiaa 7.3 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4

~nfi crantha Florida trefiaa 4.9 2.9 1.4 1.4 2.8 2.8 1.5 a 7~5 sp. Cattail 2.8 1.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 . 2.8 1.7 T..dofialn inensis Southern cattail 0.5 0.1 Utr cu ar a sp. Bladderptort 1.4 0.2 papa Scentless vanilla 0.5 0.1 Verbena Iponanensis Vervain 1.9 0.2 nsas arear*a visa

~~as sp.

~sa Huscadine grass Shoestring fern Yellfibfi-eyed grass 2.4 3.7 5.7 1.4 1.4 4.2 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 4.2 1.4 2.8 5.6 1.4 2.9 1.0 6.2 revifolia Yellou-eyed grass 4,2 1.4 0.6 p~~co ~aa a NI Id lice 0.5 0.1 TOTAL NUHBER OF SPECIES OBSERVED ANHUALLY 56 . 88 76 36 56 66 67 66 67 CUHULATIVE NUHBER OF SPECIES OBSERVED 56 105 138 140 155 167 177 179 186 aTurkey Point site prior to construction of the cooling canal systea (ABI, 1978a.)

bSouth Dade site adjacent to the cooling canal systea (ABI, 1978b,)

clurkey Point site, annual operational aanltoring (FPL, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980.)

dihe naafie In parentheses Is a synbnyfia for the species praceedlng It In the list, according to Long and Lakela (1971).

fi These synonyafiS appear in sofine Of the cited references. a Neu species found In 1981.

Long and Lakela (1971) do not give cocvaon nafinas for these unconfien species.

~

') ap ~ psa"- o ~

lt l

Table 2. Comparisons of yearly frequency data at the Turkey Point Plant from 1975 to 1981.

COMMON NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES FRE UENCIES 1975-1976a 1977b 1978b 1979b 1980b 1981b Saw grass Cl adium 81.9 81.9 86.1 84.7 83.3 84.7 Buttonwood ~Conocar us 80.5 70.8 77.8 73.6 70.8 69.4 White mangrove ~L 27.1 41.7 33.3 29.2 29.2 33.3 Aster Aster 0 7* 30.6 29.2 27.8 29.2 30.6 Red mangrove ~Rhizo hora 43.7 29.2 31.9 33.3 37.5 27.8 Glades morning gl ory ~iomoea 8* 8.3* 20.8 1.4* 9.7 20.8 Rush Juncos 18.0 13.9 19.4 22.2 19.4 19.4 Nightshade Solanum 17.3 19.4 20.8 18.1 18.1 18.1 Salt grass Distichilis 4 9* 18.1 18.1 19.4 18.0 18.1 Clubrush Eleocharis 2.1* 12.5 12.5 13.9 11.1 15.3 Schoenus Schoenus 0 0* 6.9 6.9 8.3 8.3 12.5 Climbing hempvine Mikania Q 0* 1.4* 1.4* 4* 6.9 12.5 Groundsel Baccharis spp. 3 5* 11.1 16.8 18.1 14.0 11.2 Blechnum fern Blechnum 19.4 6.9 8.3 5.6 9.7 11.1 Australian pine Casuarina 13.2 8.3 12.5 9.7 9.7 11.1 Leather fern'ea Acrostichum 24.3* 6.9 12.5 11.1 12.5 8.3 daisy Borrichia 2.8 12.5 12.5 9.7 12.5 8.3 Poisonwood ~Nato 3.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 9.7 8.3 Myrsine ium'Nrsine 4.9 5.6 8.3 6.9 8.3 8.3 Wax myrtle ~Nrica 7.6 6.9 6.9 5.6 6.9 8.3 Brazilian pepper Schinus 0 7* 6.9 5.6 6.9 6.9 8.3 Fleabane Pluchea spp. 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 8.3 Cabbage palm Sabal 18.0 8.3 9.7 8.3 8.3 6.9 St. John's wort ~Hericum 0.0* 6.9 6.9 Q Q* 2.7 6.9 .

~ I'I el ~ ~ s4I" . ~

Table 2. Comparisons of yearly frequency data at the Turkey Point Plant from 1975 to (cont'd) 1981.

COMMON NAMES SCIENTIFIC NAMES FRE UENCIES 1975-1976 1977b 1978 1979 1980b 1981 Loosestrife ~Lthrum 0.0* 0 0* 0.0* 4* 1.4* 6.9 Red bay Persea 5.6 4.2 1.4* 1.4* 4.2 6.9 Mermaid weed Proser inaca spp. 0.0* 1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.6 White indigo berry Ran ia 0.0* 1.4 4.2 2.8 2.8 5.6 Muscadine grape Vitis 1.4 0.0 4.2 2.8 4.2 5.6 aPre-freeze years.

bPost-freeze years.

• Significant difference from 1981 frequencies (G-test, P<0.05).

Il 1

Table 3. Comparisons of 1981 operational monitoring and baseline frequencies at the Turkey Point Plant during 1972, 1974 and 1981.

COMMON NAMES SCIENTIFIC'AMES FRE UENCIES G-TEST 1972a 1974b 1981 . 1981-1974 1981-1972 Saw grass Cladium 74.4 44.3 84.7 9 2* 0.4 Buttonwood Conocarpus 65.1 30.5 69.4 5 6* 0.1*

Red mangrove Rhizophora 50.0 46.2 27.8 1.6 4.6 White mangrove Laguncularia 9.8 34.8 33.3 0.0 9*

Rush Juncus 15.9 17.6 19.4 0.0 0.2 Salt grass ..Distichilis 0.7 49.0 18.1 5 2* 6.1*

Leather fern Acrostichum 15.9 10.0 8.3 O.l 2.0 Australian pine Casuarina 12.2 5.7 11.1 0.7 0.0 Sea daisy Borrichia 6.1 16.2 8.3 2.0 0.2 Cabbage palm Sabal 13.4 4.3 6.9 0.3 1.8 Poisonwood Metopium 4.9 1.9 8.3 4 0* 0.2 Brazilian pepper Schinus 6.1 5.7 8.3 0.2 0.2 Blechnum fern Blechnum 9.8 5.2 11.1 2.2 0.1 aTurkey Point baseline data (ABI, 1978a).

South Dade baseline data (ABI, 1978b)..

• Significant at P<0.05.

~ I') ~g~ o (f) ~~ ~

> o

l Table 4. Volume-density index of grassland transects at the Turkey Point Canal System during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS.

Al A2 Bl B2 C1 - C2 D1 D2 1di J 13 449 1,271 0 722 3,105 3,013 8,326 3,333 6,200 2,341 3 4,521 4,100 3,300 4,227 2,741 5,087 3,767 3,283 3,109 1,755 2,876 15,480 0 382 4,058 72 304 6,851 485 61 0 0 413 574 0 200 0 0 8,748 0 815 6,217 703 0 304 0 Juncus roemeri anus 166 212 36 228 219 2 0 0 0 0 11 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster sp. 0 0 6 <1 0 0 1 0 3 0 3 1 Distichlis ~s icata 0 0 <1. 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eleocharis cellulosa 242 160 . 41 16 31 36 77 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 29 I 's ~ sill ' ~ ~

5 Table 4. Volume-density index of grassland transects at the Turkey Point Canal System during (cont'd). 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT uadrats A1 Bl B2 C1 C2 DI 02

~Tiha sp. 0 70S 367 0 0 0 0 0 0

~I bmoea ~aa ittata 0 0 0 36 0 0

<1 0 <1

~RI i* h 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~ II aa ~ a'I4 ~ ~ '

II Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 .

D1 D2 C1 di j 2 4,469 -2,025 3,222 10,135 8,183 11,385 3,632 7,862 4 3,564 4,279 4,919 37,673 626 6,450 2,079 20578 6 12,214 8,484 4,961 7,238 381 26 2,704 3,417 2 1,081 113,490 2,867 40038 26,942 3,050 2,864 2,492 4 43,173 7,725 21,113 35,435 828 57,960 1,755 5,271 6 107 545 24,255 194 0 346,199 3,723 191

~hi* h 2 0 0 0 7,949 1,558 4 854 3,102 0 0 0 6 0 9,943 0 0 0 2 14 1,552 0 173 12,674 12,920 240 0 0 0 0 86,400 399 0 6 0 0 2,739 0 0 0 0

~b1 d 2 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 5 0 813 97 4,048 185 6 50 0 186 156 33 0 61 Acrostichum aureum 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,581 0 4,084 6 0 1 331 0 0 0 RL b1 ~iii 2 0 0

0 0

0 11 6 0 0 0

Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A1 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 Aster sp. 0 0

0.

Bl'echnum serrul atum 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 0 3,421 614 440 6 470 535 5 525 0 Sabal ~almetto 0 0 0 0 0 0 100,238 2595200 78,400 46963 0 14,700 c aai f li 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 261 0 80,928 336,824 22

~Heto ium toxiferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 11,941 17,502 20,662 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 873 450 15,088 53 740 558

~,2hh11 h id 0 0 0 0 2,430 361

0 Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 Schi nus terebi nthi fpl i us 2 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 2 6 0 2,696 0' 22 1,719

~Mica ceri fera 0 0 0 0 0 45 201 0 0 7,261 477 2,388 Baccharis spp. 0 0 0

<1 89 2,609 162 0 0 0 0 Chiococca alba 0 0 0 0 31 24

~Lwdwi ia spp. 2

<1 0 ~

~Pi H1 0 28 0

0

~

0 0

0 <1 16

~ I') ~

s(r

• I~

Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES .TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Swietenia ~maha oni 0 0 0 0 127,294 18,670 iiii T i. 2 0 4 <1 6 0

~Di holis salioifolia 0 0

0

~Eo enia spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 27 327 Ilex cassine 0 0 612 0 0 0 4 0 0 Lantana involucrata 0 0 0 0

ii '0 0 0 0 281

~Ei ~I11lf ii - 2 0 0

<1 29 0 -0

'a ~ sf r' ~

Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECl UADRATS Al 82 C1 C2 Dl D2 Hikania scandens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 <1 0 <1

<1 0 0 0 <1 <1 Ph'lebodium sp. 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0- <1 Salix caroliniana 2 0 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 1,125 0 0 0

~1b 1i ~h11 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 376 0 Trema micrantha 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 128 0 0 <1 Galium obtusum 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 <1 Persea borbonia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 0 0 6 0 0 0 675 4,124

Table 5. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 L ~ih1 2 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 0 0 0 0 15 Randia aculeata 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,793 289 33 40 6 0 0 0 0 -0 0 0 Pisonia discolor 2 0 0 0 .0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 <1 0 <1 Rhus sp. 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 <1 0 '0. 0 0 0 Pluchea rosea 0 0 0 0 0, 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 2 107 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 Annona ~labra 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0

~l omoea ~aa ittata 2' 0 2 0 0 0

<1 <1 <1 .0 <1 0 0 0 0 0

~ I') 'I ~ afr r~

I

~

~

I L

l i

g i

~

~

~

~

i

~

Table 5. Volume-density-index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 01 02 Vitis rotundifolia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 Habenaria sp. 2. 0 0 0 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0 t

~Lthrum el atum 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~Cess tha filifurmis -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vittaria lineata 6

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0'0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 <1 0 0 0

~Hericum sp. 2 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

~ii ~ii ii ii 6

2 6

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 28,927 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

1 0

0 0

I r

i l

~

I

~

~

~

i

~

I

Table 6 ~ Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System during 1981 ~

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A1 A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 7 5,830 2,083 60348 3,030 3,555 3,962 0 65 8 3,917 3,824 ~

1,230 5,287 1,830 917 0 0 9

0 0 0 15 0 0 0 7 0 1,042 0 876 707 770 225 65 8 1,948 1,725 20,054 12,497 7,499 9, 224 0 0 9 0 0 380 179 3,145 2,573 0 0 CQ ~Rhi h 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 12 5 240 0 0 1,603 199 677 I

CO 9 45,182 11,583 15,521 17,461 2,895 23,110 4,659 9,186 7 0 0 0 0 8 94 -

49 8 0 0 366 5,449 1,688 3,421 3,429 9 5,015 1,876 59 0 45 335 555 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 46 435 9 =-

0 0 0 0 Juncus roemeri anus 7 0 0 0 0 8 159 451 34 233 9 0 0 0 0 s I') egi ~ gg.) ~ ~

~,

I Table 6. Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Acrostichum aureum 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 440 0 0 0 0 9 25,609 0 0. 0. 0 0 0 0 Aster sp. 7 0 5 1 8 <1 0 0 9 0 0 <1 C i ~iaaf 1i 7 8 14,456 0

99,225 0 0 0 57,600 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

9 -

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Distichilis ~s icata 7 0 0 0 0 0 139 104 8 0 0 0 0 0 69 67 9 0 30 10 16 34 58 57 Borrichia frutescens 7 0 0 0 0 19 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 16. 6 0 Schnenns ~ni ricans 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 = 0 23 0. 0 63 0 9 0 9 957 .75 132 205 <1

~ I I ~ I~ ~

sfr ~

I Table 6. Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System (cont'd) during 1981.

SPECIES TRANSECT A1 A2 Bl B2 UADRATS C1 C2 '1 D2 Avicennia ~erminans 0 0 0 0 0 0 286 96 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saiicornia ~vir inica 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 67 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~i omoea ~sa ittata 7 2 0 0 0 13 <1 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~Heri corn op. 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 0 0

.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schinus terebinthifolius 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 El eochari s cel lul osa 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 '0 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7. Analysis of variance for long-term changes in bio-mass of the 12 most corrmon species at the Turkey Point Plant during 1975-1981.

, SCIENTIFIC SPECIES NAMES F-RATIO Year x b

Years Distance distance Saw grass Cladium 3.42* 6.75* 0.23 Buttonwood ~C 6.59* 6.35* 1.44 Red mangrove ~hi

• 4.90* 2 37 0.83 Mhite mangrove Lan uncularia 1.40 0.57 0.97 Nightshade Solanum 0.99 1.21 0.42 Rush Juncua 1.61 5.56* 0.45 Leather fern Acrostichum 2.51* 8.81* 0.75 Aster Aster 3.50* 2.25 0.84 Blechnum fern Blechnum 1.80 3.08 0.39 Cabbage palm Sabal 2.09 1.25 '.00 Australian pine Casuarina 0.18 13.05* 0.76 Salt grass Distich111s 1.45 2.83 0.22 Degrees of 6 3 18 freedom

• Significant at P<0.05.

aAnalysis of variance indicates a change in biomass but does not give the di rection of the change over time or with distance. That infor-mation is obtained by examination of each species (see text).

bA significant value (*) indicates a change, in biomass from 1975 to 1981.

cA significant value (+) indicates a change in biomass between vegeta-tion adjacent to the cooling canal system and that farther away from the system.

III.B.2-51

3. Annual Aerial Photograph Analyses (ETS 4.2.2.1)

The 1981 Turkey Point study aerial photograph taken in November 1981 showed healthy and vigorous vegetative growth to the east, south and west of the canal system. Since the aerial photograph of last year (taken February 1981), no change was evident in the cover and vigor of either mangrove swamps to the east and south of the canal system or the fresh-water saw grass marshes to the west.

In March 1981, brush fires swept through much of the sawgrass marshes and tree islands west of the canal system (Figure 4, Section 4.2.2.3). Because of rapid revegetation, fire impact on vegetation was no longer evident in the November 1981 aerial photograph. For example, a comparison of burned marsh areas west and north of the cooling canal system with unaffected areas west and south, showed no distinct color variations indicative of differences in vegetation growth or cover. On the other hand, the area immediately adjacent to both Canal L-31 and the Turkey. Point system appeared darker blue than that further west along most of the canal system length. This was probably due to high water that reflects dark blue on color infrared film. In general, the growth.

condition of sawgrass marshes did not change between 1980 and 1981 as indicated by low infrared reflectance on both photgraphs. The light to dark pink colors of tree islands and strands signified healthy and vigorous vegetative growth.

III.B.3-1,

Infrared reflectance remained low along several canal banks in the middle of the northern half of the cooling canal system. This suggested continued decreased productivity of the exotic Australian pines growing on the spoil berms. To prevent invasion of natural vegetation by this exotic species, Australian pines inside the canal system have been treated with herbicides. No significant changes were evident in canal embankment vegetation between l 980 and l 981.

III.B.3-2

I V. LITERATURE CITED APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 1975.

APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

15th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 1980.

Applied Biology, Inc. Evaluation of ecological studies conducted at Turkey Point and the South Dade area. Atlanta, Georgia; 1978a.

Applied Biology, Inc. Baseline ecological study of a subtropical terrestrial biome in southern Dade'ounty, Florida. Atlanta, Georgia; 1978b.

ASTM Comnittee 0-19 on water. 1980 annual book of ASTM standards part 31-water. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 1980.

Bader, R.G. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Miami, Florida: Institute of Marine Sciences, Univ. of Miami; 1969.

Bader, R.G.; Roessler, M.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1971.

,Bader, R.G.; Roessler, M.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1972.

Bandy, O.L.; Ingle, J.C.; Resig, J.M. Modification of foraminiferal distribution by the Orange County outfall, California: Ocean Sci. Ocean Engr.; 1965; 1:54-76.

Black, C.A. Soil-plant relationships. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1968.

Bohlke, J.E.; Chaplin, C.C.G. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters: Academy of Natural Sciences; 1968.

Brady, N.C. The nature and properties of soil. New York: MacMillian Publishing Company; 1974.

Brooks, R.R.; Presley, B.J.; Kaplan, I.R. Trace elements in the interstitial waters of marine sediments.: Geochim. Cosmochim.

Acta.; 1968; 32:397-414.

ZV.A-1

IV. LITERATURE CITED (Cont'd)

Burt, W.H.; Grossengerder, R.P. A field guide to the mammals, field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico.

Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1976.

Collier, B.D.; Cox, G.W.; Johnson, A.W.; Miller, P.C. Dynamic ecology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.;

1973.

Conant, R. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1975.

Conover, J. Seasonal growth of benthic marine plants as related to environmental factors in an estuary. Port Arkansas, Texas:

Institute of Marine Science, Univ. of Texas; 1958.

Craighead, F.C. The trees of South Florida, Vol. 1. The natural environments and their succession. Coral Gables, Florida:

Univ. of Miami Press; 1971.

E.P.A., Office of Research and Development. Weber, C. I., editor.

Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents: Cincinnati, Ohio:

EPA; 1973.

E.P.A., Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Cincinnati, Ohio:

EPA; 1979.

Florida Power 8 Light Co. Turkey Point Units 3 8 4 semi-annual environmental monitoring report nos. 1-12. Miami, Florida; 1973-1978.

Florida Power 8 Light Co. Turkey Point Plant annual non-radiological monitoring report nos. 13-15. Miami, Florida; 1979-1981.

Goldberg, E.D., editor. The sea. Vol. 5. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons; 1974.

Greig-Smith, P. guantitative plant ecology.'nd ed. New York, N.Y.:

Plenum Press; 1964.

Gunter, G. Temperature. Treatise on Marine Ecology and Palaeoecology.:

Geological Society of America Memoir; 1957; 1:587-608.

Hartmann, H.; Kester, D. Plant propagation principles and practices.

3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1975.

IV.A-2

IY. LITERATURE CITED (Cont'd)

Holme, N.A.; McIntyre, A.D. Methods for the study of marine benthos; IBP Handbook no. 16: Blackwell's Oxford; 1971.

Jackson, M.L. Soil chemistry analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1958.

Kale, H., editor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, birds, Vol.

2. Gainesvi lie, Florida: University Presses of Florida; 1978.

Kester, D.R.; Pytkowicz, R.M. Determination of the apparent dis-sociation constants of phosphoric acid in seawater: Limnol.

and Oceang.; 1967; 12:243-252.

Layne, J., editor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, mammals, Vol. 1. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida; 1978.

Lloyd, M; Ghelardi, R.J. A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity: J. Anim. Ecol.; 1964; 33:217-225.

Lloyd, M.; Zar, J.H.; Karr, J.R. On the calculation of information-theoretical measures of diversity: Amer. Mid. Natur.; 1968; 79(2):257-272.

Long, R.W.; Lakela, 0. A flora of tropical Florida. Coral Gables, Florida: Univ. of Miami Press; 1971.

Markowski, S. Observations on the response of some benthonic organisms to power station cooling water: J. Anim. Ecol.; 1960; 29(2):249-357.

Mayer, A.G. The effects of temperature upon tropical marine animals.:

Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory; 1914; 6:1-24.

McDiarmid, R., editor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, amphi-bians, & reptiles, Vol. 3. Gainesville, Florida: Univ.

Presses of Florida; 1978.

Naylor, E. Effects of heated effluents upon marine and estuarine organisms.: Advances in Marine Biology; 1965; 1:63-103.

NESP. National environmental studies. Environmental impact monitoring of nuclear power plants: Source book of monitoring methods.

Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Laboratories; 1975.

Nugent, R.S., Jr. The effects of thermal effluent on some of the macrogauna of a subtropical estuary. Miami, Florida: Sea Grant Tech. Bull. No. 1, Univ. of Miami; 1970.

IV.A-3

IY. LITERATURE CITED (Cont'd)

Pearson, E.S.; Hartley, H.O., editors. Biometrika tables for statisticians, Yol. 1. Cambridge, MA.: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1966.

Perkins, E.J. The biology of estuaries and coastal waters. London, England: Academic Press; 1974.

Peterson, R. A field guide to the birds. 2nd revised ed. Boston, MA:

Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1980.

Reish, D.J. An ecological study of lower San Gabriel River, California, with special reference to pollution: Calif. Fish Game; 1956; 42:53-61.

Reish, D.J. An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, California: Allan Hancock Occ. Paper 22; 1959.

Robbins, C.S.; Bruun, B.; Zin, H.A. A guide to field identification, birds of North America. New York: Golden Press.; 1966.

Roessler, M.A.; Tabb, D.C. Studies of effects of thermal pollution in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Washington, D.C.: USEPA, Office of Research and Development; 1974; EPA-660/3-74-1003.

RSMAS. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of 'Miami for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power and Light'ompany; 1971.

RSMAS. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound chemistry appendices. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power and Light Company; 1972.

Ryther, J.H.; Yentsch, C.S. The estimation of phytoplankton production in the ocean from chlorophyll and light data: Limnol. and Oceanogr.; 1957; 2:281-286.

SAS. SAS user's guide,

1979 edition. Raleigh, N.C.: SAS Institute; 1979.

Segar, D.A.; Gerchakov, S.N.; Johnson, T.S. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, chemistry appendices.

Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1971.

Sokal, R.R.; Rohlf, F.J. Biometry. San Francisco, California:

W.H. Freeman and Company; 1969.

IV.A-4

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

IV. LITERATURE CITED Sorensen, T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant society based on similarity of species content: K.

Oanske Vidensk. Selsk; 1948; 5:134.

Stallings, J.H. Soil conservation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1957.

Strickland, J.D.; Parsons, J.D. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Ottawa, Canada: Fish Res. Bd. Bulletin no. 167; 1972.

Tabb, D.C.; Roessler, M.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1970.

Thorstenson, D.C. Equilibrium distribution of small organic molecules in natural waters: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.; 1970; 34:700-745.

UCLA. Biomedical data programs, p series. Berkeley, California:

Univ., of California Press; 1977.

UNESCO. Zooplankton fixation and preservation. Paris, France: The UNESCO Press; 1976.

Warinner, J.E.; Brehmer, M.L. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Lafayette, Indiana: Proc. 19th Industrial Conf. Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser.; 1965; 117:479-492.

Warinner, J.E.; Brehmer, M.L. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms: Air Water Poll. Int. J.; 1966; 10:277-289.

Williams, G.E., III. New techniques to facilitate handpicking macrobenthos: Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.; 1974; 93(2)220-226.

Yentsch, C.S.; Hebard. A gauge for determining plankton volume by the Mercury Immersion Method: Journal du Consiel, Vol. XXII, No. 2; 1957.

IV.A-5

I I

I I

I I

I I

I

V. CHANGES IN SURVEY PROCEDURES (ETS 5.4. I (3))

Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.I.2)

The lower limit of detection for zinc was changed from 0.02 mg/I in l 980 to 0.005 mg/I in I 98 I following "detectable limit evaluations" conducted by the Power Resources Test Laboratory.

The chemical oxygen demand methodology was changed from Standard Methods Procedure 508 (APHA, l976) to the E.P.A. Approved Hach Microdigestion Procedure.

Revegetation of the Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2)

b. Soil Chemistry The soil sample collection method was changed in November l98 I from a geotome to a I I/4" X I8" JMC sampling tube and N-3 backsaver handle. The depth of sample collection was not changed.

d. Faunal Survey The common name, Yellow Shafted Flicker, has been changed to the Common Flicker; the binomial name remains the same. This change is in accordance with the American Ornithologists Union (A.O.U.).

V. A-1

I i

t

~

l I

I

VI. STUDIES NOT REQUIRED BY THE ETS (5.4. I.(4))

A. AMERICAN CROCODILE STUDIES-SITE MANAGEMENTPROGRAM Site Management Program for the endangered American Crocodile,

~Crocod lus acutus, at the Turkey Point Power Plant Site draft report, February l982 B. AMERICAN CROCODILE STUDIES-POPULATION STUDIES The population of the American Crocodile, ~Cracod lus acutus (Reptilia, Crocodilidae) at the Turkey Point Power Plant Site - Annual Report, January l982 C. HEAVY METALS BIOACCUMULATIONSTUDIES Heavy metals bioaccumulation in Turkey Point Cooling Canal System from a vertebrate organism and an invertebrate organism V1.A-1

Vll. VlOLATIONS OF THE ETS (ETS 5.4. I (5))

No violations of the ETS occurred during l98I at the Turkey Point Plant relative to the cooling canal system operation.

VIX.A-1

I jI