ML071450148
| ML071450148 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Wolf Creek  |
| Issue date: | 05/09/2007 |
| From: | Garrett T Wolf Creek |
| To: | Document Control Desk, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| ET 07-0018 | |
| Download: ML071450148 (80) | |
Text
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MEMORANDUM TO: Dan Mulhern, Endangered Species Biologist FROM: George Allen, Environmental Contaminants Biologist k -
DATE: 6 February 1990
SUBJECT:
Scans of blood samples from Clinton Reservoir nestling bald eagles.
Attached are copies of the analytical reports on the blood samples taken from the juvenile bald eagles at Clinton Reservoir in July 1989.
I asked Stan Wiemeyer at Patuxent about the results, but he is not aware of any published work giving normal blood levels in bald eagles.
It appears that the only element that might be of concern is boron in the blood of the second nestling.
I will pass on any additional information I receive about these samples.
Let me know if you have questions.
U.
S.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PATUXENT ANALYTICAL.CONTROL.FACILITY QUALITY ASSURANCE REPORT RE: 5950 REGION: 6 REGIONAL ID: 89-6-016M THE ANALYSES ON THE ABOVE MENTIONED SAMPLES WERE PERFORMED AT:
THE ENVIRONMENTAL TRACE SUBSTANCES RESEARCH CENTER ROUTE 3
- COLUMBIA, MISSOURI 65201 AFTER A THOROUGH REVIEW OF THE REPORTS ISSUED BY THE LABORATORY, I REPORT THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS:
THE ACCURACY, AS MEASURED BY SPIKE RECOVERY AND REFERENCE MATERIAL ANALYSIS, WAS ACCEPTABLE FOR ALL ANALYTES.
AVERAGE RECOVERY FOR SPIKED SAMPLE ANALYSES IS GIVEN IN TABLE I THE PRECISION, AS MEASURED BY DUPLICATE SAMPLE ANALYSIS, WAS ACCEPTABLE FOR ALL ANALYTES.
AN ESTIMATE OF THE 95 % CONFIDENCE INTERVAL FOR THE METHODS USED IN THESE ANALYSES IS GIVEN IN TABLE 2.
QUAL ASSURANCE OFFICER DATE
ETSRC Sample Report USDI - Cat.:5950 P.O.:85800-89-08121 Batch:B-89080503 Test:MOIST Submitter's Final Units of Detection ID Number ETSRC ID Concen.
Fin.Conc. Limit Description CR-BE-I 9080505 83.1%
EAGLE BLOOD CR-BE-2 9080506 81.6%
EAGLE BLOOD Page 1
m Environmental Trace Substances Research Center ICP Scan -
Sample Analysis Report Project: USDI -
Cat. 5950 Units: MCG/G DRY WEIGHT P.O.: 85800-89-08121 Batch #:
B-89080503 Customer ID: CR-BE-I
==
Description:==
EAGLE BLOOD ETSRC ID:
BA BE CD CR CU FE MG MN NI PB SE SR TL V
ZN
- Result
- <2.
- 7.
- <9.
- <4.
<0.1
<0.3
<0.5
<3.
1.6 2200.
372.
<0.9
<2.
<5.
<4.
<10.
<0.3
<4.
<0.8 23.
Estimated Sample Detection Limit 2.
3.
9.
4.
0.1 0.3 0.5 3..
0.2 1.o 0.4 0.9 2.
5.
4.
10.
0.3 4.
0.8 0.3
Quality Control Report Environmental Trace Substances Research Center ICP Scan -
Duplicate, Report Project: USDI -
Cat. 5950 Units: MCG/G DRY WEIGHT P.O.: 85800-89-08121 Batch #:
B-89080503 Customer iD: CR-BE-Il
==
Description:==
EAGLE BLOOD ETSRC ID:
9080505 Elm : Result AG : <2.
AL : 8.
AS : <9.
B
- <4.
BA : <0.I BE : <0.3 CD : <0.5 CR : <3.
CU : 1.7 FE : 2190.
MG : 370.
MN : <0.9 MO : <2.
NI : <5.
PB : <4.
SE : <10.
SR : <0.2 TL : <4.
V
- <0.8 ZN : 23.
Duplicate
<2.
6.
<8.:
<4.
<0.1
<0.3.*
<0.5
<3.
1.6 2210.
374.
<0. 9
<2.
<5.
<4.
<10.
0.3
<4.
<0.8 23.
% Deviation 0.0 28.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Estimated Sample Detection Limit 2.
3.
9.
4.
0.1 0.3 0.5 3.
0.2 1.
0.4 0.9 2.
5.
4.
10.
0.2 4.
0.8 0.3 Average % Deviation 1.9
Environmental Trace Substances Research Center ICP Scan -
Sample Analysis Report Project: USDI -
Cat. 5950 Units: MCG/G DRY WEIGHT P.O.: 85800-89-08121 Batch #:
B-89080503 Customer ID: CR-BE-2
==
Description:==
EAGLE BLOOD ETSRC ID:
9080506 Estimated Sample Elm : Result Detection Limit AG : <2.
2.
AL : <3.
3.
AS : <8.
8.
B
- 4.
4.
BA : <0.1 0.1 BE : <0.3 0.3
.CD : <0.5 0.5 CR : <3.
3.
CU : 1.8 0.2 FE : 2210.
1.
MG : 375.
0.4 MN : <0.8 0.8 MO : <2.
2.
NI : <5.
5.
PB : <4.
4.
SE : <10.
10.
SR : 0.2 0.2 TL : <4.
4.
V
- <0.7 0.7 ZN : 24.
0.3
A2
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Reports of Live Color-Banded Bald Eagles from Kansas Band Sex I Nest Site Banding Date Relocation Relocation Site A
M Clinton #1 07/23/1989 1994 Perry Lake, KS nest #1 B
M Clinton #1 07/23/1989 1993 Hillsdale Lake, KS nest #1 E
M Clinton #1 07/26/1991 1991 (adult)
Clinton Lake, KS nest #1 H
F Clinton #1 04/29/1993 2004 (1999?)
Truman State Park, MO nest N
F Clinton #1 05/04/1994 2000 Truman Hogles Creek, MO nest
- 2C M
Wolf Creek 06/06/1994 2000 Clinton Lake, KS nest #2 2A M
Clinton #1 05/04/1994 2001 Osage County, KS nest site 2Z F
Clinton #1 05/01/1998 2004 KS-R #4, Lawrence nest
??
M 2004 KS-R #4, Lawrence nest 3R M
Clinton #1 05/15/1999 2004 Ft. Riley, KS nest site 3S M
Perry #1 05/15/1999 2004 KS-R #6, DeSoto nest 4U M
KS-R #2 05/12/2001 2005 KS-R #8, Zeandale nest Mortalities of Color-Banded Bald Eagles from Kansas Band Nest Site Sex Band Date Recovery Recovery Cause of Date Location Death 2E Clinton #1 F
04/14/1995 07/27/1995 Clinton Lake, KS unknown 2S Clinton #1 F
05/05/1997 09/11/1997 Garden City, MO unknown 2Y Stafford Co.
F 06/26/1997 12/01/1999 Quivira NWR, KS powerline 3A Clinton #1 M
05/01/1998 11/25/2000 Verdigris River, OK shot 3X Clinton #1 F
05/02/2000 01/20/2003 Howard, KS (Elk R) unknown 4B Clinton #2 M
05/02/2000 12/01/2002 Kansas River, KS blunt trauma 4P Norton M
05/09/2001 05/09/2001 Norton Lake, KS wind storm 4R Norton F
05/09/2001 05/09/2001 Norton Lake, KS wind storm 5D Perry #1 F
05/18/2002 10/19/2002 Worthington, MN unknown 5M Clinton #1 M
04/28/2003.
09/17/2003 Waskesiu Lake, SK unknown.
5R Clinton #2 F
04/28/2003 02/11/2005 Paola, KS shot
A3
ý I AýLy A U Al I 1707-AUUU 3
NEST LOCATION 89 90 9711921931974 95(96197198 99100(01 021 03[04f0 T 10EI TOTAL Clinton Reservoir #1 2
3 3
3 3
3 2
3 3
3 1
3 1
2 3
0 2
1 41 Hodgeman/Finney County H?
HI H 2 H2 2
3 2
H Isa 11a na na nia 1-11 1-12 F2 F1
?
16 Hillsdale Reservoir #1 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 3
2 28 Wolf Creek Cooling Lake 2
1 2
3 2
2 0
0 0
na
-na na na 12 Perry Reservoir #1 2
0 2
3 2
1 1
1 1
3 2
na na 18 N. Fork Ninnescah River 0
0 2
0 na na na na na na na na 2
Norton Reservoir.
2 2
3 3
1 na na na na na 1 I KS R #1 - Williamstown 1
0 2
2 2
1 2
3 3
2 18 Hillsdale Reservoir #2 0
2 2
2 2
3 2
2 15 Clinton Reservoir #2 3
2 1
3 2
2 1
14 Glen Elder Reservoir I
1 2
1 3
0 1
9 Osage County 2
3 3
3 2
2 2
17 KS R #2 - Lecompton I
na 2
2 2
2 9
Neosho County 2
1 2
3 1
2 11 Tuttle Creek Reservoir 2
2 na 2
3 9
KS R #3 - Tecumseh 1
1 2
2 I
7 Clinton Reservoir #3 2
3 3
1 9
Per'y Reservoir #2 2
1 2
2 7
KS R 84 - Lawrence 0
1 2
0 3
KS R #5 - Valencia 0
1 1
3 5
Perry Reservoir #3 0
0 2
1 3
Bone Creek 2
na na 2
KS R #6 - DeSoto 0
2 na 2
KS R #7 - Bonner Springs 0
1 na I
Fort Riley 0
0 2
2 KS R #8 - Zeandale 2
2 4
KS R #9 - St. Marys
?
1 2
II Fall River 22 Cedar Bluff Cimarron River TOTAL 2
I4 5
5 16 2 I 9
116 1
11 119 118 119 1
32 34 283 (L3)
A4
METAL LEVELS IN BLOOD FROM FLEDGLING BALD EAGLES OF CLINTON RESERVOIR IN KANSAS by George T. Allen U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Enhancement 315 Houston Street Manhattan, Kansas 66502 March 1991
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Abbreviations parts per million........................
ppm micrograms per gram mcg/g not detected (i.e. below analytical detection limits)
ND Conversions micrograms per gram ppm i
SUMMARY
x Concentrations of metals in blood of fledgling bald eagles from Clinton Reservoir in eastern Kansas in 1989 and 1990 were analyzed by induction coupled plasma emission spectroscopy without preconcentration.
- Because there are very limited data on background levels of most metals in bald eagle blood, the data herein are provided for comparison with other samples at later dates.
- With one exception, concentrations of all metals analyzed probably are normal.
The concentration of boron in one fledgling from 1989 was 4.0 mcg/g boron (dry weight), which may be elevated.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mike Watkins, Dave Rhoades, Teresa Rasmussen, and Jackie Wedel of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers were instrumental in coordinating observations, in protecting the nest, and in capturing the juvenile bald eagles for banding.
Mike Lockhart of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service provided the equipment and expertise for trapping the eagles and taking blood samples.
Dan Mulhern, Ronel Finley, Don Haley, and Darren Gimeausaddle of the Fish and Wildlife Service and Jerry Horak of the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks assisted in different portions of the trapping efforts.
Lee Gehauf, Gene Hansmann, and Tom Jackson of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service aided in project funding and oversight and in preparation of this report.
iii
0 INTRODUCTION The first publicized nesting effort by bald eagles in Kansas in recent history occurred on the Rock Creek Arm of Clinton Lake, a U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers reservoir, in 1989.
In 1989 biologists of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks trapped and banded the two fledgling eagles raised that year.
A pair of adults used the same nest in 1990, and raised three young.
Biologists from the three agencies trapped and banded two of the three fledglings in 1990.
In both years blood samples were taken from the eagles, to be analyzed for background information on metals concentrations.
The results of the analyses are presented in this report.
Because there is very limited information available about levels of many elements in bald eagle blood, this report is to provide information for comparison to other studies.
STUDY AREA AND METHODS Clinton Reservoir is located about eight kilometers southwest of Lawrence, in Douglas County, northeast Kansas.
The main tributaries of Clinton Reservoir are the Wakarusa River and Rock Creek.
The eagle nest used in 1989 and 1990 was in a flooded tree in the middle of the Rock Creek arm of the reservoir.
There is no proof that the adult eagles that nested in 1989 and 1990 were the same birds.
Feeding areas of the adult and juvenile bald eagles at the reservoir have not been well documented.
The juvenile eagles were trapped in 1989 and 1990 within approximately 2 kilometers of their nest.
Sterile needles and vacutainers were used to collect 5 to 6 ml of blood from a brachial vein of each bird.
The four fledglings captured are believed to have been males.
The blood samples were analyzed by the Environmental Trace Substances Research Center (ETSRC) of the University of Missouri, Columbia.
Induction coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) without preconcentrat-ion was used to measure concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silver, strontium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc.
ETSRC reported dry weight concentrations.
Wet weight concentrations were calculated by using the formula wet weight = dry weight * [1 -
(% moisture / 100)].
Because the blood volumes were small, most detection limits were the maximum concentrations presented in this report.
That is, a
1
0 concentration shown as <5 mcg/g indicates a detection limit of 5 mcg/g.
The actual concentration may have been much less.
The exceptions were for copper (detection limit 0.2 mcg/g), iron (1.0 mcg/g), magnesium (0.4 mcg/g),
and zinc (0.3 mcg/g).
Laboratory quality control was reviewed by the Patuxent Analytical Control Facility (PACF) of the Service.
Precision and accuracy of the laboratory analyses were confirmed with procedural blanks, duplicate analyses, test recoveries of spiked materials, and reference material analyses.
Round-robin tests among Service and contract analytical labs also were part of the quality control.
Duplicate analyses differed by 6% or less, with the exception of a 33% (2 mcg/g) difference in concentrations of aluminum in one case.
Spike recoveries ranged from 92% to 107% in 1989.
Spike recoveries were not done in 1990.
Results from analyses of reference standards differed from the expected values by 15% or less.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of analyses are shown in Table 1. No elements appear to warrant concern, with the exception of the 4.0 mcg/g dry weight boron concentration in one nestling from 1989.
Table 1. Element concentrations from bald eagle blood.
The "<" indicates a concentration less than the value noted.
Concentration (mcqlaq)
Year Percent Atuminum Arsenic Bariun Beryvlliun Moisture Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry 1989 83.1 1.2 7.0 ND
<9.0 NO
<0.1 NO (0.3 1989 81.6 ND
<3.0 ND
<8.0 ND
<0.1 ND
<0.3 1990 81.8 ND
<3.0 ND
<5.0 0.1 0.8 ND (0.1 1990 81.8 ND (3.0 ND
<5.0 0.2 0.8 ND
<0.1 Concentration (mcq/q)
Year Boron Cadmium Chromium-Copper Iron Lead Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry 1989 ND (4.0 NO
<0.5 ND
<3.0 0.3 1.6 372 2200 NO
<4.0 1989 0.7 4.0 ND
<0.5 ND
<3.0 0.3 1.8 407 2210 ND
<4.0 1990 ND
<2.0 ND
<0.5 ND
<1.0 0.3 1.6 393 2160 ND
<4.0 1990 ND
<2.0 NO
<0.5 NO 01.0 0.3 1.6 395 2170 NO
<4.0 Concentration (mcq/q)
Year Maqnesium Manaanese Molybednu Nicker Selenium SiLver Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet
'Dry 1989 63 372 ND
<0.9 ND
<2.0 ND (5.0 ND
<10 ND
<2.0 1989 69 375 ND
<0.8 ND
<2.0 ND
<5.0 NO
<10 NO
<2.0 1990
. 61 334 ND
<0.3 ND
<1.0 ND
<2.0 ND (6.0 ND
<2.0 1990 62 338 ND
<0.3 ND 0.0 ND
<2.0 ND
<6.0 ND
<2.0.
Concentration (mca/a)
Year Stronti um Thallium Vanad i um Zinc Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry 1989 0.03 0.2 NO
<4.0 ND
<0.8 3.9 23.0 1989 0.04 0.2 ND
-<4.0 ND (0.7 4.4 24.0 1990 0.04 0.2 ND
<5.0 ND
<0.3 8.0 43.9 1990 0.04 0.2 ND
<5.0 ND
<0.3 9.0 49.7 3
A5
L WOLF CREEK GENERATING STATION 2006 LAND USE CENSUS. REPORT Prepared by:
Peer Review:
Teresa L. Rice Ralph L. Logsdon Robert A. Hammond 09-20-06 Date 09-21-06 Date 9/21/06 Date Approved by:
Approved by:
09/21/06 Kevin J. Moles Dt Date
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
The annual Land Use Census of rural residents within five miles of the Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) has been completed for 2006 in accordance with AP 07B-004, [Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program)].
No program changes are necessary regarding milk locations. Again, no milk sampling locations were identified.
Changes may be necessary for the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) broadleaf vegetation sample locations for 2007. The two broadleaf vegetation locations with the highest calculated annual average D/Q rankings have changed to R2.08-NALN1650 and Q2.35-MILA1619.
AP 07B-004 specifies that an "alternate location may be used to provide continued monitoring". The third-ranked garden is location N2.38-RRDR9. The residents will be contacted prior to the 2007 growing season and based upon their cooperation; the REMP will be revised accordingly.
It should be noted that locations Q2.35-MILA1619 and N2.38-RRDR9 were established sampling locations for the 2006-growing season.
BACKGROUND Section 5.2, Attachment A, of the ODCM procedure (AP 07B-004), directs that "a Land Use Census shall be conducted annually during the growing season to identify the nearest (1) milk animal, (2) residence, and (3) garden of greater than 500 square feet producing broadleaf vegetation in each of the 16 meteorological sections within five miles of the WCGS site" and "the results of the Land Use Census shall be included in the Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report."
Table 5-1, Attachment A, of the ODCM (AP 07B-004) requires that broadleaf vegetation samples be collected from "two indicator locations with highest calculated annual average D/Q."
Table 5-1, Attachment A, of the ODCM (AP 07B-004) also requires that milk samples be collected from "three indicator locations within 5 miles of the site having the highest dose potential."
METHODOLOGY Two hundred ten surveys were mailed to the rural residents living within five miles of WCGS. A follow-up survey was sent to residents who did not respond. The survey excluded the residents of New Strawn, Burlington, and a trailer park north of Burlington.
These locations were excluded due to the large number of households and the low likelihood that information gained from these residences would affect the locations chosen for REMP sampling.
Drive-by information was collected for the nearest residences that did not return surveys.
The information collected was compiled and the results are identified in Tables 1-3.
Calculations were performed so that garden locations could be ranked by their respective D/Q.
These results are contained in Table 4.
2006 Land Use Census Report 1
RESULTS NOTE: A Global Positioning System was used to verify residence distances and sectors.
As identified in Table 2, sector "G" was the only sector that experienced a change in the nearest residence. The residence located at G1.56-QURD1384 is currently vacant, thus, the nearest residence in sector "G" is now G3.03-13RD1 820.
Three location changes were noted for the nearest garden producing broadleaf vegetation.
These changes are identified in Table 3.
There were no changes regarding milk sample locations. Again, no locations were identified that routinely milked animals for human consumption.
2006 Land Use Census Report 2
TABLE I 2006 Land Use Census Data Location of Nearest:
Sector A
B C
D E
F G
H J
K L
M N
P Q
R Residence A2.60-17TE1 520 B3.53-QURD1755 Cl.92-16RD1655 D2.03-QULA1571 El.77-QULA1485 F1.76-14RD 1730 G3.03-13RD1820 H3.09-12RD1711 J3.70-1 1RD1540 K2.70-12LA1439 L2.10-NARD 1339 M2.47-14RD1322 N1.71-NARD1441 P2.76-HW751534 Q2.35-MILA1619 R2.08-NALN1650 Milking Animals None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None Broadleaf Garden None None C1.92-16RD1655 D3.00-16RD1 829 E4.40-TRRD1551 F2.44-RERD1391 G3.66-12RD1814 H3.30-QURD1 175 J3.90-11 RD1531 K4.10-NARD 1120 L2.39-NARD1309 M3.10-13LA1 290 N2.38-RRDR9
-P2.76-HW751534 Q2.35-MILA1619 R2.08-NALN1650 Identifiers are based upon the following protocol:
EXAMPLE: A1.4-16RD1525 "A" = Sector A "1.4" = 1.4 miles from the reactor "16RD1525" = address 2006 Land Use Census Report 3
TABLE 2 SECTOR 2005 NEAREST 2006 NEAREST RESIDENCE RESIDENCE A
A2.60-17TE1520 A2.60-17TE1520 B
B3.53-QURD1755 B3.53-QURD1755 C
C1.92-16RD1655 C1.92-16RD1655 D
D2.03-QULA1571 D2.03-QULA1571 E
E1.77-QULA1485 E1.77-QULA1485 F
F1.76-14RD1730 FI.76-14RD1730 G
G1.56-QURD1384 G3.03-13RD1820 H
H3.09-12RD1711 H3.09-12RD1711 J
J3.70-11RD1540 J3.70-11RD1540 K
K2.70-12LA1439 K2.70-12LA1439 L
L2.10-NARD1339 L2.10.-NARD1339 M
M2.47-14RD1322 M2.47-14RD1322 N
N1.71-NARD1441 NI. 71 NARD441, -
P P2.76-HW751534 P2.76-HW751534 Q
Q2.35-MILA1619 Q2.35-MILA1619 R
R2.08-NALN 1650 R2.08-NALN 1650 NOTE: Entries underlined indicate changes from the 2005 Land Use Census.
Locations are identified based upon the following protocol:
EXAMPLE: Al.4-16RD1525 First letter is based upon sector, thus "A" designates this residence is in sector A.
The number immediately following the first letter designates the distance (in miles) from the reactor.
The characters following the dash represent a unique identifier based upon location address.
The example is in sector A, 1.4 miles from the reactor, at 1525 16th Road.
2006 Land Use Census Report 4
TABLE 3 2006 Land Use Census Milk and Garden Data SECTOR 2005 2006 2005 CLOSEST 2006 CLOSEST MILKING MILKING GARDEN GARDEN ANIMALS ANIMALS PRODUCING PRODUCING BROADLEAF BROADLEAF VEGETATION VEGETATION A
None None None None B
None None B3.53-QURD1755 None C
None None C1.92-16RD1655 C1.92-16RD1655 D
None None D3.00-16RD1829 D3.00-16RD1829 E
None None E4.40-TRRD1551 E4.40-TRRD1551 F
None None F2.44-RERD1391 F2.44-RERD1391 G
None None G1.56-QURD1384 G3.66-12RD1814 H
None None H3.30-QURD1175 H3.30-QURD1175 J
None None J3.90-11RD1531 J3.90-11RD1531 K
None None K4.10-NARD1120 K4.10-NARD1120 L
None None L2.39-NARD 1309 L2.39-NARD1309 M
None None M3.10-13LA1290 M3.10-13LA1290 N
None None N2.38-RRDR9 N2.38-RRDR9 P
None None P2.76-HW751534 P2.76-HW751534 Q
None None Q2.35-MILA1619 Q2.35-MILA1619 R
None None None R2.08-NALN1650 NOTE: Underlined entries indicate changes from the 2005 Land Use Census.
Locations are identified based upon the following protocol:
EXAMPLE: A1.4-16RD1525 First letter is based upon sector, thus "A" designates this residence is in sector A.
The number immediately following the first letter designates the distance (in miles) from the reactor.
The characters following the dash represent a unique identifier based upon location address.
The example is in sector A, 1.4 miles from the reactor, at 1525 16th Road.
2006 Land Use Census Report 5
TABLE 4 Information Used for D/Q Calculations FROM LAND FROM AN USE 045 DIST CALC NEAR NEAR FAR FAR SECTOR D/Q*
S20%
SECTOR (MI)
(METERS)
DIST D / Q DIST D I Q CALC RANKING A
0 0
B 0
0 C
1.92 3091 3000 7.26E-10 4000 4.36E-10 7.OOE-10 4
8.40E-10 D
3.00 4830 4000 3.20E-10 5000 2.18E-10 2.35E-10 13 2.82E-10 E
4.40 7084 7000 1.14E-10 8000 9.23E-11 1.12E-10 14 1.34E-10 F
2.44 3928 3000 6.41E-10 4000 3.84E-10 4.03E-10 8
4.84E-10 G
3.66 5893 5000 4.97E-10 6000 3.65E-10 3.79E-10 10 4.55E-10 H
3.30 5313 5000 5.84E-10 6000 4.29E-10 5.35E-10 7
6.42E-10 J
3.90 6279 6000 3.72E-10 7000 2.76E-10 3.45E-10 11 4.14E-10 K
4.10 6601 6000 3.91E-10 7000 2.90E-10 3.30E-10 12 3.96E-10 L
2.39 3848 3000 9.61E-10 4000 5.77E-10 6.35E-10 5
7.62E-10 M
3.10 4991 4000 5.77E-10 5000 3.92E-10 3.94E-10 9
4.73E-10 N
2.38 3832 3000 1.09E-09 4000 6.54E-10 7.27E-10 3
8.72E-10 P
2.76 4444 4000 7.30E-10 5000 4.97E-10 6.27E-10 6
7.52E-10 Q
2.35 3784 3000 1.75E-09 4000 1.05E-09 1.20E-09 2
1.44E-09 R
2.08 3349 3000 2.54E-09 4000 1.52E-09 2.18E-09 1
2.62E-09 Originated by:
JkZ6Qe?
Date:
09-20-06 Verified by:
Date:
09-21-06 2006 Land Use Census Report 6
A6
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A7
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FIGURE 1 AIRBORNE PATHWAY SAMPLING LOCATIONS S= AIRBORNE PARTICULATE AND RADIOIODINE 2005 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report Wolf Creek Generating Station Page 19 of 30
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.OIAB WOLF CREEK ARCHAEOLOGY COFFEY COUNTY KANSAS BY:
Arthur H.,.Rohn C. Martin Stein and Gerald Glover Archaeology Laboratory Wichita State University-1977
Chapter I INTRODUCTION A proposal to construct a nuclear power plant and associated cooling lake near Burlington in Coffey County, Kansas, made it necessary to con-duct an archaeological s!,e survey along a portion of Wolf Creek, with later testing and excavation of some sites.
Contract No. 39843 to do this work was entered into by the Kansas Gas and Electric Company, the Kansas City Power and Light Company, and the Archaeology Laboratory at Wichita State University.
Survey began in the library where a review of the literature revealed late 19th century references to "stone heeps and pottery" along Wolf Creek (Wedel 1959:80).
Recent knowledge of the archaeological resources in the general area comes from archaeological survey and salvage excavation in the nearby John Redmond Reservoir (Witty 1963:567-71).
Known collectors of prehistoric artifacts in the Burlington vicinity were contacted for further information, but only one site on Wolf Creek was recorded from this source.
The other 24 sites recorded were found by intensive, sys-tematicground survey and from information volunteered by landowners.
The survey consisted or a visual inspection of all land included in the proposed plant site and cooling lake.
This area comprised the creek valley and uplands on both east and west sides along an approximate six mile reach of the upper portion of the stream (fig. 1).
THE ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Wolf Creek Wolf Creek begins as a series of short draws draining broad, grass-covered hills just south and west of the tiny community of Halls Summit, Kansas.
The water collected from these draws flows south in a relatively 1.
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straight channel that drops rapidly in altitude and increases rapidly in size for the first few miles.
As the descent gradually slows, the creek, now reinforced by ever-longer tributaries, begins a sinuous winding and looping that characterizes the remainder of its course southward to its confluence with the Neosho River (approximately 23 miles).
Throughout most of its length the creek banks are fringed with a mixed hardwood forest containing brush and tall weeds as an understory.
Beyond this fringe of trees the narrow creek valley has been turned into cultivated agricultural land.
Almost everywhere along its course, the former meanders of the stream channel are now brought into sharp relief by the preparation of land for planting or softened into green contours by growing crops.
The floodplain merges into long, sloping hills whose lower elevations are usually artificially terraced and cultivated while the higher elevations and crests are often left in grass and used as pasture.
Water flow in the creek is dependent on the amount of rainfall.
During periods of dry days in summer the creek bed is often exposed between occasional pools of green, stagnant water.
At other times a steady flow of brown water attests to increased rainfall; while occasionally the banks will run full and the rushing, roiling, brown water will spill over into the adjoining fields.
The Osage Cuestas Wolf Creek as a tributary of the Neosho River of eastern Kansas flows through the physiographic region known as the Osage Cuestas.
This region includes all of eastern Kansas south of the Kansas River and as far west as a line running from Manhattan in Riley County, through Cottonwood Falls in Chase County, to Cedar Vale in Chautauqua County.
This region is
composed of a series of cuestas formed by the unequal erosion of alternating strata of hard and soft limestone and shale of the Pennsylvanian formation.
These strata are gently inclined to the west and northwest and where exposed at the surface have eroded to. form eastward-facing escarpment fronts ranging from 50 feet or less. to more than 200 feet in height.
These escarpments trend irregularly in a northeast-southwest direction between what are flat to gently-rolling plains.
Major streams, including the Neosho, flow in a general east and southeast direction transverse to the direction of the escarpments.
Their valleys are from one to several miles wide with the floodplains from 100 to 200 feet below the cuesta summits (Shoewe 1949:262),
The climate of this region is temperate.
It has a higher relative humidity, less sunshine, and less range between day and night temperatures than areas lying to the west.
Average annual precipitation is 35.27 inches with 70% to 77% of this annual total falling during the months of April through September (Flora 19h8:2)4 Occasional dry spells during the sum-mer months are characterized by high temperatures, a low relative humidity, and winds of high velocity that burn foliage and produce shade temperatures of 1000F or higher.
The first killing frost occurs on an average between the 20th to the 25th of October, while the last frost has usually occurred by the 9th of April.
The average length of growine season for Wolf Creek and its vicinity is 186 days (Flora 1948:225).
Recorded extremes or deviations from the averages noted above include a record 2h hour rain of 21.59 inches at Burlington, May 31st to June 1st, 1941.
Droughts in the eastern third of the state have seemed less severe on record than in popular memory.
During the eight-year drought of the early 1860's the driest crop growing season (April to September) was that
5.
of 186h.
Leavenworth, Kansas had 9.17 inches of rain during that time, which was one-third the normal amount.
No amount lower than that has been recorded in any subsequent year.
Manhattan recorded almost one-half of its normal amount of precipitation in 193h, which was the year of the driest growing season of the drought of the 1930's (Flora 19L8:12L).
Ecology of the Osage Cuestas This habitat of temperate climate and limestone hills was a portion of one of the largest prehistoric biomes of North America; the Northern Temperate Grassland.
Stretching from southern Canada to north-central Texas was one contiguous region dominated by perennial grasses and large herds of herbivorous animals (Shelford 1968 discusses this in detail).
Within this biome were recognized several associations.
Two associa-tions important in the ecology of the Osage Cuestas were the tallgrass and mixed grass prairies, each recognized by the composition of its dominant plant species.
The tallgrass prairie was composed of grasses 50 cm. to 150 cm. high, while the mixed grass prairie contained grasses 20 cm. to 60 cm. and 20 cm. to 50 cm. high.
These prairies developed as a response to altered patterns of precipitation, and the border between the two associations has been located at one time or another across dif-ferent portions of eastern and central Kansas (Shelford 1968:335; Kuchler 1969:lhl-65).
Dominant animal members of these grassland communities included the bison, pronghorn antelope, and blacktailed jackrabbits as surface dwellers, while prairie dogs, ground squirrels, pocket gophers, mice, and a species of kangaroo rat were almost equa2ly as numerous in the subsurface of the prairie.
The greater prairie chicken, burrowing owl, and sage grouse were dominant birds while the bobwhite and sharp-tailed grouse were also abundant.
Predators included the badger, black-footed ferret, kit fox, two species
6.
of skunk, the wolf, and coyote (Shelford 1968:332-3).
The present day character of Wolf Creek is different from the pre-historic condition partly because of ecological changes brought about by European immigrants.
The drastic reduction in numbers of bison and antelope, control of prairie fires and plowing under the grassland with the consequent reduction of great expanses into small segments, has fostered the expansion of woodland plants and animals--such as hardwood trees and deer--at the expense of those species who formerly inhabited the open prairie.
THE WOLF CREEK ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT To meet the needs for assessing archeaeological recources in the Wolf Creek Generating Station area and to mitigate any adverse effects on those resources, we developed a program of archaeological investiga-tion consisting of three broad steps.
Step one consisted of an intensive archaeological survey of the proposed project area to inventory all poten-tial archaeological resources.
Field work carried out in the Fall of 1973 revealed 17 sites.
Results of this survey were reported in the Assessment of Archaeological Resource Affectedby the Wolf Creek Power Plant, Coffey County, Kansas, produced in 1974 by Kansas Gas and Electric Company and Kansas City Power and Light Company (Rohn and Stein 1974).
Step two involved test excavations at each site to determine the depth of culture bearing deposits, the possible presence of subsurface features such as pits or postmolds, and the degree of disturbance from farming activities and erosion.
From the evaluations of this testing step, a set of goals were drawn up to guide the third and final step of intensive excavation.
Our long range presence at Wolf Creek during steps two and three enabled us to record eight additional sites, one of them
4h.
Anderson Site Situation Site lhCF508 was located on a low terrace on the east bank of Wolf Creek (Fig.
1). A more complex pattern of changing stream channels in this vicinity had isolated an area of approximately 21/2 acres in the form of a westward pointing right triangle.
The base was formed by a shallow linear depression marking the course of a former north-south channel.
It had almost completely filled and was perhaps becoming more distinct because of modern farming practices that accelerated erosion during times of high water.
This channel was located east of the site area about 15 meters.
The hypotenuse was formed by the present stream channel running in its northeast-southwest course.
Midway along this side it formed a shallow eastward curve whose east bank was approximately 8 meters west of the site area.
A former meander of the stream, probably contemporary with the occu-pation of the site, made a sharp eastward loop to form the third side.
It began at a juncture with the present stream channel, approximately 100 meters southwest of the site area, looping eastward as a reversed "C" intersecting the shallow eastern channel in its northeastern quarter.
In the survey stone chips, potsherds, chunks of heat-altered limestone, and caub (baked earth) were found scattered on the surface of an area from 1/2 to 3/4 of an acre in size.
This debris paralleled on the west the shallow north-south channel and lay midway between the present stream on the northwest and the former stream channel on the south.
A recently removed hedgerow bisected the site and it was perhaps instrumental in preserving the site by slowing sheet erosion, since the creek was prone to flood over this area when the water was of a volume equal in magnitude to the 25-50 year floods.
Anderson Site Excavation The site was originally tested with a tractor and blade.
Three trenches, each 6 meters by lb meters, were put in the south, east, and central portion
of the probable site area.
The central test uncovered two concentrations of daub, each about 5O cm. in diameter, fragmentary in the plowzone but becoming very dense at the base of the plowzone.
A grid of 2-meter-square excavation units was laid out covering the daub concentrations and extending from them in all directions.
The grid was oriented true north, and a total of 56 squares were excavated by hand.
An additional area four meters wide was excavated by tractor and blade on the east, west, and south sides of the original grid, for a total excavated area of 230 square meters.
Dirt from large features was collected for laboratory flotation, and other appropriate samples were taken when possible.
A deep test 2 meters square was dug to a depth of 1 meter to check for possible deeper components but nothing was found.
This test was located in square 96N/IOOE approximately 3 meters southwest of the cluster of pits (Fig.
3).
The area excavated at this site was large enough to enclose the daub and artifact concentration seen on the surface.
Additional hand dug tests were made in the area west of the excavation and they confirmed the absence of subsurface features here.
The present stream course limits the space available for additional structures to the west.
The banks of the stream were checked for any evidence of subsurface features or artifacts exposed as a result of the water's cutting action, but nothing could be seen.
In summary, the lack of concentrated surface detritus and the negative results from testing outside the excavated area leads us to believe the major portion, the one that contained all evidence for structures, was excavated and that the unexcavated area would have no information to alter the interpretations of the events that occurred at the site.
Postmolds
'ive postmolds were recognized at Site lbCF506.
Three postmolds (C, D, and E) were defined by coring the interiors to the sterile side
Chapter V CONCLUSIONS Our archaeological investigations a].onr Wolf "reek in Coffey County, Kansas, have touched on 25 separately recorded prehistoric sites.
Two had been destroyed by construction of a cattle yard and one lay beyond danger from damage by construction of the proposed Wolf Creek Generating Station and its cooling lake.
With the aid of power machinery, we were able to excavate thoroughly four important sites, and test extensively fifteen more.
In fact, the absence of subsurface features in many extensively tested sites and the paucity of artifact remains makes us question whether they should properly be labeled "sites".
As evidences of any kind or amount of prehistoric human Activity, we have continued to treat them as sites, though we must suppose the people responsible for this formation lived elsewhere.
Indeed, we have a strong feeling that the prehistoric occupations along Wolf Creek were both rare and sparse, and that it may have functioned primarily as a resource area.
Apparently, only Pomona peoples lived there, and they were few in number.
local artifact col-lectors point to biiker and better sites in the Neosho River valley to the west and south and along Long Creek to the east.
Our experiences with Kansas archaeology would support this reneralization.
SEVALUATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPROACH in order to locate as many architecture features as possible, we employed a tractor and blade to scrape away plowed zones on most sites.
The olowed and cultivated soils had already been disturbed and artifact remains within them dislodged and broken.
Secondly, we wished to establish plans of settlement as part of our recreation of ecological adaptations for both the Pomona and pre-Pomona occupations.
While we must have missed some
]08.
109.
artifact remains to this bulk earth moving, we can safely dismiss the possible presence of structures and pits from. many sites.
Finally, the most fruitful data--charred floral. remains, animal bones, and artifacts--
were found in pits where their context had not been disturbed by farming.
Thus, the greater opportunities to locate pits, the greater the prospects for information recovery.
One aspect of our investigation proved fruitless.
Placement of one or more small hand-dug tests into each site one to two years before the main excavation was a waste of effort.
These tests either yielded no information or misled us.
They produced no significant additions to artifact assemblages.
To dig them, we had to seek full excavation per-mission from both the landowners and farmers.
Several farmers were reluc-tant to suffer crop damage and inconvenience in successive years, especially when these years represented the last they would farmthese particular fields.
Monetary compensation for crop loss was insufficient persuasion.
In effect, this limited testing stage of 1973 actually, hindered onr major excavation activities of 197h and 1975.
As a replacement for limited testing of sites in programs such as this, we would recommend repeated revisits and surface collection at various seasons.
There is a greater likelihood of enhancing artifact assemblages, determining the horizontal boundaries of sites, spotting features in freshly worked ground, and finding additional sites missed during the initial survey.
It would not be necessary to seek excavation permissions for this work and possibly jeopardize subsequent excavation plans.
Perhaps a soil sampling probe could provide some information on the possible depth of cultural deposits.
Only in the rare case of strati-fied or buried deposits would the limited test be more effective, and
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this condition might be guessed through repeated surface collections.
An important data source exists in the collections of farmers and local "Indian buffs".
These persons have often visited sites during various seasons over many years, and they frequently have found distinctive artifacts.
Any recovery operation should seek out any collections that have survived.
Unfortunately for Wolf Creek, only one local collector had scouted its sites, and he possessed no significant artifacts.
A farmer's collection of materials from two other sites had been lost.
Yet, the lack of attention given by collectors to Wolf Creek helps us
,assess its relatively lesser prehistoric use than surrounding localities.
SITE SITUATIONS The specific location of a site relative to its immediate geographic
- environment, especially topography and water, is the site situation.
Different site situations can reflect differing ecological adaptations bjetween two groups of people, different cultural values selecting one kind of location over others, or different uses of locations by the same eople.
For example, Middle Woodland peoples living near Kansas City regularly built their houses on terraces in the stream valleys near tribu-aries carrying water less filled with mud than in the main rivers.
At same time, they buried their dead beneath earth and rock mounds on edges of high bluffs behind them (Wedel 1961:92).
All the sites at Wolf Creek concentrated along the narrow valley
.scent to or in the flood plain.
Even though our survey team scoured
,higher elevations as intensively as the lower ones, no other sites
.found.
Yost of the sites lay along Wolf Creek itself.
The others
, on tributaries no more than a kilometer (0.6 mile) from Wolf Creek.
bly., this distribution reflects the habit of obtairing water from
Mý 11i Wolf Creek or its tributaries during all prehistoric use times.
The creek is hardly navigable at most times, even for small boats or rafts.
Even the occasional threat of flooding did not pose a deterrent.
Perhaps they could retreat to higher ground quickly enough.
Definite Pomona sites displayed an even tighter selectivity in their locations.
All were on remnants of the low first terrace where it was being cut by the active stream channel.
Many parts of this channel have been abandoned by the stream and are marked only by old channel or meander scars.
Thus, the Pomona people would have been immediately adjacent to water, but relatively free from flooding.
Only Site 114CF523 suffered the effects of unusually high water in 1975.
Pre-Pomona sites differed slightly in their situations.
Essentially, they had been buried in alluvia accummulating to form what is now the first terrace.
They have been exposed through erosion and deep farming.
Presu-mably, they represent short-term camps in the flood plain during dry seasons.
They, too, may have chosen to be adjacent to water in the creek, but all evidence is now gone.
We may thus suspect that other sites of comparable or older age along Wolf Creek have not yet been exposed.
These two precise patterns offer a clue to possible affiliation of many of the "other sites".
Except for the eroding bluff remnant sites (1ICF509 and IhCF5lO),
the one flood plain site (IMCF512),
and a possible quarry (ThCFSI3),
the others occupy situations identical to those of the definitely Pomona sites.
Consequently, we could argue that despite their absence of pottery, site situation alone supports usage contemporary with the Pomona occupation of Wolf Creek, if not by Pomona peoples.
Along this same line of reasoning, Site IhCFSI6 actually occupied an eroding bluff remnant situation.
Perhaps we can then speculate that Sites
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lhCF509 and l1CF510 similarly belong to our pre-Pomona grouping of sites, even though we cannot be more precise.
Arguments have already been outlined in favor of a Pomona affiliation for Site lbCF512, the one actual flood plain site.
In light of this one instance, we should project the existence of other similar evidence, espe-cially since the Pomona people probably farmed the flood plain.
Alluviation from regular flooding has apparently obscured any such evidence, and our discovery of Site l1CF512 was clearly fortuitous.
CHRONOLOGY The combined weight of typology and site situations plus five radio-carbon determinations enable us to outline a simple history of human occu-pation of Wolf Creek prior to the advent of Euro-American colonization.
Many details are missing because many data are imprecise.
The earliest clearly definable use of Wolf Creek was by Late Plains Archaic peoples.
The complex has been both recognized and described through typology.
Its age may be estimated at roughly 15OO to 500 B.C.
Only one definite site (14CF524) of this complex has been identified from Wolf Creek, although another more substantial one (Colvin Site) was excava-ted on neighboring Long Creek.
Even these sites look most like temporary camps for a non-sedentary hunter/gatherer people who may have headquartered in other places.
For purposes of future reference and comparison, we will dub this the Colvin Phase, referring to a 'local phase" in the sense advocated by Wiley and Phillips (1958).
This applies at present only to the Wolf Creek Locality and should not preclude its future inclusion in a larger regional phase of whatever label.
Further pre-Fomona use of Wolf Creek territory is indicated at Sites IbCF516 and IhCF5Ol, and possibly Sites IhCF509 and 1LCF5!O as well.
I
113.
We cannot adequately judge whether any or all of these sites shoul.d be included in the Colvin Phase or whether they represent occasional. visits by other Plains Archaic or Plains Woodland peoples.
An occupation by Pomona people is clearly defined.
The cult.ral inventory of the Winn and Anderson Sites fully describes a local occupa-tional phase that we shall label Wolf Creek Phase.
In addition to the Winn and Anderson Sites, we can definitely include Sites 14CF502, 14CF511,
- IhCF523, 1bCF528, 14CFSh, and probably Sites IhCF512 and ILCF507.
Common site situations suggest the addition of Sites 14CF515, lVCF522, 1bCF526,
- 14CF517, 1LCF525, IhCF527, and lbCF503-50h.
Habitation strictures stood at both the Winn and Anderson Sites and probably at Sites 14CF5'Il, lbFSO2, 1hCF523, and IhCF503-OCL.
All others appear to have been specialized use areas of a temporary nature.
Site ILCF512 may represent horticultural field activity.
Radiocarbon dates from three Pomona habitation sites cover a tine span of approximately A.D. i000 to 16oo, although their appropriate application specifies a placement of A.D. 1100-1500.
The two dates from the Anderson Site imply occupation about A.D. 1100-1150, roughly 350 years earlier than the Winn Site and Site ILCF511.
These dates agree well with the time placement registered through radiocarbon dates of A.D. 9871100 to 1550*MOO from other Pomona sites throughout eastern Kansas (Witty 1976b:4).
The artifact inventories show no significant differences according to relative age.
LATE PI1 INS ARCHAIC USE The nature of both Colvin Phase sites, one on Wolf Creek and one on long Creek, presents a picture of people moving about Pmonr different localities to exploit a variety of natural resources.
The Colvin Site
llb.
contained probable hearths and masses of fire-reddened limestone and sandstone that appear to represent either cooling, or the processing of some resource with heat or smoke.
Neither site had evidence of structires.
Had simple brush shelters been built, they would leave no discernable traces.
Grinding stones at the two sites show food preparation.
Large numbers of waste flakes indicate resharpening and possible modification of chipped stone tools, while the scarcity of cores suggests very little actual tool manufacture.
Hunting and butchering seem to be reflected by the relatively large proportions of projectile points and cutting tools, even though bone was missing from the assemblages.
We may assume the bone deteriorated in the ground or was detached from the meat and discarded at the kill sites.
On the other hand, these same tool classes need not be interpreted as hunting and butchering equipment.
Certainly one lone tool was preserved at the Colvin Site.
Despite these qualifications, we still prefer our view of the two sites as probable camps for hunting parties who may even have prepared meats for future use.
Other animal products may also have been rendered although hide working tools are notably absent.
We would doubt that either site served as the headcuarters for the small band or bands who camped there.
The artifact assemblages and refuse accumulations seem too limited.
Consequently, we suspect Wolf Creek, at least, was only part of a much larger recognized territory con-taining resources exploited by a sparse Late Plains Archaic population.
It is impossible to estimate the size of such a population from so few remains, but we can guess that no more than 10-15 people,, including child-ren, could have camped at each site at any one time.
Certainly, other remains of Late Plains Archaic use of Wolf Creek
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resources could once be seen there.
Many processes have combined to obscure them from our eyes.
Several other sites--lhCF516, 1ICF509, 1hCF510--
could belong to this complex, although we cannot say so with assurance.
Hopefully, future studies of contemporary remains in nearby localities will shed additional light on the Late Plains Archaic in central Kansas and answer some of the questions posed by the limited evidence from Wolf Creek.
POMONA OCCUPATION Sites of the Wolf Creek Phase represent a positive occupation of the Wolf Creek drainage by people practicing Pomona culture, Even if they made hunting sorties away from home during the winter, Wolf Creek served as their home throughout the farming seasons.
Surplus foodstuffs were stored there.
The results of our intensive archaeological investigations at Wolf Creek provide a reasonable full picture of this occupation.
Settlement Patterns An element important to the analysis of a society's ecological adapta-tion is its pattern of settlement relative to the natural environment.
So-cial anthropologists usually subdivide a society into communities, the members of which share to some degree various cultural activities.
They usually live together.
They usually recognize a territory within which they may exploit resources.
They usually share governmental responsibili-ties, ceremonial functions, and decision making.
They identify with the community for security, comfort, and familiarity of values.
To the archae-ologist, a community occupies a settlement, the physical manifestations of which may be studied through archaeological techniques.
An archaeological settlement can be recognized and delineated by its artifacts, by the other evidences of human occupation, and by their depo-sitional context.
Though we are dealing with inanimate objects--such as
116.
artifacts, architectural features, and animal and vegetal remains--taken together they equal a whole that is greater than their sum.
Each tangible part of the site represents a vestige of the complex interaction of human intercourse, both with other humans and with the natural environment of climate, soil, fauna and flora, and topography.
By considering the parts together as the physical expression of human society, as a settlement, we can use the settlement as the primary unit for conceptualizing the people who were responsible for it as they lived in social groups with common cultural traditions (Chang 1967).
We cannot assume that each archaeological site automatically equals a community.
Therefore, we must differentiate a "site plan" from a "settlement plan".
More architectural features and more artifacts were found at the Winn Site (IhCFt06) and at the Anderson Site (I4CF508) pro-ducing different site plans.
The Anderson Site consisted of one small house structure with storage pits plus outdoor work space with a possible hearth.
The Winn Site had two small house structures, each with associated storage pits, apparently occupied contemporaneously according to their radiocarbon ages.
A possible third structure could have been a work area with a possible hearth, or even a third house with a nearby large storage pit (feature 2).
Each house probably sheltered a small household focused on a family unit.
The artifact inventories contained both:
on one hand, the grinding tools, bison bone hoes, and domesticated plant remains historically asso-ciated with women's work, and on the other hand the arrowpoints and large animal bones ethnographically identified with men's activities (Holder 1970:
58).
The two or three households at the Winn Site seem to have shared a common outdoor work space.
117.
The other definite and probable Pomona sites may be judged according to their size relative to the Winn and Anderson Sites.
Sites 14CF502 and 14CF511 were each large enough for two or three house units.
In fact Site 14CF5ll displayed three separate concentrations of debris on its surface when surveyed.
Site 14CF523 was too small for more than one house.
Sites 1ICF503 and ThCF506, most likely Pomona, probably represented one house each or a single site of two houses.
The available space within these projected houses could accommodate six to ten persons each if half were children.
Thus, the largest sites could house 18 to 30 persons each, while the maximum population for Wolf Creek if all houses were simultaneously inhabited could not exceed 70 to 120.
Radiocarbon dates show two houses at the Winn Site and Site 14CF5ll to be contemporary, but the Anderson Site is 300-350 years older.
The true maximum population must have been smaller still.
No ethnographically described Plains Indian horticultural societies subdivide into communities of only one to three houses each.
Therefore, we believe the Pomona community in Wolf Creek inhabited most or all of the house sites as one settlement scattered along a zone of the valley seven kilometers (four miles) long and no more than one kilometer (one-half mile) wide.
House sites are spaced one to two kilometers apart.
Between and around them are located the more numerous sitee of temporary specialized use, several of which yielded diagnostic Pomona artifacts.
Thus, we hypo-thesize a settlement plan of dispersed houses and small house clusters with small specialized use areas distributed among them.
Proximity to water was obviously important, since all house sites were situated on low terraces along the creek bank.
At the same time, flood plain fields and gallery woodland resources were close at hand.
N 118.
Ecological Adaptation Our interpretations of the ecological data from the Winn and Anderson Sites outline a subsistence combining horticulture with hunting and collect-ing.
All activities seemed to focus on the gallery woodland environment bordering Wolf Creek, although some grassland resources were included.
It may have been necessary to burn off dense vegetation from portions of the flood plain to clear small garden plots in which to raise maize, beans, and possibly other domesticated plants.
The charcoal bands at Site ThCFcI2 could have resulted from such burning.
Tobacco for pipe smoking may have been cultivated.
Horticultural peoples alonR the Upper Missouri River tilled an estimated one-third to one acre per person (Will and Hyde 1917-108), which we may project for the Pomona gardeners.
The stream bordering woodland would also provide water, firewood, wood for building and. tools, and a variety of food resources.
The sites produced remains of deer, turtle, molluscs, hickory nuts, walnuts, and wild grape.
Woodland food sources not represented include plum, chokecherry, mulberry, pawpaw, pecan, and persimmon among the plants, and beaver, bear, otter, raccoon, opossum, turkey, squirrels, and many smaller creatures (Wedel 19hl:5; Stephens 1972).
Outcrops of sandstone, limestone, and soft shales usually occur along the stream bluffs or in the stream beds.
Grassland resources found in the sites are relatively few--wild grasses as construction material and seeds, bison, and sunflower, which would also grow naturally in the flood plain.
Pronghorn, elk, grouse, prairie chicken, rpbbits, and other small animals were also available.
While we cannot say all these resources not actuafly found were not exploited by the Pomona people, the weight of evidence displays a favoritism toward the woodland environment.
119.
While we cannot demonstrate trade relationships, we know that some raw materials for chipped stone tools were imported from distances up to 100 miles or more.
The Wolf Creek people could either have traded for these materials or mounted their own expeditions to obtain them.
SIGNIFICANCE OF WOLF CREEK ARCHAEOLOGY Although we have said archaeological resources were relatively scarce and small in Wolf Creek, several extremely significant points resulted from our work.
Because we were able to conduct intensive survey and extensive excavations, we could offer generalizations concerning the prehistoric use and occupation of a geographic unit.
Of especial value are certain nega-tive observations.
- Thus, we could more easily distinguish between camp-sites, habitation sites, and special use areas.
We could even estimate past populations.
Most significant of all results is the locality-wide--almost drainage-wide--picture of the settlement plan for a Pomona community and its ecolo-gical adaptation.
Portions of this picture have been hinted at in the literature and theorized verbally.
While much of this picture has required extensive interpretation, we consider it reasonable enough to present as a basis for future testing and elaboration.
Hopefully, it will encourage similar, or even more productive studies throughout Kansas to fill in the huge gaps in the state's prehistory.
A9
e9 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES AFFECTED BY THE WOLF CREEK POWER
- PLANT, COFFEY COUNTY, KANSAS by Arthur H. Rohnl and C. Martin Stein 2 iDirector of Archaeology Laboratory and Chairman of Anthropology, Wichita State University.
2 Research Associate, Archaeology Laboratory, Wichita State University.
INTRODUCTION nsas Gas and Electric Company and Kansas City Power and Light
,tompany propose to construct a nuclear power plant with attendant facilities along Wolf Creek in Coffey County, Kansas.
Accom-plishment of this project threatens -destruction of possible archaeological resources located on the plant site or along that part of Wolf Creek to be inundated by a cooling lake for the plant.
Additional resources could be affected by water intake lines from John Redmond Reservoir, a new railroad spur, and transmission lines to the Kansas City and Wichita areas.
To assess the extent of archaeological resources that might be affected by this project KG&E contracted with the Archaeology Laboratory of Wichita St6ate University to conduct:
- 1) a biblio-graphic search for recorded data, 2) an intensive field survey of the project area to find such resources that might exist, and
- 3) an intensive field testing program to judge the extent and archaeological significance of each resource.
For practical purposes, the archaeological study of the proposed project was subdivided into three units.
A.
The Plant Site comprises the location of the power plant an d itsassociated facilities including a cooling lake.
All lands to be acquired around these facilities (ap-proximately 10 square miles) are considered in this unit.
All three parts of the assessment listed in the preceeding paragraph were performed here.
B.
Ancillary Facilities to the plant site include water intak-e ines from John Redmond Reservoir and a future railroad spur.
At the time of the contract, locations for these facilities had not been planned.
Thus, no assessment can yet be made of potential archaeological resources that might be affected by their construction.
C.
Transmission Lines between the plant and stations near Kansas City and Wichita will cover some 140 total miles.
Because the effects of these lines on potential archaeo-logical resources would differ markedly from the plant site, separate treatment and recommendations are included in this report.
1
THE PROJECT SETTING Plant Site and Ancillary Facilities As a tributary of the Neosho River, Wolf Creek begins its flow south of the present day community of Halls Summit, Kansas.
Its chamnel describes an elongated "S" over 16 miles long from that point to its juncture with the Neosho to the south.
The creek meanders through a narrow floodplain containing many oxbows and short sections of abandoned channels.
Low rolling hills flank this floodplain for most of its course.
Various species of deciduous trees form a gallery forest along the stream channel with a dense understory of brush and weedy plants.
This gallery forest varies in width according to the degree of clearing for modern agriculture.
Generally, cultivated land is found in the floodplain or in the lower elevations, and hilltops are left in grass for grazing.
Physiographically, Wolf Creek and its surrounding area belong to the Osage Cuestas, a distinctive physiographic unit in the topog-raphy of Kansas.
This unit in turn falls within the larger Central Lowlands physiographic division of the United States (Shoewe 1948).
Transmission Lines Between Wolf Creek and the Craig Substation near Kansas City, the proposed transmission line would crosscut the valleys of several sizeable streams and the rolling hills between.
All of the stream valleys contain thick gallery forests while the hills were once covered with tall grasses.
Today much of this terrain is farmed.
The Osage Cuesta physiographic unit covers the entire distance.
To the southwest, the proposed transmission line from Wolf Creek to the Rose Hill Substation near Wichita, will traverse the Flint Hills and several prominent river valleys.
Gallery forests along these streams tend to be narrower and thinner than those to the northeast.
The Flint Hills upland contains primarily undisturbed natural grassland.
2
THE RESEARCH METHOD The work contract outlines three parts or steps of study.
Part I involved a preliminary search through the existing l rt
.11r and files for evidence of recorde-d archaeological resources.
Besides consulting all published sources of archaeological work in Kansas with special emphasis on the project area, unpublished data were obtained from State Archaeologist Thomas Witty and from the files of the Kansas State Historical Society in Topeka.
This informa-tion assisted in describing a general culture-historical sequence for the general project vicinity.
Part II consisted of an intensive field survey of the plant site only.
All ground was walked in search of archaeological remains, and exposed stream banks were examined for traces of buried sites.
Collectors of Indian artifacts from the area and land-owners were queried about possible collection spots and the existence of cataloged collections.
We obtained permissions from all but four landowners to walk their lands.
Each archaeological site was precisely located on topographic maps, its surface features described, and surface cultural debris collected.
The field survey was begun on August 20, 1973.
Field conditions were very unfavorable for the survey crew, since the fast major-itv of cultivated fields contained mature crops of soy beans fully leafed out on their vines, corn, milo, alfalfa, brome grass, and crops for ensilage, all of which effectively obscured the ground.
Land not under cultivation was utilized for pasture and was equally difficult to survey for surface indications.
Indicators of prehistoric human activity that could be seen on the ground surface included fire-altered stone, deliberately struck stone chiTs, manufactured stone-tools, sherds of pottery vessels, and fragments of fire-baked-nmu w th grass impressions (daub).
Any combination of these materials found in concentra-tions mark the location of prehistoric human occupation.
In particular, daub indicates the presence of former mud-covered dwellings and fire-altered rock may indicate the presence of hearths.
These materials can be exposed on the ground surface either by erosion or more commonly through agricultural activities.
Part III involved intensive field testing during which small test excavations were made at each site recorded by parts I and II.
Excavation units were laid out in blocks of 1 x 2 or 2 x 2 meters and excavated with shovels and trowels to whatever depth sterile soil was encountered.
Vertical sides were maintained in each test to check for evidence of stratified deposits.
The sterile surface was then carefully scraped in search of postmolds, pits, or other features.
Finally, a smaller pit was sunk into the sterile soil to verify the absence of any other archaeological remains.
Where feasible, dirt was screened through standard one-fourth inch mesh in search of small objects.
3
Our total operation intended to accomplish the following:
a)
Identify and describe the archaeological resources that would be affected by the proposed construction; b)
Sample all of these archaeological resources in all environ-mental contexts; c)
Develop a reliable statement of the significance of the archaeological resources to be affected; d)
Develop an estimate of the cost of recovering all data from resources to be affected; e)
Develop an estimate of the cost of mitigating the adverse effects on archaeological resources; f)
Identify locations that are listed on, or appear to qualify for, the National Register of Historic Places; g)
Develop a basis for recommending alternative disposition of the archaeological resources affected.
These recommenda-tions include:
- 1) mitigation studies (detailed study of, and information recovery from, representative examples of archaeological resources, in order to ameliorate the information loss that would result from the project.
The primary strategy involved in mitigation is-extensive excavation of selected archaeological sites, coupled with inter-disciplinary studies necessary to reconstruct past human activities and environmental relationships);
- 2) relocation of part or all of the project to preserve archaeological remains;
- 3) other protective or management measures to preserve these remains; and
-4) no action required concerning archaeological resources.
h)
Outline the research needs in the project area, and provide a research design sufficient to meet these needs.
L4
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND The Drehistory of Kansas may be broadly subdivided into five general stages (Wedel 1959).
Paleo-Indian big game hunters preyed upon Pleistocene megafauna between about 11,000 and 6000 B.C. using darts tipped with distinctive fluted and parallel-flaked lanceolate stone points.
Between 6000 and 200 B.C., Archaic peoples subsisted on a combination of gathering wild plant foods and hunting smaller game.
Characteristic tools included stemmed and notched dart points, grinding stones, chipped stone drills, ground axeheads, but no ceramics.
The appearance of thick pointed-bottom pottery vessels together with an increased reliance on food resources from the gallery forests along streams ushered in the Plains Woodland which lasted until about A.D. 1000.
Remains of houses may be found along with dis-tinctive dart points and other stone tools.
The Central Plains cultures from A.D.
1000 to 1500 practiced a simple horticulture and hunted buffalo with the bow and arrow.
They often lived in villages, they fashioned globular cord-roughened pottery vessels, and they used a wide variety of stone and bone tools.
During the European Contact period, the ancestors of several histor-ically identiTfeTd lains Indian tribes occupied Kansas.
They ranged from sedentary farmers to largely nomadic bison hunters.
In the Neosho River drainage of Coffey County, remains from three of these five broad stages have been encountered, pri-marily in the area covered by the John Redmond Reservoir (Witty 1973).
The other two stages may be expected to occur in Coffey County, although their remains have not yet been found there.
Archaic The Archaic stage is very poorly known in Kansas.
The two most important sites are presently under investigation in the Tuttle Creek and El Dorado reservoir areas.
Most Archaic sites seem to be deeply buried beneath recent alluvium.
Few reveal remains on the present ground surface.
Excavations of Archaic remains in the John Redmond Reservoir area have revealed concentrations of fire-altered limestone that could represent hearths, numerous stone dart points, and one stone grinding slab.
Two human burials and one dog burial were also recovered from one site that yielded radiocarbon dates of around 1650 B.C. (Witty 1973).
Sev-eral of the dart points belong to styles thought to date as early as 3000 B.C.
From the absence of house remains and the thin refuse deposits, we speculate the Archaic inhabitants were simple hunters and gathers who constantly moved from one campsite to another.
Unfortunately, we possess very little precise knowledge of their economic habits, their technological capabilities, or their general life style.
Plains Woodland Pottery vessels and possibly the beginnings of horticulture were 5
introduced into eastern Kansas from the more developed Woodland culture of Missouri and Illinois.
Hunting and gathering activ-ities still dominated the economy, but greater emphasis was placed on the resources from stream valleys with their gallery forests:
deer, turkey, turtle, shellfish, fish, nuts, and floodplain weeds.
Living sites were located along the tribu-taries of rivers, and frequently include the remains of simple pole structures that may have been covered with grass, bark, or skins.
Central Plains The manifestation of the Central Plains Phase recognized in eastern Kansas has been labeled the Pomona Focus.
Pomona sites usually contain one or two small structures constructed of poles covered over with grass and mud (wattle and daub construction) with one or more nearby storage pits.
These apparently unde-fended sites are often found within short distances of one another along the tributaries of the larger rivers.
Evidence suggest an economy combining the cultivation of corn and squash with the hunting of deer and other woodland animals.
A distinc-tive orange-colored cord-marked pottery, notched arrow points, grooved sandstone abraders, cupstones (for cracking nuts), and numerous chipped stone scrapers and knives characterize Pomona technology.
The Pomona Focus seems to be a local development of the earlier Plains Woodland occupation.
Historic Contact The Osage Indians of Missouri had been using the lower stretches of the Neosho River as a hunting ground when first reported historically.
The early accounts of Osage village locations are vague, but Wedel considers it probable that they had been located on the Osage River just east of the Kansas-Missouri border at least since 1673.
In the period from 1811 to 1820 groups of these Indians began to settle along the Neosho River.
A report to the Secretary of War in 1820 lists one settlement of the Great Osage and three villages of the Little Osage along the river at that time.
As a result of public pressure for relocation of the remains of eastern tribes, the Osage in 1825 relinquished much of the land they claimed in Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
The consolidated population settled in a strip of land 50 miles wide and 75 miles long which paralleled the southern border of Kansas from a point 25 miles west of the Missouri line.
Villages were located along the Neosho River from present day Oswego in Labette County to near Erie in Neosho County.
From this reserve they continued in summer tribal buffalo hunts to western Kansas.
Steadily increasing pressure from white settlers for land and the diminishing herds of bison in the Western Plains caused them to first give up their lands in the Neosho River drainage in 1865 and subsequently to give up title to all of their lands in Kansas in 1872 (Wedel 1959:
pp.
54-58).
Following the Osage, groups of Sauk and Fox, Pottawatomie, and 6
(1 Kikapoo moved into eastern Kansas including Coffey County.
Historic accounts in the archives of the Coffey County courthouse refer to Sauk and Fox reserves lying just north of the Wolf Creek project area.
Present day inhabitants still tell about "Indian burial places" and "campsites".
One such location lies along Wolf Creek immediately south of the plant site project area.
7
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Only one published reference exists mentioning archaeological remains along Wolf Creek.
A 19th Century observer mentioned "stone heaps" and pottery found along the creek banks (Wedel 1959: p.
85).
Our field survey encountered no features that fitted the term "stone heaps".
Plant Site The archaeological field survey of the plant site and cooling lake area did record 17 previously unrecorded archaeological sites (fig.
1).
Each is described below in detail including the results of test excavations, significance, project impact, and recommen-dation for mitigation of adverse effects.
Site 14CF501 Location:
Section 7, T21S-RI6E
==
Description:==
Surface scatter of stone chips, tools, limestone and sandstone chunks, some fire-altered, in an area about 50 meters in diameter; some historic debris.
Artifacts include the tip of a large point or blade and the base and lower blade of a large point resembling a Steuben type.
Testing:
A test 1 x 2 meters with an extension about 40 centi-meters by 1.5 meters wide on the north end (fig. 2) was dug to a depth of 30 centimeters below ground surface.
Three small postmolds and several concentrations of fire-reddened limestone were uncovered 6 centimeters below the base of the plowzone.
Cultural Affiliation:
Possibly Archaic (about 3000-200 B.C.) or Plains Woodland (about 200 B.C.-A.D.1000).
Condition:
Site is located in a cultivated field and has been damaged to an unknown extent by plowing.
The depth of sub-surface features located by the test indicates that the chances of locating further sub-surface features undisturbed by plowing are good.
Project Impact:
Site will be totally inundated by the proposed cooling lake.
7 Recommendation:
This site should be -fu-l-y excavated because of its apparent well preserved state and the information it could yield concerning a little known period in Kansas prehistory.
Complete excavation by hand labor would prob-ably cost around $6000.
8
!rý
SUMMARY
AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Prehistory Archaeological investigations in the approximately 10 square mile area along Wolf Creek, where a proposed power plant and cooling lake are planned, revealed 17 separate prehistoric sites (table 1).
All but two appear to reflect single occupations for rela-tively brief periods.
Two sites, 14CF502 and 14CF511, may have been occupied by more than one prehistoric group at different times.
The seventeen sites appear to represent prehistoric cultures of the middle to late Archaic (Sites 14CF501 and 14CF509),
Plains Woodland (Sites 14CF501, 14CF511, and 14CF517),
and the Pomona Focus (Sites 14CF502,
- 14CF506, 14CF508, 14CF511, and 14CF514).
We were unable to assess the cultural affiliations of nine sites, but there is little likelihood these sites represent additional cultural units.
Postmolds were encountered at three sites (14CF501, 14CF506, and 14CF511) suggesting the presence of structures.
Daub at Sites 14CF508 and 14CF511 strengthens the likelihood that houses will be found there.
Compared to similar areas in eastern Kansas, the archaeological remains along Wolf Creek are not very impressive.
Site 14CF511 is clearly the most significant site because of its promise of data on Pomona,settlements.
Sites 14CF506,
- 14CF508, and 14CF514 should yield very useful data on the Pomona occupation along Wolf
- Creek, and Site 14CF501 promises rare information (possibly a house plan) on one of the pre-Pomona occupations.
None of the remaining sites appear to be particularly significant from our investigations.
None of these sites would seem significant enough to warrant nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.
General Project Impact The proposed cooling lake at the power plant site will completely inundate 16 of the 17 sites.
These will most likely be destroyed through construction or severly damaged by water action within the future lake.
Site 14CF505 lies adjacent to the south side of the major dam and could be protected from damage by appropriate precautions taken during dam construction.
Unless the stream channel south of the lake is remodeled, this site can be preserved.
When plans for the water intake lines, the railroad spur, and the transmission lines become solidified, additional archaeological resources will undoubtedly be endangered.
However, appropriate measures to mitigate any expected adverse effects are outlined below.
25
Table 1
SUMMARY
OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Site l4CF50l' 14CF502*
14CF503~
l'+CF5O'4 14CF505) 1'4CFS 06 14CF5'07 14CF508 14CF509 1'4CF510 1'4CF511 14CF512 14CF513 1L4CF514 14CF515 14CF516 1'4CF517 Cultural Affiliation Archaic or Plains Woodland Pomona Pomona Pomona Archaic Plains Woodland Pomona Pomona Plains Woodland?
Known Features 3 postmolds rock concs.
none none none none 3 postmolds none daub none none 1 postmold daub none none none none none none Recommendation Complete excavation Extensive testing Surface collected Surface collected Preserved Complete excavation Extensive testing Extensive testing Extensive testing Extensive testing Extensive excavation Extensive testing Surface collected Extensive testing Extensive testing Extensive testing Extensive testing
$6000
$1000
$3000
$1000
$1000
$800
$1000
$15,000 -
$1000
$200
$2000-6000
$600
$800
$1000
$34,400 Est.
Salvage Cost
V al Recommendations pýecifi recommendations for each known archaeological resource
,have been included in the individual site descriptions.
These may be. summarized and included with additional recommendations as follows:
A) Site 14CF505 lies just outside the project proper and efforts should be taken to preserve it.
No funds would be required.
B) All 16 sites to be inundated by the proposed cooling lake should be investigated further archaeologically to salvage a maxi-mum amount of information from them.
Three should be completely excavated, eleven should be tested extensively, and two need only be periodically re-examined for new surface finds.
This total program, as outlined below, could probably be adequately accom-plished for approximately $35,000.
C) Additional field survey should be conducted on the land over which the John Redmond water intake lines and the railroad spur are to be constructed.
It will be necessary to know the amount of work required before a co'st can be estimated, but per-haps this work could be included in the total archaeological salvage project at a minimal cost.
D) Since it is wasteful to field survey some 140 miles, or possibly more, of transmission line corridors when only the actual structures may threaten archaeological resources, we would strongly recommend that final selection of structure locations include advice from a professional archaeologist consultant.
Close coordination between the engineers and the archaeologist can involve field checks for each planned structure location so as to avoid damaging any archaeological resources and obviate the need for archaeological site salvage.
Such a program has been employed very successfully by Tucson Electric Power and Gas Company in an area very rich in archaeological sites.
Costs would depend upon the amount of actual field checking required, but should be well.
below any alternative approach.
E) Ample time should be budgeted during planning for all kinds of archaeological work, because of the usually obscure na-ture of archaeological resources, and painstaking efforts required to investigate them properly, and the scarcity of qualified pro-fessional archaeologists. Archaeological resources are non-renew-able and rapidly disappearing under modern construction. Restric-ted time for archaeological projects can only hamper their quality.
Proposed Research Design To accomplish the archaeological goals prescribed by the fore-going recommendations, we propose the following research design.
27
AIO
I B 3467 ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CFBA#3,.
KDOT PROJECT K-7389-01, COFFEY COUNTY, KANSAS Report submitted to the Kansas Department of Transportation in accordance with the provisions of the Cooperative Agreement for Highway Archeological Salvage Program by Randall M. Thies Archeology Office, Cultural Resources Division Kansas State Historical Society 27 October 2004
ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CFBA#3, KDOT PROJECT K-7389, COFFEY COUNTY, KANSAS by Randall M. Thies Archeology Office, Cultural Resources Division Kansas State Historical Society 27 October 2004 INTRODUCTION In accordance with the goals and procedures of the Cooperative Agreement for Highway Archeological Salvage Program and as requested by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT), the Kansas State Historical Society (KSHS, or "the Society") recently completed a Phase 1I archeological field survey investigation of a contractor-furnished borrow/waste area (CFBA#3) associated with KDOT road project number 75-16 K-7389-01. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether any significant archeological resources would be affected by the proposed borrow development. More specifically, the investigation was conducted to ensure compliance with various laws governing the treatment of cultural resources, particularly Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and its implementing regulation, 36 CFR 800.
As required by the terms of the Cooperative Agreement, a Phase II survey must result in a report submitted to KDOT and the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHIPO) wherein the investigation is described and recommendations are made for clearance or for further work to be done. This report was prepared to comply with that requirement. In accordance with the SHIPO's request that site locational data be left out of the text of reports such as these, and to enable the easy removal of such data from copies of reports so as to guarantee confidentiality, all of the maps and figures pertaining to this investigation are contained within Appendix I.
The Phase II investigation was initiated by earlier correspondence between the Society and KDOT relating to the potential impact of the project on cultural resources. A Phase I investigation (archival research) was requested by KDOT on 6 October 2004. After reviewing the available documentation and consulting with the SHPO, the Society submitted a Phase I report dated 7 October 2004 recommending that a Phase II field survey investigation be performed. Based on comments by the SHPO, the primary purpose of the investigation Was to search for evidence of buried archeological remains that might be affected by theproject, with this work to be done by using a backhoe to excavate a trench to the depth of the proposed borrow area. The recommended fieldwork was thereby carried out on 26 October 2004 by the author of this report, Society staff archeologist Randall M. Thies.
As planned, the project will involve the creation of a borrow/waste area in Coffey County, Kansas (Figures 1 and 2). The borrow area will be used for the excavation of dirt to be used as fill in highway construction, with the excavation proceeding to a depth of approximately 15 ft (5 m) below the surface. The borrow area will then be filled with waste (broken concrete, I
etc.) deriving from deconstruction of the old highway, and finally, the waste material will be covered over with topsoil.
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING In physiographic terms, the project area is located within the Osage Cuestas division of the Osage Plains section of the Central Lowland province of the Interior.Plains division of North America (Schoewe 1949:283-286). The bedrock of the region consists of interbedded limestone, shale, and sandstone formations of Pennsylvanian age. Exposure and differential erosion of the unequally resistant, westward sloping strata at the ground surface has created a series of low parallel ridges. These "cuestas" have steep, rugged, east facing escarpments that front on broad, gently inclined, westward sloping vales. Thus, the topography consists of long, low rolling hills and wide, shallow valleys. In general, the escarpments exhibit an irregular northeast-southwest trend. The major stream courses, however, flow to the east and southeast, transverse to the direction of the escarpments and against the westward dip of the rock formations.
The prehistoric vegetation of the Osage Cuestas was open prairie penetrated by thin ribbons of riverine forest. Kuchler (1974) lists the Cuestas as part of the tall grass bluestem prairies, described more specifically as an area with extensive interspersion of forest and prairie. Soil survey data and early historical accounts indicate that the wooded areas were confined to the floodplains and valley edges of the major stream courses and their tributaries.
The timber consisted of medium tall to tall broadleaf deciduous forests, often with dense undergrowth and many lianas. Oak, black walnut, hickory, hackberry, cottonwood, willow, and elm were common along with a variety of smaller species such as persimmon, papaw, elderberry, serviceberry, chokecherry, and wild grape. Forestation was apparently not pervasive even in bottomland locations, however, since many of the common stream course soils have characteristics indicating that they developed under a native vegetation of both tall grasses and hardwood trees. In any case the forest belts and nearby prairies of the Osage Plains provided shelter and food for plentiful mammalian fauna, including bison, elk, deer, antelope, and bear, while the streams yielded an abundance of edible fish and shellfish. Wild turkey, prairie chicken, ruffed grouse, and quail were also available, and ducks and geese were present on a seasonal basis (Wedel 1959:14).
The natural ecology of the region has been greatly altered by modem land-use practices.
Today, most of the lands within this part of the state are used for agricultural purposes, primarily the pasturing of cattle and the cultivation of crops such as wheat, corn, milo, and soybeans.
Within the project area itself, cultivated ground was present on the surface of an alluvial terrace.
Prior to the survey, all of the vegetation and approximately four inches (10 cm) of the plowzone had been removed from the area and stockpiled elsewhere. Ground visibility was therefore optimal, around 100%. In addition, the ground visibility was enhanced by several strong rains that had occurred within a few days before the survey took place.
With regard to the local landscape, it was also of interest to learn from the on-site KDOT official that the lowerlying area to the south of the proposed borrow area is an artificial manmade landscape, the bottom of an old borrow area that was created in the 1950s. In other words, the 2
terrace on which CFBA#3 is located once extended further to the south, possibly up to the edge of the river.
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL SETTING Archeologically, research in this region of Kansas has yielded evidence of prehistoric human occupation dating from around 11,000 years ago and extending up to the modem era, and certainly has the potential for yielding more such evidence. Sites in the region usually represent habitation areas or small workshops and more rarely occur as villages or burials. While the full extent of the area's archeological resources has yet to be determined, it is clear that the region contains materials deriving from all of the major cultural periods thus far identified in Kansas, i.e.,
Paleoindian circa 9,000 B.C. to 7,000 B.C.
Archaic circa 7,000 B.C. to A.D. 1 Early Ceramic circa A.D. 1 to A.D. 1000 Middle Ceramic circa A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1500 Late Ceramic circa A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1800 Historic A.D. 1541 to present The list consists of broad and somewhat artificial categories, and there is some temporal overlap between periods. As might be expected, more is known about the most recent inhabitants than is known about the earliest (Lees 1989; Brown and Simmons 1987; Thies 1987; Wedel 1959).
With regard to the project that is the subject of this report, documentation consulted during the Phase I investigation indicated that no archeological sites had been reported in or near the project area. The topographic setting, however, suggested that there was some potential for prehistoric sites to be present. Since the project area had never been professionally inspected for archeological remains, a Phase II field survey was recommended.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The Phase II investigation consisted of a field inspection of the project area, including an intensive pedestrian survey of the proposed borrow area, followed by the excavation and inspection of three backhoe trenches.
The proposed borrow area was systematically surveyed by a series of pedestrian transects spaced 15 meters apart and oriented in a northwest-southeast direction. The amount of land covered in this survey amounted to approximately 6.0 acres (see Figure 3). As described in the Environmental Setting section of this report, ground visibility was excellent, around 100%.
After completion of the pedestrian survey, three backhoe trenches were excavated to depths ranging from 15-18 ft (5-6 m) below surface, which was the depth expected for the proposed borrow area. The trenches were oriented in an east-west direction and were evenly spaced along the edge of the borrow area that was closest to the river (see Figure 4). The walls of 3
the trenches were then examined with the use of a trowel in an attempt to determine the presence or absence of buried archeological remains.
SURVEY FINDINGS No archeological remains of any kind were found during the investigation. The soil exposed in the backhoe trenches consisted of stata typical of alluvial terraces in this area of the state, with a truncated plowzone at the top and a dark A horizon extending to approximately 50 cm below surface, overlying a series of clayey strata underlain by sand at approximately 16 ft below surface.
SURVEY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Despite the intensity of the survey and the presumed potential of the area to contain cultural remains, no significant cultural resources were found within the project area. In terms of 36 CFR 800.4, the investigation produced a finding of"no historic properties affected." We therefore recommend that the project proceed as planned, with no additional investigations unless archeological discoveries are made during the course of the project.
It is always possible, of course, due to the nature of archeological manifestations, that buried cultural deposits could be encountered. If that occurs, the remains should be left in place and the State Archeologist contacted immediately so that appropriate mitigative actions can be carried out as soon as possible.
Randall M. Thies Archeology Office, Cultural Resources Division Kansas State Historical Society 27 October 2004 4
REFERENCES CITED Brown, Kenneth L. and Alan H. Simmons, editors 1987 Kansas prehistoric archeological preservation plan. Unpublished report prepared for the Historic Preservation Department, Kansas State Historical Society, by the Office of Archeological Research, Museum of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence. Ms. on file, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Kuchler, A. W.
1974 A new vegetation map of Kansas. Ecolo.v 55(3):586-604.
Lees, William B.
1989 Kansas preservation plan, section on Historical Archeology. Unpublished report prepared for the Historic Preservation Department, Kansas State Historical Society, by the Archeology Department, Kansas State Historical Society. Ms. on file, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.
Schoewe, W. E.
1949 The geography of Kansas, part II, physical geography. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 52(3): 261-333.
Thies, Randall M.
1987 Kansas Culture History. In Amateur Archeological handbook for Kansas, Kansas Anthropological Association Journal 7(1-9):35-51.
Wedel, Waldo R.
1959 An introduction to Kansas archeology. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 174.
5
APPENDIX I.
6
OAa OSAGE" LnJ W1 Ln I 50 F~Lebo COUNT M
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3q 3
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=
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9.72 C
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%D T 22 S T 23 S 1139 r
en LJ ten miles FIGURE 1. Section of Coffey County highway map, showing the location of CFBA#3 (KDOT road project K-7389-01), as indicated by circle and arrow.
7
4235 4234 4233 0
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N one mile FIGURE 2. Section of U.S.G.S. topographic map (Burlington quadrangle), showing the location and general extent of the proposed borrow area, as indicated by hatching and arrow.
8
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one mile_
FIGURE 3. Section of U.S.G.S. topographic map (Burlington quadrangle), showing the location and general extent of the areas subjected to pedestrian inspection during the Phase H survey, as indicated by hatching and arrow.
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FIGURE 4. Hand-drawn map showing the approximate location (indicated by black dots) of the three backhoe trenches excavated within the bounds of the proposed borrow area.
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