ML20042E716

Annual Environ Operating Rept 1989.

ML20042E716
Person / Time
Site:	Davis Besse
Issue date:	12/31/1989
From:	TOLEDO EDISON CO.
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ML20042E710	List: ML20042E709 ML20042E716
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NUDOCS 9005010242
Download: ML20042E716 (365)

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• 4

ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL

OPERATING: REPORT DAVIS - BEssE NUCLEAR POWER STATION-- I January 1,1989 to December 31,1989

t. '

Prepared by:

The Environmental Compliance Unit Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio April 1990

i

-- 'l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station' 1989 ~ Annual Environmental Operating Report =  ;!

i i

l Table ofContents

~

4

-i Title Page List of Tables vill-  :

List of Figures x i l

Summary xiv . j introduction 1-1 -i e Fundamentals .1-1 The Atom 1-1~

Isotopes 1-2:

• Radiation and Radioactivity 1 !

Radionuclides 1-2

Radiation 1-3 l Radioactive Decay 1-4 i

Half-Life 1-4 -

e Interaction with Matter ~1-4 Ionization- 1-4 Range and Shielding _1-5 ,

, o Quantities and Units of Measurement 1-7 i Activity: Curie 1-7 Exposure: Roentgen- 1-8 Absorbed Dose: Rad 1-8 Dose Equivalent: Rem 1-9 e Sources of Radiation 1-9

' Background Radiation 1-9

{ i L-1

-.2._____...- _ . _ . . . . -

Da'vis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ' 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report  ;

~

Table of Contents (continued) f i

i Title Page-e' Tritium 1-38 f e Processing and Monitoring 1-38 ,

o Exposure Pathways 1-39 l e Dose Assessment ,1-41 ,

e -Results 1-41 ,

References 1-45 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program 21 e Introduction : 2-1 e Preoperational Surveillance Program 2-2 ,

e Operational Surveillance Program Objectives 2-3 e Quality Assurance- 2-3 e Program Description 2-5 Overview 2-5  ;

Sample Types 2-7 Atmospheric Monitoring 2 Air Samples 2-7 i Snow Samples '2 Terrestrial Monitoring ~2-8 i Milk Samples - 2-8:

Groundwater Samples . 2-9 Broad Leaf Vegetation and 2 -

Fruit Samples Animal / Wildlife Feed Samples 2-10 L

Soil Samples 2-10 Wild and Domestic Meat Samples 2 Aquatic Monitoring 2-11 Surface Water Samples _ 2-12 Fish Samples 2-12 Shoreline Sediment Samples 2-13 Direct Radiation Monitoring ' 2-13 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Samples 2-13  ;

111

_- = . _ . _ _ _ _ -

e i

i Annual Env'ronmental Operating Report - '1989 Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station .,

Table of Contents (continued)--  ;

. Title Page '

Sampling Locations 2-14 ,  ;

Sample Analysis 2 e Sample History Comparison 2-30 i Atmospheric 2-32 .-- l Terrestrial 2 33  ;

Aquatic 34 .-

Direct Radiation 2 i 1989 Sampling Program 2 35 e 1989 Program Deviations' 2-37 $ '

e Atmospheric Monitoring 2-41 Airborne Particulates 2-41 Airborne Iodine-131 2 Snow 2-431 ,

e TerrestrialMonitoring 2-45 .

Groundwater 2  !

Milk 2-45 Meat 2-47 .

Broad Leaf Vegetation and Fruit 2-48 Animal / Wildlife Feed- 2-49 l Soil 2-50 e Aquatic Monitoring 2 Treated Surface Water 51 -

Untreated Surface Water 2-52 Fish 2-54 Shoreline Sediments -- 2 !'

o Direct Radiation Monitoring 2-56 -

Thermoluminescent Dosimeters

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2-56 Quality Contro1TLDs - 2-57 NRC TLD Monitoring 2-59 l' L e' Conclusion 2-60

s <

l References 2-61  ;

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IV J---

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Davls-Beste Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report j i

Table ofContents i i

Title . :-

Page t

List of Tables vili

• List of Figures x  !

Summary xiv introduction 11 e Fundamentals 1-1 The Atom 1-1 Isotopes 12  ;

e Radiation and Radioactivity 1-2  :

Radionuclides 1-2 >

Radiation 1 L Radioactive Decay 1-4 11alf Life 1-4 l e Interaction with Matter 14 "

loniitation. .. ..

1-4 Range and Shielding 15 i e Quantities and Units of Measurement 1-7  ;

Activity: Curie 17 i

Exposure: Roentgen 1-8 Absorbed Dose: Rad 1-8 Dose Equivalent: Rem 1-9 ,

e Sources of Radiation 1-9  :

Background Radiation 19 ,

I

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table of Contents (continued) 7 Title Page e Sources of Radiation (continued)

Man-Made Radiation 1 13 e Health Effcets of Radiation 1-14 ,

Studies 1-14 IIcalth Risks 1-14 e Benefits of Nuclear Power 1 17  !

e Where Does Electricity Come From? 1 18 The Use of Steam to Produce Electricity 1-19  ;

e Nuclear Power Production 1 20  ;

What is Fission? 1 20 1 Nuclear Fuel 1-21 The Reactor Core 1 22 3 Fission Control 1 22  ;

Reactor Types 1-23 e Station Systems 1-24 Containment Pflding and Fission Product 1 26 Release Barriers The Steam Generators 1-27 The Turbine Generator 1 27  ;

The Condenser 1-28 The CoolingTower 1 28  !

Miscellaneous Safety Systems 1-29'  :

e Reactor Safety Summary 1 30 l

Description of the Davis Besse Site 1 32 The 1989 Radioactive Liquid and Gaseous Emuents Summary 1 35 o Protection Standards 1-35 e Limits 1-35 o Sources 1 36 e Noble Gas 1-37 .!

e Iodine and Particulates 1-37 t

E i

11 .

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table of Contents (continued) {

Title Page  !

e Tritium 1-3P, o Processing and Monitorir;g 1-38 e Exposure Pathways 1 39 e Dose Assessment 1-41 o Results 1-41 References 1-45 Radiolo;;lcal Environmental Monitoring Program 21 [

o introduction 2-1 o PreoperationalSurveillance Program 2-2 e Operational Surveillance Program Objectives .2-3 e Quality Assurance 2-3 e Program Description 2-5 i Overview 25 -

Sample Types 2-7 Atmospheric hionitoring 2 7.

Air Samples 2-7 Snow Samples .

2-7. .

Terrestrial Monitoring 2-8 Milk Samples 2-8 Groundwater Samples 2-9 ,

Broad Leaf Vegetation and 2-9  :

Fruit Samples Animal / Wildlife Feed Samples 2-10 ,

Soil Samples 2-10 Wild and Domestic Meat Samples 2 10:

Aquatic Monitoring 2 11 Surface Water Samples 2-12 ,

Fish Samples 2-12 Shoreline Sedimelit Samples 2-13 '

Direct Radiation Monitoring 2-13 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Samples 2-13 .

111

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Table of Contents (continued)

Tile Page Sampling locations 2-14 Sample Analysis 2 29 e Sample History Comparison 2 30 Atmospheric 2 32 Terrestrial 2-33 Aquatic 2-34 Direct Radiation 2 34 1989 Sampling Program 2 35 e 1989 Program Deviations 2-37 e Atmospheric hionitoring 2-41 Airborne Particulates 2-41 Airborne lodine-131 2-42 Snow 2-43 e Terrestrialhionitoring 2 ,

Groundwater 2-45 hiilk 2-45 Meat 2-47 Broad Leaf Vegetation and Fruit 2-48 Animal / Wildlife Feed 2-49 Soil 2-50 x e Aquatic Monitoring 2-51 Treated Surface Water 2-51 Untreated Surface Water 2-52 Fish 2 54 Shoreline Sediments 2-56 e Direct Radiation Monitoring 2-56 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 2-56 Ouality ControlTLDs 2-57 NRC TLD Monitoring 2-59 e Conclusion 2-60

_, References 2 61

)

IV L_. .

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table of Contents (continued) i Title Page l

Land use Census 31 e Program Design 3-1 i e Methodology 32 o Results 3-2 ,

Meteorological Monitoring 41  !

e introduction 4-1 e Onsite Meteorological Monitoring 42 System Description 42 MeteorologicalInstrumentation 42 Meteorological System Maintenance and Calibration 4-5  ;

Meteorological Data Handling and Reduction 4-5 Meteorological Data Recovery 4-5 'o e Meteorological Data Summaries 46 _

Wind Speed and Wind Direction 47  ;

I Ambient Temperature 47 Dew Point Temperature 47 i Precipitation 47'  !

I Atmospheric Stability 4-11 e Local Wind Patterns 4 11 Environmental Evaluations 51 51 e Program Description e Environmental Evaluation for the 5-3  :

Training Center Pond Platform Marsh Management 61 e Navarre Marsh 61 e Special Projects in 1989 6-6 e Vegetation Cover Mapping 6-8 -

References 6 15

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h Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Table of Contents (continued)

Title Page Water Treatment 71 o Water Treatment Plant Operation 7-1 Description 7-1 Clarifier Operation 7-2 Blofouling 7-2 e WastewaterTreatment Plant Operation 7-3 Summary of 1989 Watewater Treatment 7-6 Plant Operations National Pollutant Discharge Elimination 7-6 System (NPDES) Reporting e 1989 NPDES Summary 7-7 Outfall 001 7-7 Outfall 002 7-8 Outfall 003 7-8 Outfall 601 7-8 Outfall 602 7-8 Sampling Point 801 7-8 Chemical Waste Management Program 81 e Regulations Governing Chemical Materials 8-1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 8-1 llazardous and Solid Waste Amendment (HWSA) 8-2 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 8-2 Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization

' Act (SARA) 8-3 Tcxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 8-3 Transportation Safety Act _

8-3 e Compliance with Chemical Materials Regulations _ 83 Compliance with RCRA and HWSA 8-3 Weekly Inspections of Chemical 8-4 Waste Storage Accumulation Areas Identification of Unknown Chemicals 8-5 l

VI

i Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table of Contents (continued)

Title Page  :

Written Inspection Reports 8 i Waste Minimization 85 Compliance with CERCLA and SARA 85 ,

Compliance with TSCA 8-6 Compliance with the Transportation Safety Act 8-7  !

Audits and Inspections 8-8 .

o Other Programs 8-9 Underground Storage Tanks 89 .

Burn Permits 8-9 Spill Control Kits 8 10 Testing of Waste Oil 8-10 Waste Inventory Forms 8 10  ;

Chemical Approval 8-10 i Appendices l~ e Appendix A: Glossary A-1 e Appendix B: Interlaboratory Comparison Program B1 l e Appendix C: Data Reporting Conventions C-1 e Appendix D: Maximum Permissible Concentrations of D-1  !

l Radioactisity in Air and Water Above Natural Background i in Unrestricted Areas ,

e Appendix E: REMP Sampling Summary E-1 l .

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station ListofTables Table No. Page No. Title 11 13 Isotopes of Uranium 12 1 16 Risk Factors 13 1 36 Dose Limits to a Member of the Public 1-4 1 42 1989 Offsite Doses to the Public due to Radioactivity Released in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents 2-1 2-6 Sample Codes and Collection Frequencies

• 22 2 19 Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each .

2-3 2-31 Radiochemical Analyses Performed on REh1P Samples 2-4 2-36 Sample Collection Summary 25 2-43 Average Concentration of Beta Emitting Radionuclides in Airborne Particulate Samples 26 2-59 Comparison of Routine and Quality controlTLDs 31 35 Closest Exposure Pathways Present 1989 32 3-8 Pathway Locations and Corresponding Atmospheric Dispersion (X/0) and Deposition Parameters (D/0) 41 4 15 Summary of Meteorological Data Recovery for DBNPS,1989 vill

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report List of Tables (continaed) l Table No. Page No. Title 42 4 16 Summary of Meteorohgical Data Measured at DBNPS,1989 43 4 18 Classification of Meteorological Data and Pasquill Stability-44 4 19 Monthly and Annual Stability Class Frequency Distributions Based on Delta T (100m 10m),1989 +

45 4 20 Monthly and Annual Stability Class Frequency Distributions Based on Delta T (75m 10m),1989  ;

4 4 21 DBNPS Stability Classes by liour of Day i for 1989, Based on 100m 10m Delta T 47 4 22 DBNPS Stability Classes by 11our of Day '  ;

for 1989, Based on 75m.10m Delta T i

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1

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UstofFigums l i

Figure No. Page No. Title P

11 12 '

The Atom 12 15 Half life Diagram of Cobalt-60 j 13 16 Range and Shielding of Radiation 14 17 The Curie, a Measure of Activity l

15 1 10 Sources of Radiation  :

16 1 17 Comparison of Nuclear with Other Energy Sources '

1980 and1989 17 1 19 Electrical Generation 18 1 20 Fission Diagram 1

19 1 22 Fuel Rod, Fuel Assembly and Reactor Vessel  !

1 10 1 25 Schematic of the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station -  :

1 11 1 26 Fission Product Release Barricts 1 12 1 32 Map of Asca Surrounding Davis Besse l 1 13 1 40 External Exposure Pathn)s l

l 1 14 1 40 Internal Exposure Pathways  ;

l '

I 1 15 1-43 Comparison of 1989 Gaseous Releases with NRC L.imits

)

1 16 1 44 Comparison of 1989 Liquid Releases with NRC Limits i

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Sta'.lon 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report List of Figures (continued)

Figure No. Page No. Title 21 2 11 Fish Sampling 22 2 15 Sampling Locations on the Davis Besse Site

• 23 2 16 Sampling Locations witinn a Five Mile Radius  :

2-4 2 17 Sampling locations within a Ten Mile Radius 25 2 18 Sampling locations within Lake Erie ,

i 2-6 2 37 increases in REMP Sample Sites Since 1986 27 2 38 REMP Samples Collected and Analyses Performed since 1987 2-8 2 42 Air Samples: Oross Beta j 29 2-44 Snow Samples: Indicator vs Control Locations 2 10 2-16 Milk Samples: Concentration of St 90 1 2 11 2-50 Soil Samples: Concentration of Cs 137 2 12 2 52 Treated Sv.rface Water Samples: Gross Beta 2 13 2 53 Untreated Surface Water Samples: Gross Beta 2 14 2 55 Fish Samples: Gross Beta, Indicator vs Controllocations 2 15 2 58 TLD Samples: Indicalor vs Contr011 ocations 2 16 2 58 TLD Samples: Comparison of Doses Measured Since 1987 31 3-4 Land Use Census Map  :

41 43 Color Satellite Image of the Globe 42 43 Color Satellite Image of North America during Ilurricane llugo ,

xi  !

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Poveer Station List of Figures (continued)

Figure No. Page No. Title 43 4-4 Transmission of Meteorological Data from Met Towers 4-4 48 100 Meter Wind Rose 45 49 75 Meter Wind Rose 1 46 4 10 10 Meter Wind Rose 47 4 13 Local Wind Patterns Over Lake Erie:

Lake Breeze Effect 48 4 13 LocalWind Patterns Over Lake Erie:

Land Breeze Effect 51 52 Whistling Swan 61 6-2 Use of Dike to Retain Water 6-2 6-2 Use of Revelment to Encourage Beach Formation 6-3 6-4 Water 1 evels and Corresponding Plant Communities .

in the Navarre Marsh l 6-4 6-5 Beach Formed at the Base of l Revetment Over the Last Two Years 1

6-5 68 Wood Duck Box and Baited Platform i

6-6 6-11 Marsh Vegetation Map (1955) -

67 6-12 Marsh Vegetation Map (1960)  ;

6-8 6-13 Marsh Vegetation Map (1977) 6-9 6-14 Marsh Vegetation Map (1988) 71 73 Zebra Mussel I

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i

List of Figures (continued)-

Figure No. Page No. Title 72 74 Floor Plan of the Wastewater Treatment Plant 73 75 Laboratory Analyses Performed Daily at Wastewater  !

Treatment Plant .

81 8-4 Inspection of the Chemical Waste Storage Arca 82 87 Visual Inspection of PCB Transformer P

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Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Summary The Annual Environmental Operating Report is a detailed report on the environ-mental monitoring programs conducted at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Sta-tion from January 1 through December 31,1989. Reports on the Radiological Environmental Monitoring, Meteorological Monitoring, Environmental Evalua-tion, Marsh Management, Water Treatment, and Chemical Waste Management programs are included.

Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program The operation of a nuclear power station results in the release of small amounts of radioactivity to the surrounding emironment. However, the releases must comply with stringent regulations imposed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commis-sion (NRC). A Radiological Em*ironmental Monitoring Program (REMP) has

, been established to monitor the radiological conditions in the emironment around Davis-Besse. This program includes the sampling and analysis of environ-mental samples, and the evaluation of the effects of releases of radioactivity on the environment.

Radiation and radioactivity are monitored around Davis-Besse within a 25 mile radius. The emironment around Davis-Besse has been monitored for radiation and radioactivity for approximately 18 years. A Rediological Environmental Monitoring Program was established at Davis-Besse about five years before the Station became operational. This program provided data on background radia-tion aneadioactivity which is normally present in the area. Davis Besse has con-tinued to monitor the environment by sampling air, groundwater, milk, edible meat, fruits and vegetables, animal feed, soil, drinking water, surface water, fish, and shoreline sediments, as well as by measuring radiation directly.

Samples are collected from both indicator and control locations. Indicator loca-tions are within approximately 5 miles of the site, and are expected to show any increases or buildup of radioactivity that might occur due to the operation of Davis Besse. Control locations are farther away from the Station, and are xiv i

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, l Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l i

expected to indicate the presence of only naturally occurring radioactivity. The results obtained from the samples collected from indicator locations are com-pared with the results from those collected from controllocations and with the l concentrations present in the environment before Davis Besse became opera-  ;

tional. This allows for the assessment of any impact the operation of Davis- -

Besse might have had on the surrounding environment.  !

In 1989, over 2700 radiological environmental samples were collected, and over 3000 analyses for radioactivity were performed. Radionuclide concentrations measured at indicator locations were compared with concentrations measured at  ;

control locations, as well as those measured in previous studies.  :

The results of the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program indicate the  !

adequacy of the control of the release of radioactivity in effluents at Davis Besse.

These results also indicate that Davis-Besse complies with all applicable federal t regulations. These results are divided into four sections: atmospheric monitor-ing, terrestrial monitoring, aquatic monitoring and direct radiation monitoring.

2 o Samples of air and snow are collected to monitor the atmosphere. The  ;

1989 results are similar to those observed in preoperational and previous  !

operational programs. Only background radioactivity normally present #

in the environment was detected, and only at normal concentrations, e Terrestrial monitoring includes analysis of milk, groundwater, meat,  :

fruits, vegetables, animal feed and soil samples. The results of the l sample analyses compare favorably with those of previous years. For example cesium 137 radioactivity in soil was at an average concentration .!

of 0.61 picoeuries per gram dry weight (pCilg) in 1989, which is at the low  !

end of the range of 0.014 to 3.44 pCi/g dry' :eight observed over the past  ;

12 years of Station operation. The results of the analyses of the other  ;

terrestrial samples also indicate concentrations of radioactivity similar to

previous years, and indicate no buildup of radioactivity attributable to the operation of Davis Besse.

• Aquatic monitoring includes the collection and analysis of drinking water, untreated surface water, fish, and shoreline sediments. The 1989  ;

results of these analyses indicate normal background concentrations of '

radionuclides, and show no increase or buildup in radioactivity due to the operation of Davis-Besse.  ;

e Direct radiation measurements averaged 15.6 mrem /91 days at indicator i locations and 16.6 mrem /91 days at control locations, showing that, in 1989, radiation in the area of Davis-Besse was similiar to radiation at -  !

locations greater than 5 miles away from the Station.

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station {

l The 1989 operation of Davis Besse caused no measurable increase in the con-centrutions of radionuclides in the em*ironment and no significant change in the ,

quality of the environment. All radioactivity released in the Station's effluents was well below the applicable federal regulatory limits. The estimated radiation dose to the general public due to the operation of Davis-Besse in 1989 was also '

well below all applicable regulatory limits.

In order to estimate this radiation dose, the pathways through which public ex-posure can occur must be known.To identify these exposure pathways, an An-nual Land Use Census is performed as part of the REMP. During the census, Davis Besse personnel travel every public road within a five mile radius of the Station vent to locate the radiological exposure pathways, One pathway of par-ticular concern is the pathway that, for a specific radionuclide, provides the greatest dose to a sector of the population, and is called the critical pathway. In 1989, the critical pathway changed from the child / vegetation pathway at 980  ;

meters in the W sector to the infant / goat pathway at 3467 meters in the SSE sec-tor. The vegetable garden 980 meters W of the Station vent which was identified by the 1988 Land Use Census remained unchanged in 1989. However, certain radionuclides are concentrated more in milk goats than in vegetation and higher dose factors are associated with the infant / goat pathway than with the child / vegetation pathway. Thus, the critical pathway was changed because a pre-viously unrecorded milk goat was identified in 1989 at 3467 meters SSE of the Station vent. [

Meteorological Monitoring The Meteorolog!al Monitoring Program at Davis Besse is part of a program for evaluating the effects of the routine operation of Davis-Besse on the surrounding l

environment. Meteorological monitoring began in October 1968. Meteorologi-cal instruments measure continuously and are monitored daily by meteorological monitoring personnel. ,

Meteorological data recorded at Davis-Besse include wind speed, wind direction, sigma theta (standard deviation of wind direction), ambient (outside air) '

temperature, differential temperature (air temperature at one height minus air '

temperature at another height), dew point temperature (air temperature where moisture begins to condense out of air or 100% relative humidity) and precipita-  :

tion.

Two instrumented meteorological towers are used to collect data. Data recovery for 1989 was 90% or greater for all measured parameters. In 1989, the data i

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report ,

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recovery for the six instrument', required to be operational by the Davis Besse l Technical Specifications was greater than 90%

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, Environmental Evaluations l l

Environmental Evaluations provide the means to maintain and enhance the in-tegrity of Davis-Besse and the surrounding ecosystems. One Environmental Evaluation was performed in 1989;it reviewed the potential impact of filling a ,

l small portion of an on-site pond to support a platform for access to air con-ditioner condensers. As a result, an alternative plan was implemented, and the  ;

pond was not impacted. .

Marsh Management ,

Toledo Edison and the Cleveland Electric illuminating Company co-own the ,

Navarre Marsh which they lease to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, who .

manages it as part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. At Davis Besse, En- ,

vironmental Compliance personnel are responsible for inspecting the marsh and reporting on its status monthly.

Special projects conducted in 1989 include songbird and Canada goose banding. ,

as well as studies of yellow warblers, Canada geese and wood ducks. In 1989, over 7,000 individual birds were banded, representing over 100 species, in addi-tion, unwanted and disruptive plant species, such as purple loosestrife (Lyhmm ,

salicaria) and the giant reed (Phragmites australis), were controlled in order to i enhance the ability of the marsh to suppor t the resident wildlife.

Water Treatment l Davis Besse uses Lake Erie as a source of water for the water treatment facility. ,

The water is treated at the site to provide drinking water for site personnel and to produce high purity water for use in the Station's cooling systems. Notable ac-  ;

tivitics in 1989 included the replacement of the water treatment building sump discharge line, which directs sludge and backwash water to the settling basins on-site. l Wastewater generated by site personnel is treated onsite at the Davis-Besse  !

Wastewater Treatment facility. The wastewater is processed and then pumped  ;

to holding basins where further reduction in solid content takes place. Following many days in the basin, the wastewater is discharged, along with other Station t

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis 4 esse Nuclear Power Station  ;

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waste waters, back to lake Erie. For most of 1989, wastewater treatment plant  !

number 1 was out of service due to damage to an interior tank wall. A design to l f

correct the problem was prepared in late 1989 and the modifications should be completed in 1990. l Chemical Waste Management  :

The Chemical Waste Management Program at Davis Besse was developed to en-sure that the disposal of nonradioactive chemical, hazardous, and non hazardous i

wastes is performed in accordance with all applicable state and federal regula.

tions. Davis Besse uses the best available technology, such as incineration or l treatment to reduce toxicity, for disposing ofits chemical wastes in order to i protect human health and the environment.

In 1989, as a result of waste minimization efforts,56 gallons of hazardous waste j were recycled, in addition to this,410 gallons of unused products (including ,

some with expired shelf lives), were recovered for use elsewhere in the company  ;~

or were sold back to the manufacturer or to reclamation companies,in 1989, Davis Besse generated 9% less hazardous wastes (by volume) than in 1988. j Appendices .

Appendix A contains a Glossary of terms used throughout this report, it is not  !

i meant to be a comprehensive reference source for interpreting any documents other than this 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station.

Appendix B contains results from the interlaboratory Comparison Program re- l quired by Davis Besse Technical Specifications. Samples with known concentra- l' tions of radioisotopes are prepared by the Emironmental Protection Agency -

(EPA), and then sent (with information on sample type and date of collection only) to the laboratory contracted by the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station to  !

t analyze its REMP samples.The results are then checked by the EPA to ensure consistency with the known values.The results from both the contracted ,

l laboratory and the EPA are provided in Appendix B. {

Appendix C contains data reporting conventions used in the REMP at Davis-  !

Besse.The appendix provides an explanation of the format and computational methods used in reporting REMP data. Eformation on counting uncertainties, j

and computation of averages and standard deviations is also provided,

~

xylil

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report l Appendix D lists the maximum permissible concentrations of alpha and beta f emitting radioactivity and of certain radioisotopes in air and water samples, l I

These concentrations are taken directly from the Code of Federal Regulations, and provide comparison values for actual REMP sampling results for 1989. i Appendix E provides a REMP sampling summary for 1989.The appendix provides a listing of the following for each sample type:  :

e the number and types of analyses performed l

• the lower limit of detection for each analysis e the mean and range of results for control and indicator locations e the mean, range, and location description for the location with the highest annual mean e the number of non routine results ,

For detailed studies, Appendix E will provide more specific infortnation than .

that listed in Chapter 2 of this report. Additional, more specific information is~

submitted to the NRCin Attachment 1.This attachment is not distributed with the rest of the Annual Environmental Operating Report due to its large size and technical nature.The information presented in Appendices B through E were provided by Teledyne Isotopes Midwest laboratories in their Annual Report to Toledo Edison (Part 1, Feb.1990). ,

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i i

Introduction 1

?

e Coal, oil, natural gas, and hydropower have been used to run the nation's electric generating stations; however, each method has its drawbacks. Coal fired l power can affect the environment through mining, acid rain, and altborne dis- l charges. Oil and natural gas are in limited supply and are therefore costly, and j hydropower is limited due to the environmental impact of damming our water-  ;

ways and the scarcity of suitable sites in our country. j Nuclear energy provides an alternate source of energy which is readily available.

The operation of nuclear power stations has a very small impact on the environ- ,

ment. In fact, the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is surrounded by hundreds ,

of acres of marshland which make up part of the Ottawa National Wildlife '

Refuge, the only national refuge in the State of Ohio.

In order to more fully understund this unique source of energy, background infor- a mation on basic radiation characteristics, risk assessment, reactor operation, and effluer.t control,is provided in this chapter. i Fundamentals  :

i L The Atom All matter consists of atoms. Simply described, atoms are made up of positively  ;

and negatively charged panicles, and particles which are neutral. These particles  ;

are called protons, electrons, and neutrons, respectively (Figure 1-1). The rela-tively large protons and neutrons are packed tightly togeth

r in a cluster at the ,

center of the atom, called the nucles. Orbiting around this nucleus are one or  ;

more of the smaller electrons. In an electrically neutral atom, the negative -  !

charges of the electrons are balanced by the positive charges of the protons. Due  :

to their dissimilar charges, the protons and electrons have a strong attraction for each other, which helps to hold the atom together.  !

1-1 t

t Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report O Proton 8 Neutron

• Llettron M_\

/ .

\t n,.or utet orbYt Figure 1-1: An atom consists of two parts: a nucleus containing positive-ly charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons and one or more negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are nearly identical in size and weight, while each is about 2000 times heavier than an electron. _

Other attractive forces between the protons and neutrons keep the densely packed protons from repelling each other, preventing the nucleus from breaking apart.

Isotopes A group of identical atoms, containing the same number of protons, make up an element. In fact, the number of protons an atom contains determines its chemi-cal identity. For instance, all atoms with one proton are hydrogen atoms, and all atoms with eight protons are oxygen atoms. However, the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an element may vaty. Atoms with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons, are called isotopes. As an example, Table 14 1 lists some of the isotopes of uranium. Different isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties, and many are stable, or noaradioactive. A radioactive isotope of an element is called a radioisotope.

Radiation and Radioactivity Radionuctides The parts of an atom are normally in a balanced, or stable state. If the nucleus of an atom contains an excess of energy,it is called a radioisotope, radioactive atom 1-2

_ s

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i

or a radionuclide. The excess energy is usually due to an excess number of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.

Radionuclides can be naturally occurring, such as uranium-238, beryllium 7, and .

potassium-40, or man made, such as iodine 131, cesium-137, and cobalt-60. l i

Table 11: Isotopes of Uranium L 1sotope Symbol #of Protons #of Neutrons U ranium 235...................... 2U . . . .... . .... . . . .. ...... . .. . ... . . 9 2 .... . .. .. . ... .. . . 14 3 U ra ni u m-23 6 .............. .........

• U .......................... ........ 92 ............. ...... 14 4 ,

U raniu m 237....................... *U .................................. 92 ................... 14 5 t Uranium-238...................... 8U ....... .. ... ... . . ... .. . . . .. . . . . ... 9 2 .. . .. .. . .... . ... ... 14 6  :

i U ra ni u m 23 9................ ...... .

• U ..... .............................,92 ............ ..... 14 7 j Uranium 240...................... 2eU .... ...... ... .. .... . . ... .... .. . . .. 9 2 .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . 14 8 Radiation Radiation is simply the conveyance of energy through space. For instance, heat l

emanating from a stove is a form of radiation, as are light rays, microwaves, and .

radio waves. lonizing radiation is another type of radiation and has similar properties to those of the examples listed above.

Ionizing radiation consists of both electromaguetic radiation and particulate radiation. Electromagnetic radiation consists of rays of energy with no measurable mass, that travel with a wave like motion through space, included in this category are gamma rays and X rays. Particulate radiation consists of tiny, ,

L i fast-moving particles which, if uninhibited, travel in a straight line through space.

The three types of particulate radiation of concern to us are alpha particles, .

I t made up of 2 protons and 2 neutrons; beta particles, which are essentially free electrons (electrons not attached to an atom); and neutror.s. The properties of these types of radiation will be described more fully in the Range and Shielding section on page 1-5.

t 1-3

Davis-Berse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report Findioactive Decay Radioactive atoms attempt to reach a stable, non radioactive state through a process known as radloactive decay. Radioactive decay is the release of energy from an atom through the emission of ionizing radiation. Radioactive atoms may decay directly to a stable state or may go through a series of decay stages, called a radioactive decay series, and produce several daughter products which eventual.

ly result in a stable atom. The loss of energy (gamma and X rays) and/or matter (alpha or beta particles, or neutrons) through radioactive decay may transform the atom into a chemically different element. For example, when an atom of uranium-238 decays,it emits an alpha particle and, es a result, loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons. As discussed previously, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines its chemical identity. Therefore, when the uranium-238 atom loses the 2 protons and 2 neutrons, it is transformed into an atom of thorium 234. Thorium-234 is one of the 14 successive daughter products of uranium 238. Radon is another daughter product, and the series ends with stable lead 206. This example is part of a known radioactive decay series, called the uranium series, which begins with uranium-238 and ends with lead-206.

Half Life Different radionuclides vary greatly in the frequency with which their atoms -

release radiation. Some radioactive materials in which there are only infrequent emissions, tend to have a very long life, while those which are very active, emit-ting radiation more frequently, tend to have a comparatively short life. The length of time an atom remains radioactive is defined in terms of half lives (Fig-ure 1-2). Ha!f-life is the amount of time required for a radioactive substance to lose half of its activity through the process of radioactive decay. Half-lives vary from millionths of a second to millions of years.

Interaction With Matter ionization Through interactions with atoms, alpha, beta and gamma radiation lose their energy. When these forms of radiation interact with any form of material, the energy they impart may cause atoms in that material to become ions, or charged particles. Normally, an atom has the same number of electrons as protons.

Thus, the numbet of negative and positive charges cancel, and the atom is electri-cally neutral. When one or more citetrons are removed, an ion pair is formed.

For example,if an electron is removed from an oxygen atom, the electron (nega-tively charged)is one half of the ion pair and the rest of the atom (positively 1-4 1

. _ . - = . - . - - - , - . - - .. -.- . - - - - . - . .

! i Annual Environm9ntal Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l

L i

DECAY OF COBALT-60 i (HALF-LIFE

• 6.272 YEARS)

IRCENT of onl41NAL ACTMTY ]

l I,.&Wm 00<

40< f to- h n _.7_.

0 5 ' 10 55 20 RS 30 35 40 i YEAR 8  !

Figure 1-2: Cobalt-60 has a half-life of 5.272 years. After one half-life, about half  !

of the cobalt 60 atoms originally present have decayed and become different ele-  !

ments; after an additional half life, half of the remaining cobalt-60 atoms, or a i total of about 75% of the atoms originally present, have decayed. [

\

\

charged)is the other half of the ion pair. Ionization is one of the processes which may result in damage to biological systems. j s

Range and Shielding j Particulate and electromagnetic radiation each travel through matter differently  :

because of their different properties. Alpha particles contain 2 protons and 2 l neutrons, are relatively large, and carry an electrical charge of + 2, Alpha par- 1 ticles are ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive atom at speeds ranging from i 2,000 to 20,000 miles per second. However, due to its comparatively large size,  ;

an alpha particle usually does not travel very far before it loses most of its energy -  :

through collisions and other interactions with atoms. As a result, alpha particles can easily be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air (Figure 1-3). ,

i Beta particles are very small, and comparatively fast particles, traveling at l speeds near the speed of light (186,000 miles per second). Beta particles have an  !

l electrical charge of either + 1 or -1. Because they are small and have a low charge, they do not collide and interact as often as alpha particles, so they can _

travel farther. Beta particles can usually travel through several meters of air, but  ;

~

may be stopped by a thin piece of metal or wood.

l 1-5 i

Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Opemting Report )

i j

e:.?v4h.% > l

+1 MM ' * * ,

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..~,.a Radioactive Paper Aluminum Lead Concrete l Material Figure 13: As radiation travels,it collides and interacts with other atoms and loses energy. Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper, and beta par- i ticles by a thin sheet of aluminum. Gamma radiation is shielded by highly dense -  !

materials such as lead, while hydrogenous materials (those containing hydrogen {

atoms), such as water and concrete, are used to stop neutrons. j i

Gamma rays are pure energy that travel at the speed oflight. They have no .

measurable charge or mass, and generally travel much further than alpha or beta ,

particles before being absorbed. When the gamma ray finally loses all of its energy after repeated interactions,it is gone, The range of a gamma ray in air  :

varies, depending on the ray's energy and its interactions. Very high energy l gamma radiation can travel a considerable distance, whereas low energy gamma  ;

radiation may travel only a few feet in air. Lead is used as a shielding material  :

I for gamma radiation because of its density. Several inches oflead or concrete may be needed to effectively shield gamma rays. ,

Neutrons come from several sources, including the interactions of cosmic radia-tion with the earth's atmosphere, and nuclear reactions within nuclear power -

reactors. However, neutrons are generally not of environmental concern since  ;

nuclear power stations are designed to keep neutrons within the containment  !

building.

Bccause neutrons have no charge, they are able to pass very close to the nuclei l (plural of nucleus) of the material through which they are traveling. As a result, '

neutrons may be captured by one of these nuclei, or they may be deflected, much in the way that a rolling billiard ballis deDected when it strikes another. When l l..

denected, the neutron loses some ifits energy. After a series of these deflec.  !

tions, the neutron has lost much ofits energy. At this point, the neutron is 1-6 i

i

eaussia e-- ' . - ' - - -~M= -

Annual Envkonmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station moving about as slowly as the atoms of the material through which it is traveling, and is called a thermal neutron. In comparison, fast neutrons are mucli more energetic than thermal neutrons, and thus, have greater potential for causing _

damage to the material through which they travel. Fast neutrons can have from 200 thousand to 200 million times the.cnergy of thermal neutrons.

Neutron shielding is designed to slow down fast neutrons and absorb thermal neutrons. Often, neutron shielding material consists of several components,in-cluding a highly dense material, such as lead to slow down the fast neutrons, fol-lowed by a material such as water or polyethylene, to further slow the neutrons.

The shield is then completed with a material such as cadmium, to absorb the now thermal neutrons. At Davis-Besse, lead and concrete are combined to form an effective neutron shield. Concrete contains water molecules and is more easily molded around odd shapes than water shielding. The resulting combination of the lead to slow neutrons and the concrete to further slow and absorb neutrons has proven to be an effective neutron shield at Davis-Besse.

Quantitles and Units of Measurement There are several 1 Curie quantities and units used to describe radioactivity and its ef-fects. Four terms of  ::::::. :::,a; particular usefulness are activity, exposure,

,- ' ' '," ,',' ," ','y4 y

absorbed dose, and E  % y dose equivalent. 7 d i

ll ; 2 Curie Activity: Curie

{ l2l Activityis the number of nucleiin a sample that disintegrate i

!f d

O 10 Tons of 1 Gram of (decay) every second. Thorium-232 Radium-226 Each time a nucleus disintegrates, radia- Figure 1-4: One gram of radium-226 and 10 tons tion is emitted. The of thorium 232 are both approximately equivalent curie (Ci)is the unit to 1 curie, used to describe the 17

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report activity of a material and indicates the rate at which the atoms of a radioactive substance are decaying. One curie indicates the disintegration of 37 billion atoms per second.

A curie is a unit of acthity, not a quantity of material.Thus, the amount of material required to produce one curie varies. For example, one gram of radium.

226 is the equivalent of one curie of ac*lvity, but it would take 9,170,000 grams (about 10 tons) of thorium-232 to equal one curie (Figure 1-4 on previous page).

Smaller units of the curie are often used, especially when discussing the low con-centrations of radioactivity detected in environmental samples. For instance, the microcurie (uCi)is equal to one millionth of a curie,while the picoeurie (pCi) represents one trillionth of a curie.

Exposure: Roentgen Exposure is a term used to describe the ability of ionizing radiation from gamma or X rays to produce ion pairs in a certain volume of air. Exposure measures the energy of the radiation and is expressed in units called roentgens (R). One roentgen is the quantity of exposure that causes approximately two billion ioniz-ing events (i.e., creation ofion pairs) per cubic centimeter of air.

A common way to describe the rate of exposure to gamma radiation is in roentgens per hour (R/hr). Often a smaller unit used is milliroentgens per hour (mR/hr),which is 1000 times less.

The roentgen applies only to radiation associated with gamma or Lrays, and is not used to describe exposure to alpha, beta or neutron radiation,in addition, the roentgen applies only to the energy of the radiation in air, and does not ac-count for the fact that different substances absorb different amounts of energy.

Thus, another unit is necessary to describe the amount of energy absorbed by any material.

Absorbed Dose: Red Absorbed dose le a term used to describe the radiation energy absorbed by any material erpsed to ionizing radiation, and can be used for both particulate and electromagnetic radiation. The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is the unit used to measure the absorbed dose. It is defined as the energy ofionizing radiation deposited per gram of absorbing material. The rate of absorbed dose is usually given in rad /hr.

1-8

1 1

I Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989' Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i

l' If the biological effect of radiation was directly proportional to the energy deposited by radiation in an organism, the rad would be a suitable measurement  !

of the biological effect. However, biological effects depend not only on the total ,

energy deposited per gram of tissue, but on how this energy is distributed along  ;

its path. Experiments have shown that some types of radiation are more damag-ing per unit path of travel than others. Thus, another unit is needed to quantify a the biological damage caused by ionizing radiations.

Dose Equivalent: Rom  !

Diological damage due to alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation may result from the ionization caused by these radiations. Some types of radiation, especial- ,

ly alpha particles which cause dense local ionization, can result in up to 20 tim'es the amount of biological damage for the same energy imparted as do gamma or -

X-rays. Therefore, a quality factor must be applied to account for the different '

ionizing capabilities of various types of ionizing radiation. When the quality fac-tor is multiplied by the absorbed dose, the result is the dose equivalent, which is a measure of the biological dainage resulting from exposure to a particular type of ionizing radiation. The dose equivalent is measured in rem (roentgen equivalent man).

As an example of this conversion from absorbed dose to' dose equivalent, the quality factor for alpha radiation is 20. Hence, I rad of alpha radiation is ap _  !

proximately equal to 20 rem. Beta and gamma radiation each have a quality fac-  !

tor of 1, therefore one rad of either beta or gamma radiation is approximately-equal to one rem. Thermal neutrons have a quality factor of 3, and fast neutrons have a quality factor of 10. One tem produces the same amount of biological damage, regardless of the source.

In terms of environmental radiation, the rem is a large unit. Therefore, a smaller unit, the millirem,is often used. One millirem (mrem) is equal to 1/1000 of a rem.

Sources of Radiation i Background Radiation  :

Radiation is not a new creation of the nuclear power industry; it is a natural oc--

cr- ence on the earth. Mankind has always lived with radiation and always will.

11 act, during every second of life, over 7,000 atoms undergo radioactive decay -

in ne body of the average adult. In addition to that which normally occurs in our bodies, radioactivity also exists naturally in the soil, water, air and space. All 9

'i t j

-1 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report q L

l le I

)

these common sources of radiation contribute to the natural background radia- j tion to which everyone is exposed (Figure 1-5). j l l Sources of Exposure to the Public 1 '

i ackground

"" '8 0.0 %

55% Others less than $

1.0 %

Consumer-Products-3.0%

Nuclear Medicine

\ 4.0%

I

.

• Rocks and Soll Medical X-rays 8.0%

is ,

11X 1 . Cosole Radiation .

Radioactivity 8.0%

Inside the Body 11%

Note: Shaded portion Indicates manende- radiation.

Source: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. NCRP Report No.93.

l Figure 1-5: A very small annual dose to the public results from the nuclear power industry. Actually, the most significant annual dose the average individual '

receives is that from naturally occurring radon.

The earth is constantly showered by a steady stream of high energy gamma rays ';

and particulate radiation that come from space, known as cosmic radiation. The atmosphere shields out most of this radiation, but everyone still receives about 4 20 to 50 mrem each year from this source. The thinner air at higher altitudes provides less protection against cosmic radiation. Therefore, people living at  :

higher altitudes or even flying in an airplane are exposed to more cosmic radia-tion. For example, the dose due to cosmic radiation in Denver, Colorado (eleva-I tion 5280 feet above sea level) is approximately 47 mrem per yerr, whereas, in  :

Toledo, Ohio (maximum elevation 630 feet above sea level), the dose attributed to cosmic radiation is approximately 26 mrem per year. Radionuclides contmonly

' r 1

l 1-10 .

'I

Annual Environnwntal Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station I i

found in the atmosphere as a result of cosmic ray interactions include beryllium- I 7, carbon-14, dtium, and sodium 22.

Other natural sources of radiation include the radionuclides naturally found in soil, watt r, food, building materials and even people. People have always been-l [ radioactivs in part because the carbon found in their bodies is a mixture of all'

~

carbon isotspes both non radioactive and radioactive.

l In fact, because radioactive carbon-14 has a known half-life of 5730 years and ex- .;

i ists in all living things, archaeologists can use carbon dating to determine the age of a fossil or other artifact. After an organism dies,it no longer takes up carbon, '

and the radioactive carbon-14 present in its body continues to decay.Thus, ar-chaeologists can compare the percentage of radioactive carbon to stable carbon .  :

present in a fossil or artifact to estimate the point at which it no longer assimi .

lated radioactive carbon in its tissues (i.e., the point of death).

Another common naturally occurring radionuclide is potassium-40. About one-third of the external terrestrial and internal whole body dose from natural sour-ces is attributable to this natural radioactive isotope of potassium.  ;

i Recently, concern has been expressed over another source of background radia- ,

tion--radon. According to the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP), over half of the radiation dose the average American receives is at-tributed to radon. Radon is a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas that results from the decay of radium-226, a member of the uranium-238 decay series.  :

l Radon atoms are produced in the soil and migrate through air-filled pores in the soil to reach the atmosphere. Radon occurs in all soils, but, because it is a .

daughter product of uranium, it occurs in higher concentrations in rocks (and -

soils derived from rocks) with high concentrations of uranium, such as black '

shales, granites, phosphate rocks and carbonate rocks.

Radon occurs indoors as a result of radon in the soil or rock under the building, or radon in bu!! ding materials, water supplies, natural gas or outdoor air. >

Groundwater supplies can become contaminated with radon migrating through the soil. In addition, the unvented combustion of natural gas can also contribute to indoor radon concentrations. However, the primary source ofindoor radon is that which diffuses into the building from the underlying soil or rock.

Radon may enter buildings through the walls, floors, vents and other openings.

Although radon can migrate through uncracked concrete slabs, cracked slabs, and those with openings for piping, sumps, etc. may considerably increase the 1-11

O 1

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989~ Annual Environmental Operating Report " l transmission of radon into a building. Although there is no reliable method of l predicting which buildings will have greater indoor concentrations of radon, the  !

following factors directly impact radon uptake and accumulation: l e uranium content of the soil I e weather conditions e construction methods e presence (or absence) of any cracks or openings in th' e foundation. ,

'I Some weather conditions, such as low pressure systems or increased rainfall, act to force radon out of the soi! at an increased rate. In addition, construction methods affect indoor radon concentrations. Buildings built on a slab with no crawl space, buildings sealed to prevent energy loss, those with basements, and  ;

those without fully ventilated crawl spaces tend to be linked to higher radon con- l centrations.

Because uranium naturally occurs in all soils and rocks, everyone is continuously '

exposed to radon and its daughter products. However, radon does not typically pose a health hazard unless it is allowed to concentrate in a confined area, such as a building.

Radon-related health concerns stem from the exposure of the lungs to this radioactive gas. Radon emits alpha radiation when it decays. Alpha radiation can l: easily be stopped by n person's dead skin layer. However, alpha radiation can

! cause damage to internal tissues when irigested or inhaled. As a result, exposure to the lungs is of greatest concern, and the only recognized health effect as-sociated with exposure to radon is an increased risk of lung cancer. .

i Radon can be detected in one of several ways.Three common methods used presently to detect radon in homes and other buildings are as follows:

o Charcoalcanistermethod: _ 1' Charcoal canisters, which adsorb radon, are placed in a building, and after approximately 1 to 5 days are removed and sent to a laboratory where the radon decay products are detected. From this information, the laboratory can determine the approximate concentration of radon gas required to produce the decay products measured.

1-12

Annual Environmental Operating Report l 1989 ,

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station L e Alpha track method '

Alpha track detectors utilize a radiation-sensitive film. When the alpha emissions from radon strike the film, they make a track. The  ;

l alpha track detector is usually placed in a building for 2 weeks to several months, and, like the charcoal canister, is sent to a laboratory i l

L . for analysis. At the laboratory, the number of tracks on the film are counted, and this information is used to estimate the average concentration of radon in the building during the period that the film  :

was exposed, j e Electronic monitoring method: _

Electronic monitors are available which continuously detect the  ;

number of negative ions produced by decaying radon and provide -

instantaneous information on the concentration of radon in the air.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has provided guidelines for radon monitoring in homes and other buildings, and has developed recommenda-tions for concentrations at which to take corrective actions. Further information. ,

on radon, its detection, and actions to reduce the radon concentration in build-ings can be obtained by contacting the state radon program office at the follow- ,

ing address:

Radiological Health Program  ;

Ohio Department of Health

l. 1224 Kinnear Road, Suite 120 ,

Columbus, Ohio 43212  ;

4 (614) 481-5800 .

(800)523-4439 (in Ohio only) 1 Man-Made Radiation In addition to naturally occurring radiation and radioactivity, people are also ex--

posed to man-made radiation. The largest sources of exposure include medical

! X-rays and radioactive pharmaceuticals. Small doses are also received from con-sumer products such as televisions, smoke detectors, and fertilizers. Fallout-from nuclear weapons tests is another source of man-made exposure. Fallout 4

radionuclides include strontium-90, cesium-137, carbon-14, and tritium. As shown in Figure 1-5, a very small percent of the annual dose a member of the public receives is due to the production of nuclear power. In fact, the maximum w whole body doses to the public due to radioactivity released in liquid and gaseous effluents from Davis-Besse in 1989 were only 0.039 and 0.012 mrem, 4

4 1-13 -

Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989' ~ Annual Environmental Operating Report respectively. Each of these doses is less than the dose an individual would receive from one coast-to-coast jet flight (3 mrem).

Health Effects of Radiation d

' Studies l The effects oflonizing radiation on human health have been under study for l more than eighty years. Scientists have obtained valuable knowledge through 1 the study of laboratory animals that'were exposed to radiation under extremely 1 controlled conditions. However, it has proven difficult to relate the biological ef. 1 fects ofirradiated laboratory animals to the potential health effects on humans. I 1

Hence, much study has been done with human populations that were irradiated under various circumstances. These groups include the survivors of the atomic bomb; persons undergoing medical radiation treatment; radium dial painters, ,

who ingested large amounts of radioactivity by " tipping" the' paint brushes with their lips; uranium miners, who inhaled large amounts of radioactive dust while mining pitchblende (uranium ore); and early radiologists, who accumulated large '

doses of radiation wpile unaware of the potential hazards. ,

The studies performed on these groups have increased our knowledge of the health effects from large doses of radiation. However,less is known about the ef- -

fects oflow doses of radiation. To be on the conservative side, we assume that health effects resulting from low doses of radiation occur proportionally to those i observed followinglarge doses of radiation. Radiation scientists agree that this assumption overestimates the risks associated with low' level radiation exposure.

• L The effects predicted in this manner have not been actually observed in in- 1 dividuals exposed to low level radiation. However, this assumption provides a highly conservative model of radiation-induced health effects, and most probably +

overestimates the risks associated with receiving low doses of radiation.

Health Risks (

1 1

Since the actual effects of exposure to low level radiation are difficult to measure, scientists often refer to the risk involved. The problem is one of evaluating alternatives, of comparing risks and weighing them against benefits.

People make decisions involving risks every day, such as whether to wear seat-belts or smoke cigarettes. Risks are a part of everyday life. The question is one of determining how great the risks are.

I We accept the inevitability of automobile accidents. Chances are that several people reading this report will be seriously injured this year as a result of 1-14

Annual Environmental Operating Report ' 1989 ~ Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station  !

i

'I automobile accidents. By building safet cars or wearingicat belts, this risk can i l be reduced, however, even s parked car is not risk-free. You could choose not to .

drive, but even pedestrian: and bicyclists may be injured by cars. Reducing the j l i

risk of injury from automobiles to zero requires moving to a place where there are no automobiles.

While most people accept the risks inherent in such activities as smoking and j driving to work each day, some people seem to feel that their energy needs  ;

should be met on an essentially risk-free basis. However, this is impossible, no matter what the energy source.The burning of fossil fuels can have a negative im- '

pact on the environment, and even the use of hydropower entails risks, including that of a ruptured dam, and the habitat destruction that can result from damming  !

waterways. Thus, attention should be focused on taking steps to safeguard the -

public, on developing a realistic assessment of the risks, and on placing these risks in perspective. One of the most widely distorted perceptions of risk is that ,

associated with radiation exposure.  ;

Because some people do not understand ionizing radiation and its associated ,

risks, they may fear it. This fear is compounded by the fact that we cannot hear,

smell, taste or feel lonizing radiation. Sometimes, if we have no other source of - l

information, we may believe the widespread myths about ionizing radiation and its health effects. But this is not true of other potentially hazardous things for ,

which we have the same lack of sensory perception, such as radio waves, carbon monoxide, and small concentrations of numerous cancer causing substances. Al-though these risks are just as real as the risks associated with ionizing radiation, they do not generate the same degree of concern. Most risks are with us -

throughout our lives, and their effects can be added up over a lifetime to obtain a total effect on our lives. Table 1-2 shows a number of different factors that  ;

decrease the average life expectancy ofindividuals in the United States.  ;

The American Cancer Society estimates that about 30 percent of all Americans ,

will develop cancer at some time in their lives from all possible causes. Thus, in a group of 10,000 people, it is exnected that 3,000 of them will develop cancer. If each person in that group of 10,000 people were to receive 100 millirem in addi-tion to the natural and man-made sources of radiation they are normally exposed to then there is an increased probability that would indicate one additional per-i- son from that group may develop cancer during his/her lifetime. This increases the risk from 30 percent to 30.01 percent. For comparison, the averaFe offsite dose to individuals in the population due to the operation of the the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is significantly less than one millirem (0.0013 mi'lirem in -

1989). If it is considered that the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station will opera:e  :

for the remainder ofits license at this rate, the probability of even one person in 1-15

i Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station . 1989 Annual Environmar.tal Operating Report the population developing a cancer due to the presence of the Davis-Besse  !

l Nuclear Power Station is extremely small.'

The preceding paragraphs should provide you with an idea of the risks associated with nuclear power with respect to other, more significant risks that we accept as _

a part of our daily lives. Only when one is presented with a basis for comparison,-

can he or she make the decision that the benefits derived from a particular ac-tivity (e.g., driving an automobile) outweigh the costs associated with that activity (e.g., possibility of an automobile accident). By comparing the risks associated with familiar activities, this provides people with a means to put the risks as-sociated with nuclear power in perspective.

l Table 1-2: Risk Factors o

i Factors Estimated Decrease in '

Average Life Expectancy

• Male rather than female............................................. 5.0 years  :

Overweight by 30%..................................................... 3.6 years Cigarette smoking:

1 pack / day ..................... 7.0 years l

l 2 packs / day.... ............10.0 years i

Heart diseases .......................... .................................. 5.8 y e ars i

Can ce r ................ ................................................ ........ 2.7 years City living (not rural) ............................................ .... 5.0 years 125 operating nuclear power stations....'.less than 12 minutes.

• The typicallife span in the United States is now 76 years for women and 71 years for men. .

k 1-16

l l

~

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Benefits of Nuclear Power l, Nuclear power plays an important part in meeting today's electricity needs, and  !

will continue to serve as an important source of electric energy wellinto the fu-ture. In 1980, nuclear power accounted for only eleven percent of the electricity l; produced in the United States (Figure 1-6). By the end of 1989, however, this - '

number had grown to nineteen percent. At the same time, dependence on oil as an energy source decreased by almost half. By decreasing the nation's depend-  ;

ence on oil, dependence on foreign oil supplies also decreases, thereby ensuring  ;

the nation can continue to be self-sufficient in meeting the energy needs ofits  !

private and business sectors.

NUCLEAR POWER'S CONTRIBUTION IN MEETING THE NATION'S ELECTRICITY NEEDS Nuclear Nuclear 11% 19%- ,

ther Hydro Other.

12 3%

Coal \d f~ Natural Gas .' Natural Gas n:

50.8% 15.1% - 9.3 %

i

\ il .% .

10.8% Coal '

' 55.9%

1980 1989 Source: U.S. Council f or Energy Awareness -(1989)

Figure 1-6: During the past decade, the nation's dependence on nuclear power has increased dramatically.This has led to decreased dependence on foreign oil ,

supplies, thus enabling the U.S. to become more self-sufficient in meeting its electricity needs.

+

9 1-17

_ - .. _______x

4 1

davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Nuclear power offers several advantages over alternative sources of electric energy:

e nuclear power stations have an excellent safety record dating back to 1957 when the first commercial nuclear power station began operating, e uranium, the fuel for nuclear power stations, is a relatively inexpensive fuel that is readily available in the United States, and e nuclear power is the cleanest energy source for power stations that use steam to produce electricity.

The following sections provide information on the fundamentals of electrical generation, and on how Davis-Besse uses nuclear fuel and the fission process to produce electricity.

Where Does sectricity Come From?

The flow of electrons through a wire is called an electric current, or electricity.

Voltage is the force that pushes the current along the wire,just as pressure pushes water through pipes. Extra electrons are needed_to start and maintain an electric current. One way to add these extra electrons is by using a battery; how- .

ever, batteries are not an efficient source for large amounts of electricity.

Another method of generating electricity is by rotating a magnet inside a coil of wire. Large amounts of high voltage electricity can be produced in this manner.

The two ends of a magnet are called poles. The power of a magnet extends beyond these poles in invisible lines of force. If a loop of wire passes through a magnet's line of force, electrons start racing through the wire.

Figure 1-7 provides a simplified illustration of the basic steps involved in produc-ing an electrical current. Fuel, such as coal, is burned in a furnace and heats water in the boiler to produce steam.The steam drives the turbine-generator. An electric generator is basically a magnet and coils of wire. It has an engine that is called a turbine. The turbine converts the heat energy of the steam into mechanical energy. When steam is forced against the blades of the turbine, the turbine rotates, turning a long shaft.- At the end of the shaft is a huge magnet in-side the generator. The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. As the shaft turns, the magnet spins inside a ring wrapped with a long.

coil of wire. This starts a current flowing in each section of wire that it passes.

Before the electric current leaves the power station, a transformer steps up the voltage so that it can travel long distances to consumers. Transmission lines 1-18

i Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station hA90044S - contains the lutnoce h AN : - corwette sleem's heat energy into i

i where burning suel(cool, oil I mechenlost energy. Sleem pushes or n:% ital gas) heats weler bindes totaling on a shaft, causing e to make slaam. It to spin at a high speed.

r ~~~~__c G Gt 8it til 814

} , .

L + e e, og #) % M r

}

ACOIDEf45A f A NT8E f f P

- cools sioam from the j - oomerle nochent-1 turbine lo make walet a cet energy into elec, that is then reheeled. lancel energy. The <

{ 4 spinning shaft of the  !

i f a turbine causes e hs _

-- ~+ --+ --+ -+ --*

_4~~

huge magnet in the generator to totale

~ ~~ g ~1^ .~-

-- +-+--+-+--l'.

QQ,'g',84 current. -

Figure 1-7: Electricity is produced in a fossil-fueled power station much in the .

way it is produced at Davis-Besse. Steam is forced against the blades of a turbine which turns a magnet inside the generator, and produces an electric current.

carry the current from the power station to other transmission lines many miles I away or to local substations equipped with transformers that lower the voltage of l the current Distribution lines then carry the lower voltage current to pole trans-formers where the voltage is again stepped down for safe use by electrical con-4 sumers.

The Use of Steam To Produce Electricity There are several sources of steam used by power stations to generate electricity, including the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, er natural gas; the earth's >

natural steam, called geothermal energy; and steam produced inside a nuclear ',

reactor from the heat released when atoms of uranium are split or fissioned. Be-sides steam, water power (hydropower) and wind power can be used to turn tur-a bines to produce electricity.

/

1-19

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report -  !

i l a Nuclear Power Production' j Electricity is produced in a nuclear power station in essentially the same way as '

in a fossil fueled station. Heat changes water to steam that turns a turbine. In a fossil-fueled station, the fuel is burned in a furnace. Inside the boiler, water is  ;

turned into steam. In a nuclear station, the furnace is replaced by a reactor con. -i taining a core of nuclear fuel, primarily uranium. Heat is produced when the atoms of uranium are split,'or fissioned,inside the reactor. ,

What is Fission?

A special attractive force called the binding force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of the atom. The strength of this binding force varies from atom to atom. Ifit is weak enough, the nucleus can be split ifit is bom-barded by a free neutron (Figure 1-8).This causes the entire atom to split,  :

I producing smaller atoms, more free neutrons, and heat. In a nuclear reactor, a l chain reaction of fission events provides the heat necessary to boil the water to l produce steam. [

L sg/f. >0 Qo -

O nEuin0N

/s%o

/

, s .

$ PROTON w HEAT

+

Figure 1-8: When a heavy atom, such as uranium-235 is split, or fissioned, heat, free neutrons, and fission fragments result. The free neutrons can then strike neighboring atoms causing them to fission also. In the proper environment, this >

process can continue indefinitely in a chain reaction.

• 1-20

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989- Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Nuclear Fuel The fissioning of one uranium atom releases approximately 50 millica times more energy than the combustion of a single carbon atom common to all fossil

' fuels. Since a single small reactor fuel pellet contains trillions of atoms, each pel- 4 let can release an extremely large amount of energy. The amount of electricity

' that can be generated from three small fuel pellets would require about 3.5 tons of coal or 12 barrels of oil to generate. +

l Nuclear fission occurs spontaneously in nature, but these natural occurrences cannot sustain themselves because the freed neutrons either are absorbed by non fissionable atoms or rsickly decay. In contrast, a nuclear reactor minimizes neutron losses, thus sustaining the fission process by several mean e using fuel that is free ofimpurities that might absorb the freed neutrons;  :

e increasing the concentration of the rarer fissionable isotope of uranium (U-235) relative to the concentration of U-238, a more common isotope that does not fission easily; and e slowing neutrons down to increase the probability of fission by providing i a " moderator" such as water.

Natural uranium contains less than one percent U-235 when it is mined. Before it esm be economically used in a nuclear reactor,it is enriched to approximately three percent U-235 relative to U-238. In contrast, the nuclear' material used in nuclear weapons has been enriched to over 97 percent. Because of the low levels of U-235 in nuclear fuel, a nuclear power station cannot explode like a bomb.

Nor could the fuel, as it exists at a power station, be used to make a bomb.

After the uranium is separated from the earth and rock in the ore, it is con-centrated by a milling process. After milling the ore to a granular form and dis-solving out the uranium with acid, the uranium is converted to uranium hexafluoride (UF6), a chemical form of uranium that exists as a gas at tempera-tures slightly above room temperature.The uranium is then highly purified and shipped to an enrichment facility where gaseous diffusion converters increase '

the concentration of U-235 in the fuel.The enriched gaseous UF6 is then con-verted into powdered uranium dioxide (UO2), a highly stable ceramic material.

The UO2 powder is put under high pressure to form fuel pellets, each about 5/8 -

. 'wh long and 3/8 inch in diameter (refer to Figure 1-9). Approximately five ,

' pounds of these pellets are placed into a 12 foot long metal tube made of zir-conium alloy.The tubes constitute the fuel cladding. The fuel cladding is highly resistant to heat, radiation and corrosion. When the tubes are filled with fuel pel- .

lets, they are called fuel rods.

1-21 d*

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989' Annual Environmental Operating Report -

Fuel Pellet D-h'

$[h ,

b

(

g Assembly

$ s i i sli FusiRod Fuel Assembly Reactor Vessel i

Figure 1-9: The reactor core at Davis-Besse contains 177 fuel assemblies. Each assembly contains 208 fuel rods. Each fuel rod is filled with approximately five pounds of fuel pellets, each pellet approximately 3/8 inch in diameter and 5/8 inch long.

The Reactor Core Two hundred eight fuel rods comprise a single fuel assembly. The reactor core at Davis Besse contains 177 of these fuel assemblies, each approximately 14 feet tall and 2,000 pounds in weight. In addition to the fuel rods, the fuel assembly also contains 16 vacant holes for the insertion of control rods, and one vacant hole for an incore monitoring probe.This probe monitors temperature and neutron levels in the fuel assembly. The Davis-Besse reactor core weighs ap-proximately 207,486 pounds, while the reactor vessel itself weighs 838,000 pounds, has a diameter of 14 feet, is 39 feet high, and has 81/2 inch thick steel walls.

Rssion Control The fission rate inside the reactor core is controlled by raising or lowering con-trol rod assemblies into the reactor core. Each assembly consists of 16 " fingers" containing silver, indium and cadmium metals that absorb free neutrons, thus dis-rupting the fission chain reaction. When control rod assemblies are slowly withdrawn from the core, fissioning begins and heat is produced. If the control

• rod assemblies are inserted rapidly into the reactor core, as during a plant " trip,"

1-22

i l

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station the chain reaction ceases. A slower acting (but more evenly distributed) method of fission controlis achieved bythe addition of a neutron poison to the reactor coolant water. At Davis-Besse, boric acid can be concentrated or diluted as l necessary in the coola it to achieve the desired level of fission. After boric acid is added to the coolant water, the acid turns into boron-10. Boron-10 readily ab-sorbs free neutrons (hence the term " neutron poison"), forming boron 11. The

- boron 11 in turn decays to nonradioactive lithium-7 by the emission of an alpha particle.

t Reactor Types Virtually all of the commercial reactors in this country are either boiling water reactors (BWRs) or pressurized water reactors (PWRs).' Both types are also called light water reactors (LWRs) because their coolant, or medium to transfer -  ;

heat,is ordinary water, containing the light isotope of hydrogen. Some reactors use the heasy isotope of hydrogen (deuterium) in the reactor coolant. Such reac-tors are called heavy water reactors, or HWRs.

in BWRs, made by the General Electric Company, water boils to steam directly in the reactor vessel. In PWRs, made by the Babcock & Wilcox Company, Com-bustion Engineering,Inc., and the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, the reac-tor water or coolant is pressurized to prevent it from boiling. Instead, the hot water is pumped to a steam generator, where its heat is transferred to a separate supply of water. The water inside the steam generator boils into steam. Davis-

- Besse uses a PWR, while the Perry Nuclear Power Plant, owned by Toledo -

Edison's sister company, Cleveland Electric Illuminating, uses a BWR. The . ,

Davis-Besse and Perry Nuclear Power Stations are the only two commercial reac-

tors in the State of Ohio.

i e

j I

1-23,

k -

- Davls Besco Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i i

i i

Station Systems l

The following paragraphs describe the various systems illustrated in Figure 1-10 '

on page 125. Major systems in the Davis-Besse Station are assigned a different  !

color in the figure. ,

FIGURE 1-10 LEGEND GREEN - Reactor Coolant System (Primary Coolant Water)

, RED - Main Steam System BLUE - Condensate / Main Feedwater System (Secondary Coolant Water) l.

YELLOW - Circulating Water System (Tertiary Coolant Water) i GOLD - Emergency Core Cooling System .

SCARLET- Auxiliary Feedwater System ,

GREY - Pressurizer and Associated Structures

+

l l 1-24

=

z

" *" ' -' o: D8vlS Besse Nucia -

Unit i  ;

w -

k A.On'32% am g CONTAINMENT SPRAY HEADER m ..

L'

~

CONTAINMENT _

_==

AUXILIARY --

BUILDING lui =  ; -

) PRESSURIZER STEAM k SAFETY WVE (2) , GENERATOR  :

7 oEEEnAYOn '

atac"  ; Auuw -

CONTAINMENT SD PUMP Q L ~

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' ^

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tWEt .NETEP ?MP m 5,"NE,v h f_g.

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1-25 ----

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ar Power Station loc 1 ABOVEO DLEVEL CO~1A,~ME~, VESS,, COOLING

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• SHIELD BUILDING .

TURBINE BUILDING 345 MV DE AE RATOR 12) bk TuftBINE GENERAYOR TRANSFORMER _,

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y awe +y$99 y 9 AU IA v 'EED DON NSATE CIRCULATING WATER PUMP c"*

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Also Avsttabic On Aperture Card 9oorotoay2 -or - - .

Davis-Besso Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Containment Building and Fission Product Release Barriers The containment building at Davis-Besse houses the reactor vessel, the pres-surizer and two steam generators. The building is constructed of an inner 1 inch thick steel liner or containment vessel, and the shield building with steel rein- >

forced concrete walls 2 feet thick. The shield building protects the containment '

vessel from a variety of environmental factors, and provides an area for a nega-tive pressure boundary around the steel containment vessel. In the event that  :

the integrity of the shield building is compromised (e.g., a crack develops), this negative pressure boundary ensures that any airborne radioactive contamination present in the containment vessel is prevented from leaking out into the environ-ment. It accomplishes this by maintaining the pressure inside the shield building lower than that outdoors, thus forcing clean outside air to leak in, while making it s impossible for the contaminated air inside the containment vessel to leak out. _

The free-standing containment vesselis the third in a series of barriers (refer to 4

f FISSION PRODUCT RELEASE BARRIERS:

1. Fuel Cladding

2. Primary System Walls i

3. Containment %ssel Shield f 7 Building l d o--i11111 QH Figure 1-11: There are three isolation barriers that would prevent the releas' e of fissien products to the environment in the event of an accident at Davis-Besse. In addition to these barriers, a negative pressure boundary maimained between the containment vessel and concrete shield building is designed to contain airborne J radioactive contaminants. ,

i 1-26

Annual Environmental Operating Report' 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Figure 1-11) that prevent the release of fission products in the unlikely event of an accident. The first barrier to the release of fission products is the fuel clad-ding itself. The second barrier is the walls' of the priman system, i.e. the reactor vessel, steam generator and associated piping.

The Steam Generators The steam generators at Davis-Besse perform the same function as a boiler at a fossil-fueled power station. The steam generator uses the heat of the primary coolant inside the steam generator tubes to boil the secondary side feedwater (secondary coolant) surrounding the tubes on the outside, Fission heat must be transferred from the reactor core to the steam generator in order to provide the steam necessary to drive the turbine. However, heat must also be removed from the core even after reactor shutdown in order to prevent damage to the fuel clad-ding. Therefore, pumps maintain a continuous flow of coolant through the reac-tor and steam generator. Primary loop water (green in Figure 1-10) exits the U

reactor at approximately 6% F, passes through the steam generator, transferring some of its heat energy to the secondary loop water (blue in Figure 1-10) without ever actually coming in contact with it. Primary coolant water exits the steam '

0 generator at approxingately 558 F to be circulated back into the reactor where it is again heated to 6% F as it passes up through the fuel assemblies. Under ordi-nary conditions, water inside the primary system would boil long before it reached such temperatures. However,it is kept under a pressure of approximate-ly 2,200 pounds-per-square-inch (psi) at all times. This prevents the water from boiling and is the reason the reactor at Davis-Besse is called a Pressurized Water Reactor. Seconday loop water enters the base of the steam generator at ap-0 proximately 400 F and under 1100 psi pressure. At this pressure, the water can easily boil into steam as it passes over the tubes containing the primary coolant water.

Both the primary and the secondary coolant water are considered closed loop sys-tems. This means they are designed not to come in physical contact with one another. Rather, the coolant (i.e., water) contained in each loop transfers heat energy by the process of convection. Convection is a method of heat transfer that can occur between two fluid media. It is the same process by which radiators are used to heat homes. The water circulating inside the radiator is separated from the air (a " fluid" medium) by the metal piping.

The Turbine Generator The turbine, main generator, and the condenser are all housed in what is com-monly referred to as the Turbine Building.

1-27

~ -

Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station - 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report The purpose of the turbine is to convert the thermal energy of,he steam produced in the steam generator (referred to as main steam, red in Figure 1-10) to rotational energy of the turbine-generator shaft. The turbine at Davis-Besse is actually composed of one six-stage high pressure turbine and two seven stage low pressure turbines aligned on a common shaft. A turbine stage refers to a set  ;

of blades. Steam enters at the center of each turbine and flows outward along  !

the shaft in opposite directions throt>gh each successive stage of blading. As the steam passes over the turbine blades, it loses pressure. Thus, the blades must be proportionally larger in successive stages to extract enough energy from the.

steam to rotate the shaft at the correct speed.  :

The purpose of the main generator is to convert the rotational energy of the  :

shaft to electrical energy for commercial usage and support of station systems. l The main generator is composed of two parts, a stationary stator that contains coils of copper conductors, and a rotor that supplies a rotating magnetic field within the coils of the stator. Electrical current is generated in the stator portion -

of the main generator. From this point, the electric current passes through a '

series of transformers for transmission and use throughout northern Ohio.

The Condenser L After the spent steam in the secondary loop (blue in Figure 1-10) passes through .

the high and low pressure turbines, it is collected in a cavernous condenser several stories tall and containing more than 70,000 small tubes. Circulatin'g _

[

(cire) water (yellow in Figure 1-10) from the cooling tower passes through the tubes inside the condenser. As the steam from the low pressure turbines passes  ; '

over these tubes, it is cooled and condensed. 'Ihe condensed water is then purified and reheated before being circulated back into the steam generator again in a closed loop system. Cire water forms the third (or tertiary) and final '

loop of cooling water used at the Davis-Besse Station.

1 As with the primary to secondary interface, the secondary to tertiary interface is based on a closed loop design. In other words, the circulating water is able to cool the steam in the condenser, without ever actually coming in contact with it, by the process of convection. Even in the event of a primary to secondary leak, the water vapor exiting the Davis-Besse cooling tower would remain non-radioac-tive. Closed loops are an integral part of the design of any nuclear power facility, to greatly reduce the chance of environmental impact from statio 1 operation, f l

The Cooling Tower The cooling tower at Davis-Besse is easily the most noticeable, and often the most misunderstood, feature of the plant. The tower stands 493 feet high and 1-28

Annual Environmental OperatinD Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station the diameter of the base is 411 feet. The two pipes circulating water to the tower are 9 feet in diameter. They circulate 480,000 gallons of water per minute; enough water to fill a swimming pool the size of a football field 32 feet deep. The purpose of the tower is to recycle water from the condenser by cool-ing it.

After passing through the condenser. the cire water has warmed to approximately 1000 F. In order to cool the water back down to around 70"F, the cire water enters the cooling tower about 40 feet above the grourid. The water is sprayed evenly over a series of baffles called fillsheets which are suspended vertically in the base of the tower. A natural draft of air blowing up through these baff'es cools the water through the process of evaporation. The evaporated water exits the top of the cooling tower in the form of water vapor.

As much as 10,000 gallons of water per minute are lost to the atmosphere via the cooling tower. Even so, approximately 98 percent of the water drawn from Lake Erie for station operation can be recycled through the cooling tower or reuse. A small portion of the cire water is discharged back to Lake Erie at essentially the same temperature it was withdrawn earlier. In 1989, the averageg difference be-tween the intake and discharge water temperatures was only 5.7 F. The slightly warmer discharge water had no ads utse erwironmental impact on the area of the lake surrounding the discharge point.

Many power stations, both nuclear and fossil-fueled, utilize cooling towers to cool station discharge water. Federal regulations governing the water tempera-ture of rivers, lakes, and bays require that power station operation introduce rela-tively small changes in water temperature. An increase in water temperature is not necessarily detrimental to aquatic life. Fishermen usually find that the best fishing areas are in the vicinity of warm water effluents from power stations.

Warm water has also been found to accelerate the growth and increase the size of oysters and shrimp harvested by commercial fishermen. Unfortunately, the same warm water may also attract undesirable aquatic organisms such as the zebra mussel. In additon, an bcrease in water temperature during the summer months could decrease the water's oxygen content and could therefore precipitate a fish kill.

Miscellaneous Station Salety Systems The gold system in Figure 1-10 is part of the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) housed in the Auxiliary Building of the station. The ECCS consists of three overlapping means of keeping the reactor core covered with water,in the unlikely event of a Loss Of Coolant Accident (LOCA), thereby protecting the fuel cladding barrier against temperature failure. Depending upon the severity l

l 1-29

i t

Davis-Basse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environrnental Operating Report of the loss of pressure inside the primary system, the ECCS will automatically channel borated water into the reactor by either high pressure INection pumps, a core flood tank, or low pressure IWection pumps. Borated water can also be ~  :

sprayed from the ceiling of the containment vessel to cool and condense any '

steam that may escape from the primary system.

The grey system illustrated in Figure 1-10 is responsible for maintaining the primary coolant water in a liquid state. It accomplishes this by adjusting the pres-sure inside the primary system. Heaters inside the pressurizer turn water into  ;

steam. This steam takes up more space inside the pressurizer, therefore increas-ing the overall pressure inside the primary system. The pressurizer is also -

equipped with spray heads that shower cool water over the steam in the pres-surizer. In this case, the steam condenses and the overall pressure inside the primary system drops. The quench tank pictured in Figure 1-10_is simply where excess steam is directed and condensed for storage.

The scarlet system in Figure 1-10 is part of the Auxiliary Feedwater System, a key safety system in the event the main feedwater supply (blue in Figure 1-10) to the steam generator is inadequate. Following a reactor shutdown, the Auxiliary <

Feedwater System can supply water to the steam generators from the Conden.

sate Storage Tanks. The Auxiliary Feedwater System is housed in the Turbine Building along with the turbine, main generator, and the condenser.

Reactor Safety and Summary

, Nuclear power plants are inherently safe, not only by the laws of physics, but by l design. Nuclear power plants cannot explode like a bomb because the concentra-l tion of fissionable material is far less than is necessary for such a nuclear ex-plosion. Just as the battery of a flashlight provides enough energy to produce light, the amount of energy produced by the battery is not enough to cause an i

electrical shock to a person handling the flashlight i Many safety features (such as the Auxiliary Feedwater System) are also equipped with several backup systems to ensure that any possible accident would be -

prevented from causing a serious health or safety threat to the public, or serious impact on the local environment. The Davis-Besse Station,like all U.S. nuclear units, has many overlapping, or redundant safety features. If one system should fail, there would still be back-up systems to assure the safe operation of the Sta-tion. During normal operation, the Reactor Control System regulates the power .

output by adjusting the position of the control rods. The reactor can be automat-ically shut down by a separate Reactor Protection System that causes all the 1-30 l

Annual Environmental Opera *ing Report - 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station control rod assemblies to be quickly and completely inserted into the reactor core, stopping the chain reaction. To guard against the possibility of a loss Of Coolant Accident, the Emergency Core Cooling System is designed to pump reserve water into the reactor automatically if the reactor coolant pressure drops below a predetermined level.

The preceding pages should provide basics on electrical generation, ano more specifically, how the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station operates to produce a reliable, safe, and environmentally sound source of electricity.

4

-l 1-31 l

j Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report ~ ,

J DescriptionoftheDavis-Besse Site The Davis-Besse site is located in Carroll Township of Ottawa County, Ohio. It l  ;

i is on the southwestern shore of Lake Erie,just north of the mouth of the Tous-L saint River. The site lies north and east of Ohio State Route 2, approximately 10 ,

miles northwest of Port Clinton,7 miles north of Oak Harbor, and 25 miles east '

L of Toledo, Ohio (Figure 1 12).

l This section of Ohio is flat and marshy, with maximum elevations of only a few '

feet above the level of Lake Erie. The area originally consisted of swamp forest and marshland, rich in wildlife but unsuitable for settlment and farming. During r the nineteenth century, the land was cleared and drained, and has been farmed ,

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Figure 1 12: Davis-Besse is near Oak Harbor, Port Clinton and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge.

4 1-32

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 . Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station J

successfully since. Today, the terrain consists of farmland with marshes extend- )

ing in some places for up to two miles inland from the Sandusky Lake Shore q Ridge, j More than half of the Davis-Besse site area is marshland. A small portion of the site was farmland. The marshes are part of a valuable ecological resource, providing a breeding ground for a variety of wildlife, and a refuge for migratory birds. Major species of birds using this portion of the Lake Erie marshes include i

mallards, black ducks, widgeon, egrets, great blue herons, blue-winged teal, and Canada geese. In fact, there are hundreds of geese living right on the i,ite. Bald eagles, osprey, swans, great horned owls, and a large number of hawks are also seen in the area. The site includes a tract known as Navarre Marsh, which was ac- j quired from the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the -

Interior. In 1971, Toledo Edison purchased the 188 acre Toussaint River Marsh.

The Toussaint River Marsh is contiguous with the 610-acre Navarre Marsh sec-tion of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge.,

Most of the remaining marshes in the area have been maintained by private hunt-  :

ing clubs, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. There are some residences along the-lake shore used mainly as summer homes. However, the major resort area of the 4 i county is farther east, around Port Clinton, Sandusky, and the Bass Islands.

The immediate area near Davis-Besse is sparsely populated; Ottawa County had a population of only 40,076 in the 1980 census. The nearest incorporated com-munities are:

o Port Clinton - 10 miles southeast, population 7,223 L e Oak Harbor - 7 miles south, population 2,678 -

e Rocky Ridge - 7 miles west southwest, population 457 e Toledo (the nearest major city) - 25 miles west, population

354,650.

l The non-marsh areas around the Davis-Besse site are used primarily for farming.

< The major crops include soybeans, corn, wheat, oats, hay, fruits and vegetables.

L Meat and dairy animals are not major sources of income in the area. The main in-dustries within five miles of the site are located in Erie Industrial Park, about four miles southeast of the Station.

The State of Ohio Department of Natural Resources operates many wild!ife and recreational areas within 10 miles of the Station. These include Magee Marsh, Turtle Creek, Crane Creek State Park, and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge.

Magee Marsh and Turtle Creek lie between three and six miles WNW of the 1 -33

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station -1989 Annual Environmental Operating P.cpen Station. Magee Marsh is a wildlife preserve allowing public fishing, nature study,-

and controlled hunting in season. Turtle Creek, a wooded area at the southern end of Magee Marsh, offers boating and fishing. Crane Creek State Park is ad-jacent to Magee Marsh and is a popular picnicking, swimming, and fishing area.

The Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge lies four to nine miles WNW of the site, immediately west of Magee Marsh.

k 1 -34 l

Annual Erwironmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station The1989 SunnnaryofRadioactivityReleased in Liquid and Gaseous Emuents Protection Standards Soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen, the potential hazards of ionizing radiation were recognized and efforts were made to establish radiation protection standards.

The primary source of recommendations for radiation protection standards within the United States is the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Many of these recommendations have been given legis-lative authority throtigh publication in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). ,

The main objectives in the control of radiation exposure are to ensure that any necessary exposures are kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA), and that the dose received does not exceed certain specified limits.

Limits To protect the general public, guidelines and limits have been established governing the release of radioactivity in liquid and gaseous Station effluents. i The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 50, Appendix I (10CFR50, App.1) provides guidelines for the Technical Specifications which are part of the license authorizing nuclear reactor operation. Davis-Besse's Technical Specifica-tions place restrictions on the release of radioactivity to the environment and the resulting dose to the public. Table 1-3 presents these limits.

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Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 13: Dose Limits to a Member of the Public ,

NRC Limits for i i Source Davis Besse  !

l Uguld Emuents I less than or equal to 3 mrem / year to the whole body less than or equal to 10 mrem / year to any organ  ;

Gaseous Emuents l Noble Gases: i gamma (alt dose) less than or equalto 10 mrad' year  :

i beta (air dose) less than or equalto 20 mrad / year Iodine 131, tritium and  !

i particulates with half lives greater than 8 days less than or equal to 15 mrem / year to any organ j I

i The Davis Besse limits are only a small fraction of the dose limits established by l

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In its emironmental dose standard of 40CFR190, the EPA established environmental radiation protection standards for nuclear power operations. The standards for normal operation pro-vide that the dose from all discharges of radioactivity should not exceed:

e 25 mrem / year to the whole body  ;

e 75 mrem / year to the thyroid  ;

e 25 mrem / year to any other organ. l Sources i Through the normal operation of a nuclear power station, most of the fission ,

products are retained within the fuel and fuel cladding. However, small amounts of radioactive fission products and trace amounts of the component and structure surfaces, which have been activated, are present in the primary coolant water.

Many of these particles are removed through demineralizers in a processing sys-tem.  !

i 1-36  !

r Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davls Beste Nuclear Power Station I

The noble gas fission products in the primary coolant are given off as a gas when  ;

the coolant is depressurized. These gases are then collected by a system [

designed for gas collection and storage for radioactive decay prior to release.

l Small relenses of radioactivity in liquids may occur from valves, piping or equip- l ment associated with the primary coolant system. These liquids are collected through a series of floor and equipment drains and sumps. Allliquids of this na- i ture are processed and carefully monitored prior to release. ,

i Noble Gas l Some of the radionuclides released in airborne effluents are radioactive isotopes of noble gases, such as xenon and krypton Noble gases are biologically and  ;

chemically nonreactive. They do not concentrate in humans or other organisms.  !

They contribute to human radiation exposure by being a source of external whole body exposure. Xenon 133 and xenon-135, with half lives of approximately five  ;

days and nine hours, respectively, are the major radioactive noble gases released.

They are readily dispersed in the atmosphere. In 1989, approximately 378 curies of noble gases were released. The calculated offsite gamma and beta air doses  :

due to the release of this activity were 0.011 mrad and 0.029 mrad, respective.ly  !

and are less than 1.0% of their respective Technical Specifications limits. Addi-  ;

tional dose information is provided in Table 1-4 on page 1-41.

i lodine and Particulates Annual releases of radioisotopes ofiodine and radioactive particulates (with half- ,

lives greater than eight days)in gaseous and liquid effluents are small. Factors such as their high chemical reactivity and solubility in water, combined with the  ;

l high efficiency of gaseous and liquid processing systems, minimize their dis- i charge. The predominant radiciodine released is iodine 131 with a half life of i approximately eight days.

The principal radioactive particulates released are radioactive fission products '

(cesium-134 and cesium 137) and activation products (cobalt-58 and cobalt-60).

During 1989, the amount of radioactive iodine and particulates (excluding tritium) released was approximately 0.22 curie in gaseous effluents and 0.18 curie in liquid effluents. These releases were well below all applicable regulatory i limits. Additional dose information is provided in Table 1-4 on page 1-41. .

t

" I 1 37

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 29 Annual Environmental Operating Report Tritium l

Tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen,is the predominant radiomiclide in liquid effluents, and is also present in gaseous effluents. Tritium is produced in the reactor coolant as a result of neutron interaction with deuterium (also a hydrogen isotope) present in the water and with the boron in the primary coolant used for reactivity control of the reactor. The amount of tritium released in 1989 l was approximately 18.9 curies in gaseous effluents and 240 curies in liquid ef-  !

fluents.The associated doses were well below all regulatory limits, and addition-  ;

al dose information is provided in Table 1-4, page 1-41. l Processing and Monitoring l Effluents are strictly controlled to ensure radioactivity released to the environ- I ment is minimal and does not exceed release limits. Effluent controlincludes the operation of monitoring systems,in plant and environmental sampling and j analysis programs, quality assurance programs for effluent and environmental i programs, and procedures covering all aspects of effluent and environmental monitoring. ]

The radioactive waste treatment systems at Davis Besse are designed to collect and process the liquid and gaseous wastes which contain radioactivity. For ex- l ample, the Waste Gas Decay Tanks are holding tanks which allow radioactivity in  ;

l gases to decay prior to release via the station vent. All wastes are sampled prior l to release to ensure the ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable)is maintained.

Radioactivity monitoring systems are used to ensure that all releases are below  !

regulatory limits. These instruments provide a continuous indication of the radioactivity present and are sensitive enough to measure 100 to 1000 times lower than the release limits. Each instrument is equipped with alarms with in-dicators in the control room. The alarm set points are low to ensure the limits ' i will not be exceeded. If a monitor alarms, the release is automatically stopped.

l Additionally, effluent samples are collected and analyzed in a laboratory to iden-tify the specific concentrations of radionuclides being released. Sampling and analysis provides a more sensitive and precise method of determining effluent i composition than with monitoring instruments alone.

A meteorological tower is located in the southwest sector of the Station. It is linked to a computer which records the meteorological data. Coupled with the effluent release data, the meteorological data are used to calculate the dose to i

1-38 i

Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station the public. Beyond the plant, devices maintained in conjunction with the i Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program constantly sample the air in the surrounding emironment. Frequent samples of other environmental media, ,

i such as water and vegetation, are also taken to detchrine if buildup of deposited radioactivity is occurring in the area.

Exposure Pathways Radiological exposure pathways define the methods by which people may be- \

come exposed to radioactivity. The major pathways of concern are those which  !

t could cause the highest calculated radiation dose. These pathways are deter-mined from the type and amount of radioactivity released, the environmental  ;

transport mechanism, and the use of the environment. The emironmental  :

transport meche ism includes consideration of physical factors, such as the j hydrological (water) and meteorological (weather) characteristics of the area.  !

This provides information on the water flow, wind speed and wind direction at the time of a gaseous or liquid release. This information is used to evaluate how the radionuclides will be distributed in the area. The most important factor in i evaluating the exposure pathways is the use of the environment. Many factors  !

are considered such as dietary intake of residents, recreational use of the area, and the location of homes and farms in the area. i The external and internal exposure pathways considered are shown in Figures 1- '

13 and 1-14. The release of radioactivity in gaseous effluents involves pathways such as direct radiation, deposition on plants, deposition on soil, inhalation by ,

animals destined for human consumption, and inhalation by humans. The release of radioacthity in liquid effluents involves pathways such as drinking  ;

water, fish consumption, and direct exposure from the lake, both shoreline and ,

t immersion in the lake (swimming),

Although radionuclides can reach humans by many different pathways, some are more important than others. The pathway of concern is termed the critical path-  :

way. The critical pathway is the exposure pathway which will provide, for a specific radionuclide, the greatest dose to a population, or to a specific group of the population, called the critical group. The critical group may vary depending '

on the radionuclides involved, the age and diet of the group, or other cultural factors. The dose may be delivered to the whole body or to a specific organ. The  ;

organ receiving the greatest fraction of the dose is called the critical organ.

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Figure 1 13:The external exposure pathways shown here, are monitored l through the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP), and are  !

considered when calculating doses to the public. l

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F6gure 1 14: Internal exposure pathways include the methods by which )

radioactivity could teach people around the Station via the foods they eat, the

• milk they drink, and the air they breathe.

i 1 - 40

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Beste Nuclear Power Station Dose Assessment Dose is the energy deposited by radiation in an exposed individual. Whole body radiation exposure involves the exposure of all organ ..Most background ex.

posures are of this form. Radioactive elements can enter the body through in-halation (breathing) or ingestion (eating, drinking). When they do, they are uaually not distributed evenly. For example, radioactive iodine selectively con- '

centrates in the thyroid gland, while radioactive cesium collects in muscle and liver tissue, and radioactive strontium collects in bone tissue.

The total dose to organs from a given radionuclide also depends on the radioac-  ;

tivity present in the organ and the amount of time that the radionuclide remains in the organ. Some radionuclides remain for very short times due to their rapid  ;

radioactive decay and/or climination rate from the body, while other radionuclides may remain in our bodies for longer periods of time.

The dose to people in the area surrounding Davis-Besse is calculated for each lig-  !

uld or gaseous release.The dose due to radioactivity released in gaseous ef-fluents is calculated using factors such as the amount of radioactivity released,  ;

the relative concentration of radioactivity beyond the site boundary, the weather 1 conditions present at the time of the release, the locations ofimportant pathways (cow milk, goat milk, vegetable gardens, and residences), and usage factors (in-halation, food consumption).The dose due to radioactivity released in liquid ef-fluents is calculated using factors such as the amount of radioactivity released, t the total volume of waste released, the total volume of dilution water, near field dilution, and useage factors (water and fish consumption, shoreline and swim-ming factors).The use of these guidelines results in a conservative estimation of the dose.

Results The results of the effluent monitoring program are reported to the Nuclear ,

Regulatory Commission in the Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Report. i For 1989, the doses from radioactivity released in gaseous and liquid effluents were a small fraction of the Davis-Besse Technical Specifications limits. The offsite whole body dose due to radioactivity released in liquid effluents was ap- l i

proximately 1.3% of the annual Technical Specifications limits.The offsite gamma and beta air doses due to radioactivity released in gaseous effluents were ,

even smaner; each was less than 0.2% of the annual Technical Specifications i limits. Table 1-4 summarizes the dose due to radioactivity released in effluents in 1989.

1-41

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmentat Operatir.g Report i

Table 14: 1989 Offsite Doses to the Public due to Radioactivity Released in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents l 1989 Annual Percent  !

Dose Limit of Limit i

Liquid Effluents  !

Whole Body 0.039 mrem 3 mrem 1.30% l Organ 0.052 mrem 10 miem 0.52 % i Gaseous Effluents Noble Gas Gamma (air dose) 0.011 mrad 10 mrad 0.11 % {

Beta (air dose) 0.029 mrad 20 mrad 0.15%  !

lodine 131, tritium and  ;

particulattes with half- l lives greater than  !

8 days 0.073 mrem 15 mrem 0.49 %

l l

l  !

l 1 l l A review of the effluent monitoring data since Davis Sesse began operating in j 1977, indicates radioactivity relea:,ed in gateous and 'iquid effluents has consis- l tently been well below the release limits. Figeres 1 15 and 1-16 present a com-  ;

parison of the Technical Specifications dose limits and the calculated offsite  ;

doses due to radioactivity released in gaseous and liquid effluents, respectively, )

over the last four years.These graphs illustrate that Davis Besse has maintained i doses to the public well below the limits.  ;

I

' Prior to January 1,1989, a smallleak appeared in one of the steam generators which allowed a small fraction of the radioactivity present in the primary coolant 1

to be transferred to the secondary loop. Although the steam generator leak has contributed to the radioacthity released in effluats and to the dose to the public j during 1989, the offsite doses have remained less than 2.0% of the annual Techni-  ;

l cal Specifications dose limits. At all times, the water in the tertiary loop and the l' l water vapor exiting the cooling tower has remained non radioactive.

t t

1-42 -

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station L ._

GASEOUS RELEASES ONE PERCENT OF THE LIMITS

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1986 1987 1986 1989 YEAR E Nobk Ose*0amma E Noble Ges* Beta C l*181. H-3 4 Partie, Figure 1 15: For each year, the offsite noble gas gamma air dose, noble gas beta air dose, and whole body dose due to iodine, tritium and particulates (with half-lives greater than 8 days) are plotted as a percent of the annual Technical Specifications dose limits.These doses have consistently remained less than one percent of the limit, ne 1986 figures are unusually low as it was not an operating year.

4 W4

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Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station 1909 Annual Environmental Operating Report i

l LlOUID RELEASES  ;

FIVE PERCENT OF THE LIMITS 6-

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L 1986 1987 YEAR b 1988

m. 1989 l

Whole Body 85R Criticat Organ j i

l Figure 1 16: The individual offsite whole body and critical organ doses from

radioactivity released in liquid effluents have been less than five percent of the .

! annual dose limits.  !

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1-44 i

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuoitar Power Station l f

f l

i  !

t Refemnces i 3

t

1. "A Citizen's Guide to Radon: What it is and Y! hat to do About It," United f

(' States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department oflicalth Services, Centers for Disease Control (August 1986).  ;

2.

• Basic Radiation Protection Criteria," Report No. 39, National Council on v Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (January 1971).

i

3. " Cesium 137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose, Report  :

No. 52, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, ,

Washington, D.C. (January 1977).

{

4. Deutsch, R.,

• Nuclear Power, A Rational Approach," fourth edition, GP Cour- i seware, Inc., Columbia, MD. (1987).  ;

f

5. Eisenbud, M.," Environmental Radioactivity," Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL (1987).

l 6. " Environmental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (December 1976).

7. " Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural t Background Radiation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protec-  :

tion and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (December 1987).

8. "licalth Effects of Exposure to low levels of lonizing Radiation: BEIR V,"

! Committee on the Biological Effects of lonizing Radiations, Board on Radiation Effects Research Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, Na- t tional Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1990).  ;

i 1 45 1 l

1

Davis 4 esse Nuclear Power Station ~1980 Annual Environmental Operating Report

9. llendee, William R., and Doege, Theodore C.,

• Origin and llealth Risks ofIn-door Radon," Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol. XVlli, No.1. American Medi-cal Association, Chicago, IL (January 1987).

10. liurley, P.,"Living with Nuclear Radiation," University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI. (1982).

11.

• Indoor Air Quality Environmental Information liandbook: Radon,"

prepared for the United States Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and licalth, by Mueller Associates,Inc., Baltimore, MD.

(January 1986).

12. "lonizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the Uniter! States,"

Report No. 93, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, '

Washington, D.C. (September 1987).

13.

• Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, Nation-al Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C.

(November 1975).

14.

• Nuclear Energy Emerges from 1980's Poised for New Growth," U.S. Council for Energy Awareness, Washington, D.C. (1989).

15.' Nuclear Power: Answers to Your Questions," Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C. (1981).

16.

• Nuclear Power: Answers to Your Questions," Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C. (1987).

17. "Public Radiation Exposure From Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," Report No. 92, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, Washington, D.C. (December 1987).

18. " Radiation Protection Standards," Department of Erwironmental Science and Physiology and the Office of Continuing Education,liarvard School of Public licalth, Boston, MA. (1986).

19.

• Radon in Buildings: Sources, Biological Effects, Monitoring and Control,"

course notes from the Advanced Workshop on Occupational and Erwironmental Radiation Protection, Office of Continuing Education,11arvard School of Public licalth, Boston, MA. (July 1989).

1-46  !

Annunt Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nualear Power Station

20.

• Removal of Radon from Household Water,* United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (September 1987). t

21. "1985 Radiological Emironmental Monitoring Repert for Three Mile Island '

Station," GPU Nuclear Corporation, Middletown, PA (1985).

< 22.

• Sources, Effects and Risks of lonizing Radiation," United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1988 Report to the General As-j sembly, United Nations, New York (1988),

23. " Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Title 10, Part 20, Code of h Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).

}h 24. " Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," Title 10, Part l

50, Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).

i 25.

• Environmental Radiation Protection Standard for Nuclear Power Opera-tions," Title 40, Part 190, Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).

26. ' Tritium in the Environment," Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation  ;

Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (March 1979). ,

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Program 1

i Introduction  :

t The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) was established at Davis Besse for several reasons: to provide a supplementary check on the ade- i quacy of containment and effluent controls, to assess actual radiologicalimpact, if any, that Station operation has on the surrounding area, and to determine com-  ;

t pliance with applicable radiation protection guides and standards, Emironmen-tal surveillance at Davis-Besse has been a part of the radiological programs i conducted at the Station for approximately 18 years. The Radiological Environ-mental Monitoring Program was established in 1972, five years before the Sta-tion became operational. This preoperational surveillance program was  ;

established to describe and quantify the radioactivity, and its variability, in the l area prior to the operation of Davis-Besse When Davis Besse became opera-tional in 1977, the REMP continued to measure radiation and radioactivity in the surrounding areas. The operational surveillance program has been collecting environmental data for over 12 years now,  !

i A wide variety of environmental samples are collected as part of the REMP at Davis Besse. The selection of sample types is based on the established critical ,

pathways for the transfer of radionuclides through the environment to humans. 1 The selection of sampling locations is based on sample availability, local l meteorological and hydrological characteristics, local population characteristics, 1 and land usage in the area of interest.The selection of sampling frequencies for  !

the various environmental media is based on the radionuclides of interest, their respective half-lives, and their behavior in both the biological and physical en-vironment '  ;

i 2

A description of the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is provided in the following section. In addition, a brief history of ]

2-1  ;

i

Annual Environmenta! Operating Report t989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station analytical results for each sample type collected since 1972, and a more detailed '

summary of the analyses performed in 1989, are also provided.

l Preoperational Surveillance Program All nuclear facilities are requit ed by the federal government to conduct i radiological environmental monitoring well before construction begins on the j facility.This preoperational surveillance program should be aimed at collecting 3 tle data needed to identify critical pathways, including selection of the 1 radioisotope and sample media combinations to be included in the sun'elllance i

program conducted after facility operation begins. Radiochemical analyses per-formed on the environmental samples should include not only those nuclides ex-  !

pected to be released during facility operation, but should also include typical fallout radionuclides and natural background radioactivity, All environmental ,

media with a potential to be affected by facility operation, as well as those media i directly in the critical pathways, should be sampled on at leat an annual basis  ;

during the preoperational phase of the environmental surveillance program. l The preoperational surveillance program design, including nuchde/ media com- I binations, sampling frequencies and locations, collection techniques, and  ;

radioanalyses performed, should be carefully considered and incorporated in the  !

design of the operational surveillance program. In this manner, data can be com- l pared in a variety of ways (for example: from year to year, location to location, j etc.),in order to detect any radiologicalimpact the facility has on the surround-  ;

ing environment. Total data collection during the preoperational phase should be planned to provide a comprehensive database for evaluating any future chan- '

ges in the emironment surrounding the nuclear facility.

t Davis Besse began its preoperational emironmental surveillance program five years before the Station began producing power for commercial use in 1977, j

. Data accumulated during those early years provide an extensive database from which Station personnel are able to identify trends in the radiological charac- l teristics of the local em'ironment.The emironmental surveillance program at  ;

Davis-Besse will continue well after the Station has reached the end of its l economically useful life and decommissioning is begun. Such a rigorous, long-  :

term environmental surveillance program provides a sort ofinsurance that any radiologicalimpact the operation of Davis-Besse has had on the surrounding en-  ;

' vironment, since its design concep; ion through its productive years to its even- l tual shutdown,is detected to preserve the integrity of the local environment. j L

2-2 ,

Davis.Besso Nuclear Post Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report j l

Operational Surveillance Program Objectives j The operational phase of the emironmental surveillance program at Davis Besse I was designed with the following objectives in mind- i e to fulfill the obligations of the radiological surveillance sections of the Station'sTechnical Specifications,  ; ~

e to determine whether any significant increase occurs in the concentration of radionuclides in critical pathways, j i

e to identify and evaluate the buildup,if any, of radioactivity in the local environment, or any changes in normal background 3 radioactivity, and e to verify the adequacy of Station controls for the release of  ;

radioactivity.

Quality Assurance )

An important part of the em'ironmental monitoring program at Davis Besse is ,

Quality Assurance (QA). QA consists of all the planned and systematic actions j that are necessary to provide adequate confidence in the results of an activity such as the REMP. In other words, OA is a program which provides a method to check the adequacy and validity of the monitoring program. It accomplishes this  ;

through routine audits, strict adherence to written policies and procedures, and attention to good record keeping practices. l The OA program at Davis Besse is conducted in accordance with the guidelines  ;

specified in NRC Regulatory Guide 4.15," Quality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs." The QA program is designed to identify possible deficiencies in the REMP so that corrective actions can be initiated promptly.  ;

Davis-Besse's Quality Assurance program also provides confidence in the results of the REMP through:

o performing regular audits (investigations) of the REMP, l including a careful examination of sample collection techniques and record keeping, e performing audits of contractor laboratories *which analyze the emironmental samples, h

23

...a, - - -

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1999 Davis 4 esse Nuclear Power Station e requiring analytical contractor laboratories to particloate in the United States Emironmental Protection Agency Cross Check Program, e requiring analytical contractor laboratorie; to split samples for separate analysis followed by a comparison of results, e splitting samples prior to analysis by independent laboratories, and then comparing the results for agreement, and, finally, e requiring analytical contractor laboratories to perform in house spiked sample analyses.

OA audiis and inspections of the Davis Besse REMP are performed by groups such as Davis Besse's OA department and representatives from the NRC. In ad-dition, the NRC and the Ohio Department of liculth (ODli) also perform inde-pendent emironmental monitoring in the vicinity of Davis Besse.The types of samples collected and the sampling locations used by the NRC and OD11 were also deliberately incorporated in Davis Besse's REMP. lience, the analytical results from the different programs can be compared.There will of course be some variation between an individual laboratory's analytical practices, and there-

. fore some variation in the results produced by these practices. liowever, varia-tions in analytical results from the NRC, ODH and Davis Besse would not hinder the ability of any of these parties to detect abnormalindividual results or trends.This practice of comparing results from identical samples, collected and analyzed by different parties, provides a valuable QA tool to verify the quality of both the laboratories' analytical procedures and the data generated.

In 1987, em'ironmental sampling personnel at Davis Besse incorporated their own Quality Assurance program into the REMP. Duplicate samples, called quality control samples, were collected at severallocations. These duplicate samples were assigned different identification numbers than the numbers as-signed to the routine samples.'Dils ensured the analyticallaboratory would not know the samples were identical. The laboratory results from analysis of the quality control samples and the routine samples could then be compared for -

agreement. Quality control sampling has become an important part of the REMP since 1987, providing a check on the quality of analyses performed at the contracted analyticallaboratory. Quality control sampling locations are changed frequently in order to duplicate as many sampling locations as possible, end to en-sure the contractor laboratory has no way of correctly pairing a quality control sample with its routine sample counterpart.

2-4 i

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Program Description Overview The Radiological Emironmental Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse consists of the collection and analysis of a wide variety of environmental samples. Samples are collected on a routine basis either weekly, monthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annually, depending upon the sample type and nature of the radionuclides of interest. Erwironmental samples collected by Davis Besse personnel are divided into four general categories:

e atmospheric- including samples of airborne particulates, airborne radiciodine, and snow, e terrestrial- including samples of milk, groundwater, broad leaf vegetation and fruits, animal / wildlife feed, soil, and wild and domestic meat, e aquatie- including samples of treated and untreated surface water, fish, and shoreline sediments, and e direct radiation -- measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters.

All emironmental samples are labeled using a sampling code. Table 2-1 provides the sample codes and collectibn frequency for each sample type.

25

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 21: Sample Codes and Collection Frequencies Sample Type Sample Code Collection Frequency 1 Airborne Particulate AP Weekly Airborne lodine Al Weekly Thermoluminescent Dosimeter TLD Monthly, quarterly, ,

annually -

Snow SNO When available  ;

I Milk MIL Monthly (semi monthly during grazing season) -

Groundwater GW Ouarterly l r

Broad Leaf Vegetation I and Fruits BLV/FRU Monthly (July September)

Surface Water -Treated SWT Weekly Surface Water - Untreated SWU Weekly i

Fish FIS Semlannually Shoreline Sediments SED Semiannually Soil SOI Semiannually l l

Animal / Wildlife Feed AF Semiannually  !

Meat Domestic Me(D) Semiannually Meat Wild Me(W) Annually s

i 2-6

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Sample Types The wide variety of samples collected as part of the REMP at Davis Besse are designed to provide a comprehensive model of the varioue, routes of radiation ex-posure for humans. Each sample type is collected to test for specific types of radiation or radionuclides with specific physical characteristics and behaviors in the environment and in the organism itself.

ATtAOSPHERIC MONITORING Air Samples Environmental air sampling is conducted to detect any increase in airborne radionuclides that may be inhaled by humans, or serve as an external radiation source. Inl.aled radionuclides may be absorbed from the lung, gastrointestinal tract, or from the skin. Air samples collected by the Davis Besse REMP include both airborne particulates and airborne radiolodine. Air sampling pumps are used to draw continuous samples through particulate membrane filters and char-coal cartridges at a rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute.The samples are collected on a weekly basis,52 weeks a year.

Airborne particulate samples are collected on 47 mm diameter membrane filters which are carefully handled so as not to disturb or lose any deposited particu-lat:s. Charcoal cartridges are installed downstream of the particulate filters M sample for the presence of airborne radiolodine. The airborne particulate and airborne radio!odine samples are sent to an offsite contractor laboratory for analysis. At the laboratory, the airborne particulate filters are stored for 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br /> before they are analyzed to allow for the decay of naturally occurring short lived radionuclides. However, due to the short half life of iodine-131 (approximately eight days), the airborne radiciodine cartridges are analyzed upon receipt by the contractor laboratory.

Snow Samples Snow samples are collected, when available, to provide an estimate of the quan-tities of particulate matter deposited from the atmosphere, in addition to radiormelides expected to be emitted from Davis-Besse, naturally occurring (e.g.,

members of the uranium and thorium decay series) and fallout radionuclides (e.g., cesium 137) may be detected in snow samples.

2-7

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station TERRESTRIAL MONITORING The collection and analysis groundwater, mi!h, meat, fruits and broad leaf vegeta-tion provides data to assess the buildup of radionuclides that may be ingested by humans. Animal and wildlife feed samples prm'ide additionalinformation on  ;

radionuclides that may be present in the food chain. The data from soil sampling i provides information on the deposition of radionuclides from the atmosphere. l

\

Many radionuclides are present in the emironment due to sources such as cos-mic radiation and fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Some of the radionuclides normally present are: 1 i

e beryllium 7, present as a result of the interaction of cosmic radiation with the upper atmosphere, e cesium 137, a man made radionuclide which has been deposited in the emironment, (for example, in surface soils),

as a result of fallout from nuclear weapons testing and l i

routine releases from nuclear facilities, e potassium 40, a naturally occurrin.j radionuclide normally found in humans and throughout ti.e emironment, and e fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons testing, including strontium 89, strontium-90, cesium 134, cerium 141, cerium 144, ruthenium 103 and ruthenium 106.

These radionuclides may also be released in minute amounts j

from nuclear facilities. '

i I

i The radionuclides listed above are expected to be present in many of the emiron- l mental samples collected in the vicinity of the Davis Besse Station. The con- ]

tribution of radionuclides from the operation of Davis Besse is assessed by comparing sample results with preoperational data, operational data from pre- .

t vious years, control location data, and the types and amounts of radioactivity nor-mally released from the Station in liquid and gaseous effluents.  ;

Milk Samples  !

i L Milk sampling is very important in emironmental serveillance because it l provides a direct basis for assessing the buildup of radionuclides in the emiron-  !

ment that may be ingested by humans Milk is particularly important because it is 1 one of the few foods commonly consumed soon after production. The milk path-  ;

way involves the deposition of radionuclides from atmospheric releases onto  ;

28

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report forage consumed by cows. *lhe radionuclides present in the forage can become

. incorporated into the milk which is then consumed by humans.

Milk samples are collected twice a month during the grazing season (May  !

through October) and monthly during the colder months when the animals are on fodder. Iodine 131 is the primary radionuclide monitored in milk samples, al-though fallout radionuclides such as cesium 137, strontium-89 and strontium-90 l may also be found. Since the chemical properties of potassium and cesium, and  :

calcium and strontium are similar, organisms cannot distinguish between the j radioactive and the stable nuclides. Consequently, since the element potassium is i normally present in muscle tissue, and calcium is present in bone tissue, or- ,

ganisms tend to deposit cesium in muscles, and strontium in bones, in order to  !

detect the potential emironmental accumulation of these radionuclides, the ratio '

of the strontium 90 radioactivity (pCi/l) to the concentration of calcium (g/l), and ,

the ratio of the cesium-137 radioactivity (pCi/l) to the concentration of potas.

sium(g/l),is monitored in milk samples. These ratios are then compared to  ;

standard values to determine if buildup is occurring.  ;

Groundwater Samples ,

It is unlikely that groundwater will accumulate radioactivity irom nuclear facilities, except for those facilities which discharge liquid effluents to the ground via cribs, pits, or trenches. This is because the soll acts as a filter and an ion exchange medium for most radionuclides. However, tritium and other i radionuclides such as ruthenium-106 have a potential to seep through the soil i into the groundwater. Although Davis-Besse does not discharge its liquid ef- ,

fluents directly to the ground, REMP personnel sample local wells on a quarterly basis to ensure the detection of any adverse impact on the local groundwater sup.  ;

plies due to Station operation.  ;

Broad Leaf Vegetation and Frutt Samples t Fruits and broad leaf vegetation also represent a direct pathway to humans from ingestion. Fruits and broad leaf vegetation may become contaminated from at- ,

mospheric deposition from airborne sources (nuclear weapons fallout or gaseous releases from nuclear facilities) or from irrigation water drawn from lake water receiving liquid effluents (from hospitals, nuclear facilities, etc.). Also, ,

radionuclides from the soil may be absorbed by the roots of the plants and be- ,

come incorporated into the edible portions. During the growing season (July through September), broad leaved edible vegetation such as cabbage or lettuce, and fmits, are collected from farms in the vicinity of Davis-Besse.

s 29

Annual Envirenmental Operating Report 1989 Davis 4 esse Nuclear Power Station Animal /W!!d!Ife Food Samples As with broad leaf vegetation and fruit sample.t, samples of domestic animal l feed, as well as vegetation consumed by wilctlife, provide an indication of air-borne radionuclides deposited in the vicinity of the Station. Analyses from ,

animal / wildlife feed samples also provide data for determining radionuclide con- l i

centrations in the food chain. Domestic animal feed samples are generally col-lected twice a year at both the milk and domestic meat sampling locations.  !

Wildlife feed samples are collected from the Navarre Marsh onsite and from a j local marsh within five miles of the Station. As in all terrestrial samples, naturally l occurring potassium-40, cosmic ray produced radionuclides such as beryllium 7,  ;

and fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons testing may be present in the i

feed samples, Soll Samples Soil samples are generally collected twice a year at all sites equipped with air i samplers. Only the top layer of soil is sampled in an effort to identify possible trends in the local environmental nuclide concentrations caused by atmospheric deposition of fallout and Station-released radionuclides. Generally, the sites i selected are relatively undisturbed, so that the sample will be representative of ,

the actual deposition in the area, ideally, there should be little or no vegetation l present, because the vegetation could affect the results of the analyses. Ap-i proximately five pounds of soll are taken from the top two inches at each site.

Many naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., beryllium 7, potassium 40) and full-out ra lionuclides from nuclear weapons testing are usually detected. Fallout radionuclides which are often detected include strontium 90, cesium 137, l cerium 141, cerium-144, and ruthenium 106.  ;

Wild and Domestic Meat Samples Sampling of meat, both domestic and wild, provides information on emironmen-tal nuclide concentrations that humans may be exposed to through an ingestion j pathway. The principle pathways for radionuclide contamination of meat animals include: atmospheric deposition from airborne releases on their food, l

contamination of their drinking water through atmospheric deposition, or con-tamination of their drinking wnter from radionuclides released in liquid ef.

fluents.

I Wild animals commonly consumed by residents in the vicinity of Davis Besse in- )

clude waterfowl, deer and muskrat.The REMP generally collects wild meat '

samples on an annual basis. Domestic meat samples (chickens) and eggs are sampled on a semiannual basis. Analyses from animals whose meat is caten by i

k 2 10  !

Davls Beste Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i

humans provides general information on radionuclide concentrations in the food chain. When evaluating the results from analyses performed on meat animals,it is important to consider the age, diet, and relative mobility of the animal before drawing conclusions on radionuclide concentrations in the local emironment or in the species as a whole. For instance, a meat sample taken from a deer killed by an nutomobile near Davis Besse might not provide as much information as a meat sample taken from a muskrat living in the Navarre Marsh, because the deer probably foraged in areas well beyond those that could be affected by Station operation.

AQUATIC MONITOlllNG Radionuclides may be present in Lake Erie from many souices, including atmos-pheric deposition, run off/ soil erosion, and releases of radioactivity in liquid ef-fluents from hospitals or nuclear facilities. These sources provide two forms of potential radiation exposure, external and internal. External exposure can occur from the surface of the water, shoreline sediments, and from immersion (swim-ming)in the water. Internal exposure can occur from the ingestion of radionuclides, either directly from drinking water, or as a result of the transfer of radionuclides through aquatic food chains with eventual consumption of aquatic organisms, such as fish. To monitor these pathways, Davis Besse samples treated 4 . . . - m a +- - .:

Q< g e -i r.

~~._ l -

w .s 7

4>

,v 4

g, e .,. y 5 ,.,s -

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Figure 2-1: Analyses from samples of bottom-feeding fish species, such as thi; carp, provide information on the deposition of radionuclides in lake sediments.

i 2-11 l' - - - - - - - _o

a a

Annual Environmentm' Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station surface water (drinking wcter), untreated surface water (lake o river water), fish and shoreline sediments.

Surface Water Samples Treated surface water is water from Lake Erie or rivers which has been -

processed for human consumption. Radiochemical analysis of this processed water provides a direct basis for assessing the buildup of nuclides that represent an ingestion pathv/ay risk for humans. Sampling and enalysis of untreated surface water (i.e., raw lake water) provides a method to asse s the relative risks from ex-ternal exposure from the lake surface as well as from immersion in the water. It also provides information on the radionuclides present which may affect drinking water, fish and irrigated crops.

The untreated water sampling program is divided into two phases, routine and summer.The routine program is the basic sampling program which is performed year round. Untreated water samples are collected in the areas of the Station water intake and liquid discharge point, and at the water intakes used by nearby water treatment plants.The summer program is designed to supplement the routine untreated water sampling program in order to provide a more com-prehensive study duricg months of high lake recreational activity (boating, fish-ing, and swimming). The summer samples are generally collected from May through October at several locations along the Lake Erie shoreline and around the Bass islands.

Fish Samples Fish are analyzed primarily to quantify the dietary radionuclide intake by huraans, and secondarily to serve as indicators of radioactivity in the aquatic ecosystem. The principal nuclides which may be detected in fish include naturally occurring potassium-40, as well as cesium-137 and strontium-90. Depending upon the feeding habit of the species (e.g., bottom-feeder versus predator),

results from sample analyses may vary.

With the aid of a local commercial fisherman, Davis Besse routinely collects three species of fish (walleye, white bass and carp) twice a year from sampling locations near the Station's liquid discharge point and more than ten miles away from the Station where fish populations would not be expected to be impacted by j Station operation. Walleye are colleod because they are a popular sport fish, ,

white bass because they are an important commercial fish. Carp are collected be-cause they are bottom feeders and thus would be more likely to be affected by 9 radionuclides deposited in lake sediments (Figure 2-1). j 2-12

Davis Beste Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Shoreline Sed'.mont Semples The sampling of thoreline sediments can provide an indication of the accumula-tion of undissolved radionuclides which may lead to exposure to humans through ingestion of fish, through resuspension into drinking water supplies, or as an ex-ternal radiation source from shoreline exposure to fishermen or swimmers.

Samples of deposited sediments in water are collected twice a year from loca-tions on the Davis Beste site and from nearby recreational areas. Nuclides which may be detected in the sediment samples include cobalt-60, zinc-65 and cesium-137.

DIRECT RADIATION MONITORING Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Samples Humans may be exposed to external radiation from the operation of nuclear facilities from cloud passage of airborne effluents, as well as from previous radionuclide deposition on soil, vegetation, or shoreline sediments. Additionally, some radiation will always be present from background sources, both man-made and natural. The amount of normal background radiation can be determined by examining data from the preoperational surveillance program, or data from con-trollocations not likely to be affected by the operation of Davis Besse.

Direct radiation at and around the Davis Besse Station is constantly monitored by a network of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). TLDs are small devices which are able to store radiation dose information over long periods of time, even when exposed to environmental extremes in temperature or humidity.Ther-moluminescence is a process by which ionizing radiation interacts with the sensi-tive material in the TLD, the phosphor Energy is trapped in the TLD material and can be stored for several months or years. The amount of energy that was stored in the TLD as a result of the interaction of radiation with the TLD is removed and measured by a controlled heating process in a ca'verated reading system. As the TLD is heated, the phosphor releases the stored energy as light.

The amount of light detected is directly proportional to the amount of radiation to which the TLD was exposed. The reading process rezeros the TLD and prepares it for reuse.

' The emironmental TLDs used at Davis Besse are sensitive to gamma radiation

only. However, the TLDs worn inside the Station by Davis Besse personnel

) record doses attributable to both gamma and beta radiation. There are also dif-I ferences in the types of emironmental TLDs used by different nuclear facilities. J l For instance, the em'ironmentalTLDs used at DavipBesse contain a calcium l

Y 2 13  !

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station sulfate: dysprosium (CaSO4:Dy) card with four readout areas. hiultiple readout '

areas are used to ensure the precision of the measurements. As mentioned ear-lier in this chapter, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission also monitors direct .

radiation in the vicinity of Davis Besse. The NRC also uses a network of TLDs, l l

however, their TLDs contain lithium borate: copper and calcium sulfate: thulium l readout areas. The different types of TLDs used by Davis Besse and the NRC I

account for some of the variation in dose information recorded by each party.

Due to variations in background radiation at a given TLD sampling site, analyti-cal results are predicted to exhibit some variation also. The REhiP collects TLDs on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis from locations onsite and up to 25 miles l away from the Station. The monthly TLDs provide a quality control check on the quarterly and annual TLDs installed at a given location, since doses received by  !

the monthly TLDs may be summed and compared to the dose recorded by a j i

single TLD that remains in the field over an entire calendar quarter or year, i

i Sampling Locations i REhiP samples are collected at numerous locations, both onsite and up to 25 i miles away from the Station. Sampling locations may be divided into two general l categories: indicator and control. Indicator locations are those which would be  !

most likely to display the effects caused by the operation of Davis Besse.

Generally, they are located within five miles of the station. Controllocations are l f those which should be unaffected by Station operations. Typically, they are more i than five miles away from the Station. Data obtained from the indicator loca-tions are compared with data from the controllocations. This comparison allows REhiP personnel to take into account naturally occurring background radiation, including nuclear fallout from weapons testing, in evaluating any radiological im-pact Davis-Besse has on the surrounding environment. Data from indicator and controllocations are also compared with preoperational data to deternune  !

whether significant variations or trends exist. ]

l Beginning on page 2-15, Figures 2 2,2-3,2-4 and 2 5 identify the REMP sam- i 2

pling locations on the Davis-Besse site, within a five mile radius, within a ten mile radius, and in lake Erie, rest >eedvely. Table 2 2 (page 2-19) provides a more detailed listing of the locations of all sampling sites and the types of l samples collected at each site. y.

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2 -17

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Ii Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989, Annual Environmental Operating Report i Table 2 2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of l Samples Collected at Each j Site Type of I.ocation Description - Type (s) of , Samples l- Number location , O.C or OC)* Collected" l r Site boundary,0.6 mile ENE of AI, AP, TLD, T-1 1 , Station. S01, SNO i I Site boundary,0.9 mile E of Al, AP,TLD,  ! T-2 Station. S01  ; Site boundary,1.4 miles ESE of A1, AP, TLD T-3 I Station. S01, SWU, SED j Site boundary,0.8 mile S of A1, AP, TLD .  ; T-4 I Station. SOI, SNO, SED ' T-5 I Site boundary,0.5 mile W of TLD Station. T-6 I Site boundary,0.49 mile NNE TLD . ofStation. , j I Sand Beach, main entrance,0.9 AI, AP, TLD, T-7 mile NW of Station. SOI, GW  ; I Farm,2.7 miles WSW of Station. Al, AP, TLD, T-8 ' SOI, MIL,AF, l BLV, FRU T-9 C Oak Harbor Substation,6.8 AI, AP,TLD miles SW of Station. Sol, SNO

                                                                                                                                  ~

T-10 I Site boundary,0.5 mile SSW of TLD ! Station. C Port Clinton Water Treatment Plant, AI, AP, TLD - T-11 9.5 miles SE of Station. SOI, SNO, SWU, SWT

      ~

• I = Indicator C = Control QC=_ Quality Control

                 "      Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.
        ,                                                                                                                         t
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2-19 3.

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each (continued) Site Type of I.ocation Description Type (s) of Number 1.ocation Samples (I,C or OC)* - Collected ** T-12 C Toledo WaterTreatment Plant: AI, Al, AP, TLD AP,TLD, and SOI collected 23.5 sol, SWU, SwT milesWNW of Station, SWU and SWT samples taken from Intake Crib 11.25 miles NW of Station. T-17 I Site boundary,0.7 mile SW of Station. GW T-23 C South Bass Island,14.3 miles ENE of TLD, S01, SED Station. SWU,SwT, FRU, GW T-24 C SancaAy,21.0 miles SE of Station. TLD, MIL T-25 I Farm,3.7 miles S of Station. BLV, FRU l T-27 C Crane Creek State Park,5.3 miles Al, AP, TLD, WNW of Station. sol, GW, SED T-28 I Treated and untreated water supply, . Swv, SwT at the Davis-Besse site. T-31 I Onsite roving location. Mc(W), AF T-33 1 Lake Erie,within 5 mile radius FIS of Station. T-34 C Offsite roving location, land Mc(W), AF greater than 10 mile radius of Station. T-35 C I.ake Erie, greater than 10 mile FIS radius of Station. T-37 C Farm,13.0 miles SW of Station. BLV, FRU T-38 I Site boundary,0.6 mile ENE of 'ILD

     .                                                        Station.

I= Indicator C = Control OC= Ouality Control Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6. 2-20 1

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report L 1 i Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each (continued)- l Type (s) of j Site Type of I.ocation Description - i Number Location Samples (I,C or OC)* Collected"  ! r T-39 1 Site boundary,1.2 miles ESE of TLD

Station.

i T-40 I Site boundary,0.7 mile SE of TLD l Station. T-41 I Site boundary,0.6 mile SSE of TLD Station. T-42 I Site boundary,0.8 mile SW of TLn Station. T-43 I Site boundary,0.5 mile SW of TLD l Station. T 44 I Site boundary,0.5 mile WSW of TLD Station. T-45 I Site boundary,0.5 mile WNW of TLD Station. T-46 I Site boundary,0.5 mile NW of TLD Station. T-47 I Site boundary,0.5 mile N of Station. TLD T-48 I Site boundary,0.5 mile NE of Station. TLD T-49 I Site boundary,0.5 mile NE of Station. TLD T-50 I Erie IndustrialPark, Port Clinton, TLD, SWU, S%T 4.5 miles SE of Station. T-51 I Farm,4.5 miles SSE of Station. TLD T-52 I Farm,3.7 miles S of Station. TLD l l L

                              .._c-I= Indicator    C= Control           OC= Ouality control
    "      Refer to sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

2-21 I .

Annual Environmental Operating Report -1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each (continued) Site Type of Location Description - Type (s) of-Number Location Samples - (1,C or OC)* Collected" T-53 I Farm,4.5 miles S of Station. TLD I Farm,4.8 miles SW of Station. TLD, GW T-54 T-55 I Farm,5.0 miles W of Station. TLD C Farm,22.0 miles SSE of Station. MIL, AF T-57 T-60 1 Site boundary,03 mile S of Station. TLD T-61 1 Site boundary,0.6 mile SE of Station. TLD T-62 1 Site boundary,1.0 mile SE of Station. TLD T-63 1 Site boundary,1.1 miles ESE of TLD Station. T-64 1 Site boundrg,0.9 mile E of Station. TLD T-65 1 Site boundary,03 mile E of Station. TLD T-66 1 Site boundary,03 mile ENE of Station. .TLD T-67 I Site boundary,03 mile NNW of TLD Station. T-68 I Site boundary,0.5 mile WNW of TLD-Station. T-69 I Site boundary,0.4 mile W of Station. TLD T-70 1 Site boundary,03 mile WNW of TLD Station. T-71 1 Site boundary,0.1 mile NNW of TLD Station. T-73 1 Site boundary,0.1 mile WSW of TLD Station. I= Indicator C = Control OC= Ouality Control

    "      Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.                              .

l W O =. 2-22 j r .

                                                                                                  }

I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ' 1989 Annual Environmental Operaung Report Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of ' Samples Collected at Each (continued) Site Type of Location Description ' Type (s) of Number Location Samples (I,C or OC)* Collected" , T-74 1 Site boundary,0.1 mile SSW of TLD^ , Station. T-75 I Site boundary,0.2 mile SSE of Station, TLD T-76 1 Site boundary,0.1 mile SE of TLD  ; Station. T-77 I Site boundary,0.1 mile ENE of - TLD Station. T-70 C West Sister Island,'10.0 miles N of TLD, SWU Station. T-79 OC Ouality Control Site, TLD , , T-80 OC Ouality control site. TLD T-81 OC Ouality Control site. TLD , T-82 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-83 OC Ouality Control site. TLD . T-84 OC' Ouality Control site. TLD 7 T-86 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-88 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-89 OC Ouality Control site. TLD

T-90 'l Toussaint East and Leutz Roads, TLD 2.0 miles SSW of Station. .

T-91 I State Route 2 and Rankie Road, TLD  : 2.5 miles SSE of Station. j T-92 I Locust Point Road,2.7 miles TLD WNW of Station. I= Indicator C = Control OC= Ouality Control

    "    Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

2-23

j Annual Environmental Operating Repod 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2 2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of

   -                      Samples Collected at Each (continued)

Site Type of location Description Type (s) of Number lecation Samples (1,C or OC)* Collected" T-93 1 Twelfth Street, Sand Beach,0.6 mile TLD NNE of Station. T-94 I ~ State Route 2,~1.8 miles TLD WNW of Station. T-95 C State Route 579,9.3 miles W TLD of Station. T-96 C State Route 2 and Howard Road, TLD 10.5 miles WNW of Station. T-97 1 Duff Washa and Zetzer Road, TLD 1.5 miles W of Station. T-98 C Toussaint-Portage and Bier Road, TLD 6.0 miles SW of Station. T-99 I -Behlman Road,4.7 miles SSW TLD of Station. T-100 C Ottawa County Highway Garage, TLD Oak Harbor,6.0 miles S of Station. T-101 C Finke Street, Oak Harbor,6.5 TLD miles SSW of Station. T-102 C - Oak Street, Oak Harbor,6.5 miles - TLD SSW of Station. T-103 C Lickert-Harder Road,8.5 miles SW of ..TLD Station. T-104 C Salem-Carroll Road,73 miles SW of TLD' Station. T-105 C Lake Shore Drive, Port Clinton,6.0 TLD miles SE of Station.

• l= Indicator C= Control OC= Quality Control

          "      Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

m:

           - Davis-Bess,e Nuclear Power Station             1989     - Annual Environmental Operating Report -

l Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types cf Samples Collected at Each (continued) Type of 1.ocation Description- Type (s) of , Site _ Number Location Samples  ! (I.C or OC)* Collected" l t T-106 C Third Street; Port Clinton,6.5 miles TLD L SE of Station. T-107 C Little Portage East Road,8.5 miles TLD SSE of Station. T 108 C Boysen Road,9.0 miks S of Station. TLD T 109 C Stange Road,8.0 miles W of Station. TLD T-110 C -Toussaint North ;nd Graytown Road, TLD > 10.0 miles WSW of Station. T-111 C Toussaint North Road,8.3 miles WSW TLD , of Station.  ; T-112 I Thompson Road,1.5 miles SSW of TLD Station. l T-113 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-114 OC Ouality Control site. , TLD T-115 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-116 OC Ouality Control site. TLD-T-117 OC Oudity Control site. TLD , T-118 OC Ouality control site. TLD_  ;.

T-119 OC Ouality Control site. TLD .

T-120 OC Ouality Control site. TLD T-121 I State Route 19,2.0 miles W of TLD Station. I= Indicator C= Control OC = Ouality Control

              "     Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.
                                                                                                                          ~.-

2-25

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989' Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2 2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each (continued): Type of 1.ocation Description Type (s)d Site. Number - Location Samples (1,C or OC)', Collected" T-122 I Duff Washa and Humphrey Road, TLD 1.7 miles W of Station. T-123 I Zetzer Road,1.6 miles WSW of Station. TLD T-124 C Church and Walnut Street, Oak Harbor. TLD 6.5 miles SSW of Station. T-125 I Behlman and Bier Roads,4.4 miles SSW TLD of Station. T-126 I Camp Perry Western andToussaint TLD South Road,3.7 miles S of Station. T-127 I Camp Perry Western and Rymers Road, TLD 4.0 miles SSE of Station. T-128 1 Eric Industrial Park, Port Clinton, TLD 4.0 miles SE of Station.- T-130 I Lake Erie,1.7 miles ESE of Station. swu T-131 I Lake Erie,0.8 mile NE of Station, swu T-132 1 Lake Erie,1.0 mile E of Station. swu T-133 I Lake Erie,0.8 mile N of Station. swu T-134 I Lake Erie,1.4 miles NW of Station. swu T-135 I Lake Erie,2.5 miles WNW of Station. swu T-136 1 Lake Erie,3.8 miles WNW of Station. swu T-137 C 1.ake Erie,7.0 miles WNW of Station. swu T-138 C - Lake Erie,11.0 miles NW of Station. swu T-141 OC Ouality Control site. ow T-143 QC Ouality Control site. swr

• l= Indicator C= Control OC= Ouality Control -

  "      Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

2 - _ . -__- - --_-_

 . Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station           1989     Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of Samples Collected at Each (continued).

Site Type of Location Description Type (s) of Number 1.ocation Samples (1,C or OC)* Collected" , 1 T-144 I Green Cove Condominiums,0.9 mile swT

NNW of Station.

T-345 OC Ouality Control site. swu q T-147 C Farm,5.7 miles WSW of Station. Mc(D), AF T-150 I Humphrey and Hollywood Road, TLD 2.1 miles NW of Station. T-151 .I State Route 2 and Humphrey Road, TLD  ; 1.8 miles WNW of Station. T-153 I Leutz Road,1.4 miles SSW TLD of Station.- T-154 I State Route 2,0.7 mile SW of TLD i Stati,6n. T-155 C Fourth and Madison Street, Port TLD Clinton,9.5 miles SE of Station. T-156 C Lake Erie,8.0 miles WNW of Station. swu T-157 C Lake Erie,8.9 miles WNW of Station. swu l T-158 C Lake Erie,10.0 miles WNW of Station. swu T-159 C Lake Erie,10.2 miles WNW of Station. swu T-160 I Lake Erie,3.5 miles ESE of Station, swu T-161 1 lake Erie,4.7 miles SE of Station. swu T-162 C Lake Erie,5.4 miles SE of Station. Swu T-163 C I.ake Erie,8.5 miles SE of Station. swu (_ T-164 C Lake Erie 9.5 miles ESE of Station. SWU l. I = Indicator C= Control OC=Ouality control

   "     Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

2-27 L

k Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station -

                       \

Table 2-2: Description of REMP Sampling Locations and Types of-Samples Collected at Each (continued)-

  ; Site        Type of -     - 1.ocation Description                      Type (s) of Number - 1.ocation                                                      Samples (I,C or OC)                                                 Collected" T-165           C           Lake Erie,10.2 miles ESE of Station.        swu T-166           C           Lake Erie,12.0 miles ESE of Station.        SWU T-167           C           Lake Erie,11.5 miles E of Station.          swu T-168           C           Lake Erie,12.5 miles ENE of Station.        swu-T-169           C           Lake Erie,14.0 miles ENE of Station.        SWU T 170           C           Lake Erie,15.0 miles ENE of Station.        swu T-171           C           I.ake Erie,15.5 miles ENE of Station.       SWU T-172            C          Lake Erie,17.0 miles ENE of Station,        swu T-173            C          Finelands Winery, Sandusky, FRU 20.0 miles SE of Station.

T-173A C Firelands Vineyard, North Bass Island, FRU 16.3 miles ENE of Station. T-197 I Farm,1.7 miles W of Station. Me(D), AF T-198 I Toussaint Creek Wildlife Area,4.0 AF-miles WSW of Station. T-199 C Farm,8.5 miles SW of Station. MIL I = Indicator C= Control OC= Ouality Control

 "       Refer to Sample Codes in Table 2-1, page 2-6.

2-28 -!

l l J. Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ' l Sample Analysis When environmental samples are analyzed for radioactivity, several types of measurements may be performed to provide information about the types of.

• radiation and radionuclides present. The major analyses that are performed on environmental samples collected for the Davis-Besse REMP include:

e Gross beta analysis e Gamma spectral analysis e Tritium analysis e Strontium analysis e Gamma dose (TLDs only) Gross beta analysis measures the total amount of beta emitting radioactivity present in a sample. Beta radiation may be relcased by many different  ; radionuclides. Since beta decay gives a continuous energy spectrum rather than the discrete lines or " peaks" associated with gamma radiation, identification of specific beta emitting nuclides is much more difficult. Therefore, gross beta analysis only indicates whether the sample contains normal or abnormal con- *

centrations of beta radioactivity; it does not identify specific radionuclides.

l Gross beta analysis merely acts as a tool to identify samples that may require fur-ther analysis. Gamma spectral analysis provides more specific information than does gross beta analysis. Gamma spectral analysis identifies each radionuclide present in the sample that emits gamma radiation, and the amount of radioactivity emitted by each. No two radionuclides emit the same energy gamma rays. Therefore, each radionuclide has a very specific " fingerprint" that allows for swift and ac-curate identification. For example, gamma spectral analysis can be used to iden-tify the presence and amount ofiodine-131 in a sample. Indine-131 is a - man-made radioactive isotope of iodine that may be present in the environment as a result of fallout from nuclear weapons testing, routine medical uses in diag-nostic tests, and routine releases from nuclear power stations. . Tritium analysis indicates whether a sample contains the radionuclide tritium (H+3) and the amount of radioactivity present as a result. As discussed in Chap-ter One, tritium is a natural or man-made isotope of hydrogen that emits low energy beta particles. S 2-29

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989'- Annual Environmental Operating Ro rt . Strontium analysis identifies the presence and amount of strontium-89 and  ! strontium-90 in a sample. These man-made radionuclides are found in the en-vironment as a result of fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Strontium is usual-- ly incorporated into the calcium pool of the biosphere. In other words,  ! strontium tends to replace calcium in living organisms and becomes incorporated  ; in bone tissue. The principal strontium exposure pathway is via milk produced i by cattle grazed on pastures exposed to deposition from gaseous releases. _ l i Gamma Doses received by thermoluminescent dosimeters while in the field are determined by a special laboratory procedure that is more thoroughly discussed - on page 2-13. Table 2-3 provides a listing of the type (s) of analyses performed on environmen-tal samples collected for the Davis-Besse REMP. Often samples will contain little radioactivity, and may be below the lower limit > of detection. The lower limit of detection (LLD) is the smallest amount of sample activity that will give a net count for which there is confidence, at a predetermined level, that the radioactivity is present. When a measurement of radioactivity is reported as less than the LLD ( < LLD), it means that the radioac-tivity is so low that it cannot be accurately measured by that particular method for an individual analysis, with any degree of confidence. Sample History Comparison l The concentration of radioactivity present in the environment will vary due to factors such as weather or variations in sample collection techniques or sample analysis. This is one reason that the results of sample analyses are compared , with results from other locations and from earlier years. Generally, the results of - sample analyses are compared with preoperational and operational data. Addi-l tionally, the results ofindicator and control locations are also compared. This al-lows REMP personnel to track and trend the radioactivity present in the environment, to assess whether a buildup of radionuclides is occurring, and to - determine the effects,if any, the operation of Davis-Besse is having on the en-vironment. If any unusual radioactivity is detected,it is investigated to deter-I mine whether it is attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse, or to some other I source such as nuclear weapons testing. A summary of the REMP sample analyses performed from 1972 to 1989 is provided in'the following section. 2-30

l 1 Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station l l Table 2-3: Radiochemical Analyses Performed on REMP Samples'  ! Sample Type Analyses Performed l I ATMOSPHERIC MONITORING Airborne Particulates Gross Beta  ; Gamma Spectral l Strontium-89 . Strontium 90

                    - Airborne Radiciodine                                                                        Iodine-131                                                          ,

Snow Gross Beta l Gamma Spectral Tritium i TERRESTRIAL MONITORING t Milk Gamma Spectral Iodine-131 . Strontium-89 Strontium-90 Stable Calcium . Stable Potassium Groundwater Gress Beta ' Gamma Spectral Tritium - Strontium-89 Strontium-90 Broadleaf Vegetation and Fruits Gamma Spectral Iodine-131 Strontium-89 Strontium-90  : Animal / Wildlife Feed Gamma Spectral Soil Gamma Spectral Wild and Domestic Meat Gamma Spectral 2-31 ,

  - Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station          1989-    _ Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 2 3: Radiochemical Analyses Performed on REMP Samples (continued)

Sample Type Analyses Performed AOUATIC MONITORING Untreated Surface Water Gross Beta Gamma Spectral Tritium Strontium-89 Strontium 90 Treated Surface Water Gross Beta Gamma Spectral Tritium - Strontium-89 Strontium-90 lodine-131 Fish Gross Beta Gamma Spectral Shoreline Sediments Gamma Spectral DIRECT RADIATION MONITORING Thermoluminescent Dosimeters Gamma Dose Atmospheric Monitoring: e AirborneParticulates: No radioactive particulates have been detected as a result of Davis-Besse's operation. Only natural and fallout radioactivity from nuclear weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl have been detected.

                                                 .2-32

Annuni Environmental Operating Report 1989. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i e Airborne Radiciodine:- Radioactive iodine-131 fallout was detected in 1976,1977, and 1978  ! from nuclear weapons testing, and in 1986 (0.12 to ) 2 picoeuries per cubic meter) from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl.- e Snow: Only normal background and fallout radioactivity from nuclear  : , weapons testing have been detected. .] a Terrestrial Monitoring: e Groundwater: Only naturally occurring background radioactivity has been detected , in groundwater. e Milk: i Iodine-131 from nuclear weapons testing fallout was detected in 1976 and 1977 at concentrations of 1.36 and 23.9 picoeuries/ liter, i" respectively. In 1986, concentrations of 8.5 picoeuries/ liter were detected from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. No iodine-131  ; I i detected has been attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse. e Domestic and Wild Meat: l Only naturally occurring potassium 40 and very low cesium-137 activity has been detected in meat samples. Potassium-40 has ranged , from 1.1 to 4.6 picoeuries/ gram wet weight. Cesium-137 was detected in 1974,1975, and 1981 due to fallout from nuclear weapons testing. ] e Broad Leaf Vegetation and Fruits: Only natural and fallout radioactivity from nuclear weapons testing l has been detected. j e Soil: .. i ! Only natural and fallout radioactivity from nuclear weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl has been detected. l- e Animal / Wildlife Feed: l Only natural and fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons testing have been detected. l 2-33

a Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station -1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Aquatic Monitoring: e Surface Water (Treated and Untreated): In 1979 and 1980, the tritium concentrations at location T-7 were above normal background. Iscation T-7 is a beach well fed directly by Lake Erie.The fourth quarter sample in 1979 read 590 picoeuries per hter, and the first quarter sample in 1980 had a concentration of 510 picoeuries per liter above the normal background concentration of 450 picoeuries per liter. A follow-up sample was collected in Lake Erie between T-7 and the Davis-Besse liquid discharge point.This sample contained tritium at a concentration of 2737 picocuries per liter.These concentrations could be attributed to the operation of Davis-Besse. However, the results at T _7 were more than 39 times lower than the annual average concentration allowed by the EPA' National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (40CFR141), and were only 0018% of the Maximum Permissable Concentration (MPC) for tritium in unrestricted areas (3,000,000 picoeuries per liter).The follow-up sample was less than 0.1% of the MPC. None of the subsequent samples indicate any significant difference between the background tritium concentration and the concentration at T-7. e Fish: Only natural and fallout radioactivity attributable to nuclear weapons testing has been detected, o Shoreline Sediments: Only natural and fallout radioactivity attributable to nuclear weapons. testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl have been - detected. Direct Radiation Monitoring: e Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs): The annual average gamma dose rates recorded by TLDs have ranged from 49 to 87 millirem per year at controllocations, and between 44 and 63 millirem per year at indicator locations. No increase above natural background radiation attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse has been observed. 2-34

1 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station - -l

                                                                                                              \

i l 1989 Sampling Program The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) is conducted in ., accordance with the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Operating License, Ap- 1 l pendix A, Technical Specifications. The program includes the collection and - analysis of airborne particulates, airborne radioiodine, snow, groundwater, milk, domestic and wild meat, fruits and broad leaf vegetation, soil, treated and un-  : treated surface water, fish, shoreline sediments, and measurements of direct  ! radiation (refer to Table 2-4). All samples are sent to an independent laboratory for analysis. , Although previous years' sampling programs satisfied all regulatory require-ments,in 1987, a REMP Enhancement Program was initiated. In an effort to im- , plement a more comprehensive REMP, the number of samples collected and analyzed was selectively increased during 1987 and 1988. Expansion of the REMP was achieved by increasing the number of sampling locations and types of samples collected, and by collecting duplicate, or quality control samples. As a result of the REMP Enhancement effort, the 1989 REMP included over 1700 more samples than required by the Technical Specifications. In other words, only 36% of the REMP samples collected during 1989 were necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements. In addition, of the 150 sampling locations util-ized in 1989,42 of these, or 28% of the total, were quality control locations. Figures 2-6 and 2-7 show the recent trends in the number of sampling locations, and number of samples collected and analyzed, respectively, over the past three l i years.These figures attest to Davis-Besse's continued dedication to maintaining the highest quality sampling program reasonably achievable, L i l l i 2-35

1989 Annua! Environmental Operating Report Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1 Table 2 4: Sample Collection Summary Collection Number Number of Number of Sample . Type */ of - Samples Samples Type _ Frequency ** Locations Collected Missed (Remarks) i ATMOSPHERIC ' C/W 10 520 7"* Airborne Particulates 7"* C/W 10 520 Airborne Radioiodine 0 G/AO 5 5 Snow TERRESTRIAL G/SM 4 47 1 , Milk (May-Oct.) 0 G/M 4 24 (Nov-Apr.)

                                                                                         '6                      21                3       ;

Groundwater G/O Edible Meat 0 1

a. wild G/A 1 O/SA 2 3- 0

b. domestic >

Broad Leaf Vegetation / Fruit G/M 5 '18 0 (July Sep.) G/SA 12 24 0 Soil - G/A 9 32 0 Animal / Wildlife feed AQUATIC 6 Treated Surface Water G/WM 7 35S 29 638 4 Untreated Surface Water G/WM Comp /Wis! 5 205 5 G/SA 2 9 3 Fish (3 species) G/SA 4 d -0 Shoreline Sediments , l- DIRECT RADIATION Thermoluminescent C/M 31 372. O 104- 402 14 Dosimeters C/O C/A 104 98 6 l l

• Type of collection:

l C/ = Continuous;G/ = Grab; Comp / = Composite.

                  ** Frequency of collection:
                        /WM = WeeklycompositedMonthly;/W = Weekly;                                                                         ,
                        /SM = Semimonthly;/M = Monthly;
                        /0 = Ouarterly;/SA = Semiannually;/A = Annually;
                        /AO = When available composited Quarterly.
                   *** Airborne particulate and radiolodine samples were collected but declared invalid d.ne to i

expired air sampler calibrations. See Program Deviations, page 2 37, for more information. 2-36 _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = _

1 l l i Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 4 REMP SAMPLE SITES

                                     ..,              increases since 1986 140                                                                                                j
                                 ,oo_                                        j . ._.. _               _.

j l .. p.; _ f ~ .~.- . - co. _ _ _ . . l; i $m y,,, . . E TECH SPEC E ALL REMP SITE.

Figure 2-6

Even though the requirements of the Technical Specifications have I remained the same, Davis-Besse has increased the REMP to include more ,

t sample locations in order to develop a more comprehensive sampling program. , 1989 Program Deviations Provided below is a description and explanation of all environmental samples which were not collectedin 1989. , a e Untreated surface water from location T-3 at the mouth of the Toussaint River was not collected during the weeks of January 9,16, and 23; February 6 and 13; and December 4 and 18; because the river was frozen. L A replacement sample was taken from location T-28, the Davis-Besse Water Treatment Facility on each of these dates. o The water compositer used to collect untreated surface water samples j from location T-28 was clogged with sediment during the weeks of March l 7,14 and 21. A grab sample was collected from another untreated surface water line at location T-28 to serve as a replacement sample. j l l

r. -

2-37 N

Davls-Be:se Nuclear Power Station 1989- Annual Environmental Operating Report  ; l l REMP SAMPLES COLLECTED l 1 Samples Collected vs. Analyses Performed s000 , t 4000 - -

                                                                   -- @i!%      i
                                                                                                           ~~

l 3000 - - - - - - - --

                                                                                      ~

2000 ~ ~ N l

                                                            '   --                    ~~"'~

l~  : 1000 - 1987 1988 1969 voet E samples Collected M Analyses Performed Figure 2-7: The ndmber of samples collected and analyses performed were selec- , tively increased, starting in 1987. In 1989, approximately the same number of samples were collected as in 1988. However, certain analyses considered un- o' necessary were deleted from the program in an effort to reduce costs. I e The five-gallon compositer collection container located at T-28 (the l Davis-Besse Water Treatment Facility) was only half full on April 17. The tubing to the sampler had inadvertently been disconnected. As the container was half-full, a sample was still available.

• Airborne iodine and particulate samples from location T-2 at the site ,

boundary for the weeks of April 18, August 1 and September 18 were , collected but considered invalid due to a low sample volume. The low l i volumes of the samples collected the weeks of April 18 and September 3 ' l 18 resulted in elevated iodine-131 LLDs of < 0.125 and < 0.079 pCi/m , l respectively.

• During the week of April 24,1989, a full five-gallon composite sample '

was not available from location T-28 due to an equipment malfunction. < However, enough water was available for sample collection. Adjustments were made to the sampler, and it was inspected periodically throughout the following week to ensure the problem had been corrected. e Because fish were scarce in the vicinity of T-35 in May 1989, no fishing nets were set. Thus, fish s:mples were not collected at location T-35 in , May 1989. A sample was collected at T-35 in October 1989.

                                 ' Af 2-38

NT Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station e Groundwater was not available at location T-7 during the 3rd quarter of 1989 as the residents had stopped the water supply during their absence. e Groundwater was not available at location T-17 during the 4th quarter of - 1989 as the well was permanently sealed. I e Airborne iodine and particulate samples collected from location T-4 the week of September 18,1989 were considered invalid as the mandatory six month calibration of the air sampler had expired.  ; i e A composite untreated surface water sample was unavailable from location T-28 the week of November 20 as the composite sampler was inoperable. A grab sample was collected at that location as a substitute sample, , o TLD data were unavailable for locations T-64, T-82 and T-125 during the 1st quarter of 1989, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e TLD data were unavailable for locations T-38 and T-103 during the 2nd quarter of 1989 as the TLDs y are lost due to vandalism. e TLD data were unavailable for locations T-78 and T-79 during the 1st, 2nd and 4th quarters of 1989. As well, annual data were unavailable for T-78 and T-79, because these locations are in Lake Erie, and lake conditions did not permit their collection, o Airborne iodine and particulate samples collected from locations T-3, , T-7 and T-8 the week of June 12,1989 were considered invalid because i the mandatory six month calibration of the air sampler had expired . midway through the sample collection period.  : l e Untreated surface water samples were unavailable from location T-161 , during September and October and from location T-160 during June and October 1989 as these Lake Erie sampling locations are inside a military firing range, which was in use at the time of sample collectic,n. e Untreated and treated surface water samples and well water samples collected from location T-23 during July 1989 were lost in transit to the

maiyticallaboratory, o Treated surface water was unavailable the month of December from location T-144, as the spigot is located outside the residence, and the water supply was turned off until the spring thaw.

e Annual TLD data were unavailable for locations T-62, T-81, T-103, [' l T-125, and T-111 as the TLDs were lost due to' vandalism. e 4th quarter 1989 TLD dats were unavailable for locations T-62, T-81 and L T-111 as the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e Milk was unavailable from the dairy cow at location T-199 the week of July 10. 2-39

1 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report . Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station In 1989, the major deviations from scheduled REMP activities were the loss of TLDs due to vandalism and the invalidation of seven airborne iodine and particu-late samples as a result of either low sample volumes or expired calibrations for ' the air sampling pumps. A summary of the major deviations is provided in the fol-lowing paragraphs. Every year, a small percentage of the TLDs placed in the field by REMP person-nel are vandalized. However, the lost data can usaally be estimated from calcula-tions using data from other nearby locations or from other TLDs (quality control, monthly, quarterly, annual) at the same site.The increased number of sampling locations brought on by the REMP Enhancement Program has provided greater TLD coverage over the area monitored by the REMP, and has helped to rcOce the impact of lost TLDs on the REMP database. In 1989,2% of all TLDs . ?e field were lost, however, these lost data did not have a significant effect on thL quality of the 1989 REMP. The second major program deviation experienced in 1989 was the invalidation of - seven airborne iodine and particulate samples.The samples were declared in- . valid for one of two reasons. In three cases, the air sampling pumps were - operable for less than the minimum amount of time the contractor laboratory re-quires to consider a sample. Unplanned power outages and defective elapsed timers were the cause for declaring the three Al/AP samples invalid. Four addi-tional A1/AP samples were declared invalid because they were collected by-pumps with calibrations that had technically expired.The pumps used to collect airborne iodine nd a particulate samples are required by Davis-Besse procedures to be recalibrated every six months. Normally, these pumps are scheduled for recalibration and preventive maintenan::e after only three months of operation. However, due to a reduced inventory of available spare sampling pumps, this recalibration schedule could not be maintained at all times during 1989. Had the correction figures from the calibrations performed on the four air sampling pumps after the original calibration expiration been identical to the co-rection figures from the oiiginal calibrations performed six months earlier, the AI/AP samples could have been revalidated. Unfortunately, this was not the case. In order to resolve this problem, additional air samplers were purchased and field testing was conducted in 1989. The new pumps are scheduled to be placed in the field in mid 1990. 2-40

1 4

Annual Enhonrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Atmospheric Monitoring j a l ,- Airbome Particulates Davis-Besse samples air for airborne radioactivity continuously at ten locations, j There are six indicator locations including four around the site boundary (T-1, T-2,T-3, and T-4), one at Sand Beach (T-7), and another at a local farm (T-8). There are four control locations, Oak Harbor (T-9), Port Clinton (T-11), Toledo (T-12) and Magee Marsh (T-27). Gross beta analysis is performed on each of the weekly samples. Each quarter, the filters from each location are combined (composited) and analyzed for , gamma emitting radionuclides. The gross beta analyses yielded annual averages that were virtually identical at 3 the six indicator locations ( 0.029 pCi/m ) and the four control locations (0.031 pCi/m3). Evidence of the similarity of the results of the control and indicator locations may be seen in the similarity of the average monthly results shown in 3 Figure 2-7 (page 2-42). The highest annual average ( 0.031 pCi/m ) was - measured at location T-2. As shown in Figure 2-7, slight increases in the con-centration of beta emitting radionuclides were seen in January, October and December 1939. Howevd, these results occurred in control as well as indicator locations, which suggests that they were due to natural causes. Such results can be caused by several factors. For instance, changing wind and weather patterns can cause radioactive particulates from past nuclear weapons testing fallout to be resuspended in the lower atmosphere. The resuspended particles may then cause slightly elevated gross betc analysis results in airborne particulate samples. Increased gross beta analysis results can also be caused by increased solar flare activity. The sun normally generates a continuous flow of charged particles, called the solar wind. However, occasionally, solar flares occur, that can generate a large quantity of particles. When this particulate radiation reaches the earth's atmosphere, it interacts with other matter, producing secondary , radioactive particles. The production of secondary radioactive particles from cos-mic radiation is called cosmogenesis and the resulting radionuclides are referred to as cosmogenic radionuclides. Some of these cosmogenic radionuclides emit beta rudiation. Thus, an increase in the production of cosmogenic radionuclides can result in increased gross beta results at both indicator and control locations. As shown in Table 2-5 (page 2-43), the 1989 annual average gross beta analysis results are consistent with annual averages from previous years. 2-41 l L - .

i 1,

 ]

Davis Basse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report AIR SAMPLES 1989 " GROSS BETA pCl/m3  ; 0.06 1 1 12 0.04 A . ~~ ~ ~- P N .

                                                                                                 .I.

i

                                   ',                                                          f o 03-    - ;- -         - D,              ~

l 0.02 . . . . . . . . . . -) JAN FEB MAR,APR - MAY 'JUN JUL' AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC. j

                                 -*-Indicator slie      *** control site Figure 2-8: Coucentrations of beta emitting radionuclides in airborne particulate samples were almost identical at indicator and control locations.

h., f Beryllium-7 was the only gamma emitting radionuclide detected by the gamma { spectral analysis of the guarterly composites.The average concentration of beryl- -

       .lium-7 was 0.068 pCi/m for indicator locations and 0.066 pCi/m for control loca-l        tions. These values are similar to those observed in the previous preoperational                        '

and operational years. No other radionuclides were detected above their respec . tive 11Ds.

    - Airbomelodine-131 Airborne iodine-131 samples are collected at the same ten locations and with the same samplers as the airborne particulates. Charcoal cartridges are installed downstream of the particulate filters to sample for the presence of airborne                            >

radioiodine. These cartridges are collected weekly, seale'd in separate collection bags and sent to the laboratory for gamma spectral analysis. In all of the samples collected in 1989, there was no detectable iodine-131 above the I1D of 0.07 3 3 pCi/m . In two samples, the LLD of 0.07 pCi/m could not he reached due to , low sample volumes caused by a loss of power to the pumps. These samples indi-3 cated less than the I1D of 0.125 and 0.079 pCi/m ofiodine-131. j q 2-42

I. i g-h Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989- Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station , q Table 2-5: Average Concentration of -

            - Beta Emitting Radionuclides in                          Snow provides a mechanism              .

Airborne Particulate Samples to nmple for radionuclide l deposition from the atmos-phere. Snow samples may con-  : tain naturally occurrins  ! Year Concentrat on radionuclides or fallout 3 radionuclides from weapons  ; (pCi/m ) testmg. r 1972' O.041 . Rain samples are another type i 1973 0.035 of precipitation sample often 1974 0.198* collected as part of a radiologi-1975 0.096* cal environmental monitoring - , 1976 0.089* program. Rain samples can 1977 0.166* also detect atmospheric fallout , 1978 0.096* from nuclear weapons tests 1979 0.038 and other major releases of 9 1980 0.030-3 1981 0.090* radioactivity to the emiron-dj ment. Both rain and snow col-g 1982 1983 0.023 0.021

                                                                  - lect radioactive particulates t                                        0.025 present in the atmosphere as 1984                                       they fall. However,because             .

1985 0.023 rain samples are collected over 1986 0.033 a smaller surface area than 1987 0.022 snow samples, snow samples - 1988 0.031 ' provide more information ' t 1989 0.024 about radioactivitywhich has

• Averages were m, fluenced by nuclear settled from the atmosphere.

fallout from weapons testmg. In addition,because it is a solid, snow provides a surface uponwhich airborne , radionuclides can be deposited. Neither sample type is likely to provide indications from radioactivity released in < effluents from Davis-Besse because of the relatively low concentrations of radioactivity released and the tremendous amount of dispersion and dilution which occur in the atmosphere. Thus, rain samples were phased out of the REMP in 1976 because other atmospheric sampling methods were considered to sufficiently monitor the environment for radioactivity, and because the unpre- 1 dictable collection frequency made sample collection difficult. . 2-43

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Enviror. mental Operating Report Following a fresh snowfall, approximately 10 pounds of snow were collected from the surface and packed into a container. Once the snow melt ed,it was transferred to a one gallon container. At the end of the quarter, a one gallon composite was made for each sample location. In 1989, snow was collected at five locations (T-1, T-4, T 8, T-9 and T 11). The , samples were analyzed for beta emitting radionuclides, tritium, and gamma emit- l I ting radionuclides. In all snow samples collected in 1989, there were no detectable beta emitting radionuclides above the LLD of 0.6 pCi/lin suspended solids. The concentration '! in dissolved solids averaged 3.6 pCi/l at indicator locations and 4.0 pCi/l at con-trol locations. As illustrated in Figure 2 9, these results are similiar to those ob-served in 1988. Tritium was not detected above the LLD of 330 pCi/lin any of the samples, nor was there any cesium 137 detected above the LLD of 10 pCi/l in any of the samples. I SNOW SAMPLES j indicator vs Control  ! i pCl/l e/ i ( e- l 1988 YEAR 1988 { W ineio ior' M cent l h Figure 2-9: The gross beta analysis results for snow samples were almost identi-  : ! cal for control and indicator locations in 1989. Tnese results were similiar to , those obsen'ed in 1988. l i 1  ! I 244  ! I

l I Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station j Terrestrial Monitoring  ! I Davis Besse monitors the terrestrial emironment through the collection and l analysis of samples of groundwater, milk, meat, broad leaf vegetation, fruits ) animal feed, and soll. l Groundwater  ! Although groundwater (well water) is unlikely to accumulate radioactivity from l the operation of Davis Besse, groundwater samples are collected quarterly at  : five locations to ensure that an up to-date log of background data is maintained, l and to ensure that any potential groundwater impact, no matter how unlikely, l would be detected. The five wells sampled include three indicator locations (T- i

7. T 17, T-54), and two control locations (T-23 and T-27). In addition, a quality [

control sample is collected at one of the five wells each quarter. i The groundwater samples are analyzed for beta emitting radioactivity in dis-solved and suspended solids, tritium, strontium 89, strontium-90 and gamma l emitting radionuclides. l Beta emitting radionuclide concentrations in suspended solids were not detected  ; above the LLD of 1.0 pct /l in any of the samples. In dissolved solids, the con- l centrations averaged 3.6 pCi/l at indicator locations and 9.3 pCi/l at control loca-tions. The location with the highest annual average was T-27, a control location. , The concentration of beta emitting radionuclides at T-27 averaged 9.6 pCi/l. , Tritium was not detected; the LLD was 330 pCill for all samples. Strontium-89 % and strontium 90 were not detected above their respective LLDs of 1.5 pCill and 1.0 pCi/lin any of the samples. Additionally, no gamma emitting  ; radionuclides were detected in any of the samples collected. The activity detected in well water samples was not attributable to the Station's operation. One natural source which could contribute to radioactivity detected in i groundwater samples is radon. As discussed in Chapter 1, radon is soluble in t water and may contaminate groundwater. Although radon emits predominantly ' alpha radiation, and thus, would probably not be detected by a gross beta ' analysis, some of the daughter products of radon emit beta radiation, and could influence gross beta analysis results performed on groundwater samples.  ; Milk , i Samples of milk are collected at three farms and a commercial dairy store once a month from November through April, and twice a month from May through 2-45

Davis Besse Nucioar Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report MILK CONCENTRATION OF SR-90 pCl/l

                                                            -      ~~'--
                                                                                                          ~~~'

2-t o . 77 78 79 to - 81 82 48 84 88 88 87 88 89 f YEAR  ; M indicator M eontrol  ! 1;igure 2 10: Strontium 90 is normally detected in milk samples from both con- i trol and indictior locations. The 1989 average concentrations of strontium-90 in .  ; i milk samples were similiar at control and indicator locations, a trend exhibited in previous years. i October. Sampling is increased in the summer when the herds are usually out- l l side on pasture and not on stored feed. The sample locations consist of one in-  ; dicator (T-8) and three control locations ( :' 24, T-57, and T-199). l The milk samples are amdyzed for strontium 89, strontium-90, lodine-131 and I other gamma emitting radionuclides, stable calcium and stable potassium. A f total of 71 milk samples were collected in 1989. The results obtained were similar to those from previous years.  ; i Strontium-89 was not detected above the LLD of 1.9 pCi/lin any of the samples, l while strontium 90 activity ranged from 0.6 to 2.9 pCi/1. Tbc annual average con-  ! centration of strontium 90 was 1.1 pCi/l at de indicator locations and 1.5 pCi/l at the control locations. As shown in Figure 2-10, these results are similar to those  ! observed in previous years. The location with the highest annual average con-centration of strontium 90 was location T-199 with an avere.ge of 1.8 pCi/1. . r r 2-46 f

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Stat!on ( l A total of 71 unalyses for iodine-131 in milk were performed during 1989.  ! Iodine 131 was not detected in milk samples, and the LLD for iodine 131 was no j greater than 0.5 pCi/1. l The concentrations of barium 140 and cesium-137 were below their respective i LLDs in all samples collected. The results for potassium-40, a naturally occur- ' ring radionuclide, were similar at indicator and control locations, averaging 1300 ' and 1214 pCi/1, respectively. These results are similar to those found in previous years. (: In order to detect the potential emiroianental accumulation of strontium 89,  ; strontium-90 and cesium-137, the ratio of the strontium 90 radioact:vity (pCi/l)  ! to the concentration of calcium (g/l), and the ratio of the cesium 13*' radioac-tivity (pCi/1) to the concentration of potassium (g/l), were monitored in milk , samples. These ratios were compared to standard values to determine if buildup was occurring. No statistically significant variations in the ratios wer e obse ved. 4 The results of the analyses performed on the milk samples collected in 1989 indi-cate that builslup of radioactivity in the cows' feed attributable to the operation j i of Davis Besse is not occurring, i I Meat , Both wild and domestic meat and domestic chicken eggs were sampled in 1989 as , , follows: i e Wild Meat One sample of meat was collected from a wild duck which was recently killed by an automobile approximately six miles from the , Station. The meat was analyzed for gamma emitting radic nuclides. e DomesticMeat: Chickens were collected at one control (T-147) and one it.dicator  ! (T-197) location in July and November 1989. *nie samplea were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. l e Eggs , Eggs were collected at one control (T-147) and one indicator (T-197)  ! location in July and November 1989. The samples were analyzed for l gamma emitting radionuclides. t In the edible meat samples, the mean potassium-40 concentration was 2.59 pCi/g j wet weight for the indicator locations. A potassium-40 concentration of 2.45 pCi/g wet weight was detected in the one sample collected from the control loca-  ; tion. These values are well within the range of preoperational and operational i 2-47 i

                          --   -                  . - ~ .            - .        -

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annuat Environmental Operating Report values. Potassium-40 is a naturally occurring radionuclide and is not produced by nuclear power stations. Cesium-137 was not detected in meat samples above the LLD of 0.024 pCi/g. In the eggs, the only detectable gamma emitting radionuclide was potassium-40. The concentration ranged from 1.24 to 1.58 pCi/g wet weight and averaged 1.41 pCi/g wet weight, which is well within the normal range. Broad Leaf Vegetation and Fruit in 1989, broad leaf vegetation samples were collected at two indicator locations (T-8 and T-25) and one controllocation (T-37) Fruit samples were collected l from two indicator (T-8 and T-25) and three control (T 23,T-37 and T-173)loca- { tions. Samples were collected once a month during the growing / harvest season, j from July through September. All samples were analyzed for gamma emitting l radionuclides, strontium-89, strontium 90, and iodine-131. t in all samples, strontium-89 was not detected t. Love the LLD of 0.044 pCi/g wet weight. The average concentration of strontium-90 was 0.014 pCi/g wet weight l for the indicator locations and 0.003 pCi/g wet weight for the control locations. This is wellwithin the normal range. j Broad leaf vegetation (cabbage, cornstalks, beet stalks, squash leaves, kale  ! leaves, rhubarb, and broccoli) and fruits (apples, nectarines, pears and grapes) ( collected during the growing season were analyzed for iodine-131 by gamma  ! spectral analysis. Broad leaf vegetation provides an excellent source for assess- ' ing the deposition of radionuclides from the atmosphere on the leaves. No iodine-131 was detected above the LLD of 0.035 pCi/g wet weight. , No gamma emitting radionuclides, except naturally occurring potassium-40, were  ; detected. In fruits, the average potassium-40 concentrations were 1.14 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator locations and 1.95 pCi/g wet weight for the control loca-tions. In the broad leaf vegetation, the concentrations of potassium-40 averaged 4.13 pCi/g wet weight and 1.67 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator and control i locations, respectively. . I Although the average concentration of potassium-40 at indicator locations was . approximateW twice that at controllocations in 1989, this radionuclide is ot  : pro uced by noclear power stations, and, thus could not be attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse.The disparity between control and indicator potassium-40 averages may be due to the fact that different types of vegetation (e.g., cab- , bage versus squash leaves) were sampled at control and indicator locations, and  ; different types of plants accumulate different concentrations of potassium-40. 2-48

                                        ~

Annual Environmental Operating Report 198W Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Animal /Wildiffe Food Analysis of domestic animal and wildlife feed provides important information for determining radionuclide concentrations in the food chain. As in all terrestrial samples, potassium-40, cosmogenic radionuclides such as beryllium 7, and - radionuelldes from nuclear weapons testing fallout may be present in feed samples. In 1989, the following feed samples were collected: e Dom stic AnimalFeed: Doinestic animal feed was collected at two indicator (T-8 and T-197) and two control (T-147 and T 57) locations. The feed collected consisted cf1, y, silage, corn, and chicken feed. The samples were analyzed foi ! Amma emitting radionuclides. o Wildlife Feed: Wildlife feed was collected monthly during the growing season (June through October) and consisted of grasses. Samples were collected from five locations, including four indicator locations (T-8, T 50, an indicator location in the most prevalent wind direction for the month, and an indicator location in the direction opposite the most prevalent wind direction for the month) and one control location (T-57). The samples were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. In cattle feed, hay, chicken feed and wildlife feed, the only gamma emitting radionuclides detected were beryllium-7 and potassium-40; both are hTurally oc-curring radionuclides not produced by nuclear power stations. Beryllium-7 was detected in only one indicator (1.01 pCi/g wet weight) and one control (0.28 pCi/g wet weight) sample. The annual average potassium-40 concentration for the control locations was 4.20 pCi/g wet v . tight as compared to the average value of 6.04 pCi/g wet weight for the indicatot locations. Different types of plants accumulate potassium in varying concentrations and at varying rates. Because a small percentage of naturally-occurring potassium exists as potassium-40, some plants accumulate more potassium-40 than othus. A review of past sampling data seems to indicate that hay samples collect more potassium-40 than do other types of animal and wildlife feed samples. Because , hay samples were collected only at indicator locations in 1989, the higher mean concentration of potassium-40 observed at indicator locations is suspected to be due to the natural tendency for hay to concentrate this radionuclide. In addition, potassium-40 is found in most fertilizers and is expected to be taken up by fortil-ized crops. 2-49  ! l

1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station The normal range of beryllium 7 concentrations is 0.15 to 1.61 pCi/g wet weight. The normal range for potassium-40 is 1.17 to 14.4 pCi/g wet weight. Thus, the coueentrations of these radionuclides measured in 1989 were typical for the types of feed sampled. In addition to being analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides, all grass samples were analyzed for iodine-131; however, iodine. 131 was not detected in any of these samples. No other radionuclides were detected. Soll Soil samples were collected semiannually in June and October at 11 locations. The indicator locations included T 1, T-2, T-3,T-4, T-7, and T-8. The control locations included T-9, T-11, T 12, T-23 and T-27. In addition, a quality control l sample was collected from one of the eleven sites in June and October, j i The predominant activity detected in the soil samples was attributable to the I presence of potassium-40, which had an average concentration of 14.83 pCi/g dry weight at the indicatcr locations and 15.58 pCi/g dry weight at the control loca- l j tions. Potassium-40 is part of the natural em'ironment and is expected to be i

                                   *+                                                                        1 SOIL Cs-137 Concentration                                             l Del /g dry 1.5 -

l Em EE-l5l55IIIli! f El 5 7 8 9 80 81 42 SS 44 .86 80 87 88 89 YEAR i E Indicator E C ontrol b I Figure 211: The concentration of cesium 137 in soil has remained fairly constant i over the years the REMP has conducted sampling.The peak observed in 1978 was due to fallout from nuclear weapons testing. l l 2 50  ! t

Annual Environrnental Operating Fleport 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station , found in soil. Typical potassium-40 concentrations for these locations range j from 9.70 pCi/g dry weight to 25.82 pCi/g dry weight. Another naturally occur-  ; ring radionuclide, beryllium 7, was also detected.The annual average beryllium-7 concentration at indicator locations was 0.87 pCi/g dry weight and 0.71 pCi/g ) dry weight at controllocations. Cesium 137 is a man made radionuclide that is normally present in the top few inches of soil as a result of fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Cesium-137 was detected in all soil samples collected in 1989. The average concentration for the indicator locations was 0.60 pCi/g dry weight and 0.63 pCi/g dry weight at the i control locations. The concentrations and distribution patterns were very similar to those observed in previous years (refer to Figure 2-11). No other radionuclides were detected above their respective LLDs. l i Aquatic Monitoring To monitor the aquatic environment, Davis Besse samples treated surface water , (drinking water), untreated surface water (raw lake water), fish and shoreline  ; sediments. A total of 739 such samples were collected in 1989, including ap. proximately 160 quality control samples. , f Treated Surface Water [ Samples of treated surface water were collected from three indicator (T-28, T-50  : and T-144) and three control (T-11, T-12, and T-23) locations. These locations  ; include the water treatment facilities for Davis-Besse, Eric Industrial Park, Port , Clinton, Toledo and Put In Bay. Samples were collected weekly and composited

• monthly, and the monthly composites were analyzed for beta emitting radioac- .

tivity. The samples were also composited quarterly and analyzed for strontium- l 89, strontium-90, gamma emitting radionuclides and tritium, > In treated water samples, beta emitting radionuclides were not detected m suspended solids above the LLD of 1.1 pCi/1. The average concet+:ation in dis-i solved solids was sirnihr for indicator and control locations (2.6 and 2.3 pCi/1, l respectively). The annual average beta emitting radionuclide concentration was  : similar to concentrations observed in previous years (see Figure 212), i i All tritium analysis results were less than the LLD of 330 pCi/1, except for samples collected from location T-28 during the first and fourth quarters of 1989, which were only slightly higher. Their average was 373 pCi/1. All strontium-89 and strontium 90 analysis results were less than their respective LLDs of 2.3 pCi/l and 2.0 pCi/1. Additionally, all cesium 137 results were less than the LLD 2 51 [

m . Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1949 Annual Environmental Operating Report i Treated Surface Water i Gross Beta Analysis  ; ICl/l  : g.._ _m. . _ _ . . _ ---- --- - _.-. 6-4 2- - 72 N3 N4 [$ N6 N7 [8 NO [0 $1 [2 $3 $4 kb No N7 [8 89 Year Figure 2-12: The average concentration of beta emitting radionuclides in treated surface water samples collected during 1989 was similiar to concentrations detected in previous y ears, of 10.0 pCi/1. These results are similar to those of previous years and indicate no i measurable effect. resulting from the operation of Davis-Besse. A quality control sample (T-143) was collected from a routine sample site each l week and composited each month, and the location was varied on a monthly _ l basis. The results of the analyses were consistent with the results obtained at the routine sampling locations. All other analyses performed detected no other radionuclides above their respective LLDs. Untreated Surface Water The untreated surface water sampling program is divided into two phases, routine and summer Routine samples are collected year-round at Port Clinton (T 11), Toledo (T-12), Davis Besse (T-28), Erie Industrial Park (T-50), and Put- 1 In Bay (T-23) Water Treatment Plants. A sample is also collected from the  !' mouth of the Toussaint Riv r (T-3) on the Davis Besse site. These samples are collected weekly and composited monthly. The monthly composite is analyzed for beta emitting radionuclides, tritium, and gamma emitting radionuclides. The samples are further composited quarterly and analyzed for strontium-89,

                                                               '2-52

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station UNTREATED SURFACE WATER Gross Beta. Analyses

                           ,pCl/l                                                        _
                           $1iiIllIllillN 72 73 74 75 79 77 78 79 40 41 82 48 84 86 et 87 48 89 W incestor unn Year ElB contew unn l

i Figure 2 13: Over the past 18 years, the annual average concentrations of beta l emitting radionuclides in untreated surface water samples collected from ln- l dicator locations have been consistent with those concentrations in samples col.  ! lected from controllocations.This shows that Davis Besse has had no  : measurable radiological impact on the surrounding surface water.  ! l i strontium 90 and gamma emitting radionuclides. As with the treated surface water samples, a quality control untreated surface water sample (T-145) was col-lected weekly at a different routine location each month  ; N summer program supplem:nts the routine untreated water sampling pro- [ gram. These samples are collected in July, August and September at 27 locations in Lake Erie (see Figure 2-5). The samples are collected weekly and composited , monthly. The monthly composites are analyzed for beta emitting radioactivity, tritium, strontium 89, strontium 90, and gamma emitting radionuclides, in untreated water samples, beta emitting radionuclides in suspended solids indi. cated less than the LLD of 1,3 pCi/1 In dissolved solids, the average concentra- l tion at indicator locations was 2.7 pCi/l and 2.4 pCi/l at control locations (refer  ; to Figure 213). , i 2 53 _ __ , . - - - . . - - - . - . - - _ _ _. .. . - - , _______-___.--_}

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Of the 214 tritium analyses performed on untreated surface water samples,206 results were less than the LLD (330 pCi/l). Of those tritium results greater than the LLD,7 ranged between 330 and 510 pCi/1, and averaged 390 pCi/1. The one remaining result,880 pCi/1, from a sample collected at location T-136, was l suspected to have been cross-contaminated with a non-environmental sample when the sample was composited or analyzed at the laimratory. No other samples collected at the same time from nearbylocations showed elevated i tritium results, and all other tamples collected from T-136 during 1989 showed tritium results ofless than the LLD. Strontium 89, strontium-90, and cesium-137 were not detected in samples of un-treated water above their LLDs of 7.3 pCi/1,2.6 pCi/1, and 10 pCi/l, respectively. 1 Each month, weekly quality control samples were collected at different locations. l The results of the analyses from the quality control samples were consistent with those from the routine samples. Some of the semples collected during the sum- ' mer months in Lake Erie were close to the collection points of some of the routine untreated surface water samples. 'Itus, they served as quality control . samples and helped to verify the accuracy of the measurements performed. A comparir.on of their results from the routine sites and nearby summer collection sites illustrates the value of using quality control samples to check the accuracy . of analyses performed by the laboratory. The average concentration of beta emit-ting radionuclides for these samples are provided below.

• T-12 2.8 pCi/l vs. T-138 2 9 pCi/l e T- 3 3.4 pCi/l vs. T-131 2.5 pCill i e T-112.8 pCi/l vs. T-164 2.0 pCi/l l

e T-23 2.6 pCi/l vs. T-168 2.3 pCi/l , o T-23 2.6 pCi/l vs. T-169 2.2 pCi/1. j Fish l Aquatic organisms can concentrate many radionuclides in their tissue as a result l

• of exposure from the water or from their food. In the Lake Erie area, fishing is a l . major commercial and sport activity. Therefore, sampling and analysis of fish l

l 2-54

Annual Er>/ironrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis.Besse Nuclear Power Station i f prmide a method to detect any buildup of radionuclides in the aquatic environ. l i ment which could effect people. c Fish samples are collected semiannually from two locations: one in the vicinity of Davis Besse and a second at a controllocation greater than 10 miles away from  ! the Station. With the help of a local commercial fisherman, three species of fish j ! are collected,inehtding walleye, white bass, and carp. Walleye are collected be-  ; causg they are a popular sport fish, while white bass are of interest because they  ! are an important commercial fish. Osp are collected because they are bot:om i feeders and would tend to accumulate any radionuclides present in the lake sedi- l ment. The edible portions of the fish are analyzed for beta and gamma emittmg i radionuclides. t

The average concentration of beta emitting radionuclides in fish muscle was similar for indicator and control locations (3.01 and 3.38 pCi/g wet weight, -

respectively). As shown in Figure 214, these results are similiar to these from , previous years. The predominant gamma emitting radionuclide detected was l i i Fish Samples , Indicator vs. Control Mean Gross Beta  ! i l c '" **' 5 4 l

 .                        s - - - -

HRdl- I f4' 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 64 M inoicetor 85 80 67 88 69 M controt l

                                                                          ~

Figure 214: Average concentrations of beta eEIting radionulcides in fish samples were similiar at indicator and control lo:ations and were within the range of results from previous years.  ; i 2-55 i

                                            . ~ , . .                        . . - - ,             . . . - , , . . - . -- , - . . -   . . . , ..-.'

Davis-Beste NucJear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l naturally occurring potassium-40. The average concentration of potassium 40 was 3.10 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator location and 3.20 pCi/g wet weight for ! the control location. These concentrations are similar to results observed in pre-vious years. l Shoreline Sediments Sediment samples were collected from two indicator (T-3 and T-4) and two con. trot (T 23 and T 27) locations in May and October, and were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. Naturally occurring potassium-40 averaged 12.5  ; and 13.2 pC1/g dry weight at indicator and control locations, respectively. 1 Cesium 137 was detected in two of the six samples at a concentration of 0.072 l pCi/g dry weight at indicator location T-4 and 0.14 pCi/g dry weight at control location T 23. l Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has been the principal source of cesmm-137 in the em*ironment to date. Although no atmospheric nuclear weapons tests i have been reported since 1980, cesium-137 is still present in shoreline sediment  ! samples because of its long half-life (approximately 30 years). No other gamma , emitting radionuclides were detected in any of the samples, and the concentra-tions of those detected were consistent with normal concentrations for this area. Direct Radiation Monitoring  ; Thermoluminescent Dosimeters Radiation at and around Davis Besse is constantly monitored by a network of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). TLDs are small devices which store i radiation dose information. The TLDs used at Davis Besse contain a calcium sul-  : ! fate: dysprosium (CaSO4 : Dy) card with four main readout areas. To ensure the l precision of the measurements, the average of these four readout areas is

 .        reported. Davis-Besse measures direct radiation at 87 locatiors an';1 these loca-        ,

tions include 63 indicator and 24 controllocations. Additionally, there are 17 quality control sites. Davis Besse has 31 TLD locations (6 control and 25 indicator) at which TLDs ' are collected and replaced on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis. An addition-al 56 locations (18 control and 38 indicator) contain TLDs which are collected on l a quarterly and annual basis only. Seventeen quality control TLDs are installed at some of the routine sites, and are also collected quarterly and annually.Hence, .j l at any given time there are a total of 239 TLDs in the emironment surrounding i Davis Besse. By collecting TLDs on a monthly, quarterly, and annual basis  ; i  ! I t l 4 2 56

Annual Environmental Operatin9R eport 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from a single site, the three measurements serve as a quality control check on each other For example, the sum of the four quarterly exposures should be j similar to the annual exposure recorded by a single TLD at the same location. Figure 2-15 compares the annual average dose as measured by monthly, quarter-l ly and annuai TLDs at indicator and controllocations during 1989. All doses I hrve been adjusted to 91 days for the purpose of comparison.

      ' Die annual average value for allTLDs in 1989 was 15.6 mrem /91 days, As shown below and in figure 2 16, this average value appears to be slightly higher than the averages observed in previous ycn:s, However, indicator results averaged 15.6

! mrem /91 days, while control results averaged 16.6 mrem /91 days,which suggests that the minor elevation observed in 1989 was due to natural causes. l 1972 22.4 mrom/91 days 1981 14.8 mrem /91 days 1973 14.3 mrom/91 days 19F1 14.5 mrem /91 days 1974 11.7 mrern91 days 1983 13.2 mrom/91 days 1975 12.8 mrom/91 days 1984 13.2 mrem /91 days 1976 15.6 m.'ern91 days 1985 14.4 mrom/91 days 1977 16.5 mrom/91 days 1986 14.8 mrom!91 days 1978-16.7 mrom/91 days 1987 14.5 mrom/91 days

                                             ~

1979 13.4 mrom/91 days 1988 14.5 mrom/91 days 1980 14.5 mrom/91 days 1989 15.9 mrom/91 days Quality ControlTLDs Duplicate TLDs have been established at 17 sites. These TLDs were placed in the field at the same time and at the same location as some of the routine TLDs, but were assigned quality control site numbers,'This allows us to take several measurements at the same location without the laboratory being aware that they are the same A comparison of the quality contrcl and routine results provides a method to check the accuracy of the measurements Table 2-6 presents the 2 57

l J

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ]

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l TLD DOSE COMPARISON l rnrom /ei days _ gg ..

                                                                                                                                                                  $i                                                                  l 10     ---

hl

                                                                                                          **                                                      i, AN                                                               $
                                                                                                                                                                  }p

s - . . . - . . -

                                                                                                                                                                  ?f                                                                  j i

i

                                                                                           ine..i.,

c.airei

                                                                                                            ,,,,,,,t,,,,,,,

E Monthly TLD E Quarterly TLD C Annut! TLD Figure 215: The doses recorded by monthly, quarterly and annual TLDs in 1989 were almost identical. Using three sets of TLDs allows us to check the accuracy of the measurements. l COMPARISON OF TLD DOSES CONTROL vs INDICATOR i mrom /91 days 1s- - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - go. .. -. .. l l i' '**1., ' ee.' 1 ',...' 'i YEAR E INDICATOR E CONTROL Figure 216:The similiarity of the indicetor and control results demonstrate that the operation of Davis Besse has not caused any abnormal gamma dose. 2-58

Annual Environrnertal Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station results of routine and quality control TLD monitoring at the 17 sites during 1989. All the quality control and routine sample results are very similar. This demonstrates the accuracy of both the TLDs and the laboratory's measurements. Table 2 6: Comparison of Routine and Quality Control TLDs Routine Site Avg. Gamma Dose (mrem /91 days) Number # Routine TLD QC TLD 8 20.5 20.2 27 15.8 18.0 60 13.2 13.5 62 12.6 13.1 64 9.6 9.6 67 20.4 2D.9 70 11.3 12.8 74 13.3 13.3 78 14.2' 14.1' 92 12.7 14.7 93 12.4 13.8 95 19.4 20.4 98 19.8 20.3 101 17.1 17.8 104 16.0 17.6 106 15.3 15.1 110 17.8 18.0

• Represents a single measurement, not a mean.

NRC TLD Monitoring The NRC has 22 TLDs located around Davis Besse as part of their Direct Monitoring Network Program. Davis Besse maintains TLDs at all of the NRC TLD monitoring sites. The NRC collects their TLDs on a quarterly basis, whereas Davis Besse collects TLDs quarterly and annually at these k, cations. The NRC TLDs are collected and read independently of Davis-Besse's TLDs, thus providing a quality control check on both laboratories. 2-59

1989 Annua! Erwironmental Operating Report Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station The NRC uses the Panasonic Model UD801 TLD,which has two elements of lithium borate: copper (Li2B407:Cu) and two elements of calcium sulfate: thulium (CaSO4:Tm). The difference in TLD material used by the NRC and Davis Besse causes some variation in results. The results of TLD monitoring at these 22 locations show good consistency for the NRCTLDs and the Davis Besse TLDs. The average of the quarterly results are 16.8 mrem /91 days for the Davis Besse TLDs and ;6.1 mrerW91 days for the NRC TLDs (data from first three quarters only). The variance in these measurements is most likely due to the differences in TLD materials. Conclusion The Radio'ogical Environmental Monitoring Program at Davis Besse is con- , duc.ed to determine the radiologicalimpact of the Station's operation on the en-vironmc..t. Radionuclide concentrations measured at indicator locations were compared with concentrations measured at controllocations,in previous opera-tional studles and in the preoperational surveillance program, The e com-parisons indicate normal concentrations of radioactivity in all environmental i samples collected in 1989. No adverse effects attributable to the operation of Davis Besse were detected in any of the sampling media collected and analyzed , during 1989, in fact, the dose to local residents from exposure to normal sources ' of radiation, both natural and man made,is much more significant than the dose ' associated with the operation of Dasis Besse. The results of the sample analyses performed during the period of January through December 1989 are summarized in Appendix E of this report, t I I D 2-60

Davis-Buse nuclear Power Station 1999 Annua 1 Environmental Operating Report l Refemnces - i 1.* Cesium 137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose," Report No. 52, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, , Washington, DC (January 1977). j 2.Eisenbud, M., Environmental Radioactivity, Academic Press,Inc., Orlando, FL l (1987).  ; 3 " Environmental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council  ! on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (December 1976). l 4.* Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Radiation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protec-tion and Measurements, Washington, DC (December 1987). l 5."A Guide for Emironmental Radiological Surveillance at U.S. Department of f l Energy Installations," DOE /EP 0023, Department of Energy, Washington, DC i ! (July 1981). i l l 6.* Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," Report , No. 93, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (September 1987).  ;

7. Kirk, TJ. and G.N. Midkiff, Health Physics Fundamentals, General Physics l l

Corporation (1980). , 8." Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, National  : i Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (Novem- . ber 1975). 9." Numerical Guides for Design Objectives and Limiting Conditions for Opera-tion to meet the Criterion 'As IAw As Reasonably Achievable' for Radioactive Materialin Light Water Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor Effluents," Code of 2-61 l

l Annual Enstronmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse r,uclear Power Station Federal Regulations, Title 10 Energy, Part 50 " Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," Appendix J (1988). 10." Performance,'I esting and Procedural Specifications for Thermoluminescent Dosimetry," American NationalStandardsInstitute,Inc., ANSI N5451975,New York, New York (1975). 11."Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," Report No. 92, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, Washington, DC (December 1987). 12.* Radiological Assessment: Predicting the Transport, Bloaccumulation, and Uptake by Man of Radionuclides Released to the Emfronment," Report No.76, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (March 1984).

13. Regulatory Guide 4.1," Programs for Monitoring Radioactivity in the En-virons of Nuclear Power Plants," US NRC (April 1975).

14. Regulatory Guide 4.13," Performance, Testing, and Procedural Specifications for Thermoluminescent Dosimetry: Environmental Appilcations," US NRC (July 1977).

15. Regulatory Guide 4.15, *Ouality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs (Normal Operations) Effluent Streams and the Environment," US NRC(February 1979).

16. Regulatory Guide 0475," Radiological Environmental Monitoring by NRC Licensees for Routine Operations of Nuclear Facilities," US NRC (September 1978).

17. Regulatory Guide 0837,"NRCTLD Direct Radiation Monitoring Network,"

US NRC (1988). 18." Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy, Part 20 (1988). 19.Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, " Operational Radiological Monitor-ing for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1, Oak Harbor, OH," Annual Report, Parts I and II (1977 through 1989). 2-62

Davis Besse nuclear Power Stmlon 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l 20.Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, *Preoperational Emironmental Radiological Monitoring for the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1,  ! Oak Harbor, OH (1972 through 1977).  ; l 21. Toledo Edison Company,' Davis Besse: Nuclear Energy for Northern Ohio." l l 22. ,

• Davis- Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No

                                                               ,          . .1 RadiologicalEf0uent Technical Specifications," Volume 1, Appendix A to License No. NPF 3, i                                                                                                        i

23. ,

• Final Environmental Statement - Related to the Construction of I

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station," Docket #50-346 (1973).

24. . " Performance Specifications for Radiological Environmental Monitor- ,

ing Program," S 720, Rwiston 2 -(1988).

25. ,, Radiological

                    ~

Environmental Monitoring Program," HS-EC-00005, Revision 0,(1989). ,

26. ,

• Radiological Monitoring Quarterly, Semiannual, and Annual Sam-

  .        pling," HS EC-03004, Revision 0, (1989).

27. ,

• Radiological Monitoring Week,y, Semimonthly, and Monthly Sam-pling," HS EC-03002, Revision 0, (1989).

l 28.,,__, *REMP Enhancement Sampling," HS-EC-01553, Revision 0, (1989).

29. ,

• Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Report," January 1 - June 30 (1978 through 1989). i i

30._ , " Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Report," July 1 - December 31(1977 through 1989). .

31. , " Updated Safety Analysis for the Offsite Radiological Monitoring Pro-gram," USAR 11.6, Revision 9, (1989).

32.' Tritium in the Environment," Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (March 1979). h 2-63

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i Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report  ; t { Land Use Census i Program Design  ! Each year a Land Use Census is conducted by Davis Besse in order to gather in-  ; formation necessary to monitor radioactivity in the environment and to estimate l radiation dose to the public. The Land Use Census is required by Title 10 of the  ; Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Appendix 1, and the Davis Besse Techni-l cal Specifications, Section 3/4,12.2. Radiological exposure pathways, as dis-  ! cussed in Chapter 1 of this report, define the methods by which people may l become exposed to radioactivity. The Land Use Census identifies the variou_ pathways by which radioactivity may reach the population around Davis Besse. These pathways include:  ! s e Inhalation Pathway Internal exposure as a result of  : breathing radioactivity carried in the air,  ! e Ground Exposure Pathway. External' exposure from radioactivity deposited on the ground.  ! e Plume Exposure Pathway. External exposure directly from a plume or cloud of radioactive material, ( L e Vegetation Pathway. Internal exposure as a result of eating I vegetables, fruit, etc. which have a build up of deposited radioactivity or which have absorbed radionuclides through 4 the soil. " e Milk Pathway Internal exposure as a result of drinking milk which may contain radioactivity as a result of a cow or goat j grazing on a pasture contaminated by radionuclides, i L I; The information gathered during the Land Use Census for dose assessment and  ; input into the Radiological Envitonmental Monitoring Program ensures that j these programs are as current as possible. For instance,if the Land Use Census  ; identifies the presence of a dairy animal closer to the Station than was previously  ; l

31. i

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station identified, then informacion horn this new location can be used to estimate the potential dose to the surrounding population. Also, the milk at this location can be sought as a new sample for the Radiological Emironmental Monitoring Pro-gram. Methodology , The 1.and Use Census consists of recording and mapping the locations of all _ j residences, dairy cattle and goats, and broad leaf vegetable gardens (greater than  ! 500 square feet) within a five mile radius of Davis Besse. The surveillance portion of the 1989 Land Use Census was performed during the month of July. In order to gather as much information as possible, the locations , of residences, dairy cows, dairy goats, vegetable gardens, beef cattle, fowl, fruit  ; trees, grapes, sheep, and swine were recorded. However, only the residences, l vegetable gardens (greater than 500 square feet), and milk animals are used in the dose assessment program. The Ottawa County Cooperative Extension Agen-cy confirmed the presence of dairy cattle and goats reported within the five mile radius. Each residence is tabulated as having an inhalation pathway, as well as ground and plume exposure pathways. Each garden is tabulated as a vegetation pathway.  ; Each milk animal is tabulated as a milk pathway. All of the locations identified are plotted on a map (based on the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 minute series of the relevant quadrangles) which has been divided into 16 equal sectors corresponding to the 16 cardinal compass points (Fipre 3- , 1). The closest residence, milk animal, and vegetable garden in each sector are determined by measuring the distance from each to the station vent at Davis-Besse. Results The following changes in the pathways were recorded in the 1989 census: e SSE Sector- A milk goat was added at 3467 meters. 3-2

Davis Besse Nuclear Poser Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report e S Sector.The vegetation pathway at 1750 meters was changed to 2560 meters, and the goat located at 5860 meters the previous year was not present in 1989. e SSW Sector.The residence and garden located at 2550 l meters were deleted in favor of a closer residence and l garden at 980 meters. e SW Sector The residence and garden located at 1360 meters were deleted in favor of a residence and garden at 1220 metets. e WSW Sector- A residence and a garden were added at 2610 meters. The garden located at 1640 meters the previous year was not present in 1989.

• NNW Sector.The residence at 1330 meters did not have a .

garden in 1989. A residence and garden at 1490 meters was added. The detailed pathway list in Table 31 was used to update the database of the ef-fluent dispersion model used in dose calculations. Table 3 1 is divided by sectors , and lists the distance (in meters) of the closest pathway in each meteorological  ; sector. Table 3 2 provides information on the pathways, critical age group, atmospheric dispersion (X/0) and deposition (D/0) parameters for each sector. This infor-mation is used to update the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM). The , ODCM describes the methodology.and parameters used in calculating offsite ' doses from radioactivity released in liquid and gaseous efuuents, and in calculat-  ; ing liquid and gaseous effluent monitoring instrumentation alarm /itip setpoints. a i 9 3-3 '

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[ Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i Table 31: Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 1989 ' Sector Distance from Station Closest (meters) PathwaFs , N 870 inhalation i Ground Exposure i Plume Exposure NNE S70 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure  ! NE 900 , inhalation , Ground Exposure Plume Exposure i E.NE N/A Located over Lake Eric i E N/A Located over Lake Erie ' ESE N/A ' Located over Lake Erie SE N/A Located over Lake Eric SSE 2030 inhalation Ground Exposure  ! Plutne Exposur-SSE 2830 inhalation 1 Ground Exposure Plume Exposure f Vegetation SSE 3467' Inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure

                                                   . Vegetation                       ;

Goat Milk , ' Changes since 1988. i 3-5

Annual ErrAronmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 31: Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 1989 (continued) Sector Distance from Station Closest (meters) Pathways i S 1090 Inhalation i Ground Exposure Plume Exposure S 2560' Inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure Vegetation i SSW 960 Inhalation Ground Exposure  ; Plume Exposure SSW 980' Inhalation Ground Exposure i Plume Exposure i Vegetation  ! SW 1050' inhalation l Ground Exposure I Plume Exposure SW 1220' Inhalation 4 Ground Exposure l Plume Exposure r Vegetation t WSW 1640 inhalation Ground Exposurs Plume Exposure t WSW 2610' Inhalation , Ground Exposure  ! Plume Exposure l Vegetation ' l

• Changes since 1998 36 ,

l Davis Best,e Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 31: Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 1999 (continued) Sector Distance from Station Closest (meters) Pathways WSW 4250 Inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure Vegetation Cow Milk W 980 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure Vegetation WNW 1310 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure WNW 2900 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure Vegetation NW 1730 Inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure NW 2290 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure VegeIation NNW 1250 inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure NNW 1490' Inhalation Ground Exposure Plume Exposure Vegetation

 ' Changes s'ince 1988.
                                                                               .      l 37

_y Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 3 - 2: Pathway Locations and Corresponding Atmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) and Deposition (D/Q) Parameters , SECTOR METERS CRITIC b AGE X/Q D/Q PATHWAY GROUP (sec/mk (m) N 870 inhalation; child 9.34E-07 8.55E-09 NNE 870 inhalation child 1.27E-06 ~ 1.47E-08 NE 900 inhalation child- 1.26E-06 1.58E 08 est* ... ... ... ... ... E' --- --- --- --- --- ESE' --- --- --- SE' --- --- --- --- --- SSE" 3467 goat / milk infant 5.64E-08 5.69E-10 S" 2560 vegetation child ' 5.79E-08 7.89E-10 SSW" 980 vegetation child 1.97E 4.28E-09 SW" 1220 vegetation child 2.49E-07 4.61E-09 WSW 4250 cow / milk infant 5.74E-08 5.36E.10 W 980 vegetation child 6.21E-07 - 9.58E-09 l WNW 2900 vegetation child 7.19E-08 6.50E-10 NW 2290 $egetation child - 7.02E-08 5.84E-10 NNW" 1490 vegetation- . child 1.65E-07 1.26E-09 , r l

• Since these sectors are located over marsh creas and I2ke Erie, no'ingestfE pathways are present.

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                                                                                                  ;j Annual Environmental Operating Report :     1989'          Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station
                                                                                                  .i i

i 1 MeteomlogicalMonitoring 1 Introduction  ! The Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is required by the . Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as part of the program for evaluating

                                                                    ~

the effects of routine operation of nuclear power stations on the surrounding en-3 vironment. Both NRC regulations and Davis Besse Technical Specifications pro-vide guidelines for the Meteorological Monitoring Program. These guidelines ensure that Davis-Besse has the proper equipment, in good working order, to  ! support the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program.' j 9 Meteorological observations at Davis-Besse began in October 1968. Since then, measurements have been made continuously and monitored daily. This has - [ provided an extensive record of meteorological information that can be used by many programs at Davis-Besse.The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Pro-  ; gram uses the meteorological ~ data to evaluate the effects of radioactivity. released in Station dfluents. The meteorological conditions at the time of these releases are used to calculate doses to the general public. Meteorological data are also used to evaluate where new radiological emironmental monitoring sites should be located. The meteorological monitoring system is also _ valuable in monitoring weather

     - conditions and predicting the development of adverse weather trends, such as                 '

flooding or high winds. This provides an early warning system,'so precautions l can be taken to protect the facilities and personnel at Davis-Besse, as well as local residents. Onsite meteorological data would also be a valuable tool in the , unlikely event of an emergency at Davis-Besse. Atmospheric dispersion charac-teristics necessary for evaluating conditions, distribution, and doses to the public t y could be readily obtained. l l l l 4-1

Davif, Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Fig. 41: Geostationary Operational Environmental Onsite Meteorological Sai+a System (coES) imagery 22.000 miies  : Monitoring 95%M@bove earth detailing weather characteristics globally. This information can be - This section describes the onsite accessed to aid in identifying major storm systems i' Meteorological Monitoring Pro . which could impact Station operation gram at Da ris-Besse. A description ' Fig. 4 2: Sateillte imagery of Hurricane Hugo before of the meteorological system at striking the southeast coast. Davis-Besse, and data handling and > analysis procedures, as well as a Source: Weather incorporated Systems (1989). ' table and discussion of the annual data recovery are also provided, i

System Description

l ! Meteorological data collection at Davis-Besse consists of wind speed, wind direc-  : L tion, sigma theta (standard deviation of wind direction), ambient (outside air) I , t temperature, differential temperature (air temperature at one level minus air-temperature at another level), dew point temperature (the air temperature where moisture begins to mndense out of the air, i.e.,100% relative humidity), i and precipitation. Two meteorological towers (weather towers) equipped with a ' variety of instruments are used to gather this data. MeteorologicalInstrumentation l The meteorological system consists of one monitoring site located at a grade I level of 577 feet above mean sea level. A 350 foot free-standing tower located about 3000 feet SSW of the cooling tower, and an auxiliary 35 foot tower located . i 100 feet west of the 350 foot tower, are used to gather the meteorological data. The 350 foot tower is instrumented for wind speed and wind direction at 340 feet (100 meters) and 250 feet (75 meters). The 35 foot (10 meter) tower is instru-mented for wind speed and wind direction. The 350 foot tower also measures L two differential temperatures (delta T's) : 340-35 foot and 250-35 foot (100-10 meter and 75-10 meter, respectively). Differential temperatures are used to determine stability of the lower atmosphere. This gives an indication of how fast airborne effluents can mix and disperse. Precipitation is measured by a tipping bucket rain gauge located near the base of the 35 foot tower. According to the l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Operating License, Appendix A, Technical Specifications, a minimum of six instruments are required to be operable at the ' 4-2

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Geport two lower levels M5 meter and.10 meter) to measure temperature, wind speed and wind direction. The signals from each meteorological instrument are electronically conditioned by translator modules located inside the meteorological shelter These signals are then transmitted to various places (refer to Figure 4-3): to an ADAC System-1000 computer (PDP 11/03) located in the meteorological shelter, to a computer in the Control Room, and to four Esterline Angus strip chart recorders located - in the meteorological shelter which are used if the PDP 11/03 and Control Room data are not available. The PDP 11/03 also communicates data to a PDP 11/34 LINE PRINTER

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dEiIOYER w i Figure 4-3:The signals from the two meteorological toweggre transmitted to many computers located onsite. ' I 4-4 i

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l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station - l i computer located in the Davis Besse Administration Building Technical Support j Center, and to a line printer located in the meteorological shelter. The final-meteorological database is stored on the PDP 1184 and the VAX, a mini com- -

        ;ct available to multiple users on-site.                                                       ,

Meteorological System Maintenance and Calibration Personnel at Davis-Besse inspect the meteorological site and instrumentation regularly. All strip charts and data listings are removed and reviewed on a week-  ; ly basis. Tower instrumentation maintenance and quarterly calibrations'are per-formed by a qualified consulting firm,

                                                                                       ~

Meteorological Data Handling and Reduction - The PDP 11/03 in the meteorological shelter communicates instantaneous f meteorological data to the PDP 1164 in the Technical Support Center. The PDP _, 1184 averages these data for each hour and stores them in computer disk files. Missing digital data are replaced by the reduction of the strip charts.The data , are processed and analyzed by several computer programs. Computer listings of , the data are generated and values are compared to specified range and rate of-change criteiia in order to identify anomalies. Summary statistics and Joint Fre. quency Distn ,ations (JFDs) of wind and stability data are generated and the results are reviewed for consistency in terms of known site characteristics and regional climatology. The end result of the review process is a validated final-database suitable for use by atmospheric dispersion models and for site ~ meteorological characterizations. The strip charts are logged in with parameter name, sequential chart number,  ; I- begin and end date, and the date of receipt. The charts are reviewed and any l problems are noted. The charts are manually reduced to give one-hour averages L only on an as-needed basis to replace missing digital data thereby raising data recovery. Due to chart accuracy, all wind speeds are read to the nearest one mile U per hour. All wind directions are read to the nearest five degrges (with 0 i NO -i being due north).'All temperatures are read to the nearest 0.5 Fahrenheit. Dif- . 0 ferential temperatures are read to the nearest 0.1 Fahrenheit, The hourly precipimtion totals are determined by counting the number of event marks that - occurred during that hour in increments of 0.01 inches. Meteorological Data Recovery . The monthly and annual data recovery statistics for all parameters measured during 1989 are provided in Table 4-1 on page 4-15. Data recoveries in Table  ; 4-1 represent the percentage of time a given instrument was operable for the e 4-5 i

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Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station '1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i month / year divided by the number of hours in that month / year that the instru-1 ment was operable. Data recovery for 1989 was above 90 percent for all s measured parameters. Data recovery for 1989 for the six instruments required , by Technical Specifications to be operable was also above 90 percent. Table 4-1  ? also gives monthly and annual recovery rates forjoint occurrence of wind and delta T (differential temperatures) for 1989. Annualjoint recovery rates were , above 90 percent for all combinations of wind and stability data, and above 90 percent for the six instruments required to be operable. Minor losses of data oc. curred during routine instrument maintenance and calibration, and data valida-tion. Additional data losses during the year were as follows: e March: Ughtning strike, temporary computer malfunction.

• April: Computer malfunction due to power loss, e May: Ughtning strike, temporary computer  !

malfunction. . o June: High winds damaged 250' wind speed cup assembly. Lightning strike, temporary computer malfunction. e July: Ughtning strike, temporary compu ter , malfunction. Ughtning strike damaged 340' wind speed , cup assembly and sensor. ! e August: Lightning strike damaged 340' wind direction - L potentiometer. o October: 35' dew point aspirator failed when the aspirator i exhaust fan was temporarily obstructed. , i e November: Ughtning strike damaged 340' wind speed and direction sensor and the computer card. o Ughtning strike, temporary computer malfunction. Meteorological Data Summaries ' This section presents summaries of the meteorological data collected from the onsite monitoring program at Davis-Besse during 1989. Tables 4-2 through 4-7, discussed in this section, can be found on pages 4-16 through 4-22. Table 4-2 l l 4-6

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 . Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 4 i;

L sthaarizes the average and extreme values by month for wind, temperature, l l and precipitation data. .I l Wind Speed and Wind Direction L The monthly average 100m,75m, and 10m wind speeds for 1989 are given in Table 4 2 (page 4-16). The maximum monthly average was 20.3 mph for the. 100m level in November,19.0 mph for the 75m level in November, and 12.3 mph , I for the 10m level in November. The maximum hourly average wind speeds for. 1989 were 46.6 mph for the 100m level on January 7,43.7 mph for the 75m level on January 8, and 36.4 mph for the 10m level on January 8. l Figure 4-4 gives an annual wind rose of average wind speed and percent frequen-cy by direction measured at the 100 meter level in 1989. Wind roses get their name because the circular pattern of each graph resembles a flowering rose. l Each wind sector has two radial bars, the darker bar represents the percent of . time the wind blew from that direction. The hatched bar represents the average i speed of the wind from that direction. Wind direction sectors are classified using - Pasquill Stabilities (Table 4-3, page 4-18). Calms (less than or equal to 1.0 mph) are shown in percent in the middle of the wind rose. The 75 meter wind rose is . given in Figure 4-5 and the 10 meter wind rose in Figure 4-6. On an annual basis,

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l all levels show peak frequencies for. winds from the SSW, SW, and WSW. l Ambient Temperature Monthly average and extreme temperatures for 1989 are given in Table 4-2. These data are measured U at the 10m level. The maximum monthly average U temperature was 74.2 F for July. The extreme maximum was 95 F on July 10. U and the extreme minimum was -16.5 F on De'cember 22. i Dew Point Temperature Monthly average and extreme dew point temperatures for 1989 are also provided in Table 4-2. These data are measured at the 10m level. The maximum monthly ' U average 0 dew point temperature was 63.7 F for July. The extreme maximum was  : 74.3 F on July 10, and the extreme minimum was -22.3UF on December 22. Precipitation ' Monthly totals and extremes of precipitation at Davis-Besse for 1989 are given in Table 4-2. Total precipitation for the year was 31.46 inches. 3e maximum daily precipitation total was 1.42 inches on July 20. It is likely that precipitation totals recorded in colder months are somewhat less than the actual amounts received at the site due to periods of freezing precipitation coupled with strong winds. 4-7

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                  = Annual Environmental Operating Report      1989             Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Atmospheric Stability                                                                                                                 !

1 The atmospheric stability is categorized by delta T (100m - 10m) and delta T i (75m - 10m) using the information provided in Table 4-3 (page 4-18). Unstable . conditions (classes A C) mix and disperse effluents better than stable conditions j (classes E-G). Table 4-4 (page 4-19) gives the nionthly and annual stability class j frequency distributions for 1989, based on delta T (100m 10m). The table shows that neutral and slightly stable conditions (classes D and E) were the most common during the year.  :

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For comparison purposes, the delta T (75m - 10m) stability class frequency dis-  ! tribution is given in Table 4-5 (page 4-20). The delta T (75m - 10m) shows an in- ll crease of extreme classes (A and G), and a decrease of neutral class D relative to the delta T (100m - 10m) distribution. This was expected due to the small height . separation. Tables 4-6 and 4-7 (pages 4-21 and 4-22, respectively) give the distributions of_  : stability classes by hour of day for delta T (100m - 10m) and delta T (75m - 10m), respectively, for 1989. They show, as expected, that unstable classes occurred - primarily during the daytime hours and st' able classes generally occurred at night. *

The neutral class occurred throughout the day and night, but showed a peak fre- 3 quency for morning and afternoon transition periods. '

l l t Local Wind Patterns Heating and cooling cyIes that develop from solar heating of the atmosphere can create a variety of localized wind systems. One example common in areas bordering the Great Lakes is sometimes referred to as the " lake / land breeze ef-fect." Unfortunately, this term is also 'used in other parts of the country to . describe localized wind systems not at all related to the wind patterns in the Lake Erie area. For purposes of this report, the term " lake / land breeze effect" will be used to describe ;he harmless wind patterns that occur over areas adjacent to Lake Erie, including the Davis-Besse site.These wind patterns arise because of , the different thermal characteristics ofland and water, a difference that is mag-nified when the body of water has a large surface area, such as Lake Erie.The large surface area of Lake Erie causes the temperature of the air over the water s to be quite different from the air temperature over the land. This difference in > temperature is not seen over smaller bodies of water such as man-made reser-voirs. Lake Erie acts as a giant " heat sink"; i.e., it takes a long time for water 4-11 ..-_-___-- --- - - - -vr- - - - _ - - - - _ _ _ _ . . - _ - - - - - - - - - -

i I Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report temperatures to rise in the spring, but once the lake has warmed, it also takes a long time to cool back down in the autumn. In contrast, landforms experience sig- i nificant temperature changes over short periods of time. j In the case of the lake / land breeze effect along the Lake Erie shoreline, during the daytime, the land surface heats up faster than the water, and therefore '  ! reaches higher temperatures than the water, The warmer air above the land rises  ; faster because it is less dense than the cooler air over the lake. This leads to-  : rising air currents over the land with descending denser air over the lake. This ' starts a wind circulation which draws air from the water to the land during the -  : daytime, creating a " lake breeze" effect (Figure 4-7) At night time, this process is  : reversed. The water retains its heat as the land cools rapidly. This results in warmer, less dense air over the lake, with colder air over the land. This causes the local winds to shift from the land to the water, creating a " land breeze" effect (Figure 4-8).- ' The lake / land breeze circulation at Davis-Besse is generally not present during

• the late fall, winter, early spring, or when skies are cloudy. At these times, there is no significant solar heating of the land. The lake / land breeze is also not present when the difference between the lake temperature and land temperature is too small, or when wind speeds become faster than 12 mph. Such wind speeds tend to minimize the effect oflocal wind circulation patterns and allow large scale weather features (e.g., fronts, lows, highs, etc.) to dominate. l If conditions are such that a lake breeze develops in the area around Davis-j Besse, the winds usually start out from the SSW and the WSW during midmorn-ing. As the land becomes warmer during the day, the lake breeze develops and

!. the wind shifts to the NNE and NE. Once the lake breeze develops, the Coriolis l . Force begins to act on the wind direction. The Coriolis Force develops due to the ' carth's rotation. When any mass travels above the earth's surface in an apparent-ly linear path (as viewed from its point of origin), its path is actually deflected to j the right or left, depending upon thybject's position relative to the equator, j This deflection is easily observed from the carth's surface at some point in the in-i itial trajectory of the mass. However, when viewed from some fixed point in outer space, or from the initial point of origin, the mass appears to travel a l straight path. The deflection seen by earthbound observers arises from the fact that their frame of reference changes as the mass travels along its path due to the earth's rotation beneath the mass. In essence, the earth actually " moves out" from under the traveling mass. In the Northern Hemisphere, objects (or air masses) _ are deflected to the right of their path of motion;in the Southern Hemisphere, j they are deflected to the left. . l I l L 4-12

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station

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4 Figure 4-7: During the daytime, warmer air over the land rises faster than the i dense cool air over Lake Erie. The resulting " lake breeze " draws cool air from  ! the lake towards the land. 1 c Gj@s( w .. 1..:;M t * , f~c,,

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sais Figure 4-8: During the nighttime, landforms cool more rapidly than the lake. This results in a " land breeze" circulation pattern that blows the cool air away from land and over the tal e. 4 _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . __ . - _ _ - __-13_ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Davis Beste Nuclear Power Station -1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report In the area surrounding Davis-Besse, the lake breezes are deflected clohkwise 12 degrees each hour until about midnight. As the land cools, a land breeze from late evening to mid-morning develops, resulting in winds from the SSW and WSW. In general, lake / land breezes occur at Davis-Besse from April through September, with a peak in May. Current and reliable infonnation on local weather patterns (such as the lake / land - breeze effect) and global weather patterns is crucial for Davis-Besse personnel responsible for monitoring atmospheric dispersion characteristics in the unlikely event of a radiological emergency at the Station.The Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse has provided such information, with very little data loss, since the Station began operation in 1977. A 4-14

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[ Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 4-1 Summary of Meteorological Data Recovery (expressed in percentages of operable tinie)* fier the Davis-Hesse Nuclear Power Station January 1,1989 thningh D&c. :,eir31,1989 AtlG SEP OCT NOV I>EC ANNt!AI, JAN FER MAR APR MAY Jt)N Jtfl, 100m Wind Speed 100D1 99.55 93.95 100M) 9933 100lx) M.65 99.19 98.61 98.52 8833 Im).tR) 94.71 Imim Wind Direction 100n) 99.55 100lk) 100.IN) 9933 100A) 100 m 40 2 98.61 97.85 8333 100n) 97.88 75m Wind Speed Im100 99.55  %.77 100lK) 9933 95.28 Im)m 9933 98.75 98.52 W.17 1009) 98R) 100 3) 99.55. 100 9) 100JM) 9933 1(h)JX) 100 m W33 98.61 97.98 99.17 loom W.50 75m Wind Direction 10m Wind Speed 100.00 99.55 Im)m W.86 W33 1m)JX) 100.m) 9933 98.61 98.52 99.17 Im)JM) 98 #1 10m W'md Direction 100lx) 99.55 100lX) 99 2 W33 100.00 1003) 9933 98.61 97.85 99.17 100.00 99.47 10m AmbientTemperature W.87 99.55 100fR) 98HJ 99.19 109 3) 9933 9933 9833  %.51 99.03 99.73 99.14 10m Dew Point Temperature 99.60 86.90 91.'28 71.81 9933 100110 100D) 84.01 98.19 95.56 9833 8333 92.95 Delta T (100m - 10m) 98.25 88.10 100H) 9736 96.24 97.64 9839 98.92 9639 94.22 98.76 9933 97.07 DeltaT (75m - 10m) 99.19 99.55 100 m 98N> 98.92 - 100lX) 9933 9933 96.94 95.97 98.75 99.73 98.88 100M) 100.00 10).00 100 3) 100110 1m).m) 100lM) 100D) 100R) 100.00 100.00 100110 100R) Precipitation Joint 100m winds 98.25 88.10 93.95 9736. 96.24 97.64 63.71 90.59 9639 93.55 83M 9933 91.52 and Delta T (100m - 10m) Joint 75m wind; and 98.25 88.10 96.77 9736  %.24 92.92 9839 98.92 9639 93M 98.75 9933  % 36 Delta T (100m-10m) Joint 75m winds and 99.19 99.55  %.77 98.89 98.92 95.28 9933 9933 96.81 95.43 9835 W.73 98.16 Delta T (75m - 10m) Joint 10m winds and 99.19 99.55 100.th) 98.75 98.92 100.00 9933 W33  %.81 9530 9835 99.73 98.80 Delta T (75m - 10m)

• Values for indiddual MONTIIS e percent of time instrument was operable during the month, divided 19 the number of hours in that month that the instrument was operable.

Values for ANNUAL, data recoveries = percent of time instrument was operable during the year, divided by the number of hours in the year that the ingrument was operable. e 4-15

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V ' Davis-Besse Nucicar Power Station 198'l Aswiual EarArovunereal Opratbw3Regwrt Table 4-2 Summary of Meteorological Data Measured at Davis-llesse Nuclear Power Statiem ForJanuary 1,1989 through December 31,1989 JAN FEH MAR APR MAY JilN Jill. AtlG SEP OCT NOV' IW.C 100m WIND Mean Speed (mph) 20.2 15.9 17.9 15 3 15.6 123 11.9 13.1 17.6 14.4 .. 20 3 16.2 Max. Speed (mph) 46.6 35.7 44.5 33.0 35.2 30.9 31.7 29.4- 40.2 36.2 46.1 3(, 's Date of Max. Speed 7 8 13 4 30 17 10 22 23 19 20 2 75m WIND Mean Speed (mph) 18.5 15.0 16.4 14.0 14 2 11.2 10.9 123 13.5 16.1 19.0 14.9 Max. Speed (mph) 43.7 34.2 42.5 30.5 33.6 29.0 30.9 28.5 NA .36.5 42.9 34.1 Date of Max. Speed 8 8 15 12 30 17 20 6 NA 19 20 3 10m WIND Mean Speed (inph) 12.2 11.5 11.7 93 - 9.9 73, 7.4 7.9 8.8 9.4 123 9.7 Max. Speed (mph) 36.4 27.5 39 23.6 26 3 21.5. 23.1 20.8 27.9 33.5 29.2 25.4 Date of Max. Speed 8 8. 15 12 30 17- 10 6- 23 19 -20 3 10m AMBIENTTEMPERATURE

                            - Mean ("F)                     312                   24.7l. 35.1   44 3     57.6       68.0     74.2     71.4'   '643         54.3      39.6. 17.9 ~

M ax. ("F) 60.9 53.0 75.9 - 663 82.9 : '89.6 95.0 87.5 ' . 85.8 82.9 , 69.8 42.9 Date of Max. 31 I 27 17 31 26 10 3 8 14 13 31 Min ("F) 14 3 5.0 123 20.6 34 3 52.5 623 50.0 38.7 33.6. 18 7 16.5 Date of Min. 9 -6' 7 10 '6 -Ii 17 8- - 24 '4 2.5 ~22

4. l6

Annual Environmental Operating flemnt 1989 Davis Besse PJuclear Power Station Tahic 4-2 Summary of Meteorological Data Measured at Davis-ilesse Nuclear Power Station For January 1,1989 through Decesnher 31,1989 (Continued) FER MAK APR MAY JtIN Jill, AUG SEP (MT NOV IW(' JAN luni DEW POINTTEMPERATURE 16.7 28.1 329 47.1 (dl.0 63.7 fel.7 55.2 42.4 30.1 8.7 Mean ("F) 25.7 54.1 433 61.7 54.8 72.5 72.7 74 3 73.6 72.6 f.42 58.6 35.2 Max. ("F) 5 8 2 15 6 8 1 28 17 31 - 24 10 Danc of Max. 12 -2.7 1.5 10.6 23 3 44.4 45.0 41.2 292 24.6 6.7 -223 Min. (*F) 7 23 8 29 22 9 9 7 10 7 29- 17 Datc of Min. PRECIPITAITON 1.41 0.47 2.50 ' 3.09 '6.25 434 4.06 1.45' 3.17 229 1.96 0.47 Total (inches) 4 11 11 10 . 10 8.0 -10 13 15 14 10 11 Rain Days (a) 030 0.17 1.04 0.75 1.41- 1.00 1.42 0.66 1.16 1.01 0.72 0.20 Max. in One Day 21 27 4 30 21 20 20 1 19 15 - 30 ~ Date 26 - (a) Rain days are defined as a day in which 0.01 inches of rain or frozen precipitati<m has fallen. Ul7

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Anrusal Erwironener.*.at Operatix; Report. . Table 4-3 Classification of' Meteorological I)ata Wind I)irection Wind Sector Wind Direction (Degrees) N 348.75 TO 11.25 NNE 11.25 TO 33.75 NE 33.75 TO $6.25 ENE 56.25 TO 78.75 E 78.75 TO 101.25 4 ESE 101.25 TO 123.75 SE 123.75 TO 1 %.25 SSE 146.25 TO 168.75 S- 168.75 TO. 191.25 SSW . 191.25 TO - 213.75 SW 213.75 TO 236.25 WSW 236.25 TO . 258.75 W 258.75 ' TO- 281.25 WNW 281.25. TO' '303.75 NW 303.75 TO 326.25 NNW- 326.25 TO' 348.75 PasquillStability Delta T (IGGen -lem) Detta T(75m -lesel (348 ft -35 ft) (258 ft -35 al Staldtity Class '( F) ("FI A (extremely unstal>le) - T < -3.13 . T < -2.18 H (nuxicrately unstal>le) -3.13 < = T < -2RI . C (slightly unstal>le)

                                                                                                                        -2.18 . < iT. < - 1.95
                                   -2RI < = T < -2.47                                                                   -I.95 < a T < - 1.72 D (neutral)                       -2.47 ' < = T < -0.82                                                                -i.72 < = T < -n.57 E (slightly sial >lc) .            0.82 < = T < 2.47.

F (malerately stabic)

                                                                                                                        -0.57     < =T < l.72 '

2.47 < = T < 6.59 1.72 .< = T < 4.59 G (extremely stal>ic) 6.59 .<=T 4.59 <=T-4-18 __ __ . .f,z -._ , .. - , - - + , - ~ - ~ ~ - ~ - - ~ - - ' ~ ~ - '** * ' ' ~ ^ ' ' ~ ' ~ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ' ~ ~ ^ ^^ ~~ ^ ~ '

Anrusal Envbonrnental Operating Reput 1989 Davis Besse idalear Power Stati<rm Table 4-4 Montbly and Annual Stability Class Frequency I)istributions - Itased On Delta T(100m - 10m) ForJanuary 1,1989 Through 1)eccenber31,1989 (in percent) 100m-10m A H C D E F G _ 3AN 0.(N) 0.00 1.09 55.68 34.88 7.93 0.4 i Fell 0.00 0.(W) 2.53 76.86 20.27 034 0.00 MAR 0.13 0.94 4.70 60.62 22.18 6.45 4.97 APR 0.00 0.71 2.71 62.62 24.54 7.85 1.57-MAY 0.00 0.14 1.40 64.94 22.77 6.42 433 JUN 0.43 1.99 3.70 55.62- 26.88- 10.10 1.28 JUL 231 4.08 6.67 5136 2633 8.03 0.82 AUG 0.00 122 3.67 5231 .27.72 13.04- 2.04 SEP- 0.43 0.72 .3.75 56.95 27.95 8;65. 1.59 OCT 1.57 0.14' 3.28 45.22 19.97 17.55 12.27 NOV 0.00 0.14 'O.70 65.40 29.96 3.80 0.(X) DEC 0.(N) 0.00- 034 58.05 -28.% 9.61 2.84 ANNUAL 0.41 0.86 2.90 5834 26.16 8.42: 2.70 4-19 '

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ~

a Davis-Besse Nucles Power Stath 1E39 . Armual Erwworvnerass Operat5xj ileport r Tahic 4-5 Monthly and Annual Stability Class Frequency Distributions Blaced on Delta T(75sn -I0ne) ForJanuary I,1989 Thrungh Ihir 31,1989 (in percent) 75m-10ra A B C D E F G JAN 0.00 0.54 1.63 5339 3631 7.I8 0.95 FEB 0.15 0.(X1 2.24 74.14 22.42 1.05 0.00 MAR 0.40 1.88 5.51 60.75 2030 739 3.76 APR 0.00 1.69 7.72 56.18 26.12 6.74 1.54 MAY 0.00 0.27 3.67 6332 21.60 7.07 4.08 JUN 1.25 1.94 7.08 50.97 2736 931 2.08 ' JUL 433 6.09 7.58 43.71 27.20 9.47 1.62  ! AUG 0.27 230 7.44 47.77 25.58 12.18 4.47 SEP 0.72 2.15. 6.73 51.15. 26.93 931 3.01 OCF 1.68 2.10'- 3.08 41.46 20.73 . 14.43 16.53 1 NOV 0.(M1 0.28 239 60.48 ~ 32.07 4.08 ;0.70 DEC 0.00 0.13 135 57.28 ~ 29.78 8.63 2.83 ANNUAL ' O.74 ~ 1.63 4.71 L 54.94 ~ '2639 8.12. 3.47

                                                                                                                  . 4 -20 .

m..- . __ . . _ _ _ . . . _ . _ . , . . . -. _ , . . . . _ . . . . . . . .

Annual Environmental Operatbw) Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Stalion l l Talde 44 Davis-Hesse Nasclear PowerStation Stability Classes by Hour of Day for 1989, Based on Hloin-10ni Deka T

                                                                                                                  - Stability Index                                                                                                        i Hour of Day       A                                       B                              C            D             -E                      F                  G  TOTA 8.                                 FG      EFG                i 1                 0                                    0                                0          144           -139                 59                     16      358-                               75     214 2                  0                                    0                                0          143            135                 62                     18      358                                MI     215 i-     3                 0                                     0                                 1         144            132                 51                     28      356                                79     211 4                  0                                 'O                                   I         144            129                 58                     25      357                                83     212 5                 0                                     0                                 1         155            I19                 61                     23      359                                84     203
   '6                   0                                     0                                 1        152             126                 56                     22      357                                78     2tM                  f 7                 0                                     0-                               0        160              130                 48                     21      359                                69     199                  s 8                 0                                     0                                2        l'Xs             108                 35                     10      351                                45     153                  !

9 1 2 6 242 -74 .13 7 345 20 94 10 0 6 12 279 38 10 2 347 12 50  ! 11 4 6 23 293 =17 3 347 4 1 21 12 4 10 40 280 11 0 2 347 2 13 13 8 10 49 267 10 1 0 '345 1 11 14 6 .14 42 275 13 0 0 -350 0 -13 15 4 to -32 287 ~6 1 1 0 350 1 -17 16 3 9 21 298 19 2 0 352 2 21 17 3 4 7 291 45 6 0 356 6 SI 18 1 2 6 264 72 . 10 2 357 12 M4 19 1 0 1 218 116 21 .2 359 23 139 20 0 0 0 -163 162 2r 5 358 33 195 21 0 0 0 152 156 41 9 358 50 206-22 0 0 1 146 150 51 11 359 62 212 23 0 0 1 144~ 157 :45 13- 3(di 58 215 24 0- 0 0 141 150 54 13 '358 67 217 , Total 35- 73 247 4978 '2224 716 230' 8503 946 3170 l'encent 0.41 0.86 2.90 . 58.54 26. It, 8.42 -2.70 100.IH 11.13 . 37.28 4-21 _ _ . - _ . - . . _ . _ - . _ . _ _ _ _ . _ . . ~ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ - . __

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power StCion 1989 Annual Envirormedal Operatiex; Report b Table 4-7 Davis-Besse Nuclear 1%wer Station Stability Classes h3Hourof Day for 1989, Based on 75sn-10ni Delta T Stability index Hoer of Day A b C D E F G TOTAL FG EFG 1 0 0 0 141 140 63 20 364 83 223 2 0 0 0 144 137 61 23 365 . 84 221 3 0 0 0 140 1% 46 33 365 79 225 , 4 0 0 0 147 137 47 34 365 81 218 5 0 0 0 150 130 54 31 365 85 215 6 0 0 0 151 130 54 28 %3 7 E2 212 7 0 0 0 161 132 43 29 365 72 204 8 0 0 3 215 95 32 13 358 45 140 9 0 9 7 249 64 18 5 352 23 87 10 3 8 32 265 37 5 3 353- 8 45 11 7 10 54 263 17 2 .354 1 3 20 12 8 25 69 240 11' O 354 1 1- 12 13 13 31 63 239 6 1- 0 353 1 7 14 14 23 64 2% . 10 0 0; 7357 -0 10 15 10 18 52 264 14 0 0 358 0 14 16 4 8 45 283 18 2 0 360 2 20 17 3 6 to 297 42 5 0 363 5 47, 18 1 3 6- 262 '79- 9- 5 365. 14 93 19 1 0' 2- 210 126 19 6' 364 25 '151 . 20 0 0 I -148 178 ^ 27 10 %4 37 215 21 0 0 0 138 161 51~ 13 363 64 225 22 0 0 0 135 162 55 - 12 ' 364 67 229 23 i) 0 0 136 If4 54 14 ' '364 68 228 24 0 0 0 135 154' 55 20 364 75 229 Total 64 141 408 4759 2286 - 703 301 8662 10lM 3290 Percent 0.74 1.63. 4.71 54.94 26.39 8.12 3.47 101100 11.59 37.98

4-22

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 ' Annual Environmental Operating Report     1989-          Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Sta on
                                                                                                                                -q i

4 EnvironmentalEvaluations  : Program Description - Environmental Evaluations (EE) provide a method to study the means by which the integrity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station and its surrounding  ; ecosystems can be maintained and enhanced. Basic requirements for studies of this kind are found in the Final Environmental Impact Statement for the site.  : Whenever a change is proposed to a design, procedure, or process, the' effects of l the change should be evaluated and an Environmental Evaluation prepared as  ; necessary. P An EE is begun following a request by a department at Davis-Besse. _Most often, EEs deal with construction projects or with the introduction of new facilities, , such as parking lots or new buildings. The first step in preparing an LE is to determine the scope of the project. Some projects are small and will not involve any environmental disturbance. These projects do not receive a full EE. Larger projects, however, require more in-depth studies. The environmental consequences of a proposal are identified next. These are determined by looking at different areas which might be impacted such as air quality, noise levels, and wildlife habitat. Most often, projects will have some im-pact on these areas. The individual preparing the EE must evaluate all available information to determine whether or not the benefits provided by the proposed - project will offset these impacts. The EE also generates possible alternatives to the proposed project. These alter-natives are provided to ensure that many different ways of satisfying the project 'I are evaluated prior to its implementation. This often saves money and prevents unforseen future environmentalimpact. After all of the alternatives have been compared, the results are summarized and the proposalis evaluated based on cost versus benefits. Costs include not only monetary values but also costs to the environment. A proposed project should 5-1

  .                       -            _                           ..    . _ _ . _ . . - _ _ _ - _ _ - _ - . . _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ .i

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmenta! Operating Repon yield more benefits than the cost it takes to implement, otherwise, recommenda-tions are made not to implement the proposed project. Following completion of these steps, the individual or group preparing the EE will make final recommendations. These recommendations can either support the proposal or advocate dismissing it, but they must always reflect the fm' dings of the EE to ensure that both the Station and the surrounding environment are protected. 1 l 1 i l l l l Figure 5-1: By performing an nvironmental Evaluation prior to implementing a - project, Environmental Compliance ensures that the integrity of the environ-ment surrounding Davis-Besse site is maintained. This is particularly important for migrating waterfowl such as this whistling swan. Only one EE was performed during 1989. This was the proposal to build a plat-form behind the new simulator building, and is summarized in the following para-graphs. l 5-2

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    ~ Annual Environmental Operating Report    1989:         Davis-Besse Nuclar Power Station Environmental Evaluation for the Training Center                                              l Pond Platform                                                                                  .

t When the Training Center Simulator Building was installed, the air conditioner condensers were placed too close to the Training Center pond to allow proper ac-cess to the units for maintenance.The Facility Services Department requested permhsion to fill in a portion of the pond to permit the construction of a plat-  ! form that would allow a forklift to reach the back of the units.- Environmental Compliance personnel were concerned that filling in a portion of the pond would cause a violation of the Station's National Pollutant Discharge  : Elimination System (NPDES) permit, due to the increased suspended solids that would occur during construction.The EE recommended modifications to the . project to limit its impact on the NPDES permit. In addition, the EE recom-mended further investigation to determine whether the project was required. After some study, the decision was made not to implement this project. Instead, a method was devised to use a mobile crane to remove the required parts. This L saved the company money and eliminated the potential for violating the NPDES permit. m l 5-3

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station I l l F MarshManagement  ! Navarre Marsh i The Navarre Marsh is approximately 733 acres oflow-lying wetland which sur- l rounds the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station, located on the southwestern j shore of Lake Eric.The Toledo Edison and Cleveland Electric illuminating i Comp.tnics co-own the marsh which is leased to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-  ! vice (USFWS), who manage it as part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Protective dikes and access roads in the marsh are maintained by the Toledo  ; Edison Company. Environmental Compliance (EC) personnel at Davis Besse are responsible for conducting marsh inspections and generating monthly status reports, recommending management actions, and actively controlling un-

 -     desirable plant species such as purple loosestrife. Results from the marsh inspec-tions are compared to the activity levels expected by the USFWS for each                 i seasonal period, and from this comparison an evaluation of the marsh progress is         i made.

i The Navarre Marsh is completely enclosed by a system of dikes (refer to Figure

61) and a revetment (Figure 6-2) to protect it from flooding and the wave action  ;

of1.ake Erie. A dike is a retaining structure designed to hold back water for pur-poses of flood control and to aid in managing a marsh for waterfowl and wildlife. j Dikes are also routinely used to convert wetlands into land suitable for farming.  ; A dike generally consists of rock laid over a clay base at a slope of approximately l a one-to-one or a two to-one ratio When used as a marsh management tool, , dikes aid in controlling the water levels required to obtain the desired vegetation beneficial to wildlife. Manipulating water levels is one of the most important 5 management tools used in the Navarre Marsh. Simply by lowering or raising ' water levels within the marsh, certain plant species can be encouraged or dis- ' couraged to grow. From a wildlife management standpoint, plant species that ' l provide either food (e.g., smartweed) or shelter (e.g., cattails) for native wildlife, i are more desirable than plant species that sene no useful purpose (e.g., purple l l loosestrife). ,

                                                                                               ~!

6-1 [ l

Davis Beste Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report e LADCI SAAVIL ' ADCE W Cl&T Er f 3 i

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i Figure 61: The steeper slopes of a dike make the structure vu1-nerable to wave action and erosion. For this reason, dikes are only , suitable for flood control in relatively quiet waters, such as an: nland , marsh. .

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Figure 6 2: The gently sloping sides of a revetment actually eno >urage - beach formation by dissipating wave energy and allowing partwalate matter to settle out at the base of the structure. Revetments are an  ! ideal method of flood control for areas subject to a great deal o ? wave.  ; action, such as the Lake Eric shoreline. i t 6-2

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1999 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station A revetment is also a retaining structure designed to hold back water for pur-poses of erosion control and/or to encourage beach formt.tlon Unlike a dike, a revelment consists of rocks laid over a nylon mesh mat stop a clay base. Revet-ments are also built at a gentler slope (e.g., a ratio of three to-one). As waves strike the gradual slope of a revetment, their energy dissipates, allowing the sedi-ment load to drop out at the base of the revetment. At the same time, the under. lying tv,lon mat allows the water to percolate through slowly.This helps maintain the integrity of the clay base beneath the mat. Because a revetment extends well out into the water,it actually encourages beach formation by this passive deposi-tion of particulate matter. Particularly along the southern shores of 1.ake Erie, where wave action has litera-ly eroded away large areas of shoreline, a revetment is a logical choice to both protect the inland areas and to encourage beach formation. Due to the steeper slopes of dikes, when waves strike, they are deuccted laterally down the shoreline.This tends to scour out the base of the dike and will eventually cause the dike to slump or collapse, allowing Gooding. In contrast, when waves strike the gently sloping sides of a revetment, they are denected up and their energy is dissipated. As the water slowly passes back down the revetment, any silt or sedi-ment drops out, gradually forming a beach along the base of the revetment. Beaches themselves prmide a natural form of flood control, and are therefore desirable in areas with a great deal of wave action (such as 1.ake Erle). Marshes are generally found in low lying Dat areas, and are characterized by a wide diversity of plant life as the elevation changes, in the Navarre Marsh, eleva-tions throughout rarely differ by more than two feet (refer to Figure 6-3). As one travels to higher elevations and the land gets dryer, woody plants such as shrubs and trees replace the plants more ecmmonly associated with wetlands.The Navarre Marsh has a varied landscape with different plants found in each. The majority of vegetation is found in the fresh water marsh. Three kinds of vegeta-tion grow here: emergents, submergents, and floating plants. Emergents grow in wet soil or out of the water and include cattails, smartweed and arrowhead. Sub-mergents, such as pondweed and water milfoil, thrive beneath the water's sur-face. Floating on the water are greater and lesser duckweed, and water lilles. All these plants provide food, cover, and nesting area essential to wildlife. The Navarre Marsh is bordered by a narrow, dry beach ridge along the lake front.The beach supports a limited number of woody plants and has many stand-ing dead trees, frequently occupied by birds of prey such as bald eagles. Extend-ing out from the beach is a sandbar which formed over the last year after the revetment was constructed in early 1988, As discussed earlier, the revetment helps dissipate lake wave action, allowing suspended particles in the water to 6-3

Davis-Besse huclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report ELEVATION l ABOVE 4 SEA LEVEL SHRUBS ANDTREES ORASS l i is

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v 571.5 -  ! CATTAIL I l l SUBMERGENT AND . I  ! FLOATINO PLANTS l t 570.5 ---4 - JV{ RASE WATER_ IN THE NAVARRE MARSH EVEL _ ' l l 3 569.5 . i I I j 0 FEET 1000  ! Figure 6-3: If one travels 1,000 feet in any direction in the Navarre Marsh, eleva- l tions will rarely differ by more than two feet. As elevation increases, the ground , gets dryer and plant communities change.  ! i settle out and accumulate, eventually forming a sandbar.ne sandbar then acts l as a natural barrier, protecting the shore from storms and wave action. In addi-tion to protecting the shoreline, the sandbar also benefits local wildlife. Shore .; birds and waterfowl are often seen resting and feeding in this area. Figure 6-4,  ; taken in early 1990, shows the beach that has formed within the last year after the l revetment was completed in 1988. Imwer lake levels in 1989 also exposed  ! shorelines that were underwater during previous years.These lower icvels also -i contributed to the beach at the base of the revetment pictured in Figure 6-4. l L The Navarre Marsh also supports a variety of other habitats, including a swamp - forest and wet meadows. Bluejoint grass and rice-cut grass are the major wet j 6-4  ! i i

                                                                                               .-               5

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Daviseerse Nuclear Power Station h, h y

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Figure 6-4: 'he revetment has encouraged th s beach to orm within a matter of two years. While encouraging beach formation, the revetment also provides a means of flood control and protects the marsh against the wave action of Lake Erie. t meadow plants. In the twamp forest, the soil is poorly drained or underwater for part of the growing season. The swamp forest supports woody plants such as cot- { tonwood, willows and buttonbush, and several understory plants such as poison ivy, sumac, and swamp loosestrife. Navarre Marsh is unique to this area because of the buttonbush found in the swamp forest. Buttonbush is becoming rare along Lake Eric and so it is becoming increasingly important to protect those habitats that support the buttonbush population. Studies have shown that 90% of Navarre Marsh's blacl -crowned night-heron use the buttonbush swamp for feed-ing and resting. Green herons have also been observed nesting in the area

                                                                                                        )

(Meeks and 11offman,1979). A wide variety of birds utilize Navarre Marsh. The best known resident is the Canada goose, abundant throughout the marsh and around the Station site. Be-sides natural nesting sites, several artificial nesting areas, such as wood duck boxes and goose tubs, are provided.The boxes and tubs represent a collective ef-fort of both U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ohio Department of Natural Resour-ces (ODNR), and Davis-Eesse personnel. The marsh also provides waterfowl with a feeding and resting place during their migration. Besides waterfowl, 4" 6-5 ______-____-_a

Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Cperating Report raptors such as owls, hawks and eagles also frequent the marsh. In the spring and I fall, warblers, vircos, kinglets and a variety of other songbirds stop here during  ! their migration. Great blue herons and great egrets use the marsh as a feeding i and resting area during the breeding season. Gulls, rails, killdeer, and a wide , variety of other wading birds can be observed throughout the year in the Navarre ' Marsh. Mammals also use the Navarre Marsh throughout the year.The most noticeable ' resident is the muskrat. The marsh is dotted with muskrat houses which serve a dual purpose: they provide homes for muskrats and nesting places for waterfowl. The muskrat population in Navarre Marsh is kept in balance by trappers who are supervised by personnel from the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Other mammals inhabhing the Navarre Marsh include raccoon, red fox, mink, and whitetail deer.  ; Special Projects in 1989  : Toledo Edison and Davis Besse are committed to protecting the Navarre Marsh and h'ive gone to great lengths to preserve this valuable resource. This is best il- > lustrated by the extensive dike system built to protect the area from flooding, and ' by the many special projects conducted in the marsh each year. In 1989, these special projects included controlling undesirable plant species, songbird banding, , l Canada goose banding and nesting surveys, and wood duck banding and nesting l l box relocation. A brief description of each of these projects is provided in the fol-  ; l lowing paragraphs. Not all of the plants found in Navarre Marsh are beneficial to wildlife. Purple loosestrife (Lythmm salicaria) is one such undesirable species found in the marsh. This exotic plant, introduced from Europe, is an aggressive species which > tends to crowd out the valuable native plants. Each summer, Environmental  ! Compliance personnel record and map the locations of all purple loosestrife - plants found within the marsh. Once sighted, the staff attempts to control the spread of the species through the use of approved herbicides, and by removing smaller individual plants. l One other undesirable plant species found in Navarre Marsh is the giant reed 4 (Phragmites australis). These tall plants often grow in thick, dense stands which crowd out more beneficial plant species. Environmental Compliance personnel attempt to control the giant reed through limited herbicide spraying under the , direction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,in controlling these undesirable i plant species, the rich plant diversity in the Navarre Marsh is maintained. 66 i

l Annual Environmental Operatin;; 3eport t909 Davis 4 esse Nuclear Power Station f The songbird banding project was conducted in cooperation with the ODNR i from April through August 1989.The project involved capturing and banding t songbirds migrating through the area. From April through June,6,859 individual  ; birds, apresenting 101 different species, were banded.ne yellow warbler, a resi-dent species of the Navarre Marsh during the summer months, was studied in fur- . ther detail from June through August.The study provided information on nesting and feeding habits of the yellow warbler.The data collected during the {' banding project provides an extensive database so that the migratory movements of the warblers may be better understood, and to aid in tracking the population I I leveh of the different warbler species over time. The Canada goose banding project took place in June of 1989. This project is conducted annually in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service l (USFWS) and the ODNR. In 1989, approximately 250 geese were captured,  ; aged, sexed and banded, providing valuable information in tracking the popula- i tion levels and migratory movements of the Canada goose, j The staff at Davis Ilesse also assisted the ODNR in a Canada goose nesting sur-  ; vey of the Navarre Marsh,The goal of this project was to determine the success  ; rate of breeding Canada geese in the marsh. Nests were initially sighted by l helicopter, and continued to be monitored by Emironmental Compliance per- i sonnel on foot, in order to determine hatching success. Of the 136 eggs produced i in the 33 nests sighted,127 eggs were known to have hatched. l The wood duck banding project, coordinated by the ODNR with assistance from

the USFWS,was an attempt to trap and band wood ducks in the Navarre Marsh.

Floating platforms balted with corn were placed in the marsh to attract the wood  ; ducks. Box traps were placed on the platforms to capture the ducks for banding  ! l purposes. Unfortunately, predators of the wood duck such as raccoons entered [ the box traps and disrupted the project, making it necessary to remove the traps.  ; l However, two male wood ducks were successfully captured, banded and released prior to removing the traps. l Several wood duck nesting boxes in the marsh were relocated to new areas be-  ; cause their original locations proved unproductive for nesting. Wood ducks re- , quire a very specific type of habitat, a habitat that unfortunately is becoming scarcer in the Great Lakes area. The relocated nesting boxes were placed by stands of trees near water and cover. Other nesting boxes are scheduled to be in- l stalled in the Navarre Marsh prior to the 1990 nesting season.The success of the < relocated nesting boxes may not be evaluated for several years because of the  ! length of time required to attract wood duch to the area, and due to the  ; reclusive nature of the bird.  ; 1 I 6-7 i

Davis.Best,e Nuclear Power Station t989 Annual Environmental Operating Report 5 #.

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Figure 6 5: In an attempt to attr'act wood ducks for banding purposes, , floating platforms were baited with corn and placed near nesting i boxes within the ma h. i l I I l Vegetation Cover Mapping l Navarre Marsh has been a wetland area for hundreds of years. In the 1800's and , early 1900's, it was a tidal marsh fed by the Toussaint River and Lake Erie. Over the years, as water levels fluctuated in the lake, the marsh vegetation also changed. Wet meadows were drowned out and converted to fresh water marshes i When the water later receded, the wet meadows returned, in the late 180(Ts, many wetland areas were enclosed by dikes to provide land suitable for agricul-ture. As part oAe construction of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station in 1972, much of this farmland was returned to wetlands. However, in 1985 and 1986, Toledo Edison was forced to reconstruct several of the dikes in an effort to hold back record high lake water levels. 1 Once the 6.Kes were reconstructed, manipulating water levels in the marsh allowed Davis Besse personnel to control plant growth in the marsh.To maintain  ! the desired plant species, a way of recording changes in plant communities was j needed. To accomplish this, the USFWS began mapping the marsh vegetation I with the aid of aerial photography. Black and white photographs were taken of Navarre Marsh from 1969 through 1984. In 1985, infrared aerial photographs were taken, providing a more accurate method of identifying different plant , l l 6-8

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1980 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station communities. Environmental Compliance also provided color aerial photographs of the Navarre Marsh in 1988. The information needed to draw a vegetation map is obtained through a ground survey as well as through the use of aerial photographs. The ground survey con-sists of dividing a map of the marsh into four smaller units, with unit boundaries corresponding to dikes accessible by walking or driving. The size and shape of predominant plant communitics are recorded in each unit to supplement plant communities identified in the aerial photographs. In mid-August, when the plants are at their peak production, several infrared aerial photographs of the-marsh are also taken. Each color on the photograph indicates a different plant type. After outlining all the plant community contours in the marsh, the ground survey maps are used to identify plant types (e.g., cattails versus shrubs or hardwood). Figures 6-6 through 6-9 on pages 6-11 through 614, respectively, show how the Navarre Marsh plant communities have changed over the past 34 years. Emer-gents, submergents, floating plants, trees and shrubs, and cultivated crops are identified. Cattails are listed separately from the emergents because of their predominance and importance as a source of food and shelter for muskrat populations. The primary purpose of a vegetation cover map is to aid in evaluating the water level. In the marsh during the growing season.The map provides information on the quantity and quality of existing plant species. From this information, it can be determined if water lesels require adjustment to obtain more desirable plants, or whether water levels should be maintained to support the existing vegetation. Ily evaluating the vegetation periodically, the proper habitat necessary to support breeding and migrating waterfowl is also maintained. Another use for vegetation cover maps is to provide information that can be com-pared with maps from previous years. The quality of maps produced in recent years is greatly improved over those produced a few decades ago By having many year's worth of data on the vegetation, one can trace the history of the plants growing in the marsh. For example, Figure 6-6 shows the vegetation present in 1955. At this time, Navarre Marsh was a tidal marsh. In other words, water levels in the marsh were dictated by the tides in Lake Erie. In contrast, Fig-ute 6-7 shows the change in vegetation noted in 1960, after dikes were con-structed in 1958.The dikes essentially closed off the marsh from Lake Erie, and water levels inside the marsh were now controlled by the landowners. The vegetation present in 1960 was more varied and the marsh itself was much larger than in earlier years. However, in 1977 (Figure 6-8), after several years of high 69 1

Dav!s Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report water, the marsh was partially flooded and the dikes were destroyed, The marsh boundaries and vegetation noted in 1977 were similar to those recorded in 1955. Figure 6 9 illustrates Navarre Marsh as it appeared in 1988, after it was recovered by the reconstruction of the dikes. In 1988, a wide variety of plant i species flourished in Navarre Marsh, providing food and shelter for native l wildlife. . Based on the information shown on the four vegetation maps (Figures 6-6 through 6 9), the Navarre Marsh is healthier today than in the past 15 years. This condition is teflected in the amount and diversity of vegetation, and in turn, in the diversity of wildlife present in the Navarre Marsh today. Davis Besse En-vironmental Compliance personnel plan to update the vegetation cover maps l every two to three years in an effort to provide the necessary information re. quired to manage the Navarre Marsh properly for native wildlife. l i t T b e 4 s f 6 -10

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1 l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Beste Nuclear Power Station l l References

1. " Die Audubon Society Nature Guides: Wetlands," National Audubon Society, .

• Inc. (March 1985).

2. "The Ecology of Coastal Marshes of Western Lake Erie: A Community  :

Profile," Biological Report 85(7.9), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Dept. of i Interior and Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of Army (February 1987).  ;

3. Meeks and lloffman," Bird Populations Common to the Sister Islands, the  :

Role of the Navarre Marsh",(1979).  ! l P P l i k P l l i

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i Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l i WaterTreatment Water Treatment Plant Operation . Description , The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station uses Lake Erie as a water source for its j water treatment facility. The lake water is treated with chlorine, lime, sodium ( aluminate, and a coagulant aid to make the water clean and safe for consump- l tion. The water may be further treated by a demineralization process. The  ! demineralized water is used by much of the Station's equipment, including the turbine. Because many of the Station's systems are sensitive to chemical im-  ! purities in the water, the demineralization train is used to generate the purest water possible. This helps to maintain the integrity of these systems. l Operation of the water treatment plant falls under the purview of the Ohio En-vironmental Protection Agency (OEPA) and the Ohio Department of Health. The operation of the facility is reviewed by Class 11 Operators, Public Water Supply. Activities at the water treatment plant are conducted in compliance with i the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the regulations for public water supply as set forth by the OEPA. i l Monthly operational reports, required by the OEPA, are completed by Davis-  ; Besse personnel and submitted to the agency. These reports are submitted  ; monthly, and include the Drinking Water Operation Report (OEPA form 5002) . and the Drinking Water Contaminant Report (OEPA form 5001).These reports contain sample dates and analytical results, which are compared to standards es- , tablished by the OEPA. Operation of the water treatment facility is maintained i by the Chemistry Department and monitored by the Environmental Compliance I (EC) Unit through weekly inspections. Operational data are also reviewed for compliance with the limits set by the OEPA and to identify possible trends, such  ! as a rise in chemical usage with regard to the seasons. As a further means of l l monitoring water quality, drinking water is sampled annually for pesticides, her-l bicides, and heavy metals (such as chromium, arsenic, mercury,' lead), and l P 7-1

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report quarterly for radioactivity and organic chemicals. The health and safety of the l water treatment facility operators and other site personnel are ensured through i I weekly housekeeping inspections of the facility, Clarifier Operation The water treatment plant at Davis Besse uses upflow clarifiers, or precipitators, to remove sediment, organic debris and dissolved agents from the raw water  ; prior to filtration. Clarifiers combine the conventional treatment steps of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation into a single unit. Coagulation is ' the process by which a chemical, called a coagulant,is added, causing the small particles in the water to adhere to each other and form larger particles. During i flocculation, the water is gently circulated, allowing these conglomerate particles - to mass together further. Finally, during sedimentation, the water is allowed to stagnate, allowing the large conglomerate particles to settle to the bottom of the ~; clarifer.These processes normally require large separate tanks. However, the use of clarifiers saves both space and the manpower needed to operate the treat- , ment plant. The sediment removed during coagulation, floculation and sedimentation is routed to settling basins. The sediment settles to the bottom of the basin, allow-  ; ing the clear supernatant to be discharged to the lake, j r The water treatment plant has two precipitators with separate chemical addition  ! l systems, allowing for operation of one or both of the units. During most of 1989,  ; I precipitator number one was fully operationalwhile preciptator number two was being repaired. As of November 1989, precipitator number two was operational  ! while precipitator number one was taken out of service for cleanhig and main-tenance. Bio Fouling  ; Certain orgamsms living in the lake infest pumps and piping, congesting these structures and causing problems for taking in water. Among these are Corbicula , I f7mninca (asiatic clam) and Dreissenapolymorpha (zebra mussel). To date, asiatic clam populations have not been a problem at Davis-Besse, but the more recent invasion of Drcissena could pose some difficulties. Both of these molluscs are immigrants that have found life in U.S. lakes very appealing. The zebra mus-sel is from Eastern Europe, whereas the asiatic clam is from Southeast Asia. . i Emironmental Compliance is taking an active role in inspecting Station systems - and studying the molluscs to protect the water treatment facility's pumps and  : other Station systems. The zebra mussel can foul systems that rely on raw water 72  !

                - . . - ~ ~ . -                              . . _~ .-             --     -    . --          .   .

l Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Bosse Nuclear Power St% Ion , 1 i l l I .1 4 ) Figure 7-1: Named after its distinctive black striping, the zebra mussel (Drcissena . polymorpha)is equipped with a tuft of fibers that protrude through the hinged  ! area ofits shell. These fibers, known as byssal threads, attach to hard surfaces  ; with an adhesive secretion which anchors the mussel firmly in place, by attaching to pipes and components in layers several inches deep, decreasing ' l flow and increasing resistance. Also, once several inches of mussels have at-tached to a surface, clumps will begin sloughing off. These clumps will roll along  !' intake canals and tunnels until stirred up by changes in flow, Once in the water column, the clumps will impinge directly on traveling screens, strainers, and con-  : denser tube sheets. in 1990, Davis 13 esse will request permission of the OEPA to chemically control the spread of Decissena. Presently, chlorination is the most accepted method of  ; controlling the zebra mussel. However, Centerior Energy Corporation, Toledo l Edison Compania parent company, is currently working with the Electric Power  ! Research Institute to study the life cycle and behavior of the zebra mussel.The .i goal of this research is to develop an environmentally safe means of controlling l the zebra mussel. , i Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation  ; 1 The wastewater (sewage) treatment plant operation is supervised by a State Cer- l tified Class III Wastewater Operator, Wastewater generated by site personnel is  ! treated at an onsite extended aeration package treatment facility designed to ac-  ! comodate a flow of 38,000 gallons per day (gpd). This facility (Figure 7-2)  ! h i 7-3 [ l

Davis Ei.m Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report t p xx x xxxx, w t; - - - _ _ _ u . . .. . . . . . ..mW(/ [*

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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station consists of two units, the first is a 15,000 gpd plant, Wastewater 't' .atment Plant (WWFP) Number 1; and the second is a 23,000 gpd plant, W'. 4 P Number 2. In the treatment process, wastewater from the various collection points around the aite, called lih stations, enters the facility at the equalization chamber. This structure is simply a chamber which collects raw wastewater and distributes it to the surge tanks of the treatment plants. The wastewater is then pumped into the aeration tanks. liere, organic materials are digested by microorganisms which must be provided with a source of oxygen. This is accomplished through the use of blowers. The mixture of organics, microorganisms, and decomposed wastes is called activated sludge. The treated wastewater settles in a clarifier, and the clear supernatant passes over a weir, leaving the plant by an effluent trough. The activated sledge contains the or-ganisms necessary for continued treatment, and is pumped back to the front of the plant to digest more incoming wastewater. The effluent leaving the plant is disinfected with chlorine and is pumped to the wastewater treatment ba in (NPDES Outfall 601) where further reduction in solids content and the filochemical Oxygen Demand (IlOD) takes place. To facilitate the most accurate wastewater treatment, Environmental Com-pliance added a laboratory to the wastewater treatment facility in 1988. The laboratory is used to rtin daily tests (refer to Figure 7-3) on the plant processes

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7-5 i

Davls-Besso Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l> j including pli, total suspended solids, dissolved solids, percent settleability, , chlorine and dissolved oxygen tests. by ur.alping the test results, an operator  ; may make adjustments to treat the wastes more effectively, Summary of 1989 Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations WWTP Number 1 was taken out of service in early May 1989 after operators ob-  ! served that the wall separating two of the plant's treatrnent tanks was bowing j teveral inches. The plant was completely drained and has remained out of ser-  ! vice since that time. Repairs to the wall and other necessary rnalntenance will be completed prior to placing WWFP Number i back in service. In order to properly operate the wastewater treatment facility, it is important to i know how much wastewater is being treated by the facility. Midway through 1989, timers were installed on the wastewater treatment facility's effluent pumps.  : These timers recorded how long each of the four surge pumps ran on a given day. These values are then multiplied by the pumping capacity of the pumps to es-timate flow for the day. This knowledge helps the operator to determine organic and hydraulle loading, and is crucialin controlling sludge production. tilochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an analytical procedure designed to > determine how polluted the water is, in 1989, water entering the treatment sys-tem had an average BOD of 281 mg/l, while water leaving the system averaged only 7 mg/1. This represents a total BOD reduction of over 97%. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Reporting The OEPA has established limits on the amount of pollutants that Davis llesse ' may discharge to the environment. These "mits are regulated through the Station's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, number 2111(XX)11

• DD Parameters such as chlorine, suspended solids, and pit are monitored under the NPDES permit.

Davis Besse personnel prepare and submit the Monthly Ohio EPA NPDES Reports. These reports are compiled, typed, reviewed, approved, and submitted to the OEPA by the fifteenth day of each month. Davis Besse has six sampling points described in the NPDES permit. Five of these locations are discharge points, or outralis, and one is a temperature monitoring location. Descripti es of these sampling points follow. i 7-6

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis Bene Nuclear Power Statior, P Outtall 001 e Collection Box: At a point representative of discharge to Lake Erie. e Source Of Wastes: Low volume wastes (Outfalls 601 and 602), circulation j

         . . system blowdown and occasional service water (sampic                             ,

collected at Davis Besse Beach Sampling Station). j Outtall 002  ! e Area Runoff: Discharge toToussaint River. , e Source of Wastes: Storm water runoff, condensate pit sumps, turbine  ! building drains, boiler drains, circulating pump house , sumps (sample collected at discharge of Training Center Pond).  ! Outtall 003 r e Screenwash Catch Basin: Outfall to Navarre Marsh. [ e Source of Wastes: Wash debris from water intake screens (sample  ! collected at overflow of screenwash basin). . Outfall 601  ; e Wastewater Plant Tertiary Treatment Basin: Discharge from wastewater treatment system. o Sources of Wastes: Wastewater Treatment Facility. Outiall 602 o Low Volume Wastes: Discharge from settling basins. e Source of Wastes: Water treatment residues, condensate polishing resins [ (sample collected at overflow mimber 2 basin). Sampling Point 801  ; o Intake Temperature: Intake water prior to cooling operation (values obtained from computer point at east end of forebay).  ; 4 1989 NPDES Summary  ! Outtall 001 f Through conscientious operation and careful monitoring of discharges, chlorine i levels at the outfall were consistently well below established limits, while pH i values remained within the required range.This is particularly important with . more stringent controls being proposed by the EPA for the discharge of oxidiz-  ! ing chemicals in liquid effluents. i r 7-7 ,

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report Outtall 002 Severely cold temperatures in December 1989, resulted in the discharge at out-fall 002 being frozen the entire month. Since no representative sample of the dis-charge was available, and no flow uisted, no anlayses were performed. Water clarity at outfall 002 was excellent for 1989, with no samples reaching the 30 mg/l total suspended solids limit set by the EPA. Outtall 003 The screenwash catch basin overflow requires a single total suspended solids analysis each month and has no set limitations. No significant problems occurred at this outfallin 1989. Outtall 601 Algae populations thrive on the nutrient rich water in the wastewater treatment basin. Although algae play an important role in tertiary, or final clean up, exces-sive numbers can adversely impact effluent quality. Algae concentrations in 1989 were surprisingly moderate, and only two algicide treatments were required to stablize the basin. Despite these efforts, a minor exceedance of the monthly total suspended solids limit occurred in April 1989; an average of 36 mg/l was recorded, which is 6mg/l over the EPA established limit. Outfall 602 The established limits for Outfall 602 were not exceeded in 1989. Significant algae concentrations were again observed for the second consecutive year in the north settling basin. This condition appears to be a natural function of the basin. In response to this condition, populations of small aquatic organisms, called Dap/mia, or water fleas, increased as they consumed the algae. Within several days, the basin condition quickly returned to normal. Sampling Point 801 The intake temperature is obtained from a computer pa m a-d is monitored con-tinuously. Tempegature variations 0 between intake and 6hewge temperatures can range from 15 F to 20 F, depending on Station operation and time of year. 0 An average differentiation of 5.7 Fahrenheit was recorded for the year. I 7-8

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Annual Environrr. ental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station \ ChemicalWasteManagementPmgram l The Chemical Waste Management Program for chemical, hazardous and non-  ! hazardous wastes generated at the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station was  ; developed to ensure wastes are disposed of in accordance with all applicable t state and federal regulations. Chemical wastes which are transported from Davis- , Besse are regulated primarily by two federal agencies, the United States Environ-

 #            mental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the United States Department of                      l Transportation (DOT). The State of Ohio also regulates chemical wastes, but in general, State regulations duplicate the federal regulations.                             :

Regulations Governing Chemical Materials - { The Chemical Waste Management Program is regulated by the USEPA under l the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); the Hazardous and Solid  ; Waste Amendment (HSWA); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Com- l pensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund); and the Toxic Substance i Control Act (TSCA).The waste transported from Davis Besse is also regulated l by DOT under the Transportation Safety Act. A brief description of these  ; programs is provided in the following paragraphs. ( Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) l The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 is the federal law which regulates solid hazardous waste. Solid waste is defm' ed as any solid, liquid, semisolid or contained gaseous material. The major goals of RCRA are  ; to establish a hazardous waste regulatory program to protect human health and the environment, and to encourage the establishment of solid waste manage-ment, resource recovery, and resource conservation systems.The intent of the hazardous waste management program is to control hazardous wastes from the i time they are generated until they are properly disposed of, commonly referred to as " cradle to grave" management. Anyone who generates, transports, stores, i i treats or disposes of hazardous waste is subject to regulation under RCRA.  ! 81

              ~,

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report i Under RCRA, there are essentially three categories of waste generators: , e Large Quantity Generator - A facility which generates 1000 kilograms / month (2200lbs/ month) or more. l i e Small Quantity Generator - A facility which generates less than 1000

                                                                                                           'I I

kilograms / month (2200INnonth).

• Conditionally Ex.;mpt Small Quantity Generator - A facility which generates l 100 kilograms / month (220lbs/ month). j I

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendment (HSWA) j The liazardous and Solid Waste Amendment of 1984 is an important addition to i the RCRA. The goals of HSWA are to significantly increase federal regulation l of hazardous waste management and to ban the land disposal of most hazardous , wastes in the next few years. In cases where it is not possible to entirely ban haz-  ! ardous waste from landfills, the regulations state that the waste should be 'i treated according to guidelines and stored or disposed of in a manner that mini-l mizes the present and future threat to human health and the environment. The  ; j amendment also promotes the recycling, recovery, or reuse of waste such as  : l waste-to-energy facilities, distillation facilities, and fuel blending facilities. These activities would result in a reduction of waste being disposed of in our i nation's dwindling landfill space. An additional HSWA goal is to minimize the generation of waste through such methods as source reduction, product substitu- r tion, technology / process modification, and raw material modification.  : l Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation'and Uability Act j (CERCLA) l The Comprehensive Erwironmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA, sometimes refered to as Superfund) became law in 1980.ne . primary reason for the establishment of this law was to create a federal authority and source of funding for responding to spills and other releases of hazardous  ! l materials, pollutants, or contaminants into the environment. Superfund estab-lished " reportable quantitles" for several hundred hazardous materials, thus, spills exceeding this quantity for a specific material must be reported to the EPA. ) Superfund also regulates the cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste disposal , sites, j l f r 8-2 ,

               .- ,,. ,s        -                   ,                                          , . - - -

r l C Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1989 Dav'.s-Besse Nuclear Power Station Superfand Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Superfur.:1 was amended in October 1986 to establish new programs for dealing with emergency prepardness and community right-to-know. As part of this pro-gram, CERCLA would be enhanced by ensuring the potential for. release of haz-

        - ardous substances is minimized, and adequate and timely responses are made to               1
        - protect surrounding populations. Also, the regulation required the USEPA to                 I develop alist of extremely hazardous substances (EttS,:about 400 chemicals, and to establish threshold planning quantities (TPQ) for each chemical. Any facility that has these Ells at or greater than the TPQ must subicit reports to the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC).The SERC will in turn provide
        - this information to local emergency planni9g commitees to aid in the implemen-tation of emergency response plans.

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) es enacted in 1976 to provide the USEPA with the authority to rcquire testing of new chemical substances for potential health effects before they are introduced into the emironment, and to regulate them where necessary.This law would have little impact on utilities ex-cept for the fact that one family of chemicals, polychlorinated hiphenyls (PCBs), has been singled out by TSCA.This has resulted in an extensive PCB manage-ment system, very similiar to the hazardous waste management system estab-lished under RCRA. Transportatioe Safety Act The transportation of hazardous chemicals, including chemical waste, is regu-lated by the Transportation Safety Act of1976. These regulations are enforced by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) an? mer all aspects of transporting hazardous materials, including packing, handlinb. tabeling, mark-ing, and placarding. For DOT purposes, the term " hazardous material" encompas-ses a wide range of materials including explosives, compressed gases, flammable materials, oxidizing materials, irritants, corrosive materials, radioactive materials, and hazardous wastes. . Compliance With Chemical Materials Reguistions Compilance with RCRA and HWSA - q Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station has been designated by thi USEPA, accord-ing to RCRA, as a large quantity generator of hazardous waste. This limits the Station to a maximum storage period of 90 days for hazardous waste. RCRA also gu 8-3 i

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report mandates other requirements for large quantity generators, such as the use of proper storage and shipping containers, labels, manifests, reports, personnel training, a spill control plan and an accident contingency plan, all of which are part of the Chemical Management Program at Davis-Besse.The following is completed as part of the hazardous wasto management program to ensure com-pliance with the RCRA regulations: o Weekly inspections of Chemical Waste Storage and Accumulation Areas Chemical waste storage and accumulation areas are designated throughout the site to ensure proper handling and disposal of chemical waste. The chemical waste accumulation and storage areas are routinely patrolled by security person-nel, and are also inspected weekly by Environmental Compliance personnel (Fig-ure 8 1). Inspection log sheets, inspection reports and maintenance work requests are completed as needed after each inspection. The log sheets and in-spection reports are retained for three years. All areas used for storage or ac-cumu'ation of hazardous waste are posted as such with warning signs, and drums are color-coded for easy identification of waste categories by Davis-Besse employees. In addition to the storage and accumulation areas, EC personnelin-spect areas throughout the Station and site to ensure wastes are trot stored in un-approved areas.

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1 i _________ b Figure 8-1: EC personnel inspect chemical waste storage areas weekly to ensure wastes are not stored in unapproved areas. 8-4 l

a.- Annual Environmental Operating Fleport 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 6 e Identification of Unknown Chemicals -l The Chemical Waste Storage Area (CWSA) is divided into three sections: llaz- l ardous Waste, Nonhazardous Waste, and Chemical Identification. During tl e weekly inspection of the CWSA, the Chemical Identification Section is also in-  ; spected, and all additions of unmarked waste containers are identified, sam; led, and analyzed according to USEPA methods to ensure proper disposal. One: the - -1' container's contents are identified, the waste container is immediately labelod . and moved to the appropriate waste section. For example, a drum of golden . , brown fluid is added to this section. The drum is assigned a number and sampled for laboratory analysis. The lab results state that the sample is oil. A nonharar- ' dous waste label is then applied to the drum, and the drum is subsequently moved to the Nonhazardous Waste Section of the Chemical Waste Storage Area. a e Written luspection Reports All inspections of the chemical waste storage and accumulation areas, as wel- as , any follow up action items, are reported to upper management i.n inspection reports. Allinspection items (deficiencies) ofimmediate concern are compl1:ted - l f- and delivered the day of the inspection.  ; l

                                                                                                     ~

! e Waste . Minimization In 1989,1999 gallons of hazardous waste,1337 gallons plus 90 cubic yards of non-hazardous waste,8427 gallons of waste oil,5310 gallons of PCB waste,55  : lead / acid and nickel / cadmium battery cells, and three empty containers (whic h previously held hazardous waste) were transported offsite for disposal. An addi-tional 56 gallons of hazardous waste (waste solvent) were sent to a recycling firm to reduce the volume sent to disposal facilities. Also, nine percent less hazard-  ! , ous waste was generated in 1989 than in 1988. As another measure in waste mini-mization,410 gallons of unused products or tho.se products with expired shelf lives (according to Davis-Besse program requirements) were sent to the company's Investment Recovery Program. This program redistributes the product within the company or sells it back to the manufacturer or reclamation companies. By sending the 410 gallons of unused products to this program, the l- company saved about $2850 in disposal fees. > Compilance With CERCLA and SARA , ! Davis-Besse conducted site wide inspections to identify and record all hazardous l products and chemicals onsite as required by SARA. Determinations were made as to which products and chemicals were in sufficient quantities to report and, in , i

                                                 .8-5

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report ~ L 1989, the following list was generated: l l

                          .e    diesel fuel                                                                                    1 e .hydrazine                                                                                         .
                                                                                                                               ~'

e: hydrogen, compressed gas -

                                                                                                                                )

e lubricating (petroleum) oils ~ , i o Nalco Surecool 1332 (aqueous mixture of organophosphorous compound ' and acrylic polymer) e PCBs  ;

                     .  ,e sodium hydroxide e   sodium hypochlorite                                                                             .

e sulfuric acid j Two of these chemicals, hydrazine and sulfuric acid, are extremely hazardous i substances (Ells). These chemicals are found onsite in quantities greater than' . or equal to 500 pounds. The other reported chemicals are in quantities greater i than or equal to 10,000 pounds. Any new chemicals found to be present in these  : quantities (10,000 lbs. or 500 lbs.) or at threshold planning quantities (TPO)  : prior to the next reporting year (1990), must be reported within 30 days of dis- . covery. The TPQ is simply a limit 'at which certain reporting is required. This al-lows for the appropriate regulation and tracking of these chemicals. In 1989, the , required reporting quantity was the same pound limits as in 1988. ' Annual SARA reports are submitted by March 1 for the preceding calendar year. l Compliance With TSCA Although TSCA requires inspections every three months, PCB transformers at Davis-Besse are inspected on a weekly basis to ensure effective management of PCBs. Visualinspections of the transformers are conducted to detect leakage L and avoid potential problems which may arise. There are twelve PCB trans-L formers located in the Auxiliary Building, Water Treatment Plant, near Service l Building 2 and the Personnel Processing Facility. Environmental Compliance L personnel are currently sampling all fluid-filled transformers at Davis-Besse and , l submitting the samples to an offsite lab for analysis to ensure that there are no other PCB or PCB-contaminated transformers onsite. l 1 84

, Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l l l The eventual phase out and elimination of PCBs is recommended due to the high cost of PCB spill cleanup. Although no time limit has been set on this plan, in 1989, Davis-Besse continued an aggressive program of reducing the number of PCB transformers onsite. 1 1 l 9 p' ' ? '" 1 . .I U!P' si >

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                                   .ygp af Figure - : isualinspections o a                                   b trans ormers are conducted to dctect leakage and avoid potential problems which may arise.

I l Ten PCB transformers underwent the second and third retrcfill cycle during l 1989. A retrofill cycle involves flushing the PCB fluid out of the transformer, refilling it with a PCB-leaching solvent, and allowing the solvent to circulate in l the transformer during operation. For the entire retrofill process, the trans-formers are retrofilled three times with a leaching solvent and twice with silicone fluid. The entire process will take two to three years and will extract al-most all of the PCBs. The fourth and fifth (final) retrofill cycles are scheduled , for 1990. After the final retrofill, the transformer fluid will be tested for PCB l levels and if less than 50 parts per million (50 ppm), the transformer can be l reclassified as non-PCB. , l Compliance With the Transportation Safety Act l Before any wastes are trnnsported offsite, Davis-Besse must ensure that the 1 l l 8-7 l

   \

s

                                                                                                 ~!

F Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station : :1989, Annual Environmental Operating Report _ wastes are identified, labeled and marked according to DOT regulations. Also, the transportation vehicle is checked to ensure DOT placards are on all sides and l it is in good ' operating condition (for example, brake lights and turn signals func-tion properly).  ; llazardous wastes are transported for disposal within 90 days from the date ac-

     ,cumulation and storage began, as required by the USEPA waste generator per-                 ;

mit issued to Davis-Besse Before shipping the waste, approval for disposal is - l received from the Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility (TSDF). Prior to , transportation, a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest is completed and signed -! by both the generator and the transporter. If the TSDF does not return a signed 1 copy of the manifest within 35 days, Davis-Besse personnel contact the facility to  ; determine the status of the waste. In 1989, all manifests were returned from the TSDF to Davis-Besse within the required 35 days. Audits and inspections The above programs, as well as Davis Besse's commitments to various regulatory agencies, are audited and inspected by various groups and individuals including . the following: e Davis-Besse Quality Assurance Department l e Nuclear Regulatory Commission e Institute of Nuclear Power Operations  ; L e Environinental Protection Agency l e Private Consultants These inspections and audits are performed to ensure Davis-Besse maintains the commitment to meet the requirements of local, state'and federal regulations. l- As a measure to ensure compliance with applicable regulations, Environmental l Compliance and Quality Assurance personnel have been conducting surveys of

all the vendors utilized for disposal of Davis-Besse chemical wastes. This in-L cludes the analytical laboratories, transporters, and TSDFs. The surveys include a checklist of applicable federal RCRA, HSWA, and DOT regulations. If the vendor or TSDF has a deficiency in complying with an item of the regulation or program enhancement, a Recommendation or Observation, respectively, is is-

! . sued to the vendor or TSDF. For an Observation, the facility is requested to - respond within thirty days wid corrective actions. A Recommendation is issued l 8-8 l [ .

i

            . Annual Environmental Operating Report -         1989        Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station to suggest a good business practice and does not reouire the facility to respond with any corrective actions. Five Observations and thirteen Recommendations were issued to the seven facilities surveyed in 1989.

Other Programs Underground Storage Tanks According to RCRA, facilities with Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) are re - quired to notify the State. This regulation was implemented in order to provide protection from tank contents leaking and causing damage to the environment. $ An UST includes the tank system and its piping. It must hav; at least 10% ofits . volume underground. Additional standards require leah detection systems and performance standards for new tanks. At Davis-Besse the two 40,000 gallon and one 8,000 gallon diesel fuel storage tanks, and the one 2,000 gallon waste oil tank are regulated as USTs. UST regulations also provide the following timeline for revamping tank systems: e By January 31,1992 all tanks must have permit renewals completed and submitted. e Ta::k tightness testing capable of detecting a 0.1 gal /hr leak rate or monthly tank gauging with inventories within 13 gallons must be conducted on the 2,000 gallon waste oil tank by December 22,1993. e Line tightness tests must be performed every three years by December 22,1996. e There must be corrosion protection, monthly release detection, and overfill prevention for the 2,000 gallon waste oil tank by December 22, 1998. The two 40,000 gallon and the 8,000 gallon diesel fuel storage tang are presently . i deferred from these regulations by virtue of being part of an emergency generat-ing system at a nuclear power station. However, there are regulations that apply for responding to a tank or piping leak greater than 25 gallons and for corrective action to clean up such a spill. Burn Permits As required by the EPA under the Clean Air Act, burn permits for Davis-Besse were submitted for approval. The Station has a small area onsite for training employees on proper fire-fighting techniques. Most instruction is on the proper 8-9 i

l Davls Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 . Annual Environmental Operating Report use of a fire extinguisher. A burn permit is submitted every three months to - remain in compliance with the Ohio EPA regulations. Spill Control Kits Fifty-five gallon drums containing protective equipment and spill control equip-ment are maintained throughout the Station at chemical storage areas. Equip-ment in the kits includes such items as waterproof coveralls, gloves, absorbent cloth, goggles and warning signs. The spill kits are strategically placed throughout the Station to allow for fast and easy response in the event of a - chemical or oil spill.

         ~ Testing of Waste Oil The majority of waste oil generated at Davis-Besse is not disposed of, but is removed to a recycling facility for thermal energy recovery Before removal for recycling, the oil is tested to determine that it is nonhazardous. Waste oil that congains less than 1000 parts per million of halogens and has a flash point above 140 F is considered to be nonhazardous waste. This testing minimizes waste due, to the fact that the nonhazardous waste oil is recyclable. Also, disposal cost is minimized due to the lower cost of waste oil recycling than hazardous waste dis-posal.

Waste inventory Forms - Inventory forms placed on waste accumulation drums allow employees to record the waste type and amount as it is added to the drum. 'htis ensures that incom-patible wastes are not mixed and also identifies the drum contents for proper dis ' posal. It also ensures that nonhazardous waste is not mixed with hazardous . waste. This eliminates the possibility of increasing the volume and number of containers of hazardous waste and increasing disposal costs. Chemical Approval The Controlled Material' Program s at Davis-Besse was developed to review and approve chemicals and products before they are put to use at the Station. Chemicals and products that cannot be disposed of easily arc either deleted or replaced with a less hazardous substitute to eliminate the problem of waste dis-posal at a later date. 8-10

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    ' Annual Environmental Operating Report -    1980    Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station' i

Appendix A Glossary A 1 A-1 ' s

      ,m.

Annual Environmental Operating Repon ' 1989 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station o Glossary A absorbed dose The' amount of radiation energy absorbed by any material exposed to ionizing radiation. activation products - Radioactivity that is created when stable substances are bombarded by ionizing radiation. ALARA Actonym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable," a . basic concept of radiation protection that specifies radioactive discharges from nuclear plants and radiation exposure to personnel be kept as far below (4 regulatory limits as possible, alpha particle A positively charged panicle ejected from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium as:leus, and has a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. It has low penetrating power and short range. Alpha particles are easily stopped by a thin layer of paper - or fabric, or the dead outer layer of skin cells. ' atom The smallest portion of an element that shares the general characteristics of that element and cannot be ' -- divided or broken up by chemical means. An atom has a nucleus, composed of positively charged protons and - electrically neutral neutrons, around which orbit negatively charged electrons. atomic number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. l A-2

Davls Besse Nuclear Power Stathn 1980- Annual Erwironmental,,OperaHng Report I atomic weight ;. The number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom. For example, a carbon atom has 6 neutrons and l- 6 protons, so its atomic weight is 12.  ; l y L B i l . j i background radiation The radiation in man's environment, including cosmic rays from space and radiation that exists  : everywhere- in the air, in thegarth, and in man-made materials that surround us. In the United States, most , people receive 100 to 250 millirem of background  : radiation per year. Common sources of man made. j background radiation include consumer products such as a color televisions, radium dials on watches or clocks, l smoke detectors, coast-to-coast jet flights, construction  ! materials, and certain foods. . beta particle A charged particle emitted from a nucleus during - radioactive decay, with a mass equal to 1/1837. i that of a proton. A negatively charged beta particle-is identical to an electron. A positively charged beta particle is called a positron. Beta particles n'i.- easily stopped by a thin sheet of metal, plastic or wood.  ; s i borated water Water containing the element boron, used to cool the reactor core in the event of a Loss Of Coolant Accident.  ; Borated water can be sprayed inside the containment  ! building, thus protecting the structure from i overpressurization by condensing any steam releassd 1-through any leaks in the Reactor Coolant System. i Borated water can also be flushed into the reactor -  : vessel. The boron in the. water actually absorbs free ' l neutrons, thus removing the catalysts required to drive j the nuclear fission process, i f i i i A-3 , 1

                                                                                                    -+

Annuel Environmental Operating Report 1989 _ Davis.Besse Nucleaf Power Station r C 1 calibrate To standardize a measuring instrument, such as the - anemometer used to measure wind speed, by  : determining its deviation from a standard. The- i deviation' determined allows one to apply a correction factor to a measure.d value, to yield the true value. chain reaction A reaction that stimulates its own repetition. In a  : fission chain reaction, a fissionable nucleus absorbs - a neutron and fissions, releasing additional neutrons _  ; which perpetuate the fission reaction in the nuclei of neighboring atoms. charged particle An ion. An elementary particle carrying a positive or negative electric charge. .! cladding The thin-walled tube of zirconium alloy that. forms the outerjacket of a fuel rod. The cladding is highly resistant to heat, corrosion and radiation, and comprises the first - barrier to the release of fission products. > i- composite sample A sample made of grab or continuous samples combined to

• l represent a particular location or a set period of time. l (e.g., four weekly water samples combined to make one monthly composite sample).

containraent A steel liner inside the concrete shield building. Designed i vessel to isolate the primary system from the environment and other station systems. continuous sample A continuous sample is one that collects samples non-stop and is used to evaluate conditions over a specific

                                 . period of time.The typical continuous samples collected -        ,

i at Davis-Besse include TLDs and air samples. l- controllocation - A sample collection location generally more than 5 l miles away from Davis-Besse. Analyses of samples collected at controllocations provide information on A-4 -

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station - -1980 Annual Environmental Operating Report normally-occurring background radiation and radioactivity.

                . control rod                A rod containing material such as hafnium or boron, used to control the power of a nuclear reactor.

By absorbing neutrons, control rods slow down and eventually stop the fission process, coolant - A fluid, usually water, used to cool the nuclear reactor core by transferring the heat energy emitted - during the fission process into the fluid medium.- cooling tower Essentially a chimney, designed to create a natural draft. Cool air enters the base of the tower,is drawn upward through the hoilow tower interior and exits the top. At the same time, warm water used to cool the turbine is - showered on to a series of baffles inside the cooling tower. As the water strikes the baffles,it is cooled by the process of evaporation. coriolis force An apparent deflective force that develops due to the

                                             . earth's rotation.When any mass travels above the earth's -

surface, the coriolis force appears to deflect the mass to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left - in the Southern Hemisphere, cosmic radiation Penetrating ionizing radiation, both particulate and electromagnetic, that originates in space. critical group The segment of the population that could receive the greatest radiation dose, critical organ The body organ receiving a radiation dose that could result in the greatest overall effect. critical pathway The exposure pathway that will provide, for a given radionuclide, the greatest radiation dose to a population; or to a specific segment of the population.

                                                                            ~

curie (Cl) The basic unit used to descrioe the intensity of - radioactivity in a sample or material. One curie is equal to 37 billion disintegrations per second, which A-5

Annual Environmental Operating Raport 1989 Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station is approximstely the rate of decay of one gram of radium. 1 A curie is also a quantity of any radionuclide that ]

                                          - decays at a rate of 37 billion disintegrations per second.         !

I l D daughter products Isotopes that are formed by the radioactive decay 1' of other radionuclides. In the case of radium 226, there are 10 successive daughter products, ending in the stable isotope lead-206. decay series A radioactive sequence which an unstable element goes . l through before reaching a stable state; it usually involves the. - loss or gain of energy and/or matter. decommissioning The process of dismantling a nuclear power station, , decontaminating any radioactive parts, and storing or disposing of these parts.This process will begin at the end of the reactors' useful life, normally after 40. years of operation. .; differential Air temperature at one level,'minus air teniperature temperature at another level. Also called delta T. dike - A retaining structure designed to hold back water o for flood control. i dissolved solids Solids incapable of removal through physical means, e.g., via filtration. An example of a dissolved solid is , a small amount of table salt dissolved in a glass of water. l l dose A quantity (total or accumt. lated) of ionizing l- radiation received. dose rate . The radiation dose delivered per unit of time.

                                           . Measured, for example, in rem per hour.

l A-6

     ,s   x, 7

s I l C Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station un3 Annual Environmental Operating Report l E- 1

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emuent In general, a waste material, such as smoke, liquid, industrial refuse, or sewage discharged uto the environment. Effluents discharged from the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power  ; Station include liquid and gaseous media containing extremely l smal! concentrations of radionuclides. The concentrations released are well below the limits established by the NRC. 1 i , electromagnetic A travelling wave motion resulting from - i radiation changing electric or magnetic fields. Familiar . electromagnetic radiations range from X-rays (and gamma rays) of short wavelength, through the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared rer:cas, to radar and radiowaves of , relativelylong wavelength, electron An elementary particle with a negative charge and a mass 1/1837 that of the proton. Electrons orbit - arround the positively charged nucleus. In an electrically - neutral atom, the negative charges of the electrons are j balanced by the positive charges of the protons. element One of the 103 known chemical substances that - cannot be broken down further without changing its l ! chemical properties. Some examples include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, gold, lead, and uranium, t enrichment The process ofincreasing the concentration of the fissionable isotope uranium-235 relative to concentrations present in natural uranium ore. Enriched fuelis more capable of sustaining a chain retetion, and is therefore a more economical 1 L fuel source for a nuclear power station. The uranium fuel used i at Davis-Besse has been enriched approximately 3%. l l In comparison, the uranium fuel used in nuclear weaponry l has been enriched over 90% L exposure The absorption of radiation or ingestion of a radionuclide. Acute exposure is generally accepted to be a large exposure received over a short 1 A-7 s

y l l

      . Annual Environmental Operating Report       1989          Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station
                                                                                                        )

i period of time. Chronic exposure is low level exposure j received during a lifetime or over a long period of time, i I external radiation Exposure to ionizing radiation when the radiation source is located outside of the body.  ; F-  ; fission . The splitting or breaking apart of a heavy atom into two or more fragments. When a heavy atom such as , uranium is split, large amounts of energy in the form of heat, radiation, and one or more neutrons are released. , fission gases Those fission products that exist in the gaseous  ! state. Primarily the noble gases (krypton, xenon, radon, etc.). fission products The nuclei (fission fragments) formed by the fission i of heavy elements, plus the nuclides formed by the l fragments' radioactive decay. - 4 fuel assembly A cluster of fuel rods. Also called a fuel element.- Many fuel assemblies make up a reactor core. The , reactor core at the Davis-Besse Station contains 177 fuel assemblies, each assembly containing 208 fuel rods. The combined weight of the reactor core is 207,486 pounds. - fbel pellet A small ceramic capsule containing fissionable material, generally powdered uranium dioxide (UO2). l fuel rod Contains approximately five pounds of nuclear fuel pellets stacked inside a thin-walled tube (cladding) of zirconium l alloy. l i l l A-8

t

  =

Davis Besse Nuclear Power Stat.5on ' 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l.

i ! l G-  ;

                                                                                                      ~J t

l gamma ray:- High energy, short wavelength electromagnetic  ! radiation emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom.- 1 Gamma radiation frequently accompanies alpha and beta emissions and always accompanies - l fission. Gamma rays are very penetrating but may , be thielded by dense materials, such as lead or concrete. l' Gamma rays are similiar to X-rays, but are usually-more energetic. grab samples A grab sample represents a single sample collected in - a finite period of time.  : t H i L half life The time in which half the atoms of a particular - , ! radioactive substance disintegrate to another , nuclear form. Measured half-lives vary from - millionths of a second to billions of years. t I indicator location A sample collection location generally within 5 miles , l of Davis-Besse. Analyses from samples collected at ) indicator locations provide information on the radiological - , impact,if any, Davis-Besse has on the surrounding environment. ! internal radiation Nuclear radiation resulting from radioactive substances - . 1 in the body. Some examples areiodine-131 deposited in - - the thyroid gland, and strontium-90 and plutonium 239 deposited in bone tissue.. A r

r.=

                                                                                                         -i Annual Environinental Operating Report        1989           Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station lon                        An atom that carries a positive or negative electric charge          ;

as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. . May also refer to a free electron,i.e., an electron that is i not associated (in orbit) with a nucleus.  ; ionization . The process of adding one or more electrons to, or .; removing one or more electrons from, atorra or molecules, thereby creating ions. High temperatures, . electrical discharges, or ionizing (atomic) radiation l may cause ionization. : lonizing radiation Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from ' atoms or molecules, thereby producing ions. For example, alpha and beta particles, gamma an'd X-rays, - neutrons, and ultraviolet light. -i

       . Isotope                    One of twr, or more atoms with the same number of                   't protons, but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Thus, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carboa-14 are                  <

isotopes of the element carbon; the numbers denoting - their approximate atomic weights. Isotopes have the same - chemical properties, but often different physical properties  ; (for example, carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable, while * , carbon-14 is radioactive). + JKL

                                                                                                          ~

l lower limit The smallest amount of sample activity that _will give ofdetection a net count, for which there is a confidence at a (LLD) predetermined level, that the activity is present. The LLD  ; is actually a measure of the ability of an individual J analysis to detect extremely minute amounts of radioactivity in a sample. J I I A-10

w , Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1980 Annual Environmental Operating Report -

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i M i mean -- . Arithmetic average. In a series of 3 or more numbers, the mean is calculated by the equation: , x = r1 + x2 + _ xn 1 n where n is the number of observations in a- > data set,and x1, x2, . xn are the various observations. 1 micro. A prefix that divides a basic unit by one million. microcurie One-millionth of a curie. +

                                                                                                     .3 milli-                     A prefix that' divides a basic unit by one thousand.

millirem One-thousandth of a rem. , N 1 neutron An uncharged elementary particle with a mass slightly  : greater than that of a proton, and found in the nucleus of every atom heavier than hydrogen-1. i noble gas A gaseous chemical element that does not readily . l enter into chemical combination with other elements. l An inert gas such as krypton, xenon, neon or argon.  ; L nucleus The centml, positively charged region of an atom that 1-nuclei (plural) contains essentially all of the mass of that atom. Except for the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen, which has a single .. j proton, all atomic nuclei contain both protons and neutrons. The nurnber of protons determines the total pocitive .. charge, or atomic number; this is the same for uli the .i isotopes of a given chemical element. The total number of neutrons and protons is called the mass number. A-11

n Annua! Environmental Operating Report - 1989 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station nuclide A general term referring to all known isotopes, both ' stable (279) and unstable (about 5000), of the  ; chemical elements. ' 1 6 O. P pico- A prefix that divides a basic unit by one trillion. picoeurie One-trillionth of a curie. i primary loop - . A closed system of piping which provides cooling water , to the reactor and transfers heat energy to a second closed system, the secondary loop. proton An elementary particle that carries a positive charge

and has a mass of 1.67 x 10 24 gram.

i r QR -

l. quality assurance All the planned and systematic actions that are necessary (QA) to provide adequate confidence in the results of an activity.

quality control The field check or verification of work while it is being (QC) performed to assure that the task is properly done.- i quality factor The factor by which the absorbed dose is multiplied to L obtain a ' quantity that expresses, on a common scale for all ionizing radiation (rem), the potential for biological damage to exposed persons. l.- rad An acronym for " radiation absorbed dose". The basic unit ! of absorbed dose of radiation. One rad equals the i absorption of 100 ergs (a small but measureable amount i of energy) per gram of absorbing material. l A-12 r L

4 l Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1939 Annual Environmental Operating Report radiation The conveyance of energy through space, for example, the radiation of heat from a stove. lonizing radiation is the emission of particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an unstable (radioactive) atom as a result of radioactive decay. radioactive Radioactive material in an undesirable location. contamination' Contamination can be loose on surfaces, fixed on surfaces (soaked or ground into), or airbornc. radioactive decay The decrease in the amount of radioactivity with the passage of time due to the spontaneous emission of particulate or gamma radiation from the atomic nuclei. radioactivity The spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. Radioactivity is a process and radiation is the product. radiolodine ~A radioactive isotope ofiodine.The radioisotopes ofiodine are among the most abundant of the fission products. All_ told,27 isotopes ofiodine are known to exist , but only the naturally-occurring iodine-127 is

                                         - stable. Of the remaining 26 radioisotopes,12 are produced during fission and these have half-lives -

ranging from 1.5 seconds to 16 million years, radioisotope The term " radioisotope" is used to specifically describe the relationship between an element and a radioactive isotope of that element. For instance,in describing Cs-137, one - could state that Cs-137 is a radioisotope of cesium (stable). radionuclide A radioactive isotope. reaction Any process involving a chemical or nuclear change, reactor trip A sudden shutting down of a nuclear reactor, usually by rapid insertion of control rods, either automatically _ or manually by the reactor operator, sometimes called a scram. r .h A-13

Annual Environmental Operating Report 1989. Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station t

                                                    . rem                         Acronym for " roentgen equivalent man". The unit of dose of any ionizing radiation that produces the same                    l biological effect as a unit of absorbed dose of X-rays.            :

revetment A retaining structure designed to hold back water l ior purposes of erosion control. Inherent in the .! design - a layer of rocks, concrete blocks, etc., laid i over a nylon mesh mat to form a gradual slope _ _ , that extends well into the. water'- revetments actually  : encourage beach formation by passive deposition of. particulate matter along the base of the structure. l roentgen A unit of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is that amount

• of gamma or X-rays required to produce ions carrying one electrostatic unit of electrical charge in one cubic meter of dry air at standard temperature and pressure.

S i secondary A' closed piping system that absorbs heat from water in loop the primary loop via convection through the steam generator . tubes. As water in the secondary loop heats, it boils and ' ' becomes the steam used to spin the turbines to produce l an electric current. I shield building A specially designed concrete building which surrounds the containment vessel. It: purpose is to protect the

                                                                               - containment vessel from environmental extremes,                     .

and to provide a negative pressure boundary between the containment vessel and the environment.- ! shielding Any material or obstruction that absorbs radiation and - thus tends to protect personnel or materials from the effects ofionizing radiation. . spent fuel Nuclear reactor fuel that has been used to the extent that it can no longer effectively sustain a chain reaction. E ls A-14 i

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1989 Annual Environmental Operating Report l i i spiked sample ' A sample that has been intentionally contuninated with a known concentration of some radionuclide. Subsequent testing of the sample should indicate concentrations at j least as high as the introduced concentration. Spiked sample t.nalyses provide a quality control check on the l validity of the analyses performcd at the laboratory. stea.n generator A piece of equipment used to transfer heat from- , the primary system (reactor coolant) to the secondary (steam) system, without the water of the two systems actually touching. This design permits heat exchange with -! little or no contamination of the secondary system - equipment.  ! suspended solids Solids capable of removal through a filter such as a screen.- An example of a suspended solid is silt present in lake -! or river water that gives the water a cloudy appearance. The silt is easily removed by passing the water through a filter. l T - Technical Specifica. _ tions (Tech Specs) A part of the operating license for any nuclear facilityissued by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Tech Specs delineate the requirements the facility must meet in order to maintain its operating license. For example, the Tech Specs for Davis-Besse provide detailed information , on the types, collection sites, frequencies, and analyses L to be performed on samples collected as part of the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program.- l terrestrial radiation The portion of natural radiation (background) that is - emitted by naturally occurring radioactive materials in the earth. l tertiary loop 'The steam in the secondary loop used to drive the !. turbine-generator is condensed, i.e., cooled to a liquid form, by transferring its heat to a third loop system, the i A-15 e

Annual Environmental Operating Report - 1989.,, . Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station-tertiary loop. Also called the circulating water system, the nonradioactive water in this system carries heat from the condenser to the cooling tower; the heat is lost to the atmosphere via evaporative cooling. tritium A radioactive isotope of hydrogen (one proton, two neutrons). Because it is chemically identical to natural - hydrogen, tritium can casily be taken into the body by any ingestion path. Tritium decays by beta emission. Its radioactive half-life is about 12-1/2 years. UVW wind rose A graph representing the percent of time that the wind blew from a particular direction and the average speed of the wind from that' direction. whole-body exposure An exposure of the body to radiation,in which the entire body rather than an isolated p' art is irradiated. Where a radioisotope is uniformlpdistributed .

           ***                     throughout the body tissues, rather than being '

concentrated in certain parts, the irradiation can be considered as a whole-body exposure. XYZ X rays Penetrating electromagnetic radiation. (photon) having a wavelength that is much shorter than that of visible light. In nucles. reactions, it is customary to refer to photons ori; nating in the nucleus as gamma rays, and to those originating in the electron field of the atom ' as X-rays. A-16

i Annual Environmental Operating Report ' 1989 Davis-Besse Nudear PE Station i i 1

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Appendix B Interlaboratory Comparison q Pngam l

                                                                                              'h d

1 e t

                                                                                                )

b B-1 i.

Appendixa. 1 Interlaboratory Comparison Program Results

                                                                                          ?

Teledyne Isotopes Miduest Laboratory (formerly Hazleton Environmental Sciences) has participated in interleboratory comparison (crosscheck) programs since the fomulation of its quality control program in December 1971. These pro are operated by agencies uhich supply environmental-type samples (e.g.,gres milk or water) containing concentrations of radionuclides known to the issuing agency ';' but not to participant laberatories. The purpose of such a progra is to provide an independent check on the laboratory's analytical procedures and to alert it to'

• any possible problems.

I Participant laboratories measure the concentrations of specified radionuclides l-and report them to the issuing agency. Several months'later, the. agency reports . the known values to the participant laboratories and specifies control-limits. Results consistently higher or lower than the known values or outside the control limits indicate a need to check the instruments or procedures used. The results in Table .B-1 were obtained through participation in the environmental sample crosscheck program for milk, water, air filters, and food samples during the period January 1986 through January,1990. This program has been conducted

   .by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Intercomparison and Calibration Section,4uality Assurance Branch, Environmental-Monitoring and Support Labora-tory, Las Vegas, Nevada.                                              ~

The results in Table .B 2 were obtained for themolininescent dosimeters (TLD's)- during the period 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1984, and'1985-1986 through partici-pation in the Second, Third Fourth, Fifth, Severth . and Eighth International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters underlthe sponsorships listed in Table B. 2. Also Teledyne testing results are listed. ' Table B-3 lists results of the analyses on in-house spiked samples. Table B-4 lists results of the analyses on in-house " black" samples. Attachment B lists acceptance criteria for " spiked' samples. Addendum to Appendix ,pprovides explanation for out of limit results. 6 n-2

                                                                                              .)

l Table n-1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's crosscheck prtgram, com-E parison of EPA and Teledyne Isotopes Midwest' Laboratory results for' milk, water, air filters, and food-samples,1986 through 1989.a Concentration in pC1/lb Lab Sample Date TIML Result EPA Resultd  ; Code -Type . Collected _ Analysis 12ac Is, N=1. Control Limits

 $TF W 7'                                        Fred               Jan 1986              Sr-89                       24.3t2.5.       25.025.0.          16.3-33.7-                 l Sr-90                       17.320.6        10.021.5-           7.4-12.6'              1 1-131'                     22.712.3        20.0t0.6            9.6-30.4-                '

Cs-137 16.320.6 15.0t5.0 6.3-23.7 K- 927246 9502144- 701-1199- i STW-448 Water Feb'1986 Cr 45.013.6 38.0*5.0 29.3-4 6 .7

                                                                                        . Co-60                      19.711.5         18.0t5.0            9.3-26.7                 :

Zn-65 44.013.5 40.025.0 31 . 3 - 4 8 . 7 )

                                                                                        . Ru-106                        <9.0            0.025.0           0.0-8.7               -l Cs-134                     28.312.3         30.015.0          21.3-38.7                  )

Cs-137 23.720.6 22.015.0 13.3-30.7 ] STW-449 Water Feb 1986 H-3 5176248 -52271525 4317<6137 STW-450 Water Feb 1986 U total 8.020.0 9.0t6.0 0:0-19.4 . STM-451 Milk Feb 1986 I-131 7.0t0.0 9.026.0 0.0-19.4 STW-452 Water Mar 1986 Ra-226 3.820.1 4.1*0.6 3.0-5.2 Ra-228 -11.020.5 12.411.8 '9.2-15.5' STW-453 Water Mar 1986 Gr. alpha 6.7t0.6 15.0t5.0 6.3-23.7 Gr. beta 7.320.6 8.0t5.0 0.0-16.7 ' STW-454 Water Apr 1986 1-131 7.020.0 9.026.0 0.0-19.4 STW-455 Water Apr 1986 456 (Blind) , Sample A Gr. alpha 15.021.0 17.025.0 8.3-25.7 Ra-226 3.120.1 2.9t0.4 2.1-3.7 Ra-228 1.5*0.2 2.0*0.3 1.5-2.5 - Uranium 4.7t0.6 5.0*6.0 0.0-15.4 Sample B Gr. beta 28.721.2 35.025.0 26.3-43.7-Sr-89 5.720.6 7.025.0. 0.0-15.7 Sr-90 7.0i0.0 7.011.5 4.4-9.6 Co 10.7*1.5 10.025.0 - 1.3-18.'7 Cs-134 4.0tl.7 5.0*5.0 0.0-13.7 Cs-137 5.320.6 5.0t5.0 0.0-13.7 l B3 l < P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . - - - _-m- -.. - - ,e ,

TcDie B-1. (continued) .- . Concentration in pC1/)b , Lab Sample Date TIML Result EPA Result 8 Code Type Collected Analysis *20C 15, p1 Control Limits I STAF-457 Air April 1986 Gr. alpha 13.7t0.6 15.065.0 6.3-23.7 - Filter Gr. beta 46.360.6 47.065.0 38.3-55.7 i Sr-90 14.7t0.6 18.061.5 15.4-20.6 i Cs-137 10.7t0.6 10.065.0 1.3-18.7 l STU-458 Urine April 1986 Tritium 4313t70 4423t189 4096-4750 l STW-459 Water May 1986 Sr-89 4.3t0.6 5.0t5.0 I 0.0-13.7 Sr-90 5.0t0.0 5.011.5 2.4-7.6 I i STW-460 Water May 1986 Gr. alpha 5.3t0.6 8.Dt5.0 0.0-16.7 Gr. beta 11.311.2 15.015.0 6.3-23.7  !- STW-461 Water June 1986 Cr-51 <9.0 0.015.0 0.0-8.7 ' Co-60 66.0tl.0 66.0*5.0 57.3-74.7 Zn-65 87.311.5 86.015.0 77.3-94. 7 Au-106 39.7t2.5 50.0t5.0 41.3-58.7 Cs-134 49.312.5 49.015.0 40.3-57.7 Cs-137 10.3tl.5 10.0t5.0 1.3 18.7 i STW-462 Water June 1986 Tritium 3427t25 3125t361 2499-3751 l STM-464 Milk June 1986 Sr-89 <1.0 0.0t5.0 0.0-8.7 Sr-90 15.3t0.6 16.0tl.5 13.4-18.6 I-131 48.3t2.3 41.0t6.0 30.6-51.4 Cs-137 43.7tl.5 31.0t5.0 22.3-39.7 K 1567t114 1600t80 1461-1739 STW-465 Water July 1986 Gr. alpha 4. 7t0. 6 6.0t5.0 0.0-14.7 Gr. beta 18.711.2 18.0t5.0 9.3-26.7 STW-467 Water August 1986 I-131 30.310.6 45.0t6.0 34.4-55.4 STW-468 Water August 1986 Pu-239 11.3i0.6 10.1tl.0 8.3-11.9 STW-469 Water August 1986 Uranium 4.0t0.0 4.0t6.0 0.0-14.4 STAF-470 Air Sept 1986 Gr. alpha 19.3tl.5 22.0t5.0 13.3-30.7 471 Filter Gr. beta 64.0t2.6 66.0t5.0 57.3-74.7 472 Sr-90 22.0tl.0 22.0t5.0 19.4-24.6 Cs-137 25.7tl.5 22.0t5.0 13.3-30.7 STW-473 Water Sept 1986 Ra-226 6.0t0.1 6.110.9 4.5-7.7 Ra-228 8.7tl.1 9.1tl.4 6.7-11.5 B-4 i _o

i

                                     ?

i Table 3-1. (continued). .. l Concentration in pC1/lb Lab Sample Date TIML Result EPA Resulta , Code Type Collected Analysis 12ec Is, N=1 Control Limits f STW-474 Water Sept 1986 Gr. alpha 16.3t3.2 15.065.0 6.3-23.7  ! Gr. beta 9.011.0 8.065.0 0.0-16.7 i STW-475 Water Oct 1986 Cr-51 63.3t5.5 59.0t5.0 50.3-67.7 Co-60 31.012.0 31.065.0 22.3-39.7 l Zn-65 87.3t5.9 85.0tl.0 76.3-93.7 i Ru-106 74.717.4 74.065.0 65.3-82.7  ! Cs-134 25.7*0.6 28.0*5.0 19.3-36.7  : Cs-137 46.3t1.5 44.015.0 35.3-52.7  ; STW-476 Water Oct 4986 H-3 5918*60 5973t597 4938-7008 i SPW-477 Water Oct 1986  ! 478 (Blind) Sample A Gr. alpha 34.0t6.0 40.015.0 31.3-48.7 Ra-226 5.8*0.2 6.0t0.9 4.4-7.6  ; Ra-228 2.7tl.0 5.0t0.8 3.7-6.3 Uranium 11.0f0.0 10.0t6.0 0.0-20.4 - l Sample B Gr. beta 38.7tl.2 51.0t5.0 42.3-59.7 Sr-89 5.0t0.0 10.015.0 1,3-18.7 Sr-90 3.0t0.0 4.0tl.5 7.4-6.6 i l Co-60 24.7tl.2 24.065.0 15.3-32.7 Cs-134 11.012.0 12.0t5.0 3.3-20.7  : Cs-137 9.3tl.2 8.0*5.0 0.0-16.7 l STN-479 Milk Nov 1986 Sr-89 7.711.2 9.0*5.0 0.3-17.7 . Sr-90 1.0t0.0 0.0*1.5 0.0-2.6 i 1-131 52.3A3.1 49.066.0 38.6-59.4 Cs-137 4$.7t3.1 39.0t5,0 30.3-47.7 K 1489t104 1565t78 1430-1700 STU-480 Urine Nov 1986 H-3 5540*26 5257t912 4345-6169 I STW-481 Water Nov 1986 Gr. alpha 12.0t4.0 20. 0t5.0 11.3-28.7 Gr. beta 20.0t3.5 20.015.0 11.3-28.7

• l STW-482 Water Dec 1986 Ra-226 6.7t0.2 6.811.0 5.0<8.6 '

l Ra-228 5.2*0,2 11.1*1.7 S.2-14.0' e STW-483 Water Jan 1987 Sr-89 19.715.0 25.015.0 16.3-33.7 Sr-90 21.0t2.0 25.0tl.5 22.4-27.6 B-S ,

x Table B-1 (continued). .- Concentration in pC1/lb ~ Lab Sample Date TIML Result EPA Result 8 Code Type Collected Analysis 12aC 15, bl Control Limits STW-484 Water Jan 1987 Pu-239 17.062.3 16.711.7 13.8-19.6 STF-486 Food Jan 1987 Sr-90 36.064.0 49.0610.0 31.7-66.3 1 131 78.063.4 78.068.0 64.1-91.9 Cs-137 89.713.0 84.0t5.0 75.3-92.7 K 942t56 980t49 895-1065 STF-487 Food Jan 1987 SR 90 2.0t0.0 --- (Blank) I-131 <3 ---

      .                        Cs-137         <2              ---

K 993t102 --- 3 STW-488 Water Feb 1987 Co 60 49.0t0.0 50.0t5.0 41.3-58.7 Zn 65 96.0t7.2 91.0t5.0 82.3-99.7 Ru-106 92.0t20.2 100.015.0 91.3-108.7 CS 134 53.013.4 59.065.0 50.3-67.7 Cs-137 89.3t4.6 87.015.0 78.3- 95 . 7 STW-489 Water Feb 1987 H-3 4130t140 42091420 3479-4939 STW-490 Water Feb 1987 Uranium 8.3tl.2 8.0t6.0 0.0-18.4 STM-491 Milk Feb 1987 1-131 10.0t0.0 9.0f0.9 7.4-10.6 STW-492 Water Mar 1987 Gr. alpha 3.7tl.2 3.0t5.0 0.0-11.7 Gr. beta 11.3tl.2 13.0t5,0 4.3-21.7 STW-493 Water Mar 1987 Ra-226 7.0t0.1 7.3*1.1 5.4-9.2 Ra-228 7.112.3 7.5t1.1 5.5-9.5 STW-494 Water Apr 1987 1-131 8.0t0.0 7.0t0.7 5.8-8.2~ STAF-495 Air Apr 1987 Gr. alpha 15.0t0.0 14.065.0 5.3-22.7 Fliter Gr. beta 41.012.0 43.0t5.0 34.3-51.7 Sr-90 16.3tl.2 17.021.5 14.4-19.6 Cs-137 7.0t0.0 8.015.0 0.0-16.7 STW-496 Water Apr 1987 497 (Blind) Sample A Gr. alpha 30.' 7tl . 2 30.0t8.0 16.1-43.9 Ra-226 3.9t0.2 3.9t0.6 2.9-4.9 Ra-228 4.910.9 4.010.6 3.0-5.0 Uranium 5.0t0.0 5.0t6.'O 0.0-15.4 B-6 m

l TGle s-lo (conticued) l . .- . ! Concentration in pCi/lb l Lab Sample Date TIML Result EPA Resulte , I L Code Type Collected Analysis 12eC 15, N=1 Control L.imits STW-496 Water Apr 1987 497 (Blind) Sample 8 Gr. Beta 69.3t9.4 66.0t5.0 57.3-74.7 l Sr-89 16.3*3.0 19.0t5.0 10.3-27.7 Sr-90 10.0t0.0 10.011.5 7.4-12.6 Co-60 8.3t3.0 8.0*5.0 0.0-16.7 Cs-134 19.012.0 20.0t5.0 11.3-28.7 Cs-137 14.7tl.2 15.0t5.0 6.? 23.7 STU-498 Urine Apr 1987 H-3 6017+494 5620t795 4647-6593 l l STW-499 Water May 1987 Sr-89 38.016.0 41.0t5.0 32.3-49.7' Sr-90 21.0*2.0 20.0tl . 5 17.4-22.6 l STW-500 Water May 1987 Gr. alpha 9.0t3.4 11.0*5. 0 2.3 19.7  ! Gr. beta- 10.3tl.2 7.0t5.0 0.0-15.7 1 STW-501 Water June 1987 Cr-51 40.0t8.0 41.015.0 32,3-49.7  ; Co-60 60.3*3.0 64.0*5. 0 55.3-72.7 i Zn-65 11.315.0 10.0t5. 0 1.3-18.7  ! Ru-106 78.3t6.4 75.0t5.0 66.3-83.7 Cs-134 36.7t?.0 40.015.0 31.3-48.7 ' Cs-137 80. 3t4. 2 80.015.0 71.3-88.7 STW-502 Water June 1987 H-3 2906t86 2895t357 2277-3513  ; t STW-503 Water June 1987 Ra-226 6.9*0.1 7.3*1.1 5.4-9.2  : l Ra-228 13.3t1.0 15.2t2.3 11.2-19.2 j STM-504 Milk June 1987 Sr-89 57.0t4.3 69.0t5.0 60.3-77.7 Sr-90 32.0tl.0 35.011.5 32.4-37.6 t I-131 64.012.0 59.016.0 48.6-69.4 Cs-137 77.7t0.6 74.015.0 65.3-82.7 l , K 1383t17 1525t76 1393-1657  ! l 1 STW-505 Water July 1987 Gr. alpha 2.3t0.7 5.0*5.0 0.0-13.7 i Gr. beta 4.0tl . 0 5.0t5. 0 0.0-13.7 l l STF-506 Food July 1987 I-131 82.7t4.6 80.0t8.0 66.1-93.9 i l l Cs-137 53.713.0 50.0t5. 0 41.3-58.7 i 1548i57 1680t84 i K 1534-1826 STW-507 Water Aug 1987 I-131 45.714.2. 48.0t6.0 '37.6-58.4 l STW-508 Water Aug 1987 Pu-239 5.8t0. 2 5.3t0.5 4.4-6.2

                                                                      -3 7                                                                                        i

T able 4-1.

                                                                                                                   ~

(continued) Concentration in sci /lb L ab Sample Date Tift. Result EPA Resultd Code Type Collected Analysis stoc Is,N=1 Control Limits J STW-509 Water Au91987 Uranium 13.3 2 .3 13.0 4 .0 2.6-23.4 STAF-510 Air Au91987 Gr. alpha 9.7 s0.4 10.0 6.0 1.3 18.7 Filter Gr. beta 28.3 2 .6 30.0 4 .0 21.3-38.7 5r 90 10.0 m .9 10.021.5 7.4-12.6 , C s-137 10.011.0 10.0 6 .0 1.3-18.7 STW-511 Water Sept 1987 Ra-226 9.9 s0.1 9.7 *1.5 7.2-12.2 Ra-228 8.121.4 6.321.0 4.6-8.0  : STW-512 Water Sept 1987 G r. alpha 2.0s0.6 4.025.0 0.0-12.7 G r. beta 11.311.3 12.0 6 .0 3.3-20.7  ; i STW-513 Water Oct 1987 H-3 44732100 4492 8449 3714-5270 ,; STW-514 Water Oct 1987 i  : (Blind) , Sample A G r. alpha 29.322.6 28 .0 17 .0 15.9-40.1 R a-226 4.920.1 4.820.7 3.6-6.1 , Ra-228 4.211.0 3.6s0.5 2.7-4.5 Uranium 3.0s0.1 3.026.0 0.0-13.4 Sampie B S r-89 14 .3 21 .3 16 .0 25.0 7.3-24.7 5 r-90 9.720.4 10.011.5 7.4-12.6 Co-60 16.723.0 16 .0 6 .0 7.3-24.7  : Cs-134 16 .722 .3 16.0 6 .0 7.3-24.7 Cs-137 24.323.3 24 .0 25 .0 15.3-32.7 STW-516 Water Oct 1987 C r-51 80.3217.5 70.0 6 .0 61.3-78.7 Co 60 16.022.3 15.0 6 .0 6.3-23.7 Z r>-65 46 .3 6 .6 46.025.0 37.3-54.7 R u-106 57.3215.4 61.0 6 .0 52 .3 -6 9 .7 C s-134 23.722.5 25.025.0 16;3-33.7 C s-137 5.1 .7 23 .2 51.025.0 42.3-59.7 i STU-517 U rine Nov 1987 H-3 7267t100 74321743 6145-8719 , STW-518 Water Nov 1987 Gr. alpha 3.022.0 7 .0 25 .0 0.0-15.7 G r. beta 15.722.3 19 .025.0 10.3-27.7  ; 5iW-519 Water Dec 1987 I-131 26.013.0 26.086.0 15.6-36.4 l l r B-8

Table B-1 (continued) , Concentration in DC1/lb Lab- Sample Date TIML Result FA Resultd Code Type Collected Analysis troC 1s, W1 Control Limits STW-520 Water Dec 1987 Ra-226 , 5.120.8 4.820.7 3.6-6.0 Ra-228 3.4t0.1 5.320.8 3.9-6.7 STW-521 Water Jan 1988 Sr-89 27.345.0 30.0tl.0 21.3-38.7 Sr-90 15.3*1.2 15.041.5 12.4-17.6 STW-li23 Water Jan 1988 Gr. alpha 2.341.2 4.0t$.0 0.0-12.7 Gr. beta 7.711.2 8.0t5.0 0.0-16.7 STF-324 Tsed Jan 1988 Sr-89 44.0t4.0 46.0t5.0 37.3-54.7 Sr-90 53.012.0 55.012.8 50.2-59.8 I-131 102.344.2 102.0110.2 84.3-119.7-Cs-137 95.7t6.4 91.0t5.0 82.3-99.7 K 1011t158 1230162 1124-1336 STW 525 Water Feb 1988 Co-60 69.3t2.3 69.0t5.0 60.3-77.7 Zn-65 99.0t3.4 M.0t9.4 77.7-110.3 Ru-1% 92.7t14.4 105.0t10.5 86.8-123.2 Cs-134 61.7t8.0 64.015.0 55.3-72.7 Cs-137 99.7*3.0 94.0t5.0 85.3-102.7 STW-526 Water Feb 1988 H-3 34531103 33271362 2700-3954 STW-527 Water Feb 1988 Uranium 3.0t0.0 3.026.0 0.0-13.4 STN-528 Milk Feb 1988 1-131 4.7tl.2 4.0t0.4 3.3-4.7 STW-529 Water Mar 1988 Ra-226 7.1*0.6 7.6tl.1 5.6-9.6 Ra-228 nae 7.711.2 5.7-9.7 STW-530 Water Mar 1988 Gr. alpha 4.3tl.2 6.0*5.0 0.0-14.7 Gr. beta 13.311.3 13.0t5.0 4.3-21.7 STAF-531 Air Mar 1988 Gr. alpha 21.022.0 20.0t5.0 11.3-28.7 Filter Gr. beta 48.0t0.0 50.0t5.0 41.3-58.7 Sr-90 16.7tl.2 17.0tl.5 14.4-19.6 Cs-137 18.7tl.3 16.0t5.0 7.3-24.7 STW-532 Water Apr 1988 I-131 9.012.0 7.5t0.8 6.2 8.8 J 0

                                                                   -B-9

l Tc31e .s-1. (continued)- Concentration in sci /1b Lab Sample Data TIE Result EPA Result 8 Code Type Collected Analysis tbc 1s, Nel Control Lietts STW-533 Water Apr 1988 534 (811M)  ! Sample A Gr. alpha af 46.0411.0 27.0-65.0 Ra-226 2 6.441.0 4.7-8.1 Ra-228 2 5.640.8 4.2-7.0 Uranim 6.0t0.0 6.026.0 0.0-16.4 Sample 8 Gr. beta 2 57.0t5.0 48.3-65.7 l Sr-89 3.3tl.2 5.045.0 0.0-13.7 Sr-90 5.341.2 5.0tl.5 -2.4-7.6 Co-60 63.311.3 50.0t5.0 41.3-58.7  :! Cs-134 7.741.2 7.045.0 0.0-15.7 Cs-137 8.3tl.2 7.0t5.0 0.0-15.7 j1 STU-535 Urine' Apr 1988 H-3 64834155 6202t620 5128-7276 F

                                                                                                                                      .                                 I STW-536                   Water                  Apr 1988      Sr-89                             14.7tl.3         20.0t5.0          11.3-28.7                  i Sr-90                             20.012.0         20.011.5          17.4-22.6                  ;

i STW-538 Water}}