ML17340A922

Nonradiological Environ Monitoring Rept,1980.

ML17340A922
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	03/31/1981
From:	FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO.
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FLORIDA POllER E( LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT ANNUAL NON-RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT 1980

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TABLE OF CONTENTS I., Introduction II. Abiotic Monitoring II.A.1-1 A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1) II.A.1-1 B. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2) II.B.l-l III. Biotic Monitoring I I I .A. 1-1 A. Aquatic Environment III.A.1-1 1 ~ Plankton (ETS 4.1.1.1.1) III.A.1-1

a. Zoopl ankton III.A.1-1 Physical data III.A.1-1 Nutrient data III.A.1-5 Organisms III.A.1-9

b. Phytopl ankton III.A.1-25 Chlorophyll-a, Biomass, and Primary Productivity III.A.1-25 Organisms III.A.1-37

2. Fish (ETS 4.1.1,1.2) III.A.2-1

3. Benthos (ETS 4.1.1.1.3) III.A.3-1

a. Characteristics of the sediments III.A.3-1

b. Benthic organisms III.A.3-32

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal Oischarge Area (ETS 4.1.1.1.4) III.A.4-1

5. Grasses and Macrophyton invasion/

Revegetation (ETS 4.2.2.2) III.A.5-1

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6. Groundwater Program (ETS 4.1.1.2) III.A.6-1 B. Terrestrial Environment II I.B. 1 -1

1. Revegetation of the Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.1) III.B.l-l

a. Natural Revegetation III.B.'l-l

b. Soil Chemistry III.B.1-17

c. Soil Erosion III.B.1-27

c. faunaI Survey III.B.1-39

2. Sampling of Soil 5 Vegetation Mest and South of the Cooling Canal System (ETS 4.2.2.3) III.B.2-1

a. Soil Study III.B.2-1

b. Vegetation Study III.B.2-7

3. Annual Aerial Photograph Analysis (ETS 4.2.2.1) III.B.3-1 IY. Changes in Survey Procedures (ETS 5.4.1(3)) IV.A-1 A. Sediment & Interstitial Mater Sampling Procedure (ETS 4.1.1.1.3) IY.A-1 Y. Studies not required by the ETS (ETS 5.4,1.(4)) V.A-1 A. American Crocodile Studies-Site Management Program V.A-1 B. American Crocodile Studies-Population Studies V.A-1 C. Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation Studies V.A-1 VI. Violation of the ETS (ETS 5.4.1(5)) VI.A-1 VII. Unusual events, Changes to ETS, Permits or Certificates (ETS 5.0) VII.A-l A. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit YII.A-1 B. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Permit VII.A-1 11

K I. INTRODUCTION This report is submitted in accordance with Section 5.4.1 of Appendix B to Operating Licenses DPR-31 arid DPR-41. It constitutes the Annual l)on-Radiological Environmental tlonitoring Report for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1980.

8 II. ABIOTIC MONITORING A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1)

Introduction This monitoring provides temperature data for the power plant intake and discharge circulating cooling water.

Materials and Methods Data are collected continuously at each station by an array of three R.T.D.s (Resistance Temperature Devices) and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax 250 Chart Recorder. The inlet temperature monitoring system is located at the intake canal of Units 3 and 4. The discharge temperature monitoring system is located at the outlet end of the Lake Warren basin (Figure 1). Data are summarized hourly.

Results and Discussion Tables 1 through 12 present a summary of the Units 3 and 4 inlet and Lake Warren outlet mean condenser cooling water temperatures for the period from January 1, 1980 through December 31, 1980. A com-parison of modal temperatures for inlet and outlet appear in Figure 2 and demonstrates the most frequent temperature difference (at) across the plant.

Conclusions The temperature data observed during 1980 showed no unusual occurrences nor did they differ significantly from previous years.

E Outlet Station Inl,et Station Lake Warren Power Plant

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IIBIIII ill llll llll SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1, Temperature monitoring stations for the Turkey Point Cool.ing Canal'ystem 1980.

5 110 105 100 95 4

O LU 5 90 85 80 75 70 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Months Figure 2. Modal temperatures for inlet(o) and outlet (a) by month, Turkey Point Power Plant 1980.

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Table 1. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for January 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE HARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumul a ted of- Temperature Accumulated Hours oF Time - I Hours 0F Time 0 81 0.0 0 96 0.0 13 80 1.7 16 95 2.2 39 79 7.0 36 94 7.0 68 78 16. 1 44 93 12.9 96 77 29. 0 30 92 16.9 73 76 38.8 57 91 24.6 144 75 58.2 83 90 35.8 82 74 69.2 86 89 47.3 21 73 72.0 79 88 57.9 30 72 76.1 29 87 61.8 39 71 81.3 37 86 66.8 42 70 87.0 29 85 70.7 16 69 89.1 42 84 76.3 29 68 93.0 45 83 82.4 21 67 95.8 49 82 89..0 20 66 98.5 29 81 92. 9 6 65 99.3 28 80 96.6 5 64 100.0 16 79 98.8 4 78 99.3 5 77 100.0

Table 2. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for February 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE LlARR t OU Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Tempera ture Accumulated Hours OF Time - X Hours 0F Time - X 0 85 0.0 0 101 0.0 4 84 0.6 3 100 0.4 17 83 3.0 9 99 1.7 30 82 7.3 17 98 4.2 11 81 8.9 ll 97 5.7 19 80 11.6 ll 96 .7.3 30 79 15.9 22 95 10.5 54 78 23.7 15 94 12.6 38 77 29.2 19 93 15.4 45 76 35.6 17 92 ]7.8 34 75 40. 5 32 91 22.4 53 74 48.1 19 90 25.1 5.1 73 55. 5 39 89 30.7 50 72 62. 6 53 88 38.4 55 71 70. 5 67 87 48.0 31 70 75.0 71 86 58.2 28 69 79. 0 40 85 63. 9 39 68 84. 6 23 84 67.2 87.4 68.7 19 16 67 66 89.7 10 19 '2 83

71. 4 17 65 92.1 12 81 73.1 22 64 '5.3 44 80 79 5~

14 63 97.3 33 79 84. 2 16 62 99.6 31 78 88. 6

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Table 2. Temperature Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point (CONT'D) Power Plant's circulating cooling water for February 1980.

UNITS 3 5 4 INLET LAKE l<ARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours F Ti me Hours OF Time 61 100. 0 24 77 92.1 14 76 94.1 5 75 94. 8 11 74 96. 4 20 73 99.3 3 72 99.7 2 71 100.0

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Table 3. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for March 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE NARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours 0F Time - X Hours F Time - X, 0 89 0.0 0 104 0.0 16 88 2.2 17 103 2.3 24 87 5.4 22 102 5.2 32 86 9.7 46 101 11.4 78 85 20. 2 88 100 23.3 98 84 33.3 90 99 35.3 109 83 48.0 60 98 43.4 55 82 55.4 71 97 53.0 60 81 63.4 68 96 62.1 58 80 71. 2 54 95 69.4 48 79 77.7 45 94 75.4 29 78 81.6 34 93 80.0 22 77 84.5 24 92 83.2 22 76 87.5 26 91 86.7 10 75 88.8 13 90 88.4 6 74 89.7 8 89 89.5 9 73 90.9 5 88 90.2 4 72 91.4 ll 87 91.7 5 71 92.1 10 86 93.0 7 70 93. 0 5 85 93.7 3 69 93.4 5 84 94.4 8 68 94. 5 2 83 94.6 5 67 95. 2 2 82 94.9 21 66 98. 0 7 81 95.8 3 65 98. 4 10 80 97.2

Table 3. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point (CONT'D) Power Plant's circulating cooling water for March .1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours OF Time - X Hours 0F Time - I 10 64 99. 7 79 97.7 2 63 100. 0 78 98.3 77 98.4 75 99 '

74 99.3 73 100.0

Table 4. Temperature - Time Ouration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for April 1980.

UNITS 3 & 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours 0F Tlme- Hours 0F Time - X 0 90 0.0 0 106 0 0

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8 89 1.1 9 105 1.3 20 88 3.9 20 104 4.0 40 87 9.5 24 103 7.4 44 86 15. 6 28 102 11.3 67 85 25.0 54 101 18.8 96 84 38.4 75 100 29.3 ~

105 83 53. 0 88 99 41.6 98 82 66. 7 67 98 50.9 70 81 76.4 75 97 61. 4 66 80 85.6 58 96 69.5 36 79 90.7 57 95 77.4 31 78 95. 0 42 94 83.3 24 77 98.3 19 93 85.9 9 76 99.6 29 92 90 '

3 75 100.0 25 91 93.4 8v 90 94.6 8 89 95.7 10 88 97.1 6 87 97. 9 5 86 98.6 8 85 99.7 2 84 100.0

ee OO W Table 5. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for May 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE l<ARREN OUTLET Number Number of Tempera ture Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours OF Time - X, Hours .0F Time 90 0.0 '0 106 0.0 0

26 89 3.5 6 105 0.8 55 88 10. 9 44 104 6.7 76 87 21.1 69 103 16.0 76 86 31. 3 47 102 22.3 61 85 39 5 36 101 27.2 77 84 49. 9 80 100 37.9 89 83 61. 8 53 99 45.0 112 82 76. 9 59 98 - 53.0 89 81 88.8 83 97 64.1 55 80 96. 2 67 96 73.1 28 79 100. 0 62 95 81.5 33 94 85.9 24 93 89.1 92 89.7

'2 91 89. 9 1 90 90.1 4 89 90.6 23 88 93.7 14 87 95.6 25 86 98.9 3 85 99.3 4 84 99.9 1 83 100.0

Table 6. Temperature Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for June 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours oF Time X Hours OF Time - X 0 95 0.0 0 ill 0.0 28 94 3.9 1 110 0.1 72 93 13. 9 31 109 4 93 92 26.8 48 108 11.1 56 91 34.6 62 107 19.7 60 90 42.9 38 106 25. 0 75 89 53.3 67 105 34. 3 56 88 61.1 65 104 43.3 60 87 69.4 80 103 54.4 33 86 74.0 53 102 61.8 66 85 83.2 42 101 67.6 66 84 92.4 41 100 73.3 34 83 97.1 42 99 79.2 17 82 99.4 23 98 82.4 81 100. 0 25 97 85.8 21 96 88.7 37 95 93.9 22 94 96.9 15 93 99 '

7 92 100.0

5 Table 7 ~ Temperature Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating coolina water for July 1980.

UNITS 3 & 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours OF Time - X Hour s OF Time - I 0 97 0.0 0 112 0.0 15 96 2.0 6 ill 0.8 52 95 9.0 33 110 5.2 138 94 27.6 95 109 18.0 117 93 43.3 108 108 32.5 78 92 53.8 101 107 46.1 94 91 66. 4 107 106 60.5 79 90 77. 0 76 105 70.7 73 89 86. 8 48 104 77.2 43 88 92.6 52 103 84.1 50 87 99.3 62 102 92.5 5 86 100.0 26 101 96.0 13 100 97.7 17 99 100.0

Table 8. Temperature - Time Ouration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for August 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET. LAKE l!ARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours Of Time Hours OF Time -  %%d 0 96 0.0 0 111 0.0 30 95 4.0 32 110 4.3 86 94 15 ' 87 109 16. 0 157 93 36.7 111 108 30. 9 121 92 53.0 156 107 51. 9 161 91 74.6 129 106 69. 2 89 90 86.6 80 105 80.0 19 89 89 F 1 73 104 89.8 49 88 95.7 30 103 93.8 20 87 98.4 19 102 96.4 12 86 100.0 17 101 98.7 2 100 98.9 1 99 99.1 1 98 99.2 4 97 99.7 2 96 100.0

Table 9. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power.Plant's circulating cooling water for September 1980.

UNITS 3 & 4 INLET LAKE lNRREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Tempera ture Accumulated Hours 0F Time - I Hours QF Time - I 0 94 0.0 0 109 0.0 4 93 0.6 39 108 5.4 71 92 10. 4 97 107 18.9 171 91 34.2 124 106 36.1 168 90 57.5 118 105 52.5 147 89 77.9 113 104 68.2 70 88 87.6 96 103 81. 5 37 87 92.8 45 102 87.8 37 86 97.9 41 101 93.5 15 85 100. 0 21 100 96.4 17 99 98.7 5 98 99.4 4 97 100.0

I Table 10. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for October 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 'NLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours Of Time - X Hours of Time - X 0 93 0.0 0 109 0.0 30 92 4.0 33 108 4 47 91 10.4 16 107 6.6 17 90 12.7 25 106 10. 0 37 89 17.6 27 105 13.6 54 88 24.9 29 104 17.5 97 87 38.0 45 103 23.6 81 86 48.9 48 102 30 '

81 85 59.8 50 101 36.7 67 84 68.8 71 100 46.3 29 83 72.7 55 99 53.7 53 82 79.8 44 98 59.6 76 81 90.0 46 97 65.8 44 80 96.0 50 96 72.5 26 79 99.5 32 95 76.9 3 78 99 ' 49 94 83.4 1 76 100.0 27 93 87.1 20 92 89.8 15 91 91.8 26 90 95.3 ll 89 96.8 5 88 97.4 2 87 97.7 3 86 98.1 4 85 98.7 6 84 99.5 3 83 99.9 1 7 100.0

Table 11. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulating cooling water for November 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number

. of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours OF Time - X Hours OF Time 88 0.0 0 102 0.0 16 87 2.2 12 101 1.7 3 86 2.6 22 100 4.7 3 85 3.1 47 99 11.2 44 84 9.2 43 98 17.2 35 83 14.0 41 97 22.9 99 82 27.8 44 96 29.0 77 81 38.5 29 95 33.1 95 80 51.7 52 94 40.3 38 79 56.9 51 93 47.4 52 78 64.2 53 92 54.7 46'7 .77 70.6 27 91 58.5 76 72.9 29 90 62.5 54 75 80. 4 33 89 67.1 32 74 84 ' 47 88 73.6 33 73 89. 4 36 87 78.6 37 72 94. 6 31 86 82.9 12 71 96.2 27 85 86.7 3 70 96.7 11 84 88.2 3 69 97.1 7 83 89.2 3 68 97.5 12 82 90.8 ll 67 99. 0 ll 81 92.4

ll Table ll. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point (CONT'D) Power Plant's circulating cooling water for November 1980.

UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE WARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours oF Time X Hours OF Time 66 100 ~ 0 6 80 93.2 3 79 93.6 4 78 94.2 3 77 94.6 2 76 94.9 10 75 96.2 15 74 98.3 8 73 99.4 4 72 100.0

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Table 12. Temperature - Time Duration Curves for Turkey Point Power Plant's circulatinq cooling water for December 1980, UNITS 3 8 4 INLET LAKE LlARREN OUTLET Number Number of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours f Time - X Hours F Time 0 79 0.0 0 94 0.0 22 78 3.0 3 93 0 4 17 77 5.2 15 92 2.4 30 76 9.3 13 91 4.2 62 75 17.6 15 90 6.2 83 74 28.8 42 89 11.8 85 73 40. 2 45 88 17. 9 63 72 48.7 57 87 25. 6 111 71 63.7 37 86 30. 6 76 70 73.9 50 85 37.3 21 69 76.7 60 84 45.4 30 68 80. 8 51 83 52.2 58 67 88. 6 45 82 58.3 39 66 93.8 80 81 69.0 12 65 95.4 57 80 76.7 22 64 98.4 41 79 82.2 9 63 99. 6 39 78 87.5 3 62 100.0 22 77 90. 4 23 76 93.5 15 75 95.6 6 74 96.4 12 73 98.0 6 72 98.8 6 71 99.6 3 70 100.0

Table 13. Inlet and outlet circulating cooling water for Turkey Point Power Plant from 1975 through 1980.

MAXIMUM INLET TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM OUTLET TEMPERATURE MONTH 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 January 86 80 75 78 78 80 99 '96 90 91 90 95 February 89 83 82 77 82 84 101 98 99 90 93 100 March 92 86 85 86 81 88 102 102 103 101 94 103 April 90 86 84 87 87 89 101 102 100 101 102 '05 Hay 92 87 91 92 89 89 105 105 105 108 103 105 June 96 90 94 95 92 94 110 106 109 111 108 110 July 94 94 93 96 96 96 109 111 110 111 112 111 August 93 94 94 94 95 95 109 110 111 108 112 110 September 93 92 95 92 91 93 108 108 110 106 107 108 October 89 89 92 91 91 92 104 104 108 104 108 108 November 82 83 84 88

'0 87 87 97 96 100 100 103 101, Oecember 83 84 86 83 78 97 97 97 99 95 93

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B. Chemical Concentrati'ons (ETS 3.1.2)

Introduction This monitoring provides data bases for the determination of water quality and compliance with chemical limits set forth for the cooling canal water.

Materials and Methods Monthly grab samples were taken at the discharge side of the plant at the outlet from Lake llarren (Figure 1) and analyzed for copper, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand (COD}. Copper and zinc were analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (EPA, 1979}. COD's were analyzed using techniques outlined in Standard Methods (APHA, 1975).

Meekly grab samples were taken at the same location and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen and salinity (Table 1). The instruments used were an Orion Model 401 Ion Analyzer, Y.S. I. polarographic probe/oxygen meter and American Optical T/C refractometer respectively.

Results and Discussion The results of the 1980 chemical monitoring program for copper, zinc and COD are given in Table 1. Copper and zinc are further com-pared with data from 1976 through 1980 in Figures 2 and 3. COD data for 1979-1980 are presented in Figure 4.

These comparisons demonstrate that no unusual levels of copper or zinc were observed during 1980. On the average the COD values for 1980 were lower than those reported for 1979 but they were within the ranges reported for 1977 through 1979 (FPL, 1979).

The values for pH have increased from 7.9 in 1975 to 8.0 in 1980.

Dissolved oxygen continues to fluctuate inversely with power plant loading i.e. electrical generation per unit time. Salinity has in-creased slowly over the years from a yearly average of 36.5 o/oo in 1975 to 42.1 o/oo in 1980.

Table 2 reports the quantities of chemicals used in the operation of Units 3 and 4. The assumption is that ultimately they were added in some form to the circulating water system. Most of the chemicals were utilized in plant water treatment processes necessary to produce high quality water for steam production. The listed quantities of chemicals are based on plant chemical usage from which only estimates of chemicals discharged to the canal system can be determined since wastewater is transported in aqueous solution through neutralizing and settling ponds, where processes of sedimentation, neutralization and precipitation are carried out before discharge.

Two adjacent fossil units also discharged similar water treatment related chemicals to the canal system, although in lesser quantities than from Units 3 and 4.

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LITERATURE CITED APHA-AWWA-WPCF. 1975. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14th ed. APHA Wash. D.C. 1193 pp.

Florida Power 8 Light Co. 1979. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report no..13. Miami,'lorida.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring and Support, Laboratory. 1979. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio. 430 pp.

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Oischarge Lake Warren Power. Pl ant Intake p~PO r

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'dI 0) rr ~ r r rood illlll lllll NIIAi SCALE IH FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. The location of .the discharge chemical sample point at Turkey Point Power Plant 1980.

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• 0.02 ~ 0000000000000 ~ 0000000000000 F 00000000 ' ~ 000 F 0000000000

0. 01 0.0 I I 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 TIME (months)

Figure 2. Monthly copper in mg/1 at the discharge of the Turkey Point Power Plant for 1976 through 1980.

NOTE:

• Lower limit of. detection is 0.02 mg/l. All values since June 1976 were <0.02 mg/l.

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0. 11 0.10

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.g 0. 08 0.07 o

PS 00 0.05

0. 04 0.03 0.02

0. 01

0. 00 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 TIME (months)

Figure 3. Monthly zinc in mg/1 at the discharge of the Turkey Point Power Plant for 1976 through 1980.

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400 O

300 200 10 1979 1980 TIl1E (months)

Figure 4 . l1onthly COD in mg/1 at .the discharge of the Turkey Point. Power Plant.

for 1979 through 1980.

NOTE: COD concentrations for 1976 through 1978 can be found in the 1979 Annual Environmental monitoring Repor t.

I Table 1. Chemical parameters found in the. Turkey Point Power Plant Discharge for 1980.'ATE Monthly Weekly COD Cu Zn pH std. D.O. Sa inity mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 DATE units mg/1, o/oo Jan. 240* <0. 02 0. 03 01/03/80 8.0 5.4 41.0 01/10/80 8.0 3.4 42.0 01/17/80 8.0 4.4 42.0 01/24/80 8.0 3.6 42 '

01/31/80 8.0 3.0 40.0 Feb. 208* <0.02 0.03 02/07/80 8.0 3.6 42.0 02/14/80 8.0 3.6 42,0 02/21/80 8.0 3.8 40. 0 02/28/80 8.0 5.8 43,0 March 300 <0.02 0.02 03/06/80 8.0 6.0 44.0 03/13/80 8.0 4.0 42.0 03/20/80 8.0 4.0 42.0 03/27/80 8.0 3.4 41.0 April 267 <0.02 0.05 04/03/80 8.0 4,4 43.0 04/10/80 8.0 5.2 41;0 04/17/80 8.0 5.2 42.0 04/24/80 8.0 4.3 43.0 t1ay 213* <0.02 0.08 05/01/80 8.1 4.2 43.0 05/07/80 8.1 5.2 44.0 05/15/80 8.0 3.6 45.0 05/22/80 8.0 3.6 44. 0 05/29/80 8.,0 4.0 42.0 June 246* <0.02 0.04 06/05/80 8.0 3.8 44.0 06/12/80 8.0 3.6 42.0 06/19/80 8.0 4.2 42.0 06/26/80 8.0 3.2 40.0 July 226* <0.02 0.04 07/03/80 8.2 4.4 42.0 07/10/80 8.0 3.7 43. 0 07/17/80 8.0 4.1 44. 0 07/24/80 7.9 3.2 42.0 Aug us t 196* <0. 02 0. 03 08/01/80 8.1 3.3 42.0 08/07/80 8 ~ 1 4.1 42.0 08/14/80 8.0 4.2 41.0 08/21/80 8.0 4.1 42.0 08/28/80 7.9 4.3 42.0 Sept. 261 <0. 02 0. 04 09/04/80 7.9 5,1 40.0 09/11/80 8.0 4.3 40.0 09/18/80 7.9 4.9 40.0 09/25/80 8.0 4.3 42.0 I I.8.1-8

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Table 1. Chemical parameters found in the Turkey Point (cont'd) Power Plant Discharge for 1980:

Monthly Weekly COD. Cu Zn pH std. D.O. Sa1 ini ty DATE mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 DATE units mg/l o/oo October 214* <0.02 0.03 10/02/80 8.0 5.8 42. 0 10/09/80 7.8 5.2 40. 0 10/16/80 8.0 4~ 1 40. 0 10/23/80 7.8 4.4 40.0 10/30/80 7.8 6.1 41.0 Nov. 284 <0.02 0. 02 1 1/06/80 8.0 4.1 40.0 11/13/80 8.0 4.3 39.0 11/20/80 7.8 5.2 37,0 11/26/80 7.8 4.1 36.0 Dec. 207* <0. 02 0. 02 12/04/80 7.9 4.9 39.0 12/11/80 8.0 4 0

~ 38.0 12/18/80 8.0 4.3 40.0 12/24/80 8.0 4.9 39.0 12/31/80 8.1 5.8 40.0 NOTE:

• Values of less than 250 mg/1 COD should be discounted due to the large chloride correction factor used (EPA, 1979) for salt water samples.

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l Table 2 Chemicals discharged to the Turkey Point Power Plant Cooling Canal System during January through June of 1980.

CHEMICALS January February March April tray June Amerfloc* 275 23 23 33 29 26 26 Aomonium Hydroxide 53 ". 0 0 0 68 84 Bentonite Clay 1226 1425 1744 1590 1409 1393 Boric Acid 4294 1790 2675 3172 4270 3255 Chlorine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentrated (50K) Sodium 79 189 92 969 89 716 87 074 117 673 88 059 Hydroxide Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 114 534 124 669 140 454 135 815 75 029 123 689 HTH - Calcium Hypochlorite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrated Lime 18 577 21 798 27 909 24 645 20 748 21 798 Hydrazine 375 0 0 0 625 138 Potassium Chromate 30 25 40 0 0 6 Potassium Dichromate 5 28 0 15 40 55 Salt 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 0 8 10 9 0 0 NOTE:

• Coagulant Aid All values in pounds.

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Table 2. Chemicals discharged to the Turkey (cont'd) Point Power Plant Cooling Canal System during July through Decenber of 1980.

CHEtl I CALS July August September October November December Amerfloc* 275 26 24 25 29 28 23 Aanonium Hydroxide 0 0 0 101 8 0 Bentonite Clay 1651 1509 1645 1792 1655 1213 Boric Acid 4940 2668 510 4010 10 614 856 Chlorine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentrated (50K) Sodium 94 284 88 848 102 603 77 504 82 902 55 872 Hydroxide Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 134 743 131 559 142 995 112 008 127 548 88 920 HTH Calcium Hypochlorite 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hydrated Lime 24 733 23 059 16 048 26 358 '24 641 18 261 Hydrazine 0 0 0 101 22 0 Potassium Chromate 75 50 38 15 25 60 Potassium Dichromate 27 24 0 25 58 25 Salt 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 25 19 0 19 23 25 NOTE:

• Coagulant Aid All values in pounds.

ll III . BIOTIC NON ITOR I NG A. A(VATIC ENVIRONt~iENT

1. Plankton (ETS 4.1.1.1.1)

a. Zooplankton - physical data Introduction This monitoring serves "to compare the physical parameters of the water in the cooling canal system with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) and determine the ability of the cooling canal system to support biological life" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Hethods Samples were collected quarterly during plankton sampling at various stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Figures 1 and 2).

Temperature was measured using a Y.S. I. Telethermometer. Its accuracy was + 0. 15 C with a meter readability of 0.2 C. Salinities were determined using an American Optical T/C Refractometer. This instrument's accuracy was + 0.10 o/oo with a readability of 0.5 o/oo.

Oissolved oxygen (D.O.) was measured using a Y.S. I. Pol'arographic probe and oxygen meter. The accuracy of this instrument was + 0.20 mg/1 with an instrument readability of 0.1 mg/l. All instruments were calibrated before each sampling date and all measurements were made in the top meter of the water column.

I g

Results Tabular results of the physical data for 1980 can be found on Table 1 (canal system) and Table 3 (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) at the end of the zooplankton organism section.

The temperatures in the canal system for 1980 ranged from a maximum of 42.7 0 C to ~

a minimum

~

of 21.5 0 C with a mean of 29.7 0 C.

The maximum reading was recorded at station F.l nearest the power plant discharge. The temperature in the b'ay for 1980 ranged from a maximum of 32.0 C to a minimum of 19.5 C with a mean of 26.2 C. The mean temperature for the canal system was 3.5 C higher than the bay temperature.

The salinity in the canal system for 1980 ranged from a maximum of 45,0 o/oo to a minimum of 38.0 o/oo, with a mean of 41 ' o/oo.

There was an average increase of 0.9 o/oo in salinity in the canal system from 1979 to 1980. The lowest salinity in the canal system was 38.0 o/oo and occurred at station MF.2. The salinity in the bay for 1980 ranged from a maximum of 38.0 o/oo to a minimum of 25.0 o/oo, with a mean of 33 ' o/oo. The average salinity in'he canal system was 8.1 o/oo higher than the bay.

The 0.0. in the canal system for 1980 ranged from a maximum of 8.1 mg/1 to a minimum of 2.2 mg/1 with a mean of 5.0 mg/l. In the bay, D.O. ranged from a maximum of 7.5 mg/1 to a minimum of 4. 1 mg/1 III.A.1-2

with a mean of 5.9 mg/l.

Discussion Temperatures in both canal system and bay were within ranges observed for previous years (Tables 1 and 3), The maximum bay tempera-ture was typical of the deeper waters of the bay and Card Sound area but did not reflect the higher temperatures known to occur on the tidal flats due to solar heating.

The increase of 0.9 o/oo in the canal salinity was consistent with the slow rise observed since 1976 (Table 1). This increasing salinity is due to the constant evaporation and hence concentration of dissolved solids in. the canal system. The low salinity that occurred at station WF.2 was due, .in part, to the pumping of brackish water into the canals from the Interceptor Ditch (Figure 1) at a point just north of WF.2. Salinities in the bay were within the ranges noted in previous years and showed the typical seasonal fluctuation with wet and dry seasons (FPL, 1979).

Dissolved oxygen levels in the canal system were generally lower than those of the bay (Table 1). This is due to the decrease in oxygen solubility with increases in temperature and salinity. The level of dissolved oxygen is of fundamental importance to inhabitants, although response of individual species or a group of species may be highly variable (Perkins, 1974). Although lower than the bay levels, the D,O.

III.A.1-3

lt levels in the canal system were sufficient to support the established bi ota.

There was no notable difference exhibited between physical data recorded for Biscayne Bay/Card Sound during 1980 and that obtained during baseline bay monitoring (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Conclusions Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen levels are not significantly different from previous years (1975-1979) with the exception of salinity.

1'here is nothing in the physical data to indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system with the exception of the immediate circulating cooling water discharge area. The dis-charge is species selective as a result of elevated and fluctuating temperatures.

No significant changes occurred in physical parameters in the bay as a result of power plant operation.

I III.A.1-4

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a. Zooplankton - nutrient data Introduction This program compares the chemical parameters of the water in the cooling canal system with those in the adjacent lagoon and determines the ability of the cooling system to support biological life (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Samples were collected quarterly from 12 sample points within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and five control sample points in southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Figures 1 and 2).

Acid washed, clear glass containers with ground glass stoppers were used for the ammonia samples. Five millil'iters of Phenol/Ethanol solution were added as the oreservative. Acid washed, dark glass con-tainers with ground glass stoppers were used for the other nutrient samples with 0.5 milli liters of 0.2N Mercuric Chloride added as the preservative.

All analyses were performed either on a Beckman DU-2 Spectro-photometer or a Technicon (CS-M-6) Autoanalyzer. Nitrite, nitrate and inorganic phosphate were determined by Technicon methodology modified by Klaus Grasshoff. Aomonia was determined using the Phenol-Hypochlorite method and total phosphate was measured using the EPA method (1979). Oata were reported in mi lligrams per liter.

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Results Tabular results for nutrient data for 1975 through 1980 can be found on Table 1 (canal system) and Table 3 (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) at the end of the zooplankton organism section.

Ammonia Ammonia (NH )

3 levels in the canal system ranged from undectable

.to 0.104 mg/1 with a mean of 0.047 mg/1. At the bay control stations the minimum level was 0.014 mg/1 and the maximum level was 0.061 mg/1 with an average value of 0.034 mg/1, The highest ammonia levels in the canal system were found at station MF.2 while those in the bay occurred at station Y-2.

Nitrite Nitrite (NO )

2 levels in the canal system ranged from undectable to 0.023 mg/1 with a mean of 0.013 mg/l. At the bay control stations levels ranged from undetectable to 0.012 mg/1 with a mean of 0.005 mg/1, The average canal value was approximately three times the, average bay control value. The highest nitrite levels for the canal system were found at stations MF.2 and F.l while the maximum value for the bay occurred at station 12.

Nitrate Nitrate (fi03 ) levels in the canal system'were between 0.002 mg/1 and 0.596 mg/1. At the bay control stations the minimum-level was 0.003 III.A.1-6

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mg/1 and the maximum level was 0.233 mg/1. The average values for the canal system and bay were 0.217 mg/1 and 0.057 mg/1 respectively.

Peak values for this chemical constituent occurred at station F.l in the canal system and station 12 in the bay.

Inor anic Phos hate Inorganic phosphate (IPO<) levels in the canal system were between 0.002 mg/1 and 0.017 mg/l. At the bay control stations the minimum level was undectable and the maximum level was 0.024 mg/1. The mean value for the canal system was 0.010 mg/1; the bay mean value was 0.007 mg/1. Highest values of inorganic phosphate in the canal system and bay occurred at stations E3.2 and X-3 respectively.

Total Phos hate Total phosphate (TP04) levels in the canal system were between 0.010 mg/1 and 0.079 mg/1 with a mean of 0.043 mg/l. At the bay control stations the minimum level was 0.002 mg/1 and the maximum levels was 0.091 mg/1 with an average of 0.032 mg/l. The highest values occurred at stations E3.2 in the canal system and X-3 in the bay.

Oiscussion The large difference in aranonia values for bay and canal system was not as pronounced this year as last (FPL, 1979). The elevated ammonia values of WF.2 were again the result of Interceptor Oitch pumping. Nitrites in the canal system continued the established III.A.1-7

~

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decreasing trend (FPL, 1978, 1979). Nitrites in the bay appeared to be increasing, however the increase was slight and the overall trend (FPL, 1973-1980) is best described as variable. Nitrates decreased significantly in both canal system and bay. The decrease in the canal. system represents a departure from the previously stated in-creasing trend (FPL, 1973-1979). It is difficult to ascribe any singular cause to this anomalous result. Most likely, it was due to a natural decrease of available ni trates, as .evidenced by reduced nitrates in the bay. Both phosphates followed the same variable trends with small average increases in, both bay and canal system over last year.

In comparison, nutrient values for Biscayne Bay/Card Sound and the canal system are similar to values obtained in Card Sound during the baseline studies (Bader, 1969; Tabb 8 Roessler, 1970; Bader 5 Roessler, 1971; Bader 5 Roessler, 1972; Gerchakov ee aZ, 1972).

Conclusions Generally, nutrient levels in the canal system were higher than levels in the bay and Card Sound. The aoparent decreasing trends of the ammonia and nitrite observed for the canal system in previous years were repeated in 1980. There is nothing in the chemical data to indicate conditions restrictive to the canal system supporting biological life.

III.A.1-8

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a. Zooplankton - organisms Introduction This report qualitatively and quantitatively assesses planktonic primary consumers present in the cooling canal system and adjacent lagoons in order "to follow biological succession and determine the biological stability of the system" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Samples were collected quarterly at plankton stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (figures 1 and 2). A 5 inch diameter Clarke-Bumpus sampl:ng apparatus with a number 10 mesh (158 micron) net and bucket was used to entrain zooplankters. Plankton tows were performed in the top meter of the water column at speeds of 1 to 3 knots. Each tow lasted 5 minutes i.n the canal system and 3 minutes in the bay. Zooplankton densi ties were ob-tained using the Lackey Drop Method (APHA, 1975) and the volume of water sampled.

Biomass was determined using a volume displacement technique (UNESCO, 1974; Yentsch and Hebard, 1957) and is expressed in terms of volume of water displaced. The method proved acceptable for bay samples, however, it was not sensitive enough to determine the very low biomasses known to occur in the canal system and was subject to interference due to detritus.

III.A.1-9

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Zooplankton organisms were divided into the following six categories:

a. ~Co e ods included cyclopoid, tarpacticoid, and calanoid copepods.

b. ~Gastro ods included all gastropod veligers.

c. Bivalve larvae included al 1 bivalve vel i gers ~

appearance to copepod nauplii (with the exception of cirripeds).

e. Cirriped nauplii were separated from all other nauplii.

f. Other Plankton included all other zooplankton not included in the first five categories.

Results Tabular results for zooplankton organism data for 1975 through 1980 can be found on Table 2 (canal system) and Table 4 (Biscayne/Card Sound).

~Co e ods The mean copepod levels for the canal system decreased from 0.136 organisms per liter in 1979 to 0.095 organisms per liter in 1980. The percent of total plankton population represented by copepods increased from 29 percent in 1979 to 49 percent in 1980.

The mean level of copepods in the bay decreased from 7.200 organ-isms per liter in 1979 to 5.269 in 1980. Copepods represented 79 per-cent of, the plankton population. This is an-increase of almost 6 per-cent. from 1979.

III.A.1-10

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~Gd The gastropod veligers decreased in the canal system from an average of 0.302 organisms per liter or 64 percent of the total plankton population in 1979 to 0.076 or 39 percent in 1980.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, the mean gastropod concentration decreased from 1.569 organisms per liter or 16 percent of the total plankton in 1979 to 0.682 organisms per liter or 10 percent in 1980.

Bivalve Larvae Bivalve larvae densities in the canal system increased slightly from 0.001 organisms in 1979 to 0.002 in 1980. This was an increase from 0 '2 percent to 1.0 percent of the total plankton population.

The mean concentration for bivalve larvae in the bay decreased from 0.102 organisms per liter or 1.0 percent of the total, plankton in 1979 to 0.087 or 1.3 percent in 1980.

Co e od and Cirri ed Nau lii The mean copepod nauplii concentration in the canal system for 1979 was 0.001 organisms per.liter, or 0.2 percent of the total. plankton population, relative to 0.002 organ'isms per liter or 1.0 percent in 1980.

The cirriped nauplii were noted in the canal samples but were never present at a concentration greater than 0.009 per liter.

1

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, the mean copepod nauplii con-centration was 0.067 organisms per lit r or 0.7 percent of total plankton populations in 1979 and 0.097 or 1.5 percent in 1980, while cirriped nauplii concentration was 0.027 organisms per liter or 0.3 percent in 1979 and only 0.011 organisms per liter or 0.2 percent in 1980.

Other Plankton The mean density of the other plankton in the canal system de-creased slightly from 0.027 organisms per liter or 6 percent of the total plankton population in 1980 to 0.018 organisms per liter or 9 percent in 1980.

Total Plankton Densities of the total plankton in the canal system decreased from 0.472 organisms per liter in 1979 to 0.193 in 1980. This is a decrease of 60 percent.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound total plankton densities decreased by 32 percent from' 808 organisms per liter in 1979 to 6.655 organ-isms per liter in 1980.

2oo lankton Biomass The zooplankton biomass for the canal system for 1980 could not be measured by the same methods used for Biscayne Bay/Card Sound due to interferences mentioned previously. The mean displacement of zooplankton I I I .A. 1-12

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per cubic meter of bay sample was 6.65 X 10 milliliters for 1980.

Biomass values per quarter are shown in Table 5.

Discussion

~Cope ods The mean concentration for copepods in the canal system continued to fluctuate around 0.010 organisms per liter. The ratio of the mean bay concentration to the mean canal concentrations continued to in-crease as it has since 1975 i.e. 24-fold in 1975, 31-fold in 1976, 39-fold in 1977, 36-fold in 1978, 53-fold in 1979 and 55-fold in 1980.

During 1980 for both bay and canal system copepods, a decrease in den-sity represented a larger percent of the total plankton population.

This was due to a decrease in the total plankton count.

Gastropods Gastropods are highly adventi tious organisms capable of thriving in a broad range of habitats and changing cond'i tions. Planktonic gastropod veligers occurred at fewer stations this year, yet still represented 39 percent of the total plankton. This is not unusual since gastropod veligers demonstrate a relatively short planktonic stage. Throughout the system increased densities of adult gastropods were observed along the canal shorelines. This included stations F.l and WF.2 which were atypical and unstable relative to the rest of the canal system. Station F.l, nearest the discharge, had high thermal fluctua-tions, and slF.2 in the southwest corner had the greatest variation in III.A.1-13

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chemical characteristics.

Although several "blooms" occurred, gastropod concentrations remained fairly uniform throughout the year. In general, their 1980 mean density in the bay was 9 times greater than their density in the canal system (Tables 2 and 4). In comparison, during 1979 there was only a 5 fold difference in mean density levels between bay and canal system.

Bivalve Larvae Thermal exclusion of these larvae'during initial open mode opera-tion (i.e. 1968-1972) and subsequent inadequate adult base populations continued to be the apparent reasons for bivalve larvae being almost totally absent from the canal system. The mean concentration for bivalve larvae in the bay during 1980 has dropped by 15 percent com-pared to 1979.

Cope od and Cirriped nau lii Copepod nauplii were noted in the canal system during each quarter. Occurrences remained sporadic and densities never exceeded 0.026 organisms per liter.

Cirriped nauplii concentrations in the canal system were also very low. This organism was found only during the second quarter of 1980 and only at station F.l.

I I I.A.1-14

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In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, copepod and cirriped nauplii continued to be present at low levels.

Both nauplii were too small to be adequately sampled by a 410 mesh (158 micron) net, and these concentrations were not representative of actual population densities.

Other Plankton The "Other Plankton" category includes the fish eggs, fish larvae, zoea and megalops of various crustaceans, cladocerans, ostracods, chaetognaths, tunicate larvae, polychaete larvae, echinopluteii, bipinnaria, and medusae.

The difference in density levels between the bay and canal system appeared to be increasing unti 1 this year when it seemed to stabilize.

The bay density was 4-fold higher than the canal system in 1976, ll-fold higher in 1977, 18-fold higher in 1978, 31-fold higher in 1979, I

and 28-fold higher in 1980. This increase is a result of the increases in the densities of "other plankton." Concentrations of identifsed plankton in the canal system have showed little fluctuation.

Total Plankton Zooplankton concentrations in the canal system were consistently lower than those found in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. The bay total plankton density was 19-fold higher in 1975 and 1976, 17-fold higher in 1977, 32-fold higher in 1978, 21-fold higher in 1979, and 34-fold I I I.A.1-15

~

III

higher than the canal system in 1980. The fluctuations in the density trend were due to large .i.ncreases or decreases in bay pl.ankton popu-lations. The canal system showed little variability in population density.

Present data are not comparable to the pre-operational data because of the different methods of collection and quantification that were employed i.e. different plankton net size, equipment type, and taxonomic categories.

Conclusions The cooling canal system stations showed limited variation of zooplankton populations and had densi ties and diversities similar to previous reporti'ng periods. Conditi'ons were indicative of good sta-bility in this environment.

The plankton densities in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound fluctuated as they have in the past. The fluctuations in bay plankton populations are primarily a result of plankton "blooms" and are thought to be directly related to seasonality, agricultural run-off and domestic pollution.

The ratio among the six groups of zooplankton collected in the canal system is directly comparable to that of the zooolankton of Biscayne Bay.

III.A.1-16

LITERATURE CITED APHA-AWWA-WPCF. 1975. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14th ed. APHA Wash. D.C. 1193 pp.

Scil Bader, R.G. 1969. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicini ty of Turkey Point. Florida Power & Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. , Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida.

Bader, R.G. and M.A. Roessler. 1971. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Florida Power & Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida.

Bader, R.G. and M.A. Roessler. 1972. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Florida Power & Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida.

Florida Power & Light Co. 1973-1979. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report nos. 1-13.

Miami, Florida.

Perkins, E.J. 1974. The biology of estuaries and coastal waters.

Academic Press, London. 678 pp.

Segar, Douglas A., Sol M. Gerchakov, Tod S. Johnson. 1971. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, chemistry appendicies. Florida Power & Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida.

Tabb, D.C. and M.A. Roessler. 1970. An ecological study of South Bi'scayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Florida Power

& Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci.,

Univ. of Miami, Miami, Florida.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development.

1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. Weber, Cornel.ius I,.

ed. Cincinnati, Ohio.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. 1979. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EPA. Cincinnati, Ohio. 430 pp.

Yentsch, C.S., Hebard. 1957. A gauge for determining plankton volume by the Mercury Immersion Method. Journal du Consiel, Vol. XXII, No. 2. pp. 184-190.

I I I.A. 1-17

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Power

'lant F. 1 RC.O ol7o Rc. 1 Interceptor Di tch 1

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Figure 2. Physical, nutrient and zooplankton sample sites in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound Turkey Point Power Plant 1980.

NOTE: *Indicates nutrient sample sites.

III.A.1-19

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Table 1. Composite physical and nutrient data for years 1975 through 1980 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Max:. 42.0 41. 6 40. 0 42.5 44.0 42.7 Temperature - Mean 29.2 28. 3 29. 2 29.2 29.8 29.7 oC Min. 22.0 18.5 19. 2 18.0 24.0 21.5 Nax. 42.0 40. 0 41.5 43.5 46.0 45. 0 Sal ini ty - Mean 36. 7, 36.6 37.7 37.3. 40.8 41.7 o/oo Nin. 30.0 26. 0 28.5 29.5 36. 5 38.0 Oi ssol ved Max. 6.2 8.4 7.4 6.4 7.9 8.1 Oxygen - Mean 5.2 5.4 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.0 mg/1 Min. 4.0 4.1 2.6 3.3 3.2 2.2 Max. 0. 270 0.463 0. 284 0 '08 0.169 0.104 NH3 - Mean 0.095 0.072 0.093 0.049 0. 068 0.047 mg/1 Min. 0. 034 0.012 0.015 0.008 0.011 0.000 Nax. 0.078 0.060 0.055 0. 041 0.029 0.023 H02 - Mean 0 031

~ 0.028 0.025 0. 019 0. 016 0. 01'3 mg/1 Min. 0.008 0.010 0.004 0.005 0.002 0,000 Max. 0.666 0. 960 0. 769 1. 373 1. 649 0. 596 li)03 - Mean 0.249 0.474 0.287 0.476 0. 553 0.217 mg/1 Nin. 0.021 0.042 0.007 0.040 0. 009 0,002 Max. 0.090 0.048 0.143 0. 033 0;.019 0.017 I P04 - Mean 0.024 0.026 0. 021 0. 017 0. 008 0.010 mg/1 Min. 0.005 0.008 0. 010 0. 007 0. 000 0.002 Max. 0.086 0. 098 0. 098 0. 072 0.064 0. 079 TPO(

- Mean 0.054 0. 058 0.049 0.048 0.036 0.043 Nin. 0.021 0. 019 0.011 0.029 0.009 0.010 III,A.1-20

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Table 2. Composite zooplankton data for years 1975 through 1980 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Max. 0. 430 0. 630 0.440 0.682 0. 560 0.533 Copepods - Mean 0. 072 0.100 0.096 0.148 0.136 0.095 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 008 F 0. 000 0.000 Max. 0. 060 2. 530 3.380 0.325 6. 550 0.827 Gastropods - Mean 0.006 0. 064 0 '53 0.036 0.302 0.076 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.000 0.000 0.040 0.010 0.022 0. 026 Bivalves - Mean 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 Nin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hax. 0. 030 0. 010 0. 220 0. 060 0.011 0. 026 Copepod - Mean 0. 002 0.001 0. 007 0.006 0.001 0.002 Nauplii thin. 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 t1ax. 0. 000 0.240 0.020 0. 030 0. 010 0. 009 Cirriped - t1ean 0. 000 0.004 0.002 0. 005 0. 001 0.000 Naupl ii t1in. 0. 000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 0. 000 0.000 Hax. 0. 510 0. 680 0.620 0.120 0. 240 0.086 Other - tlean 0. 030 0. 049 0.036 0. 017 0.027 0. 018 Plankton Nin. 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0. 000 0.000 0.000 Nax. 0.620 2.610 3 '90 0. 844 6.990 0.943 Total - tlean 0.110 0.210 0.291 0. 210 0.472 0.194 Plankton t1in. 0. 000 0.000 0.010 0. 008 0. 000 0. 012 NOTE: All values in organisms per liter.

I I I .A. 1-21

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Table 3. Composite physical and nutrient Biscayne Bay/Card Sound data for years 1975 through 1980 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations.

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Max. 32.0 32.4 32.1 31.9 32.7 32:0 Temperature - Hean 27.7 26.0 26.2 25.7 25.7 26.2 oC Min. 21.4 17.5 18.7 15.5 19.9 19.5 Hax. 42.5 40. 0 38. 0 38.5 41.5 38.0 Sal ini ty - Mean 37.5 35. 2 33.5 33.7 34.3 33.6 o/oo Hin. Z8.0 21.0 28.0 24.0 21.5 25.0 Dissolved Hax. 10. 6 8.8 8.3 7.8 9,2 7.5 Oxygen - Mean 6.7 6.8 5 6

~ 5.6 6.0 5.9 mg/1 Hin. 4,4 5 0 3.3 3.6 4.1 Hax. 0.060 0. 044 0.098 0.134 0.059 0.061 NH3 - Mean 0.022 0. 022 0.032 0.028 0.025 0.034 mg/1 Min. 0.006 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.014 Max. 0.012 0. 028 0.009 0.023 0. 018 0.012 NO - Mean 0.006 0. 005 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.005 mg/1 Min. 0,002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 Max. 0.061 0. 164 0.112 0.527 0.237 0.233 N03 - Mean 0.022 0.052 0.034 0.085 0.103 0.057 mg/1 Min. 0.002 0 '02 0.001 0.009 0.022 0.003 Hax. 0.011 0. 019 0. 019 0.011 0. 025 0.024 IPO - Mean 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 mgi) Min. 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 Hax. 0.028 0. 055 0.151 0. 021 0.066 0.091 TP04 - Mean 0.017 0. 016 0.017 0.012 0.027 0,032 mg/1 Hin. 0.012 0. 006 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.002

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Table 4. Composite zooplankton Biscayne Bay/Card Sound data for years 1975 through 1900 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all stations.

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Hax. 9 '70 15.050 17.090 27.360 18.320 11.890 Copepods Mean 1.696 3.075 3.799 5.341 7.200 5.269 Hin. 0.030 0.030 0.050 0.026 0.060 0.288 Max. 0. 980 6.290 10.540 7.029 17.890 3 500 Gastropods - Mean 0.104 0.396 0.576 0.849 1.569 0.682 Hin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 000

~

Max. 0.550 0. 370 1.670 2. 667 0.450 1.316 'ival ves Mean 0.019 0.027 0.074 0.129 0.102 0.087 Hin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hax. 0.500 0.280 0. 083 1.500 0.217 0.862 Copepod Mean 0.032 0.030 0.111 0.139 0.067 0.097 Naupl i i Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0. 130 1.000 0.490 0 '64 0.240 0.234 Cirriped - Mean 0.011 0.652 0.046 0.016 0.027 0.011 Nauplii Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Hax. 3.260 1.330 5.190 2.584 4.800 2 ~ 145 Other - Mean 0.263 0.204 0.409 0.309 0.849 0.509 Plankton Hin. 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.000 Max. 11.600 18.980 24.350 35.820 41.630 16.680 Total - Mean 2.124 3.790 5.030 6.727 9.808 6.655 Plankton Hin. 0.030 0.040 0.150 0.039 0.080 0.418 NOTE: All values in organisms per liter.

III.A.1-23

ll I

jl ll ll

Table 5. Mean zooplankton biomass values for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound for 1980.

Biomass (ml/m )

Canals Bay First Quarter 7.87 X 10 (February)

Second Quarter 7.86 X 10 (May)

Third Quarter 5.36 X 10 (August)

Fourth Quarter 5.73 X 10 (November)

Yearly f lean 6.65 X 10 NOTE: *See Materials and Methods "detrital interference and sensitivity."

III.A.1-24

5

~

1 1

I ll

b. Phytoplankton - chlorophyll a, biomass, and primary productivity Introduction Chlorophyll a, biomass, and primary producitivity were deter-mined quarterly at 13 stations. Eight of these stations were located in the canal system (Figure 1), and five were located in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area (Figur'e 2).

Chlorophyll is a pigment contained in the chloroplasts of plant cells; its theorized function is that of absorbing radiant energy which is then used by the plant to manufacture food. The chlorophyll discussed in this report was extracted from the micro-scopic plants in seawater. Chlorophyll a is routinely used to estimate phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity.

Materials and Methods Chlorophyll a determinations were made using the Trichromatic Method 1

(ASTM, 1980, APHA, 1975). Two samples of one liter each were 1

The Trichromatic method of analysis was used to determine the chlorophyll a content of a quality control sample from the Environ-mental Protection Agency's monitoring and support laboratory. Values obtained were within 6 percent of the reference value for the sample.

This is within the acceptable limit of 10 percent set by the EPA for this method of analysis.

III.A.1-25

5

~

~

~

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taken at each of the 13 stations and concentrated using Mhatman GF/C glass fiber filters. Pigments were extracted from the concentrated samples, by homogenizing the impinged sample with a tissue grinder, steeping with an aqueous acetone solution and decanting the super-natant. Optical densi ty of the extracts was determined using a Beckman 25 UV-Visible Light Spectrophotometer and a 5 centimeter path length.

Biomass Chlorophyll a constitutes approximately one to two percent of the dry weight of organic material in all planktonic algae and is therefore, the preferred indicator for algal biomass estimates. By assuming that chlorophyll a consti tutes, on the average, 1.5 percent of the dry weight organic matter (ashfree weight) of the algae, one can estimate the algal biomass by multiplying the chlorophyll a content by a factor of 67 (APHA, 1975).

Primar Productivit By knowing the concentration of chlorophyll a and using equations derived by Ryther and Yentsch (1957), it was possible to establish empirically the relationship of chlorophyll a to photosynthetic production., To determine production data, surface radiation values and extinction coefficients were needed. Surface radiation values were taken from the meterological tower. A table by Ryther and Yentsch (1957) showed the relationship between total daily surface radiation and daily relative photosynthesis beneath a uni t III.A.1-26

i of sea surface. Extinction coefficients were calculated in the canal system using Secchi Disc measurements. Oue to the shallowness and water clarity, it was not possible to obtain Secchi Disc readings at sample stations in Biscayne Bay. Consequently, an estimated ex-tinction coefficient of 0.15/m was used. The estimated value for the extinction coefficient of the bay was verified using a submarine photometer on loan from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-stration. The average value for the extinction coefficient for the bay measured by the instrument was 0.153/m. Comparisons of Secchi Disc coefficients with coefficients determined by the instrument showed excellent agreement.

Results Table 1 shows the mean chlorophyll a values for the canal system and Biscayne Bay for the quarters of 1980. The 1978 average chloro-phyll a value in the canal system was 0.35 mg/m 3 . The 1979 mean value was 0.43 mg/m, while this year's (1980) mean value was 0.63 3

mg/m . Chlorophyll a values in Biscayne Bay deere'ased from a mean 3 3 3 value of 0 20 mg/m

~ in 1978 to 0.16 mg/m in 1979 and to 0.16 mg/m in 1980 (Figure 3).

Mean biomass values for all stations appear in Table 1. The 3

average biomass value in the canal system was 22.08 mg/m in 1978, 3 . 3 28.61 mg/m in 1979, and 41.88 mg/m in 1980. Biscayne Bay values were- 12;97 mg/m 3.in 1978, 11.04 mg/m 3.'in 1979, and 10.62 mg/m 3

in 1980 (Figure 4).

III.A.I-27

II

~

~

~

~

ll

~

The mean primary production estimate for the canal system for 1980 was 0.063 gC/(m 2. day). This reflects an increase over the pre-vious three years. The mean primary productivity value in the canal system was 0.055 gC/(m .day) in 1978 and 0.057 gC/(m 2. day) in 1979 '.

Conversely, the bay mean estimate showed a slight decrease when com-pared to the three previous years. The mean primary productivity value 2 2 for Biscayne Bay was 0. 147 gC/(m day) in 1978 and 0.084 gC/(m day) in ~

1979. The 1980 bay value was 0.082 gC/(m 2. day) (Figure 5).

Di scussion The chlorophyll in the euphotic zone of a community, within the course of a year, is subject to changes by specific environmental factors such as nutrients, temperature, turbulence, and grazing by herbivores. The chlorophyll of a whole euphotic zone fluctuates as a function of available nutrients, predation, and conditions favoring high turnover rates (Odum, 1975).

The highest values for chlorophyll a in the canal system and Biscayne Bay occurred during quarters with long photoperiods and/or high nutrient values. The elevated chlorophyll a. values in the canal system were attributed primarily to its high phytoplankton levels as a result of the higher nutrient levels.'utrient levels, in general, were three to four times greater in the canal system than in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

III.A.1-28

l

~

~

~

~

ll

~

~

There appeared to be a limited amount of nutrients in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, with most of them probably being utilized by the macrophytes or otherwise tied-up in relatively long turnaround cycles i.e. biogeochemical cycles, etc.

The 1980 chlorophyll a values for both the canal system and the bay fall within the range of baseline values for Biscayne Bay as deter-mined by Bader 8 Roessler (FPL, 1972).

Biomass values were higher in the canal system than the bay.

This is expected since biomass values are a function of the chloro-phyll a. These data cannot be validly compared with the Bader &

Roessler (FPL, 1972) baseline biomass data since different analytical methods were employed.

Figure 5 shows that primary productivity estimates have remained consistently greater in the bay than in the canal system. Higher productivity estimates in the bay were attributed to greater light penetration. The primary reasons for light attenuation in the canal system were thought to be the result of high concentrations of tannin and lignins which produced color as well as organic debris which pro-duced turbidity. The color and turbidity were expected by-products of impoundment. The lowest primary production estimates were exhibited in the canal system at stations where water velocities were relatively high. Again, no conclusions from the baseline and present III.A.1-29

Il primary productivity estimates can be made due to the differences in the methodologies employed.

Rain causes nutrients from land runoff to enter the bay, which in turn leads to a buildup of phytoplankton and benthic flora during the early summer (Bader and Roessler, 1972). In 1980 the highest primary productivity estimates in Biscayne Bay occurred'n the third quarter. This increase was correlated to the generally higher nutrient levels and the longer photoperiod mentioned earlier. This seasonal fluctuation is consistent with those that occurred in previous years (FPL 1978, 1979).

Conc 1 us i ons Chlorophyll a and biomass values tended to be higher in the cooling canals than the bay. This can be attributed to the higher nutrient levels in the cooling canal system. The primary productivity values of the bay are greater than those of the cooling canal system.

The difference is attributed to the disparity in light penetration between the two systems.

III.A.1-30

Power Pl nt RC.O jdl W6.2

~ OO0 W18.2 E3.2 WF.2 RC.2 0 O OO ill OIIOllll SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 RF,3 Figure 1. Chlorophyll a sample sites in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

I I I .A. 1-31

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0.600 Canal Bi scayne System Bay

0. 500 C B 2

F

0. 400

)

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g 0.300

0. 20

0. 100 1978 1979 1980 Figure 3, A comparison. of 1'978 through 1980 mean Chlorophyll a values for all stations in the Turkey'Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

III.A.1-33

Canal Bi scayne System Bay 50 (c) B 40 E

30

)

~ 20 10 1978 1979 1980 Figure 4, A compari'son of 1978 through.1980 mean Biomass values for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne BayjCard Sound.

III.A.1-34

Canal Biscayne System Bay 0.25 (G) B

~ 0.20 CU 2

CX)

~ 0.15 I

)

CD CD

~ 0.10

~ 0.05 1978 1979 1980 Figure 5. A comparison of 1978 through 1980-mean Primary Productivity values for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

III.A.1-35

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Table 1. Mean chlorophyll a, biomass and primary productivity values for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound for 1980.

Primary Chlorophyll a Biomass Productivity mg/m3 mg/m3 gC/(m2.day)

Canals Bay Canals Bay Canals Bay First quarter 0.45 0.12 29.80 7.81 0.031 0.060 (February)

Second quarter 0.61 0 17

~ 40.59 11.04 0.074 0.086 (May)

Third guar ter 1.03 0.22 69.16 15. 01 0.118 0. 116 (August)

Fourth quarter 0.41 0.13 27.94 8.60 0.029 0.066 (November)

Yearly Mean 0.62 0.16 41.87 10.61 0.063 0 '82 III,A.1-36

b. Phytop1 ankton - organi sms Introduction This report compares phytoplankton populations occurring in the cooling canal system and adjacent lagoons with those of previous reports (FPL, 1973-1979) in order to follow biological succession and biological stability of the system.

Materials and Methods The subsurface water samples were collected quarterly (February, May, August, and November) by personnel operating from surface craft.

These samples were reduced in volume, sedimented, preserved and examined for species and abundance of organisms. Procedures were as in the previous reports (FPL, 1977). An American Optical binocular micro-scope with wide field oculars was utilized. Factors employed for popu-lation counts were modified accordingly. It was felt that the tradi-tional method used to preserve samples occasionally permitted erroneous determination of diatoms at the species level, however for the purpose of this report identification to genus was acceptable .

In order to bring the names of organisms into better correspondence with presently accepted nomenclature, four di.atom names are changed in this report from the names used in the previous Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports.. They are for 1979 and 1980 respectively: Zicmophoza "Actinella" to Campylostylus sp; Cymatopleuz'a solea to <Vitzschia constzicta; Pleuzosigma sp. to Pleuzosigma spenceri; Synedva supezba to Synedza J ulgens.

III.A.1-37

A series of stations in the August 1980 sampling included sub-stantial numbers of plant fibers of unknown origin. The plant fibers formed into an intertwining web upon centrifugation and tended to trap a few phytoplankton cells in the mat thus formed. A small inaccuracy in the enumeration orocess may have been introduced as a result of this entrapment. Essentially comparable amounts of fibers were found in the following August samples: Canal samples: RC.O, E3.2; 8ay samples: 3, 12, 19, 25, 26, 29, X-3, R-3.

Results A total of 101 species were identified in the canal system, including 58 of which were considered common and relatively abundant, and 31 others which were of sporadic occurrence. A total of 125 species were identified in bay waters, including 89 common and rela-tively abundant species, and 39 others of sporadic occurrence. These species were nearly all recorded in previous studies of these waters, in similar or comparable numbers.

Counts of the prinicpal organisms are shown in Tables 1 and 2 for the canal system and bay respectively. Organisms which appeared only rarely are shown in Table 3.

I I I .A.1-38

~

~

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The diversity of the phytoplankton populations, Table 4, is expressed by giving the number of species identified in the different groups. Table 5 lists, for the principal taxonomic groups, counts of organisms by month and group for canal system stations collectively and for bay stations collectively. It also gives total counts for the year by group and total counts by month.

As in previous surveys, diatoms represented the largest component of the phytoplankton in both canal system and bay. Oiatoms were over twice as abundant in the canal system as in the bay.

Discussion As in previous years, considerable population fluctuations were noted in canal waters in 1980. A population peak forRhodomonas sp.

was observed in February samples, of Amphora in August and November, of CpcloteKEa in Hay and of Synecha fulgens in August.

As in 1979, blue-green algae were the principal group of organisms showing greater diversity in the canal system than in the bay. Species diversity in 1980 was slightly higher in the bay and slightly lower in the canal system than in 1979. Such fluctuations are to be expected, and no trend is evident in these results. The same is true for the total number of organisms, which appeared higher in 1980 (451 000 for the canal system, 271 000 for the bay) than in 1979 (416 000 in the canal system, 236 000 in the bay), but these figures represent no sig-nificant change.

III.A.1-39

No evidence for significant change in the content of'rincipal phytoplankton nutrients was evident in the chemical data. This was true both for the canal system and for the bay.

Conclusions The majority of the phytoplankton organisms and groups showed no drastic changes in numbers or diversity and hence provided evidence for biological stability of the canal system. Most of the organisms had been observed in previous years. The fact that certain organisms present in the bay did not regularly occur in the canal system was recorded in previous reports. This was to be expected in view of the detrital sedimentation and higher temperatures of the canal system producing a lower species diversity and greater number of organisms.

Thus the phytoplankton populations do not suggest any marked changes from conditions existing in the canal system prior to the report period.

The proportion existing between the different taxonomic groupings of phytoplankton was comparable for both canal system and bay. The canal system populations paralleled those observed in previous reports and represented a population which is apparently normal for the canal system environment.

No marked trends over the 1980 sampling period, as compared to previous years'ampling periods, were observed.

III.A.1-40

I LITERATURE CITED APHA-AWWA-WPCF. 1975. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14th ed. APHA Wash. D.C. 1193 pp.

ASTM. 1980. Annual book of ASTM standards. Philadelphia, PA.

1232 pp.

Bader, R.G. and Roessler, M.A. 1972. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Florida Power & Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine a'nd Atmos. Sci., Univ.

of Miami, Miami, FL.

Florida Power & Light Co. 1979. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report nos. l.

Miami, Florida.

Ryther, J.H., Yentsch, C.S. 1957. The estimation of phytoplankton production in the ocean from chlorophyl'1 and light data.

Limnol. and Oceanogr. 2:281-286.

III.A.1-41

I I

I l

Power.

Plant F.-l RC.O

ill gygO Rc.l

/)l col M18. 2 W6.2 E3.2 W24. 2 RC. 2 WF.2 W12.2 y 0 0e ~ Oe OA0 D

)IIII II llll llll)ll SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 RF.3 RC.3 Figure 1. Phytoplankton sample sites in 'the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

III.A.1-42

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Figure 2. Phytoplankton sample sites in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound adjacent to the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System. 1980.

III.A.1-43

I I

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I I

Table 1. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of or'qanisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February t1ay August November Sulfur organisms Beggiatoa sp. 3 107 5 118 10 1338 9 527 Blue-green algae Anabaena sp. 217 4 310 8 5181 6 501 Aphanocapsa sp. 93 31 3 93 2 281 j

1 Ar thr os pi ra enne~ 7 1 31 1 4 1 10 Chroococcus gigantea 74 2 76 9 523 6 1475 Chroococcus sp. 124 2 66 7 496 4 132 Gloeocapsa sp. 1 31 Gomphosphaer'ia aponina 4 5 291 6 167 6 281 Johannesbaptistia pellucida'yngbya 35 3 455 1 31 2 8 sp. 2 90 Memsmopedia sp. 93 4 248 3 66 3 197 Microcystis sp. 62 5 197 Osci'Llatoria sp. (3-8v) 93 9 601 7 3849 8 344 Oscil gator ia sp. (3-12@) 35 4 62 10 566 6 1579 Oscillato~a sp. (over 12') 3 66 5 262 5 914 Schizothvix calcicola 124 3 -248 2 80 Spimclina rnaj or 93 2 66 S. minor 31 2 66 5 407 4 217 Green al gae Chlor ella sp. 1 155 Chlarrrydomonas sp. 62 4 217 2 124

I I

4 1

l 5

Table 1. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which i t occurred; Column 8 indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February May August November A 8 A 8 A 8 Green algae (cont'd)

Pyrnmidomonas sp. 31 7 528 31 Euglenoids Cy Lindr omonas sp. 31 1 31 Euglena sp. 4 6 131 Eut2 ep0ia sp. 10 976 28 10 '670 Undet. Euglenoids 1 31 Si 1 i coflagel 1 ates Dictyocha fibula 15 2 97 31 gyp tomonads Cr yptomonas sp. 6 496 11 1116 7 1085 4 131 Rhodomonas sp. 10 9455 12 4247 6 1116 5 528 Flagellates (incertae sedis) 9 713 11 6721 6 1488 6 5766 Dinoflagellates Amphidinium sp. 7 327 8 1054 2 62 9 1178 C'emtium fm ca 2 35 3 280 Exuviae'Lla marina 5 65 2 8 E. minos 3 124 8 431 3 156 4 248 E. oblonga 9 718 11 1058 4 178 4 25 Gymnodini um albulum 11 589 5 217 2 93 1 62 G. foliaceum 7 868 10 1023 3 186 3 434

l 5

Table >. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System in 1980 Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred;

~

Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February l lay August November A A B A B Dinoflagellates (cont'd) .

G. spZendens 1 124 Gymnodinium (smal 1 ) Unk. ll 1178 12 14 680 9 2201 9 22 828 589 Gymnodinium (large) Unk. 2 62 1 62 5 341 5 Pemdi ni um achz'omati curn 3 93 P. depressum 1 31 P. divezgens 2 135 3 100 P. hirobis 1 155 2 93 P. tz'ochoi deum 4 155 P. var'iegatum 1 31 Pevidinium sp. 8 930 7 403 6 248 249 Pemdiniopsis r otundata 1 31 3 124 3 66 Proz'ocentz'um gr aci Ze 1 4 2 35 P. micans Pz otocer atium z eticuZatum 2 35 1 4 Pyrocystis sp. 108 Pyzodinium bahamiense 2 499 Unidentified Dinoflagellates 11 2922 7 189 2356 3 749 Diatoms Amphi pr'oz'a aZata 7 310 4 190 6 256 2 135 A. minuta 7 186 4 461 9 620 5 589 A. paZudosa 5 31 2 95 5 279 1 496 Amphipzora sp. 6 685 2 155 1 62 Amphoz'a aZata 4 248 2 124 A. oceZZata 1 4 2 124

Table l. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal- System in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at vihich it occurred; Column 8 indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February t1ay August November A 8 A 8 A 8 Diatoms (cont'd)

Amphora sp. 7 1152 12 15 584 11 13 380 Biddulphia sp. 1 7 C'ampylostylus sp. 2 124 5 150 11 4414 9 1482 C'ampylodiscus sp. 2 200 Campylosira cymbeZZiformis 2 62 2 62 9 1247 7 1553 Chaetoceras sp. 1 31 ll 5586 Cocconeis sp. 12 2821 12 2697 4 713 8 1762 Coscinodiscus concinnus 2 124 CycloteZla sp. 10 15 441 12 89 204 6 465 ll 5952 Cymbella sp. 2 62 4 248 2 93 3 162 Er'agi Zar'ia sp. 1 8 Grammatophor a sp. 1 31 Gyr osigma bal ticum 2 12 Licmophora abbr eviata 1 31 2 93 1 62 E. flabellata 5 410 11 1057 9 253 8 525 L. grandis 1 4 Navi cula amphibola 2 128 6 108 10 573 9 4064 Naviculoid di atoms 7 12 714 10 48037 11 50 716 12 11 918 Nitzschia aciculams 7 744 6 717 3 248 7 929 N. asterioneZZoi des 3 186 4 279 N. closterium 10 496 7 558 6 496 5 279 N. Zonga 1 31 2 66 N. 'Zongissima 11 1517 7 1003 3 279 N. Zor enzi ana 1 31 N. sigma 2 93 N. sigmoidea

Table l. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System in 1980. Column A indicates the number. of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or

- colonies per 0.5 liter.

February tray August November A B A B Diatoms (cont'd)

N. constmcta 9 806 ll 1552 1 31 10 1333 Pleuzosigma brebissonii 7 620 5 1116 8 975 5 1148 P. spence>i 10 288 8 197 10 13 248 12 1246 P. Lineaz e 3 278 2 62 5 146 Synea aste2'i one Zloides 2 93 1 4 S. aciculams .2 97 5 248 1 31 3 342 S. affinis 1 62 5 651 S. cngstallina 1:. 31 4 3 324 S. hennedyiana 1 31 S. fulgens 1 93 4 589 9 9631 7 4298 S. u'ndulata 1 4 Synea sp. 5 434 1 62 6 407 1 31 Sum2 ella sp. 3 97 1 31 Thallassiosira sp. 6 806 1 31 Unidentified Diatoms 9 1956 5 200 6 565 8 930 Rhizopods Amoeba sp. 62 Ci 1 iates lhgsteris sp. 1 31 Pave lla panamensis 1 35 Metacylis cd'hula M.juer gensenii 8 Oz thodon sp. 31 St>'obi 'Lidium sp. 31

Table 1. Counts in the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February May August November A B A B A B A B Ciliates (cont'd)

Tintinnopsis st~gosa 17 T. tubu7osoides 5 139 3 51 707 Tintinnus sp. 4 1 4 62 Unidentified Ciliates 97 1 35 5 372 596 Metazoa Copepods 10 152 10 750 1 31 10 319 Undet. Larvae 2 ll 4 92 1 4 2 42 Nematodes 1 7 1 4 5 91 3 145 Gastropods 2 ll 6 111 2 39 3 25 Bivalves 1 31 4 167 Eggs 6 132 2 8 4 43 3 76 Cells (1ncez tae sedis) 11 14 291 11 11 284 11 7688 12 9091

5 Table 2. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred: Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February Hay August November A B A B A B A B Sulfur organisms Beggiatoa sp. 5 167 7 350 5 177 Blue-green algae Anabaena sp. 1 31 1 31 5 434 7 761 Aphanocapsa sp. 6 232 2 62 3 128 Az thvospira jennet 1 15 1 4 4 279 2 ll Chz'oococcus gigantea 3 93 2 8 Chvoococcus Gloeocapsa sp.

sp.

Gomphosphae&a aponina 4

2 8

"'4 84 315 7

2 6

287 93 174 6

1 10 407 428 4

4 342 7 137 Johannesbapti stia pe Elucida 8 291 9 579 3 124 5 198

~eri smopedia sp. 2 62 1 31 3 128 Nice'ocystis sp. 1 31 1 62 Oscil Eatoma sp. (3-8p) 3 50 2 8 3 107 3 279 Oscillatoma sp. (9-12') 2 46 3 39 4 338 5 418 Oscillato&a sp. (over 12') 4 182 1 35 Schizothzix calcicola 4 170 1 62 2 62 1 31 Spivulina major 1 155 1 31 S. minor 2 46 2 62 2 62 3 124 Green algae Chlozella sp. 93 Chlanngdomonas sp. 1 46 1 62 3 62 93 pyzamidomonas sp. 2 217 4 496 7 341 527

II jl I

l I

I

Table 2. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations't which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February l1ay August November A B A B A B A B Euglenoids li Cy ndz'omonas sp. 4 185 1 31 Zuglena sp. 4 Eutzeptia sp. 1 62 4 193 55 Undet. Euglenoids 6 465 3 186 2. 62 93 Si 1 i co f1 agel 1 a tes Dictyocha fibula 15 2 97 31 Cryptomonads Czyptomonas sp. 2 124 11 1457 10 961 8 527 Rhodomonas sp. 11 1577 11 5859 13 12 152 8 1860 Flagel 1 ates (Incest tae sedis) 13 2774 12 4185 10 1860 10 12 722 f

Dino 1 agel 1 ates Amphidinium sp. 13 1518 ll 985 6 620 9 .1023 Ce2atium furca 10 670 9 444 8 374 9 270 Cochlodinium sp. 2 66 1 31 2 35 Dinophysis sp.

Di plopsalis lenticular is 1 31 1 62 Ezuviaella apoza 1 31 E.

E.

mmina 2 8 2 ll 5 26 12 mino2'. 2 155 8 425 4 190 93 oblonga 8 432 13 475 8 329 121 Oonyaulaz digitale 1 45

I 5'

Table 2.. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February May August November A B Oinoflagellates (cont'd)

GonyauZcu sp. 3 155 Gymnodini um aZbuZum 744 3 186 1 31 G. breve 31 1'1 1

G. foZiaceum 5 217 4 124 G. spendens 1 4 8 253 Gymnodinium (smal 1 ) (Unk. )

Gymnodknium (large) (Unk.

9 2

1162 62 13 8060 ll 15 056 12 22 568 2 62 10 4609 527 Gyr odiniwn pingue 1 31 3 93 7 190 93 Ozytoxwn sp. 1 31 35 Pemdinhwn achr omati curn 1 . 31 1 43 124 P. conicum 1 31 62 P. depressum 2 14 2 14 4 26 27 P. divezgens 4 163 1 31 31 P. hirobis 5 124 4 132 2 8 159 P. tzechoi deum 4 108 5 558 6 248 124 Pemdinium sp. 11 1640 11 2573 2 62 31 Peridiniopsis r otundata 7 132 2 62 31 Pror'ocen~m grace Ze 1 4 83 9 250 50 P. micans 9 151 7 139 10 442 29 Pr otocer atium r eticuZatum 5 128 6 167 5 29 81 Pyrocystis sp. 8 246 9 328 12 1102 9 383 Pyr odini um bahamense 6 441 13 1459 9 778 9 1340 Unidentified Dinoflagellates 13 7667 13 7258 6 1674 6 744 Diatoms Amphiprora aZata 69 4 97 155

Table 2. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred;-Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February Hay August Hovember A B A B Diatoms (cont'd)

A. minuta 2 139 4 248 4 248 4 217 A. paludosa 1 31 2 62 2 94 Amphipzova sp. 3 124 6 263 8 589 3 124 Abhor'a alata 5 263 1 186 A. oceZZata 4 139 1 31 4 97 6 166 A. sp. 3 77 5 255 4 190 7 799 Campylostylus sp. 1 31 6 331 2 80 Campylodiscus sp. 1 62 1 4 1 4 Campy Zosi ra cymbe Z Lifoe'mis 3 97 3 186 Chaetocezas sp. 2 62 1 155 1 31 4 97 Climacosphenia sp. 1 4 1 Cocconeis sp. 10 1440 12 1217 11 '084 9 2821 Coscinodi scus concinnus 8 68 7 181 Cyclotella sp. 10 3043 10 5737 12 3084 9 2108 CymbeLla sp. 6 185 1 31 4 124 7 403 Pzagi lamia sp. 1 31 2 155 Grammatophoza sp. 1 10 Gyzosigma balticum 1 10 Licmophoz'a abbr eviata 4 620 4 279 L.

fgzandis label Zata 6 1

260 4

10 3

883 18 1

9 2

31 226 66 3

8 124 635 1 4 Navicula amphiboLa 1 31 7 109 9 526 9 411 N. hamuli feza 7 60 N. pandura 3 50 3 145 2 66 2 8 N. scopuloman 2 24 1 31 Haviculoid diatoms 13 5454 13 18 663 13 19 220 10 30 772

Table 2. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February tray August November A B Diatoms (cont'd)

Nitzschia acicular is 217 310 9 1564 5 499 N. asterionelloides 3 170 250 7 872 2 93 N. clausii 1 62 31 1 2 93 N. clostemum 5 201 217 310 5 3 248 N. longa 1 93 N. Zongi ssima 10 976 527 8 248 6 465 N. Zor enziana 1 24 N. sigma 2 66 4 201 N. sigmoidea 1 4 1 4 1 4 2 8 N. constmcta 9 495 10 3255 12 1953 8 2046 PZeur'osigma br.ebissonii'. 31 3 93 2 62 1

1 35 P. spenceri 3 43 2 69 9 370 8 191 P. linear'e 10 360 5 47 6 479 Stmatella sp. 2 62 3 127 7 899 6 197 Synedra asteri oneZloides 1 62 1 2 93 S. acicula&s 3 93 5 222 4 217 2 155 S. cngstaZLina 4 83 9 220 5 104 8 319 S. hennedyiana 62 1 3 39 S. Zaevigata 3 79 4 47 S. fulgens 2 66 190 6 372 S. undulata 1 15 3 66 1 4 Synedra sp. 4 217 3 124 5 310 6 403 SuvireLZa sp. 2 62 4 70 3 193 2 31 Thalassiosira sp. 2 93 2 155 3 66 Or thoneis sp. 1 31 Unidentified Diatoms 12 1488 12 1093 531 9 845

Table 2. Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred; Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February l1ay August November A B A B A B A B Rhizopods Amoeba sp. 1 31 62 Ciliates Acanthostomella 1 4 Cyclidium sp. 1 31 Coxliella sp. 1 15 2 35 Dystema sp. 2 35 Zavella panamensis 1 35 8 173 1 4 Metacy Lis corbula 3 62 M. Juer gensenii 5 196 7 135 39 4 25 Steensmpiel la sp. 2 132 Strobilidium sp. 1 31 1 31 31 62 Str ombidium coni curn 2 93 3 97 31 465 S. strobilus 7 728 2 35 31 Strombidium sp. 3 81 1 41 35 31 Tintinnopsis aper tus 1 4 38 T. bennuden se 1 4 T. platensis 1 31 T. rectus 8 359 5 322 To str Egosa 1 4 ll 552 70 5 278 T. tubulosoides 5 395 5 176 39 4 296 Tintinnus sp. 2 121 1 4 Unidentified Ciliates 13 2131 13 1565 880 8 1412

Table 2 . Counts of the principal phytoplankton organisms found (cont'd) in the 13 Biscayne Bay/Card Sound samples in 1980. Column A indicates the number of stations at which it occurred;.Column B indicates the total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

February May August November A B A B. A B Metazoa Copepods 12 846 ll 384 ll 243 10 386 Undet. Larvae 7 124 7 74 5 129 7 75 Nematodes 1 31 2 8 Gastropods 6 117 2 ll 5 51 5 57 Crab l.arvae 1 4 Rotifers 1 4 Bivalves 1 31 6 113 Medusae 1 4 fggs 4 84 31 4 93 Cells (2ncez Sac sedzs) 13 22 056 13 ll 876 13 9176 9 1 1 160

Table 3. Species of rare occurrence found in. the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound in addition to Tables 1 and 2 for 1980.

CANALS SPECIES STATION Achnanthes longipes F. 1 Chroococcus lacustms RF.3 Polpcheate ~ae RC.2 Unknown Chrysophyceae E3.2 BAY Amphor a commutata 3 Zutr eptia hizndoidea 3 Zzuviaella per forata 3 Pr or entmm schillevi 5 Tr ochophor e lama 5 iVitzschia paradoxa 12 Tr icer'atium sp. 19 Spnedr'a gal lioni 23 Vacuolar ia sp. 24 Hydr'oi d 24 Eucapsis sp. 26 Amphidinium phaeocysticola 28 Synedra ulna 29 Tintinnopsis uzmula 29 Gpr odinium spir ale Y-2 PLntznnopsis l M1dens Y-2 III.A.1-57

Table 4. Species diversity of the respective groups of phytoplankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound in 1979 and 1980.

1979 1980 GROUPS CANALS BAY CANALS BAY Sulfur organisms 2 1 1 1 Blue-green algae 25 18 18 17 Green algae 4 5 3 3 Euglenoids 5 4 5 Si 1 i cof1 agel 1 ates 0 1 1 1 Cryptomonads 3 2 2 2 Dinoflagellates 16 33 23 40 Diatoms 59 60 48 58 Rhizopods 1 1 1 1 Flagellates 1 1 1 1 Ciliates . 6 23 ll 23 t1etazoa 8 8 7 11 Total 130 157 120 163 III.A.1-58

II II

Table 5. Counts by taxonomic group of organisms found in the Canal System and Bay in 1980. Population totals are in each case for the 0.5 liters Canal and Bay samples.

Groups Feb. May Aug. Nov. Sub-totals Total ana s ana s ana s ay ana s ay p Blue-greens 1085 1593 2400 1463 11 893 2900 6312 2840 21 690 8796 30 486 Dinoflagellates 8174 15 447 19 728 24 273 5926 26 727 27 605 28 340 61 433 94 787 156 220 H

H 15 787 150 940 35 641 99-1 94 36 239 60 302 47 291 351 586 134 958 486 544

~ Diatoms 41 150 Ciliates 101 4024 209 3211 423 1161 1450 3034 2183 11 430 13 613 I

Flagellates 713 2774 6721 4185 1488 1860 5766 12 772 14 688 21 591 36 279 (rncertae eedis)

Subtotal s 51 223 36 925 179 998 68 773 118 924 68 887 101 435 94 277 451 480 271 562 Totals by month - Canals 90 848 248 771 187 811 195 712 723 142 and Bay (Grand Total) combined

2. Fish (ETS 4.1.1.1.2)

Introduction This. study characterizes and documents population changes that occur in the fish fauna within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

To place these changes in perspective, the canal fauna are compared to that of Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Nugent, 1970).

Populations of fish within the canal system were isolated from Biscayne Bay and adjacent offshore habitats when the system was closed in February 1973. Sampling of these populations within the canals was conducted to determine the species present, their relative abun-dance, life history stages, biomass, and size. Species that demonstrate a variety of life history stages are considered to be reproducing and established in the canals, while those represented only by adults are not reproducing and could be expected to be lost through natural attrition.

Materials and Methods Fish were collected monthly from January through December 1980 at the ten stations established in 1974 and 1975 (FPL, 1976).

Stations 1 and 8 were relatively deepwater (6 m) areas located near the plant intake and discharge, respectively (Figure 1). Water depth at Stations 2 and 4 ranged from 1 to 6 m. Water depth at Stations 3, 5, 6, and 7 averaged less than 1 m. Stations 9 and 10 were in a backwater area and small pond, respectively, adjacent to the canal III.A.2-1

I system proper. Mater depth at these two stations was less than 0.6 m.

Collections were made by nylon gill nets and minnow traps.

Each gill net was 30 m in length by 1.8 m in depth and consisted of 2

three 10-m panels of 25, 38, and 51-mm mesh sewn end to end. The gill nets were fished perpendicular to shore in water depth of 1 to 2.5 m. The minnow traps were of the double funnel type and measured 406 mm long by 229 mm in diameter. These traps were constructed of 2

6.4 mm galvanized mesh. The traps were set near the edges of the canals at water depths of from 30 to 50 cm.

The sampling method at each station was determined primarily by the water deoth at the sampling site. Gill nets were fished at Stations 1, 2, 4, and 8; minnow traps at Stations 1 through 10. One gill net and/or two minnow traps were fished for one 24-hour period per station per month.

All specimens collected were identified to species whenever possible, counted, measured to the nearest millimeter, and weighed to the nearest gram. Fish were measured from the tip of the snout to the caudal peduncle (standard length). Fish nomenclature was in accordance with Hohlke and Chaplin (1968).

III.A.2-2

Resul ts A total of 17 species of fish represented by 8412 .individuals were collected in the canals during 1980 (Table 1). The majority of these individuals were small forage fish collected by minnow traps.

The ki llifish family (Cyprinodontidae) comprised 93.2 percent of the total number of fish collected in 1980. The sheepshead minnow and goldspotted killifish were the predominant species found with 4672 and 3153 individuals, respectively (Table 1). Other members of this family collected were the rainwater, marsh, and gulf killifish.

Killifish are generally less than'5mm in length and, because of their small size, comprised only 17.9 percent of the total biomass of the fish collected.

The livebearer family (Poeci lidae) was represented by the sailfin molly and mosquitofish. Live bearers comprised 2.7 percent of the total number of fish collected during 1980 and, due to their small size, comprised only 0.7 percent of the total fish biomass (Table 1).

The balance of the fish collected in 1980 comprised only 4.1 per-cent of the total number but accounted for 81.4 percent of the total biomass. The collection of a relatively few large individuals such as bonefish, barracuda, and snapper accounted for most of the biomass (Table 1).

III.A.2-3

Discussion Actively reproducing populations of ki llifish and livebearers within the canals were evidenced by the occurrence of juveniles as well as adults (Table 1) and the continued abundance of these fish over, the six years sampled (Table 2). Although not as abundant as the killifish, crested gobies and gulf toadfish were also collected as juveniles and adults and are considered established in the system. Ho juvenile silver jennys or spotfin mojarras were collected during 1980. Mosqui tofish were collected for the first time in the canal system during 1980.

Redfin needlefish were frequently observed in the system and are considered established. However, they were generally not collected I

because of'he sampling methods employed. Needlefish are becoming a prominent predator in the canals as populations of nonreproducing predatory species are reduced by natural attrition.

The remainder of the species found did not appear to be repro-ducing in the canals as indicated by an absence of juveniles and a decline in number collected (Table 2). The species that were not reproducing within the canals generally spawn at sea. These fish (such as ~S h raena barracuda, Albula ~vul es, and Caranx ~hi os) have pelagic eggs and larvae which develop offshore. Confinement to the inshore canals was not conducive to spawning and development of eggs and larvae.

III.A.2-4

I Changes which occurred in fish populations in the canals were reflected in the data when plotted as catch per unit effort (CPUE).

The minnow trap CPUE, indicative of populations of the small forage species, increased after the first year of the study and decreased slightly over subsequent years until 1980 (Figure 2). Minnow trap CPUE for this year was the highest ever recorded. The large expanse of generally shallow water provided an ideal situation for forage fish.

This and the decrease in the number of predatory species may be a cause for the increase in their populations. The gill net CPUE, indicative of populations of larger fish, decreased substantially after the 1975 study and has decreased slowly over 'subsequent years.

Eighty species of fish were collected by trawling in south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound during the baseline survey for the Turkey Point Plant (Bader and Roessler, 1971). This can be compared to 42 species collected in the canal system from 1974 through 1978 and a total of 25 species were collected in 1979 and 1980. Although the different collecting methods, between Bader 1971 and later works, may have accounted for some of the difference in the number of species, it appears that many species found in the bay and sound did not enter the canal system during the brief oeriod it was open.

The surveys conducted by Nugent (1970) with gill nets and fish traps in the immediate vicinity of the plant resulted in the collection of 51 species of fish. These studies were conducted in tidal creeks and other nearshore areas so that the species found were more III.A.2-5

I representative of those collected in the cooling canals (Table 3).

Nevertheless, Nugent also found more species than were found in the canal system. This is a further indication that certain fish species in the area may not have entered the canal before it was closed in 1973.

In general studies conducted during 1979 and 1980 have shown that the fish which became isolated in the canals were primarily the common, and often abundant species found by Nugent outside the canal system.

The few species collected from 1974 through 1978 which were not found by Nugent (Table 3) were mainly small fish collected by minnow traps, a collection method which Nugent did not use.

Conclusions Populations of fish within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System became isolated from Biscayne Bay, Card Sound, and adjacent offshore habitats when the system was closed off in February 1973. Certain species, particularly forage fish in the killifish and livebearer fami lies, have adopted relatively well in the canals. Other fish, such as snappers, grunts and barracuda, were not able to reproduce within the canals and their numbers have been reduced through natural attri tion. Many of the species lost through natural attrition were predators which may, at least in part, account for the abundance of

.the forage fish.

III.A.2-6

I 4

Study comparisons indicated that several species found in the bay and sound adjacent to the canal system did not enter when the system was open and thus did not become entrapped in the canals. All fish found within the canals were members of species which were coranon or abundant outside the canal system in adjacent waters.

III.A.2-7

LITERATURE CITED Bader, R.G. and M.A. Roessler. 1971. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Florida Power 8 Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, FL.

Bohlke, J.E., Chaplin C.C.G. 1968. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. Acad. of Nat. Sci. of Phila. 753 pp.

Florida Power 5 Light Co. 1973-1979. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report nos. 1-13, Miami, Florida.

Nugent, R.S., Jr. 1970. The effects of thermal effluent on some of the macrofauna of a subtropical estuary. Sea Grant Tech.

Bull. No. 1, Univ. of Miami, FL. 198 pp.

III.A.2-8

l I

Powe 8(F.1) Plant 1(RC.O) 9 10

~ll 2(RC.1)

I jdl 0(

r

)

7(!~6.2) 6(H18.2) 5(WF.2) 3(E3.2)

IIII 4(RF.3)

SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1, Fish sampling station locations, Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

III.A.2-9

I 70 o ~ Fi sh/(Net- day) 60 o ~> Fish/(Trap day)

$ 50

)

C)

ID

~ 40

~ 30 20 10 Jan 1975 Jan 1976 Jan 1977 Jan 1978 Jan 1979 Jan 1980 TIME (months)

Figure 2. Minnow trap and gill net catch per-unit effort in Turkey Point Cooling Canal System for December 1974 through December 1980.

Table 1. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System for January through December 1980.

Number Range of Total Percentage composition of standard weight of fishes b S ecies individuals len ths mm Number 'llei ht sheepshead minnow (Qgp~nodon variegatus) 4672 20-55 3824 55 ' 7.8 goldspotted killifish (Floridichthys carpio) 3153 19-60 4783 37.5 9.8 sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) 228 20-59 342 2.7 0.7 crested goby (Lophogobius cyprinoides) 204 21-84 895 2.4 1.8 yellowfin mojarra (Gerres cinereus) 87 115-224 15488 1.0 31.8 gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) 23 55-152 433 0.3 0.9 silver jenny (Eucinostomus gula) 8 106-127 389 <.1 0.8 gray snapper (Lutjanus gz'iseus) 8 220-998 6048 <.1 12.4 great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) 7 480-650 10260 <.1 21.0 gulf killifish (Fundulus gr'andis) 7 48-105 107 < 1 0.2 rainwater killifish (Lucania pama) 6 23-33 <.1 <.1 bonefish (Albula vulpes) 3 457-510 5429 <.1 11.1 mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) 2 33-34 1 <.1 <.1 spotfin mojarra (Eucinostonnis argenteus) 1 144 66 < 1 0.1 drum (SCIAENIDAE) 1 375 685 <.1 1.4 atlantic needl cfish (Strongylura marina) 1 218 16 <.1 <.1 marsh killifish (Fundulus conf luentps) 1 35 1 <.1 <.1 c

NOTE: Species which are reproducing in the canal system.

Table 2. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System for 1975 through 1980.

Num er of individuals er ear a

S ecies 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 sheepshead minnow (Cypzinodon variegatus) 358 2181 2207 1212 1091 4672 goldspotted killifish (Flora.dichthys carpio) 1949 3351 3392 3233 1984 3153 sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) c ill 341 762 173 48 228 crested goby (Lophogobius cyprinoides)c 15 27 53 73 154 204 yellowfin mojarra (Gezres cinereus) 68 55 59 29 58 87 gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) 0 1 8 6 13 23 silver jenny (Eucinostomus gula) 1 14 21 44 8 gray snapper (Lutjanus gziseus) 28 16 9 9 8 great barracuda (Sphyzaena bazracuda) 12 3 4 6 8 7 gulf killifish (Fundulus gz*andis)c 0 10 13 2 0 7 rainwater killifish (Fucania parva) 18 2 7 13 10 6 bonefish (Albula vulpes) 9 8 ll 8 6 3 mosqui tofish (Gambusia affinis) 0 0 0 0 0 2 spotfin mojarra (Eucinostomus azgenteus) 8 3 2 13 3 1 drum (SCIAENIDAE) 0 0 0 0 0 1 Atlantic needlefish (Stzongyluza marina) 0 1 0 0 0 1 marsh killifish (Fundulus confluentus) 0 5 12 4 1 1 tidewater silverside (Menidia beryllina) 15 3 8 1 3 0 striped mojarra (Eugezees plwnieri) 3 3 2 1 3 0 schoolmaster (I;utJanus apodus) 9 8 10 4 2 0 sharksucker (Echeneis naucz ates) 0 1 0 0 2 0 bluestriped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) 31 9 4 2 1 0 crevalle jack (Carat hippos) 1 0 1 1 1 0 sailors choice (Elaemulon pazzai) 17 ll 1 0 1 0 Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodipterus fabe~> 3 3 0 0 1 0 pike killifish (Belonesox belizanus) 2 2 3 15 0 0 snook (Centzopomus undecunalis) 0 0 1 0 0 sea catfish (prius felis) 18 0 2 2 0 0

l l

l

Table 2.

Fish collected within the Turkey (CONT') Point Cooling Canal System for 1975 through 1980.

Number of individuals er ear a

S ecies 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 redf in needl ef i sh (Str ongy Luz a notata) c, (Mugful obs 0 0 0 0 0 pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 0 1 4 0 0 hardhead silverside (Athe~nomor~is stipes) 17 0 20 0 0 stri ped mullet cephalus) 7 13 0 0 0 ladyfish (Elops saums) 4 2 1 0 0 1 ined seahorse Olippocampus erectus) 0 1 0 0 0 permit (Tvachinotus falcatus) 0 1 0 0 0 sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) 0 0 1 0 0 fat sleeper (Dormitator maculatus) 0 0 1 0 0 blue runner (Carat czngsos) 1 0 0 0 G gulf kingfish (Menticirrhus littoralis) 1 0 0 0 0 banner goby (Nicrogobius micr olepis) 1 0 0 0 0 checkered puffer (Sphoeroides testudineus) 1 0 0 0 0 pipefish (Sgngnathus sp.) 2 0 0 0 0 goby (Cobi.onellus sp.) 2 0 0 0 0 Iookdown (Sel8ne vomer) 2 0 0 0 ~ 0 Total fishes 2723 6063 6595 4829 3443 8412 a

NOTE: Ranked from most abundant to least abundant as they were found in collections taken during 1980.

Reference Annual Fnvironmental Monitoring -Reports Turkey Point Plant 1973 through 1979.

Species which are reproducing in the canals.

Observed, but not collected during 1980 program.

I Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

tlugent Applied Biology LU/TP S ecies Au 1968-Jan 1970 Dec 1974-Dec 1978 Jan 1979-Dec 1980 Atlantic needlefish (Stzongyluza maHna)

Atlantic spadefish (Chaetodiptezus fabez) bandtai1 ouffer (Sphoezoides spenglezi) banner goby (Miczogobius micz'oLepis) barbfi sh (Sco~aena bzasiliensis) black drum (Pogonias czomis) bonefish (AZbula .vulpes) blue runner (Cazanx crpsos) blue striped grunt (Haemulon sciuzus) bull shark (Cazchazhinus leucas) checkered puffer (Sphoezoides testudineus) crested goby (Lophogobius ogpu,noides) crevalle jack (Cazanx hippos) fantail mullet (Nugi2 trachodon) fat sleeper (Dormr'.tatoz rnaculatus) fat snook (Centzopomus pazaLZelus) goby (GobioneZLus sp. )

goldspotted killifish (PZomdichthys cazpio) gray (Hangrove) snapper (I'utjanus g~seus) X gray triggerfish (Balistes capziscus) X great barracuda (Sphyzaena bazzacuda) X f

gul flounder (Pazalichthys albigutta) X gulf killifish (Fundulus gzandis) gulf kingfish (Nenticizzhus Littozalis) gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) hardhead. sil verside (Athe~nomoms stipes) jewfi sh (Epinephelus itajaza)

I j

Table 3; Species of fish collected in the Turkey (CONT'D) Point Cooling Canal System, tidal creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

nugent Applied Biology LU/TP S ecies Au 1968-Jan 1970 Dec 1974-Dec 1978 Jan 1979-Dec 1980 ladyfish (Elops sauvus) lane snapper (Lutjanus synag~s) lemon shark (Negap& on bzevizost~s) lined seahorse (Hippocampus ezectus) lookdown (Selene vomez) margate (Haemulon album) marsh killifish (Fundulus confluentus) mosqui tofish (Gambusia affinis) mummichog (Zundulus hetezoclitus) nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cizmtum) permit (Tvachinotus falcatus) pike killi fish (Belonesox belisanus) pi nf i sh (Lagodon zhomboi des) pi pe fi sh (Syngna thus sp. )

rainwater killifish (Lucania pazva) redfin needlefish (Stzonggluza notata) remora (Hemoza zemoz'a) sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) sailor's choice (Haemulon pazzai) sargassum fish (Histz io histzio) scrawled cowfi sh (Lactophvys quadzicomis) schoolmaster (Lutjanus apodus) sea catfish (Azius felis) sharksucker (Echenesis nauczates) sheepshead (Azchosazgus pzobatocephalus) sheepshead minnow (Cypzinodon va~egatus) shortnose gar (Lepisosteus platyzhineus)

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the .Turkey (CONT'0) Point Cooling Canal System, tidal creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

Nugent Applied Biology -

LU/TP S ecies Au lgo8-Jan 1970 Dec 1974-Dec 1978 Jan 1979-Dec 1980 silver jenny (Eucinostomus gula) snook (Cents opomus undecimalis) southern stingray (Dasjratis arne% cana) spot (Leiostomus nmthur us) spotfin mojarra (Eucinostomus azgenteus) spotted seatrout (Qgnoscion nebulosus) stri ped mojarra (Eugerees plumier) X striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) X tarpon (Megalops atlantica) tarpon snook (Centzopomus pectinatus) tidewater sil verside (Menidia berpllina) tripletail (Lobotes suzinamensis) white mullet (Mugil cur ema) yel lowfin mojarra (Germs cine~eus)

NOTE: Reference Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports Turkey Point Plant 1974-1978; Reference Annual Environmental Monitoring Reports Turkey Point Plant 1979-1980.

3- Benthos (ETS 4.1.1.1.3)

a. Characteristics of the Sediments Introduction This study of the characteristics of the sediments has been designed to determine the pH, salinity and temperature and to monitor selected nutrients in the interstitial (pore) water and sediments of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System. To assess biological changes resulting from operation of the Turkey Point Plant, results of sediment analysis from samples collected in the cooling canal system have been compared with data from samples collected at three control areas outside of the canals.

From September 1970 through May 1971, preoperational chemical data were collected in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound (RSMAS, 1971, 1972).

These studies differed from the existing operational monitoring program in many aspects (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 1). Neverthe-less, operational monitoring data can be compared with relevant preopera-tional data to evaluate the long term impact of the Turkey Point Plant on the water and sediments in the area surrounding the plant.

A closed cooling canal network is potentially an oxygen-poor system.

Anoxic conditions occur if waters are exposed to high temperatures, poor circulation'and high oxygen consumption caused by an excess of organic matter. In contrast, most of the world's oceans are well mixed, maintain low temperatures and contain some dissolved oxygen. Evidence of anoxic condi'tions would be observed first in the interstitial water of the

I, sediment-water interface. The Turkey Point Canal System is potentially oxygen poor because the heated water from the power plant discharge is not mixed with adjacent Biscayne Bay waters. Additionally, the canal system is located in the subtropics that are characterized by the high production of organic material.

Ouring 1980, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrated lime and lesser quantities of other chemicals were discharged into the circulating water system in the amounts shown in Section II.B-Table 2. These chemi-cals were used in the Turkey Point Plant's water treatment program. The effects of selected chemicals from this tabulation were considered in evaluating the results of the chemistry program (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 2 through 12).

Materials and Methods, Samples containing a combination of water and sediment were collected monthly at eight canal stations and three bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Figure 1). Ouring the first half of 1980, samples were collected in 1-liter screwcap polypropylene bottles.

After July, the collection method was refined so that sediment and interstitial water samples were collected in cylindrical polypropylene cores approximately 5 .cm in diameter and 45 cm in length- All samples were placed in an ice chest and kept at 4'C until analyzed. Samples were then homogenized, filtered and analyzed for the following soluble nutrients: sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, nitrate, nitrite, aomonia and orthophosphate. Standard analytical methods (Characteristics of the II I.A. 3-2

Sediments Table 13) were used to perform all chemical analyses. Sediment from the core samples collected at canal and bay stations also was anal-yzed for insoluble sulfide content. A portion of each of these samples was acidified to convert insoluble sulfide to H2S, which was then distilled into a trapping solution of zinc acetate and analyzed spectrophotometri cal ly.

Water samples to be analyzed for the presence of sulfite and sulfide were collected in 250-ml screwcap polyethylene bottles containing 0.5 ml of zinc acetate (2N). Because these ions are susceptible to oxidation, the bottles were filled to overflowing to avoid excessive exposure to oxygen that would be contained in an airspace. To prevent the dele-terious effects of oxygenation, these samples were kept at 4'C and ana-lyzed without filtration.

The pH of sediment samples was measured with a standard Corning Model 10 pH meter. Salinity was measured with a YSI Model 33 meter.

Temperature was measured in the field using a YSI Model 42 single channel temperature meter.

Results and Oiscussion The pH of marine and estuarine waters is a measure of the acid-base equilibrium of dissolved components. pH is important in aquatic chemical and biological systems because 1) changes in pH affect dissociation of weak acids and bases 2) the degree of dissociation affects the toxicity II I.A. 3-3

of many compounds 3) pH affects the solubility of metals from suspended solids and bottom sediments, and 4) changes in ph directly influence physiological changes in marine organisms.

The pH values of the cooling canal system sediments ranged from 7.0 to 8.3. Measurements for Biscayne Bay stations ranged from 7.2 to 8.3 pH (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 2 and 15). These values are close to the narrow range of 6.8 to 8.2 pH found for most marine pore-waters (Goldberg, 1974). Comparison of the yearly average values (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16) shows very small variations between canal stations (7. 6 to 7.8 pH units) and Biscayne Bay stations (7. 7 to 8.0 pH units). The pH range of the canal stations was apparently not affected by the additions of various chemicals from the power plant to the circulating cooling water system.

~Sal init Salinity is a measure of the salt content of water. Marine organ-isms vary in their ability to tolerate salinity changes. In deep water and open sea where salinity ranges vary only from 34 to 36 ppt, animals are sensitive to relatively small salinity changes'. In the coastal regions and estuaries where wide salinity variations may occur, organisms adapted to these habitats are more tolerant of salinity changes.

During 1980, the salinity of the sediments ranged from 8.2 to 35.8 ppt at Biscayne Bay stations and from 21.0 to 39.0 ppt in the Turkey Point canal system (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 3 and 15).

i In 1979, these ranges were from 14.0 to 31.5 ppt for Biscayne Bay sta-tions and from 18.3 to 48.0 ppt for the Turkey Point canal system (ABI, 1980). The average yearly sediment salinity at the adjacent Biscayne Bay sampling stations was 29-6 ppt in 1977, '22.2 ppt in 1978, 22.5 ppt in 1979, and 23.9 ppt in 1980. The average yearly sediment salinity in the canal system was 38.4 ppt in 1977, 30.4 ppt in 1978, 29.3 ppt in 1979, and 31.3 ppt in 1980.

In a closed marine system such as the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canals, evaporation could theoretically increase sediment salinity to a level that the life forms present in the system could not tolerate. Data show that there was only a slight increase in sediment salinity from 1979 to 1980 in the canal system, although values were higher in the canals than at control stations in Biscayne Bay. Seasonal variations in salini-ty were also noted during the study with high values generally occurring in March or April and low salinity values occurring in November or December (Characteri sties of the Sediments Table 3). These variations likely were influenced by rainfall in the Turkey Point area.

Tem erature Temperatures in the Turkey Point Canal System reflected the thermal discharge from the power plant and solar heating of the canals.

Temperature is important to biological systems because high temperatures decrease dissolved oxygen levels, increase the rates of chemical reactions, and give false temperature cues to aquatic life. If tem-peratures are high enough, lethal temperature limits may be exceeded.

III.A.3-5

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These factors affect not only the fish, benthic organisms and aquatic plants but also the bacterial populations living in the sediment.

Temperatures ranged from 10.2'o 30.3'C at control stations in Biscayne Bay and from 13.0'o 43.0'C in the cooling canals (Character-istics of the Sediments Tables 4 and 15). In 1979, temperatures ranged from 10.0'o 37.0'C at the Biscayne Bay stations and 17.5'o 44.0'C in the canal system (ABI, 1980). There was a definite difference between sampling stations in the yearly average temperature values (Characteris-tics of the Sediments Table 16). Biscayne Bay stations had lower tem-peratures than canal stations. The highest average temperature (35.6'C) was recorded at canal Station 8, lower temperatures were found at Stations 5, 6, and 7 (30. 6'o 31. 5'C), and the lowest readings were at Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 (26.0'o 26.7'C). This gradient followed the path of the water in the canal system. Warm water discharged from the plant enters the canal system close to Station 8, moves through the canal system in a circular fashion, and enters the plant at Station 1..

Temperatures observed at Station 8 are in a range that can exclude some biota occurring in the other parts of the Turkey Point canal system (Roessler and Tabb, 1974).

Sulfur Sulfur occurs in a number of forms in marine water but only sulfate and sulfide are of major importance. Both forms are present in the waters of anoxic sediments, with sulfate usually the most abundant.

Bacteria can reduce sulfate to sulfide. This reduction can take place in III.A.3-6

the water column if oxygen is not available, but more frequently, sulfate reduction occurs in the underlying sediment. Dissolved sulfides are to a large extent precipitated to form sulfide minerals. Sulfite can also be present in the marine environment where the redox process (sulfate-sul-fide conversion) is active. Because the Turkey Point canal network is a closed system, it is a potentially anoxic environment in which sulfide could build up within the sediment through depletion of available sulfate.

During 1980, the sulfate concentration ranged from 2115 to 3611 ppm in the cooling canals and from 959 to 3215 ppm at Biscayne Bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 5 and 15). In 1979, these values ranged from 2399 to 3450 ppm in the cooling canals (ABI, 1980) and from 1521 to 3120 ppm at Biscayne Bay stations. The 1980 data (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16) showed that the average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters (3095 ppm) was about 34 percent higher than in Biscayne Bay samples (2311 ppm). The average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters increased only slightly from the 1979 value of 2998 ppm, but in Biscayne Bay the average sulfate concentration decreased by 156 ppm (2467 ppm in 1979). There was no dif-ference in the average yearly sulfate concentrations at the canal stations.

Soluble sulfite 'and sulfide (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 6 and 7) were generally below the detection limits of the method employed

--<0.1 and <0.05 ppm, respectively. The extreme value of 23.0 ppm I I I.A. 3-7

sulfite was observed only in January 1980 at Station 1 and can be regarded as a random occurrence.

Insoluble sulfide values in the cooling canals ranged from <0.05 to

8. 90 pg/g wet weight of soil (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 8) and in Biscayne Bay from <0.05 to 2. 96 pg/g wet weight of soil. These values were in the same general ranges as in 1979 when they were <0.05 to 8.37 pg/g wet weight of soil for the cooling canals (ABI, 1980) and

<0.05 to 2.83 pg/g wet weight of soil for the Biscayne Bay stations. No build-up of insoluble sulfide was found during this time. These findings also indicated that sediments in the Turkey Point Canal System were not anoxic.

~Nitro en Nitrogen occurs in a number of different forms in marine waters.

The principal ones are N03 (nitrate), N02 (nitrite), N2 (dissolved nitro-gen gas) and NH4+ (amnonium). Under the conditions existing in the porewaters of anoxic marine sediments, the principal species are N2 and NH4+ (Thorstenson, 1970). A lack of nitrate and nitrite is caused by rapid bacterial reduction to N2 and NH4+. Nitrate, nitrite and ammonium were analyzed in the interstitial water of Turkey Point Cooling Canal samples.

During 1980, nitrate concentrations ranged from <0.003 to 0.746 ppm in the cooling canals and from 0.004 to 0.404 ppm at Biscayne Bay control stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 9 and 15). In 1979, III.A.3-8

with the exception of one random value, these ranges were very similar:

<0.001 to 0.660 ppm in the cooling canals and <0.001 to 0.341 ppm for the Biscayne Bay, stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 15). The 1980 yearly average values I

were very close for all cooling canal stations but higher than for Biscayne Bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16). Comparison with Biscayne Bay stations and 1979 values indicates that during 1980 there was no depletion of nitrate which might indicate anoxic conditions in the cooling canals.

Ouring 1980, nitrite concentrations ranged from <0.001 to 0.084 ppm in the cooling canals and from <0.001 to 0.070 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 10 and 15). In 1979, these ranges were somewhat lower, <0.001 to 0.028 in the cooling canals and <0.001 to 0.014 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations. The yearly average value for canal stations was 0.008 ppm and 0.010 ppm for Biscayne Bay stations. This constancy in nitrite concentrations indicates that during 1980 there was no depletion of nitrite in the cooling canals due to anoxic conditions.

Ammonium values found in the Turkey Point Canal System during 1980 ranged from 0.10 to 6.02 ppm (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables ll and 15). These values were higher than the control stations'alues, which ranged from 0.08 to 1. 74 ppm. In 1979, the range of ammonium values at the cooling canals (0.02 to 0. 97 ppm) more closely resembled the range of values at the Biscayne Bay stations (0.09 to 1.00 ppm). The 1980 yearly average value was 0.74 ppm for the canal stations and 0.53 I I I.A. 3-9

ppm for Biscayne Bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16). This similarity in average ammonium concentrations indicates that conditions were not anoxic at the sediment/water interface in the cooling canal s.

Phos horus The most stable and dominant form of dissolved phosphorus in marine sediments is orthophosphate (Kester and Pytkowicz, 1967). Dissolved orthophosphate levels in oxygen-containing sediments are similar to values for the overlying water. By contrast, phosphate levels increase in anoxic sediments (Brooks et al., 1968) along with ammonium and, to a lesser extent, sulfide.

During 1980, orthophosphate values in interstitial waters ranged from <0.01 to 0.15 ppm in the cooling canals (Characteristics of the Sediments Tables 12 and 15) and from <0. 01 to 0.08 ppm at the control stations in Biscayne Bay. In 1979, or'thophosphate values were from <0.01 to 0.90 ppm in the cooling canals and from <0.01 to 0.24 ppm for the Biscayne Bay stations. Yearly average values in 1980 were similar for canal and Biscayne Bay stations (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16). From 1979 to 1980, there was no increase in orthophosphate con-centrations in the interstitial waters of the cooling canals. This trend indicates that the sediments were not anoxic.

I I I.A. 3-10

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Comparison With Preooerational Data Parameters monitored, analytical methods and sampling locations dif-fered between the preoperational studies (RSMAS, 1971, 1972) and the operational study (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 1). However, the values for the same parameters were in similar ranges. The pH range of 7.0 to 7.8 found in Card Sound sediments in 1970-71 is slightly lower than the pH ranges found during 1977-80 (Characteristics of the Sediments Table 15). The salinity of Biscayne Bay/Card Sound water during the 1970-71 sampling was higher (27.3 to 44.4 ppt) than that of sediments in Biscayne Bay control stations in 1980 (8.2 to 35.8 ppt). This difference probably was caused by the rainfall pattern during this time. The range of nitrate values (<0.001 to 0.023 ppm) found during the preoperational study was lower than that found in 1980 (0.004 to 0.404 ppm). Differ-ences in preservation and analysis methods used in these studies could account for this discrepancy. Nitrite and orthophosphate values were in the same range during the 1970-71 and 1980 monitoring.

Summar and Conclusions Characteristics of the sediment and interstitial water were analyzed from eight sampling stations in the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canals and from three control stations in Biscayne Bay. These samples were measured monthly for pH, salinity, temperature and selected nutrients.

In the cooling canals, salinity, temperature, sulfate and nitrate values of sediment samples were higher than in Biscayne Bay.

Temperatures of the cooling canal sediments were influenced by plant

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operations as shown by the decrease in temperature at stations farther from the plant discharge. Salinity and sulfate values were influenced by outside factors such as water evaporation and rainfall. The slightly higher nitrate values in the cooling canals show that there was no deple-tion of nitrate due to anoxic conditions. All other parameters were in the same range as values from control stations.

Comparisons of 1980 data with those of the preoperational study indicate that no detectable impact on physical or chemical parameters has resulted from plant operation.

I I I.A. 3-12

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LITERATURE CITED ABI. 1978. Ecological monitoring of selected parameters at the Turkey Point Plant, annual report 1977. AB-100. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power 5 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

. 1979. Annual non-radiological environmental monitoring report, 1978. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power 5 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

. 1980. Annual non-radiological environmental monitoring report, 1979. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power 5 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

APHA. 1975. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 1193 pp.

Brooks, R.R., B.J. Presley, and I.R. Kaplan. 1968. Trace elements in the interstitial waters of marine sediments. Geochim.

Cosmochim. Acta. 32:397-414.

Goldberg, E.D., ed. 1974. The sea. Vol. 5. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. 614 pp.

Kester, D.R., and R.M. Pytkowicz. 1967. Determination of the apparent dissociation constants of phosphoric acid in seawater. Limnol. and Oceang. 12: 243-252.

Roessler, M.A., and D.C. Tabb. 1974. Studies of effects of ther-mal pollution in Biscayne Bay, Florida. EPA-660/3-74-1003.

Office of Research and Development. USEPA, Washington, D.C.

RSMAS. 1971. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Prepared by Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power & Light Co.

1972. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound chemistry appendices. Prepared by Rosenstiei School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, for U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power 8 Light Co.

Strickland, J.D., and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish Res. Bd. Canada. Ottawa. Bulletin No. 167. 310 pp.

Thorstenson, D.C. 1970. Equilibrium distribution of small organic molecules in natural waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.

34: 745-700.

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a I B/S CA YPI E BAY goo oa INTERCEPTOR~

DITCH 6 0 o 5

SEA OAOE CANAl.

,po, Characteristics of the Sediments Figure 1. Chemistry sampling locations, Turkey Point Plant, 1980.

III.A.3-14

I Characteristics of the Sediments Table 1. Parameters Heasured During the Preoperational Studies and 1980 Operational Study at the Turkey Point Plant Site.

Preoperational studies* Operational study 1970-1971 1980 Interstitial Parameter Water Sediment water Water Sediment Alkalinity Ammonium Dissolved inorganic carbon Dissolved organic carbon Dissolved oxygen Nitrate Nitrite pk4 Orthophosphate Radioactivity Salinity Silica Sul fate Sul fide Sulfite Temperature Trace metals

• RSHAS, 1971, 1972.

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Characteristics of the Sediments Table 2. PH of Sediments at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Honth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 JAN 7.8 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.9 8.1 FEB 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8 7.2 8.1 8.1 8.2 7.7 7.8 7.9 HAR 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 8.0 7.9 8.2 APR 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.2 HAY 8.0 7.7 8.0 , 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.8 8.3 8.2 8.2 JUN 8.1 7-9 8.0 7.8 7.8 7-8 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.2 JUL 7.8 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.0 7.9 AUG 7.8 7.2 7.4 7.2 7.3 7.7 7.1 7.4 7.8 7.4 7.6 SEP 7.8 7.3 7.2 7.4 7. 6 7. 6 7.8 7.4 7.8 7.5 7.8 OCT 7.6 7.7 8.0 7.8 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.5 8.0 HOV 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.4 7.3 7.1 7'0 7.1 7.7 7.2 8.0 DEC 7.0 7. 5 . 7.4 7.4 7.1 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.2 7.4

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Characteristics of the Sediments Table 3. Salinity (ppt) of Sediments at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 JAN 34.8 33.2 34.0 33.8 34. 5 33. 5 33.8 35.2 23.0 22.8 22.0 FEB 34.0 33.0 33.0 34. 5 34.0 33. 5 34.0 33.0 21.0 22.0 21.5 MAR 34. 9 37.2 36.5 35.1 36.8 38.3 39.0 38.8 27. 6 27 ' 27.8 APR 38.2 35.8 37-9 37.9 34.0 37.3 36.8 38.1 31.9 31.8 33.0 NAY 24.5 25.5 25.5 24.0 24.0 25.5 21.0 24.0 21.5 20.0 21.5 JUN 33.1 31.1 34- 9 32. 8 31. 9 33.2 31.8 33. 6 27.0 27.2 27.2 JUL 34.2 32. 9 33. 2 33. 3 33. 2 34. 2 33.1 33. 9 28. 2 27. 8 28. 2 AUG 36.2 37.1 33. 9 35.2 35.1 32.1 35.8 25.2 35.8 25.2 25.7 SEP 31 0 32.2 33.1 30.1 32.0 32.1 31.2 28.0 25.1 23.2 24.0 OCT 25. 7 24.7 24. 6 24.2 26.1 25.9 . 26.8 26.0 18.9 21.4 19.4 NOY 26.9 25. 9 23. 9 23.0 25. 9 22.2 22.2 21.8 23.8 24.2 23.9 DEC 33.8 24.7 23. 5 29.3 28. 5 31. 5 31.0 29.3 9. 5 8.2 10.9

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Characteristics of the Sediments Table 4. Temperature ('C) of Sediment Surface at Stations in -the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 3 4 5 6 8 11 12 13 JAN 13.0 15. 9 16.0 17. 9 22.8 22. 7 22.8 27. 5 13.4 12. 9 13.0 FEB 17.5 17 0 14. 5 16.8 21.0 21.1 21.2 23. 9 10.9 10.2 10.3 MAR 28.5 27.0 26.8 29.0 33-1 33.0 32.8 37.7 23.0 23.0 23.8 APR 27.8 27.4 26.0 27.7 31.0 31.2 31.2 36.2 26.2 26.2 26.4 MAY 30.2 29.9 28. 5 28. 9 35.0 34. 5 34.3 39.0 22. 5 24. 5 24.0 JUN 31. 0 30. 6 30. 2 31. 7 35. 4 33. 3 32. 5 39. 5 28. 8 29. 0 29. 0 JUL 33. 9 32. 2 31. 7 33. 3 36. 7 34. 8 35.6 41.8 29.9 30.3 30.0 AUG 34. 9 34.0 32. 7 33. 9 39;2 36.0 36.1 43.0 29.2 29.8 29. 7 SEP 33.0 32.0 31.0 32. 0 35.0 36.0 36.2 41. 5 27.2 27. 9 28.0 OCT -22.2 22.3 26.9 27.1 31.8 29.4 29.7 35.1 24-9 24.9 24.9 NOV 28.3 28.1 .26. 9 27. 7 32.1 30. 5 30. 5 36.4 23.8 24.0 24.0 DEC 20. 5 21. 5 21. 5 22.2 24.9 24.2 24.2 25.0 20.1 20.1 20.2

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Characteristics of the Sediments Table 5. Analysis of Soluble Sulfate (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 12 13 JAN 3182 3043 3026 2974 3008 3130 3026 3146 2000 1930 1896 FEB 3248 3251 3228 .3029 3101 3219 3486 3248 1990. 1957 2030 MAR 3283 3300 3267 3250 3198 3250 3387 3164 2615 2495 2701 APR 3081 3184 3177 3175 2924 3051 3113 3257 2829 2957 2850 MAY 3501 3430 3515 3517 3402 3517 3465 3494 3215 3143 3203 JUN 3522 3395 3413 3486 3449 3413 3323 3504 2944 2962 2962 JUL 3611 2476 2657 2547 3363 2462 2580 2504 2465 2360 2301 AUG 2469 2497 2573 2550 2521 2412 2440 2693 2355 2639 2242 SEP 2787 3037 2578 2935 2115 2643 2904 2526 1881 2301 1925 OCT 3264 3142 3162 3167 2660 3189 3248 3061 2491 2491 2489 .

NOV 3496 3503 3209 3389 3019 3364 3395 3433 1597 1801 1839 DEC 3079 3154 3247 3257 2455 3240 3144 3247 1132 959 1263

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Characteristics of the Sediments Table 6. Analysis Results of Soluble Sulfite (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 JAN 23.0 '0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 FEB <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 ., <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 MAR <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 APR 5. 0 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 MAY .<0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0. 1 JUN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 JUL <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 AUG <0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0. 5 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 SEP <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 OCT <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 NOV <0.1 <0.1 .<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 DEC <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0.1

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 7. Analysis Results of Soluble Sulfide (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 JAN 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 FEB 0.06 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 MAR <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 APR 0.08 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 MAY <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 JUN <0.05 <0.05 0.15 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 JUL <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 AUG <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 0. 07 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 SEP <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 OCT <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 NOV <0. 05 <0. 05 .<0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 DEC <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05

l Characteristics of the Sediments Table 8. Analysis Results of Insolub'le Sulfide (pg/g wet weight sediment) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 JAN '.28 3.25 0.92 1.02 0.42 1.44 0.85 0.33 0.08 0.65 0.08 FEB 4.06 3.51 2.45 3.38 0.70 <0.05 0.50 <0.05 0.12 0.80 0.32 MAR 0.32 3.63 0.12 0.30 1.48 3.24 0.65 0.48 0.20 0.19 0.13 APR 0.18 0.27 0.32 0. 67 0.53 1.02 0.31 0.79 0. 64 0.53 0.73 MAY 5.05 4. 72 2.30 0. 87 0. 68 5. 00 0. 59 0. 99 0. 81 1.23 0. 54 JUN <0.05 0.21 0.59 0.14 0.77 0.28 0.55 0.83 0.27 0.33 0.30 JUL 3. 02 2. 85 8. 90 1. 20 0.30 0.25 <0.05 1.99 1.51 2.14 2.38 AUG 0. 80 0. 27 3. 93 0. 09 0. 05 0. 07 0.15 0.17 0. 22 0. 06 0. 60 SEP 6. 28 7. 87 2. 57 0. 51 0. 20 0. 94 0. 62 0. 63 0. 84 2. 96 0. 71 OCT 1. 50 6.00 0.15 1.13 4.10 0. 36 0.11 0. 32 1. 31 1. 57 0.14 NOV 5. 90 0.22 5. 66 0. 31 0.14 <0. 05 2.16 <0. 05 <0. 05 1 ~ 36 0. 09 DEC 2. 88 0.16 0.11 6. 42 3. 86 0. 41 0. 58 1. 04 1. 71 1. 54 1. 49

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 9. Analysis Results of Soluble Nitrate (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay Ouring 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 JAN 0. 014 0. 030 0. 139 0. 022 0. 026 0. 135 0. 022 0. 036 0. 012 0. 024 0. 011 FEB 0. 068 0. 016 0. 018 0. 055 0. 054 0. 069 0. 056 0. 010 0. 015 0. 029 0. 004 MAR 0. 035 (0. 003 0. 029 0. 026 0. 103 0. 035 0.118 0. 130 0. 078 0. 021 0. 087 APR 0.040 0-067 0.025 0.035 0.013 0.009 0.037 0.103 0.004 0.004 0.025 MAY 0.092 0.058 0.080 0.170 0.014 0.057 0.066 0.031 0.030 0.024 0.045 JUN 0.146 0.073 0.182 0.072 0.033 0.056 0.026 0.016 0.048 0.024 0.031 JUL 0.048 0.073 0.205 0.060 0.201 0.077 0.056 . 0.167 0.100 0.029 0.026 AUG 0. 341 0. 020 0.118 0.135 0. 392 0.182 0.191 0.146 SEP 0. 207 0. 021 0.107 0. 116 0. 038 0. 013 0. 215 0. 070 0. 175 0. 136 0. 041 OCT 0. 327 0.116 0. 088 0.170 0. 321 0. 219 0. 051 0. 005 0.110 0. 020 0. 078 NOV 0. 079 0. 051 0. 056 0. 099 0. 043 0.193 0. 064 0. 042 0.156 0. 043 0. 071 DEC 0.156 0. 636 0.188 0. 052 0. 348 0. 746 0. 069 0. 404 0. 319 0. 371

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 10. Analysis Results of Soluble Nitrite (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.002 0.002 <0.001

0. 009 0.003 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.016 0.004 0.010 0.002 0.006 0.005 MAR 0. 006 0.004 0.002 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.013 0.007 0.001 0.037 APR 0. 002 0.003 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.001 0.008 0.001 0.001 <0.001 MAY 0.003 0.001 <0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.001 JUN 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 JUL 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.001 AUG 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.028 0.004 0.005 0.005 SEP 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.039 0.002 OCT 0.008 0.025 0.044 0.017 0.084 0.010 <0.001 <0.001 0.007 0.015 0.014 HOV 0.032 0.022 0.025 0.024 0.027 0.022 0.029 0.016 0.070 0.024 0.026 DEC 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.020 0.028 0.018

• No data.

l Characteristics of the Sediments Table 11. Analysis Results of Soluble Ammonium (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Month 1 2 3 4 5 8 ll 12 13 JAN 0.52 0.41 0.30 0.69 0.38 0.24 0.32 0.28 0.18 0.20 0.16 FEB 0.28 0.72 0.22 0.35 0.20 0.13 0.46 0.26 0.19 0.36 0.35 MAR 0.54 0.71 0.36 0.48 1.05 0.73 0.44 0.42 0 46 0.25 0.31 APR 0.82 0.46 0.21 0.43 0.58 0.86 0.43 0.19 0.34 0.28 0.32 MAY 0.20 0.58 0.14 0.40 0.31 0.23 0.12 0.20 0.16 0.08 0.18 JUN 0. 52 1.10 0. 31 0. 66 0. 30 0. 49 0. 51 0.12 0. 26 0. 29 0. 26 JUL 0. 79 0. 41 0. 28 1. 05 0. 45 0. 22 0. 20 0. 12 0. 44 0. 33 0. 28 AUG 5. 29 2. 65 3. 77 0. 10 0. 87 2.16 6. 02 -* 1. 08 1-74 1. 26 SEP 1. 94 1. 65 0. 34 0. 49 0. 40 0. 64 0. 77 0. 76 0. 49 l. 44 0. 52 OCT 1.17 0.67 0.62 0.36 0.87 1.08 0.68 2.63 0. 69 0.88 1.04 NOV 1.53 0.45 . 1.49 0.35 0.82 0.34 0.39 0.70 -* Oo24 0.62 DEC 0.38 0.41 0. 66 0.86 -* 0.13 0. 56 0.36 0.88 0.89 1.54

• No data.

~

~

gi

~

~

gi gi i

Q

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 12. Analysis Results of Soluble Orthophosphate (ppm) at Stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Station location and number Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba Honth 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 JAN 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 FEB 0.05 0.15 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 HAR 0.02 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APR 0.14 . 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 HAY 0.06 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 JUN 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.04 0. 01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 JUL 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 AUG 0. 07 0. 04 0. 04 <0. 01 0. 01 0. 05 -* 0. 01 0. 02 0. 02 SEP 0. 07 0. 06 0. 01 0. 03 <0. 01 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 0. 01 0. 01 <0. 01 OCT 0.04 0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 NOV 0.10 0.01 '.01 0.01 0.07 <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08 <0.01 0.01 DEC <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0. 01 <0.01 <0. 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0. 01

• No data.

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 13. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Interstitial Hater at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Parameter Method Reference Sul fate turbidimetric APHA, 14th edition, (barium sulfate) 1975, p. 493 Sul fite titrimetric APHA, 14th edition, (iodide-iodate) 1975, p. 509 Sulfide spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (p-phenylenediamine) 1972, p. 41 Nitrate-nitrogen cadmium reduction APHA, 14th edition, method 1975, p. 434 Ni trite-ni trogen spectrophotometric APHA, 14th edition, (diazotization) 1975, p. 434 Ammonia-nitrogen spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (phenol-hypochlorite) 1972, p. 87 Orthophosphate spectrophotometri c APHA, 14th,edition, (ascorbic acid) 1975, p. 481 III.A.3-27

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 14. Ranges of Selected Physical and Chemical Parameters at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Soluble Salinity Temperature sulfate nitrate nitrite aamonium orthophosphate Station* H t C m m m m m 1 7. 0-8.1 24-5-38. 2 13. 0-34. 9 2469-3611 0. 014-0. 341 0. 002-0. 032 0. 20-5.29 <0. 01-0. 10 2 7. 1-8.1 24. 7-37. 2 15. 9-34. 0 2476-3503 0. 003-0. 636 0. 001-0. 025 0. 41-2. 65 0. 01-0. 15 3 7.1-8. 3 23. 5-37. 9 14. 5 7 2573-3515 0. 018-0. 205 <0. 001-0. 044 0.14-3. 77 <0. 01-0. 04 4 7. 2-8. 2 23. 0-37. 9 16. 8-33. 9 2550-3517 0. 022-0. 170 0. 001-0. 024 0. 10-1. 05 <0. 01-0. 06 5 7. 1-8.1 24. 0-36. 8 21. 0-39. 2 2115-3449 0. 013-0. 392 <0. 001-0. 084 0. 20-1. 05 <0. 01-0. 07 6 7.1-8. 1 22. 2-38. 3 21. 1-36. 0 2412-3517 0. 009-0. 348 0. 002-0. 022 0.13-2.16 <0. 01-0. 03 7 7. 0-8. 2 21. 0-39. 0 21. 2-36. 2 2440-3486 0. 022-0. 746 <0. 001-0. 029 0.12-6.02 0.01-0.05 8 7.1-8. 2 21. 8-38. 8 23. 9-43. 0 2504-3504 0. 010-0.167 <0. 001-0. 016 0.12-2. 63 <0. 01-0. 03 11 7. 4-8. 3 9. 5-35. 8 10. 9-29. 9 1132-3215 0. 012-0. 404 0. 001-0. 070 0. 16-1. 08 <0.01-0.08 12 7.2-8-2 8.2-31.8 10.2-30.0 959-3495 0. 004-0. 319 0. 001-0. 039 0. 08-1. 74 <0. 01-0. 02 13 7. 4-8.2 10. 9-33. 0 10. 3-30. 0 1263-3203 0. 004-0. 371 <0. 001-0. 026 0.16-1. 54 <0. 01-0. 02

• Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System; Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 15. Ranges for Selected Parameters Recorded at Stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Preoperational Studies) and in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay (Operational Monitoring Studies).

Prep erational studies 0 erational studies Parameter 1970-1 971 1977 1978 1979 1980 pH (pH units) 7. 0-7. 8 7. 4-8. 5 7. 2-8. 7 7. 6-8. 9 7. 0-8. 3 (8. 0-8. 7) (7. 4-8.4) (7. 8-8. 9) (7.2-8.3)

Salinity (ppt) 27.3-44.4 35. 00-54. 54 22.0-43.1 18.3-48.0 21. 0-39. 0 (23. 69-35. 54) (11. 6-37. 7) (14. 0-31. 5) (8. 2-35. 8)

Temperature (C') 11.1-39. 9 15. 8-39. 5 17. 5-44. 0 13. 0-43. 0 (19.1-33. 0) (18. 5-33. 9) (10.0-37.0) (10. 2-30. 3)

Soluble sulfate (ppm) 2100-3818 360-3950 2399-3450 2115-3611 (733-3448) (180-3100) (1521-3120) (959-3215)

Soluble nitrate (ppm) <0.001-0.023 0. 014-0. 4 60 0.002-0.346 <0. 001-2. 712 <0.003-0.746 (0.007-0.240) (0.005-0.253) (<0. 001-0. 341) (0.004-0.404)

Soluble nitrite (ppm) <0. 001-0. 003 <0. 001-0. 017 <0. 001-0. 024 <0.001-0.028 <0.001-0.084 (0. 001-0. 010) (<0. 001-0. 012) (<0.001-0.014) (<0.001-0.070)

Soluble ammonium (ppm) 0. 01-0. 98 <0. 01-1. 91 0. 02-0. 97 0.10-6.02

(<0. 01-0. 69) (0.24-1.78) (0. 09-1. 00) (0.08-1.74)

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 15 (cont'd). Ranges for Selected Parameters Recorded at Stations. in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Preoperational Studies) and in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay (Operational Honitoring Studies).

Prep erational studies 0 erational studies Parameter 1970-1971 .

1977 1978 1979 1980 Soluble orthophosphate (ppm) <0.01-0.10 <0. 01-0. 13 <0. 01-0. 24 <0. 01-0. 90 <0. 01-0. 15

(<0. 01-0. 04) (<0. 01-0.17) (<0.01-0.24) (<0. 01-0. 08)

RSHAS, 1971, 1972.

b ABI, 1978.

ABI, 1979.

ABI, 1980.

Biscayne Bay values in parentheses.

• Ho adequate data.

5 5

l

Characteristics of the Sediments Table 16. Yearly Average Values for Selected Physical and Chemical Parameters From the Turkey Point Canal and Biscayne Bay During 1980.

Soluble Soluble Soluble Sol ubl e Soluble Sal ini ty Temperature sulfate nitrate nitrite aomonia orthophosphate Stati on* H t oC m m m m m

7. 7 32.3 26. 7 3210 0.129 0. 007 1.16 0. 06

7. 7 31.1 26. 5 3118 0. 097 0. 007 0. 85 0. 04 7.8 31.2 26. 0 3088 0.103 0. 010 0. 72 0. 02

7. 8 31.1 27. 4 3106 0. 084 0. 007 0. 52 0. 03 7.6 31.3 31. 5 2934 0. 112 0. 014 0. 57 0. 02 7.7 31.6 30. 6 3074 0.110 0. 007 0. 60 0. Ol

7. 7 31.4 30. 6 3126 0.132 0. 006 0. 91 0. 02 7.8 30. 6 35. 6 3106 0. 062 0. 007 0. 55 0. Ol 7.9 24.4 23. 3 2293 0. 110 0. 010 0. 47 0. 02 12 7.7 23.4 23. 5 2333 0. 072 0. 010 0. 58 0. 01 13 8.0 23.8 23;5 2308 0. 078 0. 009 0. 57 0.01

• Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System; Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

b. Benthic Organisms Introduction This report documents trends in the benthic macroinvertebrate popu-lations of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. This unique marine habitat was analyzed to determine the benthic species present and their relative abundances. A further objective of the study was to assess the impact of power plant operation on the cooling canal system environment and to compare the canal habitat to the adjacent lagoonal ecosystem, which was monitored during 3 years of baseline study (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and retained by a U.S. Standard Ho. 30 sieve (0. 595-mm mesh; EPA, 1973). They live at least part of their life cycles within or upon suitable substrata. Benthic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to external stress due to their limited mobility and relatively long life span. As a result, benthic communities exhibit characteristics that are a function of environmental conditions in the recent past. Benthic com-munities have been shown to reflect the effects of temperature, salinity, depth, current, substrate, and chemical and organic pollutants. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates are important members of the food web as prey to =many species of the water column (EPA, 1973).

III.A.3-32

Materials and Methods Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed using methods and materials recommended by Holme and McIntyre (1971), the EPA (1973),

NESP (1975) and APHA (1976).

Turkey Point cooling canal system substrates were sampled with an Ekman grab. The sample enclosed by the grab was washed through a No. 30 mesh sieve to remove fine sediment and detritus. All material retained on the sieve was preserved in a 1: 1 mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet stains in a 1: 1000 concentration of 5-percent formalin (Williams, 1974). These stains color animal tissue red and enable faster, more accurate hand sorting of benthic samples. Preserved samples were placed

'n labeled containers and taken to the laboratory where they were hand sorted and the specimens identified to the lowest practicable taxon.

Three replicate grab samples were taken in May and October of 1980 at each of 11 sampling stations (Benthic Figure 1). Three of these sta-tions have been established as control stations at the north end of the plant. Control Station 1 is in Biscayne Bay on shallow flats just offshore. Control Station 2 is located at the mouth of a small creek, and Control Station 3 is located some distance up this same creek. These stations were sampled for the first time in May 1979.

Prior to 1980, sampling at canal Station RC.O was hindered by the rocky substratum that prevented penetration of the grab thus allowing the grab to shut without enclosing a sample. No reliable sampling could be III.A.3-33

1

~

I I

performed at this station. In 1980, this station was relocated to a nearby area. Former benthic Station RC.2, even though not specifically associated with plankton Station RC.l (Section III.A.1.a - Figure 1),

sampled the same key cut canal as RC-1. In 1980, station designation RC.2 (Benthic Figure 1) in this report was transferred to plankton Station RC.1.

Biomass analyses of the samples were made on an ash-free dry weight basis. Whole samples were dried at 105'C for 4 hours, then weighed to the nearest milligram on a Mettler H32 analytical balance (EPA, 1973).

Biomass per square meter and density per square meter were calculated by taking the sum of the results of the three replicate samples and multiplying by the appropriate factor.

The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and the equitability component were also computed from the data. Diversity indices are additional tools for measuring the environmental quality and the effect of induced stress on the structure of a macroinvertebrate community. Use of these indices is based on the generally observed phenomenon that undisturbed environ-ments support communities having relatively few species with large num-bers of individuals and large numbers of species represented by only a few individuals. Many forms of stress tend to reduce diversity by making the environment unsuitable for some species or by giving other species a competitive advantage.

I I I.A. 3-34

~

~

~

5

~

IR

~

Species diversity has two components: the number of species (species richness) and'he distribution of individuals among the species (species evenness). The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index independent of sample size.

The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (O'; Lloyd et al-, 1968) calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA (1973):

(H log10N-znilog10ni)

N where: C = 3.321928 (converts base 10 log to base 2),,

H = Total number of individuals, Total number of individuals of the ith species.

Mean diversity as previously calculated is affected by both species richness and evenness and can range from 0 to 3.321928 log H.

Equitability, the distribution of individuals among the species present, is computed by:

I e

where: s = Number of taxa in the sample, s' Hypothetical maximum number of taxa in the sample based on a table devised by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964).

Data from EPA biologists have shown that diversity indices in unpolluted waters are generally greater than 3.0 and are usually less than 1.0 in polluted waters. fquitability levels below 0. 5 have not been III.A.3-35

encountered in waters known to be free of oxygen-demanding wastes. In such waters, equitability usually ranges from 0. 6 to 0.8, while equita-bility in polluted waters is generally 0.0 to 0.3.

The number of species found at each station was analyzed using Sorensen's (1948) index of similarity:

Similarity (5) = 2C x 100 a+b where: C = Number of species common to the two stations being compared, a = Number of species at the first station, b = Number of species at the second station.

Results and Discussion Benthic macroinvertebrates at the Turkey Point Plant were of four main groups: polychaete marine worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves),

E crustaceans, and a miscellaneous group of diverse animals that were pres-ent irregularly and in small numbers (Benthic Tables 1 through 11).

Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen measurements were made during each biotic sampling (Benthic Table 12). The canals are characterized by higher temperatures and salinities than the control areas.

Canal Stations During 1980, the density of macroinvertebrates in the canals varied considerably from station to station and'anged from no individ-uals/m2 (Station F.l in October; Benthic Table 8) to 25,690 individu-I I I.A. 3-36

I als/m2 (Station E3.2 in October; Benthic Table 3). This wide range in density illustrates the highly variable nature of the canal system infauna. . Macrobenthos density was higher in the spring than in .the fall and conformed to a fairly regular pattern of high spring density/low fall density noted over the past 6 years (Benthic Figure 2). The mean density of all stations combined was 9575 individuals/m2 in April and 8858 individuals/m2 in October.. The April number was the highest mean ever recorded from the canal system and was very similar to the number recorded in 1979. The October figure was very high compared to previous monitoring studies.

Mean biomass in the canals was 11.555 g/m2 in April and 2.337 9/m2 in October. These means are, respectively, the highest and lowest mean biomasses ever observed in the canals. The present data conform to the trend of higher spring biomass and lower fall biomass that has been observed in every year of the study except 1979 (Benthic Figure 3).

Biomass values ranged from O.OO g/m2 (Station F.1 in October; Benthic

,Table 8) to 23.45 g/m2 '(Station WF.2 in April; Benthic Table 5). Most of the wide biomass variation was caused by the occurrence of larger speci-I mens such as molluscs or brittle stars. In general, however, the benthic l

fauna was composed of small-sized indivi'duals.

The mean index of diversity in the canals was 3.36 in April and 2.39 in October. Both values are high when compared to previous monitoring data (Benthic Figure 4); however, these mean values are somewhat lower than usually observed for marine communities, which typically show values III.A.3-37

over 3.5 (Bader and Roessler, 1971, 1972; Holme and McIntyre, 1971).

Station-by-station diversity indices ranged from 0.00 (Station F.l in October; Benthic Table 8) to 4. 53 (Station RC.1 in April; Benthic Table 2)

As noted above, macroinvertebrate density, biomass and diversity were generally higher at the canal stations during 1980 than in previous years (Benthic Figures 2, 3 and 4). These increases were, in part,

"'aused by inclusion of data from previously unsampled Stations RC.O and RC.1. These stations usually have denser and markedly more diverse benthic communities than the other canal stations- Comparison of mean density, biomass and diversity data for only those stations common to both the 1979 and 1980 monitoring studies showed that inclusion of RC.O and RC.1 data exerted a general increasing effect on mean density, little or no effect on mean biomass and a large increasing effect on diversity (Benthic Table 13).

Control Stations Control station density was as highly variable as at the canal sta-tions and ranged from 4138 individuals/m2 (Control Station 3 in April; Benthic Table 11) to 32,500/m2 (Control Station 2 in April; Benthic Table 10). 'verall mean densities were 14,380/m2 in April and 15,310/m in October (Benthic Figure 2). The annual mean density of 14,842/m2 contrasts sharply with the annual mean density of 9216/m2 at the canal stations.

III.A.3-38

I I

"I 5

Biomass at the control stations ranged from,0.22 g/m2 (Control Station 3 in October; Benthic Table 11) to 26.76 g/m2 (Control Station 2 in April; Benthic Table 10). Mean biomass was 12.05 g/m2 in April and 2 34 9/m in October (Benthic Figure 3), a reversal of the trend noted in 1979. Annual mean biomass at the control stations during 1980 was 6.04 9/m compared to 6. 95 g/m2 for the canal stations. This was also a reversal of the trend observed in 1979 when mean control station biomass was twice that of the mean at the canal stations. As in the canal stations, the wide variation in biomass was a result of the occurrence of larger specimens such as molluscs or brittle stars.

Control station diversity during 1980 was very high. The annual mean control station diversity index was 4.28 and ranged from 3.51 (Control Station 3 in October; Benthic Table 11) to 5.20 (Control Station 2 in April; Benthic Table 10). In comparison, the annual mean diversity index for the canal stations was 2.88- Mean control station diversity was 4.47 in April and 4.10 in October (Benthic Figure 4).

Biomass and diversity at the control stations were generally higher in April than in October 1980, a trend opposite to that noted at the control stations in 1979. Density at the control stations was higher in October than in'April 1980, which was similar to the trend observed in 1979. More sampling at the control stations over a longer period of time would be necessary before definite trends at the control stations could be identified.

III.A.3-39

j Com arison of Station Grou s The trellis diagram (Benthic Figure 5) resulting from the use of Sorensen's index of community similarity shows that stations could be arranged into four distinct groups for comparative purposes: east sta-tions (RC.O, RC.l, E3.2 and RF.3), west stations (WF.2, W18.2 and W6.2),

discharge (F.1), and control stations (1, 2 and 3). Oata for these groups for 1975-1980 were compared statistically using t-tests at P=0.05, and no significant difference was found among the biomass data for any group of stations. With regard to density, the east group, west group and control group data were not statistically different from each other; however, data for each of these three station groups indicated popula-tions significantly denser than that found at the discharge station.

Many of these same trends were observed in 1979 (ABI, 1980). Inclusion in these analyses of the higher density, biomass and diversity data from Stations RC.O and RC.1 did not substantially change the results of the statistical tests or the direction of the indicated trends.

Analysis of species diversity indicated that all groups were signi-ficantly different from each other with the control group having the greatest diversity followed by the east group, the west group, and the discharge station in descending order. Within the canals, the east sta-tions probably have the highest diversity because these stations are located farthest from the thermal effluent discharged by the plant.

This trend in diversity contrasts with the trend in monthly average III.A.3.a -

temperatures for these same stations in 1980 (Section Table I I.A. 3-40

4). The discharge station averaged 35.7'C, west stations averaged 31.0'C, and east stations averaged 26.7'C--an inverse relationship with diversity. Control station temperatures averaged 23.6'C during 1980-Although the annual mean salinity of 41.2 ppt at the canal stations was significantly higher than the annual mean of 28.7 ppt at the control stations, no correlation was found between salinity and either density, biomass or diversity.

Communit Com osition As in past monitoring, the canal stations were dominated by polychaete worms (Benthic Figure 6). While several other species are present in the canal system, the numerically important species, polychaete worms, are limited to a few types. All are burrowing, sedentary, and detritus or filter-feeding species. The bottom substrate, composed of fibrous peat and mud mixed with shell debris, is a substrate to which these worms are well adapted.

Polychaete worms are known to tolerate wider variances in environ-mental conditions than most other animal's. Several studies have shown polychaetes to be among the only animals capable of surviving the effects of thermal outfalls (Markowski, 1960; Marinner and Brehmer, 1965, 1966).

Studies in southern California have reported polychaetes surviving in heavily polluted areas with restricted circulation (Reish, 1956, 1959).

Bandy et al. (1965) reported that polychaetes outnumbered other groups 8 to 1 at an ocean sewage outfall. Polychaetes thus appear least III.A.3-41

affected in an area of elevated temperature and salinity, restricted circulation, and highly organic substrate characteristic of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

When compared to the canal stations, the control stations exhibited a slightly better balance between the major macroinvertebrate groups (Benthic Figure 6). Polychaetes formed 69 percent of the macroinver-tebrate fauna at the control stations as opposed to 78 percent of the canal station fauna. These percentage compositions were quite different from those found in 1979 when polychaetes formed only 48 percent of the fauna at the control stations and 86 percent of the canal station fauna.

The control station macroinvertebrates exhibited a greater variety of feeding types and habitat preferences than the canal station macroin-vertebrates. Control Station 3 was the only control station with a mud and peat substrate similar to that encountered in the canals. Control Station 1 has a sand/calcareous algae substrate, and Control Station 2 has a sand/peat/seagrass substrate. Because of the more similar substrate type, the community structure of Control Station 3 was more like that of the canal stations than Control Stations 1 or 2.

Com arison with Previous Studies Some species were found in both baseline and operational studies, but these species were originally recruited from the adjacent Biscayne Bay and Card Sound estuarine ecosystems. In studies of these adjacent ecosystems (Bader, 1969; Tabb and Roessler, 1970; Bader and Roessler, 1971, 1972), 266 species of epifaunal macroinvertebrates including I I I.A. 3-42

II molluscs, large crustaceans, sponges, and echinoderms were sampled by trawling. This large number of species does not include infaunal forms such as polychaete worms and small crustacean species that comprised the bulk of the species in the canal system. Many more species could be found in 8iscayne Bay or Card Sound if the infaunal forms were counted.

However, the similarity of these studies is relatively limited due to differing sampling methodologies, thermal regimes and substrates.

Summar and Conclusions During 1980, no significant changes were observed in the macroinver-tebrate fauna of the Turkey Point Canal System when compared to data from previous monitoring. Density, biomass and diversity values recorded in 1980 were among the highest ever encountered in the canals. Although a few'exceptions occurred, data from the past 6 years indicated a fairly regular pattern of higher density, diversity and biomass in spring alter-

'nating with lower density, diversity and biomass in the fall.

When compared to control stations, the canal macroinvertebrate fauna had lower density, similar biomass, and statistically significantly lower diversity. This last trend is probably the result of 1) a lack of .

means of recruitment of new species to the canal system, 2) the elevated temperatures and salinities of the canals, and 3) the general unsuita-bility of the canal substrates for macroinvertebrates other than polychaete worms-III.A.3-43

l The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the canal system has many species, but only those burrowing, sedentary, and detritus or filter-feeding species adapted to living in the thick, fibrous peat substrate (i.e., po'1ychaete worms) can be expected to occur in si gnifi-cant numbers. In general, the community structure is poorly balanced compared to natural ecosystems. The canal system macroinvertebrate popu-lation is also subject to wide and sometimes irregular variations in density, biomass and diversity.

III-A.3-44

l LITERATURE CITED ABI. 1980. Florida Power 8 Light Company Turkey Point Plant annual non-radiological environmental monitoring report, 1979.

Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power 8 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

APHA. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Assoc.,

Washington, D.C. 1193 pp.

Bader, R.G. 1969. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Progress report from University of Miami to AEC.

Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler. 1971. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Progress report from University of Miami to AEC and Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla.

1972. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Progress report to AEC and Florida Power 8 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

Bandy, O.L., J.C- Ingle, and J.M. Resig. 1965. Modification of foraminiferal distribution by the Orange County outfall, California. Ocean Sci. Ocean Engr. 1: 54-76.

EPA. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. C. I. Weber, ed.

EPA-670/4-73-001. '.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Holme, N.A., and A.D. McIntyre. 1971. Methods for the study of marine benthos. IBP Handbook No. 16. Blackwell's Oxford. 396 pp.

Lloyd, M., and R.J. Ghelardi. 1964. A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity. J. Anim. Ecol.

33: 217-225.

Lloyd, M., J. H. Zar, and J.R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of information - theoretical measures of diversity. Amer. Mid.

Natur. 79(2):257-272.

Markowski, S. 1960. Observations on the response of some benthonic organisms to power station cooling water. J. Anim. Ecol.

29(2):249-357.

NESP. 1975. National environmental studies project. Environmental impact monitoring of nuclear power plants: Source book of monitoring methods. Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio.

918 pp.

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

Reish, D.J. 1956. An ecological study of lower San Gabriel River, California, with special reference to pollution. Calif. Fish Game 42: 53-61.

1959. An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Occ.

Paper 22. 119 pp.

Sorensen, T. 1948. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant society based on similarity of species content. K. Oanske Vidensk. Selsk. 5: 134.

Tabb, O.C., and M.A. Roessler. 1970. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay in the vicinity. of Turkey Point. Progress report from University of Miami to FWPCA.

Warinner, J.E., and M.L. Brehmer.'965. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Proc. 19th Industrial Waste Conf. Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser. 117: 479-492.

1966. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Air Water Poll. Int. J. 10:277-289.

Williams, G.E., III. 1974. New techniques to facilitate hand-picking macrobenthos. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.

93(2):220-226.

III.A.3-46

I CONTROL 5 e CONTROL 2.

o-CONTROL l illS RC.O RC. I BIS CA YNE BAY INTEIICEPTOR UY6.2 E3.2

/Io eoaooo~

WI8.2 .

WF.2 .

RF.3 SEA DADE CANAL C

+o

<(

Benthic Figure 1. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling station locations, Turkey Point site, 1980.

III.A.3-47

16 15 C) 14 O

O T

4 ~ CANAL STATIONS 0--W CONTROL I .

X STATIONS Ol I

-I E I U) /

C I

I I

0 CO C

MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Benthic Figure.2. Mean number of benthic macroinvertebrates per square meter (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 197S-1980.

I 13 12 o ~ CANAL STATIONS Q--~ CONTROL STATIONS 8

N E /

/

/

6

/

5 I

V) 0 EQ l.

0 gAY PEC MAY NOV APR NOY APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Benthic Figure 3. Mean benthic macroinvertebrate biomass per square meter (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1980.

gi

~

~

r

~

~

L j

l I

5.0 CANAL STAT ION S 4.5 0--W CONTROL STATIONS 4.0 lLI ~

l D 2.5 02O0~ 2.0 R~

C 15 QJ 1.0 0.5 MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT 1975 =

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Benthic Figure 4. Mean benthic macroinvertebrate species diversity (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1980.

1 CV O CV Ol Co U C9 Station IX LU RC.O 29.9 49.5 35.1 254 16.2 23.9 7.3 22.0 235 30.0 RC.1 mm 62.5 45.2 12.7 12 9 32.8 7.3 29.3 27.9 47.5 E3.2 48.1 14.7 9.0 258 3.3 18.4 342 37.7 RF.3 327 2QB 264 9.8 2&5 25.9 394 WF.2 42.'9 46.7 35.1 203 W18.2 39.0 48.3 21.4 94 14.8 W6.2 17.7 3233 19.7 33.9 122 8.3 C1 Mmm C2 C3 5S 40.0 4 76-100% STRONG SIMILARITY TURKEY POINT STATION SIMILARITY APRIL 1980 51" 75% MODERATE SIMILARITY 26-50% FAIR SIMILARITY O

O Ol u

CV CO 0 0 D 0 25% WEAK SIMILARITY Station IX LU EE:

RC.O 32.7 40.6 34.4 5.1 14.3 13.0 16.9 3EL5 27.6 RC1 403 5M 16.7 7.4 323 17.9 3LI 326 E3.2 MNS 51.7 12.1 5,5 7.5 15.4 330 3Q8 RF.3 12.1 222 350 27.7 233 2&.9 WF.2 36A 2&7 0.0 2.6 0.0 W18.2 140 0.0 I%3 W6.2 298 2A 5.9 F1 C1 23.4 33.9 C2 30.9 C3 NS~N TURKEY POINT STATION SIMILARITY OCTOBER 1980 Senthic Figure 5. Trellis diagrams showing percentages of species similarity between sampling stations, Turkey Point Plant, 1980.

I I I .A. 3-51

l 5

i

~ I

~ I

~ I Sill amelia% .

~ ' ~ ' ~ '

~

~

S

Benthic Table 1. Results of Benthic Hacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RC-0 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies ril October Class Polychaeta worms Aricidea ~fra ilis 2 A. ~hi 1binae 6 A. ~ta lori 28 66 Armandi a macul ata 2 Capitellidae sp. 2 Caulleriella alata 2 Cirriformia ~fili ena ~0 60 22 130

~Exo one ~dis ar 24 8 E. ~vera era 8 Exoflone sp. ~e 4

Fabricia sp. 76 154 Fl abel igeridae sp. A 1 12 Heteromastus filiformis 10 Laeonereis culveri 2

~\

Naineris ~1aevi ata 70 N. setosa 2

~B" 111 ~ft 10 p~lh th 2 Paraoni des ~1ra 30 76

~Pi 111 p. A 2 Prionosoio heterobranchia texana 2 4

~pl '" 1 i

'p.

p ~ A ht 52 30 16 2

2 62 bio sp. A

~Thar x annulosus 4

6

~Thar x cf. ~seti era 8 Trichobranchus ~lacialis 2 Tubificidae sp. 12 Tubificoides sp. 12 14 4

~T11i

~T p A 4 2 p 1 2 2 III.A.3-53

Benthic Table 1 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Hacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RC.O at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Gastropoda snails Haminoea antillarum Rissoina cancellata Vermicularia ~s ir ata Class Pelecypoda bivalves Carditamera floridana ~ \

Chione cancellata 4 Codakia costata Lucina nassuala 4 Parastrarte tri<ruetra 4

~P1 2 Tr ansenel la conradina 14 d

Class Crustacea d ma 11 10 2 Sarsi el 1 a zosteri col a 18 2 copepods Copepoda sp. 16 isopods Asellota sp. 2 amphipods Ceraous tube'lariso 2 Class Insecta Collembola sp.

Class Pantopoda sea spiders Ammothe1la ~r ulosa Ammothel 1 a sp.

dl till 1 ld ~AI i 1 Adl ~Q m i d 2 md'l tl P

Amphiuridae sp. 2 Phylum Hemertinea 16 III.A.3-54

l

~

I

Benthic Table 1 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RC.O at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Total individuals 444 842 Total biomass (g) 0. 0835 0. 0456 Density (no.gm ) 6379 12,100 Biomass (g/m~) 1. 20 0. 655 Index of diversity 4. 51 3. 77 Equitability 0. 77 0. 57 III.A.3-55

Benthic Table 2. Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RC.1 at the Turkey Point Plant Ouring 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies ril October Class Polychaeta wo Arabella mutans 2 Aricidea ~ta lori 2 Axiothella mucosa 2 Branaclavata sp. 2 6

~Ca itella ~ca itata Gaul 1 eriel1 a kil ariensis 1 12 Ceratonereis mirabilis 26 Cirratulus'? sp. A 30 Cirriformia ~fi1i era?

~di h 12 Exodlone verudlera 104 Fabricia sp. 124 Lanoerhansia cornuta 12 Naineris ~laevt ata 62 Hematonereis sp. A Nereidae sp. 10

~tip h 111 p ~ A 10 Parahesione luteola 2 Paraonides ~l ra 148 32 Pista cf. galmata 2 Podarke obscura 2

~Pi 1 h P ht 42

~P1 1 p. A 172 4

Sabellidae sp.

~Eti 1 A

d1ht '4

, 8 28

~dh p. 6 J5511i p.

p p

A 14 20

~Sl1 i des sp. 2 Terebel 1 ides stroemi 32 Terebel 1 idae sp. 2

~Thar x cf. ~seti era 2 Trichobranchus ~lacialis 22 III.A.3-56

Benthic Table 2 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RC.1 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates Soecies A ril October Class Polychaeta (continued)

~T 564 44

~T11 p ~ 74 280 64

p. 1 40 1 ~ 1 8 Tubificoides sp. 12 Class Gastropoda snails Batillaria minima 4 Bulla striata 20 Cerithium atratum 2 C. eburneum 4 C. muscarum 2 1 8 Hami noea anti l arum 1

Modulus modulus 4 Prunum ~a icinum 12 Class Pelycypoda bivalves Codakia sp. 2 Opisthobranchia sp. 2

~PT 11 p. 1 2 p 12 Tivela floridana 6 Class Crustacea copepods Harpacticoida sp. 30 Copepoda sp. 4 isopods ~C modoce faxoni 2 Astellota sp. 58 Erichsonella filiformis 8 amphipods ~C madusa ~com ta 10 Grandidierella bonnieroides

~L 2

shrimp Thor sp. 4 Thor floridanus 8 III.A.3-57

Benthic Table 2 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Hacroinvertebr ate Sampling at Station RC.1 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Pantopoda dfd ~A1 d Class Ophiuroidea bf 1 A~hi 1<<h b 2

~bhi h 11 HL 6 Amphiuridae sp. 4 Class Holothuroidea b ~L" ~di d.

1 4

112 Phylum Nemertinea 22 Total individuals 1648 272 Total biomass (g) 1'6002 0. 1261 Density (no.gm ) 23, 678 3908 Biomass (g/H) 23. 00 1. 81 Index of diversity 4. 53 3. 63 Equitability 0. 54 0. 89 III.A.3-58

I

~

I

Benthic Table 3. Results of Benthic ilacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates-Species A ril October Class Polychaeta worms Arabella mutans 2 Arabella sp.

Aricidea ~ta 1ori 34 Capitel lidae sp. 14 Caulleriella alata 2 C. killariensis 2 Caulleriella sp. ~0 Ceratonereis mirabilis 10 Cirratulus'? sp. A 20 Cirriformia ~fili era 2 8

'veruceera ii 12 144

~Exo one 2 Fabricia sp. 14 408 Laeonereis culveri 2 8 8 8 Naineris ~laevi ata 28 492 Naineris setosa 20 Notomastus latericeus 4

~II 1 h 111 p A 8 Paraoni des ~lra 40 Piste cf. ~almata 2

~Pi 1 1 hi 10 16 16

~hi h

~phi

~ A 166, 126 16 8

p Terebel 1 i des stroemi 26

~Thar x cf. ~seti era 10 Trichobranchus ~lacialis 30 T~il T~ll 1 1 ~h 2

6 20 56

~T11i 1 32 72

~TTTT p. 1 12 356 III.A.3

Benthic Table 3 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies 'A ril October Class Gastropoda snails Acteocina'? sp.

Batillaria minima 20 Bulla striata 24 Cerithium lutosum 12

~d 10 4 Hami noea anti 1 1 arum 8

~Man alia sp. 4 Modulus modulus Class Pelycypoda bivalves ~M sella sp.

Class Crustacea d ~g11 Ostracoda sp. A 6

6 copepods Copepoda sp. 12 tanaids ~Har erie ~ra ax 2 isopods ~C modoce faxoni 4 Asellota sp. 126 amphipods Coroohium acutum 2

~Cmadusa ~com ta 28 11 84 shrimp Thor sp. 12 Thor floridanus 2 Class Ophiuroidea brittle stars Amohioolus thrombodes 12 1 8 Amphiuridae sp. 2

~PP dd p.

Cl ass Hol othuroi dea Phyl um 1

Nemert inca

~dp ~di 1 44 8 20 36 III.A.3-60

Benthic Table 3 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Total individuals 1024 1788 Total biomass (g) 0. 438 0. 130 Density (no.gm ) 14,713 25,690 Biomass (g/e'-) 6. 30 1. 87 Index of diversity 4. 45 3. 11 Equitability 0. 66 0. 42 III.A.3-61

~

5

Benthic Table 4. Results of Benthic Nacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Polychaeta worms Aricidea ~hiibinae 4 A. ~ta lori 4 44

~Ca ital la ~ca itata 6 4 Cauli eriel 1 a al ata 2 Ceratonereis mirabilis 2 Cirratulus? sp. A 2 Cirriformia ~fili era 20

~Exo one veruceera 44 4 Fabricia sp. 58 28 1 11 40 Laeonereis culveri 64 Lumbrinereis ~im atiens 34 Naineris ~laevi ata A

~A A 16 Paraoni des ~1ra 8 1 1 86 10 1 6 8

Terebellides stroemi 28

~Thar x cf. ~seti era 10 Trichobranchus ~1acialis 8 8 8

~T 32 492 1 ~ 1 64

~T11 A. 1 2 Class Gastropoda snails ~Arco sis adamsi 4 Bati llaria minima 452 Cerithium muscarum 2 4 28 4 Haminoea antillarum 4 Prunum ~a icinum 2 8 Turbonil 1 a? sp. 2 I.I.I.A.3-62

l Benthic Table 4 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Pelycypoda bivalves ~Arco sis adamsi 4

~Lonsia ~ha1ina 32 Class Crustacea copepods Harpacticoida sp. 2 isopods Asellota sp. 18 amphipods ~Cmadusa ~com ta 2 32

~E1asmo us sp. 2 Class Pantopoda sea spiders Achelia ~sawa ai Ammothel 1 a sp.

~A Class Ophiuroidea bi<<i ~Ahi i h bd Class Holothuroidea b ~db

~TA

~bd id 10 Total individuals 438 1358 Total biomass (g) 0. 1836 0. 8418 Density (no.gm ) 6393 19, 511 Biomass (g/m'-) 2. 64 12. 09 Index of diversity 3. 96 2. 78 Equitability 0. 73 0. 33 III.A.3-63

Benthic Table 5. Results of Benthic Hacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station WF.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Polychaeta worms Aricidea Ehilbini 404

~Ca itella ~ca itata 4

~Exo one veruceera 4 1 1 10 P 6 Laeonereis cul veri 30

~Mar h sa sancauinea 2 Naineris laevicaata 2 JOO 1 1 8

~Pi 1 11 60 8

llides verrilli 4

~Tl

~S 11 1 20 Class Gastropoda snails Acteocina canaliculata 8 Batillaria minima 50 100 Caecum ~stri osum 4 Class Pelycypoda bivalves ~Lonsia ~halina Transenella conradina Class Crustacea tanaids ~Har eria ~ra ax amphipods ~Cmadusa ~com ta Grandi di erel 1 a bonni eroi des Total individuals 636 116 Total biomass (g) 0. 6318 0. 0973 Density (no.gm ) 9140 1667 Biomass (g/m ) 23 45 1. 40 Index of diversity 2.15 0. 786 Equitability 0.37 0. 49 III.A.3-64

Benthic Table 6. Results of Benthic i~lacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station W18.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 reolicates S ecies A ril October Cl.ass Polychaeta worms Aricidea ~hilbioae 364 140 Caoitella ~ca itata 8 h 1 1 2 44 1 2 Laeonereis culveri 52 18 6

~S1 1 ides verri1 i1 2 Class Gastropoda snails Aceteocina canaliculata , 8 16 Batillaria minima 12 24 8ulla striata 6 2

Cerithium eburneum 2 C lutosum 4 C. muscarum 10 11 1 ~1d Class Pelycypoda Transenella conradina 12 2

Total individuals 514 304 Total biomass (g) 0. 8458 0. 0153 Density (no.gm2) 7385 4368 Biomass (g/oi'-) 12. 15 0. 22 Index of diversity 1. 83 2.14 Equitability 0. 26 0. 84 II I .A. 3-65

l l

l

Benthic Table 7. Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Station W6.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril 'ctober Class Polychaeta worms Aricidea 2hilbinae 56 24 A. ~ta 1ori 32

~Ca ital la ~ca itata 8 Ceratonereis mirabilis 24 52 Laeonereis culveri 6 16 Orbiniidae sp. 4

~di 1 1 b 60..

~T11i b ~ 88

~T111 ~ 1 22 Class Gastropoda snails Acteocina canaliculata 4 12 Bati llaria minima 2 72 Bulla striata 2 Cerithium lutosum 12 20 Haminoea antillarum 8 H. succinea 2 Class Pelycypoda bivalves ~L onsia ~h alina 16 Class Crustacea ostracods Haplocytheridea'? sp. A tanaids Haroeria ~ra ax 4 amphipods ~C medusa ~com ta 108 6

Grandi di erel 1 a bonnieroi des 2 Nelita ~alon ata Nel its sp 36 photidae sp. 2 Class Pantopoda did ~A1 d Class Ophiuroidea bl 1 ~All 1 1 bd 1II.A.3-66

I Benthic Table 7 (cont'd). Results of Benthic ilacroinvertebrate Sampling at Station kl6.2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Holothuroidea b T~h Total indi vidual s 504 252 Total biomass (g) 0. 565 0. 0454 Density (no.gm ) 7241 3621 Biomass (g/m~) 22. 50 0. 652 Index of diversity 3 53 2. 91 Equitability 0. 72 l. 04 III.A.3-67

l Benthic Table 8. Results of Benthic i~1acroinvertebrate Sampling at Station F.1 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Polychaeta worms ~Ca itella ~ca itata 78 8

Laeonereis culveri 4

~Mar h sa ~san oinea 2

~Pi

~S11i des ih Nereidae sp.

verrilii b hi 2

2 8

Class Gastropoda snails Batillaria minima Cerithium lutosum Class Crustacea amphipods ~Am elisca vadorvm mysids= Decapod opsis Total indi vidual s 116 Total biomass (g) 0. 0837 Density (no.gm2) 1667 Biomass 1. 203 of diversity (g/m'-)'ndex

l. 91 Equitability 0. 450 III.A.3-68

Benthic Table 9. Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 1 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Polychaeta worms Arenicola cristata 2 Aricidea ~hilbinae 6 208 Axiothella mucosa 26 124

~Ca ital la ~ca itata 36 72 C. jonesi 2 Ceratonerei s mirabi1 i s 20 Exooone veruceera 6 4 Fabricia sp. 64 28

~Gl cinde solitaria 4 28 12 Neanthes acuminata 16 Nereidae sp. 2 Paraonides ~l ra 2

~Pol dora ~li ni b hi 16 Sabellidae sp. A 2 Scolelepis texana 2 P 2 4

T~11i p A 12 Class Gastropoda snails Acteocina canal i cul ata 20 Alvania auberiara 8 h 40 Cerithium muscarum 24 Diastoma varium Granulina ovuliformis 8 Odostomia'? sp.

Prunum ~a icinum 8 Prunum sp.

~Sa ella fusca 4 Turbonil l a sp. 4 III.A.3-69

Benthic Table 9 (cont'd). Results of Benthic iMacroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 1 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Class Pelycypoda bivalves Anomalocardia auberiana 18 4 Branchidontes exustus 2 Laevicardium mortoni ?

~Lonsia ~halina 4 24 Parastarte tri<ruetra 48 52 T 46 4 Transenella conradina 48 Class Crust acea ostracods 8aplocytheridia? sp. A 2 12 2

Sarsiella zostericola 10 Sarsiella sp- A 2 28 tanaids ~Har aria ~ra ax 4 isopods Edotea sp. 2 mysids ~T amphipods Aoridae sp.

~Elasmo us 1evis Grandidierella bonnieroides Nelita sp.

Rudilemboides sp.

Class Insecta marine chironanids Clunio sp.

Class Ophiuroidea brittle stars Ophiuroidea sp.

Class Holothuroidea

~L p 4 Phylum Nemertinea 56 12 Phylum Sipuncula 28 172 Total individuals 452 1012 Total biomass (g) 0. 3544 0. 0659 Density (no.gm ) 6494 18,540 Biomass (g/m4) 5. 09 0. 95 Index of diversity 4.19 3. 97 Equitability 0. 71 0. 64 III.A.3-70

5 Benthic Table 10. Results of Benthic Nacroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Cl.ass Po lychaeta worms Aricidea Nhilbinae 2 Armandia maculata 4 12

~xiothe la mucosa 56 Brania clavata 16 24 Branchioas chis americana 2 8

~Ca itella ~ca itata 6 C. onesi 8 8 Caul eriella alata 18 12 Ceratonereis mirabilis 20

,Exo one ~dis ar

~veru era Fabricia sp.

46 52 420 32 364 240 8

14 H. ~fr a ilia 4 28

~H droides dianthus 2 4 8 Lan erhansia cornuta

. ~erru >na 4 Lumbrineris sp.: 4 Haldanidae sp- 32

~Mar h sa ~san uinea 2 Naineris ~laevi ata 4 N. setosa 10 Neanthes acuminata 6 4 Henatonerei s sp. A 2 Nereidae sp. 6 Nereis sp. A 4 Notomastus latericeus 20 JUUih tlat p A 4 Orbiniidae sp.

Paraonides ~l ra 82 188 III.A.3-71

I Benthic Table 10 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies October Cl ass Polychaeta (continued)

Pista cristata 2 2 4 Podarke obscura 8

~Po1 dora I icini 2 12 P hf 114 24 Sabellidae sp. A 40

~Rh1<< 1 ~d1 38 48

~Sculp los ruhra 4

p. 26 8 Serpulidae sp. A 16 355111 p A 8 48 32 Streblosoma hartmanae 36 4 Terebellidae sp. 14

~Thar x annulosus 6 4 Tubi ficidae sp. 8 Tubificoides sp. 16 28

~T 52 T. ~halina 16

~f1fi

~T11i p.

p.

A B

44 10 52 16 Class Gastropoda limpets Acmaea sp. 2 chitons lschnochitin sp. 84 12 snail s Acteocina

f. ~d canal icul ata 2 44 Alvania sp. 40 B1h 154 84 Columbella rusticoides 2 C~iidula macul usa 2

16

~Cre

~Cre idula sp. 4 C~CT 4 16 III.A;3-72

Benthic Table 10 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies ril October

. Class Gastropoda (continued)

Granulina ovuliformis 2 Modulus modulus 28 Nassarius vibex 10 iidostom>a'? sp. 2 Prunum ~a icinum 12 Rissoina catesb ana 82 12

~ur onz la c em>tzia) sp. 2

'2 Vermi culari a ~s ir ata 2 Class Pelycypoda bivalves ~Arco sis adamsi 2 Branchi dontes exustus 120 28 Carditamera floridana 32 16 n 4

. Laevicardium mortoni? 2 Laevicardium sp. 2 L onsia ~halina 2 o so us amer>canus 2 T

Class Gastropoda ostracods Sarsiella zostericola 2 copepod Copepoda sp. 12 cumaceans Cumacea sp. 12 Cumacea sp. B 4 tanaids ~Aseudes sp. A 2

~arcaeria ~ra ax 36 8 P 16 Tanaidacea sp.

Zeuxo? sp. 4.

isopods ~A anthura ~ma nifica Cleantis lanicauda 2

~Vmodusa axonz 16

~p.

Erichsonel1 a Paracercei s'I sp.

fil B

iformis 16 III.A.3-73

Benthic Table 10 (cont'd). Results of Benthic Hacroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant Ouring 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ril October Cl ass Gastropoda (continued) amph ipods ~Am hithoe ~Ion imana 2

~Cera us tubularis 8

~Coro hium sp. 10

~Cmadusa ~com ta 24 28

~Cmadusa sp. 12

~E1 2

~Elasmo us sp. 4

~Elasmo us sp. A 4

~Elasmo us 1evis 16 Grandidierella bonnieroides 24 Lembos websteri'? 2 1 24

~A 44 16 34 8 M. ~e1on ata 6 Melita sp. 4 Rudiolemboides sp. 2 shrimp Caridea sp.

Caridean postlarva 2 Penaeus duorarum Thor sp. 2 crabs Paaurus bonairensis 6 Portunidae sp. 2 Class Insecta marine chironomid Clunio sp.

Class Pantopoda sea spiders Achelia ~sawa ai Ammotheidae sp-

~C111 Class Ophiuroidea*

1 1<<1 ~Ahi 1 111 4 A. thrombodes Amphiuridae sp.

~0hiactis sp. 4 Ophiuroidea sp.

III.A.3-74

Benthic Table 10 (cont'd). Results of Benthic i41acroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies A ri1 October Class Holothuroidea

d. 50 28

~dddd ff 2 Phylum Nematoda 100 Phylum Hemertinea 42 40 Phylum Platyhelminthes 12 8 Phylum Sipuncula 26 8 Total individuals 2262 1832 Total biomass (g) 0. 8624 0. 1352 Density (no-gm2) 32,500 26,322 Biomass (g/m4) 26. 76 1. 94 Index of diversity 5. 20 4. 81 Equitability 0. 52 0. 56 III.A.3-75

l h

Benthic Table 11. Results of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Sampling at Control Station 3 at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Sum of 3 re licates S ecies October Cl ass Polychaeta wo rms ~Ca itella ~ca itata Caul 1eriel 1 a al ata 4 Ceratonerei s mi rabi 1 is 12 Cirratulusf sp. A 4

~Exp ene veruceera 6 24 Fabricia sp. 12 52 1 11 4 10 Lumbrineris ~im atiens Neanthes acuminata 6 Parahesione luteola 2 Paraonides ~1 ra 12 116 Podarke obscura 4 1 20 4 Sabellidae sp. A 2

~5h <<

Serpulidae sp.

I A

~11 8 12

~ph 111 p. A 8 8 1 4 4

Trichobranchus ~lacialis 4 Tubificidae sp. 96 28 Tubificoides sp. 8 T~il

~T1li I p.

p.

A II 24 2

4 4

Class Gastropoda snails Acteocina canaliculata C 1 I h C~re idula maculosa Haminoea succinea Prunum a icinum T

Class Pelycypoda bivalves Branchidontes exustus Lucina nassula

~Lonsi a ~hal ina Nacoma constri cta III.A.3-76

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I

Benthic Table 12. Physical Data Recorded During Benthic Sampling at the Turkey Point Plant During 1980.

Temperature Sal inity Dissolved oxygen Station Month oC t m RC 0 April 30. 0 43.0 7 October 29. 3 38. 0 3.6 RC.2 April 30. 0 43. 0 8.1 October 29 8 38. 0 5.8 E3. 2 April 31. 5 43. 0 8.8 October 29. 9 38. 0 7.4 RF.3 April 34. 0 43. 0 7.4 October 30. 2 40. 0 3.3 WF.2 April 35. 0 42. 0 6.8 October 34. 9 38-0 5.3 W18. 2 April 29. 0 43. 0 4.3 October 33. 8 38. 0 5.4 W6. 2 April 28. 5 43. 0 5.4 October 33. 7 40. 0 4.6 F.1 April 33. 0 43 0 4.3 October 36. 5 39. 0 4.0 Control 1 April 24. 6 34. 0 8.5 October 25. 9 22. 0 3.3 Control 2 April 24. 5 ~

35. 0 6.3 October 27. 8 23. 0 4.2 Control 3 April 25. 0 35. 0 6.7 October 27. 3 23. 0 2.5 III.A.3-78

Benthic Table 13. Comparison of the Adjusted Mean Density, Biomass and Diversity of the Turkey Point Canal Stations*

Parameter Month 1979 data Month 1980 data Density May 9579 April 7757 (no.lm > October 2596 October 9143 Biomass May 2. 077 April 11. 173 (g/mZ) October 4. 084 October 2. 705 Diversity May 2. 70 April 2. 97 October 2.25 October 1. 96

• Because of different stations sampled in 1979 and 1980, only means of the data from stations common to both years are pre-sented here. These common stations are E3.2, RF.1, WF.Z, W18.2, W6.2 and F.1. The above data are as plotted in Benthic Figures 2, 3 and 4 with the omission of data from Station RC.2 for 1979 and Stations RC.O and RC.1 for 1980.

III.A.3-79

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal Discharge Area (ETS 4.1.1.1.4)

Introduction This study determines the nature and extent of recovery of grasses and macroalgae in the old Grand Canal Discharge Area. The dis-charge was open to the bay from 1967 to its closing in 1973. Area dam-age was a result of both thermal and velocity effects of the effluent.

Materials and Methods A qualitative and quantitative study of the revegetation of the Grand Canal Discharge Area (Figure 1) was conducted on a semi-annual basis. This study employed three methods to map and evaluate the

.recovery of seagrasses and macroalga. A combination of aerial surveys, in sou density determinations and in siM transect surveys constituted the study.

Mhdl-~Ail'he overall revegetation of the previously affected Grand Canal Discharge Area was assessed using aerial photographs taken from an altitude of 2000 feet. Reference points were used to determine the scale of the photos. Tracings of specific areas of dominant grasses and macroalgae were made from the photographs (Figures 2 and 3). Also a plane table survey (Figure 4) was carried out using a Keuffel and Esser paragon conventional expedition alidade and a fiberglass Philadelphia rod.

III.A.4-1

tl d2-g d S guantitative measurements of seagrass and algal densities were made by counting and identifying the vegetation at six stations of one square meter each. These stations are permanently located on an east-west transect line normal to the mouth of the former discharge canal.

Method 3 - Transects The less abundant species not represented in the square meter areas were surveyed by transects across the previously affected area.

Species identification, relative abundance, and general conditions were noted. The procedure also served as ground truthing for the aerial photographs.

Results Annual The alidade analysis revealed a total affected area of 0.46 acres (Figure 4). This roughly corresponds to the velocity scarp (canal drop off) visible in the aerial photographs (Figures 2 and 3).

June 1980 The analysis of the aerial photograph and transect swim indicated four community zones in the previously affected area (Figure 2) ~ They were a Thalassa community with Spzingodium patches, a mixed ThaEassiai HaEodu7e community, a HaEodule community, and a Thalassa community.

Results of the density analysis are. summarized in Table 1; ThaEassia tastudinum was dominant in all quadrats with the exception of X-2N.

III.A.4-2

Seven types of macroalgae were noted in density quadrats (Table 1).

December 1980 An additional zone was apparent during this monitoring period.

This zone was the ThaEassia/NaczoaEgae zone (Figure 3). T. testudinum again was the dominant seagrass in terms of number of fascicles per square meter (Table 2). Five macroalga were present in the density quadra ts.

Discussion In June 1980, vegetation in the area of X-1 was composed of sparse T. testudinum and HaEoduEe uvightii. CauEerpa sp. was very abundant to the west of X-l, in the vicinity of the former discharge canal drop off.

The area between X-1 and X-2 was dominated by H. uzightii and patches of T. testudinumandCauEerpa sp. The area in the vicinity of X-2 was dominated by T. testudinum. The algae Acetabu~a czenuEata, Batophoza oezstedi, PeniciEEus sp. and Zauzencia sp. were present in this area.

The community between X-2 and X-3 was dominated by T. testudinum as was the area between X-3 and X-4. H. mightii was present sparsely in these areas. Several alga were present along this portion of the transect e.g., Sazgassum sp., Lauzencia sp., A. czenuEata, HaEimeda sp. and PeniciEEus sp.

III.A.4-3

In the vicinity of X-4 the community was comprised mainly of T. testudinum, however, Syzingodium fi2ifozme and several species of algae. were present. The north transect showed slightly different seagrass community patterns. Proceeding from the coastline to the east the following zones were traversed: H. vHghtii dominance, mixed dominance, T. testudinum dominance and T. testudinum dominance with S. filiform patches (Figure 2). The south transect reflected the same pattern as the north transect.

Sediments in the vicinity of all stations with the exception of X-1 were greater than six inches deep and were comprised of seagrass blades and mangrove leaves. The silt in the area of X-1 was very shallow and composed of fine detritus.

During December 1980, vegetation in the area of X-1 was very sparse, with T. testudinum the only seagrass present, and various macroalga present. The macroalgae present consisted primarily of PenioiEEus sp. and Lmuencia sp. The bottom characteristics in this area go from deep and rocky to shallow areas layered with 1 to 3 inches of 'fine silt.

The area between stations X-1 and X-2 had three different seagrass communities. The communities present from west to east were a 8.

~zightii community to a community with a mixture of 8. ~ghtii and T. testudinum (mixed zone) to a T. testudinum community. The macro-III.A.4-4

algae present among these communities were dominated by Penicillus sp.

and C'aulerpa sp.

At X-2 the area was dominated by T. testudinum with some H.

v~ghtii present. The sediments in this area consisted of 6-8 inches of decaying grass blades and mangrove leaves.

The transect between X-2 and X-3 was a community domi nated by T. tes8udinum with some H. ~~ghtii present. The macroalga in this area were A. czenulata, Penicillus sp., Digenia sp., Rhipocephalus sp., Caulerpa.sp., Saz'gassum., Udotea sp. and Avz'ainvillea sp.

At X-3 the dominant seagrass was T. testudinum with some H.

uvightii present. Hacroalga present at this station were Lauzencia sp., Halimeda sp., G'aulerpa sp., and A. czenulaM. Sediments were of the same nature and depth as X-2.

From X-3 to X-4 the dominant seagrass was T. testudinum. Sparsely scattered among the T. testudinum and H. anigh0ii. The macroalga present were A. czenulata, Penicillus sp,, Rhipocephalus sp., Digenia sp., Sazgassum sp., rauzencia sp., Udotea sp., and Avzainvillea sp.

The area east of X-4 went from a community dominated by T.

tes~inum to a community dominated by H. vvightii. S. filifozvne was mixed in with both T. testudinum and H. ~~ghHi communities. East III.A.4-5

I II

of X-4 to a distance of approximately 300 feet no large clumps of S.

filiform were found.

The north transect swim went through various zones. The zones west to east were a zone of patchy T. testudinum and H. mightii 'rom to a mixed zone to a zone dominated by T. testudinum. Within these various zones were found sparse amounts of Sy~ngodium and macroalga.

The macroalgae found were Anadyomene stellata, Lcuuencia sp.,

Penicillus sp., Caulerpa sp., and Sargassum sp.

The south transect swim went through various zones from west to east. The zones went from a mixed zone to a H. ~2ightii/T. testudinum/

S. filiforme zone to a T. testudinum/macroalgae zone, Present among these zones was saall amounts of S. filifozvne. Smll mangrove seed-lings were also located along this transect. Hacroal gae present were Vdotea sp., Penicillus sp., Rhipocephalus sp., Sax'gasswn sp., Digenia simplex, and Lauzencia sp. The lower densities of T. testudinum at X-1 can be explained by the depth of this station and the rocky sub-stratum.

In pre-operational data, Thorhaug.(Bader and Roessler, 1972) reported that depth of water, wave action, turbidity and salinity were factors affecting local distribution; she also found that the "Areas of lesser sediment in mid Card Sound sustain large populations of major macroalgae as opposed to Thalassia because of the" latters III.A.4-6

extensive root and rhizome system which is impeded by rocky outcroppings in mid bay."

In general, all stations exhibited a seasonal fluctuation of grass and macroalgal densities with lower densities occurring during the summer months. This decrease in density agreed with the supposi-tion of a natural summer stress period proposed by Thorhaug (Bader and Roessler, 1972). The densi tites of all stations, except X-l, appeared essentially the same as those found in the baseline report (Bader and Roessler, 1972). However, they were not directly comparable since the units of enumeration used in these studies differed. The pr esent study used fascicles (sheaths of blades) per square meter while the baseline study used blades per square meter as an indication of density.

Conclusions The previously affected area has revegetated and supports a sea-grass/macroalgae community very similar to those described in the baseline report (Bader and Roessler, 1972). The "non-recovered" area (0. 46 acres) at the mouth of the former discharge will continue to recover at a slow rate and will not support a community of similar density until a suitable sediment base is established.

III.A.4-7

LITERATURE CITED Bader, R.G. and Roessler, M.A. 1972. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Florida Power 8 Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, FL.

III.A.4-8

I ig S

Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge Area i'll IIIIIII SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1. Location of Turkey Point Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge, closed in February 1973.

III.A.4-9

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5 I

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0 100 200 SCALE IN FEET Figure 2 . Tracing of Aerial Photograph of'reviously affected area at Turkey Point Power Plant, Grand Canal Discharge for June 1980.

III.A.4-10

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Figure 3 . Tracing of Aerial Photograph of previously affected area at Turkey Point Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge for December 1980.

III.A.4-11

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SCALE IN FEET 0 300 600 Figure 4. Copparison of plane table surveys of previously affected Turkey Point Power Plant, Grand Canal Discahrge Area aft'er Thorhaug, October 1971 (dotted line), Florida Power 5 Light, June 1980 (blackened area).

III.A.4-12

~

jl

Table 1. quadrat Study of the Turkey Point Power Plant, Grand Canal Discharge for June, 1980.

STATION X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S ANGIOSPERMS:

Halodule vmghtii** 12 + 196 180 16 Thalassia testudinum** 60 52 648 504 132 CHLOROPHYTA:

Acetabular ia cr enulata Anadyomene stellata Avz ainvil lea nigz'icans Batophoz'a oez stedi .

Caulezpa sp.

Halimeda sp.

Penicillus sp.

Bhipocephalus sp.

PHAEOPHYTA:

Dic+ota sp.

RHODOPHORA:

Digenia sp.

Zauz encia sp.

OTHERS:

Rhisophor a mangle NOTE: + Some seagrass was present at the sample point, but not in the 1/16 meters square areas used for density determinations.

• Present

• • Number of fascicles/m 2 III.A.4-13

5 l

Table 2. quadrat Study of the Turkey Point Power Plant, Gl and Canal for Oecember 1980.

STATION X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S ANGIOSPERf1S:

HaloduZe umghtii** 116 168 76 56 172 220 Thalassia testudinum** 104 196 272 412 256 244 CHLOROPHYTA:

Ace5zbulama czenulata Anadyomene stellata Avz'ainviZ Zea ni gz'icans Batophoza oez stedi C'aulez'pa sp.

Halimeda sp.

Penicillus sp.

Bhipocephalus sp.

PHAEOPHYTA:

Dictpoba sp.

RHOOOPHORA:

Digenia sp.

Lauzencia sp.

OTHERS:

Bhisophoza mangle NOTE:

• Present

• • Number of fascicles/m .

III.A.4-14

5. Grasses and Macrophyton Invasion/Revegetation (ETS 4.2.2.2)

Introduction This study qualitatively assesses the diversity and extent of seagrasses and macroalga within the canal system. They are important to study since they are potentially detrimental to the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the cooling canal system..

Materials and Methods Observation, identification, and quantification of seagrasses and macrophyton were made during periodic surveys in conjunction with other monitoring programs in the canal system.

Results Fifteen genera of seagrasses and macrophyton were found in the canal system during 1980 (Table 1) as compared to twelve for 1979 and eleven reported during the 8aseline Study (Hader and Roessler, 1972). Concentrations of these plants were scattered throughout the canal system with dense assemblages of seagrasses/macrophyton in the southwest corner and the eastern canals (Figure 1).

I The effectiveness of "Rotovation" (FPL, 1979) was determined this

/

year. It was found that the removal of Buppia mavitima and subsequent benefit was temporal. R. m~8ima density was approximately the same in the test canal as in the control. The grass also aooeared to be more uniformly distributed in the test canal than the control canal.

I I I.A. 5-1

An abundance of the angiosperm PaEophiEa englemanni was noted in the eastern canals (Table 2}.

Discussion B. mmitima (Widgeon grass or Ditch grass) continued to be the seagrass of primary importance in the canal system. It was confined to the southwest canals but continued to spread north and east as in 1979 (FPL, 1979). This grass, which is considered a submergent form, grew to lengths of 4 to 8 feet and often occupied the water column from substrate to surface. Seasonally the strands become heavily encrusted with epiphytic,growth and imoede water flow in the cooling canal system.

In the past, various biological, physical, and chemical methods of controlling this aquatic weed have been attempted with negative results. During 1979 a technique known as "Rotovation" was employed to disrupt R.'azi0ima. This technique proved effective only on a temporary basis. After a year the ditch grass had completely recovered and showed no significant difference from the control in terms of biomass.

In March of 1980 another physical technique utilizing a "Drag Har" was tested. Final evaluation of this technique's effectiveness is pending.

III,A.5-2

Also found in the canal system were the-marine angiosperms HaloduEe mightii (formerly known as Diplantheza ~~ghtii), Shoalgrass;

8. engEemanni, no common name; Thalassa testudinum, Turtle grass; and Sy~ngodium fiEifozme, Manatee grass. The northernmost sections of the eastern canals continued to represent the a'rea with the heaviest growth in the canal system of the latter two grasses.

H. nightie was particularly well represented by stands on both east and west sides. Due to the finite growth habit of its fascicles, this speces was thought to be of little consequence in restricting water movement. This species has runners which are normally attached to the substrate by rhizomes. However, in dense stands these long runners overlapped each other in such a way that the rhizomes did not reach the substrate. Hence, long floati.ng strands develoo with the potential to obstruct water flow in a manner similar to R. mcuitima.

S. fili/ozzie and T. testudinum showed no significant changes in abundance since last year. H. engEemanni was noted in this system for the first time.

Various red and brown alga continued to be found along the rocky shoreline of most of the canals. Vasya sp. grew predominantly in the winter months on rocks in the shallower canals and was associated with high water velocity. Lauzencia Bp. was found scattered throughout the canal system. The brown algae Sargassum sp. occurred infrequently in the eastern canals of the system. However, densities were extremely II I .A. 5-3

low and this fucale was considered to be of little consequence to the canals system's marine ecology and flow characteristics. In greater densities this algae has the potential of becoming a major flow inhi-bi tor.

There was substantial green algal growth on solid substrates throughout the system. Halimeda spp. were found on small rocks in the southern end of the western canals and in the rocky shallows of the eastern canals. PeniciElus spp. were prominent in the northeastern canals. Caulevpa mezicana occurred in varying densities systemwide.

Several other species of Caulerpa were also present. Batophobia oe."sleds and Acetabulavia crenuEata were found as epiphytes on a variety of stable substrates in shallow water.

Five genera were, found in the canal system that were not reported during the Baseline Study (Bader and Roessler, 1972; Table 1). Three genera were reported during the Baseline Study in adjacent Biscayne Bay/Card Sound that have not been found in the system. These differ-ences are considered of little consequence.

Conclusions Macroalga and to a lesser extent the seagrasses dominate the eastern canals and southwest canals. B. marituna and H. mightii continue to dominate the southwest corner of the system on an alter-nating seasonal cycle and will continue to spread rapidly unless an effective method of control can be found. The continued spread and III.A.5-4

concentration of these aquatic weeds will reduce the efficiency of the cooling canals, which serve as a heat sink for the power plant.

III.A.5-5

I S

l

LITERATURE C ITED Bader, R.G. and Roessler, M.A. 1972. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. AT (40-1) - 3801 31. Florida Power 8 Light Co. and Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmos.

Sci., Univ. of Miami, Miami, FL.

Florida Power & Light Co. 1979. Turkey Point Unit 3 5 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report no. 13. Miami, Florida.

II I.A.5-6

Power Plant

~ll Il jill oft 0

0 0

0 prr I'll llilllllll i

SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Fi gure 1. Grasses and macrophyton ori entati on i n the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

NOTE: "Area dominated by Buppia mavi0ima and Halodule ~gh0ii.

• • Macroalga dominance, seagrasses present to lesser extent..

III.A.5-7

Table 1. Comparison of macroohyton and seagrass soecies found during the baseline study with those in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System for 1979 and 1980.

Baseline*

Scientific Name 1972 1979 1980 Acetabulavia cz enulata AvrainviEEea sp.

Anodymene steEEata Batophobia oevstedi CauEerpa spp.

Dasya sp.

HaEimeda spp.

HaEodule uvightii**

HaEophila eng Eemanni Sam encia sp.

PeniciEEus spp.

BhipocephaEus spp.

Ruppia mar'i tima Sar'gassum sp.

Syr ingodium fiEifozvne 2'halassia testudinum Vdotea sp.

NOTE:

• Bader and Roessler, 1972

• • Formerly named Diplanthera uuightii.

III.A.5-8

Table 2. Relative abundance of seagrass and macrophyton species in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System during 1980.

Relative Scientific Name Classification Abundance Locale Halodule uAghtii Seagrass Systemwide Halophi la englemanni Seagrass Corrmon East Canals Ruppia mcu'i5ima Seagrass 'ommonCommon Southwest canals Syringodium filiforage Seagrass Rare East canals Thalassia 8estudinum Seagrass Rare East canals Acetabulcu'ia cvenulata Green Algae Common Systemwide*

Anodymene stellar Green Algae Rare Eas t'anal s Batophor a oez's8edi Green Algae Common Systemwi de*

Caule~a spp. Green Algae Common East canals Halimeda spp. Green Algae Common East canals Penicillus spp. Green Algae Rare East canals Bhipocephalus spp. Green Algae Rare East canals

(

Dasya sp. Red Algae Cordon Systemwide in Rocky canals Lamencia sp. Red Algae Common East canals Sargassum sp. Brown Algae Rare East canals NOTE:

• Usually found on rocks or as an epiphyte.

III.A.5-9

6. GROUNDWATER PROGRAM (ETS 4. 1. 1. 2)

A summary report entitled Groundwater Monitoring procrram , burke Point, Florida, prepared by Florida Power a Light Company's consultant Dames

& Moore, for period July 1, 1980 through June 30, 1981 will be forwarded to NRC by August 30, 1981.

III.A.6-1

5 B. TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

1. Revegetation of Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.1)

a. Natural Revegetation Introduction This study assesses and measures the growth rates of the floristic species that colonize the spoil berms created by constructing the cooling canals.

Materials and Methods Data were gathered on a semi-annual basis from six permanent sta-tions located within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (Figure 1).

One 10 meter by 10 meter quadrat was permanently staked out at each of the six stations on the canal system spoil berms. Growth and repro-duction data were recorded for all species present within these qua-drats (Tables 1 - 6). Two meter by ten meter quadrats, established ingg along the shoreline at each of the six stations, were monitored to estimate red mangrove growth and rei nvasion rates (Table 7). Tabulated data were presented as number of individuals rather than the percent change in the number of individuals. After carefully studying past data, it was determined that the "percent change" data can be mislead-and ambiguous.

Results Tables 1 - 6 depicted the changes in the number of individuals of all species observed in the six monitoring quadrats since the natural vegetation program began in 1975. Historical data for all

species found during this program can be found in Table 8.

Stations 105S and 505N with low density vegetation showed a slight shift from the dominance of large tree species to that, of small plant species and grasses when comparing 1979 and 1980 data. Four of the six tree species remained unchanged in numbers while two of the five grass species increased over 250 percent. Small plant species such as Bacchus haHmifoEia, Bormchia fmctescens and Aster tenuifo2ius showed population increases of over 100 percent.

Ouring 1980 at one medium density vegetation station, 408M, both dominant tree species decreased drastically, when compared to 1979, as a result of a weed control program. Species of grasses such as Caladium J'amaicensis and DistichiHe spica'howed slight changes in coverage. There were great increases in the percent of smaller plant species such as Thelypte~s nomalis (1200 percent increase) and Paresis vit5zM (800 percent increase). Eight new species were observed at Station 408M this year.

The other medium density vegetation station, 323S, was the only monitoring site not treated by the weed control program. The station continued to exhibit the trends set in 1979 with a 76 percent increase in the Australian Pine (Casus ina equisetifoHa) population, while all other species either decreased in number or showed no change.

I I I .8.1-2

The two heavy density vegetation stations, 204N and 310M, had the largest decrease in the tree population with five soecies decreasing in numbers and one remaining unchanged when comparing 1979 and 1980 data. This decrease was a result of a weed control program necessary to maintain cooling canal efficiency. Over one half of Station 310N was,covered with grass. C'. J'amaicensis increased in coverage by 169 percent and D. spicata increased by 800 percent. Existing small plant species Bhabdadenia &if'Rom, Me2othria penduEa; Solanum donianum and PhpsaHe anguEata increased in numbers by 100, 100, 450, and 1500 per-cent respectively, while three new species were recorded this year.

Red Mangrove, Rhizophoza mangle, were found at two of the six inland quadrats. There was a 40 oercent decrease at Station 310N and no change at Station 105S. The shoreline quadrats, Table 7, showed two changes in the adult pooulation, a 30 percent decrease at Station 408M and a 114 percent increase at Station 505N. The seedling population decreased at four stations and remained unchanged at one.

The shoreline quadrat at Station 323S had no red mangroves. Established adults help prevent erosion of the shoreline, but some newly settled seedlings were dislodged by wave action eroding the banks.

Oiscussion A vegetation control program has -been underway for over a year.

This program was designed to control vegetation over 3 feet in height which inhibit wind flow across the waters surface, reduce evaporative cooling and thereby reduce cooling canal efficiency. Its effect was III.B.1-3

clearly evidenced in 1980. Five of the six monitoring stations have received herbicide application. Three of these five stations showed substantial decreases in C. equisetifoLia.

Salt grass, D. spica', remained the primary ground cover on the older berms and continued to spread westward to the newer berms.

This grass grew well even on clay soils and should serve as excellent hurricane protection for the berms. Increases in this species occurred at stations where C. equiseeifolia was absent, and a decrease occurred at 310S where C. equiseeifolia had increased.

Although saw grass, C. Jamaicensis, only occurred at 3 stations, system wide it was still considered an important ground cover and erosion inhibitor.

Buttonwoods, Conocazpus erects, were present at all the stations, The adult population decreased at three stations and remained unchanged at the other three. Seedlings were too numerous to count at stations 505N, 323S, and 105S.

Soil type continued to be the overt factor determining vegetation density. C. equieetifo'Lia and C. ezectus dominated heavy vegetation areas and tended to occupy the tidal creeks and hammock areas where peat and muck substrates were prevalent. Salt grass was dominant on the marl barrens.

~

I

The higher elevation caused by berm construction has allowed sufficient edaphic changes to permit non-mangrove community species such as B. ha'L&nifolia, Passiflora subezosa and several new species (Tables 1 - 6) to progressively invade from the western up1and side of the system. Schinus tezebinthiyolius, the exotic Brazilian Pepper Tree, continued to flourish over much of the canal system.

Comparison with available pre-operational vegetation data is inappropriate since construction of the canal system has disrupted the indigenous topography and vegetative communities in areas within the system. Areas south and west of the system are dealt with in another section of this report (Section III.B.2).

The decrease in large tree species has had a dramatic effect on most small species. Significant increases in D. spicata, Anchopogon gLomeratus, S. donumum, A. 8enuifolius and numerous other species were observed in 1980 as compared to 1979. These increases in pre-viously declining or rare species can be explained in the following manner. The 1980 vegetation control program was primarily done by helicopter with a resultant vertical delivery of the herbicide. The herbicide application was intended for Australian Pines, however other trees making up the canopy were affected. In areas of dense concen-tration of these large .species, little or no herbicide reached the ground. The large species died while the smaller under story plants were relative~y unaffected. The small plants, previously shaded by the large species, have increased light and nutrient resources and III.B.1-5

proliferated accordingly.

Conclusions Soil type continued to be the apparent factor determining vegeta-tion density. G'. equisetifoEia and C. ezectu8 dominated the peat and muck soils of the old tidal creeks and hammock areas, while salt grass and saw grass dominated the clay/marl barrens; C'. equiaetifoEia re-duced the number of species and the diversity in areas where it dominated. In those areas where the weed control program was underway, the inverse occurred. The increased elevations resulting from berm construction have allowed upland species to invade the western areas of the canal system.

The total number of mature buttonwoods had decreased sharply as compared to 1979. The increased number of seedlings taking hold this year, provided they are unaffected by the herbicide spraying, are expected to increase the adult population.

The rates of revegetation of salt grass and saw grass is expected to increase as a result of a reduction in competition from the large G'. equise8if'o'Lia and C. erects.

III.B.1-6

Power Plant

1) 105S 204N

/ll) 310M 323S 408M c7 O

)J 505N llllllll ll)ill(

SCALE IN FEET 0 3000 6000 Figure 1, Natural revegetation test sites at the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

II.L.B. 1-7

Table 1. Number of individuals of species at light vegetation station 105S in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 r C 5- rD 40 C S- r 40 C S- rD 00 9ltd Zc5 Z0 Z Z0 S

0 rd CL 0 9 4 rd CL D C 0 5 4 CL th)

CL 0 3 <<C 3 0 3 8 6 7 7 6 7 5 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Rhisophora ma ogle 7 Lagunculama z'acemosa 6 8 10 7 9 6 6 6 5 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 Conocarpus er ectus 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Distichilis spi cata* 1 2 4 4 7 8 10 9 9 18 15 20 22 30 35 35 35 46 40 35 Juncus roemezianus 70 43 46 49 19 18 26 19 30 47 30 33 25 15 5 5 5 6 5 4 SoLanum donianum 1 1 2 2 2 15 14 20 Ez'echti tes hier aci folia 2 2 2 0 0 0 Baccharis haLimifolia 1 3 3 3 4 4

.Eupato~um capi lli foLium 3 3 3 2 2 0 Schinus ter ebinthi fo lius 2 3 0 Andr opogon glomeratus 1 1 3 Mikania scandens 1 3 1 Casuar ina equiseti foLia .1

• denotes counts per 2 NOTE: m

I I

I I

Table 2. Number of individuals of species at light vegetation station 505N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 r~ Q

~ ~ ~ ~

S- C S- s- S- e c- C 0o Z0

~ S Q. D O 0 Ch

<<C n5 CL o a5 CL o C ZI5 ZCU zQ Conocarpus erectus 5 6 6 5 5 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Bor vichia fmctescens 3 1 60 40 4 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 8 12 13 13 13 40 38 47 Distichilis spicata* . .3 0 0 0 .3 .5 ..3 .5 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 10 Casuamna equiseti folia 1 .1 1 3 7 Aster tenuifolius 39 84 120 Baccharis halimifolia 3 1 8 Andr'opogon glomeratus 1 1 NOTE:

• denotes counts per m 2

I I

Tab]e 3. Number of individuals of species at medium vegetation station 323S in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 s- ~O w c s-

~

~g w

~

c s- ~D w c s-

~

g ~

CL 00 e) 4Q. D

) 00 5e 4CL ) 0 9 0 9D 0o 5C ~ca Z0 Ze Z0 0 ca Q.

Conocazpus er ectus 8 5 4 9 5 11 15 18 19 18 19 22 23 23 24 24 24 20 26 20 Casua~na equiseti folia 18 15 10 9 8 12 9 12 18 17 18 19 19 19 19 19 33 37 55 65 j

Cladium amai census Juncus zoemevianus 225 350 316 370 500 700 875 376 TNTC TNTC ll 22 25 35 43 61 65 82 102 74 35* 35* 50+

65 32 39 65* 65* 65* 65* 65* 65* 65" 20 14 14 14 0 0 0 Solanum donianum 2 7 15 13 7 ll 16 40 9* 38 61 73 89 89 104 107 163 160 149 169 2pomoea sagittata 2 5 14 9 6 5 7 0 11 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PLuchea rosea 3 8 18 23 15 31 Tl'AC 0 57 3 8 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eupatozium capiZLi foLium 6 4 9 17 10 6 6 6 0 4 9 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster tenui foLius 7 0 0 0 0 8 19 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sabatia steLlaz'is 26 32 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schinus ter ebinthi folis 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 Acrostzchum danaeifolium 2 2 4 18 13 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 Baccharis haLimifolia 1 1 9 20 17 15 19 24 20 22 22 22 23 4 3 1 PassifEora subez'osa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 3 3 Andropogon glomeratus 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trema florzdana 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Mikania scandens 5 0 1 Borrichia fz'utescens 1 0 0 NOTE:

• denotes counts per m2 TNTC - Too numerous to count

I I

II II

Table 4. Number of individuals of species at medium vegetation station 408M in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

~

5- r Q '

~

C s 4 C 5- r 4 C S- e 00 g Z0 Ze S

Q.

c(

D

) 00 0 4O.

n5 D 0 00 4 0

CL cC D

3 00 Q tC$

4Q. D 3

n5 G

et) O C'onocar pus er ectus 7 8 2 2 1 2 5 5 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 12. 8 3 Casuamna equi setifolia 135 162 3 3 10 18 61 32 85 79 130 139 140 140 140 145 150 155 162 ll Cladium jamaicensis 4 12 10 13 18 14 14 3 16 10 11 14 13 12 12 12 12 10 7 5 DistichiLis spicata* .3 .5 5 2 2 4, 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 12 Rhizophora mangle 1 0

~

0 1

0 0 0 0 0-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sabatia steLlams 4 9 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 Pterus vittata 2 9 11 33 47 40 42 50 40 30 20 18 16 4 0 32 Thelysteris normalis 1 7 10 9 6 7 6 8 7 4 4 4 4 2 9 24 Bacchavis haLimifoLia 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 Solanum donianum 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aczestichum danaei folium 6 5 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 40 Sonchus olemceus 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 Q 0 Eupatorium capiLLifoLium 3 3 4 6 4 6 6 0 0 11 Andr opogon glomemtus 8 6 0 14 50 50 50 2* 1*

2 2 '1 0 0 43 PLuchea rosea 1 1 1 1 Salix car oliniana 3 Aster tenui foLius 1 Val lesia anti Liana 1 NOTE:

• denotes counts per m

l Table 5. Number of individuals of species at heavy vegetation station 204N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

~ >)

M

~ ~

g ~

C 0 CC CL 9D 0U S- r S-0 D 0 43 D lU O O

<<C 9 0 CL

<<C ) 0 9 4 Bacchar is haLimifora 8 4 4 3 1 0 0 0 11 18 23 42 35 40 40 50 50 13 8 0 Conocazpus erectus 13 10 11 11 11 0 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 Casuarina equi seti foLia 31 13 13 20 0 0 8 10 13 31 31 32 30 30 36 37 40 37 38 24 Acvosti chum danaei fo Lium 1 1 1 3 1 0 4 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 2 2. 2 Eupatomum capi LLifo Lium 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 Bow ichia fmtescens 103 140 175 50 16 30 24 21 43 43 45 4 0 0 0 0 0 Sonchus f

Rkuzbdadenia bi For a o'Ler'accus 1 0 0 2

2 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 1

0 0

0 0

0 5

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

SoLanum nigr escens 1 2 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 SoEanum donianum 1 4 1 1 10* 1P* 1P* 2 2 2 Chamaesyce 1 0 0 6 4 1 0 .1 2 2 mesembrganthemi fo Lia PLuchea. rosea 29 25 40 50 20 0 0 0 0 Sar costemma clausa 1 1 1 2 3 10* 15* 15* 90* 9P*

Nikania scandens 2 2 2 25* 50* 5p* 4p* 4p* 95*

Physa Lis anguLata 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 The lystems norma7is 1 1 4 3 2 2 2 0 Aster tenni foLius 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 PhytoLacca rigida 4 5 7 9 1 1 0 Er echtites hier aci foLia 5 30 25 0 0 0 3 Schinus ter ebinthi foLius 1 1 1 0 NeLothvia penduLa 50*

I'antana camara 1 Passi fLora subemsa 1

• denotes counts per 2 NOTE: m

)

I

Table 6. Number of individuals of species at heavy veqetation station 310N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1975-1980.

SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

$ r 40 C $ r 00 C $ r 40 C $ r 40 C CL D o ~rt$ O.

cc ~D o ~t5 c ~D o ~ cG. ~D o ~ z z0 z z0 CL 45 a$ ~ it$ cQ Rhisophora mangle 25 21 12 7 6 7 9 9 8 10 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 10 10 6 Casuarina equi seti folia 78 28 15 10 37 37 42 37 39 42 44 46 48 43 43 43 45 45 58 25 Cladium jamaicensis 180 405 500 510 TNTC TNTC 600 620 600 9* 12* 14* 15 14 15 15 15 13 15 35 Distichlis spi cata* 2 3 5 6 5 4 6 4 4 8 8 12 12 12 10 9 9 1 1 8 Baccharis halimifolia 1 1' 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 h1elanther a parvi folia 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sonchus oleraceus Conocarpus erectus 4 0 3

0 3

0 2

0 4

0 4

0 6

0 5 6'8 0 0 0 8

0 8

0 8

0 8

0 8

0 1

0 2

0 1

.Rhabdadenia biflora 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Laguncular ia r acemosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 Acrosti chum danaei folium 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thelysteris normalis 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schinus terebinthi folius 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solanum donianum 2 2 2 0 0 0 Sporobolus virginicus* 6 0 0 Aster tenui folius 1 0 1 Nikania scandens 12 NOTE:

• denotes counts per m2 TNTC - Too numerous to count

l I

~

l

~

I I

Table 7 ~ Number of individuals of red mangrove at stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1979-1900.

STATION 1979 1980 JAN. MAY NOV. f1AY NOV.

105S Mature 2 2 Seedlings 7 4 204N Mature 1 1 1 1 Seedlings 12 12 16 14 310N Mature 2 2 Seedlings 7 0 323S Mature Seedlings 0

0 0

0 0 0 408M*

Mature 0 10 10 14 Seedlings 0 48 53 27 505N I 1a ture 6 N.D. 7 14 15 Seedlings 15 N.D. 11 5 4 NOTE: H.D. - No data taken.

III.B.1-14

l Table 8 . Historical list of species found in Turkey Point Natural Revegetation Program 1975-1980.

Co+ron Name Scientific Name Australian Pine Casuavina equisetifo Zia Beard Grass Andropogon glomezatus Black-Nightshade Solanum nigr escens Black Rush (Needle Rush) t'uncus zoememanus Blodgett's Potatoe Solanum donianum Brake Fern Pteris vittata Brazilian Pepper Schinus tez ebinthi foHus Buttonwood Conoc~us ez ectus Climbing Kempweed (Hempvine) Mikania scandens Club Rush (Spike Rush) Zleochams sp.

Coastal Plains Willow Salix caz oHniana Corky-Stemmed Passion Flower Passi floza subezosa Creeping Cucumber Melothria pendula Devil's Potatoe Zchites sp.

Dog Fennel Zupatoz'ium capilZifo Hum Fireweed (Burnweed) Ez'echtites hi eracifo Ha Florida Trema (Nettle Tree) Tz'ema fEomdana Golden Rod SoHdago stz'icta Glades ftorning Glory Epomoea sagittata Ground Cherries PhysaHs angulata Lantana Lantana camaz'a Leather Fern (Mangrove Fern) Acz'ostichum danaeae foHum Mallow Family Sida mbz'omar ginata Mangrove Rubber Vine Bhabdadenia bi floz'a Marsh Fleabane Pluchea zosea Marsh Pink Sabatia stell~s Oleander Vallesia antillana Pokeweed ( Inkberry) Phptolacca z'igida Red Mangrove Bhizophoz'a mang le Rohrb Melantheza aspez a Rubber Vine Rhabdadenia bi floz a III.B.1-15

l l

~

~

Table 8 . Historical list of species found in Turkey (CONT'D) Point Natural Revegetation Program 1975-1980.

Common Name Scientific Name Saltbush (Groundsel) Bacchxvis halimif'olia Saltgrass Distichilis spicata Saltmarsh Aster Aster tenui fo Eius Sawgrass Cladium Jamaicensis Schmidel Thelypteris sp.

Sea Oxeye (Oxeye D'aisy, Sea Daisies) Bor mchia fvutescens Sea Purslane Sesuvium por'tulacas~

Sow Thistle Sonchus oleraceus Umbrella Grass Fuirena sp.

Virginia Dropseed Spor obolus vir opinicus White Mangrove Laguncul~a racemosa White Vine Sar costemma clausa III.B.1-16

b. Soil Chemistry (FTS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction This moni toring determines pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, chloride, and conductivity at three elevations of the berms and determines the rate and extent of soil recovery after the canal system construction.

Materials and Methods One hundred fifty nine'amples were collected on a semi-annual basis at 53 sample sites that represented all 'major soil types through-out the canal system (Figure 1) ~ Samples were taken from each of 3 berm levels at 'a depth of 12 inches using a spade type geotome. They were placed in Whirl Paks for transportation to the laboratory. lihen all sampling was complete, samples were separated by soil type for elevation and then were mixed accordingly. The resulting composite samples were analyzed for the characteristics mentioned previously.

Sample sites were abbreviated as follows:

A number (1-9) for the soil types.

Soil type based on composi tion:

1. black organic

2. organic

3. mucky-clay

4. clay III.8,1-17

Soil type based on vegetative density:

5. none

6. heavy

7. medium

8. light

9. area (initially) covered by grass A "W" designated the west side of the system while a "WE" desig-nated the east side of the system.

A "T", "M" or "L" designated the berm elevation at which the samples were taken.

Elevation:

T top of berm M middle of berm L one foot above water level Samples were analyzed for pH, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, chloride, and conductivity (Tables 1 and 2). The pH was measured using a glass electrode; potassium and calcium were deter-mined using a Beckman OU-2 Flame Photometer (APHA, 1975). Nitrogen was determined using the Brucine Method (APHA, 1975). Phosphorous was determined using the Stannous Chloride Method (APHA, 1975-). Conduc-tivity was determined using a modified Wheatstone Bridge. The result-ing data were analyzed statistically using the P70 program of U.C.L.A.

Biomedical Program Series P.

III.B.1-18

I Results Nutrient data for all sample sites for tray and Oecember are listed on Tables 1 and 2. The ranges of the nutrient values and the sample sites having the highest nutrient values can be found on Table 3.

Oiscussion The pH exhibited a highly significant (a = 0.01) variance within successive years. It continued to be lowest at stations with organic substrates, dense vegetation and middle f

to upper elevations ~ The higher pH values were found in the mucky-clay substrates, areas of sparse vegetation and low elevations.

Nitrogen levels were highest in organic soils and at sites with heavy vegetation; conversely, the lowest values were obtained at grassy sites and in clay soils. Last year's prediction that the nitrogen levels would develop a downward trend was accurate. There was an approximate 50 percent decrease in nitrogen levels during the dry period of 1980. With the continued reduction of Casu~na sp.

due to the Vegetation Control Program, nitrogen levels should continue on a downward trend. There continued to be no apparent correlation between nitrogen and rainfall (r = 0. 13).

Phosphorous levels during the 1980 dry period showed an approxi-mate 50 percent increase from the 1979 dry period values. In most canal system soil types phosphorous levels fluctuate inversely with I I I. B.1-19

~

I

~

I 5

rainfal 1.

Potassium levels continued the downward trend from the 1975 dry period (485 ppm) to the 1980 dry period (102 ppm). All the high potassium values were from samples taken at the lower berm elevations and were likely inundated with salt water, hence, they were typical of water chemistry rather than of. soi 1 chemistry.

Calcium levels have shown no.significant variance (a = 0.05) as a function of time from 1975 through 1980 and I

there appeared to be no correlation to the wet and dry seasons. Sites with heavy vegetation and organic soils yielded the highest mean values for calcium.

Chloride values were slightly lower in 1980 than in 1979. The P

decrease was not sufficient enough to consider it the beginning of a downward trend. The mean salinities in the cooling system waters continued to increase (Secti'on III.A.l.a).

Conductivity levels steadily increased in 1978, 1979 and 1980.

It appears that the previously noted downward trend has been reversed.

The high values for conductivity were from the lower elevation samples.

Conclusions The pH values at the stations within the canal system were more alkaline than the range ci ted as best for plant growth (Hartmann 5 Kester, 1975). The levels of potassium in the canal system were within III.B.1-20

the historical ranges for this geographic area (Black, 1968). Neither potassium nor nitrogen were considered limiting on the berms. Phos-phorous was present in very small quantities, due to the very high calcium levels (Black, 1968). Chloride levels increased at low levels on the berms and followed chloride levels in the canals. It can be concluded that the limiting chemical factors on the berms are phos-phorous and chloride. On the lower parts of the berms, chloride tended to exclude all but the salt tolerant species while the low levels of phosphorous on the berms tended to exclude all but heartiest pioneer and exotic species.

I I I .B. 1-21

LITERATURE CITED APHA-AWWA-WPCF. 1975. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14th ed. APHA Wash. D.C. 1193 pp.

Black, C.A. 1968. Soil-plant relationships. Second Ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York. 792 pp.

Harmann, Hudson; Kester, Dale. 1975. Plant propagation principles and practices. Third Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 662 pp.

III.8.1-22

Ii Power Plant S

S Oe ~ 0 0

OAO Nllllllllll ill llllll SCALE IN FEET 3000 6000 Figure 1. Soil Chemistry sample sites ( ~ ) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

III.B.1-23

Tabl e 1 . Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during May 1980.

Sampl e" ** Ca** Cl** ***

pH NO Cond Sites 3 1 WT 7.5 70 1.0 20 1000 . 2100 270 WM 7.1 150 0.1 50 2500 6000 330 HL 7.8 <0.1 1.0 450 1000 85 000 1800 2 HT 7.5 30 2.0 20 1500 1500 220 WM 7.3 20 <0.1 20 1500 6000 500 WL 7.8 <0. 1 0.3 200 1500 42 000 1100 3 WT 7.6 90 1.0 50 500 6500 520 WM 7.9 20 <0.1 80 500 7000 510 WL 8.0 10 0.2 90 500 18 500 700 4 WT 8.1 50 <0. 1 50 1000 7000 500 WM 8.1 20 <0.1 60 500 9000 500 WL 8.1 4 0.1 200 500 32 000 1100 5 WT 7.9 70 1.0 20 500 4700 340 Hi~1 7.8 30 <0. 1 20 500 5000 400 WL 7,9 7 1.0 170 1000 34 500 1000 6 WT 7.2 80 4.0 20 1000 3500 300 WM 7.3 70 <0. 1 60 2000 8500 500 HL 8.0 <0.1 0.2 200 500 29 000 1100 7 WT 7 ' 90 2.0 50 1500 4300 400 WM 7,6 50 3.0 50 1000 8000 450 WL 7.8 60 2.0 350 1000 50 000 1400 8 WT 7.5 50 2.0 50 2500 4600 400 WM 7.6 50 <0. 1 20 2500 8500 520 WL 8.1 10 1.0 250 1000 47 000 1100.

9 WT 7.9 40 0.2 20 500 2600 180 WM 7.4 30 3.0 20 500 3700 380 WL 7.8 10 1.0 200 500 37 500 1000 WET 7.5 40 <0,1 20 500 2100 260 WEM 7.7 50 4.0 60 1000 4500 320 HEL 7.6 40 <0 ~ 1 200 2000 17 500 850 NOTE:

• See materials and methods for abbreviations of sample sites.

• • All these values in"mq/kg

.".~* Conductivity in MHOS X 10 -5 I I I.B. 1-24

Table 2 . Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during December 1980.

Sample*

pH t)0 ** Ca** Cl** Cond.**"

Sites 3 1 WT 7.8 75 0.1 85 800 800 160 wra 7.6 48 0.1 155 600 560 170 WL 8.1 ll 0.3 140 1500 10 000 690 2 WT 7.7 48 0.1 75 800 480 115 WM 7.9 44 2.0 125 900 1100 180 WL 7.9 44 0.1 69 800 7200 600 3 WT 7.9 85 0.2 275 900 1800 380 WM 8.2 55 0.1 255 1200 1900 320 WL 8' 16 0.5 212 700 8800 900 4 MT 8.1 70 1.0 315 1000 3000 450 wrn 8.3 70 0.1 535 900 3000 450 WL 8.4 6 0 ~ 1 108 800 10 800 900 5 WT 8.0 110 0.1 145 800 1500 280 MM 8.2 65 0.1 275 700 2200 300 WL 8.1 40 0.1 284 700 14 800 1000 6 WT 7.9 95 1.0 60 800 540 130 Mr~1 8.3 44 1.0 75 800 560 110 WL' 8.1 6 1.0 168 800 10 800 700 WT 7.7 31 1.0 85 600 1000 200 Q1 8.0 75 0.5 120 700 1000 210 ML 7.5 40 0.1 60 500 6200 500 8 WT 8.1 46 6.0 320 700 1300 210 MM 8.2 75 0.1 110 700 940 190 ML 8.1 17 0.1 120 1000 8200 1000 9 MT 8.1 40 0.1 110 200 540 120 WM 8.4 24 0.1 85 400 720 85 WL 8.2 18 0.2 180 1000 11 600 700 WET 7.6 45 0.1 180 800 800 160 WEN 7.8 46 0.4 125 400 1200 170 WEL 8.0 19 0.1 160 1400 10 000 700 NOTE:

• See materials and. methods for abbreviations of sample sites.

• • All these values in mg/kg

• • • Conductivity in NHOS X 10 III.8.1-25

g l

Table 3. The ranges of the nutrient values and the sample site with the highest nutrient value for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System during 1980.

t1AY DECEMBER SAMPLE SITE SAMPLE SITE NUTRIENT RANGE OF HIGHEST NUTRIENT RANGE OF HIGHEST NUTRIENT VALUE NUTRIENT VALUE pH 7.1-8.1 pH 4WL, 4WM, 4WT, 8WL pH 7.5-8.4 pH 4WL, 9WM Nitrate 0.1-150 mg/kg 1WM Nitrate 6-110 mg/kg 5WT Phosphorous 0.1-4.0 mg/kg 6WT Phosphorous 0.1-6.0 mg/kg 8WT Potassium 20-450 mg/kg 1WL Potassium 60-535 mg/kg 4WM Calcium 500-2500 mg/kg 1WM, 8WM, 8WT Calcium 200-1500 mg/kg 1WL Chl ori de 1500-85 000 mg/kg lWL Chloride 480-14 800 mg/kg 5WL

c. Soil Erosion (ETS 4.2. 1)

Introduction Soil erosion data are collected and quantified to determine erosion rates due collectively to soil oxidation, precipitation, and wind.

"Erosion, in its physical aspects,'s simply the accomplishment of a certain amount of work in tearing apart and transporting soil material" (Stallings, 1957). It is important to study since it adversely affects soil fertility and can cause sedimentation in the canals thus reducing the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the canal system.

Materials and Methods Soil erosion data were collected semi-annually at two test sites in the canal system (Figure 1), 502N on Berm 2 at the north end of Section 5 and 530N on Berm 30, also at the north end of Section 5.

The most common soil type in the system is mucky-clay, therefore, both stations were placed in areas with predominantly that edaphic characteristic. At each site, four pipes were driven through the berms and into the ungerlying rock to serve as permanent reference points.

A stainless steel "averaging cross" (Figure 2) was placed horizontally on each of the pipes. The distance "E" from the tips of the cross to the berm surface was then measured. Comparison of these measurements from sampling period to sampling period allowed the determination of the berms.

III,B.1-27

l l:

1 l.

l

Canal bank erosion figures were obtained by measuring the dis-tance between two posts driven in the ground (Figure 3). The distance between the water edge and the post in the water was measured. The difference in length of the latter measurement was considered the erosion value.

Results The "averaging cross" data showed a net change of -0.019 feet on Berm 2, Section 5 and a net change of -0.047 feet on Berm 30, Section 5. The average erosion in 1980 was -0.033 feet. Rainfall for the first and second half of the year was 12.44 and 30.84 inches re-specitively (Table 1). Canal bank erosion values appear in Table 2.

Discussion An attempt was made to relate berm erosion rate to rainfall, The years data showed a significant correlation between the wet and dry seasons and erosion. During the dry season (December to April) there was deposition of soil from other sources to the berms (Figures 4 and 5). During the wet season (April to November) the amount of rainfall promoted a rather large amount of erosion.

During the 1980 rainy season, rain fell for short periods of time and in relatively large amounts. The intensity of this rainfall undoubtedly enhanced the erosion of the berms. In previous years, rain fell frequently with lesser intensity. This. rainfall pattern allowed saturation of the soil and a subsequent increase in cohesivity (FPL III.B.1-28

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1978, 1979). The anomalous reversal in erosion rates by wet/dry seasons was nothing more than a reflection of the different rainfall pattern that occurred in 1980.

The cumulative erosion and rainfall (Figures 6 and 7) show a positive correlation 'at both stations . This i s expected even with the seasonal fluctuation of rates. Station 502 is not affected to the extent that Station 530 is. Ho baseli'ne data are available for comparison.

Shoreline erosion apparently increased over the last year, the amount of berm that is underwater between the reference posts is increasing (Table 2). This observation is not fully quantified.

Water levels can vary, thus the measurements will vary accordingly.

The present method of measurement is dependent upon plant condenser cooling water pump status, wind and tidal conditions.

Conclusions Ouring 1980 the cooling canal berms eroded at a rate which do not differ significantly from 1979. No increase in erosion can be expected to occur other than that due to the intrinsic seasonal fluctuation apparent in the historical data. Shoreline data are inconclusive.

III.B.1-29

LITERATURE CITED Florida Power & Light Co. 1978, 1979. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report nos. 12 &

13, Miami, Florida.

Stallings, J.H. 1957. Soil conservation. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 575 pp.

III.B.1-30

Power Plan

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502N 530N s 4 4% +roe poo IIII III SCALE IN FEET 3000 6000 Figure 1. Soil erosion test sites at the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

III.B.1-31

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Figure 2 .. An illustration of the averaging cross used for soil erosion measurements in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal Sys tern 1900.

III.B.1-32

Table 2 . Measurements of erosion on canal banks at the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System 1980.

DISTANCE FROM DISTANCE FROM NET DATE POST TO POST (FEET) MATER EDGE TO POST (FEET) CHANGE (A) (B)

Station 502 11/79 3. 25 0. 76 05/80 3.25 0.82 +0.06 11/80 3.34 1.02 +0.20 Station 530 11/79 2. 93 0.66 05/80 2.94 0.61 -0. 05 11/80 2.94 1.81 +l. 20 Pole Pole Hater Surface Canal Berm ~ ~

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Figure 3 . A diagramatic representation of the method used for quantifying canal bank erosion, Turkey Point Power Plant 1980.

III. B.1-33

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<0.12 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1977 1978 1979 1980 Figure 4 . Soil erosion (o) and rainfall (h) averages for Turkey Point Power Plant Station 502 per .quarter for the years 1976 through 1980.

NOTE:

• See note on Table l.

-0.10

-0. 08 I

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-0.06 35

-0.04 30

-0.02 25 C) 0.00 20

@ +0.02 15 0

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+0.06 40.08 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1977 1978 1979 1980 Figure 5 . Soil erosion (o) and rainfall (h) averages for Turkey Point Power Plant Station 530 per quarter for years 1977 through 1980.

NOTE: *See note on Table 1.

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-0.15

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<0.15 50 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3.4 1 2 3 4 0

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Figure 6 . Cumulative soil erosion (o) and rainfall (a) at Turkey Point Power Plant Soil Erosion Station 502 per quarter for the years 1976 through 1980.

NOTE:

• See note on Table 1 .

-0. 25

-0. 20

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+0.15 50 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Figure 7 . Cumulative soil erosion (o) and rainfall (/I,) at Turkey Point Power Plant Soil Erosion Station 530 quarter for the years 1976 through 1980.

NOTE:

• See note on Table 1 . per

Table 1 ~ Rainfall, soil erosion, and erosion rate per quarter for the years 1976 through 1980 at Turkey Point RAINFALL EROSION FEET. OF EROSION YEAR QUARTER (inches) (feet) PER'NCH OF RAINFALL

'1976 1 5.80 +0.035 2 21.76 -0.005 3 18.78 -0 '32 4 5.39 -0.004 Total 51. 73 -0.006 -1 16

~ X 10 1977 1 4. 81 +0.001 2 22.16 +0.057*

3 23.56 -0.093*

4 12.66 -0.016 Total 63.19 -0. 051 -8.07 X 10 1978 1 10. 20 -0 '08 2 12 '2 -0.007 3 25.42 -0.014 4 4. 11 -0.018 Total 52.65 -0.04/ -8.93 X 10 1979 1 t

2 10. 62 -0.034 3

22.75 -0. 012 Total m.37 -0.046 -13. 78 X 10 1980 1 2 12.44 +0.008 3

4 30.84 -0. 042 Total 43.28 -0.034 -'.7.85 X 10 NOTE:

• An error was made in the 1977, 2nd quarter measurements indicating relatively high deposition. The 3rd quarter measurements were correct, but compensated for the 2nd quarter by indicating greater than normal erosion. The yearly average follows the norm.

(-) Denotes Erosion (+) Denotes Deposition III.B.1-38

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d. Faunal Survey Introduction This section furnishes a qualitative assessment of the fauna (birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) found in association with the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and compares it with the fauna of the surrounding area (ABI, 1978a). The study area encompasses 6,800 acres of land needed for the cooling canal network, selected coast line, associated canals and 28 acres for plant site (Figure 1).

Materials and Methods

~

Most faunal estimates were made by visual observation during routine monitoring. Some non-destructive sampling was carried out on small mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Captured organisms were released after identification. Large mammals'bundance was estimated from visual observation, road kills and natural deaths.

Due to the opportunistic nature of the program, it is quite likely that some species inhabiting the study area were not observed and therefore the data constitute a conservative estimate of faunal populations.

Results Sixty-five Avian species, 10 Reptilian species, 1 Amphibian species, and 8 Mammalian species were observed in the study area during 1980. Amonq the observed species were: the Least Tern, Stemma albifrons; the Southern Bald Eagle, PaEiaeetue leucocephaLus; the American Crocodile, CzocdpEus acuMs; the Eastern Oiamondback III.B.1-39

1, 5

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Rattlesnake, Czota'Lus adamanteus; the Green Tree Frog, HyEa cinezea; the Bobcat, Lynx mfus; and the bianatee, T~chechus manatus.

Discussion Table 1 is a list of 65 Avian species sighted in the study area for 1980 'he birds occurred either as permanent residents, regular or casual visitors, or visitors that appeared only during migration.

To the right of the birds'ames in Table 1 are two columns con-taining information on the relative abundance and seasonal occur-rence. A total of 63 Avian species were sighted during 1979. The increase in the total number of species sighted from 1979-1980 was not considered si gnificant.

The Least Tern (Stermz aibifzons) was common during the late spring and summer . Tnis species found the spoil banks a suitable nesting ground. No nests were found this year, however, young birds were commonly found on the spoil banks.

The Common Nighthawk (ChozdeiEes minoz) and the Killdeer (Chcuudvius voce ebs uocifema) also nested in the system. As in past years, young Ki1 ldeer were observed in and around the canal system during 1980.

Table 2 is a list of 10 reptiles and 1 amphibian that were observed in the study area. To the right of the scientific names is the pre-ferred habitat. All reptiles and amphibians were considered permanent residents of the study area.

I I I.B. 1-40

Five adult, three sub-adult, and six juvenile crocodiles were observed in the southwest corner of the canal system. They ranged in length from one foot to twelve and one-half feet. One juvenile was a hatchling from the 1978 season, three were from the 1979 season and two were juveniles not previously captured were thought to be part of the 1979 hatch. No active nest sites or hatchlings were dis-covered during 1980.

Table 3 lists the mammals observed in the study area. It was.

confirmed, through nocturnal monitoring, that the Marsh Rabbit and Racoon were quite common. Manatees were occasional visitors to the deep, quiet, Card Sound and Sea Dade Canals just south and outside of the canal system.

Surroundin Area Data from the South Dade Preliminary Report (ABI, 1978a) were used to compare fauna of the study area to that of the surrounding area. The South Dade area was selected because of its habitat similarity. A total of 76 bird species, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 10 species of mammals were observed in the surrounding

, area. In the study area, a total of 65 Avian species, 11 Reptilian and Amphi bian species, and 8 Mammalian species were observed. The differences in the number of species observed in the surrounding area versus the study area can be attributed mainly to different methods of data collection. In the South Dade Baseline Study (ABI, 1978a)

conducted between 1973 and 1976, intensive diurnal monitoring, noctur-nal monitoring, and trapping procedures were used. Data for the Turkey Point study areawerecollected using visual observations and opportuni s ti c capture techniques.

Tables 4, 5, and 6 compare the fauna of the study area to that of the surrounding area. Forty one species of birds, seven species of mammals and seven species of reptiles and amphibians were common to both areas during 1980.

Conclusions There were no significant changes from the 1979 reporting period.

III.B.]-42

LITERATURE CITED Applied Biology, Inc. 1978a. Evaluation of ecological studies conducted at Turkey Point and the South Dade study area for FPL. ABI. 1978a.

Applied Biology, Inc. 1978b. Baseline ecological study of a subtropical terrestrial biome in southern Dade County, Florida for FPL. ABI. 1978b.

Burt, William H., Grossengerder, Richard P. 1976. A field guide to the mammals, field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 289 pp.

Conant, Roger. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Second Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 429 pp.

Florida Power 8 Light Co. 1973.-1979. Turkey Point Units 3 5 4 non-radiological environmental monitoring report nos. 1-13.

Miami, Florida.

Peterson, Roger T. 1947, A field guide to the birds. Second Revised Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co. Boston. 230 pp.

Robbins, C.S., Bruun, B., Zin, H.S. 1966. A guide to field identification, birds of North America. Golden Press'ew York. 340 pp.

III.B.1-43

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III.B.1-44

Table l. A list of Birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1980.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

• RELATIVE SEASON OF ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE American Bittern Botaur us Zentiginosus Rare Transient American Coot Fulica americana Common Permanent American Kestrel Falco sparer ius Uncommon Winter Anhinga Anhinga anhinga leucogaster Rare Permanent Bald Eagle Hali aeetus Zeucocephalus Uncommon Peroenent Barn Swallow Elimndo mstica er ythrogaster Common Fal 1 Belted Kingfisher Megacer yle alcyon alcyon Common Hinter Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus Uncommon Summer Black Skimmer Hynchops nigra Uncommon Hinter Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caer ulea caerulea Uncommon Permanent Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Rare Winter Boat-tailed Grackle Casse die me+i canus Common Permanent Bobwhite Co Linus vir ginianus Rare Permanent Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentaLi s car olinensis Uncommon Permanent Cardinal Bichmondena car dinalis Common Permanent Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Uncommon Permanent Common Crow Comus brachyrhynchos Common Permanent Common Egret Casmerodius aLbus ega etta Common Permanent Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula Uncommon Permanent Common Nighthawk Chor'dei les minor Common Summer Common Starling Sturnus vuZgaris vuZgavis Uncommon Permanent

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1980.

(CONT')

RELATIVE SEASON OF COMMON NAME SC IENTI F I C NAME*

ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Double-crested Cormorant Phalacz ocorax auritus Common Permanent Eastern Painted Bunting Passevina ciris cits Rare Winter Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Common Permanent Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis occidentalis Common Permanent Green Heron Butorides vir escens viz escens Common Permanent Ground Dove Columbigallina passerina passezina Common Permanent Herring Gull I'ar'us ar gentatus Common Winter Hooded Merganzer lophodytes cucuZZatus Rare Winter House Sparrow Passez domesticus domesti cus Common Permanent Killdeer Charad~us vodi ferns voci ferns Common Winter Laughing Gull lar us atviciZZa Common Permanent Least Sandpiper Er'olia minuti Lla Uncommon Winter Least Tern Sterna aZbi fzons Common Summer Little Blue Heron Florida coezulea coez'ulea Common Permanent Louisiana Heron Hydranassa tricolor z'uficolLis Common Permanent f1agnificent Frigatebird Fregata magnificens z'othschildi Rare Permanent Marsh Hawk Circus cyaneus hudsonius Common Winter Mockingbird ll/ives polygLottos poLyglottos Coneon Permanent Mottled Duck Anal fulvigula Common Permanent Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura Uncommon Permanent Osprey Pandion haLioetus car olinensis Common Permanent

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1980.

CONT'D ELA IVE S N F COMMON NAtlE SCIENTIFIC NAME*

ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps podiceps Common Hinter Reddish Egret Dichromanassa mfescens z'ufescens Rare Summer Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo Lineatus Rare Permanent Red-wi nged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus Common Permanent Ring-billed Gull Iams delavarensis Fairly Coneon Winter Robin Tur'dus migrator ius Uncomnon Winter Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja Rare Winter Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria inter pz es Unconeon Summer Sanderling Crocethia alba Rare Transient Semipalmated Plover Char'adrius hiaticula semipabnatus Uncommon Winter Short-billed Dowitcher I'imnodronrus scolopaceus Rare ~

Hinter Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Very Rare Winter Snowy Egret I'eucophoyx thula thula Co+non Permanent Swallow-tailed Kite Elanoides foz ficatus for ficatus Very Rare Permanent Tree Swallow 1~oprocne bicolor'athar Rare Winter Turkey Vulture tes aura Conlnon Permanent White-eyed Vireo Vireo gz iseus Uncommon Winter White Ibis Guara alba Fairly Common Permanent White Pelican Pelecanus ez'ythz'orhynchos Unconnnon Winter Willet Catoptrophoms semipalmatus Unconmon Hinter Wood Ibis bkgcteria amez'icana Rare Winter

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 19SO.

(CONT'O)

RELATIVE SEASON OF COHHON NAt1E SC I ENTIF IC NAME*

ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Wurdemann's Heron A2dea mcvdemanni Very Rare Permanent Yellow-crowned Night Heron Nyctanassa vioLaeea Rare Permanent NOTE:

• Binomial nomenclature by Peterson, 1947. Robbins, et al., 1966.

I Table 2. A list of reptiles and amphibians observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1980.

CONMOH HANE SCI ENTI FIG HANE* PREFERRED HABITAT American Alligator Alligatoz mississippiensis Fresh or brackish water American Crocodile Czocody lus acutus Salt or brackish water Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Caz'etta caz etta caz etta Tropical and subtropical Atlantic Eastern Diamond Back Rattlesnake Cz'otalus adamanteus Dry thickets Eastern Indigo Snake Dzymaz'ebon coz'ais coupem Near thickets of dense vegetation Nangrove Water Snake Natz'iz fasciata compz'essicauda Salt or brackish water Nud Snake Paz'ancia abacuz*a Swamps and lowlands Southeastern Fivelined Skink Eumeces inexpectatus On spoil banks Brown Anole Anolis sagzei On ground near shrubs Green Anole Anolis cazolinensis cazolinensis Shrubs and vines Green Tree Frog Hyla cinezea Swamps, borders of lakes and streams NOTE:

• Binomial nomenclature by Conant, 1975.

I Table 3. A list of mammals observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1980.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME" PREFERRED HABITAT Bobcat Lynx z'ufus Swamps Domestic Cat delis domes'a Associated with man Domestic Dog Canis familicu'is Associated with man Marsh Rabbi t Sylvilagus palus8r is Berms, swamps, and hammocks Manatee Tri chechus manaus Shallow, protected, coastal waters Raccoon Procyon lotoz Alonq berms Rice Rat Oz'yzomys palu0r is Marshy areas and grasses Whitetail Deer. Odocoi leus viginianus Forests and swamps NOTE:

• Binomial nomenclature by Burt, et al., 1976.

I l

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Table 4 . A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area bird species for 1978; 1979, and 1980 to the Surrounding Area soecies.

SURROUNDING AREA 1978 , 1979 1980 American Bittern American Coot American Goldfinch American Kestrel American Redstart Anhinga Bald Eagle Barn Owl Barn Swallow Belted Kingfisher Black-bellied Plover Black-crowned Night Heron Black-necked Stilt Black Skimmer Black Vulture Black-poll Warbler Black-whiskered Vireo Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Blue Jay Blue-winged Teal Boat-tai led Grackle Bobol ink Bobwhite X Broadwinged Hawk Brown Pelican Cape Hay Warbler Cardinal Caspian Tern Cattle Egret X Cedar Waxwing Chuck-will's Widow Clapper Rail Common Crow Common Egret Common Flicker Common Grackle Common Nighthawk Common Snipe Common Starling Common Tern Double-crested Cormorant Downy Woodpecker Eastern lleadowlark III.B.1-51 ~

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Table 4. A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area bird (CONT D) species for 1978, 1979, and 1980 to the Surrounding Area soecies.

SURROUNDING AREA 1978 1979 1980 Eastern Painted Bunting Eastern Phoebe Florida Gallinule Glossy Ibis Gray Kingbird X Great Blue Heron X Great White Heron X Green Heron X Ground Dove X Herring Gull X Hooded Merganser House Sparrow House Wren Killdeer Laughing Gull Least Sandpiper Least Tern Little Blue Heron Louisiana Heron Magnificent Frigatebird Marsh Hawk Merlin Mockingbird Mottled Duck Mourning Dove Northern Waterthr ush Osprey Palm Warbler Peregrine Falcon Pied-billed Grebe Pine Warbler Prairie Warbler Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-brested Merganser Reddish Egret Red-h'eaded Woodpecker Red-shouldered Hawk Red-tailed'. Hawk Red-w'inged Blackbird Ring-billed Gull Robin Rock Dove Roseate Spoonbill I I I.B.1-52

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Table 4. A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area bird (CONT'D) species for 1978, 1979, and 1980 to the Surrounding Area species.

SURROUNO ING AREA 1978 1979 1980 Royal Tern Ruddy Turnstone Sanderling Savannah Sparrow Screech Owl Semipalmated Plover Sharp-shinned Hawk Short-billed Oowitcher Smooth-billed Ani Snowy Egret Spotted Sandpiper Swallow-tailed Kite Tree Swallow X Turkey Vulture X White-crowned Pigeon X White-eyed Vireo X White Ibis Mhi te Pelican Wi llet Mood Ouck Wood Ibis X Murdemann's Heron X Yellowlegs Yellowthroat Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Yellow-billed Cuckoo Yellow-crowned Night Heron Yellow-rumped Warbler Yellow-shafted Flicker ~ X Yellow Warbler III.8.1-53

Table 5 . A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area mammalian species for 1978, 1979, and 1980 to Surrounding Area species.

SURROUNDING AREA 1978 1979 1980 Black Rat Bobcat Cotton Rat Domestic Dog Dolphin Domestic Cat Kouse Mouse Manatee Marsh Rabbit Raccoon Rice Rat Hhitetail Deer III.B.1-54

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Table 6. A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area amphibian and reptilian species for 1978, 1979, and 1980 to the Surrounding Area species.

SURROUND I!<G AREA 1978 1979 1980 American Alligator X X American Crocodi le X X Atlantic Green Turtle X Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle Bahaman Bark Anole Brown Anole Corn Snake Cuban Tree Frog Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Eastern Garter Snake Eastern Indigo Snake Everglades Racer Snake Florida Cricket Frog Florida King Snake Florida Softshell Turtle Florida Water Snake Green Anole Green House Frog Green Tree Frog Key West Anole Mangrove Water Snake Mud Snake Pig Frog Reef Gecko Southeastern Five-lined Skink Southern Leopard Frog Southern Painted Turtle Southern Ringneck Snake I I I .B. 1-55

S Table 6. A comparison of the Turkey Point Study Area (CONT'0} amphibian and reptilian species for 1978, 1979, and 1980 to the Surrounding Area species.

SURROUNDING AREA 1978 1979 1980 Southern Toad Yellow Rat Snake III.B.1-56

2. Sampling of Soil and Vegetation West and South of the Cooling canal system (ETS 4.2.2.3)

a. Soil Study Introduction The soil study was. conducted to measure nitrite and nitrate levels in soils to the west and south of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System.

Materials and Methods Soil samples were taken from the midpoint of Transects 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Soil Study Figure I). A small coring of several grams was taken after removal of the top 3 cm of soil. A second sample was taken 30 cm below the first. All samples were preserved on ice and sent to the laboratory. An acidified sodium chloride extraction pro-cedure was used for nitrite and nitrate analyses (Jackson,, 1958).

Nitrate was reduced to nitrite in a cadmium column and the nitrite was analyzed using the diazotization method (APHA, 1976).

Nitrite and nitrate values were reported as nitrogen in micrograms per .gram of dry weight of sample (Soil Study Table I).

Summar and Conclusions Soil samples were collected and analyzed for nitrite and nitrate. Levels of both nitrite and nitrate were higher in 1980 than in previous years. The range of nitrite at different sampling points was 0.31 to 6.83 pg/g dry:-soil in 1980 (Soil Study Table 1) as com-

I 1,

l

pared with a range of 0.16 to 0.42 pg/g dry soil in 1979 (ABI, 1980).

Nitrate ranged from 5.17 to 103.17 pg/g dry soil in 1980 as cempared with a range of <0.01 to 0.44 pg/g dry soil in 1979. There was no obvious correlation between nitrite and nitrate content and soil depth where samples were collected.

Most soil nitrogen is found in organic matter that is decomposed by soil microorganisms into an ammonium compound. This nitrogen is first oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate. The two oxidation changes are called nitrification. These microbiological transfor-mations are influenced profoundly by soil conditions. When soil is cold, waterlogged, or excessively acid, nitrification progresses slowly. The most favorable conditions for nitrification are 1) ade-quate soil aeration, 2) temperatures from 27'o 32'C, 3) moderate soil moisture, and 4) an abundance of exchangeable bases (Brady, 1974).

The soils west and south of the Turkey Point cooling canal system are likely to be highly organic peat. Organic soils are characterized by a high calcium oxide content and, therefore, an abundance of exchangeable bases even though the soils are often acidic. In the presence of a high hydrogen ion concentration, more nitrate accumulation takes place than that common in mineral soils with the same low pH. Consequently, the nitrite and nitrate values found in the 1980 soil samples probably reflect this accumulation.

Nitrite and nitrate values were greater in the grasssland (Transects III.B-2-2

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1, 3 and 5) wher'e greater soil aeration may have occurred than in the mangrove swamp (Transects 7 and 9) where standing water can be expected year round. The combination of soil characteristics and environmental factors that influence the nitrification process accounts for the high variability found in soil nitrite and nitrate concentrations.

III.B.2-3

LITERATURE CITED ABI. 1980. Annual non-radiological environmental monitoring report, 1979. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power 8 Light Co., Miami, Fla.

APHA. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. 1193 pp.

Brady, N.C. 1974. The nature and properties of soil. MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York. pp. 29, 366, 430.

Jackson, M.L. 1958. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Incorporated, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. pp. 193-194.

I I I.B. 2-4

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Soil Study Table 1. Laboratory Analysis of 10 Soil Samples From the Turkey Point Site During 1980.

Transect Soil Nitrite nitrogen Nitrate nitrogen number de th cm dr soil / dr soil 3 1. 83 25. 89 33 4. 50 57. 17 3 6. 83 103.17 33 3. 01 61. 37 3 1. 03 9. 08 33 1. 18 10 04 3 1. 56 8. 46 33 0. 62 5. 17 3 0. 61 7. 09 33 0. 31 5. 90 I I I.B. 2-6

b. Vegetation Study (ETS 4.2.2.3)

Introduction Salinity is the major factor that determines the composition and distribution of plant communities along southeast Florida's coast, location of the Turkey Point Plant. The interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff from rain creates a salinity gradient that ranges from salt water along the coast to fresh water inland. Following this gradient, the mangrove swamps that fringe shallow marine bays give way to buttonwood tree islands, salt marshes and eventually inland freshwater wetlands dominated by saw grass.

The climate and topography of this area strongly influence the interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff that produce the salinity gradient. Runoff varies seasonally with rainfall ~ About 152 cm of rain a year falls in the area, primarily from March through October. The slight slope of the land, approximately 1.8 cm per 100 m, causes fresh water from inland regions to drain southeastward into Card Sound (Vegetation Figure I). During this wet season, groundwater is near the surface. During the dry season (November through February), when groundwater levels are low, infiltration of surface water is greater and freshwater runoff is reduced.

I I I. 8 ~ 2-7

The natural equilibrium between freshwater runoff and tidal waters has been altered in recent years by the construction of Canal L-31 west of the Turkey Point Plant, the Sea Dade and Model Land Canals south of the site, and the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. The natural southeasterly flow of runoff and ground-water from inland regions has been diverted towards these canals and away from the plant coamunities located south and west of the Turkey Point system (Vegetation Figure 1). Therefore, the purpose of this continuing study is to identify the long-term operational impacts of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System on vegeta-tion located south and west of the system.

Materials and Methods Stud Desi n The vegetation in the vicinity of the cooling canal system was classified into three plant community types for sampling and data analysis.'hese categories were I) the saline mangrove swamp south of the system, 2) the brackish grassland of saw gras's, salt rush and salt grass to the west, and 3) mangrove and buttonwood tree islands within the grasslands. Each of these communities was sampled to identify potential impacts of the canal system on vege-tation composition and biomass.

The specific location of sampling stations within each com-munity was determined by the interpretation of aerial photos.

Sampling transects were chosen to provide equal sampling in each of the major vegetation communities on the site.

III.8.2-8

The study design assumes that impacts on vegetation attribu-table to the cooling canal system will decrease with distance from the system. Sample quadrat locations were selected along transects that originated adjacent to the cooling canal and extended into the surrounding vegetation west and south of the system. Thus, by com-paring the composition and biomass of vegetation adjacent to and farther away from the canal system, changes attributable to opera-tion of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System can be readily observed.

Field Methods guantitative data have been collected along nine transects once during each dry season since 1975. The 1980 sampling was con-ducted in early November.

Transects 1 through 6 run east to west adjacent to the western border =of the canal system (Vegetation Figure 1). These transects were selected so that three intersect tree islands and three inter-sect grasslands. Transects 7 through 9 run north-south adjacent to the southern border of the canal system and intersect mangrove communi t 1 es ~

Four sampling points were established at predetermined inter-vals along each transect to identify canal system effects on vege-tation with distance from the canal. At each sampling point, two 5 x 5-m (25-m ) quadrats were located on opposite sides of the I I I.B. 2-9

I l

5

transect line as shown in the insert of Vegetation Figure 1. Thus, for the grassland community (Transects 1, 3 and 5), quadrats A and A'epresent vegetation adjacent to the canal system and quadrats D and D'epresent vegetation farthest away from the system. This sampling design yields six replicate quadrats per community and distance from the canal system.

Statistical Methods The statistical approach used to detect impacts of cooling canal system operation on the vegetation answered the following questions:

1. Is there a change in composition and/or biomass of vege-tation communities that is greater adjacent to the canal system and less farther away from the system,

2. Is the change greater this year than in previous years,

3. Are both of the above true; that is, does the change, increase with time and is it greatest adjacent to the canal system'?

If the answer to any one of these questions is affirmative, it may be concluded that canal system impact has occurred. If the following associated null hypotheses are accepted according to the data, no effects can be attributed to the canal system:

1. There are no differences between the data at different distances from the cooling system,

2. There are no differences between the data of any one year and that of the previous year(s),

3. The effects of distance and of years are independent; that is, there is no interaction between distance and years.

III.B.2-10

Composition was estimated by frequency. Frequency is defined as the number of quadrats in which a species occurred divided by the total number of quadrats sampled. The resulting values esti-mate the probability of finding at least one individual of the spe-cies in one quadrat. Analysis of frequencies with G as the test criterion (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) was used to detect changes in species composition.

Biomass was estimated by a volume-density index developed for this study. This index estimates the volume (height x radius2) and weighs it by the density of individuals within the volume (Vegetation Figure 2). This method is analagous to traditional measures of yield and was derived from Goodall's vector space approach to community analyses (Greig-Smith, 1964). It shares the advantage of the traditional measures in that it can be determined easily in the field and has the furth'er advantage of allowing com-parisons of species with different growth forms. Multivariate ana-lysis of variance (SAS, 1979) with the F-ratio as the test criterion was used to detect changes in biomass. Because biomass data are strongly skewed and biomass changes exponentially due to the rate of plant growth, the data were transformed by taking natural logarithms of the values (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).

Whenever the hypotheses tested were proven to be true with 95 percent confidence (P=0.05), the results were designated as

"(statistically) significant". The independent variables for the

analyses are 1) distance from the cooling canal system and 2) calendar year in which the data were collected. The dependent variables are 1) frequencies of each species and 2) volume density index for each coranon species.

The critical tests of the hypotheses determined not only sta-tistical significance, as defined above, but also the ecological significance to the ecosystem (Collier et al., 1973). The indices were chosen because they allow an examination of the individual species'ontributions to overall community effects. If a com-munity effect was detected, then individual species were examined to identify the ecological significance of the change in the community.

Although the statistical design was constructed to detect changes attributable to the canal system, the study design can also detect impacts from other events. Correct interpretation of the data requires identification of the manner in which vegetation would be affected by different causes-Com arison With Baseline Data

'he data collected in this continuing study were compared with Turkey Point baseline data collected east of the present study area prior to cooling canal construction in 1972 (ABI, 1978a)-

Additional baseline data were collected fro'm the South Dade site, southeast of the present study area, in 1974 (ABI, 1978b).

III.B.2-12

~

II

~

~

Results and Discussion Plant S ecies at Turke Point A total of 179 plant species (Vegetation Table 1) have been observed in the Turkey Point and South Dade studies. The average number of species was 64 per study. Fifteen species were present in all studies and only 18 species had frequencies greater than or equal to 5 percent, including 14 of the species that have been present during every study year. In the 1980 study, 66 species were observed. This value is not significantly different from the average (64 species) for all studies (Pearson and Hartley, 1966).

From 1974 through 1976, a decreasing number of new species was observed each year. In a stable plant community this would be expected because a small number of the more unco+non species might be discovered with each year's sampling effort. In 1977, however, the number of new species increased, suggesting a change in the previously stable plant communities. The major cause of this change was a killing freeze that occurred in January 1977 (ABI, 1978). During the past 3 years, the number of species observed for the first time has again steadily decreased. In 1980, only two species were observed for the first time (Vegetation Figure 3).

This phenomenon indicates that the composition of species at Turkey Point has reached a new, post-freeze stability.

The freeze also caused a statistically significant change in species composition between the December 1977 sampling program and I I I.B. 2-'13

those of the previous years. The observed change was abrupt both adjacent to and distant from the canal system and the effect on the composition of species became smaller the following years.

Therefore, this change, although statistically significant, could not be attributed to the cooling canal system.

Communit Com osition 1980 Stud Overall community composition in 1980 was not significantly different from community composition in each of the previous 3 post-freeze years but was significantly different from that of the pre-freeze years (1975-1976; G=65. 50, P<0.05). These results show that, in terms of overall composition, there is no impact attribu-table to the canal system because there is no increasing change with time. There was, however, an apparent freeze impact that has lasted through 1980.

To identify the ecological implications of the above results, differences in the frequency of occurrence of each species between 1980 and the pre-freeze years was examined (Vegetation Figure 4; Vegetation Table 2). Of the 23 species with frequencies greater than 5 percent in 1980, 10 showed significant differences in fre-quency between 1980 and pre-freeze years. Of these 10 species, 8 have increased in frequency (aster, salt grass, groundsel, sea daisy, clubrush, schoenus, climbing hempvine and Brazilian pepper) and two (leather fern and cabbage palm) have decreased in frequency since the freeze. For all of these 10 species, except climbing I I I.B. 2-14

hempvine, an abrupt change in frequency took place between 1976 and 1977 (Vegetation Figure 4) and no significant changes occurred be-tween the 3 post-freeze years and 1980 (Vegetation Table 2).

The species that abruptly increased in frequency after the freeze (1977) are predominantly salt-tolerant herbaceous and woody species (salt grass, clubrush, schoenus, aster, sea daisy, Brazilian pepper and groundsel). .These species apparently bene-fited from the effects of the freeze by expanding their distribu-tion throughout the site. However, the somewhat less salt-tolerant leather fern and cabbage palm were adversely affected by the freeze as shown by their sharply reduced frequencies. Since the freeze only two species (climbing hempvine and glades morning glory) have shown changes in frequency with time. Therefore, the freeze and not the cooling canals was responsible for the significant dif-ferences in frequency noted between 1976 and 1980.

An abrupt increase in the frequency of climbing hempvine and glades morning glory occurred between 1979 and 1980 (Vegetation Table 2), indicating possible successional changes in comnunity composition. Blechnum fern was the only species that was signifi-cantly more frequent before the freeze than in 1979. However, in 1980, the frequency of this fern increased to the point where there were no longer significant frequency differences between 1980 and pre-freeze years. This indicates that the effects of the freeze on this species had dissipated by 1980.

I I I.B. 2-15

Communit Com osition Comparison With Basel ine The community composition for 1980 was significantly different from the community composition for both the 1972 Turkey Point Baseline Study. (ABI, 1978a) and the 1974 South Dade Baseline Study (ABI, 1978b; G=24.16 and 36.58, respectively, P<0.05).

To determine the ecological implications of these results, the contribution of common species to the differences observed between the operational monitoring data and the baseline data were examined (Vegetation Table 3). Generally, species that showed significant frequency differences between studies had greater frequencies in 1980 than in either baseline study. The saw grass prairie and associated hammocks species such as saw grass, buttonwood, white mangrove, rush and poisonwood had greater frequencies in the 1980

, study than in the baseline data. However, more salt-tolerant species, such as red mangrove and salt grass, had higher frequen-cies in the baseline studies than in the 1980 operational moni-toring study. Frequencies of these species were fairly constant from 1979 to 1980, indicating that differences were not increasing over time (ABI, 1979, 1980). Therefore, the significant differen-ces observed in community composition between the baseline studies (ABI, 1978a, 1978b) and th'e 1980 study cannot be attributed to the I

cooling canal system. The observed differences in frequency are probably due to differences in sampling locations among the studies. The Turkey Point operational monitoring study stations are further from the shoreline than those of either the Turkey Point Baseline Study or the South Dade Baseline Study.

I I I.B.2-16

Biomass 1980 Stud Vegetation volume-density indices by transect for 1980 are presented in Vegetation Tables 4 through 6. Data from 1980 were combined with all of the previous data for the 12 most common spe-cies (mean frequencies greater than 10 percent; Vegetation Table 1) and used for the long-term analysis. These 12 species accounted for 65 percent of the 1980 observations.

Biomass Lon -Term Anal sis Community biomass differed significantly among years. The contribution of each species to this observed difference was ex-amined to identify the source of the variance.

Six species showed significant biomass differences among years. Four of these species, saw grass, buttonwood, red mangrove, and leather fern, decreased in biomass by a factor of 10 between 1976 and 1977 (Vegetation Figure 5). Since the freeze, all of these species have exhibited varying degrees of biomass recovery.

By 1980, saw grass, red mangrove and leather fern biomass increased to levels that were not significantly different from those of pre-freeze years (1975-1976). Recovery was generally greatest in the tree island and mangrove communities. Cabbage palm biomass increased to pre-freeze levels only in tree island communities. In contrast, buttonwood biomass has decreased since the freeze, espe-cially in grassland communities- This is not surprising since this shrub is one of the most susceptible to frost. The effects of the I I I.B. 2-17

freeze on buttonwood is evident in its top-killed branches. Also, many-stemmed shrubs have been formed from the freeze-affected root systems. The sixth species, aster, was rare prior to 1977 but has now become established and is maintaining a low biomass. Each significant change in individual species'iomass represents an abrupt change between pre-freeze December 1976 and post-freeze December 1977. Therefore, the observed changes reflect not only the impact of the freeze of January 1977 but also the ability of each species to recover or to invade following this natural event.

In addition to freeze effects, the biomass of some of the com-mon species showed ecologically significant differences with distance from the canal system. These species were Australian pine, saw grass, rush, leath'er fern and buttonwood (Vegetation Figure 6). Except- for buttonwood, biomass for these species was higher at quadrats closer to the canal system than those farther away. This suggests that these four species have been affected by the canal system. However, there was also evidence of effects attributable to the Sea Dade and Model Land Company canals; these four species showed significantly lower biomass values at all D quadrats, which lie adjacent to these canals and furthest from the Turkey Point Canal System.

'Each of the species that showed significant differences in biomass with distance from the canal system has specific ecological requirements. Therefore, the respo'nse of each species to the pres-III.B.2-18

ence of the canals is different and it is difficult to determine specifically how these canal systems have caused biomass changes.

Australian pine is an introduced species that is spreading rapidly in south Florida (Long and Lakela, 1971) by colonizing disturbed land, such as the spoil berms within the cooling system.

This tree does best on mineral soil without competing vegetation and does not invade mangrove associations or wetlands that are flooded most of the year (Craighead, 1971). The biomass of Australian pine was greatest adjacent to the canal system and decreased with distance from it. This probably represents the ina-bility of the species to expand from the disturbed land of the cooling system into the surrounding natural wetland vegetation.

Saw grass biomass was low in the southern-most mangrove com-munity quadrats. This is not surprising because saw grass is a freshwater wet prairie species (Long and Lakela, 1971) and these quadrats are on the most seaward portion of the transects.. No adverse canal system impacts on this species were indicated, however, as evidenced by the lack of a consistent pattern of increasing differences in biomass with distance from the canal system. Only quadrat D exhibited significantly less biomass than the quadrats closest to the canal system (A,B,C) which suggests possible impacts attributable to the Sea Dade and Model Land Company canals-II I.B. 2-19

5 l,

'l

The biomass of rush and leather fern, two salt-tolerant species, was greater adjacent to the cooling system than farther from it. Rush is usually found on salt flats and leather fern is a brackish coastal haranock species (Long and Lakela, 1971).

Buttonwood exhibited significantly less biomass adjacent to and furthest from the canal system than at intermediate distances.

Summar and Conclusions A total of 179 plant species have been observed in all of the Turkey Point (ABI, 1976, 1977, 1978c, 1979, 1980) and South Dade Studies (ABI, 1978a, 1978b). Examination of the number of species observed for the first time each year revealed that there have been no major changes in the species list since the change that occurred between December 1976 and December 1977, following the freeze of January 1977.

Community composition showed a significant-.change attributable to the freeze of 1977. There was evidence in the 1980 study that both freshwater and salt-tolerant species had recovered from the freeze. However, salt-tolerant species seem to have recovered more quickly than salt-intolerant ones-Community composition in the 1980 operational monitoring study was significantly different from both the 1972 Turkey Point base-line data (ABI, 1978a) and from the 1974 South Dade baseline data (ABI, 1978b). Baseline data .showed higher frequencies for salt-III.B.2-20

l, 5:

tolerant species and lower frequencies for salt-intolerant species than did the operational monitoring data. Differences in sampling locations in the studies probably accounted for the observed differences.

Two general trends in vegetation biomass are evident. First, the biomass of six common species differed significantly among years. These differences reflect the impact of the freeze of 1977 and the ability of these species to recover from this natural event. Secondly, the biomass of five common species differed significantly with distance from the canal system. The biomass of these five speci es also showed di fferences that may be related to the presence of Sea Dade and Model Land Company Canals; biomass values of- these species were significantly lower adjacent to these canals than farther from them. The biomass of Australian pine, rush, leather fern and saw grass was higher adjacent to the canal system than farther from it. Buttonwood exhibited lowest biomass both adjacent to and farthest from the system. It appears that the Turkey Point Canal System has caused a slight increase in the rela-tive abundance and biomass of some salt-tolerant species adjacent to the western perimeter of the cooling canals. However, the magnitude of this effect is small compared to the effect of natural events such as the freeze of 1977.

II I.B 2-21

l LITERATURE CITED ABI. 1976. Ecological monitoring of selected parameters at the Turkey Point Plant, annual report 1975. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, F l a.

1977. Ecological monitoring of selected parameters at the Turkey Point Plant, annual report 1976. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fl a.

1978a. Evaluation of ecological studies conducted at Turkey Point and the South Dade study area. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc-, for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fl a.

1978b. Baseline ecological study of a subtropical terrestrial biome in southern Dade County, Florida. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla.

1978c. Ecological monitoring of selected parameters at the Turkey Point Plant, annual report, 1977. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla.

1979. Turkey Point Plant, annual non-radiological monitoring report, 1978. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla.

1980. Turkey Point Plant, annual non-radiological monitoring report, 1979. Sections prepared by Applied Biology, Inc., for Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, Fla.

Collier, B.D., G.W. Cox, A.M. Johnson, and P.C- Hiller. 1973.

Dynamic ecology. Prentice-Hall, Inc-, Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.

Craighead, F.C. 1971. The trees of south Florida, Yol. I. The natural environments and their succession. U. Hiami Press, Coral Gables, Fla- 212 pp.

Greig-Smith, P. 1964. guantitative plant ecology, second edition.

Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.

Long, R.M., and 0. Lakela. 1971. A flora of tropical Florida.

Univ. of Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla.

Pearson, E.S., and H.O. Hartley, eds. 1966. Biometrika tables for statisticians, Yol. I. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass.

III.B.2-22

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

SAS. 1979. SAS user's guide, 1979 edition. SAS Institute, Raleigh, N.C.

Sokal, R.R,, and F.J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, Calif.

I I I.B. 2-23

13

(

r ~

lt

~ o,

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~

~ ~

5 Examole l. Saw grass (Cladium sp.)

where: Cladium index = NHR2 A

N = Number. of graminoid plants; H = Average height per plant, in centimeters =

Total WH T

WH = Weighted height per plant, in centimeters

PC, P = Number of plants per clump, C = Clump height, T = Total number of plants measured; R = Radius per plant, in centimeters (gathered, compressed and measured at widest point)

2 0 = Average diameter per plant, in centimeters =

Dl T

Total diameter of all measured plants, T = Total number of plants measured.

sample N = 240 R = 1.592 values H = 142.2 A=1.0 Cl adium Index = (240) (142.2) (1. 59) = 86,002. 56 1.0 Vegetation Figure Za. Examples of volume-density index calculations of a graminoid and woody plant species, Turkey Point Plant, 1980.

III.B.2-25

5 Examole 2. II d 8 5 (~C d =55 2 where: Number of shrubs of similar dimensions (seedlings measured separately);

shrub height, in centimeters = H, H'verage N

Total height of all measured shrubs, O' Total number of shrubs measured; Radius per shrub, in centimeter = 0 2

0 Average diameter per shrub, in cen-timeters =

N

Total diameter of all measured shrubs, N' Total number of shrubs measured.

sample values N = 1 0 H = 365 8 R = 6 452

~C I d * = (! 9)(355 8)(5 "15)

~ = 15,218 19 Vegetation Figure Zb. Examples of volume-density index calculations of a graminoid and woody plant species, Turkey Point Plant, 1980.

III.B.2-26

o o TOTAL SPECIES OBSERVED SPECIES OBSERVED FOR 150 THE FIRST TIME 40 O

g) 100 0

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 YEARS Vegetation Figure 3. Number of plant species observed, Turkey Point Plant, 1972-1980.

III.B.2-27

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~

1,000,000 SAW GRASS BUTTONWOOD RED MANGROVE lEATHER FERN ASTER CABBAGE PAlM X

Ul O

10,000

~O P

M CXI M 1,000 lI

~

I w O \ I b E.

I I VEGETATION COMMUNITIES Ltj D

<i'Ii yl GRASSlAND O-.O TREE ISlAND

&% MANGROVE 0

10

.RS I

75 76 77 78 7'9 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 a

Values are the geometric mean of the Index for each coamunity per year.

Vegetation Figure 5. Comparison of average biomass for selected species, Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1980.

AUSTRALIAN PINE SAW GRASS RUSH LEATHER fERN BUTTONWOOD P

/

10,000 X 0 .~~

LLJ O

/

l 1,000 I

V)

UJ Cl $i l I 100 VEGETATION D COMMUNITIES 0 l GRASSLAND 0- M TREE ISLAND 10 MANGROVE 0

A B C D A 'B C D A B C D A 8 C D A B C D SAMPLING QUADRAT Sampling quadrats A through D represent sampling points of increasing distance from the cooling canal system; A is ad]acent to the cooling canal, D is farthest from it (see Vegetation Figure 1).

Yegetation Figure 6. Comparisons of average biomass for. selected species with increasing distances from the cooling canal system, Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1980.

Yegetat1on Table 1 Plant Species Observed and Frequency of Occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant Our1ng 1972-1980.

Fre uenc S Species Copnnon name 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 1978c 1979c 1980 Nedn Acrostichum aureufn leather fern 1So 9 10. 0 30o 6 1 69 12.5 lip 1 12o 5 14o 7 X~Xl sp false foxglove Zo4 Oo3 Annona gldbrd pond apple 3o7 3o 3 1~4 lo4 lo4 1 4 Xrrd sin~esca lono1des marlberry 4o2 Oo5 X~XX t so, m11kxpeed 3.7 0.5 05 Aster sp. aster 0.5 30,6 29.2 27.8 29.2 14 7 Aster tenuifolius v. aster lo4 Oo2 h T!

Av1cennid exxnindns black mangrove 5.2 lo4 4.2 2o8 2.8 ta d Baccharis Sp. groundsel. saltbush 4hZ 4oZ lo4 2.6 B. dnaustifolia false xxlllow 1.2 7.1 lo4 5.6 4,2 5.6 3.1 B. dioiCd groundsel I~ 4 Oo2 F. ~oopnerul 1 flora groundsel tree 4o2 4o2 2.8 1~4 a hh11 I h groundsel 12oZ 6.2 1~4 2o8 Bo3 4oZ 4o4

)Fdcood nonnieri !pater hyssop 1,4 Oo2 Katis mdritxfnd salt!port 4o3 lo4 Oo7 Biechnufn serruldtum blechnum fern 9.8 SoZ 23 6 15.3 69 Bo3 So 6 9o7 10o 6 t! \ ht semi sea oxeye da1sy lo4 1 4 0.4

~s. tesc sea daisy 6.1 16. 2 2.8 2o8 12.5 12.5 9.7 12 5 9o4 lucida ~s inosd spiny buc1da 1 4 0.2

~Cdki e ~fusi ormis sea rockets lo4 Oo2

~do o on sp. grass pink 0.5 0.1 Ca tranthes ~aliens pale lidflopper lo4 0.2 ass tha i ifoxxnis love vine, dodder 1,4 2o8 56 1 2 s SCCITolla Austral1an pine 12o2 5.7 13. 9 12o 5 Bo3 12.5 9.7 9o7 10. 6 Xaatls ~el at hackberry la 4 0.2

~cond anthus occidenta1 is

~ca a &~ s Chiococca alba c ~ sp buttonbush spurge snoxpberry 4,9 4.8 5.2 . So6 4'8.1~4 1~4 4.2 1.4 5.6 lo4 1~0 0.2 3o4 o I* SP. f1nger grass 0.5 Oo 1 Zhrvsobdldnus icaco coco palm 1~2 1~ 9 4.2 6.9 4oZ 2o3

~cdi 83.3 77.3

~h Coc th I C S ~SIS tC Sl ~

cat saxx grass s1lvex palm 74o4 44o3 83.3 lo4 80.6 81. 9 86o 1 84o7 Oo2 boa XXn s

o lien~e\ties at elf e e I coconut, palm naked!pood 1~2 2.4 OC2 Oo3 Conoca us erecta button!pood 65.9 30.5 77.8 76o4 70.8 77.8 73.6 70.8 68.0 rxnum dmericanum string 11ly 2.4 1.4 lo4 0.7 Cusoutd SPo dodder 1~2 2.4 lo4 0.6 Cuscuta dfxtericand dodder 0.5 Oo1 Xf ch ~assam vine mllkueed 2.4 0.3 1.4 F 4 0.4 Z 'I)TRREA Oalbergla O.

T~Tbe ecasto

~bl d pnerimnon h llum sedge (no connon name)e no copnnon name 1.4 lo4 0.2 0.2 hami ino sp. no connon name 1~4 lo4 0.2 blah e fle Ide sts  ! no cennon name lo4 1~4 0.4

~iso ts s Tticifo a bust1c lo4 1.4 4.2 1~ 4 1~4 2.8 lo8 1st. Chil~ls ~s cata salt grass 20. 7 49. 0 4.2 5.6 18.1 18o 1 19o4 18.0 19.1 Ype ea

• sp. clubrush, spikerush lo2 loO Oo3

~ha XTesm s c ~ llhlasa t ~@ca clubrush, spikerush yard grass 1.2 1.0 lo4 4o2 12.5 12o5 13. 9 llol 7.1 0.1 1 c ta came sl ~ butterfly orchid lo4 0.2 sp. (no codxnon name) 1~ 4 Oo2 laris vph1te stopper 2o4 1~ 2.8 1.4 1~0 X. ~csa ironwood 2o8 Oo4 f, m rtoides Spanish stopper 2,4 lo4 lo4 4o2 1~2

!~et ~a*If ol I a III.B.2-31

Vegetation Table 1 (cont'd). Plant Species Observed and Frequency of Occurrence at the 1'urkey Point Plant During 1972-1980.

Fre uehc Species Copfnen name 1972a 1974b '1975c 1976c 1977c 1978C 1979C . 1980 Hean

~t Eul oohia icus aurea alta

~c111 If 11 wild coco dog fennel strangler fig 7.1 1~

1~4 2.8 4

1.4 5.6 1~4 OO2 2ol OO4

7. citrr1ofia wild banyan tree 3.7 3.8 1~4 4 1 3 ilaveria a~<St S SP sedge 1 4 1~

2.8 1,4 1~4 0.5 0,4 sp. (no comnon name) po r. ~s ~ ata Florida privet 2.8 lo4 1~4 0.7 P sp. umbrella grass 1.2 0.5 0.2 s lelold unbrella grass la 2 3O 3 lo4 1~4 OO9 X II%I ~M1d laa bedstraw 1 4 0.2 G. ootusum bedstra'w lo4 2.8 0.5 1.4 Habenaria

~NC*

~NI t I Sp so

~lit marsh pennywort St. John's wort 3.3 69 69 1~

2.8 4

OO4 2.1 tlex cass1ne dahoon holly 6,1 5.2 4,2 5.6 ZOO lo4 1,4 4~2 3O9

~lomoea sp. morning glory 2O4 0.3 I ~spectate lades morning glory 4,3 5.6 8.3 20.8 ] 4 9.7 63 Jac uemontia curtissii no comnon name) 2.8 ZO8 2.8 1.1 rec inata no comnon name) 4O2 0.5 3uncus roemeriahus rush 15O9 17. 6 22o 2 13.9 13o 9 19O 4 22. 2 19O 4 18.1

~rosr Tet p k I le salt marsh w1llow 0.5 0.1 Lachnanthes caroliniana red root 0.5

~tc a Ia Lantana involucrata l white mangrove lant,ana 9O8 34.8, 0.5

23. 6 30. 6 1~4 41O 7 2.8 33O 3 2OS 29O 2 la 4 29.2 lo4 Oo 1 29O0 1.5 L, c ~ha olios lantana capeweed 1.0 1.4 1~ 4 0.4 0.1

~ld I la la, (no copnnon name) 4 5.6 0.9 t, I Clrio water purslane 1.4 OOZ

i. la a primrose w1llow 1.0 0.1 L Rereoehs water purslane 2.8 2,8 5.6 4OZ 4.2 I~ 8 0.7 um carolinianum Chr1stmas berry

~trh loosestrife lo4 1.4 OO4 II lla t I Ia sweet bay, swamp bay 3.8 2.8 2.8 lo4 lo4 2.8 1~ 9 Retool r. te pc isonwood 4.9 1.9 2.8- 4,2 83 83 8.3 9.7 6.1 lltka h t Ktl e T hemp vine lo4 5.6 1.4 1.1 H. scandens climb1ng hempvine 4O9 4.8 lo4 lo4 1~ 4 6.9 2.6

~N r1ca cerifera wax myrtle 4.9 5.2 5.6 9.7 &,9 6.9 5.6 &9 6.5 H rsine cuianehs1s myrs1ne 4.9 5.7 4,2 SO 6 5.6 8.3 6.9 83 6.Z R ~

Nectandra coriacea

~ls1s lancewood 1.4 0.2

~~N ~ h ls a ta 8oston fern 2.8 Oi4 N. exaitata 8oston fern 0.5 0.1 (osmunda cinnamonea royal fern 0.5 Oo 1 ii. Oal s .

Panicum sp.

u tahtlls royal panic fern grass 2.4 1.4 1~ 4 0.5 OO2 Po dicho'tomum panic grass 1~4 OO2

) arthenocissus Virginia creeper 4.9 4,8 lo4 lo4 II~OI 3'3 0.4 Pasoa um sp. (no copnnon name)

~ssl ~ s across corky-steinned passion lo4 lo4 0.4 flower Pelts d a ~I ~ Ipse (no cocnpon name) 2O4 OO3 stew sp. beardtongue 0.5 0.1 borbonia red bay 5.6 5.6 lo4 1~4 4O2 3O4

~~t>s Persea

)Phleood>um SP.

swamp bay golden polypody 4O9 3O 3 4O2 lo4 lo4 i+4 0.4 0.5 olden polypody 4O9 lo4 OOS

~Fh Tl Cfh s no connon name) p lo4 lo4 0.4 III.B.2-32

Yegetation Table 1 (cont'd)0 Plant Species Observed and Frequency of Occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant During 1971-1980.

Pre uenc 5 ec1es Cannon name 1972a'974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 1978c 1979c 1980 Mean Pin uicula Pumil s butterwort 104 104 104 0.5 sonia spo cockspur 2.8 004

~scu cata devil's claw 208 0.4 (f. 'Coast blolly, beef tree 102 4.2 1 4 2.8 102

(( ht ~tffotla Ptt~hecel obl

'Pl an

. ~1ct-l se catclaw camphorweed 102 204 104 1.4 104 0.2 008 ma~ t

p. roses marsh fleabane 602 104 1,0

'Fol~va s sp. mi 1kwort 0.5 0.1 o as s crucista m1lkwort 104 0.2 CSVI milkwort 1~4 104 004 Vol onum spa knotweed, smartweed 100 001 ontederis lsnceolsts pickerelweed 0.5 104 002 p os c sp. mermaid weed 104 402 Z.B 101 It It swamp mermaid 4.3 1.4 4.2 1.2 Psiiotum nud(ax whisk fern 14 002 Ps cnotri~s ioustrifolia wild coffee 1.4 002 teris vittsts brake fern 104 104 1.4 0.4 sandia ~aeu eats white 1ndi goberry 0.5 1.4 402 2.8 2.8 1.5 Rhexis sp. meadow beauty 1~2 0.5 002

'L(. mariana meadow beauty 104 1.4 004 Rhlc ho RhssP

~le red mangrove sun(ac 50.0 46.2 3601 50.0 2902 31 ~ 9 104 330 3 37. 5 3903 0.2

%~rabat o a sp. beak rush 1~4 0.2 sah t pal., cto cabbage palm 13.4 4.3 23. 6 1205 803 9.7 8.3 8.3 11 ~1 Yabstia Sp. marsh pink 4.9 1.0 0.7

~n~tt Y. arsndiflors Salicornis S i~la

~saltus o

vir inics a Se l ta a I

~ fs(

marsh pink perennial g)asswort coastal pla1n willow 8.6 2.9 104 1~ 4 1.4 1~4 2.8 1~4 104 208 1.4 1~4 1~4 0.4 203 0.4 Sambo ebrsctestus water p1mpernel 1.4 1~4 S te~c white vine 1~4 002 rani Istt bl thTf ll I Brazilian pepper 601 5. 7 104 6.9 6.9 506 609 6.9 8,3 69 8.3 4.9 3.9 (no coan(on name) 1~0 Serenos ~re ens saw palmetto 1.2 1~0 1~4 0.5 Sesuvium msritimum sea purslane 5.6 402 1.2 I..R I 1 st sea purslane 102 62 0.9 Xetaria sp. foxta11 grass 005 001 Yaai ax sp. br1ar 307 0.5 Y. suriculsts earleaf briar 1.4 0.2 Yi bons-nox green briar 005 0.1

s. Reals bamboo v1ne 1.4 0.2 Snt~b C tttl nightshade 200 8 13. 9 19.4 20. 8 18.1 18.1 13. 9 2.7 potato tree 1304 801

(~S

• basclfollco Solidsao m1croce ns a goldenrod 1~4 0.2 i.SneI S I tos goldenrod necklace pod 005 104 104 0.2 0 2 Stensndrium Sp. (no co(naon name) 1.2 0.2 (ttsa 0.5 001 S I so bay cedar I I ce la t I Mest Indian mahogany f I arne flowers 102 005 2.8 2.8 104 208. 2'8 2.8 200 002 T. aniculatum flame flower 204 1~4 0.5 The oteris sp, no coamon name) 102 208 2.8 2.8 1.2 104 002

~ su escens  ! no coa(son name) 001 Tlt a cata balblsla a a1r plant 0.5 III.B.2-33

l

~

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Vegetatfon Table 1 (cont'd). Plant Species Observed and Frequency of Occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant During 1971-1980.

Fre uenc S acies Corvnon name 1972a 1974b 1975c 1976c 1977c 1978c 1979c 1980 Hean T. cfrcfnata afr plant 2o8 4o2 1~4 2.8 1~4 T. fascfculata afr plant 1~ 4 o 0.2 T. Tle sa twisted afr plant lo4 2o8 2.8 4.2 1.4 ve iruUca air plant T.

T.

T

~se Tu ae a ausua s soft-leaf afr plant poison fvy 2o4 61 7.1 lo4 lo4 2.8 1~4 2o8 Oo3 0.2 2.7

~nm a os a Nest Indian trena 7.3 2.9 1.4 1~4 I~ 6 T. micrantha Florida trema 4o9 2.9 1.4 lo4 2.8 1.7

~The Spo cattail 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 1.6 T. domfnofnensfs southern cattail 0.5 Oo1 v ~ia s oao scentless vanilla 0.5 0.1 VerOena bonariensfs vervain I~ 9 0.2 muscadfne grass 2.4 5o7 1.4 4.2 2.8 4.2 2.6 Vise ~sl \ shoestrfng fern 3.7 1~ 4 1+4 lo4 lo4 1.0 0,7

~XrTS SPo yellow-eyed grass 1~4 2o8 brevifolfa yellow-eyed grass 4.2 lo4 Xo

~~Tea

~T'~asSn wfld lime 0.5 Oo7 Oo 1 TOTAL NUNBER OF SPECIES OBSERVED ANNUALLY 56 88 76 36 56 66 67 66 CUMULATIVE NfpfBER OF SPEC IES OBSERVED 56 105 138 140 155 167 177 179 aTurkey Point site prior to construction of the cooling canal system (ABI, 1978a.)

bSouth Dade site adjacent to the cooling canal system (ABI, 1978b.)

cTurkey Pofnt site, annual operational monitoring (ABI 1976, 1977, 1978c, 1979, 1980.)

dThe name fn parentheses fs a synonym for the species preceeding ft fn the list, according to Long and Lakela (1971).

These synonyms appear fn some of the cited references.

eLong and Lakela (1971) do not give convnon names for these unconnon species.

III.B.2-34

Vegetation Table 2. Comparisons of Yearly Frequency Data at the Turkey Point Plant From 1975 to 1980.

Fre uencies Species 1975 1976a 1977b 1978b 1979b 1980b saw grass (Cladium) 81. 9 81. 9 86.1 83. 3

80. 5 70. 8 77. 8 70 8 b'ed 43. 7 29. 2 31. 9 37. 5 mangrove (Rhizo hora) 27-1 41. 7 33.3 29- 2 uarina)

~ hi g aster (~Aster 0 7* 30. 6 29. 2 29. 2 rush (Juncus 18. 0 13.9 19 4 19. 4 nightshade Solanum) 17. 3 19. 4 20- 8 18 1 saltgrass (D~sstsc elis) 4 9* 18. 1 18. 1 18. 0 groundsel (Baccharis spp.) 3 5* 11.1 16. 8 14. 0 leather fer~npine~as Acrostichum) 24. 3* 6.9 12.5 12. 5 sea daisy (Borrsc sa 8* 12. 5 12. 5 12. 5 clubrush (Eleocharis) 2.1* 12. 5 12. 5 11. 1 blechnum fern Blechnum) 19. 4 6.9 8.3 9 7 Austral i an 13. 2 8.3 12. 5 9.7 glades morning glory (~I omoea) 2.8 8.3 20.8 9.7 poisonwood (Meto ium) 3.5 8.3 8-3 9.7 myrsine (~Nrsine 4.9 5. 6 8.3 8.3 cabbage palm (Sabal) 18.0* 8.3 9. 7 8.3 schoenus (Schoemsg 0 0* 6.9 6.9 8.3 climbing hempvine (Mikania) 0.0* 1.4 1.4 6.9 wax aprtle (M rfca) 7.6 6.9 6.9 6.9 ludwigia (~Ludwi ia~

Brazilian pepper Schinus) 0 7*

0.0 6.9 0.0

5. 6 0.0 6.9 5.6 aPre-freeze years.

bPost-freeze years.

• Significant difference from 1980 frequencies (G-test, P(0.05).

III.B.2-35

Vegetation Table 3. Comp'arisons of 1980 Operational Monitoring and Baseline Frequencies at the Turkey Point Plant During 1972, 1974 and 1980.

Frequencies (5) G-test Species 1972a 1974b 1980 1980-1974 1980-1972 saw grass (Cladium) 74. 4 44. 3 83. 3 8. 64* 0. 32 buttonwood (Conocarpus) 65.1 30. 5 70. 8 ll. 80* 0.16 red mangrove (Rhizophora) 50. 0 46. 2 37. 5 0. 60 l. 29 white mangrove (Laguncularia) 9.8 34. 8 29. 2 0. 35 7e 33*

rush (Juncus) 15. 9 17. 6 19. 4 0.04 0. 35 salt grass (Distichilis) 0.7 49. 0 18. 0 10.50* 14.40*

leather fern (Acrostichum) 15. 9 10. 0 12. 5 0. 20 0. 39 Australian pine (Casuarina) 12. 2 5.7 9.7 0. 63 0. 20 sea daisy (Borrichia) 6.1 16. 2 12. 5 0. 46 1. 60 cabbage palm (Sabal) 13. 4 4.3 8.3 1. 02 0. 96 poisonwood (Hetopium) 4.9 1.9 9.7 4.08* 0. 99 Brazilian pepper (Schinus) 6.1 5.7 6.9 0.09 0. 04 blechnum fern (Blechnum) 9.8 5.2 9.7 0. 84 0.00 aTurkey Point baseline data (ABI, 1978a).

bSouth Dade baseline data (ABI, 1978b).

• Significant at P<0.05.

M Vegetation Table 4. Volume-Density Index of Grassland Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 C1 di 0 332 6109 0 138656 3112 10407 3156 4221 2533 2907 3733 4497 2206 5485 2470 2006 2785 2007 1569 1311 2434 4599 2280 1 0 104 371 4 19 2533 301 438 3 0 0 437 1007 0 217 0 0 5 92 0 857 6372 183 2 443 0 Juncus roemerianus .1 110 312 26 172 110 16 3 0 0 0 0 26 91 0 0 0 0 ,0 0 Aster sp. 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 2 Distichilis ~s icata 1 0 155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 El eochari s eel 1ul osa 670 3333 219 972 70 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 111

~T)ha sp. 1 0 0 901 621

3. 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 4 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Grassland Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl B2 Cl C2 Dl D2

~lomoea ~sa ittata -0 0

0

~llhi h 12 0

0 Baccharis spp.

Acrostichum aureum 0 0 0 0 0 2785

~E' ~i11if 1i 1 3

5

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 5. Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 Cl di 3587 6665 6368 19697 16381 7088 7272 21324 J

4368 1120 61 78 16169 3994 3273 29594 4049 31054 7554 7917 2052 633 113 3577 14334 8971 68483 65 5288 11653 878 2568 4144 2602 1432 6605 2083 400 4550 3680 79 0 281 25794 48 0 2203 1840 46 609 2481 43 8302 47 1126 243 1250 0.'0

~Rhi h '

50 549 0 0 0 0 0 0 3847 0 0 0 0 d h 348 618 77 6057 6647 6713 0 0 0 0 0 20000 9113 0 0 0 11485 0 0 0 0 S1 ~bl 1 2 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 4 0 48 0 542 215 36 0 6 10 0 104 204 55 20 12 Acrosti chum aureum 0 0 0 0 3 15 2 0 448 57 0 3 13141 0 0

Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl. 82 Cl C2 D1 D2 Aster sp. 0 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 Blechnum serrulatum . 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 1014 344 36 6 1423 131 0 0 200 0 Sabal ~almetto 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 98000 153125 0 119788 6 153125 132300 0 17113 0 0 c i ei ifli 2 4

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

6 0 121875 14266 4 18 0

~Heto ium taxi ferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 5281 12 81 7 17563 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 242 257 210 56 28 40

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point 'Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl C1 C2 Dl D2 Schinus terebinthifolius 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 10585 977

~Nrica cerifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21076 0 57 805 1067 Baccharis spp. 0 0 P 335 .79 163 0 141 0 Chi ococca al ba 0 0 0 0 0 223

~Ludwi ia spp. 0 0 0 48 0

~Pi 1 1 1

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Swietenia ~maha oni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1009 7699 T~hl i p 0 0 0 0 441 18 0 0 0

~pi holis salicifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0

~Eo enia spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 66 Ilex cassine 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 3403 0 Lantana involucrata 0 0

110

i I

l l

Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2

,0' 0 0

0 2000 Mikania scandens Phl ebodium sp.

Salix caroliniana 0. 0 0 0 0 675 0 0 0 Toxicodendron radicans

• = Present.

I Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 '1 D2 Trema micrantha 0 0

125 Galium obtusum Persea borbonia 0 0 0 0 0 344 220 33199 0 L ~ih1 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 393 Randia aculeata 0 0 0 0 0 223 Pisonia discolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 19215

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Annona ~labra 2 0 30

6. 0

~I omoea ~sa ittata Vitis rotundifolia Habenaria sp. 0 0

10

~L thrum alatum 0 0

0

~Cass tha filiformis 0 0 0 s0 0 0 0 0 0

5 Vegetation Table 5 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Tree Island Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

S ecies Transect Al A2 B1 B2 uadrats C1 C2 '1 D2 Juncus roemerianus 0 0 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 Vittaria lineata

~Heri curn sp. 0 10 0

Flaveria sp. 0 0 0 0-

0. 0 Damifino sp.

• = Present.

g

~

~

Vegetation Table 6. Volume-Density Index of Mangrove Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect A1 A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D2 C1 di 7 3522 1581 3985 2132 3797 2569 105 8 916 2922 1309 18930 2560 926 0 9 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 7 0 513 0 1866 932 348 17 973 8 194 686 46213 2823 9393 2579 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 786 658 0 0

~lthi h 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 1550 250 0 1092 66 329 9 61898 243 184 5777 125 14346 163 1671 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 200 8 0 0 4530 5582 0 827 279 3655 9 1234 655 0 40 0 0 69 245 51 ~h1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 31 0 0 0 0 Juncus roemerianus 0 0 0 0 450 184 126 297 0 0 0 0

I Vegetation Table 6 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Mangrove Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 B1 82 C1 C2 Dl D2 Acrostichum aureum 7

• p 0 0 8 0 0 0 351 9 10686 0 0 0 Aster sp. 7 p

• 1 8 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 C l ~iaaf 1h 7 8

0 12094 100000 0 0 0

0 132250 9 . 0 0 0 0 Distichilis ~s icata 0 0 0 80 348 0 0 0 0 177 81 0 16 12 12 76 44 Borrichia frutescens 0 13 0

40 0 Schnenns niciricans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69 0 0 0 85 101 15 403 82 0 19

• = Present.

Vegetation Table 6 (cont'd). Volume-Density Index of Mangrove Transects at the Turkey Point Canal System During 1980.

uadrats S ecies Transect Al A2 B2 C1 C2 Dl 02 Avicennia Serminans 0 0 77 26 0 0 Salicornia ~vir inica 0 30 0

~iomoea ~sa ittata

3. Annual Aerial Photographs (ETS 4.2.2.1)

The 1980 Turkey Point study aerial photograph taken in February 1981) shows healthy and vigorous vege-tative growth to the east, south and west of the canal system. Since 1979, there has been no noticeable change in the cover or vigor of mangrove swamps to the east and south of the canal system or the freshwater marshes to the west.

Some changes, however, in canal embankment vegetation were noted. Infrared reflectance along the east and west banks of the grand canal was lower in the 1980 study than in the previous year. Reflectance was also lower along several canal banks in the middle of the northern half of the system. Lower reflectance indicates decreased productivity of the exotic Australian pines and herbaceous ground cover species that stabilize the spoil berms. This decrease probably resulted from vegetation control spraying along the canal banks in 1980.

Besides these differences within the canal system, no major changes were noted in vegetative growth and/or cover in the area adjacent to the canal system.

III.B.3-1

IV. CHANGES IN SURVEY PROCEDURES (ETS 5.4.1. (3) )

A. Sample collection methods for sediment and interstitial water (ETS 4.1.1.1.3) were refined during 1980. During the first part of 1980 samples were collected in 1-liter screw cap polypropylene bottles and after July, the samples were collected in cylindrical polypropylene cores.

IV.A-1

STUDIES NOT REQUIRED BY THE ETS (5.4.1.(4))

A. AMERICAN CROCODILE STUDIES-SITE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Site Management Program for the endangered American Power Plant Site draft report,'January 1981 B. AMERICAN CROCODILE STUDIES-POPULATION STUDIES The population of the American Crocodile, Crocodylus acutus (Reptilia, Crocodilidae) at the Turkey Point Power Plant Site Annual Report, January 1981 C. HEAVY METALS BIOACCUMULATION STUDIES P

Heavy metals bioaccumulation in Turkey Point, Cooling Canal System; semi-annual analyses performed for cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, mercury, nickel, vanadium, and zinc from a vertebrate organism and an invertebrate organism V.A-1

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VI. VIOLATIONS OF THE ETS (ETS 5.4.1.(5))

No violations of the ETS occurred during 1979 at the Turkey Point Plant relative to cooling canal system operation.

VI.A-1

5 l

VZZ. UNUSUAL EVENTS; CHANGES TO ETS, PERMZTS OR CERTZFZCATES (ETS 5.0)

A. A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination. System (NPDES) Permit Application was filed on April 3, 1980 and amended November 15, 1980.

B. A Resource Conservat'ion and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Application was filed on November 19, 1980.

VZZ.A-1