ML082820122

Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Kewaunee Power Station

ML082820122
Person / Time
Site:	Kewaunee
Issue date:	12/21/1972
From:	Wisconsin Public Service Corp
To:	US Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
References
Download: ML082820122 (358)

Text

F',ý, E T L 5~~0 related to operation of KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WISCONSIN PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATION DOCKET NO. 50-305~0G December 1972 UN ST DIRATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DIRECTORATE OF LICENSING Docket No. 50-305 ERRATA Final Environmental Statement for Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant 1.2.Insert the attached page E-9 into Appendix E.Delete the 5 lines regarding Appendix C that appear on page E-1.December 21, 1972 E-9 Soil Conservation Service USDA Comments on Draft Environmental Statement Prepared by- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration., W.ashington, D.C.For: Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation

1. Section 2.3.8 -Impact of Construction Operations Reference is made to a soil erosion control plan developed for the area controlled by the Po;.'er Company. This plan should be fully implemented as soon as possible to assure the desired erosion protection.

2. Page 2.3-10 The agricultural operations will be discontinued on 790 acres this fall. The plan is to place this land back into agriculture in the near future on a lease arranierment with local farmers. We strongly suggest that soil and water conservation be iade a condition of any such leasing arrangements.

FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT RELATED TO OPERATION OF THE KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OF WISCONSIN PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATION DOCKET NO. 50-305 DECEMBER 1972 UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DIRECTORATE OF LICENSING i

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS This Final Environmental Statement was prepared by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Directorate of Licensing.

1. This action is administrative.

2. The proposed actions are the continuation of construction permit CPPR-50 and the issuance of an operating license to the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant located within the Township of Carlton, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin (Docket No. 50-305). The Plant utilizes a Pressurized-Water Reactor (PWR) to produce 1650 megawatts of heat and has a net electrical output of .540 megawatts.

The condenser cooling is accomplished by using once-through cooling water from Lake Michigan at the rate of 413,000 gallons per minute.3. Summary of environmental impacts and resulting beneficial and adverse effects: a. Most of the 908-acre site was under cultivation prior to its acquisition, and almost 800 acres continued until 1971 to be used in this manner on a lease-back arrangement during Plant construction.

Of the remaining 110 acres reserved for activities associated with the construction and subsequent operations, only about 40 acres were disturbed in the construction and landfill operations, and only about 15 acres are being actually used for construction.

b. A maximum of 413,000 gallons per minute (gpm) of Lake Michigan water will be circulated through the condenser during the summer months with a 20'F temperature rise; in winter, since the water will be colder, there will be a volume reduction to 287,000 gpm with a temperature increase of 28°F.c. The number of fish entrained in the condenser cooling water will be minimized by air bubble screens and intake flow rate of less than one foot per second. Some small organisms will pass through the water intake and condenser and some of these will be killed. However, the total effect of Plant operation on aquatic biota will be very localized and inconsequential in terms of total Lake Michigan ecology. The use of chlorine (hypochlorite) as an antifoulant for the condenser system is not anticipated by the Applicant, but provision is made for its use if required.

I d. The Wisconsin Public Service Commission and a commercial forester were consulted regarding the location and coordination of the transmission lines with the terrain traversed.

The corridors for the approximately 60 miles of transmission lines involve 1066 acres of land. The Staff finds that since only 7% of this land was wood-land, the environmental impact is not significant.

e. The radwaste system has been designed and built to assure that releases of radioactive materials will be as low as practicable as required by Commission regulation.

No adverse environmental I effects are expected from the release of small quantities of radioactive materials from this Plant.The Staff has calculated that during normal operations, the Plant will release to the environment liquid effluents with a radio-activity content of less than or equal to 5 curies per year in addition to an estimated 1000 curies of tritium per year. Approx-imately 2000 curies per year of gaseous wastes will also be released.

3 The risk associatedwith accidental radiation exposures is very low.f. The effect of all chemical releases, is expected to be negligible U and no long-term buildup is anticipated.

g. The Plant will provide 3.3 billion kilowatt hours per year (at an i average capacity factor of 70%) of the additional electrical power forecast to be required due to the continuing increases in pop-ulation and industrial development in the region. An increase in i the local economy will result from Plant operation and the addi-tional taxes should benefit the State and local governments.

h. The meteorological, hydrological, biological and radiological i monitoring programs initiated for the Plant's vicinity will pro-vide data on the impact of the Plant and be of interest to the scientific community, particularly in regard to the ecology of I Lake Michigan.4. The following principal alternatives were considered:

a. A total of eleven alternate sites, both on the shore of Lake Michigan and inland. i b. Alternatives to construction of the Plant: I I i iii 1) Do not produce the power.2) Purchase the power from other utilities.

3) Install a fossil fuel plant.c. Alternative cooling methods: 1) Natural-draft cooling towers.2) Mechanical-draft towers.3) Spray pond.4) Cooling pond.5) Dry towers.5. The following agencies and organizations have submitted comments on the Draft Environmental Statement (issued July 1972) and these comments have been considered in the preparation of this Final Environmental Statement:

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Department of Agriculture Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Department of Commerce Department of Health, Education and Welfare Department of the Interior Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency Federal Power Commission Department of Natural Resources, State of Wisconsin Public Service Commission of Wisconsin State Historical Society of Wisconsin Wisconsin Public Service Corporation

6. This Final Environmental Statement is being made available to the pub-lic, to the Council on Environmental Quality, and to the agencies noted above in December 1972.7. On the basis of the evaluation and analysis set forth in this Statement, and after weighing the environmental, economic, technical and other benefits of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant against the environmental and other costs, and considering available alternatives, it is concluded that the actions called for, under NEPA and Appendix D to 10 CFR Part 50, are the continuation of construction permit CPPR-50, and the issuance of an operating license for the facility, subject to the following conditions for the protection of the environment:

a. The implementation of a comprehensive biological monitoring program which will identify and quantify the major biotic groups present in the nearby lake area and will consider the influence I of the Plant discharge plume on all major biotic groups present.Part of this program will be requirements to monitor: 1) Fish caught on the travelling screens, 2) Fish movement into the cooling water discharge canal, 3) Fish migration before and after startup and during shutdowns, i 4) Plankton contained in the intake and effluent waters, 5) Toxicological aspects of uptake by fish of potentially harmful elements or compounds from discharge water.The monitoring program, similar to the preoperational program, U should be continued for at least two years after the Plant begins operation.

The Applicant will be required to evaluate the contribution of the warmed Plant effluents on the biotic stresses already in the lake. The evaluation of the discharges of pollutants, especially dissolved solids and compounds of phosphorous (plant nutrients), should take long-term effects into consideration.

This will entail a comparative study before and after startup, and an analysis of the effect of the Plant on the overall stress, and alternative methods of solids disposal.b. The hydrological monitoring program sampling frequency will be increased during preoperational testing and during at least the first year of Plant operation in order to provide significant information on changes at various locations and depths in the discharge plume area. In addition to chemical and other physical properties, it will be required that the thermal plume be determined for a variety of lake and current conditions.

If chlorination is required, there will be monitoring of the total residual chlorine concentration in the Plant effluent during and immediately following chlorination.

If this concentration exceeds 0.1 ppm, the Applicant should take all practical measures to reduce it below this value. Should these efforts fail, the Applicant should determine the extent of the zone in the lake within which the total residual chlorine concentration exceeds the EPA recom-mendations.

The Staff-approved Environmental Technical Specifica-tions for the Plant will further describe the procedures to be followed during chlorination.

I V c. The radiological monitoring program will be augmented by more frequent' sampling and analyses of fish, bottom sediments and bottom organisms and aquatic plants, and by collecting these at additional locations in the near vicinity of the discharge.

The program is also to be expanded to include more frequent sampling and analyses of milk and meat produced in the Plant environs, particularly within two miles of the Plant.d. Shoreline erosion at this Plant site is being monitored by aerial photography.

If it becomes evident that the riprap and other shoreline structures added during construction or the thermal discharge during Plant operation have resulted in an increased rate of erosion along the shoreline in the vicinity of these alterations, the Applicant will be required to provide additional shoreline protection.

e. The Applicant will define a comprehensive environmental monitoring program, including as appropriate those topics specified above, for inclusion in the Technical Specifications (for the Plant opera-tion) which are acceptable to the Regulatory Staff for determining environmental effects which may occur as a result of the operation of the Plant.f. If harmful effects or evidence of irreversible damage are detected by the monitoring programs, the Applicant will provide to the Staff an analysis of the problem and plan of action to be taken to eliminate or significantly reduce the detrimental effects or damage.

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PACE i

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS

.FOREWORD..............

............

I. INTRODUCTION

.A. SITE SELECTION B. APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS

..REFERENCES

....................II. THE SITE ................ .A. LOCATION OF PLANT ..........

................

B. REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND AND WATER USE 1. Population

... ..............2. Land and Water Use ............

C. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

........ .............

D. ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES ............

1. Surface Water .............

.............

2. Ground Water 3. Meteorology

............

.................

4. Geology .............

...................

5. Soils ................

..........

.........E. ECOLOGY OF SITE AND ENVIRONS .........1. Terrestrial

............

........ .....2. Inland Waters .,................

.......3. Lake Michigan ..........

................

REFERENCES

....... .............III. THE PLANT .......A. EXTERNAL APPEARANCE

..........

...............

xviii 1-3......1-7 II-1.II-11-5..... 11-5 11-9 11-17.....11-18 11-18 11-24 11-26.... .11-31 11-34 11-35 11-35.... .11-37 11-40 11-52 III-1 III-1 I I I I B. TRANSMISSION LINES IIl-1 I I I vii TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)PAGE I U I I I U .I I III. THE PLANT (cont'd)C. REACTOR AND STEAM-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS ....... ..1. Nuclear Steam Supply System .......2. Turbine-Generator System ... ...........

3. Condenser Cooling System ... ...........

D. EFFLUENT SYSTEMS ..... ........ .............

1. Heat ..............

....................

2. Radioactive Wastes ........ .............

3. Chemical and Sanitary Wastes ... ........4. Other Wastes ..........

................

REFERENCES

................

....................

IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SITE PREPARATION AND PLANT CONSTRUCTION

.............

A.

SUMMARY

OF PLANS AND SCHEDULES

.... ........B. IMPACTS ON LAND, WATER AND HUMAN RESOURCES 1. Land ..............

....................

2. Water ........ ...........3. Roads ..................4. Human Resources

....... .......C. CONTROLS TO REDUCE OR LIMIT IMPACTS .....V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLANT OPERATION

........A. LAND USE ..............

....................

i. Site Modifications

........ .............

2. Offsite Impacts .............

B. WATER AND AIR USE .............

.1. Thermal Discharge

............

2. Chemical Discharges

..... .......... 111-5* ...111-5.... 111-6 111-7... .111-8... .111-8... .111-22... .111-31 111-35 111-36 IV-I... .IV-I... .IV-I... .IV-l IV-3... .IV-4... .IV-4....IV-5 V-l.... V-1... .V-1 V-4 V-5... .V-6... .V-9 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)PAGE V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLANT OPERATION (cont'd)3. Recreational and Other Uses .... .............

.. V-10 4. Hydrological Monitoring Program .... ........ ...V-Il C. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT ..... .........

.. ...........

.. V-13 1. Terrestrial Ecosystems

.... ....... ....... V-13 2. Aquatic Intake and Entrainment Effects ... ..... .. V-14 3. Effects of Thermal Discharge

.... ............

.. V-17 4. Consequences of Chemical and Radioactive Releases to the Lake Biota .......................

V-28 5. Interaction of Point Beach and Kewaunee Cooling Water Effluents

...........

..................

.. V-30 6. Biological Monitoring Programs ... ...........

.. V-32 D. RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON MAN ........ .............

V-33 1. Introduction

...... ... ....................

V-33 2. Radioactive Material Released to the Atmosphere

...V-35 3. Radioactive Material Released to Receiving Waters ..V-36 4. Population Dose from All Sources .............

.... V-39 5. Evaluation of Radiological Impact ... ..........

.. V-43 6. Radiological Monitoring of the Environment

..... .. V-43 E. TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR FUEL AND SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTES. ... ................

...................

.. V-49 1. Transport of New Fuel ....... ................

.. V-49 2. Transport of Irradiated Fuel ..........

............

V-50 3. Transport of Solid Radioactive Wastes ..... ....... V-52 4. Principles of Safety in Transport

... ..........

.. V-53 5. Exposures During Normal (No Accident)

Conditions.

.V-54 REFERENCES

................

.........................

V-56 VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POSTULATED ACCIDENTS

.. ........ .. VI-I A. PLANT ACCIDENTS

.........

.......................

.. VI-l B. TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS

..........

................

.. VI-7 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)PAGE VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POSTULATED ACCIDENTS (cont'd)1. New Fuel .. ........ ....... .............

.. VI-7 2. Irradiated Fuel ............

...................

.. VI-8 3. Solid Radioactive Wastes .........

..............

..VI-9 4. Severity of Postulated Transportation Accidents

..VI-IO 5. Alternatives to Normal Transportation Procedures.

.VI-10 REFERENCES

...................

.........................

VI-lI VII. ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED .... ...........

.. VII-I A.. LAND USE .................

........................

.. VII-I B. WATER ....................

........................

.. VII-2 C. AIR ....................

...........................

.. VII-3 D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS .............

...................

.. VII-3 E. AESTHETIC ASPECTS ............

............

.........

VII-4 VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY VIII-I IX. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED

.................

.......................

IX-l X. NEED FOR POWER .................

.......................

X-1 REFERENCES

... .......................X-10 XI. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .... .........

.. XI-l A. ALTERNATIVES

...............

......................

XI-I 1. Past Alternatives

................

..................

XI-l 2. Comparison of Coal and Uranium as Fuel .. ........ XI-3 3. Alternative Methods for Waste Heat Disposal ....... .. XI-6 4. Alternatives for Providing Service Water ..........

XI-15 x TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)PAGE XI. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS (cont'd)B. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ..... ........ ............

1. Economic Comparison of Nuclear and Coal-Burning P.2. Economic Comparison of Cooling Alternatives

...3. Environmental Comparison of Alternatives

....4. Benefits ....................5. Balancing of Costs and Benefits .............

REFERENCES

....... ................XII. DISCUSSION OF COMMENTS ...........

...................

A. TEMPERATURE LIMITS ON THERMAL DISCHARGE

...........

B. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL IMPACT ON BIOTA ..............

C. POTENTIAL HAZARDS FROM NON-RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS.

..D. RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS TO THE LAKE UNDER ACCIDENT CONDITIONS

..............

............

.....E. CONDENSER CLEANING ALTERNATIVES

..................

.F. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF FISH DAMAGE BY ALTERNATIVE COOLING MEANS ................

.....................

G. MONITORING PROGRAMS ............

..................

H. SECONDARY COOLANT SYSTEM LEAKAGE ..... ............

I. COMBINED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM KEWAUNEE AND POINT BEACH ..... ...........

...........

J. THERMAL PLUME DISPERSION AND APPLICABILITY TO THE KEWAUNEE PLANT ........ ......... ...............

lant XI-15 XI-15 XI-15 XI-17 XI-17 XI-20 XI-21 XII-l XII-i XII-3 I I I I U XII-4 XII-5 XII-5 XII-6 XII-7 XII-9 XII-10 XII-10 K. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL CHANGES IN THIS STATEMENT IN RESPONSE TO COMMENTS ....................

........................

REFERENCES

......................

..........................

XII-12 XII-17 I xi TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) PAGE APPENDIX A: APPLICANT'S RADIOACTIVITY RELEASE ESTIMATES

.....A-i APPENDIX B; THERMAL STANDARDS

'FOR LAKE MICHIGAN ... .........

.. B-I APPENDIX C: BIOTA OF THE REGION ..........

.................

.. C-I APPENDIX D: DETAILED RADIATION DOSE ESTIMATES

..........

D-1 APPENDIX E: COMMENTS BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES ........ E-1 1. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, August ii, 1972. E-2 2. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, August ii, 1972.3. Department of the Army, Chicago District, Corps of Engineers, August 14, 1972 ........ .................

...E-3 4. State of Wisconsin Public Service Commission, August 28, 1972 ....................

............................

.. E-4 5. Department of Commerce, August 29, 1972 .........

..........

E-6 6. Department of Agriculture, September 8, 1972 ....... ...... E-8 7. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast Guard, September ii, 1972 ............

.....................

...E-10 8. Department of Commerce, September 14, 1972 ...... .........

E-11 9. Federal Power Commission, September 14, 1972 .... ......... .E-14 10. Environmental Protection Agency, September 22, 1972 .... E-19 11. State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources, September 25, 1972 ............

.....................

...E-43 12. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, October 3, 1972 .E-44 13. Department of Commerce, October 19, 1972 .... ..........

..E-58 14. The State Historical Society of Wisconsin, October 18, 1972 ........ ..........................

..........

E-60 15. Department of the Interior, October 26, 1972 ...........

..E-61 16. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, October 27, 1972 ....................

.................

.............

E-71 xii LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure II-I Figure 11-2 Figure 11-3 Figure 11-4 Figure 11-5 Figure 11-6 Figure 11-7 Figure 11-8 Figure 11-9 Figure III-i Figure 111-2 Figure 111-3 Figure 111-4 Figure 111-5 Figure 111-6 Land Area of the Region ... ........ .........Topography in the Vicinity of the Plant Site Physical Features in the Immediate Vicinity of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant ...........

Major Watersheds and Drainage Paths in the Region near the KNPP Site ................

Aquifers and Bedrock Geology in Eastern Wisconsin

.............................

Average Wind Roses Observed at the KNPP Site, and Comparison with Annual Rose at Milwaukee Wind Direction Persistence at the KNPP Site Generalized Geologic Cross Section through the Center of the KNPP Site ..... ............

Aquatic Food Web ................

Artist's Rendition of the Completed Plant Buildings

................

.....................

Aerial Photo Showing Plant Construction Status as of October 15, 1971 .............

Layout of the Physical Facilities

.............

Fractional Excess of Temperature as a Function of the Ratio of Surface Area to Discharge Flow Rate ... ....................Surface Temperature Concentration, in Terms of Ambient and Inlet Temperatures

.........Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on June 25, 1971 ................11-2 11-3 1 11-4 11-20 11-25 11-27 11-30 11-33 I 11-42 3 111-2 111-3 111-4 i I 1II-13 I 111-14 xiii LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd)PAGE Figure 111-7 Figure 111-8 Figure 111-9 Figure III-10 Figure III-1l Figure 111-12 Figure 111-13 Figure 111-14 Figure 111-15 Figure V-I Figure V-2 Figure V-3 Figure XI-l Figure XI-2 Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on August 31, 1971 .... ..........

.Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 in the Morning of September 1, 1971 Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 in the Afternoon of Sept. 1,. 1971 ...Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on July 20, 1971 ............

Vertical Profiles of the Point Beach Plume of July 20, 1971 at Distances of 1000 and 2200 feet from the Discharge

.........Infra-Red Image of Point Beach Plume on September 1, 1971 ..........

................

Ventilation and Gas Handling Systems .....Liquid Waste Disposal System .........Water Usage by the KNPP ...... ..........

Field Sampling Map .............

......Pathways to Man. ......................

Radiological Sampling Locations

..............

....................

650-Acre Cooling Pond Layout .........Other Alternative Cooling Systems ... ........111-15 111-16 111-17 111-18 111-20 111-21 111-24 111-27 111-33 V-12 V-34 V-44 XI-7 XI-8 xiv LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table I-i Table 1-2 Table Table Tab le Table Table Table II-i 11-2 11-3 11-4 11-5 11-6 Permits and Approvals from Federal Agencies ....1-4 Permits and Approvals from State of Wisconsin Agencies .........

...............

..1-5 Population Distribution in the Region ..........

..11-6 Distribution of Employment by Type for Three Counties in the General Area of the Plant ....... ..11-8 Agricultural Land Use near the Plant, 1969 ....II-10 Market Value of All Agricultural Products Sold, in 1969 ........ ...............

II-10 Acres of Principal Field Crops Harvested in,1970. II-11 Principal Employers within Twenty Miles of the Plant ........................

.........

11-13 Land and Water Use for Recreational Purposes in the General Area of the Plant ...... ....... ...I-16 Comparison of Fish Caught by Wisconsin-Based Fishermen with Total Production of Lake Michigan.

11-16 Municipal Ground Water Supplies ....... ..........

11-17 Locations of Historical Significance in the Plant's Region ..........

................

..11-19 Wind Distribution Observed at the Kewaunee Site .11-28 Mammalian Species Known to Occur on the Plant Site and Their Relative Abundance

.........

..11-36 List of Reptiles and Amphibian Known from the General Kewaunee Region ...... ...11-39 Fishes in Kewatinee County Lakes ..... ..........

.11-39 Table 11-7 Table 11-8 Table Table Table Table 11-9 II-10 II-ll 11-12 Table 11-13 Table 11-14 XV LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)PAGE Table 11-15 Table 11-16 Table III-1 Table 111-2 Table 111-3 Table 111-4 Table IV-i Table V-1 Table V-2 Table V-3 Table V-4 Table V-5 Table V-6 Table V-7 Table V-8 Average Number of Benthic Organisms Per Square Meter in Lake Michigan Near Kewaunee, Wisconsin 1971 .............

..... .. ...... ............

Fish Species in Lake Michigan Near the Kewaunee Site ..... ........Comparison of Flow Parameters in Test Model and KNPP Coolant Discharge

.........Calculated Annual Release of Radioactive Nuclides in Gaseous Effluent .Principal Assumptions Used in Calculating Releases of Radioactive Effluents Calculated Annual Release of Radioactive Material in Liquid Effluents

..........

Key Dates in the KNPP Schedule .........Bioaccumulation Factor for Radionuclides in Fresh Water Species .............

Summary of Annual Radiation Doses to Individuals from Kewaunee Effluents

...........

Total Body Dose to Individuals from Public Water Supplies on Lake Michigan .... ..........

Summary of Population Dose ...........

Cumulative Population and Average Annual Dose from Exposure to Gaseous Effluents

........Sampling Locations

...............

Types of Samples Taken by Location and Frequency.

Types and Frequencies of Sampling and Analysis.-11-47* 11-49.III-10.111-26.111-29-111-30.IV-2.V-31.V-37.V-38.V-40.V-41.V-45.V-46.V-47 xvi LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)PAGE Table VI-l Table VI-2 Table X-1 Table X-2 Table X-3 Table X-4 Table XI-l Tab le XI-2 Table XI-3 Table XI-4 Table A-i Table A-2 Table C-1 Table C-2 Classification of Postulated Accidents and Occurrences

...... ............

Summary of Radiological Consequences of Postulated Accidents

...........

WPP Capacity-Demand-Reserve Data for 1971-1977.

Operating Power Plants in the Wisconsin Power Pool .............

Anticipated Additions of Plants in the Wisconsin Power Pool ...... ...........

• VI-2* VI-5* X-2*

• X-4*

• X-6 Wisconsin Power Pool Precipitator Installation and Upgrading Schedule Pertinent Project Chronology

.........Effect of Reduced Water Discharge on Release of Radioactivity

......Cost Increments of Alternative Cooling Systems, Relative to the Existing Once-Through System .........Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Existing Kewaunee Plant and Alternatives Applicant's Estimated Annual Gaseous Radioactivity Release, by Isotope ...Applicant's Estimated Annual Liquid Release, by Isotope ..........

Plant Species Found at Point Beach State Forest, Two Rivers, Wisconsin Trees and Shrubs Which May be Found in the General Kewaunee Region .......... X-7...... XI-2......I-14.XI-116... .....A-1.A-2......C-l S. .. ..Qc-3 xvii LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)Table C-3 Table C-4 Table C-5 Table C-6 Table C-7 Table D-1 Table D-2 Table D-3 Table D-4 List of Birds from the General Kewaunee Region Weeds Which May Be Found in the General Kewaunee Region ...........

List of Phytoplankton Species, Kewaunee Nuclear Power Station, May 1971 ........Identification and Mean Relative Abundance of Periphyton Species Found on Natural Substrates Near KNPP ...............

......................

Zooplankton Crustacea Collected from Lake Michigan near Kewaunee, Wisconsin, 1971 ...... ...........

Dose to Individuals from Gaseous Effluents

..Dose to Individuals from Public Water Supplies on Lake Michigan.

.......... .....Annual-Dose from Eating Fish ...... ............

Total Body Dose from Recreational Activities on Lake Michigan ....... .............

PAGE C-4.C-7.C-11.C-16 C-22.D-1.D- 2.D-3 D-4 xviii I FOREWORD This Final Environmental Statement considers the environmental effects of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant (Docket No. 50-305). It is a requisite part of the evaluation associated with the proposed issuance of an operat-ing license for that Plant to the Applicant, the Wisconsin Public Servicefl Corporation (WPS), acting in behalf of a pool of three power companies.

These are the WPS, Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL), and Madison Gas and Electric Company (MGE), known collectively as the Wisconsin Power f Pool (WPP). Presently scheduled startup date is March 1973. U Prepared by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's (Commission)

Regulatory Staff (Staff), this Final Statement is in accordance with the Commission's regulations implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) as set forth in the revised Appendix D of its 10CFR Part 50 regula-tions. Revised Appendix D, published in the Federal Register for September 9, 1971, is an interim statement of Commission policy and procedure for U implementing NEPA in accordance with the opinion of the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit rendered in its decision in Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee Inc., et al. United States Atomic Energy Commission, et al., 449 F.2d 1109 (D.C. Cir. 1971).Section 102(2)(C) of NEPA calls for a detailed statement on: (a) The environmental impact of the. proposed action, (b) any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented, (c) alternatives to the proposed action, (d) the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and (e) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented.

An Environmental Report (ER) for the Plant was submitted by the Applicant in January 1971 and a revised ER was submitted November 1971. This Report by the Applicant is titled "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage."lThe Applicant's revised Environmental Report includes an Appendix (A) that presents the qualifications of principal investigators, and an Appendix (B)that provides copies of those permits, approvals, and comments obtained from various agencies which are related to environmental aspects. This Final Statement, presented here, takes into consideration the Applicant's xix Reports; April 17, 1972 and May 8, 1972 amendments to the revised ER; the comments received from Federal and State Agencies regarding the Applicant's ER; additional information furnished to the AEC by the Applicant responding to those items in the Federal and State Agency comments requiring further clarification; information contained in the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) as amended, including amendments through No. 21;the literature cited in the revised ER and the Draft Environmental Statement; and an inspection of the Plant site.Comments received on the Draft Environmental Statement and the Applicant's response to these comments have been considered in the preparation of this Final Environmental Statement.

Copies of the comment letters received are included herein as Appendix E and discussed in Section XII.The Applicant must comply with all requirements of Section 21(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended by the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 (Public Law 91-224) and as amended in October 1972.Because safety requirements are considered fully in other documents, only salient features-that bear directly on the anticipated radiation dose to the public are treated here. Comments received from other Federal and State Agencies relative to radiological aspects are being taken into ac-count by the Staff in respect to overall safety evaluations which are a separate part. of the licensing procedure.

The Environmental Project Manager for this Final Environmental Statement is R. G. West (301-973-7731), Directorate of Licensing, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. 20545.

I-i I. INTRODUCTION On August 18, 1967, the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPS), here-after referred to as the Applicant, applied to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) for a construction permit and operating license for a nuclear power plant on a site in the Town of Carlton, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.

This plant is designated as the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP), hereafter referred to as the Plant.The Plant is owned jointly by the Applicant, the Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL) and the Madison Gas and Electric Company (MGE). These three companies, known collectively as the Wisconsin Power Pool (WPP), entered into a joint power supply agreement on February 2, 1967 for maximizing the efficiency of power production and distribution in their territories.

The Applicant acts for all members of the WPP on matters related to the design and construction of the Plant.The Plant has a pressurized-water reactor which supplies steam to a turbo-generator, and is designed to produce 540 net megawatts of electrical power (MWe). It is located on a 908-acre site on the shore of Lake Michigan.Lake water is used in a once-through, full-return cooling system.The application was reviewed by the AEC's regulatory staff and by the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards.

A public hearing was held before a three-man Atomic Safety and Licensing Board in Kewaunee, Wisconsin on June 27 and 28, 1968. On August 6, 1968 the USAEC issued a provisional con-struction permit for this Plant. Regulatory material pertinent to this Plant is available for public inspection in Docket No. 50-305 at the AEC's Public Document Room (1717-H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C.) and at the Kewaunee Public Library (314 Milwaukee Street, Kewaunee, Wisconsin).

Construction of the Plant was about 94% complete on September 1, 1972. Fuel loading is scheduled for March 1973 and commercial operation in September 1973.A. SITE SELECTION As a part of the company's long-range planning activities, the Applicant undertook, in 1966, a detailed investigation of the feasibility of eleven available sites for future power stations.

Concurrently, a. comparison of alternate forms of power generation was undertaken, with emphasis on fossil-and nuclear-fueled steam plants. The considerations which led to the selection of a nuclear plant at the Kewaunee site are recounted here. These steps were taken by the Applicant prior to the 1967 addition of WPL and MGE as partners in this undertaking.

1-2 Within the Applicant's service area there are numerous sites available for power plants. There are many lakes and streams that could provide cooling water, and the relatively flat, rolling terrain is amenable to formation of cooling ponds.Selection of a site involves achieving a balance among many physical, eco-nomic, social, and environmental factors of which the most important are as follows: 1. Distance from system's load centers and transmission lines, and from cooling water.2. Costs of land and foundation construction.

3. Elevation of plant with respect to source of cooling water.4. Disruption of local economy during construction.

5. Destruction of forests, natural areas, historical sites, etc.6. Adverse effects on aquatic, animal, and bird life.7. Public opposition.

In addition, the population density near the site is an important considera-tion for nuclear plants, and the cost of fuel and waste transportation for a fossil-fueled plant.A total of eleven sites, both on the shore of Lake Michigan and inland, were considered in the mid-1960's when the need for an additional generating-i plant was recognized but before a decision had been made on the type.An evaluation Of the factors mentioned above narrowed the list to three, two on Lake Michigan and one on the Fox River. When the results of a *concurrent study of the type of plant indicated a preference for a nuclear plant, the Point Beach site emerged as a first choice. However, by this time the Wisconsin Electric Power Company had obtained an option on that property so a reevaluation of all sites was undertaken with the added con-fl sideration that the plant would be nuclear-fueled.

With a reduced impor- i tance placed on proximity of transportation facilities, the Kewaunee site rose to a favored position among the possible sites. The 908 acres and f the twelve residences thereon were acquired without major public opposition or a need to resort to court action.These alternative site evaluations did not make detailed impact analyses for alternative cooling means or other alternative plant designs, although i I I 1-3 the relative merits of the two general types of cooling systems were con-sidered in terms of broad economic, water-use, land-use, and power-generation requirements.

Detailed evaluations of environmental impact of alternative cooling systems were made later for the Kewaunee site, as described in Section XI.A.No other lakeshore sites were judged more favorable from an environmental viewpoint.

The low elevation near the center of the site and the lakefront location make coolant water pumping costs reasonable.

Detailed studies have demonstrated favorable geological and meteorological conditions for Plant construction and operation.

As discussed in the following chapter, the Plant will have essentially no effects on land use and there will be no alteration of.natural and historical areas. The location is in a region of very low population.

The additional transmission lines required by this location are described in Chapter III, and the effects of construction are considered in Chapter IV.The geological and hydrological nature of the general region precluded consideration of a hydroelectric plant to supply the projected need for additional system capability.

The fuel options for a steam plant were evaluated.

Because of supply problems, the choice was essentially limited to either nuclear fuel or coal. The net result of an economic evaluation of these alternatives, performed by an independent power engineering firm, was that a nuclear plant had an economic advantage for the Applicant's territory.

A consideration of the environmental impact of each type of plant by the Applicant did not alter his choice.B. APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS Approvals for the construction and operation of the Plant, or parts thereof, are required from numerous Federal and State agencies.

Tables I-1 and 1-2 summarize the permits required and indicate their status. Correspondence concerning those permits that relate most directly to environmental factors has been appended to the Applicant's Supplemental Environmental Report[4]and are indicated in these tables. The other letters of application and approval are available on request from the Applicant.

Other documentation submitted in support of the applications to the USAEC is indicated[l-3, 6-13,15-211,since it has been the source for some of the information contained in this statement.

A related USAEC document has also been used. [14]Review and approval in regard to waste systems and discharge of wastes in a manner which will not violate water quality standards, as regulated by Sections 144.04 and 144.44 of the State of Wisconsin Statutes, have been given by the Division of Environmental Protection of the State's Department of Natural Resources.

These are included in Table 1-2, together with in-formation on other approvals within the Department of Natural Resources and by other State Agencies.

TABLE I-i.Permits and Approvals from Federal Agencies Subj ect Application Date Approval Date Reference Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)Construction Permit August 18, 1967 August 6, 1968 5a Operating License January 12, 1971 Pending 3, 6-13 Special Nuclear Material License August 23, 1971 September 7, 1971 Corps of Engineers (CE)Intake and Discharge Facilities June 17, 1968 December 12, 1968 5b Concurrence by Fish and Wildlife Dept. July 23, 1968 October 23, 1968 Temporary Breakwater April 2, 1969 May 5, 1969 Discharge during Construction June 16, 1971 Pending--- ------- --- -- -- --

TABLE 1-2.P ermitsand Approvals from State of Wisconsin.

Agencies Sub i ect Application Date Approval Date Reference Department of Natural Resources (DNR)Construct High Capacity Wells Yard Piping and Plumbing High Capacity Test Well Harbor and Water Supply Structures Circulating Water Intake and Discharge System Sewer Pipe Installation Sewer System and Sewage Plant Intended New Wastes Discharge during Construction State Highway Commission (SHC)Access Road to Highway 42 November 11, 1967 June 13, 1969 June 20, 1969 PSC (internal)

March 19, 1968 April 10, 1968 April 26, 1968 January 24, 1969 August 2, 1971 December 8, 1967 Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations (DILHR)Grading and Excavation Decemi Foundation Substructure June Reactor Bldg. Shield Novem]Superstructure Decem]Fuel Oil Facility April Steam Heating April Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning for Administration Bldg. Augus'Turbine Bldg. Ventilation Octob Temporary L. P. Gas Storage Febru er 28, 1967 12, 1968 er 14, 1968 ber 12, 1968 22, 1970 22, 1970 t 7", 1970 er 2, 1970 ary 3, 1971 December 26, 1967 October 21, 1969 June 25, 1969 December 4 & .27, 1967 May 21, 1968 April 15, 1968 May 22, 1968 &August 29, 1968 June 5, 1969 Pending December 12.19.67 March 25, 1968 January 15, 1969 December 12, 1968 January 15, 1969 May 8, 1970 May 13, 1970 September 15, 1970 October 15, 1970 February 22, 1971 October 17, 1967 February 8, 1968 February 17, 1969 5f 5g ,5h 5i Public Service Commission (PSC)Construct and Operate Plant Transmission Line, Point Beach to North Appleton Substation, Transmission Lines March 17, 1967 December 3, 1967 December 17, 1968 5c 5d 5e I 1-6 At various stages of the planning and construction of the Plant, contacts have been made by the Applicant with the Chairman of the Boards for Carlton Township and Kewaunee County and with representatives of the city of Kewaunee, the Kewaunee County Sheriff's Department and the U.S. Coast Guard. Discussions have also been held by the Applicant with a variety of civic, educational, public-interest and social groups, including the Wis-consin Ecological Society, and with representatives of the local press.In addition to required distribution to and by the USAEC, copies of the application documents have been sent by the Applicant to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Public Service Commissions of Wisconsin and Michigan, the Chairman of Carlton Township, and public libraries within the area.I I I I I I I I I I I 1-7 Section I- References

1. WPS, "Environmental Report: Questions and Answers," Amendment 1 to November 1971 Environmental Report-Operating License Stage (Revised), April 17, 1972.2. WPS, "Amendment 2 to November 1971 Environmental Report-Operating License Stage (Revised)," May 8, 1972.3. Wisconsin Public Service, "Statement Showing Cause Why the Construction Permit for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant Should Not Be Suspended, in Whole or in Part, Pending Completion of the NEPA Environmental Review," October 11, 1971.4. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage (Revised)," November 1971.5. ibid., "Appendix B; Major Permits and Approvals:" a. Letter and Provisional Construction Permit, P. A. Morris (AEC-DRL)to G. F. Hrubesky (WPS), August 6, 1968.b. Letter and Permit, N. E. Saxton (Operations Div., Chicago Dist., CE)to WPS, December 12, 1968.c. Letter and Findings of Fact, Certificate and Order, J. F. Goertz (Public Service Com. of Wisconsin) to Distribution, October 17, 1967.d. Letter and Findings of Fact, Certificate and Order, J. F. Goertz (PSC of Wisconsin) to Distribution, February 8, 1968.e. Letter and Findings of Fact, Certificate and Order, J. F. Goertz (PSC of Wisconsin) to WPS and WEP, February 17, 1969.f. Letter, T. G. Frangos (Bureau of Water Resources, Wisconsin Depart-ment of Natural Resources) to N. E. Knutzen (WPS), May 21, 1968.g. Letter, T. G. Frangos (BWR, Wisconsin DNR) to N. E. Knutzen (WPS), May 22, 1968.h. Letter, C. J. Blabaum (Bureau of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Wisconsin DNR) to N. E. Knutzen (WPS), August 29, 1968.i. Letter and Report of Intended (KNPP) Wastes, C. J. Blabaum (Bur. WS& PC, Wisconsin DNR) to N. E. Knutzen (WPS), June 5, 1969.

1-8 i 6. Wisconsin Public Service, "Final Safety Analysis Report -Amendment No. 71 to the Application for Construction Permit and Operating License for Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," January 27, 1971. 1 7. WPS, "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage," January 1971.8. WPS, "Amendment No. 9: JAB-PS-01 and JAB-PS-03 Regarding Earthquake 3 Analysis," May 20, 1971. i 9. WPS, "Amendment No. 10: Questions and Answers," September 15, 1971. 3 10. WPS, "Amendment No. 11: Design Report for the Containment Fan Coil Units -PEP 253," October 20, 1971. 3 11. WPS, "Amendment No. 12: Additional Answers to Questions Transmitted July 7, 1971 and October 23, 1971," November 8, 1971.12. WPS, "Amendment No. 13: Additional Answers to Questions Transmitted i July 7, 1971 and October 23, 1971," December 15, 1971.13. WPS, "Amendment No. 14: KNPP Questions and Answers," January 4, 1972. i 14. Division Of Reactor Licensing, USAEC, "Discussion and Findings Relating to Consideration of Suspension Pending NEPA Environmental Review of the I Provisional Construction Permit for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," November 23, 1971.15. WPS, "Amendment No. 15: Rev. and Additional pages to FSAR; Answers to i Questions Transmitted December 30, 1971; Report NUS-808, Analysis of Kewaunee Meteorological Data," January 28, 1972. i 16. WPS, "Amendment No. 16: Rev. and Additional pages to FSAR; Answers to Questions Transmitted January 22, 1972; Suppl. to Report NUS-808," March 17, 1972.17. WPS, "Amendment No. 17: Revised pages to FSAR; Answers to Questions Transmitted April 24, 1972; Appendix H," May 12, 1972. i 18. WPS, "Amendment No. 18: Revised and Additional pages to FSAR," May 19, 1972. i 19. WPS, "Amendment No. 19: Answers to Informal Questions", June 20, 1972.20. WPS, "Amendment No. 20: Operating and Permanent Shutdown Costs", i July 18, 1972.21. WPS, "Amendment No. 21: "Minor System Modifications", August 31, 1972. 3 i i II-i II. THE SITE The Plant is located in east-central Wisconsin, at the eastern edge of the territory served by the Wisconsin Power Pool, of which the Applicant is one of three member utilities.

The site is on the west-central shore of Lake Michigan, in a predominantly rural area between the lakeside towns of Kewaunee, eight miles to the north, and Two Rivers, thirteen miles to the south. Prior to construction of the Plant, the 908 acres acquired by the Applicant were used solely for farming. Subsequent sections of this chapter describe significant features of the site and its vicinity, including demog-raphy, land use, history, surface and ground waters, climate, geology and interactions of the indigenous biota with the environment.

A. LOCATION OF PLANT Figure II-1 is a map of the land area within approximately 75 miles of the site, showing major roads, population centers and adjacent bodies of water.Circles of 10-mile increments in radius, up to 50 miles, are indicated, centered on the site which is in the Carlton Township of Kewaunee County in the state of Wisconsin.

The largest population center within a 50-mile radius of the site is the city of Green Bay, located approximately 27 miles west-northwest.

The only sizeable community within a 10-mile radius of the site is Kewaunee, which had a population of 2901 in 1970.Figure 11-2 shows the topography within approximately five miles of the Plant site. Except for the crossroads communities of Two Creeks, Tisch Mills and Norman, and the Point Beach Nuclear Power Plant, which is located on a 2065-acre lakefront site 4.5 miles south of the Plant, this region is occupied mainly by farmlands, associated farmsteads and limited regions of forests. Figure 11-3 shows the principal physical features of the site and immediate vicinity.

Access to the Plant is by way of Wisconsin State Highway 42 which approximately bisects the site in a north-south direction.

The site as shown in Figure 11-3 is the property of the WPP except for the highways and a cemetery of 1.13 acres located on State Highway 42 north of the Plant. The cemetery is owned by and will remain in the ownership of the Carlton Township with perpetual care to be provided by it. There are no dwellings or public buildings on the cemetery site.Total acreage owned as Plant site is 907.57 acres. Overall ground surface at the site is gently rolling to flat with elevations varying from 10 to 100 feet above the level of Lake Michigan.

The land surface slopes grad-ually toward the lake from the higher areas west of the site. The major I 11-2 I flay 41, I I I I Area of the Region I Figure II-i: Land II-3 4 Figure 11-2: Topography in the Vicinity of the Plant Site 11-4 U I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Fig. 11-3. Physical Features in the Immediate Vicinity of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant.

11-5 surface drainage is from 3 intermittent creeks which pass through the site and discharge into Lake Michigan.

At the northern and southern edges of the site, bluffs face the Lake Michigan shore; near the center of the site, the land slopes to a sandy beach.Most of the site was under cultivation prior to its acquisition, and almost 800 acres were continued in use in this manner on a lease-back arrangement during Plant construction through the summer of 1971. Of the remaining 110 acres reserved for activities associated with the construction and subsequent operations, only about 40 acres were disturbed in the construction and landfill operations.

Only about 15 acres are being actually used for con-struction (see Figure 111-3).B. REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND AND WATER USE Approximately two-thirds of the area within a 50 mile radius of the Plant is covered by bodies of water. Lake Michigan accounts for the major por-tion, but Green Bay and Lake Winnebago contribute significant parts to the total area of water. While it is realistic to assume that the population in the area is confined to the land, the use of both water and land for the needs of the population is considered here. Decreasing attention is given to zones at increasing distances from the Plant.1. Population

a. Distribution.

The permanent population of the region, as determined by the 1970 census and projected to 2010, is given for successive annuli in Table II-l.Also included are the average densities for each of the annuli. The data in Table II-1 demonstrate clearly the increase in population density with increasing distance from the site, up to 30 miles. Since a large fraction of the area is covered by water, the actual average densities are approx-imately double those indicated for radii up to 20 miles, because of Lake Michigan.

Beyond 20 miles, the factor is greater than two because of the area covered by the waters of Green Bay and Lake Winnebago.

Some repre-sentative values are included in Table II-1.The projected population in the region represents a growth rate of about 20% per decade. The Bureau of the Census[8]

projects an increase in population for the state of Wisconsin ranging from 11.2 to 15.0% for the decade from 1970 to 1980. Values in this range depend upon assumptions made regarding fertility and migration.

The corresponding range for 1980 to 1990 is 10.5 to 16.4%. The growth from 1960 to 1970 was 11.8%. However, TABLE II-1.Population Distribution in the Region Annulus Number of People Average 1970 Density (miles) 1970 Census 2010 Estimate #/square mile #/square mile of land 0-1 8 10 2.6 5 1-2 159 191 16.9 2-3 320 412 20.4 3-4 447 611 20.4 4-5 811 1,197 28.6 10 11,014 21,140 47.1 95 10-20 75,302 104,191 79.8 160 20-30 157,745 405,896 100.2 250 30-40 98,633 225,795 44.8 50 230,192 443,200 81.4 0-5 1,745 2,421 22.3 45 5-50 572,501 1,200,222 73.9 50 574,246 1,202,643 73.2 220 H H M m M M M -------M --M 11-7 the Plant is situated in the general area of the fastest growing portion of the state. The assumed 20% growth rate per decade for the region is based on a continuation of the actual rates for 1960 to 1970. These were 26.5% for Brown County, 24% for Calumet County, 3.7% for Kewaunee County, 9.4% for Manitowoc County, and 20.4% for Winnebago County.Extended areas of high population density in the region exist in the vicin-ity of the major cities. These are as follows: City 1970 Population Location from Plant Green Bay 87,809 27 miles WNW Appleton 57,143 43 miles W Sheboygan 48,484 40 miles SSW Manitowoc 33,180 18 miles SSW Two Rivers 13,437 13 miles S Note that the size of the cities increases with increasing distance from the Plant, except for Green Bay.The only communities in the vicinity of the Plant are Two Creeks (20 people, 3.0 miles SSW), Norman (25 people, 3.9 miles NW) and Tisch Mills (250 people, 4.5 miles WSW). In the 5 to 10 mile annulus around the Plant, there are only four towns. These are Krok (25 people, 8 miles NW), Kewaunee (2901 people, 8 miles N), Mishicot (938 people, 9 miles SW), and Stangelville (100 people, 9 miles WNW).Half of the area within one 'mile of the Plant is occupied by Lake Michigan.Of the remaining 1000 acres, the site accounts for 908 acres. Eight people now reside within one mile, the nearest being 0.8 miles north of the Plant.Transients within the immediate vicinity will include the 60-70 operating personnel at the Plant, visitors at the Plant, agricultural workers on the 800 acres of the site under cultivation, users of the, adjacent lake for recreational purposes, motorists using the highways, and maintenance workers on the highways and at the cemetery.The population of the region is augmented moderately during the summer months by vacationers from major population centers to the south. The most popular recreational areas are in Door County, at distances in excess of 35 miles from the Plant.b. Employment.

Some perspective regarding the nature of the region is provided by a con-sideration of the distribution of employment among various activities.

Such information is given in Table 11-2 for Kewaunee County in which the Plant is located and the nearby counties of Brown and Manitowoc.

TABLE 11-2 Distribution of Employment by Type for Three Counties in General Area of the Plantfl, 9]Brown Co. Kewaunee Co. Manitowoc Co. Total Type # # # #Agriculture 2,791 2,475 3,754 9,020 11 and Forestry Mining 16 12 53 81 \0 Construction 2,161 133 1,713 4,007 5 Manufacturing 16,811 2,308 13,222 32,341 39 Trade 13,639 749 5,236 19,624 24 Transportation 3,466 180 758 4,404 5 and Utilities.Other Services 9,265 622 13066 16 Total 48,149 6,479 27,915 82,543 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M MM 11-9 While agriculture and forestry provide employment for only 11% of the work force in these three counties, they account for the major portion of land use. Hence major attention is given to these activities in the section which follows. Because of its importance to the economic vitality of the region, some information is given for industrial and transportation-related activities, in spite of their limited demand in term of acreage. Data on the construction workers are of interest here primarily in terms of the impact of Plant construction on the region.2. Land and Water Use The land area within a 25-mile radius includes all of Kewaunee County, about one-half of Brown and Manitowoc Counties, and about 5% of Door County.The main counties within 50 miles are Brown (100%), Calumet (100%), Kewaunee (100%), Manitowoc (100%), Door (70%), Outagamie (60%), and She-boygan (50%). Smaller portions of the counties of Marinette, Oconto, Shawano, Winnebago, and Fond du Lac are located at the periphery of the region.The region is predominantly rural. Land use is predominantly agricultural, related principally to livestock, poultry, and products derived therefrom.

Land within five miles of the Plant is devoted exclusively to agriculture, except for the Point Beach Nuclear Power Station.a. Agriculture[2]

Table 11-3 summarizes the agricultural land use of Kewaunee County, in which the Plant is located, and the adjacent counties of Brown and Manitowoc.

Table 11-4 demonstrates the dominance of dairy and animal products in the agricultural economy of these counties.

The principal field crops, in terms of both acreage and income, are corn, oats, and hay.Pertinent data are given in Table 11-5.Forest products.were included in the tabulation of agricultural product sales in Table 11-4. About 15% of the land in the counties of Brown, Kewaunee, and Manitowoc is devoted to forestry.

This is approximately one-third of the statewide average.b. Industry.As mentioned above, the land in the vicinity of the Plant is devoted solely to agricultural use except for the Point Beach Nuclear Power Station which will have a permanent work force of 86 people, a small fraction of the peak of about 1100 people during its construction.

However, there are major industrial and commercial centers in the region. These coincide with the areas of high population described in Section II.B.l.

II-10 TABLE 11-3 Agricultural Land Use Near the Plant in 1969 Area of Area Number Average Farms Percent County (sq. miles) of Farms Acreage (sq. miles) of Total Brown 524 1887 136 400 76.4 Kewaunee 330 1380 139 299 90.7 Manitowoc 590 2274 133 475 80.5 TABLE 11-4 Market Value of All Agricultural Products Sold in 1969 ($1000s)I I I I I I U I I I I I I I I I I I I Livestock, Total Crops, including Poultry and Forest County Value Nursery and Hay Products Products Brown 26,872 2,447 24,385 40 Kewaunee 17,228 1,057 16,066 105 Manitowoc 29,622 2,982 26,587 54 II-li TABLE 11-5 Acres of Principal Field Crops Harvested in 1970 Crop Brown Co. Kewaunee Co. Manitowoc Co.Corn Grain 5,200 3,900 15,000 Silage 30,500 14,300 23,800 Hay Alfalfa 75,000 50,700 84,000 Clover and 8,400 7,200 8,600 Timothy Oats 46,200 37,500 54,500 Total 165,300 113,600 185,900% of Farm Acreage 64.5 61.4 61.4 11-12 I Table 11-6 summarizes the principal employers, as of March 1969[3] within a 20-mile radius of the Plant, other than thePlant itself and the Point Beach Power Station. All except one are manufacturers.

The products indi-cate the diversity of the industrial activities in the general area of the Plant. In addition, there are four dairy plants in Kewaunee County, eleven in Manitowoc County, and 22 processing and bottling plants in Brown County. I The nearest town in which there is any significant industrial activity is Mishicot.Mining activities within the three-county area are limited to quarrying I operations for sand, gravel, lime, crushed and cut limestone, portland cement, and clay for construction purposes.

There are numerous pits and quarries in this *area, but none of significance is located closer than I six miles from the Plant.c. Transportation.

3 Figure II-1 demonstrates the paucity of major highways in the general area of the Plant. State Highway 42, which bisects the Plant site, is heavily travelled, particularly in the summer months, since it is the most direct I route from Milwaukee and Chicago to the popular recreational areas in Door County. Average daily traffic thereon is about 1150 vehicles, but the summer average is about 30% higher. U.S. Highway 141 and State Highway 1471 from the Two Rivers-Manitowoc area to Green Bay also have a high volume of traffic, but their closest point to the Plant is over 9 miles away. An Interstate Highway (#57) between Milwaukee and Green Bay has been auth-orized[4], but its point of closest approach to the Plant is not likely.to be closer than 20 miles away. The long range plan of the Wisconsin State Highway Commission[5]

provides for upgrading of State Highway 42 and U.S. Highway 141 to expressway status by 1990. This is likely to I increase the use of these highways in excess of that expected in connection with normal regional growth.The railroad right-of-ways which bound the general area of the Plant are a I 13-mile roadway from Kewaunee to Casco Junction (Kewaunee, Green Bay, and Western), a 23-mile roadway from Casco Junction to Green Bay (K.G.B. and W.). a 36-mile roadway from Green Bay to Manitowoc (Chicago and Northwesternl and a 6-mile roadway from Manitowoc to Two Rivers (C&NW).[6]

Only freight is moved on these roads, and the nearest tracks are 8 miles from the Plant.The Manitowoc airport, located 15 miles SSW, is the one closest to the I Plant. Austin-Straubel Field, serving Green Bay, is 30 miles WNW. These are the only airports having scheduled, commercial flights within the region. The only other airports within 30 miles are near DePere, WNW of thel site. These are Nicolet (26 miles) and Grove (30 miles).[7]

I I I I

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m --m --m-n m-n-- ---m n ---- i TABLE 11-6 Principal Employers within Twenty Miles of the Plant in 1969 Name Products or Business Employment Kewaunee (8 miles N)Leyse Aluminum Co. Aluminum utensils 200-300 Frank Hamachek Machine Co. Special machinery, castings 100-200 Kewaunee Engineering Co. Steel fabrication, ship repair 300-400 Two Rivers (13 miles S)American Hospital Supply Laboratory furnishings 1500-1600 Corp.Paragon Electric Co., Inc. Time controls, switches 800-900 Manitowoc (18 miles SSW)I-T-E Imperial Hose assemblies 400-500 Mirro Aluminum Co. Cooking utensils, rolling mill 2800-3000 Aluminum Specialty Co. Cooking utensils, aluminum toys 500-600 Manitowoc Engineering Corps. Power cranes, excavators 1000-1200 Manitowoc Shipbuilding, Inc. Shipbuilding, machinery 700-800 Kelvinator Commercial Prod., Freezers, ice machines 300-400 Inc.J. C. Penney Department store 100-200 Algoma(a)

(19 miles NNE)U.S. Plywood-Champion Panels, doors 900-1000 Papers, Inc.Plumbers Woodwork Co. Toilet seats 100-200 Algoma Wood Industries, Inc. Veneer and plywood containers 100-200 1-i H (a) 1970 Population:

4023.

11-14 The principal ports within the region are Kewaunee (8 miles N), Two Rivers (13 miles S), Manitowoc (18 miles SSW), Green Bay (27 miles WNW), Sheboygan (40 miles SSW), and Sturgeon Bay (46 miles NNE). East-west rail traffic flows through Kewaunee because of year-round car ferry service across Lake Michigan, provided to and from Frankfort and Ludington, Michigan.Kewaunee also receives shipments of petroleum products.

The port of Two Rivers receives fuel, and harbors a small fishing fleet. Manitowoc receivesU coal and grain and also is a rail car ferry port for the Ann Arbor railroad to Frankfort and the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad to Ludington.

Green Bay is a large industrial harbor and receives raw materials used by the indus-tries located in the Fox River Valley. It is second only to Milwaukee among Wisconsin's seaway general cargo ports. Sheboygan also handles gen-eral cargo for overseas.

Sturgeon Bay is also a seaway port, principally

• for the shipment of canned fruit. U Petroleum products, natural gas and water are transported by pipeline in the region.[9]

A north-south pipeline for petroleum products and LPG from Milwaukee to Green Bay passes through the area. Its closest point to the Plant is about 25 miles away. Natural gas is distributed by pipeline to Kewaunee and Two Rivers, but these two towns are served by separate , lines. The nearest approach to the Plant is in excess of 5 miles. The water supply for Green Bay, averaging in excess of 16 million gallons per day, is drawn from Lake Michigan at Rostok, 11 miles north of the Plant,, and piped directly west to Green Bay.d. Outdoor Recreation.

Table 11-7 provides a summary[3]

of the current availability of land and water for recreational purposes in the three counties within the general *area of the Plant. Developed land refers to areas which have improvements s for various types of activities such as camping, skiing, snowmobiling, fishing, canoeing, swirmning, hiking, and golfing. While the undeveloped lands are available for some of these activities, and others such as hunt-ing, these areas are essentially in their natural state.The area is deficient in small lakes,, compared with other parts of the state, but, in terms of recreational activities, there are Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and Lake Winnebago nearby. In addition to Lake Michigan, popular fishing spots near the Plant are on 224 acres of state-owned public-fishing grounds along the Kewaunee River nine miles to the north, on 4111 acres of state-owned grounds along Little Scarboro Creek 13 miles NNW, and at Heidmann's Lake County Park 10 miles to the west.I I U I I 11-15 A major recreational area close to the Plant is the Point Beach State Forest. It is located on the lakeshore, 7 miles to the south, and contains 2397 acres. There are no other state parks or forests closer than 25 miles from the Plant. The 19-acre Fort Dauphin State Historical Memorial Park is located 25 miles to the west, and the Potawatomi State Park is 32 miles north, in Door County near Sturgeon Bay.e. Commercial and Sport Fishing in Lake Michigan.The importance of Lake Michigan commercial fishing to the Wisconsin economy is demonstrated by Table 11-8.[12]

Since the introduction of effective measures to control the sea lamprey, attempts to rebuild populations of steelhead, brook trout, lake trout, and salmon by hatchery propagation have been very successful.

Whitefish commercial catches have increased as well.In recent years, the commercial use of salmon for human consumption has declined, not because the fish have been less plentiful, but because their flesh contains levels of DDT which exceed FDA regulations (i.e., more than 5 ppm DDT, which prohibits their sale in interstate commerce).

Commercial fishing in Lake Michigan is permitted outside of one-half mile of harbors, piers, or breakwaters or beyond one-quarter mile of the mouths of navigable streams entering the lake. Annual harvest records vary appreciably due to fluctuations in fishing pressure and sizes of the fish populations, but an average of 1,400,000 pounds is harvested by fishermen based in nearby ports.Fishing pressure is largely determined by fishing success, weather condi-tions, and market values. Variations in year-class abundance determine the availability of the fish populations.

No single age group appears to dominate the commercial harvest of most species. To a large extent, the effort expended by commercial fishermen is influenced by the market value of each species. An added factor in recent years has been competition from the invading alewives, which presently dominate pound-net and trawl catches, but have limited commercial value.[40]

Sport fishing opportunities on Lake Michigan provide recreational outlets to residents and nonresidents in the four-state area bordering the lake.The demand for sport fishing is now large, and an extensive program of lamprey control and fishery management of coho, chinook salmon, steelhead, and lake trout is underway.[10,13]

Introduction of Pacific Northwest salmonids to the waters of Lake Michigan has provided the Midwest fisherman with a new fishery. At the same time there is evidence that rainbow trout, coho and chinook salmon are taking their toll of the nuisance species, alewife. [29]Throughout the entire Great Lakes, most of the 1970 catch of coho salmon (80%), chinook salmon (90%), and steelhead trout (70%) came from Lake Michigan and its tributaries.[14]

Trout and salmon are the most commonly caught sport species, and the shoreline area for about 50 miles to the north and south is considered to be good fishing waters for salmonids.[30,41]

The 1970 creel census for Wisconsin indicated 66,064 trout and salmon 11-16 TABLE 11-7 Land and Water Use for Recreational Purposes in the General Area of the Plant[3]I I I I Brown Co.Kewaunee Co.Manitowoc Co.-_I Designated Recreational Land (Acres)Developed 2,222 Undeveloped 3,088 Total 5,310% of Co. Area 1.6 Acres/1000 people 33.6 351 1,728 2,079 1.0 109.7 1,855 16,560 18,415 4.9 223.8 Named Lakes Number Acreage Shoreline (Miles)1 42 28 9 221 26 55 1,367 33 TABLE 11-8 Comparison of Fish Caught by Wisconsin-Based Fishermen with Total Production of Lake Michigan (thousands of pounds)[121 Year Total Production Wisconsin-Based

% of Total 1960 24,311 14,836 61.0 1962 23,475 1.5,595 66.4 1964 26,201 17,149 65.5 1966 42,764 28,408 66.5 1968 45,810 27,714 60.5 I I I I I I I I I I 11-17 caught by sport fishermen in Lake Michigan.

Sport fishing on Lake Michigan is limited due to lack of suitable fishing grounds off Kewaunee County, and lack of well-spaced access sites. The principal fishery is for yellow perch, however, heavy seas are common and result in very low fishing pres-sure, except at city breakwaters.

A recently established rainbow trout fishery off Algoma has increased fishing pressure somewhat.[40]

Anglers in the area are also attracted by the availability of yellow perch, walleye, small-mouth bass, northern pike, and muskellunge in the nearby lakes and streams.f. Water Supplies.Within the area, Lake Michigan is used as the source of municipal water supply for the cities of Two Rivers, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, and Green Bay (intake at Rostok, 11 miles north of the site). The nearest surface water bodies that are used for public supply, other than Lake Michigan, are the Fox River (43 miles W) and Lake Winnebago (40 miles W).Five municipalities located within 20 miles of the site and virtually all of the rural and village residences draw their water supply from ground water aquifers.

The former are identified in Table 11-9. About half of the domestic water wells located near the site obtain water from the glacial outwash aquifer (see Section II.D.2). The remaining domestic water wells of the area are drilled into the Niagara aquifer.TABLE II-9. Municipal Ground Water Supplies Municipality Location 1970 Population Well Depth (feet)Kewaunee 8 miles N 2901 187-700 Mishicot 9 miles SW 938 80 Denmark 15 miles W 1364 309-456 Luxemburg 16 miles NW 853 431-495 Whitelaw 19 miles SW 557 495 C. HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE Little is known of the people inhabiting Wisconsin in prehistoric times, but there is evidence that people were living in the area during an interval of deglaciation.

11,000 to 12,500 years ago. Jean Nicolet was commissioned by the French government to explore the area west of the Great Lakes, and he visited the Green Bay region as early as 1634. Green Bay was one of the first French settlements in Wisconsin, and there was a flourishing 11-18 I I fur trade in the area. The region was lost to the English during the French and Indian Wars, and nominally lost by them during the American Revolution although the transfer was consummated only after the War of I 1812.Scattered Indian trading posts were established in the 18th century in the region, including one on the Kewaunee River. By 1800 there were still I perhaps only 200 whites in what is now Wisconsin, and less than 15,000 Indians. The region was heavily forested, and significant settlement began in the 1830's, when lumbering was started and the streams were I dammed for water power. The vast forests of pine and larchwood led to shipbuilding.

Farm settlement in the region followed the lumbermen, to-ward the end of the 19th century. Agritulture persists today as the i principal land use.This history of the region is reflected in the places included in the National Register of Historic Places.[15]

These are listed in Table II-10. None of these are in the vicinity of the Plant site. To date only one, the Oconto site where evidence of copper technology about 6000-7000 BC has been found, has been designated as a National Historic i Landmark.

The nearest National Landmark is the Ridges Sanctuary in Door County, about 60 miles NNE of the Plant. [16]There are no documented archeological sites within the site boundaries, i but evidence of Indian habitation has been discovered in the town of Kewaunee and.the Township of Ahnapee (near Algoma). There is an extensive buried forest inthe region. The forest was first filled by rising lake I water, then covered by a glacier about 12,000 years ago. It is now 10 to 40 feet below the ground surface. No evidence of it was discovered during excavation for the Plant, although it is known to underlie the i Point Beach Nuclear Power Station.D. ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES 1. Surface Water a. Land Area.The watersheds and drainage pattern in the general area of the Plant are shown in Figure II-4.[17]

The general easterly slope of bedrock in the area influences surface drainage considerably.

Drainage near the shore of Lake Michigan is provided largely by a number of small creeks. Within the boundaries of the site are three intermittent creeks. A large area to the north of the Plant is drained by the Kewaunee River, and that to I the west and south by the East Twin River system. Both flow to Lake Michigan.I I II-19 TABLE II-10 Locations of Historical Significance in the Plant's Region[1 5]Distance Name Location (miles) Description Baird Law Office Green Bay, Wisc. 27 Built 1836; office of State's practicing attorney Cotton House Green Bay, Wisc. 27 Built early 1840's; example of Jefferson architecture Fort Howard Green Bay, Wisc. 27 Built around 1816 Hospital Hazlewood Green Bay, Wisc. 27 Built around 1835; State's Constitution drafted here Tank Cottage Green Bay, Wisc. 27 Built 1776; oldest existing house in the State Oconto Site Oconto, Wisc. 43 Site of prehistoric copper culture Peshtigo Fire Peshtigo, Wisc. 51 Major fire in 1871 Cemetery 11-20 a Figure 11-4: major Watersheds and Drainage Paths In the Region near the KNPP Sitel 7 II-21 The characteristics of the near-surface soils influence the disposition of rainfall in the area. The glacial drift materials which overlie the rock are predominantly compact soils of high density. They are relatively impermeable and have high water holding capacity.

Because of their clayey nature, only a small fraction of the average annual precipitation of 28 inches seeps into the ground. A majority is evaporated, and the remainder runs off as surface water.The topography of the Plant site virtually eliminates the possibility of flooding.

The ground surface varies from beach level to a maximum of 100 feet above the surface of Lake Michigan, and is gently rolling to flat.The lakeside boundary varies from steep, bluffs at the north and south borders of the site to sandy beaches near the center.b. Lake Area.Lake Michigan has a normal water level of 577.0 feet above the Inter-national Great Lakes Datum.' Its observed maximum range during the past 85 years has been from 581.9 feet in 1886 to 575.4 feet in 1964. Its natural flow is through the Straits of Mackinac into Lake Huron, at a rate from 40,000 to 55,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). At the southern end of the lake, 3200 cfs is diverted into the Chicago Ship and Sanitary Canal. The combined annual flow is equivalent.

to about 1% of the lake's volume.Lake currents are quite variable and, in combination with water temperature

-density effects, result in rather thorough mixing of the waters in the lake.These currents result from a combination of drainage at the northern and southern ends of the lake, motion due to wind, and water temperature

-density effects. Shore currents flow opposite to the directions of' the main currents a portion of the time. Figures 2.3-6 and 2.3-7 of the Appli-cant's revised Environmental Report [30] indicates the variations in the surface currents of the lake with season and wind direction.

Figures 111-6 to 10 of this Statement provide an indication of large local variations in the vicinity, of the Plant.The phenomenon of thermal stratification is a well-known feature of Lake Michigan [18]. In summer the surface water warms up more rapidly than the deeper water and continues to be less dense until it becomes separated from the deeper water by a transitional horizontal stratum called the thermocline.

The upper warm layer of water (the epilimnion)tends to act as a lid on the cooler lower layer (the hypolimnion) and prevents total vertical lake mixing. This separation of the two strata in Lake Michigan starts in late May and persists until November, or occasionally into December, in the southern basin. In the northern basin, summer stratification 11-22 may not begin until late June or early July and likewise may persist into December.

Winds induce vertical motion of the thermocline.

A common occurence during late summer and early fall is cold water up-welling in the lake, caused by off-shore winds near the Plant site. This produces a northward flowing current on the western shore of the lake. Figures II-7 to 10 illustrate how a buoyant thermal plume is transported northward by the flow resulting from cold, up-welling water near shore. The cold water up-wellings and turbulence in the area of the Plant contribute to good mixing of the water and rapid heat exchange and distribution in the near-shore water. Resulting current movements in the lake water near the Plant are such as to promote good general circulation of Plant effluents with little tendency to form pockets of undiluted effluent.I I I I I I A specific aspect of thermally induced heterogeneity is associated with the maximum density of water which occurs at 39.2'F. As surface waters warm in the spring or cool in the winter, they tend to sink as they approach this temperature.

This downward flowing region of 39.2°F water, called the thermal bar, serves to temporarily separate the inshore waters from the mid-lake waters. The inshore waters are warmer in the spring and cooler in the winter. During spring, the shoreward side of the thermal bar develops i a thermocline separating the rapidly warming surface water from deeper, coldf water. Offshore of the thermal bar, vertical mixing extends from the surface to the bottom due to the absence of a thermocline.

The main movement of the thermal bar is away from the shore, until it eventually disappears in mid-laJ The thermal bar lasts for 4 to 8 weeks. The thermal plume shown in Figure 11 i,. typical of those expected in the spring when the more rapidly warming surfa water near shore is kept near shore in geostrophically balanced flows south-n ward along the west shore of Lake Michigan.

I During the summer months, surface water temperatures rise to near equilib-rium for the region, near 70'F. At this time, stratification of surface waters also occurs, stabilized by the incoming solar energy, while lower levels in the lake, below 30-50 feet, remain relatively cold, about 50'F.This combination of factors favors the creation of an offshore warm zone with lower currents generally tending south, while the surface winds cause water movements to the north and east on a variable basis. Inshore tem-peratures are often colder because of up-welling.

I I U The maximum and minimum temperatures, observed [19] in continuous recordings of the water temperature at two levels below the lake surface at a point 2000 feet offshore from the Plant between August 5 and October 14, 1969, were as follows: .I Minimum 8 ft 16 ft Maximum 8 ft 16 ft 69 0 F 69.°F August September October 48 0 F 49 44 47 0 F 49 43 66 59 66 59 I I I I 11-23 The data show a 200 temperature difference between maximum and minimum temperatures.

Generally, any increase or decrease was gradual over a few days time. However, there were two times at which there were more rapid temperature changes: between August 26 and August 30 the temperature dropped from 690 to 50OF and increased back to 65°F, and a similar pattern of temperature change occurred from September 14 to September 18.Climatic heating and cooling in the spring and fall are largely responsible for the differences in the maximum and minimum temperatures.

Inflow of tributary waters also contributes to this effect. However, the shallow waters near shore are particularly susceptible to a more rapid temperature change. During the summer, the minimum temperatures are largely due to cold water up-wellings.

During the winter, the water temperature is near its freezing point, and the lake is nearly isothermal.

As a result of extremes in climate, shoreline water temperature conditions are highly variable and the continuing erosion of the near-shore lake bottom produces a relatively high turbidity up to a half-mile offshore.

During the winter, the lake surface is covered with floating block ice which is moved by the wind. Pack ice, in the form of frozen spray and ice blocks, has been reported by local residents to have been as high as 20 feet.A preoperational sampling program is being conducted by the Applicant to evaluate the quality of the lake water near the Plant. An analyis of recent samples provided the following results, in milligrams per liter (mg/l): Alkalinity (as CaCO 3)Biological Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Dissolved Oxygen Total Solids Total Dissolved Solids Total Suspended Solids Total Volatile Solids Ammonia (as N)Kjeldahl Nitrogen Nitrate (as N)Total Phosphorus (as P)Hardness (as CaCO 3)Sulfate Chloride Boron Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Surfactants (MBAS)Algicides 108 1<5 12 153 138 15 40<0.04 0.02 1.16 0.71 135 27.6 9 0.64 37.3 12 1.25 5 0.01 Not Present 11-24 I The samples were obtained at the forebay and consisted of 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> composite I grab samples taken every hour on December 8 and 9, 1971. During this period, one of the two circulating water pumps was operating at 210,000 gallons per minute (gpm). The average intake temperature for this period was 36.5'F and the average pH was 7.9.2. Ground Water The region is entirely within an area having rocks of paleozoic age covered by glacial deposits.

The three principal water-bearing formations which underlie the region are a glacial outwash aquifer, a Niagara dolomite aquifer and a deep sandstone aquifer. Figure 11-5 illustrates graphically the bedrock and aquifers in eastern Wisconsin

[20].Glacial drift in this area consists of clay soils interbedded with irregular outwash (sand and gravel) aquifers.

The most persistent aquifer is located at the base of the glacial drift section and directly overlies the Niagara, dolomite.

This aquifer is not continuous at the Plant site.The Niagara. dolomite is the upper-most bedrock formation along the Lake Michigan coastline in eastern Wisconsin.

The Niagara aquifer is re-charged by water percolating through the overlying glacial drift and by more direct infiltration of surface runoff in the areas of higher elevation to the west where the infiltration path is shorter.Several formations of a sandstone aquifer, with some interbedded shale and dolomite underlie the entire southeastern portion of the state of Wisconsin.

The Cambrian sandstones exist between depths of about 1200 and 1700 feet below the surface of the site. They are separated from the Niagara dolomite by about 800 feet of impermeable shale and dolomite strata. The sandstone aquifer is the most heavily pumped aquifer in the state. How- lever, in some places near Lake Michigan, in counties north of Milwaukee., it provides saline water. This situation exists in the general area of the Plant site.Observation of water levels in the preliminary borings at the site indi-cated that the static ground water level inland from the lake is at depths ranging from 10 to 30 feet below the ground surface. The water table at the site slopes in the general direction of Lake Michigan (east), indicating a migration of ground water in that direction.

The water from the aquifers in the area near the Plant is quite hard (several hundred ppm). The mineral content for onsite surface wells is 840 ppm.These exceed appreciably the values for Lake Michigan water which is in a *110-140 ppm range. The use of these aquifers as a source of potable water was discussed in Section II.B.2.f.I I I M M M -M --.-. M- M m M M M M AQUIFERS OF EASTERN WISCONSIN GEOLOGY OF BEDROCK GRAPHIC ROCK UNIT WISCONSIN LOG DOLOMITE SILURIAN 1. _________

AQUIFER Co.-f PENNSYLVANIAN Shale, etc.DEVONIAN Dolomite= SILURIAN Dolomite ORDOVICIAN j Maquoketa Galena -Platteville Dolomite[ St. Peter Sandstone Prairie du Chien Dolomite E CAMBRIAN Sandstone and dolomite r7 PRECAMBRIAN Crystalline rocks SCALE OF MILES 0 0 20 50 .0 fl...i MAUOUKETA GALENA-PLATTEVILLE ST. PETER PRAIRIE DU CHIEN TREIAIIxEALJ FRANCONIA GALESVILLE EAU CLAIRE MIT. SMON AQUICLUDE SANDSTONE AQUIFER Ln a: Figure 11-5: Aquifiers and Bedrock Geology in Eastern Wisconsin 2 0 I 11-261 3. Meteorology The climate of the region is basically continental and influenced by the general storms which move eastward along the northern tier of the United i States and by those which move northeastward from the southwestern part of the country to the Great Lakes. The climate is modified by Lake Michigan, so that the site temperature extremes are less pronounced than inland.a. Temperature and Precipitation.

From 40 years of U.S. Weather Bureau data (1930-1969) at Kewaunee and Manitowoc, Wisconsin, summer temperatures are expected to exceed 90'F for 6 days each year on the average. Freezing temperatures occur for an average of 147 days per year, with a mean of 14 days below zero each year. Rainfall averages about 28 inches per year, with 55% falling in the months of May through September.

Maximum rainfall during 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> I was about 6 inches in September 1964. The specific data for the nearest weather stations are as follows: Kewaunee Two Rivers Manitowoc Average Annual Precipitation 26.53 28.65 28.39 (Inches)Maximum Annual Precipitation 34.99 41.17 46.43 (Inches) I Maximum 24-Hour Rainfall (Inches) 4.92 N. A. 6.39 Snowfall averages about 45 inches per year, with a maximum of 15 inches in 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> observed in January, 1947. Ice storms are infrequent in this region of Wisconsin.

The Applicant has a number of transmission lines in this area, one of which is a line from Green Bay to Kewaunee to Sturgeon Bay. Six .outages due to ice storms have occurred on this line between 1940 and 1956, ranging in duration from.22 minutes to 2.5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br />. Since rebuilding the line with improved conductors in 1956, only one outage has f occurred due to ice storms.b. Wind i. Direction.

A meteorological facility was placed in operation at the Plant site in August 1968. The seasonal and annual distributions of wind direction, measured at the top of a 180-foot tower located 630 feet south of the containment structure, are displayed in Figure 11-6. I M M M m---- --M M M -Mm M M -- --M 1-4 H I.Fig. 11-6. Average Wind Roses Observed at the KNPP Site, and Comparison with Annual Rose at Milwaukee.

11-28 Local winds occur mainly from the western (1800 through 3600) half of the compass (74.26%) annually.

The distribution is quite similar to data ,I obtained at the Point Beach Station [21]. There appear to be no signif- U icant channeling effects or predominant directions although there is a low frequency of easterly component winds. Easterly winds, usually associated with local onshore winds at this site, flow against the large-scale gradient flow and consequently are diminished in frequency of occurrence and speed.Seasonally, there are some variations in the distribution of wind directions.*

Spring is characterized by a maximum occurrence of north-northeast and northeast winds. Winds predominate from the southwest quadrant (48.69%)during the summer season. Autumn reflects a change from a summer southerly flow to a winter northerly one with 57.38% of the winds occurring between south and west-northwest.

The majority of winds (60.01%) occurs in the northwest quadrant during the winter.TABLE II-11.Wind Distribution Observed at the Kewaunee Site, in %Onshore Offshore (NNE-S) (SSW-N) Calm Spring 49.15 49.57 1.28 Summer 40.56 58.39 1.05 Autumn 34.47 64.48 1.05 Winter 20.36 78.79 0.85 Annual 36.14 62.81 1.02 Table II-11 presents the distribution of onshore and offshore winds. It is significant to note that offshore winds (blowing toward Lake Michigan)occur over 60% of the time annually.

Onshore winds occu~r most frequently during the spring and summer. The maximum occurrence of offshore winds is during the autumn and-winter.

Due to the temperature lag of Lake Mich land temperatures are warmer than the lake during spring and summer and colder during autumn and winter. During spring and summer, a circulation results when air is heated from below by the land, rises, and is replaced by air over the lake flowing toward the land. A reversal occurs during the autumn and winter; air ascends over the warmer lake surface and is replaced by air flowing from the land. An offshore lake-breeze.wind can occur nocturnally during the summer but is usually quite weak. Onshore lake-breezes normally only penetrate a few miles inland.I I I I iga igI i i 1 i 11-29 ii. Persistence.

Wind direction persistence is a measure of the tendency of the winds to blow from a specific direction for a continuing period of time. Figure 11-7 shows the probability of occurrence, based on site data, of wind flow persistence in a 22-1/2* direction range, greater than a time period "t". There is only a 5% chance of continuous persistence periods greater than 11 hours1.273148e-4 days <br />0.00306 hours <br />1.818783e-5 weeks <br />4.1855e-6 months <br /> and only a 1% chance of periods greater than 18 hours2.083333e-4 days <br />0.005 hours <br />2.97619e-5 weeks <br />6.849e-6 months <br />.The maximum persistence episodes recorded during nineteen months of Kewaunee site data from August 1968 through February 1970 were 25 hours2.893519e-4 days <br />0.00694 hours <br />4.133598e-5 weeks <br />9.5125e-6 months <br /> occurring in February and again in October. The variance of the azimuthal wind direction angle was low during the two periods, but was compensated for by high average wind speeds of 16.0 and 19.4 mph, respectively.

In general, persistence periods at the site are associated with quite high winds and relatively low lateral wind direction fluctuation.

iii. Speed.The seasonal and annual wind speed averages, based on data for the Kewaunee Plant site, are: Average Wind Speed (mph)Spring Summer Autumn Winter Annual 9.2 10.9 14.7 15.4 12.6 The 12.6-mph annual average wind speed at the Kewaunee site is significantly greater than the 6.0-mph Milwaukee annual average. This can be attributed to the higher elevation of the site wind instrumentation (180') compared to the low-level sensors at Milwaukee, and also to the more exposed location of the Kewaunee site, being adjacent to Lake Michigan on one side and sur-rounded on the other sides by relatively smooth, unforested rural terrain., Therefore, low-level wind speed at Kewaunee site would be greater than the low-level Milwaukee value, but somewhat less than the reported 180-ft value.iv. Extreme Conditions.

Extreme winds at the 30-foot elevation are not expected to exceed 54 mph with .a recurrence interval of once in 2:years, and 90,mph with a 100-year recurrence interval [22].

30 20 -__7I- _w 10 -A 0 9 --,' 8 LU a.4 .0 4-0 95 90 80 70 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 0.5 0.05 0.01 PROBABILITY/YR, OF DIRECTION PERSISTENCE

> t Fig. Ii-7. Wind Direction Persistence at the KNPP Site.---------------

11-31 Wisconsin lies to the northeast of the principal tornado belt in the United States. During the 10-year period, 1960-1969, one hundred sixty-one tornadoes were reported in the State. Only six of these tornadoes occurred in Brown, Door, Kewaunee, or Manitowoc Counties.

During the period 1916-1969, only one tornadocaused injury to people or major pro-perty damage within these four counties.

Approximately six tornadoes occurred in the Green Bay-Kewaunee area on April 22, 1970. Damages were estimated at approximately

$500,000 and 4 or 5 people were injured.4. Geology Geological features related to ground water in the region have already been considered in Section II.D.2. The descriptive material on the general geological characteristics of the region and the Plant site, and the seismic activity of the area is based on investigations

[24,25] under-taken for-the Applicant to determine the adequacy of the site for location of a nuclear power plant there.a. Regional Geology.In the site area and elsewhere in the State, the Precambrian rocks are overlain by Paleozoic sedimentary strata consisting primarily of dolomite, sandstone and shale. Younger formations originally present in the region have been removed by erosion.The bedrock surface in the eastern Wisconsin region is covered by a thick mantle of glacial overburden, formed when most of Wisconsin and adjacent areas were subjected to repeated glaciation during the Pleistocene epoch.The advancing glaciers scoured major stream valleys, enlarged the large depressions now occupied by the Great Lakes, and deposited a thick mantle of glacial- drift over the bedrock surface. Recent sediments.deposited by streams and lakes added to the unconsolidated cover in local areas, particularly along the Lake Michigan shore.b. Local Features.The site occupies an area of rolling farm land which is bordered on the east by flat beaches adjoining Lake Michigan.

Maximum relief between the rolling terrain and the flat beaches is on the order of 100 feet.Ground surface elevations on the site range from 590 to 700 feet (Inter-national Great Lakes Datum). The rolling topography at the site represents 11-32 part of a glacial end moraine deposited along the Lake Michigan shoreline I during the most recent period of glaciation.

Coastline recession along Lake Michigan is a major environmental charac- 3 teristic affecting the site. The rate of coastline recession is a function of the water level of the lake, storm conditions, waveaction and the amount of ground water seepage along the face of the bluffs. Observations made over a period of time indicate that the rate of recession at various points along the Wisconsin shoreline ranges up to 12 feet per year.The shoreline along most of the site is. characterized by steep, unstable U bluffs. A short stretch of coastline with moderately flat, stable slopes near the center of the site is protected from active erosion by a promontory extending into the lake. It is conceivable that the promontory_

could be removed by erosion within the lifetime of the Plant, thus exposing the low terrain on the north side of the promontory to increased erosion.Measures to protect this area from excessive shoreline erosion are feasible.Due to currents and wave action, considerable quantities of sediments have accumulated against many of the existing offshore facilities along the Wisconsin coastline, such as wharfs, piers, andbreakwaters.

This is I usually accompanied by increased erosion on the down-current side of such obstructions.

Intake and discharge structures for the Plant will require protection from sedimentation.

3 Test borings to investigate subsurface conditions at the site revealed that the glacial drift overlying the bedrock consists essentially of an upper layer of glacial till underlain by glacial lacustrine deposits.

I The glacial soils consist essentially of stiff to hard silty clay which contains variable amounts of sand, gravel, and seams of sand and silt.The upper layer of till contains layers and pockets of sandy soil, and I also contains traces or pockets of buried forest growth and peat beds.Discontinuous deposits of glacial outwash, sand, and gravel were en-countered immediately above the bedrock at several locations within the site. The glacial drift was found to range from approximately 60 to 150 feet in thickness.

The bedrock immediately underlying the site consists of moderately fractured Niagara dolomite.

This formation is 350 to 600 feet thick and has a regional dip to the east of about 30 feet per mile. The lower bedrock formations-consist predominantly of sandstone and dolomite I with subordinate layers of shale. Precambrian basement rock is encountered at a depth of more than 1000 feet below sea level in this part of Wisconsin.

The general site geology is further depicted in Figure 1I-8.I I I

-- -as EASTl WEST L44 dij CLAYEY SOILS -GLACIAL TILL AND GLACIAL LAKE DEPOSITS 640 -SAND AND GRAVEL- GLACIAL OUTWASH NIAGARA DOLOMITE -350 TO 600 FEET THICK H4 H DIP ABOUT 30 FEET PER MILE RICHMOND SHALE GALENA DOLOMITE ST. PETER SANDSTONE PRAIRE DU CHIEN DOLOMITE CAMBRIAN SANDSTONE PRECAMBRIAN GRANITE,GNEISS, SCHIST AND VOLCANICS oRtZOMTAL sCALE: I INC= AppROXMATELY I/,z MILE VERTICAL SCALE vARIABLE AND 'I"GHLY EXAGGERATED SSCALE: AD G _,Gefnera1Lize&

GeOlogic Cross SectiOn tX0oU S.the center of the KNPP Site 11-34 C. Seismic Activity-The first earthquake with an epicenter known to be in Wisconsin was a mild shock recorded in 1931 near Madison. Since that time, five additional shocks have occurred with known epicenters in Wisconsin.

The largest of these shocks, on May 6, 1947, had its origin in south-east Wisconsin near Milwaukee, and was felt from the Illinois border northward to Sheboygan, Wisconsin and approximately 25 miles inlandI from Lake Michigan.

Its maximum intensity was V on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale ("felt by nearly everyone; some very slight damage").i No shock is known with an epicenter within a distance of 50 miles of the site and only nine earthquakes have been recorded within 150 miles.Most earthquakes in the general region occur in a limited area between the Wisconsin Arch and Kankakee Arch approximately 100 miles or more south to southwest of the site. There is no evidence to link these earthquakes to geologic structures near the site. No major earthquakeI has been experienced in the region, and the available history indicates a low regional seismicity

[26]. Even these 150-mile events had epicentral intensities of V or less and it is doubtful that they wereI felt at the site. The one exception to this is the. May 26, 1909 earthquake that had an epicentral intensity of VII ("everybody runs outdoors; considerable damage to poorly built structures")

south of Beloit, Wisconsin and along the Illinois-Wisconsin border. At Kewaunee, Wisconsin, an intensity of III ("vibration like passing of-truck")

was reported.5. Soils The Kewaunee site is located in the reddish clay loam region, one of nine general soils regions into which Wisconsin has been divided from an agri-cultural viewpoint

[27]. The clays in this system usually have high shrink-swell properties.

The predominant soil types within the site are Kewaunee silt loam and Manawa loam [28]. The Kewaunee loam is generally a light-colored, well-drained, clayey silt topsoil over a reddish brown silt to clay subsoil with an underlying calcareous clayey till at depths *of 20 to 40 inches. These relatively impermeable soils have potentially high water-holding capacity.The production use of this type soil is medium to high for woodland, and f slight for pasture because of erosion. The Manawa loam is a poorly drained,t dark silt loam topsoil over a dark brown to reddish brown silt to clay sub-soil underlain with clayey till at depths of 20 to 40 inches. The rating 11-35 for cropland of such soils is moderate, slight for pastures, medium to high for hardwoods, and low to medium. for pines.E. ECOLOGY OF SITE AND ENVIRONS.1. Terrestrial The ecology of the Plant site has been altered by past utilization for agriculture.

At present, it represents a mixture of plant and animal communities which can be divided into four major habitats:

agricultural fields; tree groves; lake and stream-side vegetation; and ornamental grasses and shrubs.The terrain of this land is slightly rolling. It has been used in the past for pasturing dairy cattle, and for raising silage and grains. Crops grown in the regions near the site are corn, oats, barley, hay, green peas, potatoes, and wheat. Dairy products still remain by far the largest source of farm income. Within a radius of two miles from the Plant, there are 650 milk cows and a few beef cattle. Woodland areas occur in the form of scattered groves of trees along a creek (about 17 acres) located approx-imately 3/4 mile north of the Plant location, and in a woodlot of 13 acres about 1/2 mile south of the Plant. On the Point Beach property south of the Kewaunee Site, there are two woodlots of 66.and 23 acres in size [29].About 15 percent of the land in Kewaunee, Manitowoc, and Brown Counties is forest. The nearest forest, other than the smaller areas mentioned, is Point Beach State Park, located between 8 and 11 miles south of the Plant along the Lake Michigan shore [291. Plant species found in this forest area are listed in Appendix C, Table C-l [3, 47]. Wooded areas on and near the Kewaunee Site are typically composed of bushes and trees including oak, birch, poplar, beech, and pine (see Table C-2). These wooded areas and the surrounding mosaic of other habitats, including the grassy edges of fields and roads, have a great variety of fauna, and afford some food and cover for all sizes of mammals. A variety of nesting sites for birds is also provided.

The composition of the forest species indicates that the wooded areas are in a relatively static climax and that little suc-cession will take place anywhere other than at the edges. It is the intention of the Applicant to continue to lease the fields outside of the industrial complex for agricultural use. Most of the mammals mentioned, with the exception of those adapted to arboreal living, use the agricultural fields to varying degrees for food and cover. Some ground-nesting birds such as the meadowlark live in the fields, and small mammals occupy those areas which are not regularly plowed. The fields, which occupy the greatest area, probably have the least numbers of species as well as individual animals on the site.

11-36 TABLE 11-12.Mammalian Species Known to Occur on the Plant Site and Their Relative Abundance

[29-31]Species Abundance a Species Abundancea Shrews Rare Deer Rare Mice Present Raccoon Present Wolves Rare Fox (red and grey) Present Cotton-tail Rabbit Present Chipmunks Present Squirrel (tree) Present Muskrats Present Squirrel (ground) Present a Abundance increases in the following order: Rare, Present, Common, and Abundant.The mammalian species listed in Table II-i2 are known to occur in the area, and a quantitative estimate of their abundance has been made [29-31]. One public hunting ground in Kewaunee County is in the township of West Kewaunee, about 10 miles north of the site, and a second is in the southwest corner of Casco Township, 13 miles north-northwest of the site [1,17]. The pre-dominant game species are cotton-tail rabbit, Hungarian partridge, and pheasant.

The Kewaunee County uplands also provide ruffed grouse and woodcock for hunters. Deer generally confine themselves to the wooded wetlands, such as Black Ash Swamp and Lipsky's Swamp. Bow hunting for deer is popular in these areas. Migratory waterfowl utilize aquatic and terrestrial habitats within the vicinity of the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant, and migratory waterfowl are hunted off the shores of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Plant site. When the water level of Lake Michigan is low, exposed sand bars in the vicinity of the site attract several hundred geese (snow, blue, and Canadian).

Also, the agricultural lands adjacent to Lake Michigan attract migratory geese for resting and feeding. However, nesting ducks are seldom found on site because of the lack of suitable habitat. Waterfowl hunting is somewhat dependent upon weather conditions.

Rough water on Lake Michigan will drive birds inland to the small lakes.The high shoreline on Lake Michigan (generally 30-50 feet above water level) provides excellent vantage points for observing waterfowl, gulls, I I I II I I I II II IT-37 and shorebirds, which are common along the lakeshore.

Goldeneve, mergansers, old-squaw, and bufflehead are common winter residents and move up and down the coast [17]. Birds characteristic of the Kewaunee region are listed in Table C-3.Little information is available for sport value of wildlife in this region. Land fowl and waterfowl (game birds) are known to be sea-sonably abundant.

The 1971 buck deer kill was 186 animals in Kewaunee County. Conversations with the game department indicate that the economic value of deer and other game along the lake is not high compared to other parts of the state.2. Inland Waters There are approximately 9000 acres of wetland in Kewaunee County, most of which are in small wooded swamp pockets, or marshy river flood plains.The marshy valley of the Ahnapee River is an example of the latter. There are about 4.3 acres of good waterfowl breeding habitat per square mile of land in Kewaunee County. Constituting this figure are the normally inter-mittent shallow marshes with less ,than one foot of water, and the deep marshes with one to three feet of water. Some of the smaller lakes may fall into the latter category in a wetlands classification.

Wetlands totalling 1105 acres adjoin six of the lakes. Largest are the wooded wetland of the Red River Swamp area and the wooded wetlands bordering the northern end of Shea Lake. There are several other major wetland pockets not associated with lakes, notably Black Ash Swamp north of Algoma, and Lipsky's Swamp south of Little Scarboro Creek. Nearly all wetlands have some association with streams, with the exception of a few isolated pockets. In all, about 5600 acres border the streams in this county [17].The Wisconsin Conservation Department presently owns 334 acres of which most is wetland in a game project near the mouth of the Kewaunee River, and 432 acres with possibly some wetlands in a fish project on Little Scarboro Creek [17].Some biotic communities are restricted to the small streams and chronically damp areas on the site. The plants present are adapted to wet conditions and few of them grow anywhere else on the site where water is not readily available.

Weeds found in these and other areas of the Kewaunee region are listed in Table C-4. Many birds and mammals visit these.communities to obtain succulent vegetation when other plants begin to dry up, and many 11-38 come to obtain water. Muskrats are restricted to this type of community, although they do wander far from water to obtain food. A number of reptiles and amphibians are also' found in the general Kewaunee region (see Table 11-13).A variety of fish (see Table 11-14) is caught by sport fishermen along the Kewaunee County shore of Lake Michigan and on several small inland I lakes in the site vicinity [17,32]. Largemouth bass and panfish make up the most common fishery; however, there are two lakes which support trout and two lakes with muskellunge (only one of which is considered as a fishery).

Noteworthy fishing lakes are Heidmann Lake, with northern pike, largemouth bass, and panfishes; Krohns Lake, with trout, large-mouth bass, and panfishes; Shea Lake, with northern pike, largemouth bass, and panfishes; and West Alaska Lake, with trout, largemouth bass, I and panfishes.

East Alaska Lake has a desirable fishery for muskellunge., walleyes, largemouth bass, and panfishes.

Management programs have enhanced some of these fisheries.

The abundance of small, slow growing fish is listed as a major use problem in two of the 15 inland lakes (Engledinger with yellow perch, Shea with bullheads and crappies).

This is a common problem for small lakes, which have more than adequate spawning areas, and are able to exceed forage requirements of prey species. The causes of stunting are not fully under-stood but generally are combinations of lack of sufficient food, and physiological responses induced by crowding [17]. Corrective therapy is generally drastic,.involving either partial or total elimination of the fish population and reintroduction of desired species. Attempts to increasel fishing pressure and thereby improve the size of the individual fishes have been unsuccessful.

Heavy stocking with predators also has had limited success.There are nine streams which support trout for at least part of the year.These make a total of approximately 23 stream miles. There is some natural reproduction in 4 miles of four streams which have brook trout popula-tions [17].Recent efforts to establish rainbow trout in streams tributary to Lake Michigan accounts for the classification of Stony Creek and Three Mile Creek as trout water. Public lands associated with one of these streams (Little Scarboro Creek) assures its availability for the future. Seasonal *fluctuations in flow threaten the trout fishery in seven streams. Pollutiono threatens the trout fishery in one stream. -An experimental program to establish rainbow trout in streams tributary to Lake Michigan may bring added interest in Stony Creek and Three Mile Creek, and the mouths of the Ahnapee and Kewaunee Rivers.I I I I1-39 TABLE 11-13.List of Reptiles and Amphibians in the General Kewaunee Region a Common snapping turtle Western & Midland painted turtle Blanding's Turtle Five-lined skink Northern red-bellied snake Northern water snake Eastern garter snake Eastern hognose snake Northern ringneck snake Eastern smooth green snake Bullsnake Western fox snake Eastern milk snake Lake Winnebago mudpuppy Central newt Blue-spotted salamander Jefferson salamander Spotted salamander

'Eastern tiger salamander Red-backed salamander Four-toed salamander American toad Northern spring peeper Eastern gray tree frog Western chorus frog Pickeral frog Northern leopard frog Green frog.Wood frog Bullfrog a Taken from ranges indicated in "A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern North America," 1968, by Roger Connant.TABLE 11-14.Fishes in Kewaunee County Lakes [17]Fish Species Muskellunge Black Crappie Bullhead (spp.)Northern Pike White Crappie Carp Walleye Rock Bass White Sucker Yellow Perch Pumpkinseed Northern Redhorse Largemouth Bass Wa'mouth Lake Chubsucker Smallmouth Bass Green Sunfish Golden Shiner Bluegill Channel Catfish Trout (spp.)

11-40 There are no streams classified as good smallmouth bass waters in Kewaunee County. The intermittent and highly variable flow in nearly all county streams seriously impedes fishery management.

Poor land management practices such as cutting forests and wood lots, stream channel straight-ening, stream bank pasturing, and row crop farming on steep slopes are just a few of the causative agents. As the rate of runoff is accelerated, stream-stability diminishes until a situation exists where flood waters scour stream beds at times and at other times dry beds are all that remain.Newer farming practices, such as dry lot feeding, farm woodlot management, and contouring of row *crops may stem the runoff rate and have a stabilizing effect on stream flow.Both the Ahnapee River and the Kewaunee River, near their mouths, have significant runs of northern pike in spring. Smelt and suckers are dipped from these streams during the spring spawning runs. This is also true of the Red River, which for most of the year is intermittent

[17].During construction of the Plant, some parts of the site were altered to make room for the buildings and to provide a spoil bank for excess cut and fill dirt. In the areas adjacent to the Plant, thes'e disturbed sites have been planted with ornamental grasses and shrubs which will help. stabilize the spoils and enhance the aesthetics of the Plant surroundings.

Native grasses and forbs have also invaded some of the spoil banks. The communities of ornamental plants will provide little, if any, cover for indigenous plants and animals, but they may be a source of food. As long as the grounds crews maintain these areas there will be no natural succession.

The Department of Natural Resources is preparing a report of rare and.endangered species in Wisconsin.

Based on contacts with regional and state biologists of the Department, *there are no known rare or endangered species of birds or mammals on-site, although osprey and the American bald eagle are known to be in the region.Several species of the endangered ciscoes or chubs potentially could be present at times along the shore of Lake Michigan near the Plant, but these species have not been recovered in samples of 3,000 fish taken from the area in 1971 [46].3. Lake Michigan a. General.Lake Michigan is the second largest of the Great Lakes with an area of about 23,000 square miles and a shoreline exceeding 1600 miles [33,34].Water levels are highest in summer and lowest in late winter and early II-41 c:>ring. The surface of the lake lies an average 577 feet above mean sea lcvel. Maximum depth is 923 feet; mean depth is 276 feet. The shore-line extends over a four-state area of Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and M1i~' c an.In the area of the Kewaunee Plant, the lake is characterized by a shallow, gently sloping bottom. Fifteen-hundred feet offshore at the water intake site, water depthis only 15 feet. At a distance of 6000 feet offshore water depth averages about 30 feet. The bottom sediments in the site region primarily consist of hard red clay an overlay of fine to medium sand.There is heavy erosion of the shorei'ine in the general area. of the site, and as a consequence there is little to no emergent vegetation along the shore and lake bottom [301.Lake current patterns differ in the near-shore areas from the stronger currents which occur generally beyond the 30 foot depth contour. These near-shore current patterns are variable and, though not well defined, are the subject of continuing studies.Seasonal water temperatures in the near-shore area range from near freezinc in winter to 70'F in late August and September.

Although a general warmi;>trend occurs during summer, large fluctuations in water temperature occur within a period of a few days. These fluctuations are due to cold water up-wellings resulting when warmer surface waters are blown offshore.

In general, the inshore areas (to a depth of about 30 feet) have greater temperature changes during the summer and early fall than do offshore areas. Good mixing in the near-shore areas is indicated by similar temperatures at different depths [19,30].b. Plankton.Planktonic organisms are those small organisms that remain suspended in the water and that move with water currents.

These are normally micro-scopic or quite small and include bacteria, algae, protozoans, rotifers, larvae, and small crustaceans.

For the purpose of this analysis., small organisms that represent the early stages of fish life (eggs, sac fry)are also considered as part of the plankton community

[341.(1) Phytoplankton.

The base of the Lake Michigan food chains is almost exclusively composed of phytoplankton (Figure 11-9), a characteristic of large and deep lakes.Diatoms predominate, comprising 50 to 80 percent of the total. Taking the

'A Algae Phytoplankton Per i phyton 2 Filte/Yeeders Clams Insects Alewife Zooplankton Cyclops Bosminia Diaptomus Chubs HNauplius Smelt SalImon Trophic level. Trout Superscripts denote Perch trophic position Fig. 11-9. Aquatic Food Web [30]m- -----m ----m ----

11-43 lake in its entirety, the predominate diatom species are Asterioneila, Cyclotella, Fragilaria, Melosira, Syndera, and Tabellarii.

Comparison of data gathered in various phytoplankton studies dating back to 1872 shows that the diatom species that prevailed years ago are still present and abundant [48, 49, 51]. In the entire lake, with the exception of Green Bay and various localized inshore areas which have become more eutrophic, there apparently have been only slight changes in the quality of the aquatic environment

[29, 30, 40].The inshore waters of Lake Michigan are characterized by greater diatom populations and different species composition in diatom communities than offshore waters. A change in species composition at the primary trophic level serves as an index of altered environmental quality, e.g., eutrophi-cation. Total diatoms were more abundant and variable near shore, re-flecting nutrient enrichment from land runoff and waste effluents.[37,40]

On the other hand, the average values for diatom numbers and species com-position in offshore waters were close and comparable from year to year. [40]Concentrations of diatoms, green algae, and blue-green algae naturally increase seasonally during the spring and summer months as the lake water warms [40, 45]. When they occur, the pattern of algal blooms varies with locations about the lake. Certain portions of the lake experience two blooms, one in the spring and one in the fall, while other sections pro-duce only one bloom [29, 52]. Data gathered at the Chicago water intakes over the past thirty-three years shows an increase of 13 plankton organisms per milliliter per year. This can be interpreted as indicative of eitrophication.

One hundred and four species of phytoplankton including 24 nondiatom species have been identified in the Kewaunee area using the Millipore filter and Lackey scan techniques.

These [38,39,46]

are listed in Appendix C, Table C-5. Of the species and varieties found at Kewaunee, Fragilaria pinnata was among the most abundant.

Other plentiful specie,,*in the Kewaunee Plant area are as follows [38]: Fragilaria crotonensis, Stephanodiscus hantzschii-tenuis, Synedra acus, Tabellaria flocculosa, Diatoma tenue var; elongatum, and Coelosphaerium naegelianum.

Blue-green algae were the second most abundant group (after the diatoms), representing an average of 2% of the phytoplankton in May, 10% in August and 20% in November 1971. [38] The higher percentages during August and November were due to an increase by a single species at the surface of the offshore station, Coelosphaerium naegelianum.

(2) Bacteria.Coliform bacteria are organisms present normally in the digestive tract of human and other vertebrates, and may thus be introduced into Lake Michigan via feces and raw sewage. The communities of Algoma, Casco, Kewaunee, and Luxemburg have public sewerage and discharge treated waste waters. Receiving strcams are the Ahnapc.-, River,, Casco Creek, 11-44 U Kewaunee River, and Luxemburg Creek. Nearly the entire flow of Luxemburg Creek consists of treated effluent.

The smaller villages lack public sewerage and must rely on private single family disposal means.The principal industrial waste sources of importance to stream pollution are dairy plants. The East Twin River, Kewaunee River, Luxemburg Creek, 'Rio Creek, Casco Creek, and Ahnapee River receive such effluent.

Pollution-caused fish-kills have occurred on Rio Creek, and Casco Creek was drooped from the trout stocking program because of unfavorable water quality [17].The distribution of coliforms in the receiving lakewaters is dependent upon the action of currents.

Coliform counts inshore at the Kewaunee site are well below the maximum level set in the Wisconsin Water Quality I Standards for both inshore recreational (1000/100 ml) and open water zones (200/100 ml) for average annual values. Nine sampling sites in Lake Michigan near the Kewaunee Plant were used on May 25, August 31, and November 16, 19171. Replicate samples were taken for coliform and streptococci counts on these dates 12, 38]. The coliform counts were low (median 3/100 ml). The strep counts were similar except on November 16.The Kewaunee Plant sanitary system is fully adequate for presently planned usage [30,31]. (See Section III.D.3 and V.B.2.)(3) Zooplankton Zooplankton organisms are a significant food source for fish. In Lake Michigan they are predominated by copepods, particularly Cyclops bicuspi- U datus and several species of the genus Diaptomus.

At certain times of the year, notably late summer and early fall, the cladoceran Bosmina longi-rostris may comprise 50 to 80 percent of the zooplankton community

[38]. I Also important in the zooplankton are two species of the cladoceran genus Daphnia. Flagellates, ciliates, and rotifers are also present [17, 29, 30, 41, 51].Plankton hauls have shown a range of 7 to 268 individuals per liter of the Bosmina group during 1969 bi-monthly surveys, the low occurring in December and the high in June [19]. Data for 1970 were similar, but the largest zooplankton population occurred in August and September.

The total number of zooplankton per liter varied from 0 to 1800 during this period with the high occurring in August [19, 30, 39]. I Data suggest that there is a vertical distribution of the combined zoo-plankton at some of the stations but not at others. Members of Bosmina sp. fn appear to especially congregate near the bottom. Although there were no statistical differences found in vertical distribution of zooplankton when compared for one collecting date, an independent comparison of surface and *bottom samples over the year by non-parametric test shows an apparent difference for Kewaunee North, South, and County Park Stations [39].I I I 11-45 Ind;...tion of stratification at some locations and at various sampling dates may reflect differences in upwelling or wave mixing at those points.Temperature profiles suggest that there is considerable mixing in the shallow inshore waters and that upwelling is not an uncommon occurrence.

The influence of a bouyant discharge plume on the vertical distribution and behavior responses of zooplankters is considered in the design of the environmental sampling program [38]. Recent (Jan.-Dec.

1971) zooplankton data, obtained within 500 feet north and a similar distance south of the Plant intake :_ones are given in Appendix C, Table C-7.c. Periphyton Periphyton are defined as the complex assemblage of aquatic organisms, especially green and blue-green filamentous algae, that grow attached to permanent substrates such as rocks, logs, steel pilings, etc. in shoreline areas. In addition to the larger algae, there are less obvious diatoms, many bacteria, protozoa, and invertebrate animals which constitute the peri-phyton community.

Under normal conditions periphytic growth is considered to be beneficial because it is a food source to many fish or fish food or-ganisms. Some of the bottom-feeding fish, such as carp and suckers, will browse directly on the filamentous algae. Forage fish feed on the protozoa and invetebrates.

As the algae die and decompose, the organic material re-leased becomes nutrients for other algae and invertebrates, all of which constitute the aquatic food chain of the littoral area [51].The common shoreline algae at the Kewaunee Plant and County Park area are Cladophora and Ulothrix [39]. Diatoms were found to be the most abundant form of periphyton that grew on plastic slides placed in the Point Beach area in both 1969 [19] and 1970 [39]. Similar findings were reported at the Kewaunee site from natural substrates

[38]. The identifications of Kewaunee periphyton (see Table C-6), [38].showed a consistently high abun-dance of species of Fragilaria.

This genus was represented by nine species[19, 5]. Generic identifications also showed that species of the Gomphonema were very common, and it is known that certain species such as G. parvulum grow very will in organically enriched waters. G. parvulum was very rare in the Kewaunee Plant area, and the dominant species was G. olivaceum, a form common in clean water [38].d. Benthos An extensive series of benthic surveys were conducted in 1964-65 by a team from the Great Lakes Research Division of the University of Michigan Insti-tute of Science and Technology[50].

The results of these efforts showed that three taxonomic groups comprised most of the benthos: amphipods, oligochaetes (worms), and tendipedids (midgefly larvae). Occasional additional organisms such as leeches, snails, roundworms, flatworms, mysids, ostracods, and 11-46 I bryozoan colonies were found. Most of the samples taken in this survey were under deeper offshore waters and direct application of the data to the Kewaunee Plant discharge area is limited. A total of thirty-five m sampling stations were visited during the study. The deep water macro-benthos is dominated by oligochaetes and amphipods.

These organisms provide forage for such fishes as whitefish, smelt, alewives, and sculpins.

These fishes in turn provide the forage for the next trophic level occupied by lake trout, coho salmon and chinook salmon [29,51].Because of the bottom type in the near-shore areas at the Kewaunee Plant n site, thery is little attached vegetation and relatively few benthic organisms.

Only 7 of 30 bottom grab samples contained organisms and three of these were replicates from a single station [38]. Many of the benthic organisms collected were characteristic of cold, oligotrophic conditions.

There was a maximum of 18 organisms in one sample and a total of 71 for all samples. Table 11-15 lists the species found[30, 38, 51]. No leeches have been taken either in benthos samples I from near the site or from the stomachs of fish collected from the vicinity.

As indicated in the Report of the Committee on Nuclear Power Plant Waste Disposal to the Conferees of the Lake Michigan Enforcement I Conference

[42], and its confirmation by sampling in the area [38], bottom life is relatively scarce in the Kewaunee area.Chironomidae (midge larvae) was the predominant group of benthic I organisms (Table 11-15). Large numbers of chironomids have also been observed in shallow water habitats in Lake Superior [38]. Their abundance is associated with their ability to construct cases and avoid I being swept away by wave action.. Different chironomid genera, with the exception of Heterotrissocladius, were observed each season. This trend maybe related either to their life cycle or sampling difficulty.

ti Organisms that are intolerant of eutrophication which may be important in future studies are the oligochaete worm Stylodrilus heringianus, the crustacean Pontoporeia affinis, the chironomid Monodiamesa and Heterotris-IE socladius, and the caddisfly Athripsodes.

These five species represented 21% of the total number of organisms collected near the Plant. Organisms near the Plant that may be increased by eutrophication are the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and the chironomids Chironomus, Glyptotendipes, Paracladopelma, Polypedilum, and Stictochironomus

[38].Preliminary temperature measurements in the mixing zone at Point Beach indicate bottom water may increase 1-3* due to the discharge effluent.The latter is lighter than lake water, and it tends to float. Studies at the Ginna site on Lake Ontario showed that, at mixing zone depths I greater than 7 to 9 feet, water temperatures were not different from ambient values [30,42]. Thus, bottom organisms were not warmed below a 9-foot depth. i I I TABLE 11-15 Average number of benthic organisms per square meter in Lake Michigan near Kewaunee, Wisconsin, 1971 [30, 38]*Date of Collection, Station and Sampling Depth 25 May 1971 A B 2m 8m 31 August 1971 C A B C 8m 2m 8m 8m 16 November 1971 A B C 2m 7m 7m Organisms Oligochaeta Lumbriculidae (worms)Stylodrilus heringianus.

Tubificidae (worms)Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri immatures Arthropoda Crustacca Haustoriidae (amphipods)

Pontoporeia affinis Insecta Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

Heptageniidae Trichoptera (caddis flies)Leptoceridae Arthripsodes Diptera Chironomidae (midges)Monodiamesa-Heterotrissocladius Cricoptopus Pseudosmittia Chironomus Glyptotendipes Paracladopelma.

Polypedilum Stictochironomus Mollusca Gastropods (snails)Lynnmaea 0 47.3-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.8 0 0 0 0 5.7 0 18.9 13.2 0 321.3 0 0 5.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.5 28.4 0 0 0 47.3 47.4 0 0 0 18.9 28.4 1.9 13.2 13.2 0 0 0 0 18.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.7 H H 4S'-.1 0 18.9 5.7 56.7 0 5.7 0 0 0 0 5.7 5.7 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.7 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 5.7 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 251.4 0 62.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 126.6 0 24.6 0 0 0 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total Ben i662 172.0 24.6 105.8 364. 8 0 325.1 175.8 ths 0 66 2 1720 24.6 105.8 364-8 0 325.1 175.8 1/ Average of three samples*Sampling sites are located near the Plant intake: A is B is C is 200 500 500 feet from shore feet south of intake structure feet north of intake structure U 11-48 I U Beeton has reported a shift in the bottom fauna of Lake Erie in the years following the 1918-1928 decade [43]. This was attributed to an average increase in the temperature of lake waters by 2'F pius the addition of U chemicals.

It is not expected that this will occur in the Kewaunee area because of differences in water quality and quantity, and the extent of area warmed. Within the limited warmed zone, increased biological activity 3 could occur; with a possible increase in nutrients from the mortality of plankton passed through the condenser, a small change in abundance and shift in species composition of the benthic community may occur. However, the maximum size of the area affected by a potential change in temperature U of 3'F or greater will be about 250 acres (see Section III.D.l.a.i.).

e. Fish 3 Because of the major waterway projects of the past and the nature of modern resources management practices, the fish populations of Lake Michigan are in a state of flux. Also, many of the former spawning sites for desirable fish species are not available as a result of stream pollution

[32,40]. 3 Spawning areas have not been specifically identified in the vicinity of the Kewaunee site. The determination of possible spawning areas in the immediate vicinity of the Plant has been made by examination of the con-dition of the gonads of fish in the 1971 survey and will be investigated again in 1972. By this method, some information is obtained relative to whether important species are in this area at a time when they may be in spawning (ripe) condition.

Minnow seine hauls were made in 1971 and will be made again in 1972. If the young fish of important species inhabit the shoreline area at some time during the year, some should be collected.

No young of the year or yearling yellow perch were found in minnow seine I hauls during 1971. This casts some doubt on whether this species is re-producing successfully in this immediate area [46].Successful lake trout reproduction has not been reported from anywhere in Lake Michigan for many years, although sexually mature lake trout were collected in the vicinity of-the Kewaunee site in 1971 [38]. Eggs taken from females in the general area have been successfully hatched. Chubs !spawn in deeper water than would be found in the Kewaunee biological sampling area. Alewives and smelt may possibly spawn in this area, but they probably spawn generally throughout the shoreline area of Lake Michigan [35,46].Other fishes important to Lake Michigan ecology are yellow perch, walleyes, chubs, and suckers [33,44]. Recent collections by state fisheries and game personnel have shown that the following species of fish are present at the Kewaunee site at some time during the year (Table 11-16). The most 11-49 abundant sport fish found in the area during 1971 was the lake trout [38].Virtually all had been stocked in Wisconsin waters by Federal or State agencies, as indicated by their clipped fins. The bulk of the fish taken were year-class V (1966) fish. They were predominant in the spring and fall; year-class III and IV fish were more in evidence during the summer months [38, 51).TABLE 11-16 Fish Species in Lake Michigan near the Kewaunee Site [17, 30, 51, 38]North At Species Scientific Name of Site Site Total Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus 1172 943 2114 Smelt Osmerus mordax 116 51 167 Lake Trout Salvelinus namycush 140 214 354 Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis 5 0 5 Rainbow Trout Salmo trutta 8 5 13 Bloater Coregonus hoyi 0 2 2 Round Whitefish Prosopium cylindraceum 8 0 8 Slimy Sculpin Cottus cognatus 22 5 27 Yellow Perch Perca flavescens 30 21 51 Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus 5 12 17 White Sucker Catostomus commersoni 11 28 39 Longnose Dace Rhinichthys cataractae 31 0 31 Spottail Shiner Notropis hudsonius 0 1 1 Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas 7 1 8 Lake Northern Chub Hybopsis plumbea 8 50 58 Coho Oncorhynchus kisutch 1 0 1 Total 1562 1328 2890 Percent of Total 54.0% 46.0%

11-50 The fish species composition of the Great Lakes and-of Lake Michigan in particular have been altered by overfishing, agricultural land drainage, and at least three other changes brought about byman: (1) Penetration of the sea lamprey into the lake had a devastating effect upon the populations of the larger fishes. Once important I fisheries of lake herring, lake trout, and whitefish were decimated by lamprey predation.

The commercial fishing industry of the lake gradually collapsed within several years following the opening of the Welland Canal.The U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Division of Sea Lamprey Control, operated an electromechanical weir in the Kewaunee River I from 1952 to the late 1960's. Moderate sized spawning runs of adult sea lamprey occurred and were collected at the weir during all of its years of operation.

As a result of successive surveys I for larval sea lamprey (sea lamprey ammocetes), it was found that U in spite of the spawning runs of adults, there was very little spawning success. Recent surveys of the watershed have found less than ten sea lamprey ammocetes per survey. Nesting surveys I have brought similar results [46].The closest sea lamprey-producing stream of any significance is Three Mile Creek located to the north, and just-south of'the town of. Algoma, Wisconsin.

South of the KewauneeRiver, the E. Twin River at Two Rivers, Wisconsin had large spawning runs of adult sea lamprey in the late 1950's; however, no spawning success was apparent.

Stream surveys of the watershed have never found sea lamprey ammocetes, although sea lamprey spawning nests have been found in recent years. It has been theorized that high summer I stream water temperatures are responsible for ammocete mortality.

(2) The alewife was soon found in all of the Great Lakes and it reached such large numbers that a massive die-off occurred.The beaches of Lake Michigan were cluttered with decaying fish, which greatly reduced the recreational use of the beaches. It is likely that the explosive growth of the alewife population resulted in the further decrease in lake herring numbers, although the exact causal relationship is not clear. The alewife first entered the commercial fishery in the Kewaunee area in 1961, and I has sihce so increased in occurrence that the catch of alewives in trawling operations is now about the same as the catch of small chubs. The lack of marketing stability for this species (alewife) has made it a detriment rather than an asset to I I I 11-51 commercial fishing operations.

Food and space competition between the alewife and other fish species of greater commercial value, notably yellow perch, young ciscoes, and whitefish, may be their greatest threat to fisheries.

However, rainbow, brown and lake trout seem to utilize the alewife as a ready food supply, a circumstance which might counter-balance their otherwise detri-mental qualities

[38].(3) Stocking of fishes has had an effect on the species composition.

Exotic species which have become locally established include: American smelt, German brown trout, rainbow trout, carp, gambusia or mosquitofish, chinook and coho salmon [29].

11-52 Section II References

1. Division of State Economic Development, "Economic Profiles of Brown, Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties," Madison, Wisconsin, 1966.2. Wisconsin Statistical Reporting Service, "1971 Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics," Publ. 200-71, Madison, Wisc., 1971.3. Division of State Economic Development, "Economic Profiles of Brown, Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties," Madison, Wisconsin, 1971 (draft). 3 4. Wisconsin Division of Highways, "Interstate Highways of Wisconsin," Madison, Wisconsin, 1970.5. State Highway Commission, "1990 Freeway-Expressway Plan," Madison, Wisconsin, 1966.6. Rand McNally, "Handy Railroad Map: Wisconsin," 67-S-39.7. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, "Green Bay Sectional Aeronautical Chart," 2nd ed., Aug. 19, 1971.8. Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census,"Current Population Reports: Population Estimates and Projections," Series P-25, No. 477, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., March 1972.9. Bureau of the Census, "County Business Patterns 1970: Wisconsin," I CBP-70-51, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D.C., June 1971.10. Fish and Wildlife Service, "Physical and Ecological Effects of Waste 3 Heat on Lake Michigan," U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 19 70.11. A. M. Beeton, "Species Report No. 11, Statement on Pollution and I Eutrophication of the Creak Lakes," the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works (1970), 33 pp.12. Management and Information Sciences Section, Bureau of State Planning, *"Wisconsin Statistical Abstract," Madison, Wisc., March 1969, p.27A.13. W. H. Tody, "Twenty-Fifth Biennial Report," Fish Div., Dept. of Natural Resources, State of Michigan (1969-1970), 12 pp. 3 I I I 11-53 14. P. V. Ellefson and G. C. Jamsen, "Michigan's Salmon-Steelhead Trout Fishery: An Economic Evaluation," presented at the 75th Ann. Meeting Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters, Kalamazoo, Mich., April 23, 1971.15. National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places," Federal Register 36, No. 35 (Feb. 2, 1971), p.3340, and No. 174 (Sept. 8, 1971), p. 18018.16. National Park Service, U. S. Dept. of the Interior, "National Registry of Natural Landmarks," Federal Register 35, No. 160 (Aug. 18, 1970), p. 13143.17. Roland J. Poff and C. W. Threinen, "Surface Water Resources of Kewaunee County," Wisconsin Conservation Dept., Madison, Wisc., 1966.18. Committee on Nuclear Power Plant Waste Disposal, "Report to the Conferees of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference," November 1968.19. Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Wisconsin, "Environmental Studies at the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," KNR-1, Milwaukee, Wisc., June 1970.20. R. E. Bergstrom and G. F. Hanson, "Symposium on Great Lakes Basin," Dec. 30, 1959.21. Wisconsin Electric Power Company and Wisconsin Michigan Power Company,"Final Facility Description and Safety Analysis Report: Point Beach Nuclear Power Plant Unit No. 1 and 2," 1969, Vol. I, Section 2.7.22. H. C. S. Thom, "New Distribution of Extreme Winds in the United States," ASCE Environmental Engineering Conference, Dallas, Texas, 1961.23. deleted 24. Dames and Moore, "Report of Geological and Seismological Environmental Studies, Proposed Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee, Wisconsin, for the Wisconsin Public Service Company," Chicago, Illinois, May 1967 (Included in Ap'pendix A of Applicant's Final Safety Analysis Report.)25. Ralph P. Peck, "Report on Foundation Conditions (at the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant Site)," Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Deceiiber 1967 (Included in Appendix E of Applicant's Final Safety Analysis Report.)26. P. B. King, "Quarternary Tectonics in Middle North America," in Quarternary of the U.S., H. E. Wright, Jr., and D. G. Fry, eds.

11-54 I 27.. F. D. Hole and M. T. Beatty, "Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey: State of Wisconsin," College of Agriculture, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., 1957.28. Kewaunee County Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Kewaunee, Wisc. 1 29. "Point Beach Draft Detailed Statement," Docket No. 50-301 Operating License Stage for Unit 2, USAEC, October 15, 1971.30. "Kewaunee Environmental Report,. Operating License Stage," January 1971;Revised November 1971, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation.

31. Personal observation during site visit, January 24-25, 1972.32. "Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

-A County of Opportunity," Kewaunee County Board, 1970. I 33. "Draft Detailed Statement on Environmental Considerations for the Zion Nuclear Power Plant, Zion, Illinois, to be constructed and operated by the Commonwealth Edison Company," Docket Nos. 50-295 and 50-304; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, December 1971.34. Westinghouse Electric Corp., Environmental Systems Dept. Report to Wisc. Public Service Company on Performance and Environmental Aspects of Cooling Towers (1971).35. C. C. Coutant, "Thermal Pollution-Biological Effects," J. Water Poll., Control Federation 43, p. 1292 (1971).36. "Ecological Studies of Cooling Water Discharge (at the Ginna Nuclear I Power Plant), Part 1; Summary of Ecological Effects and Changes Resulting from Introduction of Thermal Discharge," Report to Rochester Gas and Electric by John F. Storr, Consultant.

37. E. F. Stoermer, "Nearshore Phytoplankton Populations in the Grand Haven, Michigan, Vicinity During Thermal Bar Conditions," Proceedings 11th Conf. Great Lakes Research (1968), pp. 137-150.38. Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc., Reports to Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Green Bay, Wisconsin; Subjects:

Comparison of Results from Two Pre-operational Environmental (Thermal)

Monitoring Programs," July 22, 1971; "PREOPERATIONAL THERMAL MONITORING PROGRAM OF LAKE MICHIGAN NEAR THE KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (JANUARY 1971-DECEMBER 1971)," April 14, 1972, IBT NO. W9438.39. "Environmental Studies at the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," KNR-2, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Department of Botany, July 1971.I I 11-55 40. R. E. Holland and A. M. Beeton, "Significance to eutrophication of spatial differences in nutrients and diatoms in Lake Michigan," Limnol. and Oceanog. 17, 88-96 (1972).41. Lee Kernen, fisheries biologist, State of Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources.

See ref. 30.42. "Report of the Committee on Nuclear Power Plant Waste Disposal to the Conferees of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference, November 1965.43. A. M. Beeton, "Environmental Changes in Lake Erie," Trans. Amer.Fish. Soc. 90(2), 153-159 (1960).44. "Physical and Ecological Effects of Waste Heat on Lake Michigan," U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, September 1970.45. L. W. Claflin and A. M. Beeton, "Seasonal changes in the composition of phytoplankton of inshore Lake Michigan," 15th Conf. on Great Lakes Research, Intern. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 1972.46. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Environmental Report: Questions and Answers," Amendment 1 to the November, 1971 Environmental Report -Operating License Stage (Revised), April 17, 1972.47. Sister Julia Marie Van Denack, "An Ecological Analysis of the San--'Dune Complex in Point Beach State Forest, Two Rivers, Wisconsin," Biological Studies No. 66, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., 1961.48. "Point Beach Final Environmental Statement, Operating License Stage, for Units 1 and 2," USAEC, Docket Nos. 50-266 and 50-301, May 1972.49. C. C. Coutant, "Great Lakes Ecology," in Resource Management in the Great Lakes Basin, Appendix B. Health Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1971.50. "Studies on the Environment and Eutrophication of Lake Michigan," Special Report No. 30, Great Lakes Research Division, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1967.51. "Summary of recent technical information concerning thermal discharges into Lake Michigan" Argonne National Laboratory, EPA Contract Rept.72-1 (1972).52. R. E. Holland, "Seasonal fluctuations of Lake Michigan diatoms," Limol and Oceanog. 14, 423-436 (1969).

III-i III. THE PLANT A. EXTERNAL APPEARANCE The finished appearance of the major Plant buildings is shown in Figure III-1, as visualized from about the ground level at the lakeshore just south of the Plant. Figure 111-2 is a photograph taken from about 500 ft. over the lake. It shows the status of construction for the Plant as of October 15, 1971. This view shows the generally flat land inland and the slightly rolling, natural-drainage features near'the lake.Pioneer Service and Engineering Co. is the architect-engineering firm for the Plant. The principal features of the Plant are indicated in Figure 111-3. A somewhat more detailed layout is included in Appendix E (see p. E-57). The reactor building is the tallest structure, a domed silo 180 ft. tall and 120 ft. in diameter.

On the lakeside of the reactor building is the turbine building of rectilinear dimensions 228 ft. long, 100 ft. high and 130 ft. wide. The auxiliary building adjoins the reactor building and is somewhat smaller than the turbine builc ding. The administration building is smaller and faces the lake in front of the turbine building.

The screenhouse, which contains.components for supplying lake water for cooling, abuts the lake directly and has its roof at ground level. The switch yard and transmission towers are just west of the major buildings.

The transmission lines are described in the following section.The location for and excavation at the Plant site, and the burial of debris in a landfill just south of the buildings were carried out with regard to stabilizing the shore terrain against natural erosion. Top-soil and planting will be returned to the landfill, and the land near the Plant landscaped to give an appearance natural to the general area.B. TRANSMISSION LINES The electricity generated at the Plant results in a net Plant output of about 540 MWe. The generator output of approximately 20 kilovolts (kV)'is fed to transformers that raise the voltage to 138 and 345 kV for delivery to the distribution system. The substation, switchyards and transmission towers at the Plant occupy about 10 acres.The major new transmission lines required for the Kewaunee Plant are 345 kV lines for connection to the North Appleton substation (50.6 miles)and to the Point Beach substation (5.6 miles). Local system inter-connections at 138 kV are provided by two lines of 2-mile length. The corridors for these lines involve 1066 acres of land.

H Fig.I- Ar ists MRendIn ofh mlet Fig. 111-1: Artist's Rendition of the Completed Plant Buildings

--m-l H Fig. 111 2: Aerial Photo Showing Plant Construction Status as of October 15, 1971' K? N Wl.MN 2-"I, s.1o~,0 .j H H H-t ---N Z N5tlA~ lOS -, -WOtOGICAI.

Cl 2.644 ,497E TO.ESEO 1q..665w 940650!, Figure 111-3: Layout of the Physical Facilities 111-5 Plans for the new transmission lines were made in 1968 and finalized in 1969. Although this predates recently issued federal guidelines, the lines conform to many of those recommendations.

The Applicant consulted with the Wisconsin Public Service Commission regarding the detailed plans, and supplemental plantings of trees and shrubs along the right-of-way followed the advice of a commercial forester.

Care was taken to blend the lines with the terrain and to avoid interfering with the view of the lake where the lines paralleled lakeshore roads.These transmission lines conform to the Applicant's policy of minimizing environmental and visual impact, by appropriate design and by maintenance of the right-of-way; including planting.

In general, previous agricultural uses are continued for the land involved.

No access roads are used. Transmission lines are high enough to avoid a visual impression of being "fenced in." Routing of transmission lines across hilltops was avoided, and the towers, of simple H-frame design, were constructed of wood for a natural appearance.

Land along the transmission right-of-way was formerly farmland (84%), woodland (7%), wetlands (2%), and scrubland (7%).C. REACTOR AND STEAM-ELECTRIC SYSTEMS The Plant has a single pressurized-water reactor in the nuclear steam supply system, and a turbine-generator system, both supplied by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

Lake Michigan water is used for once-through cooling of the condenser.

The license application power level is 1650 MWt (540 MWe net). The maximum anticipated power capability of the Plant is 1721 MWt and the accident analyses and radiological impact calculations done herein are based on this maximum level.1. Nuclear Steam Supply System The nuclear steam supply system consists of a pressurized-water reactor, a reactor coolant system, and associated auxiliary fluid systems. The reactor coolant system is arranged as two closed reactor coolant loops connected in parallel to the reactor vessel, each containing a reactor coolant pump and a steam generator.

An electrically heated pressurizer is connected to one of the loops.The reactor core is composed of uranium dioxide pellets enclosed in Zircaloy tubes with welded end-plugs.

The tubes are supported in assemblies by a spring-clip grid structure.

The mechanical control rods consist of clusters of stainless-steel-clad absorber rods and I 111-6 I Zircaloy guide tubes located within the fuel assembly.

The core fuel I is loaded in three regions, with new fuel being introduced into the outer region, then moved inward in a checkerboard pattern at successive refuelings and finally discharged from the inner region to spent fuel I storage.The steam generators are vertical U-tube units utilizing Inconel tubes.Integral separating equipment reduces the moisture content of the steam I at the turbine throttle to 1/4 percent or less.The reactor coolant pumps are vertical, .single stage, centrifugal pumps equipped with controlled-leakage shaft seals.Auxiliary systems are provided to charge the reactor coolant system and to add makeup water, purify reactor coolant water, provide chemicals for I corrosion inhibition and reactor control, cool system components, remove residual heat when the reactor is shut down, cool the spent fuel storage pool, sample reactor coolant water, provide, for emergency safety I injection, and vent and drain the reactor coolant system.The reactor is controlled by a coordinated combination of chemical shim 3 and mechanical control rods. The control system allows the plant to accept step load changes of 10% and ramp load changes of 5% per min.over the load range of 15 to 95% power under nominal operating conditions.

3 It is also designed to sustain reactor operation following total rejection of the electrical output from 100% power. Complete supervision of both the reactor and turbine-generator is accomplished from the control room. I The reactor fuel-handling system is designed to handle spent fuel under water from the time it leaves the reactor vessel until it is placed in a cask for, shipment from the site. Underwater transfer of spent fuel , provides an optically transparent radiation shield, as well as a reliable source of coolant for removal of decay heat. This system also provides capability for receiving, handling and storage of new fuel. 3 2. Turbine-Generator System The turbine is a tandem-compound, 3-element 1800 rpm unit having 40-in. 1 last row blades in the low-pressure elements.

Four combination moisture separator-reheater units are employed to dry and superheat the steam between the high- and low-pressure turbine elements.

The turbine is I rated at 563 MW when operating with inlet steam conditions of 720 pounds per square inch absolute (psia), 506'F, exhausting at 0.74 psia with zero makeup and five stages of feedwater heating.

111-7 For condensing steam leaving the turbine, a single-pass deaerating, double-flow surface condenser, steam-jet air ejector, two 50% capacity condensate pumps, two 50% capacity motor-driven feedwater pumps, and one stage of feedwater heating are provided.

One steam-driven and two motor-driven auxiliary feedwater pumps are available to remove heat from the reactor coolant system in case of loss of primary power.The main generator is an 1800 rpm, 3-phase, 60 Hertz, hydrogen-innercooled unit. Electrical energy generated at 20 kV is transformed to 345 and 138 kV and delivered to the Applicant's 345/138 kV system.The plant auxiliary electrical system consists of auxiliary transformers, 4160-V switchgear, 480-V motor control centers, and 125-V d.c. and 120-V a.c. equipment.

Emergency power is supplied by alternate sources including two diesel generators.

It is capable of operating post-accident containment cooling equipment as well as both high- and low-head safety injection pumps, to ensure an acceptable transient after a postulated loss of coolant accident.3. Condenser Cooling System The circulating water system provides once-through cooling of the main condenser of the steam-electric system. The normal flow rate at the condenser is 413,000 gallons per minute (gpm), or 918 cubic feet per second (cfs), with a rise in water temperature of 20°F. This cooling rate is erual to 4.1 billion British thermal units per hour (4.1 x 10 Btu/hr). In normal operation, the above flows are those withdrawn from the lake at the intake structure, passed through the condenser, and returned to the lake via the discharge structure.

In winter, the lower temperature of the lake water allows a reduced-flow operation, such that only about 287,000 gpm passes through the condenser, with a temperature rise of 28°F.The intake structure is located approximately 1600 ft. from the shore where the lake depth is 15 ft. The inlet structure is three inverted cones with 22-ft.-diameter openings at 1 ft. above the lake bottom.At full flow, the velocity at the intake mouth is about 0.9 feet per second (fps). Entering water moves downward where the taper of the cone is such that within 6 feet the velocity increases to about 11 fps at which point the water enters a 6-ft.-diameter pipe for each cone.These three water inlets are connected to a single 10-ft. pipe con-ducting the water to the screenhouse.

The three cones are 40 feet apart (on centers) so that a single barge could not block all three simultaneously.

I 111-8 The openings of the intake cones are protected with a metal grid with I square 12-in. openings, and an air bubble screen around each of the cones. The bubble screen was included because of its effectiveness at the Applicant's Pulliam (fossil-fueled)

Power Plant at Green Bay. Prior to the installation of the air screen at Pulliam, units had to be taken off the line due to plugging of the intake screens or condensers by alewives.

Effective exclusion of alewives by the bubble screen has been observed.

Also, the screen did not lose effectiveness in darkness.Intake is conducted in the main 10-ft.-diameter pipe to the forebay at the screenhouse on the shore. The 6-ft. and l0-ft.-diameter pipes are I buried a minimum of three feet below the lake floor and coated inside and out with asphaltum (noted for its corrosion resistance and low solubility in water). The forebay water passes through four travelling I screens (in parallel) with a mesh size of 3/8 in. The screens are pro-.vided with automatic water backwashing.

Trash collected from the screens is removed by a local waste handling firm. 3 The discharge of the circulating water is made directly into the lake at the shore, by means of a special outlet basin. The discharged water enters the basin through a submerged 10-ft.-diameter concrete pipe, which connects through a concrete transition piece to an open basin, 40 ft. wide, constructed of sheet-Diling sides and riprap bottom. The botmof this basin slopes upward to meet the natural sand bottom~ of [the lake. At the mouth of the basin, sheet-metal piling fans out to bottomkof thishbasintslopeshupwardntosmeet-the ntual siinand bouttomo protect the adjacent shoreline.

The total lengfh of the transition piece and the basin is about 130 ft. The maximum distance at which the discharge facility has affected the lake bottom configuration in any way is about 500 ft. from the shore.Provision has been made to add a sodium hypochlorite solution to the circulating water to prevent fouling by biological organisms, especially algae. Additions would be intermittent, and controlled to meet applicable standards.

Little, if any, use is. expected by the Applicant.

D. EFFLUENT SYSTEMS 1. Heat I a. Thermal Plume Dispersion The warm water flowing from the Plant condenser is discharged in a direction perpendicular to the shoreline from a discharge structure located at lake level on the shoreline (see Figures 111-2 and 111-3, and Section III.C.3).

The Kewaunee discharge flows from the discharge structure into a channel dredged into the shallow bottom of Lake Michigan.

The channel is 40 ft wide at the bottom and has a depth of 3 I I 111-9 5 ft. with the lake at its normal water level of 577 ft., International Great Lakes Datum (IGLD). The channel extends approximately 530 ft.into the lake, where the elevation of the lake bottom becomes 572 ft.(IGLD). The lake bottom in this area has a gradual slope of about 1:100. The average discharge velocity at the mouth of the discharge basin, where the discharge structure pilings diverge from the 40-ft.-wide channel, is 4.7 fps when the lake is at its mean level of 577 ft.(IGLD). At the low water level of 575.4 ft. (IGLD), the discharge velocity would be 6.9 fps, while at the high water level of 581.9 ft.(IGLD) it would be 2.4 fps. These are initial velocities entering the lake. As the discharged water moves into the lake, mixing occurs and the velocity decreases.

An analysis [1] of the Plant discharge performed for the Applicant indicated that, for the assumed conditions, the 3' F isotherm (above ambient) would extend about 7000 ft. from the discharge structure and that the area within the 3°F isotherm would be about 1000 acres. The shape of the predicted isotherms were oval, with their short axis coinciding with the centerline of the discharge.

The mathematical model used was highly idealized, assumed no ambient lake current, and had to assume values for a number of important parameters.

As with virtually all other mathematical models applicable to thermal discharges into large lakes, this model has not been validated against field data and therefore the results are both tentative and unverified.

A better understanding of the physical nature and behavior of the Kewaunee thermal discharge is obtained from the results of pertinent laboratory studies and field studies of plumes with similar discharge configurations.

i. Correlated Observations Asbury and Frigo [2] correlated data from six power plants having surface discharges into large lakes, as shown in Figure 111-4. A total of 23 thermal plumes were included in the correlation and data therefrom are indicated by letters in the figure. The temperature excess (0) above ambient, normalized to the maximum temperature excess (0,) at the discharge, is shown as a function of the ratio of the area within a given isotherm divided by the discharge flow rate. The estimated areas within certain isotherms, obtained from Figure 111-4 for the Kewaunee flow rate of 918 cfs, are as follows: Temperature above ambient Area 15 0 F 3.2 acres 10 25.3 5 129 3 254 III-10 The Applicant's estimate of 1000 acres within the 3°F isotherm is not consistent with the data shown in Figure 111-4, but it is very conservative in terms of perturbation of the natural lake conditions.

ii. Physical Modeling A laboratory study by Wiegel, et al., [3] produced data for conditions similar to the Kewaunee discharge, as shown in Table III-1. Tests wer', also run for the case where a 1:10 (1.22 in. wide) nozzle discharged into a channel 2 in. wide, grooved into the 1:100 slope beach. This case is geometrically similar to the Kewaunee discharge.

The water level was varied from the level of the discharge to below the level of the discharge.

TABLE III-1.Comparison of Flow Parameters in Test Model 3 and KNPP Coolant Discharge I I I I I I I I I I I I Value Parameter Tests Actual Discharge aspect ratio Bottom Slope Densimetric Froude number, FR Discharge Reynolds number, R e 1:10 1:100 5. < FR < 50 700 < R < 9300 e 1:8 Ki : 100 6.3 3.6 x 106 The data for the test conditions indicated a flow development region (distance before centerline temperature and velocity are reduced)of approximately 30 equivalent diameters downstream.

The distances along the plume centerline to certain excess temperatures are tabu-lated below.Centerline Excess Temperature 20°F 15 10 5 3 Distance from Discharge 264 ft 440 685 1760 3600 I I I I I

-- ..im m ------- ----m -2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 4 R R 0 A C C 2 4. 6 8 2 4 6 8 I .-I I I I I I I I I' I I I I I I *I ~I I I I 1.0 K.I H a 00 E ET 6 0 H B S SINKING PLUMES (AMBIENT LAKE TEMP -40C)L K L p-V-46 B -NS QAC T 0DV F E S P NI A N M BUOYANT PLUMES---14--8 V--12 F V 0.1 W 8 6 4 2 H F-4 I.-..I-I I I I I I I ~I II I I .I I I I I I I I I I I I.01 10, 102 103 A (ft.2)/: 3 104 105 Fig. T11-4: Fractisr,ý-u.

Excess Temperature (5)as a Function of the Ratio of Surface ,,i-a (A) to Discharge Flow Rate (

111-12 I The relative effect of the magnitude of the bottom slope on the ise-therms is shown in Figure 111-5. [3]' In general, it may be seen that mixing increases with increasing slope. The investigators observed for most of their tests that "...a 'high-level' turbulent mixing occurred with relatively large eddies swirling throughout the mixing jet. Large eddies formed at the edges of the mixing jet, entrapping water from the surrounding receiving water." The results of the tests where the 1:10 nozzle was mounted in a rectangular channel cut into the 1:100 slope "beach" showed that the lower the water level with respect to the elevation of the nozzle, the less effective the mixing. Thus, when the level of Lake Michigan falls below the mean water level, the dispersion of the Kewaunee plume will probably be adversly affected.

The degree to which it I might be affected cannot be determined at this time.iii. Measurements at Point Beach Fi.eld data have been obtained [4) for Unit 1 at the Point Beach Plant located approximately 4.5 miles south of the Kewaunee Plant. The plants n are similar in many respects: Point Beach Unit 1 Kewaunee Reactor Type PWR PWR Thermal Power, MWt 1518 1650 Net Power, MWe 497 540 Condenser Flow, cfs 783 918 I Coolant AT, 'F 19 20 Discharge Dimensions, ft. 13.3 D x 35 W 5D x 40 W Di.scharge Velocity, fps 1.65 4.6 Densimetric Froude No. 3.1 6.3 Because of the proximity of the plants, the lake conditions should be R approximately the same so that the thermal discharge patterns observed at Point Beach should be similar to those produced at Kewaunee.Figures 111-6 through III-10 are a partial representation of some plume *I!I

---m m -m --i in ---i H H H!-0.8 08 y, ft Fig. 111-5: Surface Temperature Concentration T(xy), in Terms of Anbient (TW) and Inlet (TO) Temperatures, for a 1:10 Rectangular Orifice Discharging at the Surface of Deep Water and Water with Bottom Slopes of 1:50, 1:100 and 1:200.

111-14 N/ "" 161 171 LAKE /-/C 1 4,CH9AA 13 1ý4 ,/./-15AL --56EACw- u~lr Fig. 111-6: Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on June 25, 1971.

111-15 19 01.... ......15 LAKE MI/C/-1GANV

• , ;Tf AAL ISe po,,~yr SEAC,-i-L/A,,r

,-S0 i DEPTH: 5c,.rACE OATS -3/ A~JG. ~/Tt,-IC ,SSO -'eS, Fig. 111-7: Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on August 31, 1971.

111-16 AU 18 20/ ~ rt:ncarec

,',n-denel~ls

/P0 .... ...'-e, ,r i. I£Ep T; SUR .-"ACE_,g 950-11.50..' 4 I Fig. 111-8: Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach'Unit 1 in the Morning of September 1, 1971.I 1[1-47 8 ,A A KE M1/ C H / GA .. N/C ,C4Le -FECt ALL re,-pee.r4,tsm to 02dec Cc-r/rIAne Po/,'r -r Ajo. /DAT4- I 5EPT. 71 7__6 1445 -1727 4,* 7.Fig. 111-9: Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 in the Afternoon of September 1, 1971.

111-18'S.O N i I C I I I I I I I I I I U I I I I I I I I r4.5CAZ -FrE-AL Z re,.vn,*Arup,3

..n cta-cer C=-lGA Po/"r 6Ecca v'AJr mlo.&DPr;H: 5UefACE Zn 7W :zo Jut,- 71/6-- 13z-/g 0 Fig. III-lO: Observed Plume Dispersion for Point Beach Unit 1 on July 20, 1971.

111-19 configurations observed during 1971. The majority of plumes observed move in a northerly direction toward Kewaunee.

The two most spectacular plumes are shown in Figures 111-6 and 111-7. In Figure 111-6, the plume hugged the shoreline.

It persisted as shown for at least 3 miles, the limit of the surveillance.

Figure 1.11-7 depicts the largest plume observed.

Figures 111-8 and 111-9 show how the size of this plume decreased in one day.iv. Applicability to the Kewaunee Plant Factors that would tend to make the Kewaunee plume differ from the Point Beach plume are the somewhat higher power level (1650 MWt compared with 1518 MWt for each Point Beach unit), which would make it larger, and the higher Froude number or discharge velocity which should tend to promote more rapid mixing and thus reduce the temperature more quickly. Counteracting this, however, is the shallower discharge region that would tend to inhibit mixing.The feature that could possibly be *the most significant in distorting the Kewaunee plume relative to the Point Beach plume is the promontory projecting into the lake just south of the cooling water discharge area (see Figures 111-2 and 111-3). With a north-flowing lake current, this could produce eddying which might promote mixing in the near-field region but which may also hold some of the warm water against the shoreline in the vicinity of the Plant.The Kewaunee plume will interact with the lake bottom in the region surrounding the dredged discharge canal. Beyond this point, where the lake bottom gradually recedes (beyond 530 ft from the discharge), the plume may follow the bottom contour for a short distance before separating and stratifying at the surface. The Point Beach plume starts somewhat deeper but appears to separate from the bottom within a distance of about 600 ft. from the discharge.

Figure III-11 shows typical vertical profiles of the Point Beach plume at distances of 1000 and 2200 ft. from the discharge.

The plume depth is about 6 ft. in the far-field region.These data correspond to the July 20, 1971 plume shown in Figure II1-10.The possibility of the Point Beach plume interacting with the Kewaunee plume may be assessed by consideration of the infrared image of the Point Beach plume shown in Figure 111-12. This shows the area from the Point Beach intake structure, northward to the Kewaunee site (note the promontory).

The infrared data show a slight trace of the plume in the area of the Kewaunee Plant. The data shown in Figures 111-8 and 111-9 SUkf=ACE 1,0" -.~~~ ~ .. .16.~ --'9.0'-LAV~E D~P- PT H-z /I(SCALE -PP-T ea I/000 zo7 J U L 'r- , Iý- 2 i a g i4 -1, /0 -(~.o -S.C.-LAF- DEF'T. z 2C, Fig. Ill-l1: Vertical Profiles of the Point Beach Plume of July 20, 1971 at DisLances of 1000 and 2200 Feet from the Discharge.

~ ---- ---- -

111-21 Fig. 111-12: Infra-Red Image of Point Beach Plume on September 1, 1971 111-22 I were obtained just before and just after the infrared data. They indicate that the plume temperature dropped to within 1°F of the ambient lake temperature at a distance of approximately 1 mile north of the dis-charge. Thus the influence at Kewaunee, at a distance of 4.5 miles, U would only be a fraction of a degree. Operation of the second unit at Point Beach will increase the size of the plume, and the effect at Kewaunee should be less than or equal to IVF. Further discussion of this is found in Section V.B.l.b. Duration of Maximum Temperature in the Coolant For organisms entrained in the cooling water, the time of passage from the condenser to the end of the discharge structure is approximately one minute. Assuming that the centerline velocity decays in the same manner as the temperature, an additional 0.6 to 1.8 minutes (depending on the lake level) is required for an organism carried along the plume centerlinel to reach the point 264 ft. from the discharge where the temperature begins to be attenuated.

Therefore, some of the organisms will experience the maximum temperature for as much as 3 min.2. Radioactive Wastes During the operation of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, radioactive material will be produced by fission and by neutron activation reactions of metals and material in the reactor coolant system. Small amounts of gaseous and liquid radioactive wastes will enter the effluent streams, which will be monitored and processed within the Plant to minimize the radioactive nuclides released to the atmosphere and into Lake Michigan at low concentrations under controlled conditions.

The radioactivity that may be released during operation of the Plant will be in accord-ance with the Commission's regulations as set forth in 10 CFR Part 20 and 10 CFR Part 50. The Commission regulations require the Applicant to keep releases to the environment as low as practicable.

The approved Technical Specifications for this Plant will delineate these criteria.The waste treatment systems described in the following paragraphs are designed to collect and process the gaseous, liquid, and solid waste which may contain radioactive materials.

The waste handling and treatment systems for the Plant are discussed in detail in the Final Safety Analysis Report, dated January 27, 1971, and its amendments, and in the Applicant's Supplementary Environmental Report, dated November 1971.I I I 11-23 a. Gaseous Waste During operation of the Plant, radioactive materials released to the atmosphere in gaseous effluents will include low concentrations of fission product noble gases (krypton and xenon), halogens (mostly iodines), tritium contained in water vapor, and particulate material, including both fission products and activated corrosion products.

The systems currently installed for the processing of radioactive gaseous waste, and ventilation paths, except for the turbine building, are shown schematically in Fig. 111-13.Concentrations of various solutes, such as hydrogen and boron, in the primary coolant will be maintained at specified values, and the buildup of fission and activation products will be limited by withdrawing coolant at a normal rate of 40 gpm (the letdown stream). This coolant will be cooled, depressurized, and diverted to the makeup and purification system and, as necessary, to the boron management system or liquid waste disposal system.Normally, the vent valves on the makeup and purification system equipment will be closed and the system operated at a positive pressure.

By this procedure the inventories of noble gases in the coolant will increase to steady-state values, except in the case of long-lived krypton 85. Only the coolant that is diverted to the boron control system will normally be degassed.

Since the Kewaunee Plant will be at least partially .a load-following unit, the quantity of coolant degassed will be large (about 60 coolant volumes a year).Gases stripped from the recycled reactor coolant, together with displaced cover gases, will be collected, compressed and stored in pressurized tanks for radioactive decay. With the exception of krypton 85, the gases will decay to a small fraction of the original activity prior to being released.

Gases in the gas decay tanks can be returned to act as cover gases, or released to the atmosphere through the monitored auxiliary building vent, which has a high efficiency particulate filter (HEPA).Additional sources of radioactive gases, which are not concentrated enough to permit collection and storage, will include the auxiliary building exhaust, the turbine building exhaust, the reactor building, containment air, and the main condenser air ejectors (which will remove I TURBINE BUILDING ROOF AIR STEAM EJECTOR CONTAINMENT BULDING -VENTILATION SYSTEM i-I 1-.1-4 (NORMAL VENTILATION)

OUTSIDE AIR 80,000 c0n NIT9OGEN /NOBLE GAS RECYCLE I REACTOR COOLANT DANTANK PRESSURIZER W RELIEF TANK IWASTE EVAPORATOR PACKAGE-VC HOLDUP TANKS[BORIC ACID EVAPORATOR IVOLUME CONTROL TANK j.GASEOUS RADWASTE NORMAL VENTILATION SPECIAL VENTILATION F- PREFILTER A -HIGH -EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE FILTER C -CHARCOAL AUSORBER CVCS- CHEMICAL VOLUME CONTROL SYSTEM AUXILIARY BUILDING VENTILATION KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT l. 1 3.i ntlion M Ga~ ndlM Svo M M M 111-25 radioactive gases which have collected in the condenser as a result of primary to secondary system leakage and from routing of the gases from the steam generator blowdown flash tank to the condenser).

The air ejector exhaust is normally routed to the auxiliary building vent where the gases pass through HEPA filters prior to discharge.

Besides the normal ventilation system, gases may be diverted to a special ventilation system to allow gases to pass through HEPA and charcoal adsorbers before being discharged to the auxiliary building vent.Under normal conditions, gases in the turbine condenser, including in-leakage air, will be discharged through the auxiliary building vent.Staff calculations of gaseous discharges, Table 111-2, are based on this normal mode of operation.

They may be compared with the Applicant's estimates presented in Appendix A, Table A-1.b. Liquid Waste The liquid waste system is shown schematically in Figure 111-14. The Chemical and Volume Control System (CVCS) forms one part of the radwaste management system. To control primary coolant activity during normal operation, a portion of the reactor primary coolant will be let down continuously, and passed through a mixed-bed demineralizer, a cation.demineralizer (intermittently for cesium removal), a deborating demineralizer (used near the end of core life), a filter (for large particle 'removal), and into the volume control tank, from which it can be fed back to the primary coolant. Deaerated liquid wastes originating in the CVCS charging and letdown paths and from miscellaneous equipment drains will also be processed through this system. To minimize the escape of gaseous radioactivity, coolant water that may leak along stems of valves located in the containment and the auxiliary building will drain through a closed piping system to the deaerated drain tank.The deaerated drain tank will be isolated from the atmosphere by a flexible diaphram type seal and vented to the waste gas processing system.If the boron concentration must be changed, primary coolant letdown can be directed from the volume control tank to the CVCS holdup tanks, which normally will go to two demineralizers in series (a third is available in parallel with the first or in series), a filter, a gas stripper and a boric acid evaporator.

The boric acid evaporator concentrates normilly will be sent through a filter to a concentrate holding tank and then to the boric acid storage tank for reuse. Alternatively, the bottoms can be sent directly to waste solidification for processing.

The boric acid evaporator condensate stream can be passed through a demineralizer and filter, and flow into monitor tanks. If the Table 111-2. Calculated Annual Release of Radioactive Nuclides in Gaseous Effluent from the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Station Discharge Rate (Ci/year)Gas Processing System Steam Generator Leak (45-Day Decay)Containment Auxiliary Cold Letdown Air Isotope Purge Building Shutdown Degassing Ejector Total 83Krm 85Krm 8 5 Kr 8 7 Kr 88Kr 131 xem 133Xem 133 Xe 15Xem 135xem!3Xe 137xe 1 3 8 Xe 131I 1331 2 1 1 86 1 6 1 3 11 2 8 510 1 17 1 3.0.001 0.001 15 2 18 455 41 239 1 6 1 3 11 2 9 515 1 17 1 3 0.08 0.05 2 12 474 6 22 48 18 1368 2 34 2 6 0.081 0.051 H H H, A dash in the table means per year.less than 0.5 Ci of noble gas per year or less than 0.0005 Ci of iodine-mmnm M M MM -M-M- M M M m M m m mm m -m m m m m m m m -m m -m m DEAERATED DRAINAGE VALVE AND FLANGE LEAK-OFFS-SECONDARY PUMP SEALS REACTOR COOLANT LOOPS LEAKAGE-OTHER DEAERATED DRAINAGE-DEAERATED DRAINAGE DEAERATED DRAIN HEADERS -CVCS HOLDUP TANK OVERFLOW-OTHER OEAERATED DRAINAGE -AERATED WASTE FLOOR DRAINSAERATED EOUIPMEN'DRAINS, AERATED SUMP TANK-HOT SAMPLING STATION HOT CHEMICAL LAB DRAIN H H H LAUNDRY AND SHOWER WASTES LEGEND: CVCS CHEMICAL VOLUME CONTROL SYSTEM Fig. 111-14. LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 111-28 radioactive concentration in the CVCS monitor tanks is sufficiently low, it may be discharged through two normally-closed valves, with continuous monitoring and automatic valve closure and alarm. The monitor tank effluent, if sufficiently pure, may also go to the primary water storage tank. If the effluent is not acceptable radiologically or chemically, it may be recycled through the condensate demineralizers or go back to the CVCS holdup tanks for complete reprocessing.

The Waste Disposal System (WDS) will handle the other sources of liquid wastes. Accumulator drains, aerated drains for equipment inside the containment, and leakage from reactor coolant pump seals, reactor flanges and valves, will be fed to the reactor coolant drain tank and then to the waste holdup tank (WHT), or, if reuseable, to the CVCS holdup tank. Liquids from the spent resin storage tank and from floor drain i sumps and other equipment drains will be collected in a sump tank and thA go to the WHT. All other sources, such as the containment sump, will go directly to the WHT.If acceptable for release, the WHT liquids will go to the waste condensate tanks; otherwise, they will pass through, the waste filter to the 2-gpm waste evaporator.

Evaporator bottoms will be drummed. The condensate may be further treated by demineralizer and filter and then go to the waste condensate tanks; it will be sampled prior to discharge, which will be monitored with automatic valve closure and alarm. If the *condensate tank liquid is not acceptable for release, it can be returned to the WHT for reprocessing.

The laundry and hot shower waste will be collected in the laundry and hot shower tanks. After monitoring, the waste normally will be sent to the sewage treatment system, or can be discharged directly to the condenser cooling water return. If there is appreciable radioactivity present in the laundry and hot shower wastes, it can be sent to the waste holdup tank for appropriate treatment before discharge to the lake via the condenser cooling water return.The steam generator blowdown from both steam generators will go to the steam generator blowdown tank. Normally, in continuous blowdown this will be discharged directly to the condenser cooling water return. If i radioactivity is detected, however, blowdown can be sent from the blowdown tank to the steam generator blowdown treatment (SGBT) holdup tanks for treatment by the SGBT ion exchangers.

The treated blowdown will pass then to the SGBT monitor tanks before being discharged to the condenser cooling water return.Based on the assumptions noted above and shown in Table 111-3, the releases from the primary sources for normal operation were calculated 111-29 TABLE 111-3 Principal Assumptions Used In Calculating Releases of Radioactive Effluents at Kewaunee Reactor Power, MWt Plant Capacity Factor Failed Fuel, %Leak of Primary Coolant into Steam Generators, gpd Leak of Primary Coolant to the Containment, gpd Leak of Primary Coolant to the Auxiliary Building, gpd Frequency of Containment Purge, times/yr Waste Gas Holdup for Decay, days Cold Shutdowns, times/yr Coolant Volumes Degassed and Processed during Cold Shutdowns and Normal Operations (including load-follow)

Deaerated Liquid Waste Processed and Discharged, gallons/yr Aerated Liquid Waste Processed and Discharged, gallons/yr Steam Generator Blowdown Processed and Discharged, gallons/yr 1721 0.8 0.25*20 40 20 4 45 2 62 20,000 140,000 5,000,000 This value is constant and corresponds to 0.25% of the operating power equilibrium fission product source term.

TABLE 111-4 Calculated Annual Release of Radioactive Material in Liquid Effluents from Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant FISSION Nuclide Curies FISSION Br-82 Br- 83 Br-84 Rb-86 Rb-88 Rb-89 Rb-90 Rb-91 Sr-89 Sr-90 Sr-91 Sr-92 Y-90 Y-9 lm Y-91 Y-92 Y-93 Zr-95 Zr-97 Nb-95 Nb-97m Nb-97 Mo-99 Mo-lOi Mo-102 Tc-99m Tc-101 Tc-102m 0. 000035 0.002 0.00027 0.00068 0.49 0.026 0.001 0.00014 0.00081 0.000026 0.00053 0.000044 0.000032 0. 00034 0.00 82 0.0001 0.00013 0.00013 0. 00004 0.00013 0.000038 0.000043 1.1 0.000054 0. 000028 0.91 0.0001 0.m00002 Nuclide Tc-102 Tc-104 Ru- 10 3 Ru-105 Ru- 106 Rh- 103m Rh- 105m Rh-105 Rh- 106 Te-125m Te-127m Te-127 Te-129m Te-129 Te-131m Te-131 Te-132 Te-133m Te-133 Te-134 Sb- 127 1-130 1-131 1-132 1-133 1-134 1-135 Cs-134m Curies 0.000014 0.0000039 0.000093 0.000015 0.000023 0.000093 0.000015 0.000038 0.000023 0.000065 0.0005 0.00091 0.0057 0.0037 0.0032 0.00063 0.047 0.00026 0.000049 0.00025 0.0000039 0.00021 0.51 0.081 0.53 0.0077 0.15 0.00017 Nuclide Curies Nuclide Curies Cs-134 Cs-135m Cs-136 Cs-137 Cs-138 Cs-139 Cs-140 Cs-141 Ba-137m Ba-139 Ba-140 Ba-141 La-140 La-141 0.031 0.0000083 0.46 0.27 0.32 0.011 0.0002 0.000012 0.0051 0.0018 0.00091 0.000011 0.00051 0.000094 La-142 Ce-141 Ce-143 Ce-144 Pr-143 Pr-144 Pr-145 Nd-147 Pm- 147 Pm- 148 Pm- 149 Pm-151 Sm- 153 Eu-156 0.0000068 0.00014 0.000063 0.000081 0.00012 0.000081 0.0000086 0.000049 0.0000088 0.000019 0.000024 0.0000061 0.000012 0.0000063 1-1-ACTIVATION Cr-51 0.0026 Co-58 0.026 Mn-54 0.00087 Co-60 0.0026 Mn-56 0.0000087 U-237 0.000036 Fe-55 0.0043 Np-238 0.0000066 Fe-59 0.00087 Np-239 0.0009 Total (Non-tritium)

Tritium 5.0 1000-m-m-m m -m--m- m m--m- --m -m 111-31 to be less than 5 curies per year (Ci/yr). To compensate for treatment equipment downtime and expected operational occurrences, the values shown in Table 111-4 have been normalized to 5 Ci/yr. They may be compared with the Applicant's estimates, based on 1% fuel leaks, given in Appendix A, Table A-2.c. Solid Waste Radioactive solid wastes will consist mainly of spent ion-exchange resins, evaporator bottoms, and spent filters. In addition, there will be miscellaneous solid wastes such as paper, rags, glass, plastic bags, and protective clothing.The spent resins from the CVCS and other system demineralizers will be flushed to a spent resin storage tank. Periodically, batches will be transferred to the drumming station where the material is mixed with cement and drummed for offsite disposal.

Concentrates from the waste evaporator also will be sent to the container station where the material is mixed with cement and drummed for offsite disposal.

Miscellaneous materials, such as paper, plastic bags, glass, and protective clothing, can be compressed with a hydraulic press and containerized for offsite burial.All solid waste will be packaged and shipped to a licensed burial site in accordance with AEC and DOT regulations.

Based on plants presently in operation, it is expected that approximately 300 to 600 drums of solid waste will be transported offsite each year.3. Chemical and Sanitary Wastes The wastes considered here are the liquid wastes from systems that do not contain radioactivity (in excess of naturally occurring amounts).These systems, their wastes, and the effluent waste streams are as follows: System Waste Effluent to Environment

1. Makeup' coolant water Settled solids Solids to land fill and from clarifier and solution to circulating-solution from water discharge to lake regeneration of via waste-neutralizing demineralizer tank 2. Secondary coolant Boiler blowdown of To lake via circulating coolant containing water discharges chemi cals IT1I-32 3. Sanitary water supply Regeneration of To lake via circulating water softener water discharge resins 4. Sewage treatment plant Sanitary sewage To lake via creek !lis-(aerobic digestion and charge from polishing settling followed by pond chlorination And polish-ing pond)5. Condenser circulating-Circulating-water Circulating-water water system, intermit-effluent discharge to lake tent addition of hypo-chlorite solution to eliminate the buildup of fouling slimes A schematic of the Plant's water flows is given in Figure 111-15. Dashed lines in the figure indicate connections of inlet and exit from the Plant*via indirect means.Plant makeup water will be produced by clarifying and demineralizing lake water. The chemicals added to the clarifier-flocculator are alum (to coagulate the turbidity), lime ("softening" by combining with calcium and magnesium ions), polyelectrolyte (as needed to improve settling), hypochlorite (to kill bacteria and sterilize), and sodium sulfite (to .reduce hypochlorite to chloride before entering the demineraliz.,--s).

The addition of the clarifier to the original demineralizer reduces the amount-of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid needed for regeneration of the de-mineralizer by about a factor of four. The overall discharge of chemical is also reduced, because of the very small amount of chemicals added in the clarification step. Based on a capacity of the system of 108,000 gallons before periodic regeneration, the total amounts of chemicals adde M to the circulating water discharge are 4.6 lb/day for the clarifier and 268 lb/day for the demineralizer regeneration (including neutralizing).

These daily quantities, if discharged into the 413,000 gpm circulating-water system over a period of 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br />, are calculated to increase the dissolved solids content (normally 135 ppm) by 0.7 ppm. In the clarifier]

after addition of the coagulating chemicals, the water passes through a paddle mixer into a settling area where most of the solids are removed from the water. The solids are gathered into a sludge hopper and removed to one of two sludge ponds located adjacent to the sewage treatment plant.The clarified water is sent to a holdup tank, from which it is pumped to five pressure filters and thence to the demineralizer.

Solid from the 3 sludge ponds is periodically removed to a land fill area. Any excess liquid from the ponds is discharged to the lake via an overflow weir into the circulating-water discharge.

3 II I 111-33 FROM LAKE I FROM LAKE SERVICE WATER 12,000 GPM NORMAL 25,000 GPM MAX.TO LAKE CIRCULATING WATER 210,000 GPM/PUMP 2 PUMPS MAKE-UP WATER 50 GPM NORMAL 125 GPM MAX.f L I I I I I I I I-A--4 I KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT I I-J I T FROM TURBINE ROOM SUMP POTABLE WATER 40 GPD/PERSON SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 30 GPD 9,000 GPD DESIGN PER PERSON Figure. 111-15. WATER USAGE BY THE KNPP.

I 111-34 1 The boiler blowdown (item 2 above) contains the three chemicals added I as conditioners in the secondary-coolant system: hydrazine, N 2 H 4;morpholine, C 4 H 1 0 NO; and phosphate.

Of these, hydrazine decomposes into gas at elevated temperature and morpholine is present at a lower m concentration than the phosphate, which is present at a normal maximum of 5 ppm in the coolant. The normal blowdown, based on an estimated average primary to secondary leak rate of 20 gal/day, will be two 5-min. periods at a rate of 50 gpm. At this flow rate, dilution of the phosphate waste by the 4.13,000 gpm (summer) circulating water coolant discharge will give an incremental increase in phosphate concentration of 6 x 10-4 ppm in the effluent at the time of blowdown.

This increase I will be above that (0.0-0.2 ppm) normally in the lake. it can be expected that there will be infrequent periods of leakage of circulating water into the condenser.

During such periods, phosphates will be I added to the secondary water, to control hardness, at levels up to perhaps 60 ppm. At this concentration, and at the expected increased blowdown rate of 125 ppm, the circulating water effluent phosphate content would be increased by about 0.02 ppm.Regeneration of the zeolite resin for softening the sanitary water supply (item 3 above) will release some salts, largely a mixture of I sulfates and bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium'.

These will be added to the circulating water discharge.

Assuming that the maximum of 9000 gallons per day of raw water for the sanitary supply will be well water with a hardness of 840 ppm (calculated as CaC0 3 , see Section II.D.2. ), the hardness of the circulating water discharge will be increased by about 2 ppm (as CaC0 3) during a one hour regeneration period once a week.The operation of the sewage-treatment plant (item 4) is expected to add chemical and biological wastes to the lake at concentrations within I accepted standards. (The design and performance of this plant are des-cribed in Section V.B.2.) The polishing-pond effluent is expected to contain a maximum of 0.8 ppm residual chlorine and a minimum of 4.0 ppm dissolved oxygen. The discharge of the sanitary waste system is variable but it is to be operated below its design capacity of 9000 gal/day.Since the permanent work force will be less than 100, the total effluent to the lake will be quite small compared to municipal discharges into the lake.The need for addition of hypochlorite to the circulating water (item 5)hag not been established.

It is anticipated that it will be used infrequently, if at all, based on experience at the Point Beach Station where it has not been necessary to inject the chemical during the first 111-35 year of operation.

Assuming that the hypochlorite would be injected only to one-half of the condenser water system at one time, to a free chlorine level of 0.5 ppm (i.e., the sum of the chlorine contents of HOCI and OCI is 0.25 ppm, equal in oxidizing capacity to 0.5 ppm C1 2), this would be diluted to 0.25 ppm upon mixing with the untreated stream.In the near absence of dissolved ammonia in the lake water (see analysis in Section II.D.l.b), no chloramines would be expected to form, and the unstable hypochlorite would decay rapidly to the comparatively innocuous chloride ion. This decay rate cannot be stated accurately.

In the light-catalyzed reaction HOCI -1/20 2 + H + CI-, the in-laboratory experimental results of Hancil and Smith [5] indicate that, under their conditions of illumination, about 25 seconds would be required for reduction of the free chlorine from 0.25 to 0.01 ppm, a level probably not harmful to fish in intermittent doses. On this basis, treated effluent from the end of the discharge basin would not be expected to harm fish in the daytime, since the time for the outlet coolant to traverse the basin is of the order of four minutes. At night, the reaction is approximately 100 times slower [6]; consequently, the Applicant will be required to chlorinate (if neces ary) only during daylight hours.4. Other Wastes Miscellaneous nonradioactive solid waste, such as paper and glass, will be removed by a local waste handling firm to a certified landfill area offsite. Debris collected from circulating lake water on the traveling screens (3/8-in. mesh) will also be handled in the same manner.Emergency electric power generation for the Plant is provided by two diesel generator sets. The diesel engines, rated at 2600 kW at 0.8 power factor for continuous operation and 3050 kW overload for 30 minutes, have normal exhaust effluent but are only operated very briefly for testing, and, of course, for unscheduled emergency use. Safety and support functions are powered electrically.

Combustion-gas emissions also occur from the occasional use of a standby heating boiler in addition to those from the emergency diesel-electrlc generators.

Heating for normal plant operation comes from steam bled from the secondary steam system; however, during plant shutdown for refueling, the oil-fired heating boiler will be activated.

The boiler supplies 30,000 lb/hr of steam at 150 psig (1u30 x 106 Btu/hr) and uses No. 2 fuel oil. Typical analysis of No. 2 fuel oil shows sulfur content is 0.3 wt%. [7]

I 111-36 I Section III References I 1. F. K. Ho, "Temperature Decay of the Heated Discharge from Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan," Project 23-7127A (Preliminary Report of a Special Study for the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation by Pioneer Service & Engineering Co.), May 17, 1971.2. J. G. Asbury and A. A. Frigo, "A Phenomenological Relationship for Predicting the Surface Areas of Thermal Plumes in Lakes," ANL/ES-5, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, April 1971.3. R. L. Wiegel, I. Mobarek, and Y. Jen, "Discharge of Warm Jet Over Sloping Bottom," Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory, U. of California, Berkeley, 1964.4. A. A. Frigo and G. P. .Romberg, "Thermal Plume Dispersion Studies," in Reactor Development Program Progress Report, ANL-7861, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, pp. 9.1 to 9.7, September 1971.5. Vladislav Hancil and J. M. Smith, "Chlorine-Sensitized Photoc'-emical Oxidation of Soluble Organics in Municipal Waste Water," Ind. Eng.Chem.. Process Des. Develop. 10, 515 (1971).6. J. E. Draley, "The Treatment of Cooling Waters With Chlorine," ANL/ES-12, Argonne National Laboratory, February 1972.7. WPS, "Comments on Federal, State and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC DES," October 9, 1972.I I I I l1 IV-I IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SITE PREPARATION AND PLANT CONSTRUCTION A.

SUMMARY

OF PLANS AND SCHEDULES The Plant site was purchased in 1966 and site grading and clearing began in November of 1967. Other key dates in the construction program are indicated in Table IV-l. A pictorial indication of the status oF the construftion as of October 15, 1971 is provided by Figure 111-2.The peak work force for the Plant construction was 750 persons. This peak occurred after that for the Point Beach Station. When the force for the latter peaked at 900 men during the summer of 1969, the work force at the KNPP was still at a low level, averaging only about 150 persons.B. IMPACTS ON LAND, WATER, AND HUMAN RESOURCES 1. Land There were originally twelve residences on the 908-acre site. These were purchased by the Applicant and all except one have been removed fýcom the site. That one, a log cabin, will be retained as a classroom for instruction for high school classes, in conjunction with about five acres being reserved for future conservation activities by high school groups.Plant construction activities are limited -to 110 acres adjoining the lake. Approximately 790 acres continued to be used for agricultural operations, on a leasing arrangement, until the fall of 1971. This arrangement may be resumed.The only significant alterations in land use have occurred within the 110 acres where the Plant is being constructed.

These have resulted from excavation and grading, construction of buildings and related facilities, placement of sanitary landfill, and the movement and storage of construction materials and equipment.

The Plant buildings, substation and transportation facilities (roads and parking) will occupy about 15 acres.About 17 acres have been used as landfill for the disposal of con-struction waste, and it is estimated that less than three more acres will be required for this. Topographically suitable acreage south-west of the Plant has been used. In addition to construction

debris, IV-2 TABLE IV-1 Key Dates in the KNPP Schedule Activity Excavation started AEC construction permit received Offshore work completed Reactor vessel arrived on site Electrical substation and in-coming transmission lines completed Construction testing started Reactor coolant cold hydro Hot functional test start Fuel loading Commercial operation Date November 1967 August 1968 October 1969 January 1971 May 1971'June 1971 November 1972 January 1973 March 1973 September 1973 IV-3 which is buried approximately six feet below the surface, surplus soil from excavations for the buildings and dredging of the trench for the lake water intake have been spread in this area. A portion.of this lard fill areawill be used for service water pretreatment settling basins.Riprap protection has been provided along the shoreline to reduce the high-rate of natural erosion. Limestone rock was moved by truck from a quarry about 10 miles away to achieve this protection.

A temporary onsite plant was used to provide concrete required for con-struction.

The constituent materials were hauled by truck from near-by quarries.As described in Section III.B, about 60 miles of new transmission lines were required to tie the Plant into theexisting regional trans-mission grid. Fifty-six miles of these were for 345 kv lines, re-quiring a 150-foot right-of-way, and four miles were for 138 kv lines with a 100-foot right-of-way.

The dominant prior use of the 1066 acres of land in these corridors was for farming (84%) and it will continue as such. Extensive use of wooden H-frame structures for line support allowed considerable freedom in selecting structure sites at road and stream crossings and minimizes the loss of use of farmland since farm machinery can be operated in close proximity to the poles.2. Water Excavation and construction activities have unavoidably caused some minor changes in the surface water run-off from the site. The most significant change was to the southernmost of the three intermittent creeks which flow through the site to the lake. As indicated in Figure 111-3, its flow was diverted around the substation by a ditch.In addition, landfill operations southwest of the Plant resulted in some minor alterations in that creek's course and flow.Ground water aquifers have been tapped by two wells to provide water for drinking, sanitary and construction purposes.

There was a gradual increase in the mineral content of this water, to a level above 800 ppm. For that reason, future water requirements, except for sanitary and drinking water, will be supplied by Lake Michigan.During the initial construction activities, temporary trailer facili-ties were used for sanitary wastes, but *a permanent 9000 gallon per day sewage treatment system was soon installed.

This system treats all in-plant wastes and has been operating for three years. (See Section V.B.2.) The intake water supply is from an on-site well. After hold-up of the treated sewage effluent in a polishing pond, it is IV-4 discharged to the lake. Monitoring by state authorities has indicated that no detectable amounts of chemicals or nutrients have been added to Lake Michigan as a result of the operation of the sanitary waste treat-ment system.The cooling water intake is located about 1600 feet from the lake shore. Three 22-foot-diameter inverted cones connect to 6-foot-dia-meter pipes which in turn join a 10-foot-diameter pipe. The cones extend one foot above the lake bottom and the remainder of the in-take system is buried a minimum of three feet. Dredging of a 1600-foot-long channel was required for installation of this intake and additional movement of the dredged material was required; both to bury the structure and to restore the lake bottom to its original level. Obviously, the ambient benthic organisms were displaced in this operation.

To provide protection for the inlet construction, two barges were sunk temporarily in the lake as a breakwater and removed after completion of the construction work.The circulating cooling water is discharged into an outlet basin at the shoreline.

The outlet basin is forty feet wide and slopes upward to the lake. Earth dredged in forming the outlet basin, as well as surplus material from the installation of the intake structure, was disposed of in the on-site landfill area.3. Roads A permanent Plant road and a temporary construction road connect with State Highway 42. The state highway has proven adequate to handle all traffic generated by Plant construction.

Large Plant components such as the steam generators and pressure vessel were moved by baroo from the suppliers' plants to the harbor at Kewaunee and then by trailer truck to the site. Other than a brief disruption of normal road traffic and the reinforcement of a culvert along the route used,.no problems were encountered in these shipments.

4. Human Resources Except for key specialists, most of the construction force areresi-dents of *the region. One survey indicated that 89% of the employees (544 of 612 persons) were local residents of the lakeshore-Fox River Valley area. Thus the impact of the work force is largely economic, rather than social. The creation of additional jobs, although mostly temporary, is a positive contribution to the commercial activities in the region. A sizeable fraction of the work force is drawn from I I I IV-5 the cities of Green Bay and Manitowoc.

This serves both to diffuse the impact on the economy of the region. and to avoid localized area of high unemployment upon completion of the construction phase.No public transportation facilities serve the Plant site, so the con-struction did serve to increase traffic on the local roads, decreasing with increasing distance from the site. Accommodations for mobile homes were provided at a former U.S. Army missile site about three miles southwest of the Plant. This was limited to space for 30 units and proved to be adequate for the demand. No supplemental funds were sought by the local schools for children of families drawn tempo-rarily into the area by construction activities.

C. CONTROLS TO REDUCE OR LIMIT IMPACTS The construction area was defined and limited to 110 acres. On the remainder of the site, the original land character was maintained except for normal modifications of the vegetation associated with farming operations.

Soil erosion is an ever-present problem in farming areas, so expert advice was readily available to the Applicant from a local soil con-servation group and from state agencies such as the Soil Conservation Service and the Department of Natural Resources.

From cooperation among these groups evolved plans and procedures for reducing erosion as a consequence of Plant construction.

The plans have been followed since the start of constructionfl].

These measures included the planting of grasses, e.g., vetch, to stabilize cuts, underground drainage to reduce sliding of wet soil, gravel risers to ground surface as a means to accelerate drainage in parking lots, and stabilization dams in gulleys, to control water flow.The various roads and parking lots will be paved before Plant opera-tion begins, but during the construction phase they were subjected to water sprinkling and periodic oil treatment to control dust. Noise abatement procedures were not considered necessary during the con-struction activities because of the isolation of the Plant. The nearest residence is 0.8 miles away, and nearby areas were considered adequate retreats for any native wildlife perturbed by noise and activity in the construction area.Sanitary landfill methods were used for disposal of solid waste from construction activities, in preference over on-site burning or haul-ing to off-site dumping areas. The debris is buried, using exca-vation material from the Plant building area and dredging material I IV-6 3 from the lake. This material was placed in a manner to improve land I contour and drainage and appropriately graded to blend in with the natural landscape.

As each section of the landfill area was completed, it was stabilized by seeding with grass for both erosion control and i aesthetic improvement.

Standard industrial safety-procedures are being followed to protect the_construction workers and operating-personnel from excessive noise. Off- i site noise level measurements have demonstrated that normal highway noise levels are considerably higher at nearby residences than Plant construction noises[l].

I Coastline recession is a major problem along Lake Michigan, proceeling at a rate as high as 12 feet per year. The stable slopes near the I center of the site, where the Plant is located, are somewhat protected from active erosion by a promontory extending into the lake just south of the Plant. Additional stabilization is provided by the riprap placed in the vicinity of the discharge area and around the promontory.

Aerial photographs are being taken on a regular basis, to monitor the rate of recession of the local shoreline under the influence of high water, currents, turbulence, and thermal dischargerl].

Early construction and operation of the permanent sewage treatment facility was another measure which served to reduce the impact of con-struction.

As mentioned above, the impact on the lake due to facility *1 effluent has been so low as to be undetected.

The external appearance of the Plant, and the clustering of component I structures in coordinated-arrangement will serve to reduce the visual impact of a massive, man-made facility situated in rural surroundings.

In addition, the lines of, and contrast presented by, the Plant will be I softened by judicious landscaping and maintenance of the plantings and natural vegetation.

I IV- 7 Secti'on IV Reference 1. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, "Comments on Federal, State, and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC Draft Environmental State-ment", October 19,.1972, USAEC Docket #50-305.

V-I V. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLANT OPERATION The overall environmental impact associated with the operation of the Plant is a composite of many factors, some favorable and others potentially detrimental.

Included in the former are the provision of power required in the territory served by the Owners, the remote location of the Plant, the release of few noxious by-products, and the educational uses of the site. Among the latter are the release of low levels of radioactivity to the environment, the discharge of small quantities of chemicals, and consequences to aquatic biota of the heated water discharged to the lake.A. LAND USE The Applicant has chosen to confine the Plant and related activities to a small portion of the total acreage owned, and hopes that the re-mainder will serve both as a buffer zone and as productive farmland.This is also true for the 56 mile corridor used for the new trans-mission lines.1. Site Modifications The Owners of the Plant have acquired 908 acres. The actual Plant site occupies approximately 110 acres. Of this, the Plant buildings, substation, and transportation facilities cover approximately 15 acres, and about 17 acres southwest of the Plant proper were used as land-fill for the disposal of construction refuse. Four to five acres are being reserved for proposed high school conservation classes. Approximately 790 acres have been under cultivation.

Agricultural operations were discontinued in the fall of 1971, but the land will be leased back for local farm operations if approval is granted. Any such leasing agreement would require the practice of appropriate soil and water conservation measures and would exclude livestock grazing [56].Twelve families have been displaced from on-site residences acquired along with the land. Use of a schoolhouse had been terminated prior to the purchase of the site.The only other significant alterations in land use occurred within the 110 acres where the plant is being constructed and along the shoreline.

These alterations have been the result of. grading activities, the construction of structures and facilities, placement V-2 of sanitary land-fill, the transportation and storage of construction materials and equipment, and the placement of protective riprap along a portion of the shoreline.

All disturbed areas not otherwise developed will be graded, landscaped, and seeded to grass as soon as the construction schedule permits [2]. This will provide an aesthet-ically pleasing grass and tree environment around the Plant. The protection of a portion of the shoreline by riprap may be in part offset by accelerated erosion of adjacent areas. Furthermore, the thermal discharge will reduce ice formation in the vicinity of the discharge structure.

This may eliminate,'beyond the extent of the riprap, a naturally occurring protection present prior to Plant operation.

However, available evidence [57], bascd on aerial photographic ice-reconnaisance surveys of the entire shoreline of i Lake Michigan during the winter of 1969-70 and 1970-71, indicates that discharges of waste heat from nuclear and fossil-fueled power plants do not cause extensive melting of shore ice. As mentioned previously in Section IV. C, shoreline erosion at this Plant site is being monitored by aerial photography.

If it becomes evident that the riprap and other shoreline structures added during construc-tion or the thermal discharge during Plant operation have resulted in an increased rate of erosion along the shoreline in the vicinity of these alterations, the Applicant will be required to provide additional shoreline protection.

As noted in Section II.D.5., the soil on the site is relatively impermeable.

Paving of roads and parking lots will increase water runoff, but not significantly.

This slight increase in runoff will increase sedimentation in the streams near the Plant and some of this sediment will be carried into the lake. The amount will be small in comparison with that' already being deposited by normal I runoff. Another possible source of increased sedimentation in the vicinity of the discharge structure is sediment that enters the intake and passes through the circulating water system. This quantity should be small, since the intake velocity is low and the inlets are one foot above the lake bottom at a depth of 14 feet.The velocity of the water at the mouth of the discharge basin has a maximum range of from 2.4 to 6.9 fps (see Section III. D. 1. a).Any sediment carried by the circulating water will be deposited over a large area in shallow water near the shore. Because of the high onshore turbulence at the Kewaunee site, wave action should I distribute such sediment widely.i V- 3 The primary effect of the Plant on previous plans for the land use was to convert about 110 acres of land from agricultural to indus-trial use. No other plans for the land are known. No historical or archeological values are significantly affected.

Hunting re-strictions will be applied to the land in the immediate area of the Plant, to reduce the chance of damage to it. Fires on the beach within the site will be prohibited, to reduce the possibility of grass fires on the site.A major north-south highway, State Route No. 42, bisects the Plant site. No interference with traffic flow will result from normal Plant operation.

In the event of improbable accident conditions which would make rerouting of traffic advisable, this could be ac-complished with a minimum of inconvenience to motorists.

The alternate routes are apparent in Figures II-1 and 11-2.Much of the site will retain the appearance of the countryside characteristic of the agricultural activities in the region. ,Reac-tion to the addition of a cluster of buildings and transmission facilities to this rural scene is highly subjective.

Care has been taken to design the structures and ancillary facilities to conform with contemporary architectural practices, and the clean lines, color scheme (turquoise and silver) and landscaping will be as pleas-ing as possible.

Passersby cannot help but notice the Plant because of its proximity to the highway. Roadside signs will invite motorists for a closer inspection from the observation pavillion near the Plant, and some descriptive displays are mounted there. The facilities provided for visitors are minimal, but this is understandable in view of the large information center already in operation at the Point Beach Plant just 4.5 miles to the south and the latter's access from the same highway which passes the Kewaunee Plant. Provision of picnicking facilities at the observation pavillion would add to the attractiveness of the observation area at a low cost.A limited amount of data is available concerning uses of the land by wildlife.

The regional character is such that it provides some refuge for inland fowl and small ground animals. This subject is discussed more fully in Sections II.E and V.C.Operation of the Plant is not expected to have any detrimental ef-fects, such as fogging, icing, etc., on the use of the land. Fresh and spent fuel will be moved by truck, but this will not affect V-4 land use. Those shipments must comply with all requirements for I such shipments on public highways, and no special relaxation of the rules will be applied for the Plant property.2. Offsite Impacts There will be no new impact on land areas contiguous with the site, since the site's peripheral areas will continue to be used for agri-cultural activities, subject to Commission approval, just as they were before. If continuing use for crops and pasture is considered inappropriate, forestry is a possible alternate.

The principal I offsite impacts will be those resulting from the permanent employees at the Plant, the new transmission lines, and the provision of addi-tional electrical energy in the territory served by the Pool.Permanent employees at the Plant who have moved into the area from more distant points have not experienced difficulty in locating suitable accommodations.

Most have settled in nearby towns of moderate size, such as Kewaunee and Two Rivers, and their assimila-tion into these communities has been readily accomplished.

The total permanent Plant staff will be less than 100 persons, which I represents a minor perturbation to the population of over 85,000 within a reasonable commuting di-stance (20 miles).Prior land uses along the new 56-mile transmission right-of-way included farm land (84%), woodland (7%), wetlands (2%) and scrub-land (7%), and this will remain virtually unaffected by the instal-lation of the supporting structures for the lines. The Applicant's decisions regarding structures and locations have been guided by a desire to minimize the environmental and visual impact of the in-stallations.

This effort has extended from design procedures to I planting and maintenance of the right-of-way.

No access roads are used. The transmission lines are high enough to avoid a psychologi-cal visual partition, or "fencing-in" effect. Routing of transmis-sion lines across hilltops was avoided and the towers were construc-ted of wood to harmonize with the environs.The expansion of the Pool's capability is in anticipation of a con-tinuing growth in power requirements for the region, and in turn the availability of adequate electrical power will foster a continuation of the region's development.

Because of the resources of the region, including raw materials, labor force and water shipment routes, it is likely that industrial activities will grow more rapidly than I' I V-5 agricultural ones, particularly since the latter is land-intensive and such capabilities are now essentially utilized to the maximum extent. However, such further industrialization is to be expected more in existing centers of population than in the vicinity of the Plant.Probable future uses of land in the vicinity can be inferred from a review of published economic statistics pertaining to labor, rec-.reation, industry, transportation, and agriculture

[31-35]. The results of the available studies [36] indicate that land use within the vicinity of the Plant site for the forseeable future will con-tinue to be devoted primarily to agriculture.

Income will be de-rived largely from dairy and livestock products.

The small amount of acreage removed from the regional economy by the Plant will be more than balanced by the corresponding positive economic effects of the Plant operation.

Thus the construction and operation of the Kewaunee Plant will not significantly alter land use in the vicinity, and the overall regional economy will not be negatively affected.B. WATER AND AIR USE As indicated in Figure III-15, up to a maximum of 420,000 gpm will be withdrawn from the lake for heat dissipation and other purposes and up to 25,000 gpm will be withdrawn for in-plant uses. Lake Michigan will be the source for ail of this water and it will be returned thereto. Ground water from an on-site well will be used as the potable and sanitary water supply.The effects of this water usage will be limited to surface waters, par-ticularly Lake Michigan, and the chemicals and aquatic life therein.No additional discharge of water from the Plant is intended, other than the indirect flow from the polishing pond of the sewage treat-ment plant to the lake by way of an on-site creek. Local bedrock aquifers containing potable water in the site area are of a rela-tively low permeability.

The water table is relatively flat, and the direction of the ground water movement is toward Lake Michigan at a slow rate. The surficial soils in the area are relatively impervious.

Bedrock in the vicinity is below the elevation of Lake Michigan (see Figure 11-8), and therefore the vertical component of the ground water movement is upward, which precludes the possible contamination of the bedrock aquifers from accidental discharge of fluids on or below the ground surface. Fluids would run off or percolate slowly in the direction of Lake Michigan.

V-6 There are numerous effects on Lake Michigan, both in terms of alter- 3 ations in the temperature, chemical content, and radioactivity and in terms of the use of the lake and its water for other purposes.The existence of such effects is not significant in all cases, as the discussion below and in Sections V.C. and V.D. will show.1. Thermal Discharge 3 During full power operation, the temperature rise through the cir-culating water system will be about 20'F during the summer and about 28'F in winter. The temperature of the water discharged into the i lake will decrease rapidly by mixing and spreading beyond the dis-charge point. Because of lake bottom conditions, the biological environment in the vicinity of the discharge point is relatively barren and not representative of the lake as a.whole (see Sections I II.E.3.d and V.C.3.d.).

Estimates of the extent of the dispersion of the heated discharge water were given in Section III.D.l. For example, the isotherm for 3'F above ambient temperature was estimated I to enclose 254 acres of lake surface area. The distribution of the heated water will be influenced strongly by. wind and current condi-tions, as illustrated by Figures 111-6 through III-11. Possible effects of this heat on.aquatic species in the lake are considered in Section V.C. below.The hydrological characteristics of this portion of Lake Michigan ap- i pears to be such that the near-shore circulation pattern in the vicinity of Kewaunee does not significantly interact with the cir-culation pattern in the vicinity of the Point Beach Plant to the I south. Evidence that the discharged heat from the Point Beach Unit No. 1, located 4.5 miles south of the Plant, is dissipated before reaching the water near the Plant was presented in Section III.D.l. 3 The observations reported in Figures i11-6 through 111-12 apply to the Point Beach Plant with only Unit 1 operating.

At maximum flow through the condensers and full power operation, each unit will I discharge 3.9 x 109 Btu/hr to the lake. The outfall structures are located 200 feet from the shoreline and the direction of flow from each is at an angle of 60' relative to theshoreline and to each other. However, from the Kewaunee Plant at a distance of '4.5 miles away, the discharges may be treated as coincident with negligible error and so the effect of the Point Beach units on the water temperature near the Kewaunee Plant would be double that observed in the 1971 measurements.

V- 7 The extreme effect of the Point Beach discharges on the water temperature near the Kewaunee Plant would be expected for a northward current near the lakeshore, such as that which existed (but in the opposite direction) during the observations reported in Figure 111-6.The Staff has estimated that, for both Point Beach units operating at full power and producing a 19.3°F rise in the circulating water temperature, the maximum distance of the isotherm for IF above ambient is 28,000 feet (5.3 miles) and 11,000 feet (2.1 miles) for 2°F [8]. These are overestimates, since they assume that the tempera-ture of the intake water is identical.

with that at the surface. The intake water is taken from seventeen feet below the lake surface and one feet above the bottom at a point 1600 feet offshore.

The tempera-ture of the intake water is often around 15'F cooler than the ambient surface water temperature of the lake and the actual differential between effluent water temperature and ambient surface water tempera-ture is often of the order of 5' to 10°F. Thus it is expected that the incremental water temperature near the Kewaunee Plant due to operation of the Point Beach Plant will seldom, if'ever, exceed 1F and will average appreciably lower. Conversely, the effect of the'Kewaunee Plant on the water temperature near the Point Beach Plant will be even lower, since the thermal discharge from the former is about half that of the latter.Additive thermal effects are expected to be negligible.

Although a temperature rise of about IF above ambient might occur occasionally near the Kewaunee Plant because of the Point Beach Plant, the same northward lake current which carried heated water therefrom the Point Beach Plant would deflect the thermal discharge from the Kewaunee Plant northward.

Thus the thermal plumes would not overlap to any significant extent.As mentioned in Section III.D.1, the promontory just south of the Kewaunee Plant may restrict dilution of heat in the nearshore water when a northbound lakeshore current exists. Figures 11-3 and 111-3*show that the acreage of water protected by the promontory under such circumstances is small. -Furthermore, the outfall structure for the Plant guides the cooling water away from the shore in a perpendicular direction with a velocity of 4.7 ft/sec at the mouth of the discharge basin. In the absence of any modeling studies of the perturbation to flow as a result of this promontory, it will be required that the water temperature be monitored at locations in this region to deter-mine whether any unusual temperature effects occur when both the Plant and the Point Beach Plant are operating at full power.

V-8 3 The heated water from the condenser cooling system will result in 3 increased evaporation from Lake Michigan near the Plant. The amount of this increase will be negligible in comparison with the total evaporation from the lake and with the lake's volume. Localized meteorological effects are expected to be insignificant.

Increased steam fog is expected.

Such fog forms over water when the air temp-erature is less than the surface-water temperature.

The increase in the frequency and density of this type of fog, due to the heated water discharge, will be very localized and will not be a signifi-cant environmental impact. Likewise, the alterations in current flow near the Plant, due to the velocity of the discharged cooling i water, will be a very minor and highly localized phenomenon.

The condenser cooling system was designed to limit discharge tempera-ture in compliance with applicable Federal -State water quality standards.

These standards, approved by the Federal Government in 1967, allow cooling water discharge temperatures as high as 89*F, without mixing zone specifications.

The Applicant's permit i authorizes the Plant to discharge water at a temperature of up to 86 0 F.The normal summertime intake rate will be 413,000 gallons per minute (gpm) with a rise in water temperature through the condensers of about 20'F. During the v)inter, it is planned that circulating water flow will be reduced to 287,000 gpm, with a corresponding maximum rise in i temperature of the cooling water of about 28'F. Average summertime intake temperatures recorded at thE Point Beach Unit 1 intake crib (4.5 miles south) range from 50' to 60*F. On this basis, it is U expected that the normal summertime discharge temperature will be approximately 700 to 80'F. During late summer, higher intake temp-eratures can be expected for short periods. Data for 1969 and 1970 showed intake temperatures at 66 0 F or above for 6 and 7 days and temperatures at 70*F or above for 0 and 5 days, respectively

[3,5].The records also correlate well with the Rostok intake for the City of Green Bay municipal water supply system 12 miles to the north U of the Kewaunee Plant site. Thus it is unlikely that compliance with the temperature limit established by the State will result in operation at reduced power for more than a few days each year.Recently the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference

.(LMEC) has recommended different thermal standards for the protection of the lake biota. These recommendations are reproduced in Appendix E 1 (Pages E-40 to 42). Representatives of the State of Wisconsin II V-9 participated in the formulation of these controls recommended for waste heat discharges to the lake. Subsequently, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources held public hearings and issued thermal standards for Lake Michigan based on the LMEC recommenda-tions, as described in Appendix B. The Environmental Quality Committee of the Wisconsin Natural Resources Board is studying and reviewing the situation.

A recent statement by the latter is also included in Appendix B. These requirements and the steps being taken by the Applicant as a consequence thereof are discussed in Section XII. A.2. Chemical Discharges The sources and quantities of chemicals used in Plant operation which are released to Lake Michigan have been described in Section III.D.3. Most of the chemicals released from the plant are sulfates and bicarbonates of sodium, calcium and magnesium.

These are innocuous since they are released at a sufficiently low rate that they add at most a few percent to the amounts already present in the lake water. Phosphates are released in much smaller quantities, but, because of the very low level of phosphates-present in the lake water, they too' can cause increases of the order of a few per-cent. under some circumstances.

For example, if circulating water leaks into the condenser, phosphates will be added to the secondary water to control hardness.

These would be released later in the boiler blowdown.

The maximum release rates will add no more than a very few parts per million (ppm) to the natural content of about 150 ppm of solids in the circulating lake water, and dilution and dispersion of the cooling water will soon make these additions imperceptible.

The sewage treatment plant has been in operation for about three years, under the supervision of state-licensed personnel and with monitoring by the State. The system employs three basic methods of treatment.

These are screening, aeration and settling.

In addition, the Applicant has added a chlorination system and a polishing pond to further treat the effluent prior to discharge to the lake.As the sewage passes from the screening

'device it enters-into the aeration tank. In this tank, the sewage is oxidized,aerobically in an activated sludge system supplied with compressed air,into carbon dioxide, water, and inoffensive organic constituents.

The V-10 bacteria form an activated sludge, some of which is returned, to mix with the incoming sewage. The treated sewage will have 85% to 95%of its organic, or pollutional, material removed before it is discharged, The effluent from the settling tank is passed through a chlorina-tion contact chamber to kill any pathogenic organisms which might remain in the effluent.

The Plant effluent is held in the chlorine I contact tank for thirty minutes at average design flow. This is twice the contact time recommended by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Upon discharge from the chlorine contact tank, the effluent is discharged tc a polishing pond which provides ad-ditional hold-up time for the treated sewage effluent prior to dis-charge to the lake by way of an on-site creek. The current intake water supply for the sewage treatment system is from a well on site.The concentrations of chemical and biological wastes released to the lake are within the State's standards.

Current measurements show a concentration of chlorine of 0.4 to 0.6 mg/liter and a pH of 7.6 for the effluent at the discharge point. The rapid reduction of free chlorine to a level believed not harmful to fish has been ex-'plained in Section ITI.D.3. Dilution of the effluent will reduce the concentrations to even lower levels.Sludge buildup in the final retention pond has been very small during the years of treatment plant operation and to date there has been no need for sludge disposal.

Should this become a problem in the future, a state-approved sanitary land fill procedure would. be followed [56].3. Recreational and Other Uses The beach and offshore areas near the Plant have not been popular I for recreational uses such as swimming and fishing, for a variety of reasons. These include the low population level in the vicinity, the poor quality of the beach, the temperature of the water, and I the availability of public beaches and docking facilities at loca-tions not too distant to the north and south. The addition of rip-rap to the shoreline near the Plant will make this portion of the beach even less attractive for~swimming.

On the other hand, based on the experience at the Point Beach Plant, fish will be attracted at certain seasons by the heated effluent and this in turn is expected to attract sports fishermen.

Commercial fishing is excluded by a I I I I V-Il State regulation which prohibits such activities in Lake Michigan waters closer than one-half mile from the shore. The water velocity at the intake cones is sufficiently low (less than 1 fps) and their depth sufficiently great (14 ft.) that there will be no interference with possible swimmers or small boats.The nearest intake of Lake Michigan water for use as a municipal supply is at Rostok, 12 miles north of the site. Under the most adverse conditions, a dilution factor of approximately 80 would be expected for Plant effluent.

Thus the chemical and radioactive (see Section V.D. below) discharges from the Plant will have a neg-ligible effect on water drawn from the lake for municipal use.4. Hydrological Monitoring Program Monitoring of the physical and chemical properties of Lake Michigan water is being performed for the Applicant by an industrial labora-tory in order to: a. Evaluate the baseline physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Michigan water before and after plant operation commences*

b. Compare the quality of the water in the lake with applicable standards to assure compliance with regulations; and c. Provide data for evaluating the impact of the Plant on the aquatic biota.The Applicant has recently expanded the hydrological monitoring pro-gram to provide more frequent measurements of selected physical and chemical properties at a larger number of locations

[55]. Tempera-ture profiles at 17 locations and water quality at 7 locations will be determined twice every three months, and lake currents will be monitored continuously in the immediate vicinity of the intake and discharge structures and at a second, variable location.

The sampling locations and types of measurements to be made for samples taken from these locations are identified in Figure V-1. The monitoring program for biological species is also indicated.

Temperature and dissolved oxygen will be measured twice each calendar quarter immediately below the lake surface and at each meter of depth near the mouth of the discharge

(#10 in Figure V-1), two miles off-shore where the depth is 40 feet (#14), and at five locations along I V-12 SCALE 0.5 N 0.25 0 1000 2000 3000 FEET q 0:5 1 KILOMETER w S 0 0 INTAKE 0 s LU 0 0 Lu EW SCALE 1:31.250 I 0.5 0 I 2 0 3000 6000 3000 9000 FEET----"R -F-ý- -1 0.5 0 bm -==* --m -- -I AREA LOCATION MAP LEGEND PROFILE LOCATION=

2-4,6-8,10-14, 15-17, 20-2 2 FIG. V-I.WATER QUALITY=2,7,11,12,14,16,20 PHY TOPLANKTON

=2,7,11,12,14,16,20 ZOOPLANKTON

= 7,8,11,12,13, 16,17 FIELD SAMPLING MAP KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT THERMAL EFFECTS STUE 1972 PERIPHYTON

= 1,9, 18 8 E NT H0S = 7,8,11,12,14,16,17 F I S H -ý 5,7,10,12,19, 21 Ii V-13 each of the 10-, 20- and 30-foot depth contours (#2, 6, 11, 15 and 20; #3, 7, 12, 16 and 21; and #4, 8, 13, 17 and 22). Duplicate samples for water quality analyses will be collected from seven of these locations at the same frequency.

For the three locations at 10-foot depth, mid-depth samples will be taken; for the three locations at 20-foot depth, samples will be taken one meter below the surface and one meter above the bottom; samples will be taken at the top, mid-point and bottom of the water column at the single 40-foot deep location.

Thirty-three chemical and physical characteristics of these samples will be determined, including ammonia, nitrate, nitride and total organic nitrogen; soluble orthophosphate and total phosphorus; chloride; alkalinity, pH, total hardness and total dissolved solids; and chemical oxygen demand.The monitoring program is now in effect and will continue after the Plant is operating.

Details of the sampling program will be modi-fied if the results acquired indicate that it is appropriate to do so. The Applicant has agreed to make any modifications considered necessary by appropriate regulatory agencies to assjre that th,-environmental impact of the Plant's operation on the aquatic system will be fully evaluated.

It will be required that the hydrological moniltoring program san!Dling frequency be increased during preoperational testing and during at least the first year of plant operation in order to provide signi-ficant information on changes n:t various locations and depths in the discharge plume area.C. BIOLOGICAL IMPACT 1. Terrestrial Ecosystems The biological impact of the Kewaunee facility on the terrestrial environment includes the use of about 110 acres of the 908 acre property for the actual Plant site. Approximately 32 acres of the site are occupied by buildings, substation, transportation facili-ties, and landfill area. This disturbance has already taken place.The damage included loss of substrate for plants and the loss of some food and cover for birds and mammals. Secondly, there is a Visual impact of the Plant and associated power lines, as 'x'ell as a pos-sible hazard of the cables to migratory waterfowl in flywoys and to small aircraft.

v-14 The site ecology will now remain essentially as it is with regard to planned disturbances

[2,6]. Approximately 790 acres the site.property will be leased back to farming if approval is granted.Four to five acres of the forest area will be reserved for local school conservation classes. Woodlots will not be cut down. This I will have a positive impact on the remaining flora and fauna since it will provide an extensive habitat, free from further major dis-turbances, except for farming activities if some of the land is I again leased for agricultural purposes.There are no uncontrolled ways by which airborne, solid or liquid contaminated wastes could interact with the terrestrial plants and animals; conse'uently, the total impact of Plant operation on wild-life of the area appears to be slight. The migratory waterfowl habitat in Lake Michigan will be enhanced during the winter since I the heated effluent will maintain an ice-free channel [28,29].2. Aquatic Intake and Entrainment Effects, a. Plankton Damage to plankton occurs as a result of stresses they encounter I in passing through the Plant. These stresses are caused by chemical additives (if present), turbulence, elevated temneratures, and pres-sure as the plankton go through the pumps, condenser, various pipes, I ard the thermal plume. The plant forms (phytonlankton) as well as the animal forms (zooplankton) are affected.Damage to the phytoDlankton is not considered as critical as damage to other forms for two reasons: (1) regeneration of the population lost in the Plant occurs rapidly in the plume and surrounding waters because of the short life cycles- and (2) phytoplankton damaged in.the Plant are still available as food to other organisms after being discharged

[60]. Damage to some of these other organisms is a more serious consideration.

Fish eggs and sac fry are the important forms considered here since their development is slower and they produce the standing fish crop for the area [27].In Plant operation, mechanical and pressure damage to organisms cannot generally be distinguished from thermal or chemical effects, and are evaluated as part of the sum stress in studies of plankton populations.

Several studies have indicated mortalitv or decreased I I I I I V- 15 motility of zooplankters.

A report from the Ginna Nuclear Station on Lake Ontario [12] estimates mortality of plankton (primarily zooplankton) at 2-3% of those passing through the pump and condenser system and maximum values of 11% mortality under conditions when organisms are exposed to some natural environmental stress (such as storms) before entering the cooling system. Most of the mortality was attributed to mechanical action, but thermal effects cannot be ruled out. The AT at the Ginna Plant was 17'F, and at the Kewaunee Plant, it will be about 20'F during a similar time of year. Wright [2,10] found that a zooplankton motility loss of 10-20% occurred as a result of passage of organisms through the pump and condenser system, apparently in the absence of chlorination.

If the water is not chlorinated, the organisms that enter the intake and nass through the condenser at the Kewaunee facility should also have a rather low Percentage mortality.

They will experience maximum temperature changes of approximately 20°F in the summer and 28°F in the winter. These organisms will consist primarily of free floating phyto- and zooplankton and may possibly include small fish and fish eggs [2,4,6].Environmental studies, conducted at the Point Beach Plant by the Departmen't of Botany of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, in-dicated that the diatoms, cladocerons, and copepods predominate among the lake plankton, but they are sparsely distributed.

This condition appears to be similar at the Kewaunee site and probably exists due to the relative oligotrophy of the lake. In terms of the operational impact of the Plant, this means that relatively low numbers of these organisms will be entrained.

Assuming that all of the organisms entrained are killed, the impact is exuected to be minimal and of little, if any, significance to the planktonic population in the region or to the food web. The reasons are: (1) only a small fraction of the inshore lake water (less than 0.4%)passes through the Plant per year- (2) many of the species, includ-ing phytoplankton and some zooplankton, have short generation times (a few hours to weeks) [58,60]; and (3) the area in the lake near the Kewaunee Plant is known not to be a productive fish spawning area and thus the eggs of animals with larger generation times (fish) will probably not be involved [4]. A detailed biotic monitoring plan has been developed

[2,55] and thorough monitoring of all major biotic groups by the Applicant will be required.

V-16 b. Fish Eggs and Larvae At the Point Beach site an evaluation

[11] of the numbers and species of fish that pass through the pump-condenser system was made by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

[11,45]. In 14 samples taken at the discharge area during March and May of 1971, the total catch was eight sculpin and two samples with a few smelt. The total volume filtered was 3-4 million gallons. It was concluded that there was little direct physical damage to salmonids or whitefish of the area, and it is annarent that few other species were involved during this period. Calculations made for the Kewaunee site [27] estimated a total loss of 20 pounds of potential adult fish per day due to passage of eggs or young into the system. Recent observations based upon the collection of a three-week sample from the trash rack, with one of the two -pumps operating, indicated that about 20 pounds of fish were caught, [6]. However, this did not include a study of the eggs and larval fish. Some increase in the mortality rate of fish eggs I and larvae due to entrainment is expected at Kewaunee after startup.For example, some eggs and larvae of alewife, whitefish, or perch, which are shallow, warm water spawners [56], will be drawn into the Plant intake. Information gained from the biological monitoring program at Kewaunee will help evaluate the abundance of young fish and eggs in the area that nay potentially enter the water intake [2,4,55].More information will be available when all of the 1972 sampling data are analyzed for the monitoring program. Some limited mortality is expected of alewife, smelt, sculpin, and the larvae of shiners (Cyprinidae) as a result of their entrainment in the intake water.However, no reduction in the local fish populations in the lake is anticipated.

It is not known whether or not perch will spawn in the area of the effluent plume [4]. It is too shallow for bloater chubs and probably also for lake trout to spawn. There are no adequate streams nearby for brown and rainbow trout runs or for coho or chinook salmon to spawn.c. Impact of Entrainment on Young and Adult Fish The prime concern here is for fish that may enter the intake system and be unable to swim back to the lake. Fish may enter the system through one of three intake cones. At this point, the velocity is approximately 1 fps and most fish could escape the pull with a short.burst of speed. If they do not, they will soon experience a velocity I of approximately 11 fps (see Section III.C.3).

It is unlikely they I V-17 will then be able to swim out of the intake flow and they will even-tually die and be swept out with trash accumulated by the rotating screens. For this reason,, emphasis has Ueen placed on discouraging fish from entering the intake system by providing a screen of bubbles surrounding the three intake cones. Experience with an air bubble screen at the Applicant's Pulliam Plant indicates that such a screen is successful in minimizing fish entrapment

[2,6]. At the Kewaunee Plant, a value of 50% effectiveness for the air screen was assumed[27,45]. That is, of the standing fish population around the inlet, one-half would avoid capture as a result of the air screen's effec-tiveness.

In addition to the bubble curtain which is incorporated in the plant design, fish entrainment at the cooling water intake may possibly be further reduced by adding an electric probe system if necessary.

However, little is known about the electric probe system. It may work if fish are lead away from the intake. On the other hand, if shock immobilizes the fish, it would make them more prone to impingement.

In the absence of other data, a standing fish crop of 45 pounds per surface acre in the area of the plant was taken as a representative (a high value) of cold water fisheries.

Based on this population and the fractional captures and mortalities indicated above, a maximum fish damage of 7650 pounds per year (or about 20 pounds per day on the average) can be expected with the once-through cooling at the Kewaunee Plant [27,45]. The Applicant will be required to monitor the fish caught on the travelling screens and this will provide a measure of the effectiveness of methods used to prevent fish from entering the intake system.3. Effects of Thermal Discharge a. Area Affected A model study [13] indicates that a surface area of approximately 1000 acres will be exposed to a 3'F or greater rise, based on a dis-charge of 413,000 gpm with a 20*F rise over ambient water temperature in the summer, and up to 28*F in the winter [2]. Under conditions of no wind or current dispersal, the plume will extend no more than 7000 ft. The 10OF isotherm will extend out about 1000 ft, and the 6*F isotherm about 1600 ft. Data presented (see Section III.D.l.a.i.)

indicate that these values are overly conservative.

The temperature V-i8 n of the water discharged into the lake will at no time be allowed to I exceed 86'F, and will decrease rapidly by mixing and spreading beyond the-discharge point. It is expected that the normal summertime dis-charge temperature will be about 700 to 80°F [2].Based on information from the nearby Point Beach Plant, Unit 1, [44]which has operated since January 1971, and has a similar discharge N and temperature rise (350,000 gpm, 19.3*F rise), it appears that under various wind directions the plume will not extend more than 1 to 1.5 miles along the shoreline with an isotherm of AT = 3*F or more.However, the Point Beach discharge is located 150 ft. offshore and, the Kewaunee outfall is on shore, so the Kewaunee shore area will be warmed a greater portion of the year.Because of lake bottom.conditions, the biological environment in the vicinity of the discharge point of the lake is relatively barren and not representative of the lake as a whole (See Sections II.E.3°d and V.C.3.d.).

Specific measurements will be made during Plant operation to evaluate the extent of the plume under varying weather conditions, at various depths and along the bottom. The Applicant has also initiated a measurement program to document any changes in bottom contour [55].b. General Effects of the Effluent In evaluating the effects of the thermal plume, consideration of. two points is essential:

(1) the temperature rise above the temperature to which the organisms have been previously exposed, 'and (2) the dura-tion of exposure to the elevated temperature

[14-16]. Organisms of I all types exposed to the warm discharge plume will experience tempera-ture changes, varying in duration and magnitude depending upon where they are in the plume and how long they remain within the plume's influence.

These organisms include any non-motile forms within the plume area, phyto- and zooplankton, and motile vertebrates and invertebrates

[2,12]. In addition to a study of the organisms already present, a complete evaluation of the biological impact of the thermal plume will include an assessment of the thermal effects on the types and quantities of organisms that will be attracted to the area as a result of plant operation

[55].Effects on phytoplankton and zooplankton, on benthos, and on fish are considered in detail in the following subsections.

i I I I V- 19 c. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton The discharge of heated water from the Plant into the lake will have some additional local effects on theviability, reproduction, food-web relation-ships, and growth of aquatic animals as well as the photosynthetic capacity of algae [19-25]. The plankton, periphyton., and benthos communities of inshore waters were sampled near the Point Beach Nuclear Plant by Argonne National Laboratory, during 1971, to determine the biological effects of the thermal discharge

[60]. With respect to phytoplankton, it was concluded from vertical tows for plankton that no significant differences existed between plume and nonplume water in terms of plankton biomass. However, fluorometric analysis of phytoplankton samples showed considerable variation in chlorophyl a concentration (proportional to phytoplankton productivity) at the sampling stations [60]. With respect to periphyton, its growth was significantly greater at the three stations nearest the discharge.

Growth at all other stations was similar to that at the control areas. This local-ized increase in periphyton growth may not be in any way detrimental.

It is only when the periphyton growth exceeds the rate at which fish and invertebrates can assimilate it into the normal food chain that the growth becomes excessive and a nuisance.

Excessive growth can create problems, both aesthetically and practically, when the filamentous algae break away and float onto beaches to decay [60].It is unlikely that any unusual algal blooms will occur as a result of the Kewaunee plume because of the relatively low nutrient and temperature enrichments.

The nutrients released by the Plant (Section III.D.3) will be well controlled, limited, and comparable to those of Point Beach Unit 1 where no unusual algal blooms have occurred.

At Point Beach, two years of preoperational data have been compared with the one year of postoperational data and no plant-related difference has been shown in the plankton species composition or in the timing of seasonal population pulses. No abnor-malities in the dynamics of biological rhythms of phytoplankton have been found [29].During the warmer, summer months, nearshore temperatures in the Kewaunee area have ranged from a low of 49*F to a high of 70'F based on data from 1969 and 1970. These are extreme values. More typical temperatures are in the order of 50' to 60'F. Summer temperatures would usually be in the 700 to 80'F range at the point of discharge and lower in the surrounding area. These temperatures should not unduly stimulate growth of blue-green algae. A temperature range of about' 95 0 F to 104'F is best for the growth of blue-green algae,in non-eutrophic water [14].

V-20 The more desirable diatoms generally grow best at temperatures of 640 to 86°F [14]. The expected temperatures within the Kewaunee plume area I are well within this range for the optimum growth for diatoms. Moni-toring for changes in baseline populations of phyto- and zooplankton will continue at Kewaunee after operations begin. An advantage to the interpretation of data from the Kewaunee site will be the availability of information from the Point Beach site, which will have been in operation over two years before Kewaunee begins operation

[2,29]. I d. Effects of the Thermal Effluent on the Benthos The factors of current and heat will be partially intertwined in the I Kewaunee site discharge area and interpretation of effects specific to current will be based on other studies and prior knowledge of species'preference or avoidance of current conditions.

Data from ecological I studies at the Ginna site [12], where non-heated discharges occurred for a period, suggest that changes in bottom fauna and fish can occur from current alone. Although strictly local effects of the establishment of *a current by the Kewaunee effluent may be anticipated, the overall impact -is not expected to be great. Within the limited' area of bottom and water mass where a current significantly greater than prevailing water currents occurs (up to 1 fps), the attraction of some species of fish and inverte-brates can be expected.

In a small area where current velocity is high, scouring and loss of habitat for organisms that do not favor current will occur. This should not influence a large-area.

Any changes that do occur should be detected by the sampling program [2,55].The population of benthic organisms in the Kewaunee area is sparse, due n to the nature of the bottom [4]. It is assumed that the elevated tempera-ture of the effluent water will cause minimum damage. This appraisal is also supported by the fact that the discharged water will be more buoyant I than the receiving waters, due to its elevated temperature, so that under most conditions the plume will not come into contact with the benthos.A possible exception exists in the winter when a sinking plume may occur.I I I V-21 e. Effluent Effects on Fish (1) Effects of remperature Increases Thermal additions may affect fish in several ways [16]: (1) by thermal shock due to relatively sudden increases or decreases in temperature.

(2) by influencing species composition in the area through differences in thermal preference and the possibility of increased or decreased food supply; (3) by influencing spawning times of fish- (4) by influencing the.survival of eggs and young spawned in the area due to direct thermal effects or changes in predation rates: and (5) by influencing migration routes. These effects at the Kewaunee Plant are exnected to be minimal, for the various reasons given in the following paragraph

[2].Information from the nearby Point Beach Plant is most pertinent to potential effects of the Kewaunee discharge.

No fish kills or other adverse effects have been observed by plant personnel or fish and game representatives of the State Department of Natural Resources

[2]. During March and April in 1971, the cooling water effluent from the Point Beach Plant was monitored.

Fourteen different samples were taken in the outlet flume with a Clarke--Bumpus plankton sampler. The median volume per sample was 580 gallons [45]. Plankton, sculpins, and smelt eggs were caught.Only one salmonid egg was found. However, only a verv small part of the total effluent was sampled, and large numbers of eggs and frv of various snecies could have passed through the plant undetected.

A somewhat similar intake system has been designed and built at the Kewaunee Plant, and considering the entire volume of water required in a year for cooling.relatively heavy entrainment of eggs and larvae,if present, can be antici-pated. The percent survival of these organisms as a result of condenser passage is unknown. However, very little spawning activity in tlc PIlant area is anticipated

[4]. The monitoring programs will yield necd:_." information

[2,55].At the present time there is no evidence of a deleterious effect on sport or commercial fishing from operation of the nearby Point Beach Plant. Based on catch statistics supplied to the Bureau of Sport Fish and Wildlife, Ann Arbor, Michigan, commercial fishinp in the Kewaunee area is primarily limited to alewife and smelt. These species are not presently being harvested to any great extent because of market conditions.

However, they have value as the base of the food chain for salmonids and trout in Lake Michigan.

Their importance should also be recognized from this basis.

V-22 Fish of primarily sport interest are the salmon and trout species and these have been found to be attracted at certain seasons to the Point Beach discharge zone, based on observations of fishermen, regional biologists,, and limited sampling.

Fishermen congregate in the plume I areas and good catches are reported by the regional biologist and wildlife protection agent. Alewives, smelt, and several minnow.species probably spai.m in this area since they spawn along much of .the beach in the region. Biologists consider it desirable to harvest the adult fish before large natural mortality occurs.Very few yellow perch have been observed or collected near the Point I Beach plume. Wisconsin DFR personnel state that few yellow .perch frequent the area at any time, and neither spawning nor distinctive accumulation of perch have occurred [2].Investigations will be continued in the Kewaunee fish sampling program for evidence of spawning in the Plant area, but no spawning is now known 3 and little is anticipated after startup. Available information indicates that the portion of the Lake Michigan shore under considera-tion at the Kewaunee site is neither a spawning nor a nursery ground [4].Surveys conducted in the area have failed to collect more than occa-sional fish larvae. Studies by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in the early summer of 1970 indicated very few eggs or larvae of fish going through the condenser system at Point Beach [11].These studies were repeated in the fall of 1970 with similar results.TiiUs, no si*nificant impact is anticipated on the snawning or larvae activities of native fish at the Kewaunee site. Reproduction of the salmonids introduced into the lake, i.e.. coho and chinook salmon. and brown, rainbow, and brook trout, is almost wholly artifica]l and there--fore, will not be influenced by the Kewaunee thermal discharges

[1].There is the possibility that the discharge plume will interfere with nearshore movements of juvenile salmonids

[2.18]. An increased concen-tration of predator fish in the plume area could result in an increased predation rate on juveniles forced into the plume as they move along I the shoreline.

Sampling of fish in the plume area after startup should reveal if this is a major concern.It is unlikely that juvenile or adult fish will voluntarily enter the I warmer parts of the thermal plume abruptly as fish are known to have definite temperature preferences and tend to stav in or move to waters of these preferred temperatures, if available.

However, it is possible I that fish coming from the side of the plume could experience temperature I I I I I V-23 changes up to 20'F in summer and 28'F in winter. Increased predation during these times may take place [2]. In addition, there are no strong currents or physical obstructions in the Plant area to force the fish to swim through heated water and remain there for a period which would be damaging to the fish. Therefore, it is unlikely that juvenile or adult fish life will be killed due to high temperature shock [18. 27]. and it is not expected that the heated discharge will have a significant effect on the commercially important fish species. The adult whitefish are deep water fish which migrate from deeper to shallower waters for spawning in the fall. Other lake fish such as bloater and chub are deep water fish most of the year.Studies have indicated that for most fish an exposure to a temperature shock of 9' to 12'F above previous thermal exposure for a long neriod, more than several minutes, is sufficient to cause death due to thermal considerations alone, i.e., when temperature is the only stress factor [18].However, mature and most juvenile fish will not be confined by the thermal plume at the Kewaunee Plant and will be able to avoid it. The thermal plume might exert a slight effect on smelt since they move inshore during the spring when the water temperature is 390 to 42°F, and smelt spawn in beach areas in 50'F waters. Active sport fishing occurs during these spawning runs in April through May [24-26].Experience has shown that the existing warm water discharge sites on Lake Michigan serve to attract many lake species at certain times of the year. As long as the ambient water temperatures remain low, the added heatload of the release water represents no threat. Often cold water species such as the salmonids are observed directly in the discharges.

When the ambient water temperatures increase and the effluent temperature exceeds the tolerance of the fishes, they move out from the source and seek cooler water although they remain in the fringe area of the plume. At present it is not known how long individual fish remain in the area of the warm plume or if the feeding habits of fish are modified.

Studies are in pro-gress by Drs. John Magnuson and Ross Horrall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, to determine seasonal abundance of species and movements of fish in a plume area. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories data for 1971 contain information on feeding habits of some species of sport fishes in the Kewaunee sampling zone [4].Fish in the Point Beach area were routinely collected by Argonne National Laboratory from several locations, including the discharge canal, and the beach zone near the Point Beach plant. Hand seining was used in the v-24 shaii w beach zones, and scuba divers speared large fish in the dis- n chare( canal. This sampling disclosed that during the summer months of May through July, alewives were the most abundant fish in the discharge canal and the beach zone. Dense schools were observed in the discharge m canal and often out into the lake as far as 150 yards from the discharge.

Carp were also a commonly observed fish, both in the discharge and beach zones. Schools of 10-30 fish swam in and out of the discharge canal along the sides and bottom through temperature gradients of up to 18'F. Suckers were observed each time divers entered the discharge (June-September).

Smallmouth bass of various sizes were observed only in the discharge.

Trout and salmon were not observed in the discharge channel during the higher-temperature periods (>72°F). Trout and salmon fre-quented the near-field plume region as evidenced by good catches made by boat fishermen

[60].The spatial distribution of fish in and around a thermal plume was observed by Argonne National Laboratory during tests to examine the feasibility of acoustic fish-locating equipment.

On October 28, 1971, simultaneous echo- I sounding and temperature measurements were made as a boat traversed through the Point Beach Nuclear Plant thermal plume. Observations were made in daylight and after dark. The major difference observed between the day I and night runs was the presence of a large number of schools of fish during the day and the complete absence of schools during the night. The number of individual fish observed at night is almost seven times greater than during the day. In general, during both the day and night series, the majority of fish (species unknown) were in water less than 55 0 F, and at no time were fish detected in plume water warmer than 59°F [60].A study of the effect of thermal discharges on the swimming patterns of coho salmon past the Point Beach Nuclear Plant has been released by the University of Wisconsin

-Madison. The fish were tracked by underwater telemetry equipment and a special temperature-sensitive ultrasonic trans-mitter attached externally to the fish. All fish tracked in 1971 were adult coho salmon captured at Algoma, Wisconsin.

The fish were displaced 23 miles southward and released for tracking at a point approximately 0.9 mile southeast of the Point Beach water-intake structure.

Preliminary analysis of the 1971 tracking data indicates that three general patterns of movement were followed by the fish tracked in the Point Beach area: 1) five fish closely followed the shoreline and definitely did encounter the plume; 2) two fish swam approximately 0.3-0.6 mile offshore and may or may not have come into contact with the plume; and 3) four fish definitely ldid not encounter the plume [60].Of the fish that definitely contacted the thermal plume, two made a course change of about 900 at a point considered to be the location I I I I V-25 of the plume interface and subsequently swam approximately parallel to-the interface.

At the location of course change of these fish, the temper-ature increase across the plume interface was from 520 to 59'F in the first case, and from 550 to 61'F in the second. A third fish twice encountered the plume edge very near the hot-water-discharge structure, and upon each contact changed swimming direction by 1800. The temperature rise across the plume interface in this area was from 590 to 70'F. The fish was swimming northward at 1.6 ft. per second and immediately before first con-tacting the plume, his speed increased to 2.5 fps. After first contact with the plume, the fish changed direction and swam south, approximately 0.1 mile, at 0.8 fps. After turning northward again, he was swimming at 0.7 fps while approaching the plume for a second time. After the second contact, the fish swam 0.75 mile southward at 2 fps before turning north and approaching the discharge area a third time. The transmitter signal was then lost after the fish had been tracked to within 0.2 mile of the discharge structure.

The tracking signal was also lost from two other fish which had entered the plume area before sufficient data on their behavior at the plume interface could be obtained.Of the other fish that encountered the plume, all four exhibited a marked increase in swimming speed during the track segment immediately preceding contact with the plume. Three of these fish were lost in the plume due to transmitter failure, but the fourth was tracked through the plume.While passing through or under the plume, this fish decreased its swimming speed slightly from 2.3 to 2 fps. Two of the fish that were among those lost in the plume due to transmitter failure were later captured in their home stream area (Algoma, Wis.) by sport fishermen

[60].(2) Effects of Temperature Decreases Fish that become adjusted to plume temperatures may experience a shock when there is a Plant shutdown or an emergency stoppage.

During these times, temperatures may drop to near ambient conditions within a few hours.Temperature increases due to Plant start-up are less sudden [2].Wurtz and Renn [15] reported that many aquatic organisms are able to acclimate to higher temperatures in relatively short times, a day or less, and that they lose this acclimation slowly. They point out that the effects of sharp rises in temperatures are especially difficult to assess, as sudden change is common in many aquatic environments.

In the Plant area, inshore water temperatures in the summer have varied due to natural causes by as much as 20'F within 3 days (see Section II.D.l.b).

It is not known whether fish exposed to this change stay within the area or move to minimize the extent of change. During winter, ambient water temperature is near freezing and there are no natural sudden changes V-26 in water temperature.

Sudden chilling from the shutdown of the Plant, if it occurs, may have adverse effects. These will depend upon the rate of the shutdown, and the temperature differential.

A rapid shut-down is unlikely.

However, during the colder months when fish may con-centrate in large numbers in the warmer water, they conceivably could be subjected to a 28'F decrease in temperature within a short period [2].This extreme shock would probably be fatal to most Great Lakes fishes and benthic organisms.

However, juvenile and adult fish are capable of moving rapidly with a shift in direction of a thermal plume or a reduction in its size. Because of this, they can usually avoid damage due to shifts in the thermal plume or non-scram shutdowns.

Because of the thermal sensi-tivity of fish and some other organisms, sudden Plant shutdowns should be avoided when possible, especially during the colder months. Benthic organisms would ordinarily be below the plume, or the warmest part of it, and not be adversely affected by a sudden shutdown.It is significant to note that operating exDerience for the first six months at the Point Beach Plant showed that with 20 shutdowns, occurring primarily in the winter months, no fish are known to have been killed, and no other adverse effects were observed in spite of concerted efforts on the part of the operators to detect them [8]. If numbers of fish are killed around the discharge of a plant, like Point Beach, it is likely that some of these would appear on the intake screens or due to ice free water they would be washed up on shore. This is the method of observa-tion used. Winter is a very difficult time of year to make other types of observation.

The period, manner and number of observations made is being documented in present Point Beach reporting.

It is likely that rela-.1 tively few fish are occupying the shallow water area in the winter; most species move out to deeper waters. This would need to be documented.

Similarly, the hypothesis of debilitation due to low temperature shock causing fish- to sink to the bottom of the lake needs documentation.

Only one shutdown is planned for the first commercial operating year at Kewaunee, although additional shutdowns may occur [2]. Independent studies by the University of Wisconsin Center for Oceanographic Study will provide additional information on thermal effects from heated water effluents.

(3) Effluent Impact on Species Composition The species composition in the vicinity of the Kewaunee thermal plume may be altered. Observations at the Point Beach Plant and other facil-ities have shown that alewife, trout (brook, rainbow, lake, and brown), salmon, carp, and other fish are attracted to the discharge at various times of the year. At Point Beach this has had a positive effect on sport fishing by providing a zone of concentration of fish. Resultant fish catches, primarily salmonids, have been good. This is another I I V-27 indication that heated effluents are good for fishing in certain areas.However, heated effluents may not be good for the fish or the people who consume the fish.ý It is possible that the rate of uptake of potentially harmful elements or compounds from water by fish increases with water temperature.

Thus, fish attracted to and residing in heated effluents could be expected to have higher concentrations than fish in cooler waters.Monitoring of this toxicological aspect will be required.According to state fisheries' biologists and other data [2, 4, 29] there is little natural spawning success of salmonids in the general area of the Plant, and mortality is associated with the unavailability of spawning area for sexually mature fish. The net impact thus appears to be beneficial for sport fishing based on the opinion of the state game protector and the popu-larity of the Point Beach discharge area as a fishing spot. A similar re-sponse is expected at the Kewaunee site [2]. At this location there is a high degree of erosion, a lack of emerging vegetation, and a bottom primarily of hard clay and shifting sand [4]. There are no known spawning grounds for fish in the area. However, conversations with 'state fisheries' biologists indicate that alewife, smelt, yellow perch (seasonally abundant on occasion), and some cyprinids may spawn along this type of shoreline.

Consequently, investigators in the Kewaunee fish sampling (monitoring) program will speci-,fically look for evidence of spawning.

The three small creeks within the site are intermittent and support no spawning of valuable fishes. On the basis of the above, no deleterious impact on spawning of important fishes is envisaged.

Although there is no evidence of salmon spawning, maturing coho are known to occur near the Kewaunee Plant [2, 4].(4) Possible Migration of Fish into the Plant by Way of the Condenser Effluent The average discharge velocity of the condenser effluent as it enters the lake is 4.7 fps with a range of 2.4 to 6.9 fps (Sec. III.D.l.a.).

It is thus possible for fish to swim into this effluent and congregate within the plant structure.

No mechanical barrier is present between the open lake and the condensers to prevent the inward migration of fish. Consequently, the Applicant will be required to monitor for fish movements into the Plant by way of the cooling water discharge, and if they occur, to apply effective preventive measures.

Monitoring of fish migrations in the lake before and after startup and during shutdowns will be required, if not done by others through the Sea Grant Program [54] or other arrangements.

Special attention is being given in the Sea Grant Program to the effects of large electric power plants sited on Lake Michigan on the behavior of the migratory as well as the local resident fishes.

V-28 n I (5) Cumulative Overall Biotic Stresses in the Lake The Applicant will be required to evaluate the contribution of the warmed Plant effluents on the biotic stresses already in the lake. The evalua-tion of the discharges of pollutants, especially dissolved solids and compounds of phosphorous (plant nutrients), should take long-term effects I into consideration.

This will entail a comparative study before and after startup, and an analysis of the effect of the Plant on the overall stress, and alternative methods of solids disposal.

Other biotic stresses may include: (1) Municipal sewage treatment plants which discharge treated wastewater into the lake from the communities of Algoma, Casco, Kewaunee, and Luxemburg; (2) Small villages in the vicinity which rely on private, single family sewage disposal means; and (3),Dairy plants, which are I the principal sources of industrial wastewater.

These sources bring varyingamounts of organic material into the lake. This trend toward eutrophication might be further assisted by the warm water of the Kewaunee I Plant's thermal plume.4. Consequences of Chemical and Radioactive Releases to the Lake Biota The use of anti-foulants for the elimination of growths in the cooling system and for various water processing needs was anticipated, and the existing design has these provisions.

Hypochlorite can be introduced I into the screen forebays to control growths on the condenser tubes, and chlorine will be used for sanitary waste treatment.

However, the oligo-trophic nature of the lake has obviated the requirement for the use of either hypochlorite or chlorine in the condenser coolant water for Unit No. 1 of the Point Beach Power Plant during its first year of operating history. Operation of the anti-foulant systems at Point Beach is under continuous review by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and'any future use will be based on controlled applications under the supervision of that body [18]. There is no reason to believe that conditions will be any different at Kewaunee.

I Data concerning the effects of total residual chlorine on fish and other organisms in natural systems are not well documented because of its transient and unstable nature. In waters with relatively high BOD content, ammonia is present and forms chloramines which are toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms.

Data reported by the State of Michigan's Bureau of Water Management

[18] indicate that rainbow trout died in four days from chloramine concentrations on the order of 0.014 mg/liter at distances of up'to 0.8 miles below monitored wastedischarge points. Additional chlorine data, reported by the State of California's Water Control Board, summarize I the results of a number of investigators who report that 0.05 mg/liter is a critical level for young salmon and that 0.03 to 0.08 mg/liter killed 50%of rainbow trout in seven days [18,40]. The crustacean Daphnia Magna is sensitive to 0.001 mg/l chlorine and below [59].I I I V-29 Since fish are attracted to the warmer waters of the mixing zone, the addition of toxic substances such as chlorine to the discharge water must be very carefully controlled.

The warmed effluent tends to lower the pH, which increases the toxicity of chlorine.

Thus, the use of chlorine as a biocide could entail considerable risk to fish attracted to the thermal mixing zone [18]. The potential impact of free and combined chlorine (total residual) could conceivably be much greater than that of the thermal plume. This complicates the regulatory problem involving thermal discharges by introducing a second, less well-defined parameter as a potential undesirable impact.In the absence of precise data on the effects of total residual chlorine discharges, and if chlorination becomes necessary, it is recommended that the Applicant monitor the concentration of total residual chlorine in the Plant effiuent during and following chlorination.

If the con-centration in the effluent is greater than 0.1 ppm, the Applicant should use all practicable means to reduce the concentrations of total residual chlorine so that it will always be less than 0.1 ppm. Should efforts to reduce to 0.1 ppm fail, the Applicant should determine the extent of the zone in the lake within which total residual chlorine exceeds the EPA recommendations (see Appendix E, p. E-35).Low concentrations of other chemicals are released, but none is known to accumulate in a toxic form [2]. Before regeneration products from the ion exchange columns are returned to the lake, they are neutralized, with the net result that the sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide are converted to sodium sulfate, which is then slowly released to the lake. Since sodium sulfate is a "soft" chemical found in all natural waters, the net effect on the water quality is negligible

[18]. Hydrazine breaks down within the system to NH3, H20, and N02. Concentrations of morpholine are less than 1 part per billion (ppb) and much of this is expected to break down. Boron is released at intervals but at very low concentrations, averaging 0.01 ppm. The release of phosphate, which might serve to enrich the water in the area, will only increase the background phosphate level a very small amount (see Sections III.D.3 and V.B.2). The effect of all chemical releases is expected to be negligible and no long-term buildup is anticipated

[2]According to the Applicant

[2,28], the. standards set by Federal and State agencies for concentration of pollutants in air and water effluents will be fully met at Kewaunee, and an effort will be made to minimize these concentrations to less than the maximum levels set by the regulatory agencies.

It has been shown elsewhere in this Statement that the concen-trations of pollutants which will result from normal Plant operation will V- 30 3 not directly or indirectly be a significant hazard to human health. The direct effects on the aquatic biota are minimized by the particular ecological situation at this location but would be small in any event.Radiation doses to biota were estimated by: 1) assuming continuous immersion in plant liquid effluents (i.e., immediately prior to mixing with lake water), 2) using radionuclide release rates given in Table III-4fland a coolant flow rate of 210,000 gpm, and 3) using the bioaccumulation factors given in Table V-i. Doses calculated by using the above tions were 45 millirads per year (mrad/yr) to a 4000-gram fish, 45 mrad/yr *to a 300-gram invertebrate, and 3 mrad/yr to a 6-gram aauatic plant.These doses are below those at which demonstrable radiation effects to aquatic organisms have been observed [50--53].

In a recent review [51]. , the problem of detecting low level radiation effects is summarized:

.... with dose rates to aquatic biota at or around the maximum permissible concentrations of radionuclides in 10 CFR 20, our best technologies and methods cannot demonstrate that there is any effect on these systems (aquatic biota)." Although relatively near (4.5 miles), the Point Beach Plant should contri-bute no more than 10% of the dose to the biota at Kewaunee.

Circulationfl patterns in the lake are such that waste discharges do not mix except infl a very complex fashion involving a large portion of the lake through which dilution processes are highly effective and favorable

[2].5. Interaction of Point Beach and Kewaunee Cooling Water Effluents The Kewaunee and Point Beach discharge areas are 4.5 shoreline miles apart. Thermal changes and water quantities at the plants are similar, except that discharges would be nearly double at Point Beach with two units operating

[2].Current flow studies at Kewaunee and thermal plume studies at Point Beach, although not complete, indicate that there will be no significant inter-action of the two facilities

[4]. At a distance of 1.25 to 1.5 miles from Point Beach, the temperature rise will be 2*F or less when northward currents move the plume along the shore toward Kewaunee [2].Considering thermal interaction under the worst possible conditions, i.e., the plume from each plant going directly towards the other, there would be less than a one degree temperature increment in the plumes'overlap. This is a highly unlikely condition, since it would involve currents moving in opposite directions.

Under other conditions, the I I I V-31 TABLE V-i Bioaccumulation Factors for Radionuclides in Fresh Water Species [46]Radionuclide Cr-51 Mn-54 Fe-55 Co-58 Co-60 Sr-89 Sr-90 Nb-95 Mo-99 Tc-99m Ru-103 Ru-106 1-129 1-131 1-133 1-135 Te-132 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Ba-140 Ce-141 Ce-144 Heavy elements All other H-3 Fish 200 25 300 500 500 40 40 30000 100 1 100 100 1 1 1 1 1000 1000 1000 1000 10 100 100 100 100 1 Invertebrates 2000 40000 3200 1500 1500 700 700 100 100 25 2000 2000 25 25 25 25 10 1000 1000 1000 200 1000 1000 100 100 1 Plants 4000 10000 5000 1000 1000 500 500 1000 100 100 2000 2000 100 100 100 100 1000 200 200 200 500 10000 10000 100 100 1 V-32 I difference will be virtually undetectable.

In either case, it is highly improbable that any biological effect would be deleterious or even I detectable

[2].The worst conditions for the interaction of chemical and radioactive ef- i fluents are an additive effect on concentrations.

Neglecting the dilution which will occur in the intervening distance of the two facilities, there would be an approximate doubling of concentrations of these substances.I The concentrations of these substances are already quite low, and even under the worst conditions it is not anticipated that a significant ad-verse impact would result. The biological impact of the interaction of effluents between the two plants is expected to be negligible.

In any event, the biological monitoring program at both stations should detect any adverse impact and allow corrective measures to be taken [2].6. Biological Monitoring Programs The purpose of the aquatic studies is to provide a basis for detecting and evaluating the effects of Plant operation on aouatic life. Baseline biological studies by the Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee began in the summer of 1969 [3] to document the species and abundance of periphyton and zooplankton.

In 1971, a more extensive I sampling program was done to evaluate water quality and give additional information on phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, benthos, and fish[4,5]. Bacteriological samples were also collected for the determination I of total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci from the same sites as those for phytoplankton samples. In addition, at each benthic sample location, determinations for dissolved oxygen and pH were made on water near the bottom, and pH and organic content (volatile solids) were determined in the bottom sediments.

These studies will continue during the operating phase [2,4,55].Organisms are identified as to species whenever possible.

Triplicate samples are taken at each location for plankton, benthos, and water analy-sis. Triplicate samples of bottom organisms, plankton, and water for chemical analyses are collected in May, August, and November.

Sampling.for fish is done seven times a year. Four of these are in spring, one in summer and two in fall. The fish sampling dates and duration for 1971 were April 16-17, April 28-29, May 27-28, June 15-16, July 8-9, October 6-7, 1K and October 21-22 [56].Fish seining is done in selected habitats in the vicinity of the Kewaunee i site. Overnight gill nets are set for a 20 hour2.314815e-4 days <br />0.00556 hours <br />3.306878e-5 weeks <br />7.61e-6 months <br /> interval and at least 10 minnow seine hauls are made at each sampling period. The studies are designed to assess the age, species composition, and abundance of fish, as well as thei*distribution and food habits. Particular emphasis is placed on spawning that might occur in the area [2]. A program for monitoring fish migration I I I V- 33 before and after startup, and during siutidnwn should be included.

A comorehensive biological monitoring program which will identify and auantify the major biotic grcups present in the nearby lake area, that also considers the influence of the Plant discharge plume on all major biotic groups present, should be continued before and after startup. Part of this program will also be the requirement to monitor fish caught on the travelling screens in order to provide a measure of the effectiveness of methods used to prevent fish from entering the intake system. This must include the development of a program to periodically monitor the numbers, size, and species of fishes trapped on the traveling screens. Plankton contained in the intake and effluent waters should also be monitored and the effects reported.An operational study, similar to the preoperational study, should be continued for at least two years after the Plant begins operation.

Based on the preoperational and operational studies, a monitoring program should be developed which would involve sampling of those parameters which show the most promise of being indicators of Plant effects. Statis-tical analyses of variance could conceivably justify reducing frequency and numbers of samples. Recent undating of the Plant aquatic monitoring program has been made [55].In addition to the foregoing, the Applicant is aware of and will take account of other on-going studies which pertain to the Kewaunee site or more generally to thermal effects from power plants on the Great Lakes.These include studies made for the nearby Point Beach Plant and studies by independent research groups from the Argonne National Laboratory.

the Center for the Great Lakes Oceanographic Study, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the University of Michigan [2].D. RADIOLO)GICAl, IMPACT ONT MAN 1. Introduction During routine operation of the Kewaunee Plant, small quantities of radio-active materials will be released to the environment.

The releases will be as low as practicable in accordance with 10 CFR 50 and within the limits of 10 CFR 20.The exnected releases of radioactivity to the environment from this Plant are listed in Tables Tl1-2 and II-4. and form the basis for the estimated dose to humans presented in this section.Possible significant pathways for radiation exposures to man are depicted in Fijoure V-2. The specific pathways considered for Kewaunee are:

GASEOUS RELEASE R LIQUID RELEASE ATMOSPHERE*

DEPOSITION DEPOSI ITION DEPOSI TION I I I o DEPOSITION I I RECHARGE I I I I UPTAKE INH INHALATI SUBMERS ALATION I INGESTION IANIMALS, ANIMAL ION, PRODUCTS ION I DIRECT INGESTION INGESTION RADIATION-INGESTION---

I I 'I GROUND FISH, WATER SEAFOOD INGESTION INGESTION, IMMERSION, VAPORINHALATION DIRECT RADIATION Lf.I MAN PRIMARY SECONDARY Figure V-2. PATHWAYS TO MAN m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m V- 35 a) direct exposure to the off-gas plume;b) consumption of milk from cows fed on local pastures-c) use of Lake Michigan water for drinking and other domestic purposes-d) consumption of fish from Lake Michigan-e) recreational use of Lake Michigan for boating, swimming.

and shoreline recreation.

These pathways will be considered in terms of estimated yearly average releases from the Plant. Two cases will be considered:

1. Dose to individuals living, working and using recreational facilities in the vicinity of the Plant, and 2. Dose to a suitably large population.

The second case considers the total dose to a large population expressed in man-rem. This gives a reasonable basis for comparison of the possible effects of radiation on a population.

It carries the assumption that such effects are dependent on total dose to the population without regard to the details of its allocation.

The evaluation of population dose for this Plant was based on the 1970 population of 575,000 residing within 50 miles of the Plant.The dose calculations were based on the models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [47]. The doses were cal-culated for the whole body and various organs of adult individuals except where noted.2. Radioactive Material Released to the Atmosphere Gaseous effluents from this Plant will consist mainly of isotopes of the noble gas fission products krypton and xenon, together with a small quantity of radioiodine.

Doses therefrom to individuals off-site were calculated assuming a single release point 24 meters above grade, using annual averaged meteorological data for the Kewaunee site [41].Ground level concentrations in a given direction will peak between 400 and 500 meters from the reactor. The maximum total body dose from submersion exposure to noble gases will be about 0.37 mrem/year to the east southeast in the lake, where the X/Q is about 2.4 x 10-6 sec/m 3.The highest dose at an occupied residence (about 1300 meters north where the X/O is about 5.5 x 10-7 sec/m 3) will be about 0.09 mrem/year.

This was also considered to be the nearest off-site location at which fodder for a dairy cow could be grown and is, in fact, the approximate V- 36 locaL- ,n of the nearest dairy herd whichi consists of approximately 25 cows. The dose to a child's thyroid from direct inhalation will be about 0.007 mrem/year while the dose to the thyroid (2 gram) of a child drinking 1 liter of mLlk each day will be about 4 mrero/year, assuming that fresh fodder is available six months of the year. If the same child drank milk from a sample pooled from the entire region (50 miles), its thyroid dose would be. about 0.03 mrem/year.

Doses calculated for an individual living in the nearest dwelling are summarized in Table V--2. Doses for this location, as well as others, are presented in detail in Table D-1 of Appendix D.3. Radioactive Material Released to Receiving Waters Radioactive effluent will be diluted in the cooling water discharged at a minimum rate of 210,000 gpm from the Plant. At that flow rate, the expected annual average concentration of radionuclides in the discharge canal will be about 8.4 x 10-9 microcuries per cubic centimeter (pCi/cc), excluding tritium. The tritium concentration will be about 1.7 x 10-6 oCi/cc at that point.Exposure of humans to radiation from this effluent will occur with the use of Lake Michigan water for domestic purposes and during lakeside and on-lake activities such as swimming, boating, fishing and sunbathing.

Con-centration of radionuclides at various locations away from the Plant dis-charge were calculated using a steady state diffusion model of Okubo [42].A diffusion velocity of 0.5 cm/sec and an effective mixing depth of 1,000 cm was assumed.Within 50 miles of the site. the cities of Green Bay (inl~t at Rostok), Two Rivers, Manitowoc and Sheboygan take municipal water from the lake.The water is used for a full range of domestic purposes including drink-ing, cooking, bathing, and humidification.

Doses to the total body and to selected organs have been calcul'ated for individuals using water from these intakes, based on the assumption that 1.2 liters of lake water is consumed daily. For Green Bay, doses so cal-culated were 0.004 mrem/yr to the total body and 0.13 mrem/yr to a child's thyroid (2 grams). The total body dose includes the contribution from breathing air containing tritiated water vapor throughout the year. lI was assumed that on a year-around basis, a humidity of 10% is attributable to the municipal water supply. These doses are summarized in Table V-2 and are presented in more detail in Table V-3 for those individuals using water from several water supplies.

V-37 TABLE V-2 Summary of Annual Radiation Doses to Individuals from Kewaunee Effluents Pathway A. Gaseous Effluents 1. Air Immersion 2. Iodine Inhalation

3. Milk Consumption B. Liquid Effluents 1. Drinking Water 2. Fish Consumption (50 g/day)3. Swimming-+

Other Water Contact Activities

4. Shoreline Use Locations Nearest Dwelling (0.8 mi N)Dose (mrem/yr)Adult Total Body 0.086 Child's Thyroid 0.007 4 Rostok (Green Bay)(11.5 mi)Lake Michigan (adjacent to site)If 0.004 1.006 0.18 0.13 I I V-38 TABLE V-3 Total Body Dose to Individuals from Public Water Supplies On Lake Michigan Location Rostok (Green Bay)Two Rivers Manitowoc Sheboygan Distance from Discharge (miles)11.5 16 20 44 Dilution Factor 1:84 1:120 1:150 1:330 Population Served 87,400 13,600 34,400 51,800 I I I I Total Boj Dose (mrem 0. 0.0q 0i I I I i i i I i I I V-39 The dose to the total body of an adult individual eating fish from Lake Michigan adjacent to the site is shown in Table V-2. The fish and their supporting food web are assumed to be in equilibrium with the water in the discharge basin and the individuals considered are assumed to consume 50 grams of fish flesh per day. Concentrations of the various radioelements in fish flesh were calculated using the bio-accumulation factors presented in Table V-1.Estimates were also made of total body doses resulting from activities on the lake and along its shore such as swimming, fishing, boating, and sun-bathing. The external dose from radioactivity deposited on the sediment along the shoreline ranged from 0.0006 mrem/yr at Sheboygan to 0.18 mrem/yr at the Plant discharge, based on 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> of exposure time per year. This dose is estimated from an infinite plane calculation and ignores the fact that the area of deposition along Lake Michigan would be narrow and covered with water of varying depths.Dose from immersion in Lake Michigan water and from boating on the lake will be about two orders of magnitude lower for equivalent exposure time, ranging from 0.00002 mrem/yr at Sheboygan to 0.005 mrem/yr at the Plant discharge for swimming.

Doses from all of the above activities are summarized in Table V-2 and are presented in detail in Tables D-2, 3 and 4 of Appendix D.These representative dose estimates may be concatenated to obtain a dose estimate for a particular individual.

For example, an adult, who lives in Two Rivers, eats 50 grams of the fish per day, and spends 500 hours0.00579 days <br />0.139 hours <br />8.267196e-4 weeks <br />1.9025e-4 months <br /> per year fishing near the Plant discharge, will receive an annual total body dose via liquid pathways of about 2 mrem/yr.4. Population Dose from All Sources For the purpose of assessing the radiological impact of this Plant, the total population dose, based on 1970 population data, has been calculated and expressed in units of man-rem. A summary of the various components of the total body dose received by the population in the Kewaunee environs is presented in Table V-4.The population dose from direct exposure to the off-gas plume was based on averaged annual meteorological data furnished by the Applicant and was estimated to be 0.13 man-rem/yr.

The average dose to an individual in each of 160 annular sectors around the Plant was calculated according to the submersion model of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) [47]. These doses were multiplied by the population in the corresponding sector and these products were then summed to obtain the population dose. The cumulative population dose as a function of dis-tance from the Plant is shown in Table V-5.

V-40 TABLE V-4 Summary of Population Dose Dose to Population (man-rem/year)

KEWAUNEE SOURCES Gaseous Effluents Direct dose via off-gas plume 0.13 Dose via cows milk 0.03 (total body dose to 7 kg/child)Liquid Effluents Domestic water use 0.52 (drinking, bathing, humidification)

Lake Michigan recreation 1.1 (swimming, boating, sunbathing, fishing, etc)Fish consumption 3.7 Other Transportation of radioactive materials*

3.4 TOTAL 9 OTHER RADIATION SOURCES Natural background 75,000 I Medical diagnostic radiation 42P000 TOTAL 117,000*The major portion of this dose (2.4 man-rem) is estimated to be received by the transportation workers (see Sec. V.E.5.b.).

V- 41 TABLE V-5 Cumulative Population and Average Annual Dose from Exposure to Gaseous Effluents from Kewaunee Plant Radius (miles)1 2 3 4 10 20 30 40 50 Cumulative Population 8 167 487 934 1,765 12,780 88,080 245,800 344,500 574,700 Cumulative Dose (man-rem/yr)

.00045.0032.0057.0073.010.031.081.11.12.13 Cumulative Average-Dose (millirem/year)

.056.019 012.0084.0057.0024.00092.00043.00034.00024 V-42 Dose from direct radiation from the Plant will be less than 1 mrem/year atf the site boundary.

The population dose from the source will therefore be less than 0.7 man-rem/year.

Population dose through iodine-milk-human pathway was calculated using the following assumptions:

a) The total grade-A milk production within the 50-mile region was.1.27 x 108 gallons per year [37]; I b) This production was distributed uniformly throughout the land area of the region; I c) The cows were fed on fresh fodder 6 months of the year; and d) The total dose commitment from consumption of this milk was attributed to the Kewaunee Plant regardless of where it will be consumed.This pathway adds 0.03 man-rem to the population dose.The population dose from fish consumption (3.7 man-rem/yr),was based on I a consumption rate of 3 grams per day per individual of Lake Michigan fish. The consumption rate is compatible with 1971 estimates

[45] of 11.3 million pounds of commercial fish and 132,000 lbs. of sport fish *caught in the lake between Two Rivers and Kewaunee.

For this calculation, all of the sports fish (mostly salmonids) and 10% of the commercial.

catch were assumed to be consumed by humans. The latter percentage is undoubted high because alewives are currently the predominant species (greater than U 90% by weight). The fish and their supporting food web were assumed to be in equilibrium with water having a radionuclide concentration one-tenth of U that in the discharge-basin.

This condition will occur at about 1.5 miles from the discharge.

The dose to the population segment using domestic water from the previousli mentioned water intakes was estimated to be 0.52 man-rem/yr.

It includes contributions from drinking water, exposure to tritium water vapor (10%relative humidity), and bathing (immersion).

The estimate of the population dose (1.1 man-rem/yr) from recreational activities on or beside the lake was based on a continuous Lake Michigan shoreline population of 25,000 persons, 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> per day for five months.The exposures were estimated for a location where the radionuclide concentration is a factor of 50 below that in the Plant discharge.

Tlis will occur at a distance of about 7 miles (the location of the nearestlI V-43 state park). The radiation dose from activity deposited in sediments is the dominant contribution, exceeding that from swimming by a factor of about 20.The annual dose to the population (approximately 210,000, including transportation workers) from the transportation of radioactive materials was estimated to be 3.4 man-rem. This estimate was based on'the direct gamma radiation.exposure the population would receive from shipment of reactor fuel and solid radioactive wastes to West Valley, New York.5. Evaluation of Radiological Impact Some perspective may be gained by comparing the doses attributable to this Plant with those from the natural background and from medical diagnostic radiation.

The natural-radiation background includes contributions from cosmic rays, cosmic-ray-produced tritium and carbon-14 in air and water, uranium- and thorium-bearing soils, and radioactive potassium within the human body. These sources contribute about 130 millirem/year per individual in Wisconsin.

However, it is quite variable from place to place depending mainly on altitude above sea level and the nature of the local soil. In the U.S., it ranges from about 60 to about 250 millirem/year.

For the 575,000 people living within 50 miles of the Kewaunee Plant (1970), this amounts to a total population dose of about 75,000 man-rem/yr.

The results of a recent study [43] indicated that the somatic (abdominal) dose to the population averaged about 73 milli-rem per year per individual from diagnostic radiation.

This would contribute about 42,000 man-rem/yr to the population considered here. The total popu-lation dose attributed to .the routine operation of this Plant (9 man-rem/yr) is very small compared with the doses from natural background and medical diagnostic radiation.

6. Radiological Monitoring of the Environment The radiological monitoring program for the Kewaunee site began in September 1969. About four years of pre-operational survey data will be available for comparison with the effect of the operating.Plant.

The program uses 8 sampling locations on the site itself and an additional 17 locations off-site at distances up to 27 miles. These locations are shown in Figure V-3 and are further described in Table V-6. Sample types by location are given in Table V-7. The analyses performed on these various sample types are indicated in Table V-8.The current program is an amended version of the program reported in the Applicant's Environmental Report. Sampling frequencies for bottom sediments, bottom organisms, soil, and fish have been doubled. An increased number of V- 46 I I I I TABLE V-7 Types of Samples Taken, Location and Frequency

.Frequency Location Weekly Monthly Quarterly Semi-annually Annually K-1 la SW SL lb SW SL ic BS,BO id SW SL,FI le SW SL,VE,SO if AI,IO FB,RC,PR TLD TLD ig WW lh WW K-2 AIIO FB,RC TLD TLD K-3 FBRC,MI TLD,VE,SO TLD K-4 FB,RC,MI TLD,VE,SO TLD I K-5 FB,RC,MI TLD,VE,SO TLD K-6 RB,RC,MI TLD,VE,SO TLD K-7 AI,IO FB,RC* TLD TLD K-8 AI,IO FB,RC TLD TLD K-9 SW BS,BO SL K-10 WW K-11 WW K-12 WW K-13 WW K-14 SW BS,BO SL K-15 AI,IO FB,RC TLD TLD K-16 AI,IO FB,RC TLD TLD K-17 EG VEG K-18 VEG Note: See Table V-8 for sampling codes U I I I I I V-47 TABLE V-8. Types and Frequencies of Sampling and Analysis No. of Samples Stations Frequencies Types of Analyses Ambient Gamma Film Badge (FB)Stray Radiation Chamber (RC)The rmolumines cent Dosimeter (TLD)The rmo lumines cent Dosimeter Airborne Activity (AI)Particulates Iodine (10)Surface Water (SW)Well Water (WW)Well Water (WW)10 10 Monthly Monthly 10 Quarterly Gamma Gamma Gamma Gamma Gamma Gross Iodine 10 10 6 6 Semi-Annually Annually Weekly 1,ý,Y scan 6 Monthly 2 4 Monthly Quarterly Milk (MI)4 Monthly Fish (FI)1 Semi-Annually Gross a,ý activity dissolved, suspended and in residue; Tritium, K-40 K-40, Tritium, Gross a,ýK-40, Tritium, Gross a,3 Sr-89, -90, 1-131, K-40 Cs-137, Ba-140, Total potassium and calcium y scan, gross a,ýCs-137 in flesh, Sr-89, -90 in bone y scan, gross a,.Sr-89, -90 y scan, gross a,S Sr-89, -90 y scan, gross a,.Sr-89, -90 y scan, gross OL Sr-89, -90 y scan, gross c,I Sr-89, -90 Bottom Sediments (BS)Bottom Organisms (BO)Slime Samples (SL)Soil Samples (SO)3 Quarterly 3 Quarterly 6 Semi-Annually 5 Semi-Annually 5 Semi-Annually Vegetation (VE)

V-48 TABLE V-8 (Continued) 1 Monthly (cumulative)

Precipitation (PR)(on-site)Vegetables (VEG)Eggs (EG)2 1 Annually Quarterly I I I I I I I I I I I V-49 locations are sampled for airborne radioiodine, soil and vegetation.

Eggs and vegetables have been added to the list of media sampled. It will be required that the program be further augmented in the following respects: (1) Sampling of bottom sediments and organisms within 500 feet of the discharge, (2) Sampling of aquatic plants including filamentous green algae at the same location, (3) More frequent sampling of locally produced milk, particularly within two miles of the Plant, and (4) Sampling of flesh of locally butchered meat animals.In describing his radiological monitoring program, the Applicant has in-cluded aquatic plants under the general category of bottom organisms.

In addition, slime samples are taken. These include aquatic plants (diatoms, blue-green algae, etc.). However, radiological monitoring reports examined to date have not given results for aquatic plants except to the extent that they may be reflected in the slime samples. Therefore, the Staff has , specifically recommended that aquatic plants, including filamentous green algae, be sampled.Sample collection and analysis are done by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories of Northbrook, Illinois.

Review of the data reported so far [61,62,631, indicates that environmental radioactivity levels are typical of the back-ground range for this region.It is recommended that future reports compare these data with those reported (e.g., in the EPA publication "Radiation Data and Reports")

by others for the same region. It is further suggested that the reports include a descrip-tion of the Bio-Test analytical quality control procedures.

E. TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR FUEL AND SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTES The nuclear fuel for the Kewaunee reactor is slightly enriched uranium in the form of sintered uranium oxide pellets encapsulated in zircaloy fuel rods. A fuel element consists of a 14 x 14 array of fuel rods.1. Transport of New Fuel The fuel elements will be transported by conventional trucks of the tractor-trailer type. The first fuel load, composed of 121 fuel elements, will be transported from the Westinghouse Nuclear Fuel Division Plant at V-50*Columbia, South Carolina, to the Kewaunee Plant. This shipment is expec-ted to be made over a six-week period. The fuel will be shipped on a 24-hr. basis with two elements per container, in fuel-shipping containers designed to protect the fuel element from damage. The fuel elements will be enclosed in a polyethylene wrapper and covered with reusable steel-foil reinforced corrugated paper board protective jackets. Each fuel element weighs approximately 1260 pounds. Of the 1260 pounds, approximately 945 pounds are U0 2.The shipping container is a reusable metal container and is designed for leak tightness, humidity control, and shock and vibration isolation of fuel elements to protect them against damage during normal handling and shipping for a temperature range from -40 to +150'F. The fuel elements are supported in a rigid frame which is shock-mounted to the container.

All surfaces contacting the fuel elements are lined with a protective material.

The dimensions of the container are about 4 ft. high by 4 ft.wide by 16 ft. long. The loaded container will weigh approximately 6400 pounds. Each container has enough structural strength to support as much as twice its own loaded weight. It is expected that about six containers will constitute a truckload of about 20 tons.The new fuel for subsequent annual loadings of 40 (or less) elements will be shipped from either the Westinghouse Nuclear Fuel Plant in Columbia, South Carolina, or another qualified fuel fabricator's plant over an approximate three-week period to the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant. The shipping will be done similarly.

2. Transport of Irradiated Fuel The movement of spent nuclear fuel elements, between the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant and the Nuclear Fuel Services Reprocessing Plant (NFSRP) at West Valley, New York, will be carried out under carefully controlled and regulated conditions.

The fuel elements will be carried in spent fuel shipping casks which are designed and licensed specifically for this pur-pose. Spent fuel casks will be transported by truck or rail. Shipment by truck is presently considered to be more probable.

Shipment by barge is not being considered

[56].All the applicable State and/or Federal regulations will be met. Speci-fically, the spent fuel casks and selected mode must meet all appropriate Federal, State, and local regulations with the major controlling criteria being provided by Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Part 70 -Special Nuclear Material and Part 71 -Packaging of Radioactive Material for Transport, and Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 1-199 of the Department of Transportation (DOT), Hazardous Material Regu-lations. These regulations define the overall design and operational V-51 criteria, both normal and accident, that must be met by any type of spent fuel shipping cask.a. Shipping Casks The shipping casks to be used for shipping spent fuel from the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant to the NFSRP are designed to comply with these regulations.

These are designed to accommodate from one to four PWR fuel elements.

The cask is a circular cylinder approximately 17 ft. in length and about 6 ft.in diameter.

Lead or depleted uranium gamma-ray shielding is used in conjunction with an hydrogeneous neutron shield to provide radiation pro-tection. Normal shipment of the spent fuel element from the reactor to the reprocessing plant will be accomplished without any detectable release of radioactive material.

The radiation intensity emerging from the cask will be well below the limit established by the Federal standards.

In the unlikely event of a severe shipping accident, in which the maximum hypo-thetical accident conditions are assumed to exist, the environmental re-lease of radioactivity would be at most limited to inert gas and low activity coolant which would not pose a severe radiation hazard. The allowable increase in external-radiation levels, because of possible shielding reduction, would similarly not allow an unreasonable hazard to exist. Therefore, the resulting environmental impact of transporting spent fuel elements to the reprocessing site is considered insignificant.

b. Timing.The shipment of spent fuel from the reactor site would normally be initia-ted 100-200 days after it is discharged from the reactor installation subject to both the reprocessing plants' detailed schedule and possible local weather or driving restrictions.

The number of annual trips required for each reactor refueling would vary from 10 to 40 for a discharge of 40 elements and for casks with a capacity of from 4 to 1 P14R assemblies, respectively., It is anticipated that the casks would be loaded and shipped when convenient on a 24 hr/day, 7 day/week basis.c. Drivers High standards are used in selecting drivers for transporting spent nuclear fuel to achieve the desired benefits of a safe, overall transport.

Addi-tionally, these high standards are used because of the inherent value of a shipping cask ($i00,000-$750,000) and its contents ($50.000-$200,000).

All drivers must meet the normal ICC requirements (medical, sight, etc.)plus specific demands of individual companies, such as reasonably accident free records, no felony charges, etc. The drivers are provided instruc-tions as to the normal operating condition of the shipping cask and the type of periodic inspections to make while in transit. Included is a simple radiation monitoring instrument which is normally supplied to the V-52 driver so that he can monitor radiation levels. Training and instruc-tions are also provided to each driver to assure familiarity with emergencies or accident procedures to be followed.

A detailed listing of appropriate emergency contacts, ie., USAEC Radiological Emergency Teams, local and state police, etc., is also provided for each planned routing.d. Route Routing from the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant to the NFSRP at West Valley, I New York, will be as follows: 1. Local roads from the Plant to State Route 42.2. Route 42 to U.S. Route 141 at Manitowoc, Wisconsin.

3. Route 141 to Interstate Route 94 at Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

4. 1-94 to 1-294 around Chicago to 1-80.5. 1-80 across Indiana and around Cleveland to 1-271. U 6. 1-271 to 1-90 across Pennsylvania to U. S. Route 20.7. Route 20 into New York to State Route 39 to U.S. Route 219.8. Route 219 to the county access road for the West Valley reprocessing plant site.Many alternate routes appear feasible, with all being subject to change due to bridge restrictions, weather conditions, etc.e. Loads If the spent fuel is shipped three elements, or more at a time, the ship-ping will be by overweight shipping.

Permits for such overweight shipping are routinely issued for the weight ranges contemplated.

The shipping of spent nuclear fuel by overweight trucks is expected to contribute to less than 2% of all overweight shipping.3. Transport of Solid Radioactive Wastes I Spent resins, waste evaporator bottoms and some process liquids will be dewatered, concentrated, and solidified.

These are combined with other I solid wastes and loaded into containers for shipment and disposal.

The I V-5 3 staff estimates 8 truckloads of wastes each year. This also may be shipped to West Valley, New Yorkp for disposal, a shipping distance of about 700 miles.4. Principles of Safety in- Transport The transportation of radioactive material is regulated by the Department of Transportation and the Atomic Energy Commission.

The regulations pro-vide protection of the public and transport workers from radiation.

This protection is achieved by a combination of standards and requirements applicable to packaging, limitations on the contents of packages and radiation levels from packages, and procedures to limit the exposure of persons under normal and accident conditions.

Primary reliance for safety in transport of radioactive material is placed on the packaging.

The packaging must meet regulatory standards 148] es-tablished according to the type and form of material for containment, shielding, nuclear criticality safety, and heat dissipation.

The standards provide that the packaging shall prevent the loss or dispersal of the radio-active contents, retain shielding efficiency, assure nuclear criticality safety, and provide adequate heat dissipation under normal conditions of transport and under specified accident damage test conditions.

The contents of packages not designed to withstand accidents are limited, thereby limit-ing the risk from releases which could occur in an accident.

The contents of the package also must be limited so that the standards for external radiation levels, temperature, pressure, and containment are met.Procedures applicable to the shipment of packages of radioactive material require that the package be labelled with a unique radioactive materials label. In transport the carrier is required to exercise control over radioactive material packages including loading and storage in areas sepa-rated from persons and limitations on aggregations of packages to limit the exposure of persons under normal conditions.

The procedures carriers must follow in case of accident include segregation of damaged and leaking packages from people and notification of the shipper and the Department of Transportation.

Radiological assistance teams are available through an inter-Governmental program to provide equipment and trained personnel, if necessary, in such emergencies.

Within the regulatory standards, radioactive materials are required to be safely transported in routine commerce using conventional transportation equipment with no special restrictions on speed of vehicle, routing, or ambient transport conditions.

According to the Department of Transportation (DOT), the record of safety in the transportation of radioactive materials exceeds that for any other type of hazardous commodity.

DOT estimates ap-proximately 800,000 packages of radioactive materials are currently being V-54 I shipped in the United States each year. Thus far, based on the best avail- I able information, there have been no known deaths or serious injuries to the public or to transport workers due to radiation from a radioactive material shipment..'

Controls over routing in transport have not been considered a factor in es-tablishing safety standards.

Emphasis was placed on package standards and quality assurance procedures apart from any routing restrictions.

Although the regulations require all carriers of hazardous materials to avoid con-gested areas [49] wherever practical to do so, in general, carriers choose the most direct and fastest route. Routing restrictions which require use I of secondary highways or other than the most direct route may increase the *overall environmental impact of transportation as a result of increased accident frequency or severity.

Any attempt to specify routing would in-volve continued analysis of routes in view of the changing.

local conditions as well as changing of sources of material and delivery points.5. Exposures During Normal (No Accident)

Conditions

a. New Fuel Since the. nuclear radiations and heat emitted by cold fuel are small, there I will be essentially no effect on the environment during transport under normal conditions.

Exposure of individual transport workers is estimated to be less than 1 millirem (mrem) per shipment.

For 4 shipments, with I two drivers for each vehicle, the total dose would be about 0.01 man-rem per year. The radiation level associated with each truckload of cold fuel will be less than 0.1 mrem/hr at 6 feet from the truck. A member of the general public who spends 3 minutes at an average distance of 3 feet from the truck might receive a dose of about 0.005 mrem per shipment.

The dose to other persons along the shipping route would be extremely small.b. Irradiated Fuel Based on actual radiation levels associated with'shipments of irradiated fuel elements, we estimate that the radiation level at 3 feet from the truck or rail car will be about 25 mrem/hr. The individual truck driver would be unlikely to receive more than about 30 millirem in the 700-mile shipment.

For 40 shipments by truck during the year with 2 drivers on each vehicle, the annual cumulative dose would be about 2.4 man-rem.A member of the general public who spends 3 minutes at an average distance*of 3 feet from the truck might receive a dose of as much as 1.3 mrem. If 10 persons were so exposed per' shipment, the total annual dose would be about 0.5 man-rem. Approximately 210,000 persons who reside along the I 700-mile route over which the irradiated fuel is transported might receive I I I V-55 an annual dose of about 0.7 man-rem. The regulatory radiation level limit of 10 mrem/hr at a distance of 6 feet from the vehicle was used to calculate the integrated dose to persons in an area between 100 feet and 1/2 mile on both sides of the shipping route. It was assumed that the shipment would travel 200 miles per day and the population density would average 330 persons per square mile along the route.The rate of release of heat to the air from each cask will be about 30,000 Btu/hr. For comparison, 35,000 Btu/hr is about equal to the heat released from an air conditioner in an average sized home. Although the temperature of the air which contacts the loaded cask may be increased a few degrees, because the amount of heat is small and is being released over the entire transportation route, no appreciable thermal effects on the environment will result.c. Solid Radioactive Wastes The staff estimates that about 8 truckloads of solid radioactive wastes will be shipped to a disposal site. Under normal conditions, the indivi-dual truck driver might receive as much as 15 mrem per shipment.

If the same driver were used for all 8 truckloads in a year, he could receive an estimated dose of about 120 mrem during the year. The cumulative dose to all drivers for the year, assuming 2 drivers per vehicle, might be about 0.2 man-rem.A member of the general public who spends 3 minutes at an average dis-tance of 3 feet from the truck might receive a dose of as much as 1.3 mrem. If 10 persons were so exposed per shipment, the cumulative annual dose would be about 0.1 man-rem. Approximately 210,000 persons who re-side along the 700-mile route over which the solid radioactive waste is transported might receive a cumulative annual dose of about 0.1 man-rem.These doses were calculated for persons in an area between 100 feet and 1/2 mile on either side of the shipping route, assuming 330 persons per square mile, 10 mrem/hr at 6 feet from the vehicle, and the shipment traveling 200 miles per day.

I V-56 Section V References

1. "Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.-

A County of Opportunity," published by *authority of Kewaunee County Board, 1970.2. "Kewaunee Environmental Report, Operating License Stage," Wisconsin Public Service Corporation; January 1971; Revised November 1971.3. "Environmental Studies at the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," KNR-i, University of Wisconsin

-Milwaukee, Department of Botany, June 1970.1 4. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., Reports to Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Green Bay, Wisconsin; Subjects: "Comparison of Results from Two Pre-operational Environmental (Thermal)

Monitoring Programs," July 22, 1971; "Pre-operational Thermal Monitoring Program of Lake Michigan Near the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant (January 1971 -December 1971)," IBT No. W9438, April 14, 1972.5. "Environmental Studies at the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant," KNR-2, University of Wisconsin

-Milwaukee, Department of Botany, July 1971.1 6. Information obtained during site visit, January 24-25, 1972.7. Report of the Committee on Nuclear Power Plant Waste Disposal to theE Conferees of the Lake Michigan.Enforcement Conference, November 1965.8. Final Environmental Statement related to operation of Point Beach Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2, Wisconsin Electric Power Co., and Wiscor Michigan Power Co., Docket Nos. 50-266 and 50-301, May 1972.9. A. M. Beeton, "Environmental Changes in Lake Erie," Trans. Amer.Fish. Soc. 90 (2):153-159, 1960.10. J. Wright, Testimony Before the Public Hearing to Consider Revision Thermal Standards for Lake Michigan to Conform with Recommendations t m of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference.

Director, Environmental Systems Department, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, August 13, 193 11. Summary of a report of Results from Sampling to Determine the Fish and/or Fish Egg Content of Intake Waters at Oak Creek and Point Beach Stations, presented in Madison, Wisconsin, at a hearing for Lake Michigan Temperature Standards, August 13, 1971.12. "Ecological Studies of Cooling Water Discharge (at the Ginna Nucleari Power Plant) Part 1," Summary of Ecological Effects and Changes Re-sulting from Introduction of Thermal Discharge; Report to Rochester Gas and Electric, by John F. Storr, Consultant.

I I V-57 13. "Temperature Decay of the Heated Discharge from Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant on Lake Michigan," a special study for the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Kewaunee, Wisconsin, Pioneer Service and Engineering Company, May 17, 1971.14. J. Cairns, Jr., "Effects of Increased Temperature on Aquatic Organisms," Ind. Wastes 1 (4): 150-152, 1956.15. C. B. Wurtz, and C. E. Renn, "Water Temperatures and Aquatic Life," Edison Electric Institute Research Project, RP-49, 1965.16. C. C. Coutant, "Consequences of Effluent Release, Effects on Organisms of Entrainment in Cooling Water: Steps Toward Predictability," Nuclear Safety 12 #6, p. 600-607 (1971).17. E. F. Stoermer, "Nearshore Phytoplankton Populations in the Grand Haven, Michigan, Vicinity During Thermal Bar Conditions," Proc. llth Conf. Great Lakes, pp. 137-150, (1968).18. Draft DetailedStatement of Environmental Considerations by the Division of Radiological and Environmental Protection, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Related to the proposed issuance of an operating license to the Wisconsin Electric Power Company and the Wisconsin Michigan Power Company for the Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Unit No. 2, Docket No. 50-301.19. C. C. Coutant, "Thermal Polution -Biological Effects," J. Water Poll., Control Federation, 43, p. 1292 (1971).20. D. I. Mount, Unpublished data collected for EPA by the National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota (March 23, 1971).21. E. C. Raney, "Heated Discharge and Fishes in Lake Michigan in the Vicinity of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant," Testimony at a meeting of the Michigan Water Resources Commission, Lansing, Michigan, June 24, 1971.22. D. P. Currie, Testimony before the Thermal Standards for Lake Michigan hearings, January 15, 1971.23. "Thermal Effects and U. S. Nuclear Power Stations," Div. of Reactor Development and Technology, AEC, Wash-1169 (January 1971).24. "Physical and Ecological Effects of Waste Heat on Lake Michigan," U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service (Sept. 1970).

V-58 25. Draft Detailed Statement on Environmental Considerations for the Zion Nuclear Power Plant, Zion, Illinois, to be constructed and operated by the Commonwealth Edison Company (Docket Nos. 50-295 and 50-304);Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, December 1971.26. L. Wells, "Seasonal Depth Distribution of Fish in Southeastern Lake Michigan," Fishery Bull. 67, No. 1 (1968).27. Westinghouse Electric Corp., Environmental Systems Dept. Report to Wisconsin Public Service Company on "Performance and Environmental Aspects of Cooling Towers," (1971).28. "Point Beach Environmental Report, Operating License Stage," Wisconsin Electric Power Company and Wisconsin Michigan Power Company, September 1970; Supplement November 1971.29. "Draft Supplemental Detailed Statement on the Environmental Considera-tions," by the USAEC, for the Point Beach Nuclear Plant Unit No. 2 and the Continued Operation of Point Beach Nuclear Plant Unit No. 1, Dockets No. 50-266 and 50-301, February 10, 1972.30. Report No. PBR-2, Environmental Studies at Point Beach Nuclear Plant, by the University of Wisconsin

-Milwaukee, for Wisconsin Electric Power Company and Wisconsin Michigan Power Company, April 1971.31. Economic Profile, Kewaunee County -1960-64, Division of State Economic Development Executive Office, Madison, Wisconsin 53702.32. Economic Profile, Manitowoc County, 1960-64, Division of State Economic Development Executive Office, Madison, Wisconsin 53702.33. Economic Profile, Brown County, 1960, Division of State Economic Development Executive Office, Madison, Wisconsin 53702.34. Wisconsin Statistical Abstract, March 1969 (annually), Bureau of State Planning, Summary of Selected Statistics on the Social, Economic, Political Atmosphere.

35. P. Sundal, Wisconsin Facts for Industry, State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development, Division of Economic Develop-ment, Madison, Wisconsin 53702, October, 1964.36. J. G. Udell, W. A. Strang and G. A. Gohlke, Wisconsin Economy in 1975, Wisconsin's Economic Growth Since World War II and Projection for 1975, Bureau of Business, the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1967.I I V-59 37. H. 1. Walters, Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics 1969, Wisconsin Statistical Reporting Service, Box 5160, Madison, Wisconsin, 1969.38. Demand Data by Recreational Activity:

Outdoor Recreation Plan, State of Wisconsin, Department of Resource Development.

39. Report of Geological and Seismological Environmental Studies, Proposed Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee, Wisconsin, for the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, by Dames and Moore, May 12, 1967.40. McKee and Wolf, "Water Quality Criteria, Second Edition," Publication 3-A, State Water Resources Control Board, California.

41. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, "Final Safety Analysis Report," Volume 1.42. A. Okubo, "Review of Theoretical Models of Turbulent Diffusion in the Sea," TID 17342 (1966).43. A. W. Klement, Jr.., et al, "Estimates of Ionizing Radiation Doses in the U. S., 1960-2000," U.S.E.P.A., Office of Radiation Programs, August 1972.44. A. A. Frigo and G. P. Romberg, "Thermal Plume Dispersion Studies," in Reactor Development Program Progress Report, ANL-7861, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, pp. 9.1-9.7, September 1971.45. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Environmental Report: Questions and Answers," Amendment 1 to the Environmental Report -Operating License Stage (Revised), April 17, 1972.46. W. H. Chapman, H. L. Fisher, M. W. Pratt, "Concentration Factors of Chemical Elements in Edible Aquatic Organisms," UCRL-50564.

47. International Committee on Radiological Protection, "Report of ICRP Committee II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation (1959) with Bibliography for Biological, Mathematical and Physical Data," Health Physics Volume 3, June 1960.48. 10 CFR Part 71; 49 CFR Parts 171, 17.3 and 178.49. 49 CFR § 397.1(d).50. J. W. Elwood,"Ecological Aspects of Tritium Behavior in the Environment", Nuclear Safety, 12, 326, 1971.

I V-60 51. S. I. Auerbach,"Ecological Considerations in Siting Nuclear Power Plants: The Long-Term Biota Effects Problems," Nuclear Safety, 12, 25, 1971.52. W. L. Templeton, et al.,"Radiation Effects," In Radioactivity in the Marine Environment, National Academy of Science, Washington, 1971. .53. s. I. Auerbach, et al.,"Ecological Considerations in Reactor Power Plant Siting,"pp.

805-820, In Environmental Aspects of Nuclear Power Stations, IAEA-S--146/53, Vienna, 1971.54. University of Wisconsin, "Annual Progress Report of Sea Grant Activities," WIS-SG-71-208, Madison, Wisc., August, 1971.55. E. W. James, "Additional Information Concerning Draft Environmental Statement," Wisconsin Public Service Corp., October 24, 1972.56. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Comments on Federal, State and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC Draft Environmental Statement," October 19, 1972.57. J. C. Ayers, N. W. O'Hara, and W. L. Yocum, "Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies, Part VIII, Winter Operations I 1970-71," The University of Michigan, Great Lakes Research Division, Special Report No. 44, June, 1971.58. R. E. Holland,"Seasonal Fluctuations of Lake Michigan Diatoms", I Limnol and Oceanog, 14, 423-436, 1969.59. W. A. Brungs,"Literature Review of the Effects of Residual I Chlorine on Aquatic Life," U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota, pre-publication draft (1972).60. "Summary of recent technical information concerning thermal discharges into Lake Michigan," Argonne National Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency Contract Rept. 72-1 (1972).I 1 I i i V-61 61. Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. "First Annual Report, Preoperational Radiological Monitoring Program for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee, Wisconsin.

September 1969 through August 1970." IBT Project No. W9050. Northbrook, Illinois, 1970.62. "Second Annual Report, Preoperational Radiological Monitoring Program for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee, Wisconsin.

September 1970 through August 1971." IBT Project No. W9050.Northbrook, Illinois, January 1972.63. "First Quarter Report, Preoperational Radiological Monitoring Program for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee, Wisconsin.

September through November 1971." IBT Project No. W9050.Northbrook, Illinois, April 1972.

VI-I VI. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS A. PLANT ACCIDENTS A high degree of protection against the occurrence of postulated accidents in the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant is provided through correct design, manufacture, and operation, and the quality assur-ance program used to establish the necessary high integrity of the reactor system, as will be considered in the Commission's Safety Evaluation.

Deviations that may occur are handled by protective systems to place and hold the Plant in a safe condition.

Notwith-standing this, the conservative postulate is made that serious ac-cidents might occur, in spite of the fact that they are extremely unlikely; and engineered safety features are installed to mitigate the consequences of these postulated events.The probability of occurrence of accidents and the spectrum of their consequences to be considered from an environmental effezts stand-point have been analyzed using best estimates of probabilities and realistic fission product release and transport assumptions.

For site evaluation in the Commission's safety review, extremely conser-vative assumptions were used for the purpose of comparing calculated doses resulting from a hypothetical release of fission products from the fuel against the 10 CFR Part 100 siting guidelines.

The computed doses that would be received by the population and environment from actual accidents would be significantly less than those that will be presented in the Safety Evaluation.

The Commission issued guidance to applicants on September 1, 1971, requiring the consideration of a spectrum of accidents with assump-tions as realistic as the state of knowledge permits. The Applicant's response was contained in the revised "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage," dated November 8, 1971.The Applicant's report has been evaluated, using the standard acci-dent assumptions and guidance issued as a proposed amendment to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50 by the Commission on December 1, 1971.Nine classes of postulated accidents and occurrences ranging in severity from trivial to very serious were identified by the Commis-sion. These are described in Table VI-l. In general, accidents in the high potential consequence end of the spectrum have a low occurrence rate, and those on the low potential consequence end VI-2 TABLE VI-i Classification of Postulated Accidents and Occurrences No. of AEC Applicant's Class Description Example(s) 1 2 3 4 Trivial Incidents Misc. small releases outside containment Radwaste System failures Events that release radioactivity into the primary system (BWR)Events that release radioactivity into primary and secondary systems (PWR)Refueling accidents inside containment Accidents to spent fuel outside containment 5 Small spills Small leaks inside containment Spills Leaks and pipe breaks Equipment failure Serious malfunction or human error Fuel failure during normal operation Transients outside expected range of variables Class 4 and heat exchanger leak Drop fuel element Drop heavy object onto fuel Mechanical malfunction or loss of cooling in transfer tube Drop fuel element Drop heavy object onto fuel Drop shielding cask -- loss of cooling to cask Transporation incident on site!I I U I I Ii!!il 6 7 I I!

VI- 3 TABLE VI-I (continued) 8 Accident initiation events considered in design-basis evaluation in the Safety Analysis Report Hypothetical sequences of failures more severe than Class 8 Reactivity transient Rupture of primary piping Flow decrease -steamline break Successive failures of multiple barriers normally provided and maintained 9

VI-4 have a higher occurrence rate. The examples selected by the Appli- -cant are also included in Table VI-l. They are reasonably homo-geneous in terms of probability within each class, although we con-sider the steam generator tube rupture as more appropriately in Class 5 (the Applicant uses Class 8). Certain assumptions made by the Applicant to evaluate the consequences of postulated accidents are reasonable in terms of experience with operating plants even though they do not exactly agree with those in the proposed Annex to Appendix D. However, the use of alternative assumptions does not significantly affect the overall environmental risks.Commission estimates of the dose which might be received by an assumed individual standing at the site boundary in the downwind direction, using the assumptions in the proposed Annex to Appendix D, m are presented in Table VI-2. The meteorological conditions indicated in the annex to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50 approximate the dispersion conditions which would prevail at least 50% of the time. Estimates of the integrated exposure that might be delivered to the population within 50 miles of the site are also presented in Table VI-2. The man-rem estimate was based on the projected population around the site for the year 2010.To rigorously establish a realistic annual risk, the calculated doses in Table VI-2 would have to be multiplied by estimated probabilities.

m The events in Classes 1 and 2 represent occurrences which are anti-cipated during Plant operation and their consequences, which are very small, are considered within the framework of routine effluents from the Plant. Except for a limited amount of fuel failures and some steam generator leakage, the events in Classes 3 through 5 are not anticipated during Plant operation but events of this type could oc-cur sometime during the 40-year Plant lifetime.

Accidents in Classes 6 and 7 and small accidents in Class 8 are of similar or lower prob-ability than accidents in Classes 3 through 5 but are still possible.The probability of occurrence of large Class 8 accidents is very I small. Therefore, when the consequences indicated in Table VI-2 are weighted by probabilities, the environmental risk is very low. The postulated occurrences in Class 9 involve sequences of successive failures more severe than those required to be considered in the design basis of protection systems and engineered safety features.

Their consequences could be severe. However, the probability of their oc-currence is so small that their environmental risk is extremely low. I Defense in depth (multiple physical barriers), quality assurance for design, manufacture and operation, continued surveillance and testing, and conservative design are all applied to provide and maintain the required high degree of assurance that potential accidents in this class are, and will remain, sufficiently small in probability that the environmental risk is extremely low.

VI-5 TABLE VI-2 Summary of Radiological Consequences of Postulated Accidents Estimated Fraction Estimated Dose of 10 CFR Part 20 to Population in Limit at 50 Mile Radius, Class Event Boundary -man-rem 1.0 Trivial incidents 2/ 2/2.0 Small releases outside containment 2/ 2/3.0 Radwaste system failures 3.1 Equipment Leakage or malfunction 0.023 2.4 3.2 Release of waste gas storage tank contents 0.089 9.3 3.3 Release of liquid waste storage tank contents 0.002 0.26 4.0 Fission products to primary system (BWR) N.A. N.A.5.0 Fission products to primary and secondary systems (PWR)5.1 Fuel cladding defects and steam generator leaks 2/ 2/5.2 0ff-design transients that induce fuel failures above those-expected, <0.001 <0.1 and steam generator leak 5.3 Steam generator tube rupture 0.030 3.1 6.0 Refueling accidents 6.1 Fuel bundle drop 0.005 0.49 6.2 Heavy object drop onto fuel in core 0.082 8.6 7.0 Spent fuel handling accident 7.1 Fuel assembly drop in fuel storage pool 0.003 0.31 7.2 Heavy object drop onto fuel rack 0.012 1.2 7.3 Fuel cask drop N.A. N.A.

mI VI-6 Table VI-2 (cont'd) n Estimated Fraction Estimated Dose of 10 CFR Part 20 to Population in Limit at S te 50 Mile Radius, Class Event Boundary -man-rem 8.0 Accident initiation events I considered in design-.basis evaluation in the Safety Analysis Report m 8.1 Loss-of-coolant accidents Small break 0.05 9.8 Large break 0.027 10 8.1(a) Break in instrument line from primary system that penetrates N.A. N.A.containment I 8.2(a) Rod ejection accident (PWR) 0.003 1.0 8.2(b) Rod drop accident (BWR) N.A. N.A.8.3(a) Steamline break (PWR- I outside containment)

Small break <0.001 <0.1 Large break <0.001 <0.1 8.3(b) Steamline break (BWR) N.A. N.A.Represents the calculated fraction of a whole body dose of 500 mrem, or the equivalent dose to an organ.2/ These releases will be comparable to the design objectives indicated in the proposed Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 for routine effluent releases, i.e., 5 mrem/yr to an individual from liquid or gaseous'effluents.

3 i I I I I VI-7 Table VI-2 indicates that the realistically estimated radiological consequences of the postulated accidents would result in exposures of. an assumed individual at the site boundary to concentrations of radioactive materials within the Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Table II of 10 CFR Part 20. The table shows that the esti-mated, integrated exposure of the population within 50 miles of the plant from each postulated accident would be orders of magnitude smaller than that from naturally occurring radioactivity, which cor-responds to approximately 156,000 man-rem/yr based on a natural background level of 130 mrem/yr. When considered with the proba-bility of occurrence, the annual potential radiation exposure of the population from all the postulated accidents is an even smaller fraction of the exposure from natural background radiation and, in fact, is well within naturally occurring variations in the natural background.

It is concluded from the results of the realistic analysis that the environmental risks due to postulated radiological accidents are exceedingly small.B. TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS Based on recent accident statistics[l], a shipment of fuel or waste may be expected to be involved in an' accident about once in a total of 750,000 shipment-miles.

The staff has estimated that only about 1 in 10 of those accidents which involve Type A packages or 1 in 100 of those involving Type B packages might result in any leakage of radioactive material.

In case of an accident, procedures which carriers are required[2]

to follow will reduce the consequences of an accident in many cases. The procedures include segregation of damaged and leaking packages from people, and notification of the shipper and the Department of Transportation.

Radiological assistance teams are available through an inter-Governmental pro-gram to provide equipped and trained personnel.

These teams, dis-patched in response to calls for emergency assistance, can mitigate the consequences of an accident.1. New Fuel Under accident conditions other than accidental criticality, the pelletized form of the nuclear fuel, its encapsulation, and the low specific activity of the fuel limit the radiological impact on the environment to negligible levels.

VI-8 The packaging is designed to prevent criticality under normal and severe accident conditions.

To release a number of fuel assemblies under conditions that could lead to accidental criticality would re- I quire severe damage or destruction of more than one package, which is unlikely to happen in other than an extremely severe accident.The probability that an accident could occur under conditions that could result in accidental criticality is extremelyremote.

If criticality were to occur in transport, persons within a radius of about. 100 feet from the accident might receive a serious exposure I but beyond that distance, no detectable radiation effects would be likely. Persons within a few feet of the accident could receive fatal or near-fatal exposures unless shielded by intervening material.

I Although there would beno nuclear explosion, heat generated in the reaction would probably separate the fuel elements so that the reac-tion would stop. The reaction would not be expected to continue for more than a few seconds and normally would not recur. Residual radiation levels due to induced radioactivity in the fuel elements might reach a few roentgens per hour at 3 feet. There would be.very little dispersion of radioactive material.2. Irradiated Fuel Effects on the environment from accidental releases of radioactive materials during shipment of irradiated fuel have been estimated for the situation where contaminated coolant is released and the situation where gases and coolant are released.a. Leakage of Contaminated Coolant n Leakage of contaminated coolant resulting from improper closing of the cask is possible as a result of human error, even though the shipper is required to follow specific procedures which include tests and examination of the closed container prior to each shipment.

Such an accident is highly unlikely during the 40-year life of the Plant.Leakage of liquid at a rate of 0.001 cc per second or about 80 drops/ I hour is about the smallest amount of leakage that can be detected by visual observation of a large container.

If undetected leakage of contaminated liquid coolant were to occur, the amount would be so I small that the individual exposure would not exceed a few millirem and only a very few people would receive such exposures.

I I I I VI-9 b. Release of Gases and Coolant Release of gases and coolant is an extremely remote possibility.

In the improbable event that a cask is involved in an extremely severe accident such that the cask containment is breached and the cladding of the fuel assemblies penetrated, some of the coolant and some of the noble gases might be released from the cask.In such an accident, the amount of radioactive material released would be limited to the available fraction of the noble gases in the void spaces in the fuel pins and some fraction of the low level contamination in the coolant. Persons would not be expected to re-main near the accident due to the severe conditions which would be involved, including a possible major fire. If releases occurred, they would be expected to take place in a short period of time. Only a limited area would be affected.

Persons in the downwind region and within 100 feet or so of the accident might receive doses as high as a few hundred millirem.

Under average weather conditions, a few hundred square feet might be contaminated to the extent that it would require decontamination (that is, Range I contamination levels) according to the standards[3]

of the Environmental Protection Agency.3. Solid Radioactive Wastes It is highly unlikely that a shipment of solid radioactive waste will be involved in a severe accident during the 40-year life of the Plant. If a shipment of low-level waste (in drums) becomes in-volved in a severe accident, some release of waste might occur but the specific activity of the waste will be so low that the exposure of personnel would not be expected to be significant.

Other solid radioactive wastes will be shipped in Type B packages.

The proba-bility of release from a Type B package, in even a very severe accident, is sufficiently small that, considering the solid form of the waste and the very remote probability that a shipment of such waste would be involved in a very severe accident, the likeli-hood of significant exposure would be extremely small.In either case, spread of the contamination beyond the immediate area is unlikely and, although local clean-up might be required, no significant exposure to the general public would be expected to result.

Vl-10I 4. Severity of Postulated Transportation Accidents The events postulated in this analysis are unlikely but possible.More severe accidents than those analyzed can be postulated and their, consequences could be severe. Quality assurance for design, manu-facture, and use of the packages, continued surveillance and testing of packages and transport conditions, and conservative design of packages ensure that the probability of accidents of this latter potential is sufficiently small that the environmental risk is extremely low. For those reasons, more severe accidents have not been included in the analysis.5. Alternatives to.Normal Transportation Procedures Alternatives, such as special routing of shipments, providing es-corts in separate vehicles, and adding shielding to the containers have been examined.

The impact on the environment of transportation under normal or postulated accident conditions is not considered to be sufficient to justify the additional effort required to implement any of the alternatives.

I I I I I I Vi-li Section VI References

1. Federal Highway Administration, "1969 Accidents of Large Motor Carriers of Property," December 1970; Federal Railroad Admini-stration Accident Bulletin No. 138, "Summary and Analysis of Accidents on Railroads in the U.S.," 1969; U.S. Coast Guard,"Statistical Summary of Casualties to Commercial Vessels," December 1970.2. 49 CFR §§ 171.15, 174.566, 177.861.3. Federal Radiation Council Report No. 7, "Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards; Pro-tective Action Guides for Strontium 89, Strontium 90, and Cesium 137," May 1965.

VII-I VII. ADVERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED The Applicant has demonstrated considerable sensitivity to environ-mental effects associated with the construction and operation of the Plant and has sought to reduce the impacts of the Plant on the region.Design changes intended to reduce environmental effects have been made, such as relocation of the coolant water outfall and improve-ments in the radwaste systems. Thus the remaining adverse environ-mental effects are generally inconsequential ones for which a significant further reduction was considered impractical or ones that are subjective in nature.Adverse effects on land, water, and air are considered first. Bio-logical effects resulting therefrom are discussed next. Finally, some subjective views regarding aesthetic aspects are presented.

Throughout the discussion an attempt is made to categorize these in terms of their importance, but this is not always feasible because of limited knowledge now available.

Also, some indication is given regarding the temporal nature of certain effects. The classifica-tion of some effects as adverse may be debatable, but the underlying assumption is that existing natural processes have evolved over millions of years and that man-made perturbations are more likely to be disruptive to the natural system than not.A. LAND USE Acquisition of the site and dedication of a portion of it to indus-trial activity obviously are disruptive influences on the prior land use. However, it is not likely that there will be a shortage of land in the region for those agricultural uses eliminated by the construction of this Plant. Abundant farmland exists in Kewaunee and adjacent counties, and recreational use of the lake-shore in the vicinity has been minimal. Only hunters are likely to be affected adversely on a long-term basis, and this only locally.The industrial plant buildings and grounds will occupy about 110 acres of the 908-acre site. A sizeable fraction of the 110 acres has been altered during the construction, but much of this will be restored to a state similar to its original, natural character.

Twelve families were displaced from their homes on the land ac-quired for the site, forcing them to locate housing elsewhere.

Most of the approximately 70 permanent Plant employees have moved VII-2 I or will move to a location near the Plant. These two groups have placed a small, added demand on the services provided in the com-munities and rural areas where they have settled. 3 Shoreline protection afforded by the riprap placed along the beach at the center of the lake boundary of the site is a favorable de-velopment in that it will slow appreciably the erosion of the land by wave action, but this is slightly countered by the reduced at-tractiveness of that portion of the shoreline for swimming and related recreational activities.

Disruption of the land during I construction and the attendant noise displaced wildlife in the im-mediate proximity of the Plant, at least temporarily.

However, because of the use of the site for agricultural activities prior to its acquisition by the Applicant, and the continued use of much of it in this way during construction, disruption of the wildlife population was small. n Along the 56 miles of new transmission lines, some vegetation was and will continue to be disturbed because of the need for avoiding interference with the lines, and this too will interfere with some m wildlife.

This will be slight, because 84% of the land through which this narrow corridor passes is used for farming, and. even where trees must be cut or trimmed to keep the lines clear, the narrow width of the channel will displace wildlife, e.g., birds, only a small distance.B. WATER Construction, dredging and sanitary landfill operations have re-sulted in localized changes in the course of an on-site creek and in the adjacent lake basin, and some silting and erosion have been unavoidable.

Eventually equilibrium will be restored, but under somewhat modified conditions.

n Localized water loss in excess of natural amounts will occur on a continuing basis, through increased evaporation in the thermal plume from the outfall, due to higher than ambient temperatures.

I This redistribution of water is not significant in view of the large volume of Lake Michigan.

VII-3 There will be a variety of chemical additions and increases in con-centrations of dissolved solids in the waters immediately adjacent to the Plant. These additions, including the possibility of chlo-rine treatment of the cooling water to keep the condenser clean, were described in Section III.D.3. Some of the radioactive mate-rials processed by the radwaste system will be diluted with Plant water and released into the lake, as explained in Section III.D.2.Thus there will be a continuing addition of chemicals to the near-by waters. Admittedly these chemicals will be diluted by currents in the lake, but nonetheless they constitute a sustained-net in-crease in the dissolved solids in the nearby water.C. AIR The principal materials released to the air by Plant operation are water vapor from the thermal plume, and small amounts of gaseous radionuclides from the radwaste system. Under certain conditions, localized steam-fog will be caused or enhanced by the thermal plume. Eventually, the moisture released by evaporation from the thermal plume will return to the earth's surface as precipitation, but this should be widely distributed.

The quantity of water that becomes airborne in this way is a minute fraction of the normal evaporation from Lake Michigan.

The consequences of the release of of the radionuclides are considered in the following section.D. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Here attention is directed to the possible consequences to living matter as a result of changes in land, water, and air with the con-struction and operation of the Plant. The impact of the water-intake structure on fish and other aquatic life is also considered.

Revegetation of disturbed land areas, and the intention to continue with agricultural use of other parts of the site, so that they are not industrialized or urbanized, will compensate for the loss in certain of the wildlife habitats due to land being committed-to the Plant. New grass and other vegetation planted by the Applicant may improve the food supply for endemic wildlife.The temporary dredging operations for the coolant intake structure and discharge basin caused damage to only an insignificant part of the benthic populations in the lake near the Plant. The risk of VII-4 widespread adverse effects on the biota of Lake Michigan from the operation of the Plant is remote and very unlikely, because the waters and lake bottom nearby are relatively barren.The heated water effluent from the condenser into the lake will be essentially dissipated wi thin a few thousand feet of the outlet.Free-swimming organisms are not expected to remain in the plumeI unless they are gradually adapted. Especially during the winter months, some fish will be attracted by the thermal plume in the lake, but no significant adverse effect is anticipated because ofI it, unless it ceases abruptly due to sudden shutdown of the Plant.The ice-free water in the area of the effluent will provide a safe open space for waterfowl in winter.I Organisms .of less than 3/8 inch may be killed during passage through the condenser cooling systems but there will be no significant impact on the population level in Lake Michigan because of it. Fish will be discouraged from swimming into the coolant water intake cones by air bubble screens, and the water velocity at the entrance to theI cones will be sufficiently low that fish will be able to escape.Thus, any losses will be very small when compared with the total pro-duction of fish and plankton in Lake Michigan.The releases of radioactive materials from the Kewaunee Plant will conform to the USAEC requirements that they be "as low as practi-cable," that the resulting concentrations in air and water meet or, if possible, be lower than specified limits, and that the resulting dose to people in the environs be well within an acceptable range.E. AESTHETIC ASPECTSI The Plant's design reflects good architectural use of construction materials, although the functional nature of some of the components cannot be camouflaged conveniently.

The structures which constitute the Plant contrast strongly with the typical construction on the surrounding agricultural land. The low density of population in theI area surrounding the site means that comparatively few people, other than motorists passing along State Highway 42, will experience this change in the countryside

's appearance caused by the Plant. Its location at the lakeshore puts it in a peripheral location for most people in the area. While the Plant is visible from a distance of a few miles in some directions, the gently rolling terrain serves somewhat to hide the Plant or reduce its prominence on the horizon.

VIl-5 Even fewer people will view the Plant from the lake. The riprap placed along the shore near the Plant serves to draw attention to the Plant. The Plant, in this setting, will be a prominent feature in the appearance of an otherwise uniform shoreline in that area.In summary, it is unlikely that the Plant, with the appearance of a unified cluster of buildings with attractive lines from distances in excess of a mile or so, will foster an adverse reaction by many people. In a similar way, the additional transmission lines are likely to be virtually unnoticed by all except those few persons whose homes happen to be in close proximity to some of the wooden H-shaped supports for the power lines.

VIII-I VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF 'LONG'-TERM

'PRODUOT-IVITY The relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and enhancement of long-nterm productivity is discussed relative to the Plant. To provide power, it has been necessary to invest some land and to anticipate the heating of a small portion of Lake Michi-gan. By the discharge of heat and small amounts of other wastes, principally into the lake, some of the biota are affected.

This aspect has been considered in Section V.C. of this Statement.

The local short-term uses of the environment include those required to construct and operate the facility (during which it will therefore"use" the local environment), and some period beyond, during which time certain of the Plant's environmental effects may continue.Radioactive effluents discharged to the environment will be as low as practicable, in accordance with the guidance of 10 CFR Part 50, and will be small fractions of the 10 CFR Part 20 limits.A variety of environmental monitoring methods will be utilized to detect and evaluate any radiological impact which might lead to long-term effects in order that timely corrective action can be taken, if required.

The effects of chemical and thermal discharges are also expected to be negligible, but monitoring programs applied to these aspects will include the sampling and analysis of the water, aquatic life, and the food web near the facility, and the site land and air, including resident biota. Both thermal and chemical discharges will meet applicable standards.

These monitoring programs ensure that the local short-term uses of the environment involved in the construction and operation of the Plant will not jeopardize the long-term productivity of the environment.

During the 40-year design lifetime of the Plant, the site could be used for several environmentally related activities in addition to power generation including recreation, forestry development, and research.It is instructive to consider productive uses of the site land and adjacent waters before the advent of the Kewaunee electric-power-production facilities.

The entire site was in large part used for agriculture.

Except for the Plant buildings and grounds, most of this land will be returned to agriculture almost immediately after startup, according to present plans. The beneficial occupancy by VIII-2I I native wildlife should not be impaired once the site development is completed.

Before construction began, the physical characteris-tics of the beach were poor in terms of recreational use; these aspects have not been changed, although the water will be warmed after startup, making it more comfortable for swimmers and it will tend to attract fish.At some future date, the Kewaunee Plant will become obsolete and be retired. Many of the disturbances of the environment will cease I when the Plant is shut down, and a rebalancing of the biota will occur. Thus, the "trade-off" between production of electricity and small changes in the local environment is reversible.

Recent ex-perience with other experimental and developmental nuclear plants has demonstrated the feasibility of decommissioning and dismantling such a plant sufficiently to restore its site to its former use. The degree of dismantlement, as with most abandoned industrial plants, will be contingent on a balance among health and safety considera-tions, salvage values, and environmental impact. The fuel could be removed and reclaimed, residual radioactivity removed or shielded, components salvaged, structures dismantled, and the reactor vessel sealed. The extent to which the land in the industrial zone is re-stored to its former state will be influenced strongly by desired uses for the land beyond the life of the Plant and the relationship between benefits achieved thereby and the cost of restoration.

I I U I I I I I U IX-i IX. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED Numerous resources are involved in construction and operation of a major facility such as the Plant. These resources include the land upon which the facility is located, the materials and chemicals used to construct and maintain the Plant, fuel used to operate the Plant, and human talent, skill and labor.Major resources to be committed irreversibly and irretrievably due to the operation of the Plant are essentially theland (during the life of the Plant) and the uranium consumed by the reactor.The land r[moved from agriculture by the Plant buildings and grounds represents less than 0.05 percent of the productive cropland in Kewaunee County and is an extremely small part of the productive cropland in the areas served by the Owners. It is possible that the land used for the reactor building may be irretrievably committed.

The loss o6f this resource is negligible.

In the process of consuming the uranium-235 portion of fuel, the Plant draws on a natural resource.

The amount of this uranium is extremely small in comparison to the amount of fossil fuels that would be consumed by the production of a similar amount of power from other types of thermal generating stations.

Actually, plu-tonium production in the Kewaunee Plant will offset the loss of U-235 to a moderate extent. Even though known nuclear fuel reserves are not significantly different (in terms of the number of years to depletion) from fossil fuel reserves, it is apparent that as nuclear technology develops in the area of breeder reactors, real reserves will expand. There is no such prospect for fossil fuels. On this basis, and under the premise that power must be produced, the com-mitment of nuclear fuel resources to the production of power at Kewaunee or any other power plant is considered to be a positive commitment and one which is favorable in the long term. Suitable hydroelectric power sites are not available to the area served by Kewaunee.

The use of solar energy for reliable electric power pro-duction has not yet proved feasible.Human resources involve the time and effort required to design and build the Plant as well as to operate it. This kind of resource is almost totally irretrievable, and were the Plant never to operate IX-2 at all, much of that already expended would be lost. None of this resource is really salvageable, except for the degree of experience gained in design and construction of the Plant. It would be diffi-cult to demonstrate that any alternative method of producing power I would directly involve significantly less human resource than a nuclear generating station. To evolve even more efficient methods of nuclear power generation will involve substantial time and effort but will eventually lead to even lower rates of resource use per unit of power produced.

The least further consumption of human re-sources would be to proceed with the proposed action; any alterna-tive would involve 'further -- even duplicative

-- commitments of time and effort.The commitment of construction materials has already been made for Kewaunee.

Only if the Kewaunee Plant were to be abandoned at this time and completely different alternatives adopted would additional resources of this kind be required.The use of the environment (air, water, land) by the Plant does not represent significant irreversible or irretrievable resource commit-ments, but rather a relatively short-term investment.

The biota of i the region have been studied, and the probable impact of the Plant on this complex resource is considered elsewhere in this statement (Section V.C.). In essence, no significant.

short- or long-term damage or loss to the biota of the region has occurred or is anti-cipated. Should a significant detrimental effect to any of the biotic communities appear, the monitoring programs at Kewaunee are designed to detect it, and corrective measures would then be taken by the Applicant.

I I I I i I I X-1 X. THE NEED FOR POWER The Applicant, Wisconsin Public Service (WPS), provides electrical power for a region of 10,000 square miles in northeastern Wisconsin and Menominee County ,Michigan.

Its 1970 population was 699,000. Wisconsin Power and Light (WPL) services a territory of 16,000 square miles in thle southern and central one-third of Wisconsin, which had 846,000 inhab-itants in 1970. 244,000 people in and near Madison, Wisconsin are provided with electricity by Madison Gas & Electric (MGE). A cooperative arrange-ment was initiated by WPS and WPL in December 1960, and they have jointly developed two power units, one at Green Bay and one at Sheboygan.

They were joined in this cooperative arrangement by MGE in February 1967, to form the Wisconsin Power Pool (WPP). The WPP, as a member of the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan System, is a part of a large, interconnected grid of transmission and production capability which extends over a large portion of the Midwest. The latter system is known as the Mid-America Interpool Network (MAIN).The members of the IWP supply electricity to a large fraction of Wisconsin's residential, commercial, and industrial population, including its second and fourth largest cities. For example, the Applicant's 1971 energy pro-duction has the following distribution in terms of use: Industrial, 49%;Commercial, 13%, Residential, 30%; and Other, 8%. Corresponding values for the Pool were 34%, 17%, 32%, and 17%, respectively.

The U.S. Department of Labor projects increases in Wisconsin's population and labor force of 16 and 19%, respectively, for the decade from 1970 to 1980. Because of the long lead times involved in the planning and construction of major power facilities, electric utilities must base their expansion programs on demand forecasts.

The average annual rate of increase experienced by the members of the WPP, in combination, during the last 10 years has been 8.0% in summer demand and 6.9% in winter demand. Estimates of the combined demands for the recent past and the next several years are given in Table X-1. The latest actual experience has been maximum demands of 1670 MW in the 1970-71 winter, 1850 MW in the 1971 summer, 1971 MW in the 1971-72 winter, and 2010 MW in the 1972 summer. Emergency load reduction measures had to be initiated during the 1972 summer by the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan System, an informal co-ordinating organization of which the Applicant and the co-owners of the plant are members. This involved both voltage reduction and appeals for voluntary conservation of power use by customers.

The forecasted rate of increase is conservative in comparison with the average rates of increase during the last decade, and in recent years the actual demand growth in Wisconsin has exceeded forecast figures.

X-2 TABLE X-1 WPP Capacity-Demand-Reserve Data for 1971-1977 (in MWe) [4]Ree Reserve Reserve With Without Owned Native Purchases Adjusted Kewaunee Kewaunee Capability Demand (Sales) Demand Margin (%) (%)1971 W 1993 1825(1) 155(a) 1670 323 19.3 1972 I S 1930 2002(m) 265(b) 1737 193 11.1 W 1993 1946 195(d) 1751 242 13.8 1973 S 2707(c) 2154 225(e) 1929 778 40.3 13.0 W 2770 2069 75(i) 1994 776 38.9 12.5 1974 S 2707 2312 175(f) 2137 570 26.6 2.0 W 2770 2205 175 2030 740 36.4 10.5 1975 S 3207(g) 2479 (225)(j) 2704 503 18.6 -0.9 W 3270 2334 (225) 2559 711 27.7 7.2 1976 S 3207 2641 (170)(k) 2811 396 14.0 -4.7 W 3270 2473 (170) 2643 .627 23.7 3.8 1977 S 3257(h) 2826 -2826 431 15.2 -3.4 W 3517 2622 -2622 698 26.6 6.5'a'75 MW by MGE and 80 MW by pool, both from Wisconsin Electric (WE), for 12 months beginning June 1971.75 MW by MGE and 190 MW by pool, both from WE, beginning June 1972 for 3 months, then reduced by 40 MW.(c) Install Kewaunee #1, 527 MW, and five 50-MW gas turbines.(d)7 5 MW by MGE and 120 MW by pool, both from WE, for 6 months beginning December 1972.( 75 MW by MGE and 150 MW by pool, both from WE, for 3 months beginning June 1973.Mf)75 MW by MGE and 100 MW by pool, both from WE, for 12 months beginning June 1974.(g)Install Columbia #1, 500 MW, April 1975.(h)Install one 50-MW.gas turbine. I Si75 MW by MGE from WE.M)225 1MW sale to WE pool for 12 months beginning June 1975.(k)170 MW sale to WE pool for 12 months beginning June 1976.(1)Actual peak demand was 1791 MW.(M)Actual peak demand was 2010 MW.

X-3 Table X-1 includes information on the WPP's current capability and capacity additions.

The basis for this is given in part in Tables X-2 and X-3.Table X-2 identifies and describes the existing power plants in each of the WPP members' systems.[l]

Except as noted, all of the steam plants are coal-fired units. A time range for initial operation indicates the existence of more than two units at that station.Table X-3 indicates the plants under construction within the Pool and one proposed to satisfy anticipated demands. Planned plant retirements are tentative, since many factors are involved.

These include achievement of construction schedules for new facilities, obsolescence of the older units, maintenance requirements, economic considerations including the supply picture for various types of fuel, and accuracy of forecasts of demand.A breakdown of the total demand into that for each of the members of the WPP is useful in considering the effects of maintenance on possible power shortages.

For the period in which the availability of the Plant is expected, the individual demands are as follows: Demand (in MWe)Company Winter, 1972-73 Summer, 1973 WPS 762 803 WPL 900 970 MGE 282 374 Total 1944 2147 Each of the systems is summer critical, but by a wide margin only for MGE.The indicated total increase of 10% from winter to summer reflects in part anticipated annual growth in demand, so it is apparent that there is no seasonal period in which maintenance is decidedly advantageous.

The WPP has been operating with minimum reserves for several years. The attendant postponement of equipment maintenance has resulted in an increased probability of forced outages. Hence it is important that a higher reserve margin, such as would be provided by early availability of the Plant, be achieved as soon as possible.

TABLE X-2. Operating Power Plants in the Wisconsin Power Pool Initial Station (a) Total Name Operation MW(e) MW(e) Remarks Wisconsin Public Service (WPS)Steam Pulliam Weston Edgewater

1. 4 Hydro High Falls Wausau Grand Rapids Caldron Falls Grandfather Falls Others Pettenwell Castle Rock Diesel Gas Turbine Weston Marinette Wisconsin Power and Light (WPL)Steam Blackhawk Edgewater Rock River Nelson Dewey 799.1 661.9 1926-64 1954 & 1960 1969 1910 1921-24 1921-24 1924 1938 1905-1949 1951.1949 & 1964 1968 1971 406.5 152.8 102.6 6.9 3.6 3.9 6.6 17.0 16.1 6.7 5.0 Units 1 and 2 (16.4 MW) converted to gas and oil, 1971 31.8% of output; jointly owned with WPL 65.2 15 hydro plants, 54.1 MW total 1/3 interest in Wisconsin River Power Company 1/3 interest in Wisconsin River Power Company 2 units I 6.9 6.9 64.5 21.0 43.5 931.9 779.9 1917-69 1931-69 1954-55 1959 & 1962 58.2 344.3 161.2 216.2 Last unit 25 MW#3: 72.8 MW; #4: MW to WPS)Last unit 75 MW 322.6 MW (102.6--- ---m m n m M = = MM

-m -n- -m- m-m-- ---m- m m ---m -n-TABLE X-2. (Cont'd)Initial Station(a)

Total Name Operation MW(e) MW(e) Remarks Wisconsin Power & Light (WPL)(cont'd)

Hydro 52.9 Prairie du Sac 1914-40 29.9 Kilbourn 1907-39 9.5 Pettenwell 1949 6.7 1/3 interest in Wisconsin River Power Company Castle Rock 1951 5.0 .1/3 interest in Wisconsin River Power Company Others 1925- 1.8 Gas Turbine 99.1 Rock River 1967 & 1968 54.3 2 units Sheepskin 1971 44.8 Madison Gas and Electric (MGE) 258.6 U'Steam. 198.4 Blount Street 1923-61 198.4 7 units, from 5.to 44 MW Gas Turbine 60.2 Sycamore 1967 & 1971 41.4 Nine Springs 1964 18.8 (a)Tested capabilities.

X-6 TABLE X-3 Anticipated Additions of Plants in the Wisconsin Power e Type Startup MW(e)Nam Under Construction Kewaunee Nuclear Columbia #1 (Portage)

Fossil Proposed 5 Gas (a)Turbines 1 Gas Turbine 1973 1975 1973 1977 540 500 250 50 (a)Authorized by the Wisc. Public Service Commission, Aug. 22, 197: Pool 1 Participants Wi'S (41.2%), WPL (41.0%) andl MGE (17.8%)Wi'S (38.9%),*WPL (39.3%) andfl MGE (21.8%)2.(see p. E-5).

X-7 TABLE X-4 Wisconsin Power Pool Precipitator Installation and Upgrading Schedule [3]Capacity Planned Present Generating Unit MW Installation Schedule Wisconsin Public Service Corporation Pulliam Unit #3 27.3 Precipitator Upgrading 9/73 Pulliam Unit #4 27.2 Precipitator Upgrading 3/73 Pulliam Unit #5 46.9 Precipitator Upgrading 4/74 Pulliam Unit #6 64.8 Precipitator Upgrading 4/75 Pulliam Unit #8 130.3 Precipitator Upgrading 11/74 Wisconsin Power & Light Company Edgewater Unit #3 72.7 New Precipitator 10/72 Nelson Dewey Unit #1 109.3 New Precipitator 11/73 Nelson Dewey Unit #2 104.6 New Precipitator 5/74 Madison Gas and Electric Company Blount St. Boiler #5 15.0 Oil/Gas Conversion 3/73 Blount St. Boiler #6 15.0 Oil/Gas Conversion 3/73 Blount St. Boiler #8 47.2 New Precipitator 4/73 Blount St. Boiler #9 48.0 New Precipitator 4/73 x-8I!In addition to normal maintenance, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources has directed:[3]

that changes be made on existing plants to reduce stack emission.

The planned changes, shown in Table X-4, are I intended to achieve compliance with air quality requirements of Section NR-154.05 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code. The plants involved amount to 38% of the Pool's present capacity, so there is an additional requirement for increasing the reserve margin in the period from 1973 to 1975 over and above that required for routine maintenance and margin for unscheduled outages.A minimum reserve margin of 15% has been shown by experience to be necessary to allow for required maintenance of the power plants in a system and provide a reasonable contingency for nonscheduled outages of I generating facilities.

The WPP has not managed in the recent past to maintain such a reserve and on numerous occasions has been forced to depend on other companies in MAIN for supplemental power. There was a reserve of only 10.3% in 1970, and in 1969 it was only 9.0%. As shown in Table X-1, the achievement of the scheduled date for commercial opera-tion of the Plant will provide a margin in excess of the minimum require-ment through 1974. A moderately increasing trend in reserve requirements is desirable, since new generating capacity will be in relatively large units whose scheduled completion and availability can be highly uncertain.

Thus the anticipated margins beyond 1973, as shown in Table X-1, are not considered excessive.

The size of the Kewaunee Plant conforms with the general trend in the electric utility industry to construct and operate larger capacity units.The Plant's capability exceeds that of the two largest existing units in the WPP, Edgewater

1. 4 (330 MWe) and Pulliam #8 (130 MWe). If available as scheduled, it will account for 19% of Pool's late 1973 capability and, functioning as a baseload supply, will generate a larger percentage of the total Pool's kilowatt-hour requirements.

Because the plant is not now scheduled for commercial operation until September 1973, the pool will be slightly deficient in reserve margin for most of that summer.Since the Plant will be undergoing operational testing at that time, some help in alleviating this deficiency in reserve margin is anticipated.[71 The MAIN reserve will be sufficient to supply any-reasonable Pool needs in the 1972-73 winter. By the summer of 1973, the MAIN reserve will be only 22.4% with all MAIN units except the Kewaunee Plant operating.[2]

How-ever, all of these reserves are vested in 13 new large generating units scheduled for initial operation during the period from January 1972 through June 1973 (see Appendix E, page E-16). Current information indi- 3 cates that delays are being experienced in bringing most new large generating X-9.units into commercial operation, and this trend may continue for some time in the future. The Federal Power Commission'has concluded that "the elec-tric power output represented by the Kewaunee unit is needed to implement the Applicant's and MAIN's generation expansion programs for meeting pro-jected loads and to provide a reasonable measure of reserve margin capacity for the 1973 summer peak period, particularly in view of the very large amount of other new capacity which must be in operation in MAIN's system on schedule if-the forecast capacity margin is to be met" (see Appendix E, page E-18).MAIN reserves for the summer peaks through 1981 are given below,[5]

on the assumption that all new plants go into operation as scheduled.

Included are allowances -for firm purchases of 620 to 850 megawatts during '1974-77 and of 100 to 130 megawatts during 1978-81. Also shown are the reserves without the Kewaunee Plant.Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Reserves (%)With Kewaunee 24.2 18.8 16.1 16.8 16.9 15.0 14.3 17.5 13.7 Without Kewaunee 22.4 17.2 14.6 15.4 15.5 13.8 13.2 16.5 12.7 In view of the fact that MAIN itself is expected to be a net purchaser of power and is estimated to have marginal summer reserves during 1974-81, it does not appear that the Wisconsin Power Pool can rely on firm purchases from MAIN during this period as a substitute for operating the Kewaunee Plant. Even if power were available, a utility suffers an economic penalty by purchasing it, paying a price that includes amortization of another utility's plant, instead of operating an existing plant of its own, expecially a nuclear plant with its relatively low operating costs.The Public Service Commission of Wisconsin has jurisdiction over production of power by all companies in Wisconsin and controls facility expansions of all utilities in the state. The Commission has evaluated the need for expansion of the systems within the WPP and gave approval[6]

for the con-struction and operation of the Plant on October 17, 1967. In anticipa-tion of a delay in start-up of the Kewaunee Plant, the Commission has recently authorized the construction of 250 MW of combustion turbine generating capacity to be completed and available before the summer peak period of 1973. The Commission's Chairman has stated that "the capacity represented by the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant is critically needed at the earliest date possible" (see Appendix E, page E-5).

X-10 Section X References

1. R. H. Krause, ed., "Moody's Public Utility Manual," Moody's Investors Service, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1971, pp. 201-209, 886-890 and 1403-1410.2. J. B. Prince and K. E. Wolters, "Analysis of Demand and Capacity I Considering Possible Curtailment of Output from Nuclear Plants, 1971-1975," Wisconsin Electric Power Company (for the Mid-America Interpool Network), Milwaukee, Wisconsin, October 1971.3. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Statement Showing Cause Why the Construction Permit for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant Should Not be Suspended, in Whole or in Part, Pending Completion of the NEPA Environmental Review," October 11, 1971.4. WPS, "Environmental Report: Questions and Answers," Amendment 1 to November 1971 Environmental Report -Operating License Stage (Revised), April 17, 1972.5. MAIN's 1972 Reply to Appendix A of the Federal Power Commission's Order No. 383 on "Reliability and Adequacy of Electric Service," April 1, 1972.6. J. F. Goertz, "Letter and Findings of Fact, Certificate and Order," I Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, October 17, 1967, Appendix B of "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage (Revised)," Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Green Bay, Wisconsin, November 1971. s 7. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, "Comments on Federal, State and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC Draft Environmental Statement," October 19, 1972, USAEC Docket #50-305.

XI-i XI. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION AND COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS A. ALTERNATIVES The need for additional capability in the Owners' systems was discussed in Chapter X. In view of the history of a continuing demand for additional electrical power, and the utilities' legal responsibility to meet that de-mand, the alternative of not providing the power is not pertinent here.Obtaining a firm commitment for purchase of large amounts of power for a long period from adjacent electric utilities is improbable, as demonstrated by Federal Power Commission surveys and projections by the Mid-America Interpool Network (MAIN), of which the Owners are, members. Those utilities are hard-pressed to keep up with the expanding demands within their own territories.

Furthermore, such power would be more costly, because of the greater transmission distances, and its generation elsewhere would merely transfer the environmental impacts to another location.

Hence, the dis-cussion which follows starts with the assumption that the Owners must ex-pand their own capability.

1. Past Alternatives The chronology of past decisions made among major alternatives (capacity, site, and fuel), starting with the forecast in 1966 of additional power needed to meet demand several years later are summarized in Table XI-I, which was included in subsection 2.5.3 of the Applicant's Supplementary Environmental Report. A recent review by the Applicant of these past decisions indicated that no change was desirable.

No other lake site appeared more favorable, and no inland site appeared to offer advantages over Kewaunee with respect to closed-cooling systems. The Applicant be-lieves that the general location and meteorological characteristics of the Kewaunee Plant site are exceptionally favorable.

The alternative of hydroelectric power was eliminated because of inappro-priate land and water characteristics in the Owners' territories.

Gas turbines were considered as an alternative, but eliminated because of dis-advantages such as fuel supply problems, maintenance requirements, and the gaseous exhaust. Other methods for producing the required power were re-jected because of either cost or unproven technology.

Thus, the decision that the capability would be supplied by a steam plant was reached at an early stage.The fuel options for a steam plant were reduced to two serious contenders

-coal and uranium -because of the limited supply of gas and the cost and XI-2 TABLE XI-l Pertinent Project Chronology

[1]I I I I Date Subj ect Analysis Decision 1966 Capacity Requirement 1966 Site Selection 1966 Generation Method 1966 Site Re-evaluation 1967 Joint Ownership 1967-71 Cooling Alternatives 1967-71 Waste Disposal Typical demand forecasts Detailed feasibility studies of 11 available sites Comparison of alternate forms of power generation, primarily fossil steam and nuclear plants Prime site not available; comparable site sought Combined demand forecasts relative to nuclear plant capability Detailed comparison of economic and environmental aspects of cooling methods Continuous detailed consid-eration of numerous waste systems alternatives Major unit required by about 1971 Selection narrowed to group of 3 Build nuclear facility Purchase Kewaunee site Agreement between WPS, WPL, MGE Full return system, recognizing option to change Present systems I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

.XI-3 uncertain availability of oil from foreign sources. A comparison of the environmental impact of these two fuel options is given in the following section (XI.A.2).As indicated in Table XI-l, extended consideration has been given to al-ternative cooling methods. Factors pertinent to a choice among these alternatives are described in Section XI.A.3.Alternative routings for the new transmission lines were also considered.

The Applicant's criteria for location of the corridor are mentioned in Section III.B. A selection was made from an extremely large number of specific paths by which the Plant could be connected to the existing power distribution network of the Owners. The choice of wooden H-frame towers to blend with the rural area through which the lines were routed was mentioned previously.

Overhead lines were chosen in preference to buried ones for their lower cost and lesser environmental impact.2. Comparison of Coal and Uranium as Fuel The initial selection of uranium in preference to coal as the fuel for the additional power plant was made largely on economic grounds when the need became apparent in the mid-1960's.

The comparison between nuclear and coal plants in terms of environmental impact considers these categories:

atmospheric degradation, effects on water bodies, uses of land, consumption of irreplaceable resources, and effects on biota.a. Atmospheric Degradation When fossil fuels are burned, chemical oxidation occurs as combustible elements of the fuel are converted to gaseous products and the noncom-bustible elements to ash. Although the bulk of the gaseous combustion products ;(oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor and carbon dioxide) are not pre-sently known to be harmful, certain gases (oxides of sulfur, the oxides of nitrogen and organic compounds including polynuclear hydrocarbons) are produced which are harmful to humans, plants, animals, and certain materials, either directly or indirectly.

The sulfur dioxide production from combustion of coal containing 2-1/2 per-cent sulfur would be about 110 pounds of SO 2 per ton of coal burned, or about 200 tons of sulfur dioxide per day for a 500-megawatt plant. Avail-able systems for sulfur dioxide removal could remove about 60 percent of the SO 2 from the effluent, leaving an emission of 80 tons per day. The Applicant estimates that the additional costs of this reduction of SO 2 emission would be'$14,000,000 for equipment, with an annual operating cost XI-4 of about $1,800,000.

The ground concentrations of S02 can be further re-duced by careful plant siting and selection of stack height, effluent temperatures and exit velocities.

About 20 pounds of NOX is produced per ton of coal. For a 500-megawatt plant, the daily NOX release to the atmosphere is about 40 tons per day. I Nitrogen oxides are by themselves relatively unimportant pollutants.

How-ever, in an atmosphere containing unsaturated hydrocarbons (which come from combustion of and evaporation of gasoline, kerosenes and oils), the *nitrogen oxides react with the unsaturated hydrocarbons to produce odorous and visibility-restricting smogs.Visible smoke emissions and soot from stacks can be greatly reduced, by as much as 99.5%, with modern electrostatic precipitators.

The visible emis-sions from the best and newest power plant stacks are almost exclusively condensed water vapor, rather than smoke.The nuclear plant emits no chemically significant effluents to the atmos-phere. It does emit radioactive effluents, but in amounts so small they cannot be distinguished fromthe natural background radiation at very modest distances from the reactor building.b. Effects on Water Body Quality The coal-fired steam generator and the nuclear-fueled steam plant both require waste heat disposal systems. The requirement for heat dissipa-tion is about fifty percent greater for the nuclear plant. The atmosphere can provide a heat sink by means of stacks and cooling towers; rivers and lakes can be sinks by once-through cooling; or cooling ponds can be used which are closed systems needing only makeup water. Combinations of these systems are possible.In addition to heat discharged to the air and bodies of water, depending upon the system selected, the nuclear plant will add very small amounts of radioactive material to the water returned to heat sinks. These will be in the cooling water return for once-through cooling, or in the blow- 1 down water from towers. Small amounts of chemical pollutants are associa-13 ted with cooling water return for either a fossil or a nuclear plant.c. Uses of Land The land required for a nuclear plant is less than half that for a coal plant, assuming once-through cooling systems in eich case. There are ex-clusion zones associated with a nuclear site; however, the restricted landU I I I I XI-5 can be used for activities such as agriculture or recreation, whereas the land requirements of coal-fired plants for coal storage, transportation facilities such as rail and switchyard, and ash storage-preclude the simultaneous use of this land for other purposes.The land requirements for cooling systems other than once-through ones are greater for nuclear plants because of less efficient use of the heat produced in the plant. This becomes significant in the case of a cooling pond. In the Applicant's comparison of coal and nuclear plants, however, once-through systems were assumed.Coal-fired plants have historically had a low aesthetic rating. Even with attention to their design, the tall stacks, and coal and ash storage re-quirements mitigate against their achieving an aesthetic appeal comparable to nuclear plants.d. Uses of Irretrievable Resources The reserves of fossil and fissile materials are limited. Each production method expends irretrievable resources.

The reserves of uranium fuel, however, will become much less critical with the development of the breeder reactor. Coal has uses as a chemical raw material that will compete with its long-term use as fuel.A coal plant would require 1,600,000 tons of coal per year, which is avail-able although there are problems in obtaining low-sulfur coal suitable for burning in a. power plant. The Kewaunee nuclear plant will require about 350 tons of U 3 0 8 (yellow cake) as the raw material for the initial core and about 90 tons of U 3 0 8 per year thereafter for replacement loadings.

The AEC Report to Congress for 1971 gives on page 136, a preliminary figure of 275,000 tons as of the end of 1971 for U. S. reserves of U 3 0 8 recoverable at costs of $8 per pound, representing a 10-year forward supply. Potential resources at costs of $10 per pound or less were estimated at 650,000 tons, but this additional supply will require a major exploration effort to discover, develop, and bring it into production.

e. Effects on Biota Thermal effects result in some fish damage which, it is assumed, is in direct proportion to the quantity of waste heat. Other water quality effects are in about the same proportion.

The actual biological effects of air-borne pollutants from a coal plant have never been adequately assessed, particularly for new plants with efficient particulate control.It is clear, however, that overall air quality effects for a coal plant are significantly greater than for a nuclear plant and the resulting in-direct effects on the biota are correspondingly greater.

XI-6 3. Alternative Methods for Waste Heat Disposal a. General Comments There are several practical methods for the disposal of the waste heat developed by a nuclear power plant. These methods include both natural draft and mechanical draft cooling towers, closed cycle cooling ponds, once-through cooling, and spray canals. These five alternative methods -are described here in terms of the Kewaunee Plant and compared in the cost-benefit analysis in Section XI.B.2. Figures XI-I and XI-2 illus-trate the relationship between each system and the Plant site.Another cooling method, dry cooling towers, has the advantage of not adding moisture to the atmosphere.

This method is quite inefficient and adds significantly to power costs. Thus, dry towers are not treated as a realistic alternative in this evaluation of possible cooling methods. I The design requirements for each of the alternatives evaluated include the following:

1. Dispose of 4 x 109 Btu per hour;2. Circulate 413,000 gpm through the steam condensers; and i 3. Utilize those portions of the existing KNPP once-through system which are applicable.

b. Natural Draft Cooling Towers The natural draft cooling tower considered is 450 feet high, circular in I all horizontal cross-sections and hyperbolic in vertical cross-section.

Diameter of the tower is 480 feet at the base, narrowing to 200 feet at about 300 feet above grade and broadening slightly at the top of the tower. The tower would be about 1,000 feet from the existing Plant, at I the location shown in Figure XI-2.The environmental impact of natural draft towers is due to the moisture added to the air. Up to 7650 gpm of water would be evaporated, and 1350 gpm of wind-drifted water droplets dispersed, from the top of the tower at 450 feet above the ground. AS a fraction of total cooling tower water flow, this is about 0.3% drift. On most days of low wind speed, the warm U moist plume will continue to rise above the tower top. Occasionally, the plume will react as a down wash on the leeward side of the tower.. As the I I XI-7 i Figure XI-I, 650-acre.

Cooling Pond Layout [13 I I I I I XI-8 Once-through intake z , 3-MECHANICAL K/(J t-RIPRAP y q-SPILLWAY FEET Fig. XI-2. Other Alternative Cooling Systems [1]

XI-9 plume entrains ambient cold air, condensation may add to the airborne mists so that the visible plume of water droplets extend some distance from the tower. In below-freezing temperature, suspended water droplets would remain unfrozen until they evaporate or until they strike an object and immediately freeze. With the natural draft tower, however, this visible plume with its potential for visibility restriction and icing will rarely return to the ground.The wind-drift particles carry with them dissolved chemicals, which, when the droplets evaporate, may deposit on the ground. In large quantities, the drift could be detrimental to biota and agriculture, an effect which is periodically mitigated by rainfall and run-off. The drift is spread thin, but over a wide area, because of the high elevation of release. The blow-down water returned to the lake influences drift by reducing the buildup of concentration of chemicals in the tower water from which the droplets are created. The known methods for calculating the deposition and effects of drift are quite inadequate.

For fresh water drift in regions of frequent and adequate rain-fall like Wisconsin, the effect is expected to be minimal.Biological effects accrue primarily from blow-down discharge into the lake. An evaluation of the environmental aspects of cooling towers [3]indicated that total losses in terms of ultimate fish damage would range between about 2 and 20 percent of that attributable to corresponding once-through cooling systems. For a natural draft tower, the small land area occupied by the structure would result in an insignificant loss of wildlife habitat.The size of the natural draft tower would provide a severe contrast to a landscape characterized by low rolling terrain and primarily small struc-tures. The Kewaunee Plant itself,' of course, is not small but it would be dwarfed by a natural draft cooling tower rising to a height of 450 feet.The highest point of the Kewaunee Plant is the top of the reactor silo, approximately 200 feet above ground level. Though the hyperbolic shape of a natural draft tower eases the feeling of massiveness to some degree, the proportions remain substantial and aesthetically unfavorable.

Thus, a natural draft cooling tower would dominate the scene for miles around and would detract considerably from the good visual relationship currently established between the Kewaunee Plant and the surrounding farmsteads.

c. Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers A typical mechanical cooling tower scheme would have three towers of nine cells each, parallel to each other and essentially parallel to the shore-line in a field about 700 feet southwest of the generating Plant, as shown XI-IO in Figure XI-2. They would average about 53 feet above ground level.The relatively wide spacing of the towers and the elongated effect -of the banks of nine units would produce a horizontal linearity, having a low profile and controlled visual impact. Concrete bases with metal 3 clad upper sections would allow visual integration with the existing Plant and surroundings.

Hot water from the condenser cascades down over baffles from the top of I the towers and air is blown up through the water by electrically powered fans. The cooled water is then recirculated to the condensers.

The water budget of the towers is similar, but not identical, to that of a natural draft tower, and about the same chemical treatments of water would be necessary.

The towers would evaporate up to 7650 gallons of water per minute and dis-perse up to 350 gpm of wind drift. As a fraction of total cooling-tower water flow, this is about 0.08% drift. Upon mixing with ambient air, much of the water lost by evaporation condenses into a visible plume, which has little tendency to rise and will move near the ground with the wind. By contrast, the natural draft tower's fog would be high enough to be less perceptible.

The low level fog from the mechanical draft units can be I objectionable from an aesthetic standpoint as well as occasionally from a safety standpoint, considering the proximity of State Highway 42. Re-strictions of visibility could be quite serious in this plume.At temperatures below freezing, icing is likely through a large section of the visible plume. The extent of this plume would depend on humidity, wind speed, and air stability.

Any effects on the ground will be mitigated by the 60% offshore wind condition at the site.It is possible to decrease plume effects by reducing fan speed during con-ditions causing severe fogging and icing, since these occur mainly in winter when the cooling towers have a lower cooling requirement.

It may also be possible to entrain additional ambient air within the towers, reducing the output air to below 100% relative humidity, thus decreasing II the fog and ice impact.The total drift is less from the mechanical draft than natural draft towers because the droplet formation rate does not exceed 350 gpm. The spread of the drift, coming from three towers, starts from a fairly broad and low source. Much of it may be deposited on the ground within the site area before evaporation of the droplets.

A good quantitative estimate of -the amount of drift deposited on land surfaces outside the site area is impossible.

A qualitative judgment is that the deposition from mechanical II I I XI-11 draft towers must be less, and local concentrations probably no higher, than those from natural draft towers. The chemical content of the drift from mechanical towers is, of course, sensitive to the volume of blow-down water returned to Lake Michigan.Blow-down water will result in some heat and mineral return to the lake.The effects on aquatic life are roughly the same as for the natural draft tower. The land area required for the mechanical-draft towers and the resulting removal of wildlife habitat are insignificant.

d. Cooling Ponds To achieve the necessary cooling capacity, a lake area between 650 and 1500 acres is needed. The amount of land required for most efficient cooling is not now available at the Kewaunee site. Thus, Figure XI-I shows a layout for the minimum area of 650 acres.A multi-pond system is required.

The ponds are designed with internal dikes so that the warm water from the Plant condensers would enter a corner of one pond and make a full circuit of its periphery before enter-ing the second pond. Dike-induced circuitous routing in each pond pre-cedes final return of the water to the Plant. During those circuitous routes, the water would have a long time to cool by natural evaporation and contact with the cooler air above it. As with all other systems, evaporative losses of water, makeup water, and blow-down are involved.Evaporation losses from the ponds after water use for Plant cooling would be about 7650 gpm, the same as for cooling towers, plus an approximately equal amount resulting from solar radiation on the surface of the pond.There is no wind drift, so this is the total consumptive use of water.The frequency of fogging due to the cooling pond would be much less than for any other alternative except once-through cooling. There may be occa-sions, during very low wind circulation at night, when the ponds would contribute to ground fog in the immediate vicinity including State Highway 42. Actually, for this condition, the fog might have developed in the absence of the ponds. The ponds are not expected to create an icing condition.

Natural icing occurs when rain or drizzle falls into below-freezing layers of air near the ground. The ponds would mitigate the below-freezing temperatures of these layers.Probably the greatest impact upon the terrestrial ecosystem would be the elimination of field crop and pasture lands by the ponds. Installation of cooling ponds of optimum size would require more than the 908 acres pre-sently owned. Hungarian partridge, rabbit, and ring-necked pheasant would be eliminated from the area inundated.

Deer would not be adversely affec-ted by the formation of the ponds because their presence near the Plant is XI-12 rare. The pond probably would be attractive to migratory waterfowl and shore birds for resting, feeding, and possible nesting. Following excava-tion, the soil forming the pond bottom may provide substrate for aquatic vegetation and, in turn, invertebrates.

The cooling pond method would have relatively little visual impact on the area. Surface water would be considered an aesthetic gain in most circum-.stances, but this is probably insignificant when near a large natural lake.e. Spray Canal The required spray canal would be 6500 feet long, trapezoidal in cross section, with a bottom width of 140 feet. Floating, self-contained spray modules would be distributed along its length. Water enters the canal from the condensers and moves slowly down the canal with cooling by natural evaporation.

At intervals, water is sprayed into the air and it falls back into the canal. The spray modules increase significantly the cooling ef-ficiency of the canal. At the end of the canal, the water is returned to the condensers.

The system is quite simple and easily maintained because the individual spray modules may be serviced without interference with others. This concept is quite new and needs additional study to determine the effects of ice on canal operation in winter.The canal consumes up to 7650 gpm of water by evaporation and up to 1350 gpm by wind drift. The fog impact of the canal would be of the same nature as that of the cooling ponds, but a little more severe because of the more intensive evaporation per unit area.The wind drift from the canal spray heads is about the same as from the natural draft tower. This spray is very low and much of the contained chemicals will fall in or very close to the canal. To the extent that drift is adverse, the maximum intensity of drift fallout will be greatest from this canal system, but the area covered will be much smaller than that associated with either type of tower.The biological impact of the canal alternative would be proportional to the land area used so far as wildlife habitat is concerned..

The advantages of the waterfowl attraction of the cooling pond will not apply to the canal because of the spray effects. Effects on aquatic life similar to that of cooling towers can be expected for the canal as a result of dis-charge to the lake.The spray canal scheme would require much less land than cooling ponds, but would introduce a heightened level of visual activity.

At 40-foot intervals in the canal, spray modules would broadcast water in plumes I U I xi-13 about 40 feet in diameter and 25 feet in height. The sprays would be coarse enough to hold their form in most wind conditions.

A pumphouse similar to'that required for the cooling pond scheme would have to be added to the building complex, and a spillway would be added between the canal and Lake Michigan.

Neither would have much visual im-.pact in comparison with the existing structures on the site.f. Once-Through Cooling System In the once-through cooling system, up to 413,000 gpm of Lake Michigan water are withdrawn from the lake, pumped through the condensers, warmed 20 0 F, and returned to the lake. In the winter, at lower flow rates, the temperature will be increased 28*F. The heat discharged to Lake Michigan by this system is as high as 4 x 109 Btu/hr.This is the cooling system which has been provided for the Plant. Con-struction has been completed.

From an economic viewpoint, it is the least-cost system. Its capital investment has been relatively small, and its operating costs are low.The primary environmental impacts of the once-through system are its effect on Lake Michigan due to warming caused by its return flow, the impact on the organisms entrained in the cooling water which are passed through the Plant, and the effect on aquatic biota in the lake which never enter the Plant, but are bathed in the effluent plume. These effects and other pertinent aspects of the existing once-through system are described in preceding chapters of this Statement.

g. Effect on Liquid Radwaste System In the plant as built, the 413,000 gpm water flow through the condenser provides dilution for the radioactivity that would be released to the lake.Switching to a closed-cycle alternative would result in a higher concen-tration of radioactivity .in the release to the lake since the concentration varies inversely with the dilution flow. For example, a closed-cycle al-ternative involving a 10,000 gpm blowdown to the lake would carry a con-centration increased by a factor of 40. This increase could be partially offset by the addition of a polishing demineralizer.

Another. possible alternative would be the use of a circulating water pump operating at 260,000 gpm to provide dilution for the liquid radwaste.

The effect of various dilution alternatives is shown in Table XI-2 [1].

XI-14 TABLE XI-2 Effect Of Reduced Water Discharge On Releaserof Radioactivity

[1]Radioactivity Release, Blowdown and as % of 10 CFR 20 Limit Dilution Discharge Rate, gpm Various Isotopes Tritium 7,000 to 15,000 20,000 40,000 12% to 5.6%4.2%2.1%1%'to 0.45%0.34%0.17%Reason for Water Discharge Minimum Blowdown Reduce Chemical Treatment Eliminate Chemical Treatment Radwaste Dilution 260,000 0.4% 0.032%

XI-15 4. Alternatives for Providing Service Water [4]The present system of providing service water utilizes lake water as makeup, treats it to remove suspended solids, and discharges the chemicals used to the lake. Alternatives involving the use of different chemicals or the use of well water as makeup do not have significant advantages.

The least environmental impact would result from utilizing well water and treating it by reverse osmosis, but the present stage of development of that process does not permit an accurate assessment of system reliability.

In any case, as indicated in Section V.B.2., the present system meets the State standards for chemical wastes released to the lake.B. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 1. Economic Comparison of Nuclear and Coal-Burning Plants The original projection of energy costs, prepared just before the Kewaunee project was initiated, estimated an average cost of electricity for the period from 1972 to 1980 including operating costs and annual carrying charge on investment, of 5.25 mills/kW.hr.

for a coal plant and 5.12 mills/kW.hr. for a nuclear plant. The Applicant's most recent projection of these costs [5] indicates 9.47 mills/kW.hr.

for a coal plant and 9.37 mills/kW.hr.

for a nuclear plant. If the committed costs of the Kewaunee project, $146,000,000 through September 1972, were to be added to the total cost of a replacement coal plant, the resulting cost of electricity would be increased to about 14 mills/kW.hr.

The FPC confirms that such costs are within the range of similar costs reported by the electric utility industry (see Appendix E, page E-18).2. Economic Comparison of Cooling Alternatives The dollar cost increments for the alternative cooling systems, relative to the once-through cooling system, are summarized in Table XI-3. In-cluded are the added construction costs and the present worth of the added costs of operation and loss of capacity.

The capacity loss for the Kewaunee Plant would be about 38 megawatts for a mechanical-draft cooling tower, 37 megawatts for a natural-draft cooling tower, 40 megawatts for a spray canal, and 50 megawatts for a cooling pond.Also considered was a variation in the location of the intake point for the once-through cooling system [4]. This would consist of a change from the present intake point at 1,570 feet from shore where the water depth is 15 feet to a point at 6,000 feet from shore where the water depth is 30 feet.This would increase the-separation between the intake point and the dis-charge point, which is located at the shore. One effect would be to xI-I 6 TABLE XI-3 Cost Increments of Alternative Cooling Systems, Relative to the Existing Once-Through System, in $1,000,000 I I I I I Natural-Draft Cooling Tower Mechanical-Draft TowerSpray Pond(af Canal Added construction cost Present worth of added cost of operation and loss of capacity(b)

Total 16.9 21.4 38.3 10.1 22.1 32.2 18.1 28.1 46.2 11.4 23.2 I I I 34.6 I (a)Costs based on an optimum area of 1500 acres rather than the minimum area of 650 acres shown in Figure XI-1.(b)Computed for 30 years of operation with a discount rate of 8.75% per year.I I I I I I I I XI-17 reduce the chances that fish attracted by the warm water being discharged would subsequently be entrained in the intake flow. However, there is no indication that this will be a major problem. Therefore, the incremental cost of approximately

$10 million for such a change does not appear to be justified at the present time.3. Environmental Comparison of Alternatives The significant features of several alternatives, in regard to environ-mental aspects, are compared in Table XI-4. The categories of comparison in the table and the bases for the indicated judgments have been discussed elsewhere in this Statement.

Additional data for the impact of a coal-fired alternative have been included here to indicate, in an approximate way for typical coal plants, the effects of atmospheric release, the use of land for storage of coal and ash, and the transportation of the coal to the plant.An analysis has been made for the Applicant of the comparative effects of once-through cooling and cooling towers on the operation of the Kewaunee Plant [3]. The analysis provides a detailed quantitative estimate of the impact upon aquatic biota. However, the estimate admittedly is rather crude and is based on speculative data as to population densities and intake-capture fractions.

The estimates were intended to include the maximum conceivable damage to biota. The results of the overall fish damage attributable to direct fish mortality and to loss of plankton for all aquatic effects were 1680 to .10,550 lb/yr for once-through cooling, and 120 to 270 lb/yr for closed-cycle cooling towers. The maximum values correspond to about 29 lb/day and 0.74 lb/day, respectively.

Perspective on the estimated maximum fish loss of about 29 lb/day is provided by (a)the known high natural mortality of plankton and pre-adult fish, (b) the fact that the commercial catch in Lake Michigan is of the order of 30,000 lb/day on the average, and (c) the 1970 daily averages of coho salmon (alone) introduced into the lake by hatcheries is 660 lb/day at about$1.50/lb.4. Benefits The primary benefits of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant are: (a) to provide an electrical generating capacity of 540 megawatts which will significantly enhance the reliability of meet'ing the power load of the Wisconsin Power Pool and will contribute to reserves available to other utilities through interconnections in the Wisconsin

-Upper Michigan System and the Mid-America Interpool Network (MAIN), and (b) to supply 3.3 billion kilowatt hours of electrical energy per year (at an average capacity factor of 70%) to industrial, commercial and residential users.

TABLE XI-4. Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Existing Kewaunee Plant and Alternatives Kewaunee Plant With Cooling Towers Coal Fired Power Kewaunee Kewaunee Environmental Existing Plant with Once- Mechanical Natural Plant with Plant with Impact Kewaunee Plant Through Cooling Draft Draft Cooling Pond Spray Canal Land Purchase 90.7.6 Acres 1u200 Acres 907.6 Acres 907.6 Acres 1600 Acres 907.6 Acres Reduction of Agriculture Land 110 Acres %200 Acres 130. Acres 130 Acres 1600 Acres 170 Acres Effect on Aquatic Life Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible Effect on Water fowl Bird Life Negligible Minor Negligible Negligible favored Negligible Heat Addition to 1100 MW 640 MW 6 MW 6 MW 4 MW 6 MW Lake Michigan 4.1 x 109 Btu/hr 2.2 x 109 Btu/hr 1.8 x 107 Btu/hr 1.8 x 107 Btu/hr 1.2 x 107 Btu/hr 1.8x10 7 y Btu/hr Artificial Radioactivity Releases to the Lake (man-rem/yr) 5 0 5 5 5 5 Artificial Radioactivity Releases to the Air (man-rem/yr) 0.2 0 0,2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Particulate Releases 0 \2300 Tons/yr 0 0 0 0 Chemical Releases 93 Tons 74 T6ns 93 Tons 93 Tons 93 Tons 93 Tons to the Lake Na2SO 4/yr " Na 2 so 4/yr Na 2 SO 4/yr Na 2 SO 4/yr Na 2 SO 4/yr Na 2 so 4/yr TABLE XI-4 (continued)

Kewaunee Plant With Cooling Towers Existing Kewaunee Plant (Once-Through Cooling)Environmental Impact Coal Fired Power Plant with Once-Through Cooling Mechanical Draft Natural Draft Kewaunee Plant with Cooling Pond Kewaunee Plant with Snrav Canal Chemical Releases Negligible 64,000 Tons S0 2/yr Negligible Negligible Negligible Negligible to the Air 12,800 Tons NOx/yr Fogging Negligible Negligible Minor low-level Persistent Minor low-level Greater than fogging (approx. high-level fogging (approx. for cooling 10 days/year) plume 10 days/year) pond Icing None None Negligible Negligible Negligible Rare Aesthetics Minor impact Major impact Minor impact Minor impact Minor impact *Minor impact (stack and coal;ash piles)Recreational Improved local Improved local None None None None Impact fishing fishing Noise Very quiet Noisy Moderate noise Very quiet Very quiet Quiet Transmission 60 miles 60 Miles 60 miles 60 miles 60 miles 60 miles Lines Fresh Fuel Transport About 4 truck-loads per year Numerou' long trains, %20,000 cars /vr About .4 truck loads per year About 4 truck-loads per year About 4 truck- About 4 truck-loads per year loads per year Shoreline Erosion Elimination Elimination Elimination Elimination Elimination Elimination near plant near plant near plant near plant near plant near plant Accidents Exceedingly small risk of any significant release of radioactivity Small risk of accidents asso-ciated with massive transport of coal Same as existing Kewaunee Plant Same as exist-ing Kewaunee Plant Same as exist-ing Kewaunee Plant Same as exist-ing Kewaunee Plant XI-20 Availability of reliable power in the general vicinity of the Kewaunee Plant will encourage the expansion of industrial activities there, which presently include shipbuilding and manufacture of heavy equipment, aluminum products, and wood products.At the peak of construction, the Kewaunee Plant has provided employment for 760 men and an annual payroll of about $12,000,000.

The operating force will consist of about 70 men with an annual payroll of approximately

$900,000.

These are substantial benefits to the local economy.Ad valorem taxes at the rate of 3.5% of the estimated valuation of the Kewaunee Plant will amount to $6,100,000 in 1973. Of this amount, about$4,900,000 will go to the State of Wisconsin, $800,000 to Kewaunee County, and $400,000 to the town of Carlton [4].5. Balancing of Costs and Benefits The main environmental considerations for the Kewaunee.Nuclear Power Plant are the change from agricultural to industrial use of the site, negligible impact on aquatic and terrestrial life, radiological doses that are within the proposed AEC criteria of being "as low as practicable" and are a very small fraction of natural background, and an exceedingly small environmental risk of accidents involving radioactive materials.

These effects are greatly outweighed by the benefits of supplying needed electricity without the air pollution associated with fossil-fuel plants.'The Staff believes that the choice of site, the selection of nuclear fuel, and once-through cooling for disposal of the discharge heat are realistic in terms of the available alternatives and represent choices which lead to a small environmental impact. As discussed in the preceeding sections, the environmental costs are small in comparison with the benefits resulting from the proposed Plant.I I I I I XI-21 Section XI References

1. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Environmental Report -Operating License Stage," Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Docket 50-305 (Nov. 1971).2. Hubert E. Rissei, "Gasification and Liquefaction

-Their Potential Im-Pact on Various Aspects of the Coal Industry," Illinois State Geologi-cal Survey, Circular 430 (1968).3. Environmental Systems Dept., Westinghouse Electric Corp., "Performance and Environmental Aspects of Cooling Towers," Report to Wisconsin Public Service Co., ESD-71-104, August 9, 1971.4. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Environmental Report -Cost Benefit Analysis," for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, June 23, 1972.5. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Comments on Federal, State and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC Draft Environmental Statement," October 19, 1972.

XII-i XII. DISCUSSION OF COMMENTS RECEIVED ON THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT Pursuant to paragraphs A.6 and D.1 of Appendix D to 10 CFR Part 50, the Draft Environmental Statement (DES) was transmitted to and comments received from the Federal, State and local agencies listed on page iii.In addition, the AEC requested comments on the Statement from interested persons by a notice published in the Federal Register on July 21, 1972 (37 F. R. 14635). All of these comments are reproduced in Appendix E, in the order of receipt. Our consideration of the comments received is reflected principally by revised text in other sections of this Statement and also by the following discussion.

A. TEMPERATURE LIMITS ON THERMAL DISCHARGE (EPA, pp. E-19, 22-, 30 and 31; Interior, page E-70)As mentioned in Section V.B.l, the Plant's Condenser Cooling System was designed to limit the temperature of the water discharged to the lake to that allowed by applicable Federal-State water quality standards.

The Staff concluded that compliance with the temperature limit established by the State might require Plant operation at reduced power for a few days during the summer. Recently the.State of Wisconsin has adopted new ther-mal standards for Lake Michigan (see pp. B-1 and 2), derived from recom-mendations of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference (LMEC)(see pp. E-40 to 42).The State's requirements are less restrictive than the LMEC recommend-ations, and are concerned only with temperature criteria.

The maximum allowed temperatures on a monthly basis are identical with those recom-mended by the LMEC, but the locations where they are applicable differ.The LMEC recommended that the AT = 3°F isotherm be no more than 1,000 feet from a fixed point adjacent to the discharge.

If this point were at the discharge mouth, the area enclosed by the 3'F isotherm would have to be less than 40 acres. Under some lake-current conditions, such as those prevailing during the measurements presented in Figure 111-6, operation at only a minute fraction of the design power would be pos-sible if the 1,000 foot limit were to be met.ý In contrast, the Wisconsin standards apply the 3*F increment to the boundary of a mixing zone which will be established by the State's Department of Natural Resources after completion of an investigation, study, and review of the ecological and environmental impacts of the thermal discharge.

The State code regarding thermal standards for Lake Michigan allows the Department of Natural Resources to order reduction of the thermal dis-charges to the lake if environmental damage appears imminent or existent.

XII-2 This is in contrast with the LMEC recommendation that plants placed in operation after March 1,1971 be committed to a closed-cycle cooling system.The Staff believes that at full power operation the Plant's discharge will exceed the thermal criterion recommended by the LMEC for extent of the 3 0 F isotherm.

The Applicant will be required to conduct a detail-ed monitoring program to determine the extent of the thermal plume and any associated biological effects. The State's Department of Natural Resources has already reviewed the Applicant's plans for an augmented monitoring program and has found them acceptable in terms of the requirements of the State's thermal standards for Lake Michigan (see'pp. E-43 and B-2).The Staff believes that its primary charge is the assessment of actual environmental impact (encompassing the total environment, not only the aquatic portion), and not just the compliance with existing standards.

If unacceptable biological damage is found to be due to the thermal i discharge (whether or not the discharge meets LMEC criteria), the Staff recommends modification of the existing discharge system (including going to a closed cycle-system if it is the only alternative) or reduc-ing power at such times as unacceptable biological effects are known to occur.The Staff is of the opinion that any significant detrimental effects of..the thermal discharge will be detected by the Plant's monitoring programs and will be reversible upon removal of the discharge.

It is also our opinion that restriction of the proposed thermal discharges on the basis that such discharges may cause environmental damage would prove to be an unnecessary hardship upon the Applicant and would result in the severe*disruption of the Applicant's program to provide reliable electric service to the general public in the area.The Staff endorses the procedure specified in the State's standards that any further restrictions regarding thermal discharge to the lake be established on the basis of results from a localized monitoring program.The Environmental Protection Agency actually has recommended a less precipitous approach than that indicated by the LMEC recommendations.

The Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and General Counsel has stated [1] that the EPA's policy on thermal effluent for the permit pro-gram is "...that all discharges to the aquatic environment involving waste heat be evaluated on a case-by-case basis....

Where the evidence indicates that once-through cooling will damage the aquatic environment, plants currently operating or under construction should be permitted to I I I XII-3 operate, but with a commitment to off-stream cooling..." (emphasis added).A number of other LMEC recommendations are concerned with water intake and discharge.

Two situations related to temperature increments in the lake water which may be at variance with those recommendations have been identified (Page E-31). These are that the plumes from the Kewaunee and Point Beach plants may overlap and that the Plant's intake structure is located within an area that may be affected by its own thermal dis-charge. On the basis of measurements of the Point Beach plume, presented in part in Section III.D.l.a.

iii., the Staff has concluded that the overlap will be insignificant and its consequences unimportant in terms of the effect on the lake's biota. We agree that the Plant's intake structure is located within the area that will, under certain conditions of lake currents, be affected by its thermal discharge.

The intake is approximately 1700 feet from the discharge and 14 feet below the lake's surface. The Staff believes that, even for the worst conditions for the lake current, the buoyancy of the heated water discharged from the Plant and its dilution will result in an inconsequential temperature increment for the intake water.B. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL IMPACT ON BIOTA (EPA, pp. E-32 to 35)In assessing the significance of chemical and thermal impact on biota, it is appropriate to consider the lake as a natural system. As a whole, the lake has 1400 miles of mainland shoreline, 22,300 sq miles of water surface and a water volume of 1180 cubic miles. Although receipt of water and heat varies daily, seasonally, and randomly, the annual rain-fall and evaporation rates both average 40,000 to 50,000 cfs, with a net addition of water. A fraction of the 48,000 cfs rainfall on the land portion draining to the lake serves to augment the lake and supply the 40,000 to 55,000 cfs outflow at the Mackinac Straits and the 3200 cfs diversion at Chicago [2,3].Present analysis of the lake (see II.D.l.b.)

shows 138 ppm of total dissolved solids (TDS), (including 1.2 ppm nitrate, 0.71 phosphorus, 28 sulfate, 9 chloride, 37 calcium, and 108 carbonate).

The annual rate of addition of chemicals to the lake in natural drainage and in industrial, agricultural, and municipal wastes is about 97 x 108 kg/yr of TDS, in-cluding 8.2 x .108 kg/yr of chloride, 0.11 of phosphate, 0.28 of nitrate, 17 of calcium, and 2.1 of silica [4]. This rate is equivalent to an increase in TDS of 2 ppm per year, neglecting removal processes.

XII-4 The Plant is located near the south end of the 26.9 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline within Kewaunee County. The County has an area of 330 sq miles of which 17.5 percent is forested, with nearly all the rest under agriculture.

The population is about 20,000 with a small amount of manufacturing, but a major (approximately 700 tons/yr) fishing industry.Over 99 percent of the shore is privately owned, and there is limited recreational use of the lake. (See Section II.B). Drainage of the annual l26.5 inches (average) of rain is to the lake, the only rivers being the Kewaunee-and the Ahnapee. The lake shore at Kewaunee has a comparatively low density of population and manufacturing.

Kewaunee County makes up 0.72% of the total land drainage area of Lake Michigan, and this is equivalent to about 70 x 106 kg/yr of total chemical addition to the lake (see above), on a proportional basis. The expected Plant addition f to the lake is 46 tons/yr (42,000 kg/yr), or about 0.06% of the estimated chemical addition from Kewaunee County. Thus the Plant's chemical addition to the lake is a small fraction of that naturally occurring for the county and for the lake as a whole. .In the natural warming of the lake (from April through August), the average absorbed heat of 1100 BTU/(sq ft)(day) is equivalent to the once-through discharge of heat from more than 4200 1000-MW(E) nuclear reactors. (Of course, the cooling period of winter results in the loss Of an equal amount of heat). Average effects of a 1000-MW(E) nuclear.reactor would be to raise the temperature of the lake surface by about II 0.003'F per year, and to increase the evaporation rate by about 18 cfs [5]. These temperature effects are small compared to natural variations and are undetectable, except in a very small area near the I point of Plant discharge.

In view of the very small quantities of chemical and thermal discharges from the Plant, relative to the total input to the lake, the additional*

impact is judged to be negligible.

C. POTENTIAL HAZARDS FROM NON-RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS (EPA, pp. E-37 and 38)The major types of hazardous liquids at the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant in-clude sulphuric acid and caustic soda (used in the demineralizer re-generation) and sodium hypochlorite (which may be used intermittently as a biocide in the cooling system). Hydrazine, morpholine and phos-phates are used in the secondary system for steam and condensate quality.E control, and small amounts of reagent chemicals are used in both the hot and cold chemistry laboratories.

These would be considered common types of chemicals.

1 II I I XII-5 There are emergency procedures for both non-radioactive chemical spills and radioactive spills that may occur. (See Section VI.A). Should any of these spills enter either the deaerated or the aerated drain systems within the Plant, the material would be processed through the waste evaporator and demineralizer systems. Since process effluents are monitored before discharge to the circulating water, these hazardous liquids will not directly enter the lake without treatment.

Apart from radioactive materials and from certain materials common in electrical generation, such as hydrogen for generator cooling and transformer oil, there are no special volatile materials.

Common aqueous solutions of acids, bases, and salts are not special hazards. Elemental chlorine, often used for chlorination, will not be used at Kewaunee; an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite will be used instead, if needed.There are no toxic or hazardous uses of volatile materials in the Kewaunee Plant. Some cleaning solvents, primarily acetone, are used. However, except for extensive cleaning during construction, the quantities on site are too small to constitute a hazard.D. RELEASE OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS TO THE LAKE UNDER ACCIDENT CONDITIONS (Interior, page E-69)A comment was made that releases to water should be considered.

The doses calculated as consequences of the postulated accidents are based on airborne transport of radioactive materials resulting in both a direct and an inhalation dose. Our evaluation of the accident doses assumes that the Applicant's environmental monitoring program and appropriate additional monitoring (which could be initiated subsequent to an incident detected by in-plant monitoring) would detect the presence of radioactivity in the environment in a timely manner such that remedial action could be taken if necessary to limit exposure from other potential pathways to man.Radioactive liquid wastes in the Kewaunee Plant are.contained within Class 1 structures.

Failure of equipment within these structures would not lead to a release of radioactive liquid to the environment.

E. CONDENSER CLEANING ALTERNATIVES (Commerce, page E-12).The Applicant is committed to comply with applicable EPA standards for residual chlorine effluent from the circulating water system and to further consider mechanical cleaning methods in the event of any future indicated deleterious effects of chlorine released from the Plant [6].

XII-6 I Chlorine is almost universally used to prevent growth of bacterial slimes in cooling systems, although in some cases mechanical cleaning methods are used to reduce substantially the amount of chlorine required.

The I Applicant's method of achieving compliance with the EPA's proposed standards of low free chlorine concentration involves close control of the maximum concentration in the effluent and low frequency of use.These controls are detailed in the Technical Specifications.

The mechanical systems are appreciably more costly. Backfitting of a mechanical system would impose an additional cost penalty which, when combined with the high installation cost, would exceed the anticipated benefits.The Staff believes that compliance with the Plant's Technical Speci-fications will result in an average residual chlorine effluent within the EPA proposed limits, and that, at this low release, any detectible effect beyond an immediate local area of a few acres is highly improb-able. The risk of damage is believed acceptable in this specific case, considering the Technical Specifications, the Applicant's monitor-ing program and commitment to redress damage, the present state of construction of the Plant, and the state-of-the-art of cooling systems.F. QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES OF FISH DAMAGE BY ALTERNATIVE COOLING MEANS (Interior, pp. E-69-70)The results of an estimate by the Applicant of the possible reduction in fish population by the impact of alternative cooling means was cited in Section XI.B.3. The U. S. Department of the Interior has suggested that the estimates may be low because of 1) additional factors in the food chain of fish, and 2) fishing as a recreational asset. The Staff did not intend to imply an endorsement of the Applicant's methodology I or the results, but only to call attention to the attempt to make a quantitative balance between a large natural resource and the specific operation of a single plant. In that estimate, a 40-fold higher fish I mortality was attributed to once-through cooling as compared with closed-cycle cooling. On the other hand, the highest estimate of fish"lost" per year was about 1/1000th of the average commercial catch, and had an estimated dollar cost of the order of i/200th of the cost penalty I for power generation with closed-cycle cooling. In other words, it was determined that any reasonable value, for fish which would be saved by having a closed-cycle cooling system, is much less than the cost of I installing and operating such a system.I I I I I XII-7 The balancing of these costs requires criteria for their acceptable distribution among the several interests involved.

The Staff believes that criteria can emerge in the coming period of closely supervised operation of nuclear power plants, as a clearer understanding of actual and potential effects develops.G. MONITORING PROGRAMS (EPA, pp. E-36 and 37; WPS, pp. E-46 and 51)In the Draft Environmental Statement the Staff indicated a number of areas in which the proposed monitoring programs did not seem adequate t6 determine the thermal, chemical and radioactive discharges from the Plant, and to determine the biological and other consequences.

Since the time that the DES was prepared, the monitoring programs have been augmented and we have been made aware of additional related studies.The Applicant has provided the. following list of current and completed studies [8]: The list of studies presently underway is as follows: 1. University of Wisconsin

-Milwaukee Temperature Radioactivity Sediment Phytoplankton Zooplankton Current Studies Effect of Plankton as they pass through the cooling system 2. University of Wisconsin

-Madison & Green Bay Infrared Flyovers Littoral Drift and Sediment Characteristics

3. State of Wisconsin Department of Health & Social Services Radioactivity of Water, Algae, Fish, Milk and Vegetation

4. Great Lakes Research Division -University of Michigan -Dr. John C. Ayers Biological Sampling Dissolved Oxygen Sampling XII-8 Studies that have been completed are: N 1. Lake Michigan Utility Study Group Chemical Composition of Lake Michigan Trace Element Analysis of Aquatic Biota 2. Helgeson Nuclear Services, Inc.Underwater Gamma Probe 3. Industrial Bio-Test, Inc.First Year -Thermal Monitoring Program A comprehensive program to determine the evaluation of the major components in the food chain to man has been undertaken by the Lake Michigan Utility Study Group of which the licensee is a member.This study represents an ongoing evaluation of the entire Lake Michigan aquatic ecosystem.

Environmental Research Group -Ann Arbor, Michigan Analysis of the Food Chain Concentration Factors to Man.This Final Environmental Statement reflects the additions to the monitor-ing programs and the consequent reduction in the number of points for which we feel that further clarification and additions will be required.Various aspects of the monitoring program are described in this State-ment. Where the information available was not adequate to determine i whether the sampling would be sufficient in terms of frequency or number of locations, an appropriate comment was made. In addition, some deficiencies in the program were noted. These are summarized below, with references to the text for related information:

Item Reference 1. Shoreline erosion V.A.1, IV.C 2. Temperatures near promontory V.B.l 3. Fish movement into the Plant by way of the cooling water discharge V.C.3.e I I I I I XII-9 Item Reference 4. Fish migration before and after start-up and during shutdowns V.C.3.e, V.C.6 5. Control and monitoring of any use of chlorine V.C.4 6. Radioactivity of bottom sediments, organisms and aquatic plants near discharge V.D.6 7. Radioactivity of local milk and meat V.D.6 H. SECONDARY COOLANT SYSTEM LEAKAGE (EPA, pp. E-22 and 25)Our evaluation assumed a primary-to-secondary leak rate of 20 gallons per day, a continuous blowdown rate of 10 gpm and a leak to the auxiliary building of 20 gallons per day.Section III.D.2.b discusses some of these leaks and indicates that in order to reduce the escape of gaseous radioactivity, coolant water that may leak along valve stems located in the containment and the auxiliary building will drain through a closed piping system to the deaerated drain tank. Deaerated waste is treated and returned to the Plant for reuse. Sources and treatment of aerated waste (floor drains and equipment) are discussed in the afore-mentioned section. As noted above, we considered a 10 gpm steam generator blowdown and that this waste would be treated by the blow-down demineralizers.

Although not specifically mentioned in the DES, our evaluation did con-sider leaks to the turbine building, but based on available operating data, we expect these to be a negligible source of activity.

As indi-cated in Section III.D.2.b, our releases for normal operation were calculated to be a fraction of those shown in Table 111-4; however, the values have been normalized upward to 5 curies/year to compensate for expected operational occurrences.

We do not expect that releases will exceed this value. The approved Technical Specifications for the Plant will delineate the limiting conditions for operation, including effluent releases.

XII-10 I. COMBINED ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM KEWAUNEE AND POINT BEACH (EPA, pp. E-20 and E-26)The Staff agrees that there are no regional siting criteria which relate to operation of multiple reactors in a region. Multiple plants are now considered, from the standpoint of radiological impact, only in the following instances:

1. If there are multiple units on the same site (e.g., North Anna, Peach Bottom).2. If two or more plants share a common discharge canal.3. If two or more plants have a common boundary or boundaries (e.g., FitzPatrick and Nine Mile Point).This does not mean to imply that the AEC is not cognizant of, or un-willing to examine, the potential impact of multiple plants in'the same region, even if the above criteria are not met. This is evidenced by considerations upon which 10 CFR 50 proposed Appendix I is based. The proposed site boundary dose of 5 mrem per year was.developed on the basis that, from the standpoint of radiation exposure to humans and projected U. S. power needs to the year 2000, regional effects would be minimal.J. THERMAL PLUME DISPERSION AND APPLICABILITY TO THE KEWAUNEE PLANT (Interior, pp. E-63 and 64) I The comments assume that the discharge velocity is maintained to the end of the 530 foot long channel cut into the lake bottom. This is not expected to happen since there are no confining boundaries to pre- U vent entrainment of ambient lake water once the cooling water leaves the discharge basin at the shoreline.

Data from hydraulic model tests, described in Section III.D.l.a.ii, were used to substantiate that mixing would occur and to estimate the distance that the plume would travel I before the centerline temperature started to attenuate.

This is believed to be the best data available for this situation.

The estimate of an average exposure of two minutes to the maximum temperature is believed I to be reasonable.

The effect of strong shore-parallel currents would be to cause the plume of warm water to flow near the shore, as shown in Figure 111.6 (for the Point Beach Plant). However, the conditions that promote these strong near-shore currents, i.e., strong winds from the north, northeast, and southeast, also create rough lake conditions, a great deal of turbulence (as indicated by turbidity levels) and waves breaking in the vicinity of I I U U XII-I1 the beach and outfall. These conditions promote mixing and partially, if not completely, compensate for the plume being bounded on one side by the shoreline.

Figure 111-6 illustrates that the initial temperature has been attenuated within a few hundred feet as a result of the ambient turbulence.

Thus, strong shore-parallel currents are not expected to subject entrained organisms to maximum temperatures for a greater time than that estimated in Section III.D.l.b.

While the configuration of the plume, when influenced by strong near-shore currents, leads to long, narrow areas within isotherms, the time that entrained organisms would be subjected to any given temperature will not be significantly greater (in fact,it may be less) than in a plume that does not hug the shore. This is a result of the relatively high velocities (near-shore velocities of 2-2.5 fps have been measured) in the near-shore waters.It is not clear that the large Point Beach plume shown in Figure 111-7 proves or, disproves the Applicant's analysis, as stated in the comment.It is a large plume and was included with Figure 111-6 to illustrate the variability of plumes observed in an area very near the Kewaunee site. An~analysis of ambient lake current data at the Point Beach site indicated that the current shifted from a southerly to a northerly flow-ing current during the morning of August 31. Thus, for a period of time the plume was mixing, not with ambient lake water, but with water previously associated with the plume. The Applicant.'s model did not represent this situation.

Figures 111-8 and 9 represent the plume on the following morning and afternoon (Sept. 1) and show a considerable reduction in size.Concerning the effects of sinking thermal plumes, little can be said except that they will occur when the ambient lake temperature is less than 4°C. Observations of this phenomenon at the Point Beach site during the winter of 1971-72 [7] showed influences of the plume on the bottom as long as the lake temperature was below 4°C. The maximum temperature observed-on the lake bottom was 5.2°C at a point 335 meters from the discharge; at 1525 meters the maximum observed bottom temperature was 2.6 0 C. Since the cooling water discharge temperature during the deicing mode of operation is about 14 0 C, this means that the chemical concentra-tions at a point 335 meters from the discharge would have been a maximum of 37 percent of the discharge concentration and a maximum of 18 percent of the discharge concentration at the point 525 meters from the discharge.

Similar conditions should prevail at the Kewaunee site. No data are available to estimate the areas affected by sinking plumes.

XII-12 I Concerning applicability to the Kewaunee Plant, Figure III-li does not indicate that the plume extends to the bottom. It shows the maximum I depth of the 13%C isotherm to be about 10 feet at 1000 feet from the discharge.

The lake depth was 16 feet at this point. This is not in-consistent with the statement that the plume separates from the bottom: within about 600 feet from the discharge.

While the "ambient" temperature is often difficult to define, the great majority of Point Beach data show that the plumes, or what can be readily identified as plumes, are about 6 to 8 feet deep near the Point Beach intake (1750 feet from shore). lIn the far-field, the measured depths are 6 feet or less. We have no reason to believe that it will be significantly different at the Kewaunee site.K. LOCATION OF PRINCIPAL CHANGES IN THIS STATEMENT IN RESPONSE TO COMMENTS I Section Where Topic Topic Commented Upon is Addressed Consideration of alternative cooling methods I.A during site selection (Commerce, page E-11)Year-class abundance of fish (Commerce, pp. E-11 and 12) II.B.2.e Lake currents (Commerce, pp. E-6, 12, 58) II.D.l.b I Thermal bar (Commerce, pp. E-12, 58 to 59) II.D.l.b Mineral content of ground water (WPS, page E-45) II.D.2 Wind conditions (Commerce, page E-6) II.D.3.b.i and ii Comparison of inshore and offshore algae (EPA p. E-32, Interior pp. E-62 and 63; I WPS, p. E-47) II.E.3.b.l Bacterial counts near Plant (WPS, page E-47) II.E.3.b.2 Revised discussion of zooplankton (WPS, page E-47) II.E.3.b.3 Augmented discussion of periphyton (WPS, page E-47) II.E. 3.c I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I XII-13_.,Section.

Where Topic Topic Commented, Upon i:. s .Addressed Revised discussion of benthos (Interior, page E-63; :WPS, page E-47) II.E.3.d Lake trout and commercial fishing (WPS, page E-48) II.E.3.e Radwaste management (EPA, pp. E-22 and 23) III.D.2 Iodine control by available Plant systems (EPA, pp. E-19, 22, 23, and 24) Ill.D.2.a Modified steam generator blowdown treatment (WPS, page E-45) III.D.2.a Handling of boric acid evaporator bottoms (WPS, page E-45) III.D. 2.b Modified liquid radwaste disposal system (WPS, page E-45) III.D.2.b Discharge of secondary coolant (WPS, page E-45) III.D.3 Modified make-up water system (WPS, pp. E-45, 52-54, 56) III.D.3.Disposal of solid refuse (EPA, pp. E-38 to 39;WPS, page E-45) III.D.4 Emergency heaters and generators (EPA, page E-38) III.D.4 Revised Plant schedule (WPS, page E-46) IV.A Onsite land use (WPS, page E-46) IV.B.1 Modified water use (WPS, page E-45) IV.B.2, V.B Noise abatement measures (EPA, page E-39) IV.C Shoreline erosion (EPA, page E-37;Interior, page E-61) IV.C, V.A.l XII-14 Topic Commented Upon Soil erosion (Commerce, page E-9;Interior, page E-61)Sedimentation in discharge canal (EPA, page E-37)Use of property for grazing (EPA, pp. 20, 22, 26)Deviation from LMEC dischargetemperature recommendations (EPA, pp. E-19, 22, 30, 31; Interior, page E-70)Thermal discharge bottom conditions (Interior, page E-65)Operation and performance of the sewage treatment system (EPA, pp. E-37 and 38)Fish attraction and monitoring (WPS, page E-49)Expanded hydrological monitoring program (WPS, page E-46; EPA, page E-36)Aquatic intake data (Commerce, page E-12;WPS, page E-49)Modified discussion of plankton (Interior, pp. E-65 and 66)Entrainment of fish eggs and larvae (Interior, page E-66)Bubble screen and electric probe (EPA, page E-33)Effects of thermal discharge (Interior, page E-65)Effect on organisms attracted to plume (Interior, pp. E-65 and 66)Effects of temperature increases on fish (EPA, page E-32; Interior, pp. E-67 and 68; WPS, pp. E-49 and 50)Section Where*Topic is Addressed IV.C, V.A.I V.A.l V.A.l V.B.1 V.B.1 V.B.2 V.B.3, V.B.4.c V.B.4 V.C.2.a V.C.2.a V.C.2.b V.C.2.c V.C. 3.a V. C. 3.b-d V.C. 3.e.I XII-15 Section Where Topic is Addressed Topic Commented Upon Effects of temperature decreases on fish (Commerce, page E-13; Interior, page E-68)Impact of effluent on species composition (Interior, page E-68; WPS, pp. E-50 and. 51)Consequences of chlorine release (EPA, pp. E-34 and 35)Revised biological monitoring, program (EPA, page E-36; Commerce, page E-13)Duration of fish sampling periods;, (Commerce, p. E-13)Specification of x/Q values (Commerce, pp. E-6 and 7)Potential thyroid dose to child (EPA, pp. E-19, 22, and 26)Whole Body dose on lake (EPA, p. E-26)Direct radiation dose (EPA, page E-27)Modified radiological monitoring program (WPS, pp. E-46 and 51; Commerce; page E-13)Aquatic plant sampling (Commerce, pp. E-13)Fuel movement by barge (Transportation, page E-10)Processing of radioactive liquids (WPS, page E-46)Meterological assumptions for accident analyses (Commerce, page E-7; EPA, page E-38)Need for power (Wisconsin PSC, pp. E-4 to 5;FPC, pp. E-14 to 17)V.C. 3.e.2 V. C. 3.e. 3 V.C.4 V.C.6 V.C.6 V.D.2 V.D.2 V.D.2 V.D.4 V.D.6 V.D.6 V.E.2 V.E.3 VI.A x XII-16 Topic Commented Upon Impact of once-through cooling (Interior, page E-69)Cost of alternate power (Interior,, page E-69)Applicant's estimateof gaseous radioactivity release (WPS, page E-46)Effects on historic and archeological resources (ACHP, page E-2; Interior, page E-61)Section Where Topic is Addressed XI.A.3.f XI.B.1 Appendix A Appendix E, p. E-60 i I I I I I I I I I I I I I U I XII-17 Section XII References

1. John R. Quarles, Jr., "Policy on Thermal Effluents," Memo to Regional Administrators, Environmental Protection Agency, May 12, 1972.2. J. V. Tokar, "Thermal Plume in Lakes: Compilations of Field Experience," USAEC Report ANL/ES-3, Argonne, Illinois, August 1971.3. U. S. Department of Commerce, "Climatic Atlas of the United States" Washington, D. C., June 1968.4. Sam B. Upchurch, "Natural Weathering and Chemical Loads in the Great Lakes," in Abstracts of the Fifteenth Conference on Great Lakes Research, University of Wisconsin (Madison) 1972, p. 63.5. J. G. Asbury, "Effects of Thermal Discharges on the Mass/Energy Balance of Lake Michigan," USAEC Report ANL/ES-I, Argonne, Illinois, July 1970.6. Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, "Comments on Federal, State and Local Agencies' Comments on the AEC Draft Environmental Statement," October 19, 1972, USAEC Docket No. 50-305.7. Hoglund, B. and Spigarelli, S., "Studies of the Sinking Plume Phenomenon," Proc. of Fifteenth Conf. on Great Lakes Research, Int'l. Assoc. of Great Lakes, (in press)..8. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., "Submission of Environmental (Non-Radiological)

Technical Specifications for the KNPP," October 13, 1972.

-A-1 Appendix A Table A-I.Applicant's Estimated Annual Gasegus sRadioactivity Release, by Isotope Activity Release, Ci/Yr Steam Generator Decay & Air Tanks Ejector Steam Dump (Pressure Relief)Containment Purge Auxiliary Building& Misc.Isotope Total Kr-85 2871 1.0 2872 Kr-85m, 87,88 Xe-133 Xe-133m, 135, 135m, 138-a 75 2429 5000-200 75 370 87 7886 205 5 1-131, 133, 135 Total 0.173.9 1.1 5300 5275 0.173 371 93 11039 Quantities 1.56 x 10 9 ft 3 6.6 x 10 5 1b 2.7 x 10 8 ft 3.25 x 10 1 ft 3 aNegligible bAmendment 18 to FSAR, Table 11.1-6, 5/19/72.

A-2.Appendix A Applicant's Estimated Annual Liquid Releasea by Isotope Table A-2.Isotope Sr-89 Sr-90 Y-90 Sr-91 Y-91 Y-92 Zr-95 Nb-95 Mo-99 1-131 1-132 i1133 1-134 1-135 Cs-134 Cs-136 Cs-137 Te-132 Ba-140 La-140 Mn-54 Mn-56 Co-58 Co-60 Total Annual Release,b Micro-Curies 1.79 x 102 3.15 x 100 3.33 x 100 4.73 x 101 3.22 x 102 7.60 x 101.3.41 x 101 3.18 x 101 1.32 x 106 1.02 x 105 2.88 x 103 1.32 x 105 3.13 x 101 4.01 x 10 4 4.75 x 104 2.20 x 105 2.92 x 105 1.07 x 10 4 1.75 x 10 2 5.87 x 101 2.85 x 10 2 1.59 x 10 2 5.48 x 10 2 9.51 x 101 2.17 x 106 Average Annual Fraction of NPC 1.3 x 10-7 2.4 x 10-8 4.03 x 10-10 1.66 x 10-9 2.61 x 10-8 2.85 x 10-9 1.42 x 10-9 7.59 x 10-10 7. 82 x 10-5 8.17 x 10'4 8.6 x 10-7 3.2 x 10-4 4.39 x 10-9 2.37 x 10-5 1.3 x 10-5 8.77 x 10-6 3.44 x 10-5 8.54 x l0-7 2.13 x 1O-8 6.99 x 10-9 6.76 x 1O-9 3.79 x 10-9 1.42 x 10-8 7.59 x 10-9 1.38 x 10-3 I I I I I I I I II I I I II I U II U aRadioactivity contained in 357,340 gallons of discharged water.bAfter 3 x 104 seconds decay.I II B-I.Appendix B WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Box 450, Madison, Wisconsin 53701 LAKE MICHIGAN THERMAL STANDARDS (Adopted by the Natural Resources Board December 8, 1971;effective February 1, 1972)NR 102.04 of the Administrative Code is created to read: 102.04 LAKE MICHIGAN THERMAL STANDARDS.

For Lake Michigan the following thermal standards are established so as to minimize effects on the aquatic biota in the receiving waters.(1)(a) Thermal discharges shall not raise the receiving water temperature more than 3°F at the boundary of mixing zones established by the Department.(b) In addition to the limitation set forth in subsection (1)(a), but excepting the Milwaukee Harbor, Port Washington Harbor and the mouth of the Fox River, thermal discharges shall not raise the temperature of the receiv-ing waters at the boundary of the established mixing zones above the fol-lowing limits: January 45 0 F February 450 March 450 April 550 May 600 June 700 July 800 August 800 September 800 October 650 November 600 December 500 B-2 (2) All owners utilizing, maintaining or presently constructing sources of thermal discharges exceeding a daily average of 500 million Btu per hour shall: (a) Submit monthly reports of temperature and flow data on forms pre- I scribed by the Department commencing 60 days after the effective date of i this rule.(b) Within 24 months of the effective date of this rule, complete an i investigation and study of the environmental and ecological impact of such discharge in a manner approved by the Department.

After a review of the i ecological and environmental impact of the discharge., mixing zonesshall i be established by the Department.(c) Submit to the Department within 6 months of the effective date of this rule a preliminary engineering report for the installation of alterna.-tive cooling systems.(d) Submit within 6 months of the effective date of this, rule a detailedj 1 chemical analysis of blowdown waters discharged to Lake Michigan and its tributaries.

(3) Any plant or facility, the construction of which is commenced after-the effective date of this rule, shall be so designed as to avoid signifi-cant thermal discharge to Lake Michigan.(4) The Department may order the reduction of thermal discharges to Lake Michigan regardless of interim measures undertaken by the source owners in.compliance with this rule if environmental damage appears imminent or existent.(5) The provisions of this rule are not applicable to municipal waste and water treatment plants and vessels. I I I I I I B-3 Statement on Thermal Standards for Lake Michigan by Environmental Quality Committee Wisconsin Natural Resources Board The problem of heat discharges is complex involving not only the scienti-fic data required to establish criteria, but also the social and economic considerations that must be evaluated in establishing standards and pro-viding preventive and corrective measures.

Based on our review of the information presented, we are of the opinion that much is unknown about the effects of thermal discharges and about the environmental impact of corrective works or methods that may be employed to reduce the quantity of heat discharged.

However, because of the increased possibility of damage to Lake Michigan from proliferation of power plants, the Committee believes that it is sound public policy to prohibit thermal discharge from plants not now operating, operable, or under construction until ques-tions we and others have raised have been answered.

The Committee holds that the financial burden to establish the impact of heated discharges rests on the industry.A two-year study conducted at the various power plant sites on Lake Michigan, together with data now being obtained from several other studies, should provide data on which rational decisions as to proper corrective measures to be taken can be based. These studies will be conducted by the industry and will be designed and supervised by the Department (of Natural Resources).

In the meantime, the Department will be conducting its own investigations, including further evaluation of the environmental problems associated with cooling towers or cooling ponds.Further, we would reserve to the Board and the Department the right to take immediate remedial action should it be determined at any time during the two-year study period that environmental damage appears imminent or existent.This provision, coupled with a moratorium on the siting of additional plants on Lake Michigan, satisfies the Committee that the quality of the Lake can and will be maintained to best serve the public interest.

Appendix C TABLE C-I. PLANT SPECIES FOUND AT POINT BEACH STATE FOREST, TWO RIVERS, WISCONSIN Trees and Other Woody Plants Arctostaphylos uvaursi Betula papyrifera Ceanothus ovalUs Chaemaedaphne calyculata Cornus stolonifera Ilex verticillata Juniperus communis var. depressa J. harizontalis Larix laricina Populus balsamifera var. subcordata P. deltoides P. nigra Prunus pumila P. Serotina P. virginiana Quercus borealis Rosa acicularis x R. blanda R. blanda R. fendleri Rubus strigosus Salix amygdaloides S. glaucophylloides var. glaucophylla S. interior S. lucida S. petiolaris S. syrticloa Shepherdia canadensis Speraea alba Thuja occidentalis Tilia americana Vitis riparia Forbs Anaphalis margaritacea Anemone cylindrica Arabis lyrata Artemisia campestris A. caudata Asclepia incarnata A. syriaca Aster novae-angliae A. puniceus A. simplex Barbarea vulgaris Bidens cernua B. frondosa Brassica kaber Cakile edentula Campanula apariniodes C. rotundifolia Chelone glabra Cirsium pitcheri Daucus carota Dryopteris cristata Epilobium adenocaulon Equisetum arvense E. hyemale var. affine Erigeron pulchellus Eupatroium maculatum E. perfoliatum Liatris aspera L. cylindracea Lithospermum canescens Lobelia siphilitica Lycopodium clavatum Lycopus virginicus Mentha arvensis Mimulus ringens Monotropa uniflora Naumburgia thyrsiflora Nuphar variegatum Oenothera biennis 0. humifusa Orobanche fasciculata Osmunda claytoniana

0. regalis Pedicularis lanceolata Penthorum sedoides Polygonum lapathifolium P. natans P. punctatum Potentilla anserina P. palustris Ranunculus sceleratus R. septentrionalis Rorippa islandica Rumex crispus Appendix C -page 2 TABLE C-i. (Contd.)I I Forbs (continued)

Euphorbia polygonifolia Fragaria chiloensis F. virginiana Gentiana clausa Gerardia purpurea Gnaphthalium obtusifoliumn Habenaria hyperborea H. viridis var. bracteata Hieracium canadense H. paniculatum Hypericum mutilum Impatiens biflora Iris versicolor Lathyrus maritimus Lepidium densiflorum Grasses and Grass-like Plants R. martimus Salsola kali var. tenuifolU Saponaria officinalis Scutellaria galericulata S. laterifolio Slum suave Smilacina stellata Solanum dulcamara Solidago juncea Spiranthes cernua Stellaria longifolia Thelypteris palustris Triglochin palustris Typha latifolia Viola.adunes I Xanthium strumarium Agropyron dasystachium A. repens A. smithii Agrostis hyemalis Ammophila breiligulata Andropogon gaardi A. scoparius Calamagrostis canadensis Calamovilfa longifalia var. magna Carex aurea C. goberi C. hystericina C. pseudo-cyperus C. retrorsa C. sparganoides C. viridula Cyperus schweinitzii Dulichium arundinaceum Eleocharis compressa Glyceria striata Juncus balticus J. scirpoides Koeleria cristata Lolium multiflorum

Scirpus cyperinus S. validus I I I I I U Non-vascular Plants Cladonia pysidata Sphagnum palustre Riccia fluitans Tortula ruralis i i I I I Appendix C -page 3 TABLE C-2. TREES AND SHRUBS WHICH MAY BE FOUND IN THE GENERAL KEWAUNEE REGIONa Common Name Scientific Name American Basswood Hard Maple Sugar White Birch White Pine Red Oak American Elm Red Maple Silver Maple Black Ash White Ash Eastern White Cedar Quaking Aspen Eastern Hemlock Tamarack Yellow Birch Chokecherry Pin Cherry Mountain Ash Ironwood American Beech Tag Alder Silky Dogwood Red-oshier Dogwood White Oak Ninebark Bittersweet aprovided by the Regional Forester, Department of Natural Resources.

Tilia americana Acer saccharum Betula pendula Pinus strobus Quercus rubra Ulmus americana Acer rubrum Acer sacharinum Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus americana Thuja occidentalis Populus tremuliodes Tsuga canadensis Larix laricina Betula allegheniensi Prunus virginiana Prunus pensylvanica Sorbus americana Ostrya virginiana Fagus grandifola Alnus sp.Cornus sp.Cornus stolonifera Quercus alba Physocarpus sp.Celastrus scandens State of Wisconsin's TABLE C-3. List of Birds from the General Kewaunee Regiona Year-round Resident Summer Resident Winter Resident Transient Canada Goose Black Duck Mallard Red-tailed Hawk Red-shouldered Hawk Ring-necked Pheasant Bobwhite Quail Ruffed Grouse Hungarian Partridge Short-eared Owl -rare Screech Owl Saw-whet Owl -rare Barred Owl Great Horned Owl Red-headed Woodpecker Yellow-shafted Flicker Downy Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Horned Lark Blue Jay Double-crested Cormorant

-rare White Pelican -rare Black-crowned Night Heron Common Egret Yellow-crowned Night Heron -rare Blue-winged Teal Green Heron Little Blue Heron -rare Least Bittern American Bittern Turkey Vulture -uncommon Marsh Hawk Sharp-shinned Hawk -uncommon Cooper's Hawk -un common Old Squaw Rough-legged Hawk Goshawk -uncommon Glaucous Gull -rare Ring-billed Gull Snowy Owl Red-bellied Woodpecker Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker

-rare Tufted Titmouse Boreal Chickadee

-rare Brown Creeper Winter Wren -rare Mockingbird Bohemian Waxwing Northern Shrike Evening Grosbeak Pine Grosbeak Whistling Swan Snow Goose BlueGoose Widgeon Green-winged Teal Gadwall Pintail Wood Duck Shoveler Greater Scaup Redhead Canvasback Ring-necked Duck Lesser Scaup Ruddy Duck Hooded Merganser Bald Eagle -uncommon Osprey -uncommon Golden Eagle -uncommon Peregrin Falcon -rare Sparrow Hawk Pigeon Hawk Sandhill Crane Sora Rail Virginia Rail Semipalmated Plover Black-bellied Plover Whimbrel -rare Hudsonian Godwit -rare Marbled Godwit -rare Willet -rare t ta-andi r 0~Crow Black-capped Chickadee Red-breasted Nuthatch Cedar Waxwing House Sparrow Starling Common Grackle Cardinal n icam ldfýBroad-winged Hawk King Rail Common Gallinule Killdeer Herring Gull Common Tern Black Tern.Long-eared Owl -rare Yellow-bellied M 1aps r M Pine Siskin Common Redpoll Hoary Redpoll White-winged Crossbill Red Crossbill Tree Sparrow Oregon Junco Slate-colored Junco n ien M M

---m -m --------TABLE C-3. (Contd.)Year-round Resident Summer Resident Winter Resident Transient Purple Finch White-throated Sparrow Song Sparrow Mourning Dove Whi te-b reas ted Nuthatch ,Scarlet Tanager Brown Thrasher Great Blue Heron Chimney Swift Whip-poor-will Red-breasted Merganser Common Merganser Snow Bunting Greater Yellowlegs Lesser Yellowlegs Spotted Sandpiper Stilt Sandpiper Knot -rare Common Nighthawk Ruby-throated Hummingbird Purple Martin House Wren Catbird Eastern Bluebird Robin Wood Thrush Red-eyed Vireo Warbling Vireo Yellow-throated Vireo Black-and-White Warbler Golden-winged Warbler Nashville Warbler Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Dickcissel Bobolink Western Meadowlark Western Sandpiper

-rare White-rumped Sandpiper Least Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Baird's Sandpiper Sanderling Dunlin Pectoral Sandpiper Northern Phalarope

-rare Wilson's Phalarope

-rare Parasitic Jaeger -rare Franklin Gull Caspian Tern Forster's Tern Yellow-billed Cuckoo Black-billed Cuckoo Great-crested Flycatcher Least Flycatcher Eastern Phoebe Eastern Wood Pewee Traill's Flycatcher Water Pipit Fox Sparrow Lincoln Sparrow 0->-.OQ og TABLE C-3. (Contd.)Year-round Resident Summer Resident Winter Resident Transient Eastern Meadowlark Brewer's Blackbird Yellow-headed Blackbird Red-winged Blackbird Baltimore Oriole American Coot Upland Plover American Woodcock Common Snipe Brown-headed Cowbird Rose-b reasted Grosbeak Indigo Bunting Vesper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Henslow's Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Clay-colored Sparrow Field Sparrow Swamp Sparrow Bank Swallow Tree Swallow Cliff Swallow Barn Swallow Bonaparte's Gull Belted Kinefisher Lapland Longspur Cattle Egret -very rare Short-billed Marsh Wren Long-billed Marsh Wren Gray-cheeked Thrush Hermit Thrush Veery Golden-crowned Kinglet Philadelphia Vireo Tennessee Warbler Orange-crowned Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Northern Water. Thrush Ovenbird Mourning Warbler Yellowthroat American Redstart Wilson's Warbler Canada Warbler Rusty Blackbird Rufous-sided Towhee Sharp-tailed Sparrow Le Conte's Sparrow Harris' Sparrow Golden-crowned Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow 10.09 aTaken from Fish and Wildlife Resources Inventory, Kewaunee River Watershed, January 1972;U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Wisc., Dept. of Natural Resources; and The University of Wisc., Cooperative Extension Service.= M Appendix C -page 7 TABLE C-4. Forbs (Weeds) Which May Be Found in the General Kewaunee Regiona Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Horsetail Bracken Quackgrass Downey Bromegrass Sandbur Large Crabgrass Barnyard Crass Stinkgrass Wild Barley Nimblewill Witchgrass Fall Panicum Annual Bluegrass Green Foxtail Yellow Foxtail Yellow Nutgrass Slender Rush Hemp Stinging Nettle Knotwood Swamp Smiartwc(d Wild Buckwheat Pennsylvania Smartweed Red Sorrel Curled Dock Mexican Tea Maple-leaved Goosefoot Tumbleweed Prostrate Pigweed Rough Pigweed Wild Four-o'clock Carpetweed Purslane Mouse-ear Chickweed White Cockle Bouncing Bet Sleepy Catchfly Night-flowering Catchfly Spurrey Common Chickweed Small-flowered Buttercup Tall Buttercup Yellow Rocket Equisetum arvense Pteridium.aquilinum Agropyron repens Bromus tectorum Cenchrus pauciflorus Digitaria sanguinails Echirochloa crusgalli Eragrostis cilianensis Hordeum jubatum Muhlenbergia schreberi Panicum capillare Panicum dichotiflorum Poa annua Seteria veridis Seteria lutescens Cyperus esculentus Juncus tenuis Cannibis sativa Urtica procera Polygonum aviculare Polygonum coccineum V'olygonum convolvulus Polygonum pennsylvanicum Rumex acetosella Rumex crispus Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium hybridum Amarantus albus Amarantus graecizans Amarantus retroflexus Miribilis nyctaginea Mollugo verticillata Portulaca oleracea Cerastium vulgatum Lynchnis alba Saponaria officinalis Silene antirrhina Silene noctiflora Spergula arvensis Stellaria media Ranunculus abortivus Ranunculus acris Varvarea vulgaris 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 Appendix C -page 8 TABLE C-4. (Contd.)Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Hoary Alyssum Indian mustard Black mustard Wild mustard Shepherd's Purse Field Peppergrass Peppergrass Wild Radish Tumbling Mustard Hedge mustard Pennycress Silvery Cinquefoil Rough Cinquefoil Upright Cinquefoil Black Medic Yellow Wood Sorrel Cranesbill Flowering Spurge Cyprus Spurge Poison Ivy Velvet Leaf Venice Mallow Roundleaf Mallow St. John's Wort Evening Primrose Water Hemlock Wild Carrot Wild Parsnip Indian Hemp Common Milkweed Whorled Milkweed Field Bindweed Hedge Bindweed Field Dodder Sticktight Berterio incana Brassica juncea Brassica nigra Brassica kaber Capsella bursa-pastoris Lepidium campestre Lepidium virginicum Raphanus raphanistrum Sisymbrium altissimum Sisymbrium officinale Thlaspi' arvense Potentilla argontea Potentilla norvegical Potentilla recta Medicago lupulina Oxalis europaea Geranium carolinianum Euphorbia corollata Euphorbia cyparissias Rhus radicans Abutilon theophrasti Hibiscus trionum Malva neglecta Hypericum perforatum Oenotheris biennis Cicuta maculata Daucus carota Pastinaca sativa Apocynum cannabinum Asclepias syriaca Asclepias vesticillata Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulus sepium Cuscuta pentagona Lapula echinata Verbena hastata Verbena stricta Verbena urticaefolia Glechoma hederacea Lamium amplexicaule 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 I I I I I I i I I I!I I II I I I I I I Blue Vervain Hoary Vervain White Vervain Ground Ivy Henbit Motherwort Catnip Heal-all Leonurus casdiaca Nepeta cataria Prunella vulgaris Appendix C -page 9 TABLE C-4. (Contd.)Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Ground Cherry Horse Nettle Bitter Nightshade Black Nightshade Yellow Toadflax Common Mullen Purslane Speedwell Buckhorn Plantain Rugels' Plantain Common Plantain Bedstraw Bellflower Yarrow Lance-leaved Ragweed Perennial Ragweed Giant Ragweed Plantain-leaved Everlasting Mayweed Burdock Many-flowered Aster White Heath Aster Spanish Needles Spotted Knapweed Oxeye Daisy Chicory Physalis heterophylla Solanum carolinense Solanum dulcamara Solanum nigrumI Linaria vulgaris Verbascum thapsus Veronica peregrina SPlantago lanceolata Plantago rugelii Plantago major Gallium aparine Campanula raponculiodes Achillen millifolium Ambrosia bidnetata Ambrosia psilostachya Ambrosia trifida Antennaria plantaginifolia Anthemis cotula Arctium minus Aster ericoides Aster pilosus Bideus bipinnata Centaurea maculosa Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Chichorium intybus 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3.2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 Bull thistle Canada thistle Hawksbeard Horseweed Daisy f leabane Cirsium vulgare Cirsium arvense Crepis capillaris Erigeron canadensis Erigeron strigosus White snakeroot Cudweed Sunflower Jerusalem artichoke Orange Hawkweed Prickly lettuce Tall lettuce Pineapple weed Gray goldenrod Stiff-leaved goldenrod Perrenial Sowthistle Common Sowthistle Dandelion Erigeron rugosum Gnaphalium obtusifolium Helianthus annuus Heliathus tuberosus Hieracium auran Lactuca scariola Lactuca canadensis Matricaria matricaroides Solidago nemoralis Solidago rigida Sonchus arvensis Sonchus oleraceus Taraxacum officinale 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 Appendix C -page 10 TABLE C-4. (Contd.)Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Yellow goatsbeard Tragopogon major 2 Cocklebur Xanthium pennsylvanicum 2 a. No listing of weeds peculiar to the Kewaunee site is available.

The preceding list gives species that are considered:

(2) occasional to frequent or, (3) general and common in a broad area including the Kewaunee site. Species considered rare (1) are not included.

Source of information on distribution is Weeds of the North Central States,1960, University of Illinois, Agricultural Experiment Station, Circular 718.I I ,I I I I I I I I i U I I I I I I I Appendix C -page 11 TABLE C-5. List of Phytoplankton Species Kewaunee Nuclear Power Station, May to November 1971 [Sec. II Ref's 38,39,46]Achnanthes sp. Bory; A. hungarica; A. minutissima Kutzing Actinastrum hantzschii var. fluviatile Schroeder Amphora ovalis Kutz.Amphora ovalis var. pediculus Kutz.Amphora sp. Ehrenberg Anabaena circinalis Rabenhorst Anabaena flos-aguae (Lyngb.) DeBrebisson in DeBrebisson and Godey Anabaena spiroides Klebahn Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs Ankistrodesmus falcatus var. mirabilis West & West Ankistrodesmus fractus (West & West) Brunnthaler Ankistrodesmus spiralis (Turner) Lemmermann Aphanocapsa elachista West and West Aphanothece castagnei (deBreb.)

Rabenhorst Aphanothece nidulans P. Richter Arthrodesmus convergens Ehr.Asterionella formosa Hassall Asterionella gracillima (Hantzsch)

Heiberg Asterococcus limneticus G. M. Smith Caloneis sp. Cleve Centritractus dubius Printz Ceratlum hirundinella (0. F. Muell.) Dujardin Chlamydomonas sp. Ehrenberg Chroococcus limneticus Lemmermann Chroococcus minutus (Kuetz.) Naegeli Chroococcus pallidus Naegeli Chroococcus prescottii Drouet and Daily Chroococcus turgidus (Kuetz.) Naegeli Chrysophaerella longispina Lauterborn Closteriopsis longissima Lemmermann Closteriopsis longissima var. tropica West and West Cocconeis pediculus Ehr.Cocconeis sp. Ehrenberg Coelastrum cambricum Archer Coelastrum sphaericum Naegeli Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum Naegeli Coelosphaerium naegelianum Unger Cosmarium depressum (Naegeli)

Lundell.Cosmarium sp. Corda Crucigenia quadrata Morren Crucigenia rectangularis (A. Braun) Gay Cyclotella atomus Hust.Cyclotella bodanica Eulenst Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kutz.Cyclotella glomerata Bachmann Cyclotella kutzingiana Thwaites Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz.Cyclotella michiganiana Skvortzow Cyclotella ocellata Pant.Cyclotella sp. Kutz.

I Appendix C -page 12 TABLE.C-5. (Contd.)Cyclotella stelligera Cl. v. Grun.Cymatopleura solea (Breb.) W. Smith Cymbella cymbiformis Cymbella microcephala Cymbella 2usilla Grun.Cymbella prostrata (Berkeley)

Cleve Cymbella turgida (Gregory)

Cleve Cymbella sp. Agardh Cymbella ventricosa Kutz.Diatoma sp. DeCandolle; D. minor Diatoma tenue Agardh Diatoma tenue var. elongatum Lyngb.Diatoma vulgare Borym Dictyosphaerium pulchellum Wood Dinobryon bavaricum Imhof Dinobryon cylindricum Imhof Dinobryon divergens Imhof Dinobryon pediforme (Lemm.) Steinecke Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg Dinobryon sociale Ehrenberg Elakatothrix viridis (Snow) Printz Euglena minuta Prescott Euglena sp. Ehrenberg Fragilaria brevistriata Grun.Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres Fragilaria construens (Ehr.) Grunow Fragilaria construens var. ventor Grunow Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton Fragilaria crotonensis var. oregona Sov.Fragilaria intermedia Grunow Fragilaria leptostauron (Ehr.) Hust.Fragilaria pinnata Ehrenberg Fragilaria sp. Lyngb.Fragilaria vaucheriae Kutz.m Franceia droescheri (Lemm.) G. M. Smith Franceia ovalis (France) Lemmermann Geminella spiralis (Chod.) G. M. Smith Glenodinium quadridens (Stein) Schiller Gloeothece sp. Naegeli Golenkinia radiata (Chod.) Wille Gomphonema angustatum (Kutz.) Rabh.Gomphonema divaceum Gomphonema olivaceum (Lyngb.) Kutz.Gomphonema sp. Agardh Gomphosphaeria lacustris var. compacta Lemmermann Gyrosigma kutzingii (Grun.) Cleve Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehr.) Grun.Kirchneriella elongata G. M. Smith Kirchneriella lunaris (Kirch.) Moebius Lagerheimia ciliata (Lag.) Chodat Lyngbya sp. Agardh Appendix C -page 13 TABLE C-5. (Contd.)Mallomonas acaroides Perty Mallomonas caudata lwanoff Mallomonas producta (Zacharias)

Ewanoff Mallomonas pseudocoronata Prescott Mallomonas tonsurata Telling Melosira ambigua (Grun.) 0. Muller Melosira distans (Ehr.) Kutz.Melosira granulata (Ehr.) Ralfs Melosira granulata var. anguistissima Mull.Melosira islandica

0. Mull.Melosira italica (Ehr.) Kutz.Melosira sp. Agardh Meridion circulare Agardh Merismopedia convoluta deBrebisson in Kuetzing Micractinium pusilla Fressenius Microcystis incerta Lemmermann Monosiga sp. S. Kent Mougeotia sp. (C. A. Agardh) Wittrock Navicula sp. Bory; N. cryptocephala; N. odiosa; N. tripunctata Nephrocytium agardhianum Naegeli Nephrocytium limneticum (G. M. Smith) G. M. Smith Nephrocytium sp. Naegeli Nitzschia acicularis W. Smith Nitzschia angustata (W. Smith) Grun.Nitzschia apiculata (Gregory)

Grun.Nitzschia dissipata Grunow Nitzschia palea (Kutz.) W. Smith Nitzschia sp. Hassall; N. fonticola Oocystis borgei Snow Oocystis lacustris Chodat Oocystis parva West & West Oocystis pusilla Hansgirg Oscillatoria agardhii Gomont Oscillatoria amoena (Kuetz.) Gomont Oscillatoria geminata Meneghini Oscillatoria limnetica Lemmermann Oscillatoria sp. Vaucher Oscillatoria tenuis C. A. Agardh Pandorina morum (Muell..)

Bory Pediastrum boryanum (Turp.) Meneghini Pediastrum duplex Meyen Pediastrum integrum Naegeli Pediastrum tetras (Ehrenb.)

Ralfs Peridinium cinctum (Muell.) Ehrenberg Peridinium sp. Ehrenberg Peroniella planctonica G. M. Smith Radiofilum irregulare (Wille) Brunnthaler Rhizochrysis limnetica G. M. Smith Rhizosolenia eriensis H. L. Smith Rhodomonas lacustris Pascher and Ruttner Rhodomonas sp. Karsten Appendix C -page 14 i TABLE C-5. (Contd.)Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kutz.) Grun.Scenedesmus abundans (Kirch.) Chodat Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lag.) Chodat Scenedesmus arcuatus Lemmermann Scenedesmus arcuatus var. platydisca G. M. Smith Scenedesmus armatus (Chod.) G. M. Smith Scenedesmus bernardii G. M. Smith Scenedesmus bijuga (Turp.) Lagerheim Scenedesmus carinatus (Lemmermann)

Chodat Scenedesmus dimorphus (Turp.) Kuetzing Scenedesmus intermedius Chodat Scenedesmus longus Meyen Scenedesmus longus var. nae&elii (deBreb.)

G. M. Smith Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.) Kuetzing Scenedesmus opoliensis P. Richter Scenedesmus guadricauda (Turp.) deBrebisson Scenedesmus quadricauda var. maximus (Turp.) deBrebisson Scenedesmus quadricauda var. westii G. M. Smith Schizochlamys compacta Prescott Schizochlamys gelatinosa A. Braun in Kuetzing Selenastrum gracile Reinsch Selenastrum westii G. M. Smith Sphaerocystis schroeteri Chodat Spirogyra sp. Link Spondylosium planum (Wolle) W. and G. S. West Spondylosium sp. deBrebisson Staurastrum sp. Meyen Stauroneis sp. Ehrenberg Stephanodiscus astrea (Ehr.) Grun.Stephanodiscus astrea var. minutula (Kutz.) Grun.Stephanodiscus binderanus (Kutz.) Krieger Stephanodiscus hantzschii-tenuis Grun-Schabitkowski Stephanodiscus niagarae Ehr.Stephanodiscus sp. Ehr.Stephanodiscus transilvanicus Pant.Stichosiphon sp. Geitler Surirella angustata Kuetzing Surirella ovata Kuetzing Synedra acus Kuetzing; S. radians Synedra sp. Ehrenberg Synedra ulna (Nitzsch.)

Ehr.Synedra vaucheriae Kutz.Tabellaria flocculosa (Roth) Ktz.; T. fenestrata Tetraedron minimum (A. Braun) Hansgirg Tetraedron regulare Kuetzing Tetraspora gelatinosa (Vauch.) Desv.Tetraspora lacustris Lemm.Tetraspora lamellosa Prescott Tetrastrum staurogeniaeforme (Schroeder)

Lemmermann Ulothrix sp. Kuetzing Ulothrix tenuissima Kuetzing Appendix C -page 15 TABLE C-5. (Contd.)Unidentified centrics Unidentified pennates Uroglenopsis americana (Calkins)

Lemmermann APPENDIX C -Page 16 TABLE C-6 (Part 1)Identification and Mean Relative Abundancea of Periphyton Species Found on Natural Substrates Near Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant on May 25, 1971 [Sec. II, Ref. 38]h Taxon D Stations E F CHLOROPHYTA Ulothrix cylindricum Ulothrix sp.U. tenuissima U. zonata 3.3 6.7 7.3 6.0 2.0 9.0 13.0 9.7 28.7 CHRYSOPHYTA Diatoms: Achnanthes lanceolata A. minutissima Amphora commutata Cocconeis pediculus C. placentula Cymbella prostrata C. sp.C. turgida C. ventricosa Diatoma anceps v. anceps D. tenue v. elongatum D. vulgare v. breve D. vulgare v. vulgare D. sp.Eunotia tenella Fragilaria capucina F. construens F. crotonensis F. intermedia F. pinnata F. spp.F. undata F. virescens F. vaucheriae

v. vaucheriae 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.6 0.3 2.7 9.7 7.7 4.0 I I I I I I I I I!I I I I 5.7 3.0 0.3 4.3 10.3 7.7 3.0 17.3 14.0 15.3 0.3 1.7 0.3 2.3 2.0 1.0 6.7 4.0 11.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 0.3 4.0 1.7 4.3 1.0 0.3 APPENDIX C -page 17 TABLE C-6 (Part 1) (Cont'd)St at ions Taxon D EF Gomphonema olivaceum 24.3 12.0 7.0 G. olivaceum

v. calearea 6.0 1.3 G. parvulum 0.3 G. sp. 9.7 4.0 0.7 Melosira sp. 7.3 4.3 8.0 Navicula accomoda 0.3 N. radiosa 1.3 0.7 N. sp. 2.7 1.7 0.3 N. tripunctata 2.3 1.3 2.7 N. viridula 1.0 Nitzschia acicularis 5.7 0.7 N. dissipata 5.3 N. filiformis 0.7 0.3 N. fonticola 0.7 N. palea 1.7 0.3 N. sigmoidea 0.3 N. sp. 1.7 0.3 Opephora martyi 2.3 0.3 Rhoicosphenia curvata 16.0 4.0 1.3 Synedra rumpens 0.7 S. sp. 1.7 S. ulna 0.7 0.3 S. vaucheriae 20.3 5.7 3.3 S. vaucheriae

v. capitellata 6.3 5.0 0.7 Surirella angustata 1.0 Tabellaria flocculosa 1.3 0.7 CYANOPHYTA Lyngbya sp. 0.3 14.0 0.3 Oscillatoria sp. 9.0 Phormidium sp. 2.3 Schizothrix muelleri 1.3 aRelative abundance is recorded as the occurrence of a particular organism in 30 sweeps (scans under microscope) widthwise of a 22 x 50 cm slide and interpreted as follows: Occurrence in 1-4 sweeps out of 30 = rare;Occurrences in 5-14 sweeps out of 30 = common; and Occurrences in 15-30 sweeps out of 30 = abundant.bD -Shoreline 2000 feet north of intake.E -Shoreline at site just south of discharge.

F -500 feet south of discharge at shoreline.

I APPENDIX C -page 18 TABLE C-6 (Part 2) I Identification and Mean Relative Abundance of Periphyton Species Found on Natural Substrates Near Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant on August 31, 1971 Stations Taxon D E F CHLOROPHY TA Ulothrix cylindricum 1.0 U. zonata 5.7 CHRYSOPHYTA Diatoms: Achnanthes grimmei 0.7 A. lanceolata 0.3 A. minutissima

v. cryptocephala 0.3 Achnanthes sp. 1.3 Amphipleura sp. 0.3 Asterionella sp. 0.3 Caloneis sp. 0.3 Cocconeis pediculus 2.3 C. microcephala 8.3 Cymbella prostrata 22.0 6.3 12.3 C. spp. 10.3 1.7 4.3 C. tumida 0.3 C. turgida 0.3 C. ventricosa 6.7 0.3 Diatoma anceps 2.7 D. cf. anceps v. anceps 1.3 D_. tenue v. elongatum 1.0 Eunotia sp. 0.7 Eunotia cf. veneris 0.3 Fragilaria capucina 11.3 3.0 F. construens 15.3 1.3 3.3 F. crotonensis 8.7 0.3 F. intermedia 8.0 0.7 5.0 *F. pinnata 10.7 0.3 1.3 F. sp. 7.3 2.3 5.3 F. vaucheriae

v. vaucheriae 1.0 Gomphonema sp. 0.7 0.3 0.3 Gyrosigma attenuatum 0.3 Melosira sp. 2.0 0.3 Navicula cryptocephala 5.7 0.7 Navicula spp. 4.3 1.7 I I I APPENDIX C -page 19 TABLE C-6 (Part 2) (Cont'd)Stations Taxon D E F N. tripunctata 5.3 0.7 0.3 N. acicularis 0.3 N. viridula 0.3 1.3 Nitzschia dissipata 2.3 N. fonticola 1.3 N. cf. fonticola 2.7 0.3 1.3 N. cf. elliptica 0.3 N. halsotica 1.0 N. linearis 0.3 N. palea 1.0 N. paradoxa 0.3 Nitzschia spp. 2.3 0.3 0.3 Pinnularia sp. 1.3 Rhoicosphenia curvata 1.3 0.7 Sunedra acus 0.7 S. amphicephala

v. austriaca 1.7 S. rumpens 9.0 0.3 S. rumpens v. familiaris 0.7 S. tabulata 0.3 S. ulna 1.0 0.7 S. vaucheriae 8.7 0.7 6.3 S. vaucheriae

v. capitellata 1.3 Tabellaria flocculosa 1.3 0.3 0.3 CYANOPHYTA Calothrix sp. 2.3 Lyngbya sp. 0.3 Oscillatoria sp. 0.3 1.0 I APPENDIX C -page 20 1 TABLE C-6 (Part 3)Identification and Mean Relative Abundance of Periphyton Species Found on Natural Substrates Near Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant on November 16, 1971 Stations Taxon D E F CHLOROPHYTA Cladophora glomerata 17.3=Stigeoclonium tenue 1.3 1.3 Ulothrix zonata 0.7 12.7 9.3 CHRYSOPHYTA Diatoms: Achnanthes minutissima 9.0 16.0 3.3 A. lanceolata 4.0 15.3 17.3 Amphora ovalis 2.7 2.0 A. ovalis v. pediculus 0.7 2.0 A. perpusilla 0.7 AWsterionella formosa 2.7 2.0 Cocconeis diminuta 0.7 C. pediculus 3.3 3.3 11.3 C. placentula 0.7 Cymbella prostrata 12.7 14.0 7.3 C. tumida 1.3 C. turgida 0.7 3.3 1.3 Denticula elegans 0.7 Diatoma anceps v. anceps 1.3 6.0 2.0 D. hiemale 0.7 D. tenue v. elongatum 5.3 D. spp. 2.7 1.3 Epithemia sp. 0.7 Fragilaria capucina 4.0 6.0 1.3 F. construens 14.0 22.0 F. crotonensis 6.7 0.7 F. intermedia 19.3 5.3 8.0 F. lapponica 8.0 11.3 8.7 F. pinnata 10.7 14.0 18.7 F. pinnata v. lanzettula 0.7 F. spp. 2.7 1.3 2.7 APPENDIX C -page 21 TABLE C-6 (Part 3) (Cont'd)Stations E Taxon D F Gomphonema olivaceum G. olivaceum

v. calcerea G. spp.Helosira binderana M. granulata M. italica Navicula anglica N. atomus N. confervacea N1. cryptocephala N. exigua N. longirostris N. tripunctata

v. schizonemoides N. sp. #3 N. spp.N. subtilissima N. zononi Nitzschia acuta N. dissipata N. fonticola N. hungarica N. kutzingiana N. spp.N. tryblionella Pinnularia sp.Rhoicosphenia curvata Synedra rumpens S. rumpens v. familiaris S. tabulata S. ulna S. ulna v. oxyrhynchus S. vaucheriae Tabellaria flocculosa 2.7 0.7 2.0 0.7 10.7 1.3 8.0 8.0 0.7 4.0 5.3 3.3 0.7 5.3 8.7 0.7 10.0 2.0 18.7 2.7 3.3 0.7 2.7 2.7 2.0 0.7 5.3 0.7 4.0 16.0 2.7 1.3 2.0 0.7 1.3 0.7 2.0 1.3 4.0.0.7 0.7 6.7 1.3 1.3 1.3 5.3 2.0 0.7 2.0 13.3 18.0 1.3 2.0 12.0 2.7 0.7 16.7 16.0 0.7 4.0 0.7 14.0 3.3 CYA1NOPHYTA Lyngbya sp.Mougeotia sp.1.3 0.7 TABLE C-7 Zooplankton crustacea collected from Lake Michigan near Kewaunee, Wisconsin, 1971 [Sec. II, ref. 38]Month of Collection and Station May August November Organisms B C B C B C Copepoda nauplii 2-1 102 32,448 25,093 1,285 900 copedids calanoid 4 26 2,026 2.795 495 381 cyclopoid 1 52 8,115 11,251 1,034 832 Diaptomus spp. (female) 7 183 26 78 30 55 D. ashlandi (male) 1 6 10 99 4 .13 D. minutus (male) 3 78 0 0 2 2 D. sicilis (male) 0 0 0 0 2 0 D. oregonensis (male) 1 51 0 0 6 30 Epischura lacustris 0 1 0 0 2 9 Eurytemora affinis 0 14 0 0 39 36 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 2 54 300 743 93 57 C. vernalis 0 0 28 0 .85 57 Mesocyclops edax 0 0 0 13 0 0 Tropocyclops prasinus 0 5 887 676 11 19 Canthocamptus robertcokeri 1 5 0 0 0 0 Cladocera Bosmina longirostris 6 26 58,002 43,234 2,035 1,673 B. coregoni coregoni 0 0 47.2 780 47 36 Alona affinis 0 0 33 0 0 0.Ceriodaphnia lacustris 0 0 86 68 0 0 C.. quadrangula 0 0 71 32 0 0 Chydorus sphaericus 0 1 2,26.6 611 15 15 Daphnia galeata mendotae 0 1 0 0 7 2 D. longiremis 0 2 338 761 9 2.D. retrocurva 0 0 75 168 374 316 Macrothrix hirsuticornis 0 0 0 0 2 0 Holopediumn gibberum 1 0 181 566 0 0 Leptodora kindtii 0 0 10 0 0 0 Polyphemuspediculus 0 0 10 49 0 0 3 1/ No. of organisms/in

.Based on the mean of six replicates.

M. M- -M --- M --M-D-1 Appendix D TABLE D-1.Dose to Individuals from Gaseous Effluents Adult Total Body (mrem/yr)Child Thyroid Inhalation (mrem/yr)Child Thyroid via Milk (mrem/yr)Location Nearest Dwelling (0.8 mi N)Two Creeks (3 mi SSW)Two Rivers (13 mi S)Pooled Milk Sample 0.09 0.007 0.0007 0.007 0.0006<0.0001 4 0.6 0.06 0.03 TABLE D-2. Dose to Individuals from Public Water Supplies on Lake Michigan Distance from Discharge Dilution Population (miles) Factor Served Dose (mrem/yr)Total Child Body Thyroid Bone Location Discharge Pipe*Rostok (Green Bay)Two Rivers Manitowoc Sheboygan GI Tract 0 11.5 16 20 44 none 1:84 1:120 1:150 1:330 0 0.3 10 0.02 0.02 87,400 13,600 34,400 51,800 0.004 0.13 0.0002 0.0003 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002<0.0001 <0.0001!bO*Assumes 1.2 liter per day of water intake from the circulating water discharge.

D-3 TABLE D-3. Annual Dose from Eating Fish (50 gram/day)Dose (mrem/yr)Location Total Body Thyroid Bone GI Tract Plant Discharge

1. .043 .75 .22 Rostok (Green Bay) .013 .0005 .009 .003 Two Rivers .009 .0004 .006 .002 Manitowoc

.007 .0003 .005 .001 Sheboygan

.003 .0001 .002 .0007 D-4 TABLE D-4. Total Body Dose from Recreational Activities on Lake Michigan (Based on 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> of exposure time per year for each activity)Dose (mrem/vr)I.I I I I.Shoreline Sediment Location Plant Discharge Rostok Two Rivers Manitowoc Sheboygan.18.002.002.001.0006 Swimming.006.00007.00005.00004.00002 Boating, Fishing, Water Skiin.003.00003.00002.00002.00001 I.I8 U I I I I I I I i E-1 APPENDIX E COMENT S BY FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES Appendix C -page 15 TABLE C-5. (Contd.)Unidentified centrics Unidentified pennates Uroglenopsis americana (Calkins)

Lemmermann E-2 AI)VISORY COUNCIL , 50-305 ON HISTORIC PRES.ERVATION A L WASHINGTON , D.C. 20240 UU 4A G 1 .1 7 1.9, AI'iiC FUG 1 Elllsuctiol

Dear Mr. Muller:

This is in response to your request for comments on the environmental impact statement identified by a copy of your cover letter attached to this document.

The staff of the Advisory Council has reviewed the submitted impact statement and suggests the following, identified by checkmark on this form: The final statement should contain (1) a sentence indicating that I the National Register of Historic Places has been consulted and that no National Register properties will be affected by the project, or (2) a listing of the National Register properties to be affected, an-n analysis of.the nature of the effects, a discussion of the ways in which the effects were taken into account, and an account of steps taken to assure compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (80 Stat. 915) in accordance with procedures of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation as they appear in the Federal Register, March 15, 1972.In the case of properties under the control or jurisdiction of the United States Government, the statement should show evidence of contact with the official appointed by your agency to act as liaison for pur-poses of Executive Order 11593 of May 13, 1971, and include a discussion of steps taken to comply with Section 2(b) of the Executive Order.____The final statement should contain evidence of contact with the a Historic Preservation Officer for the State involved and a copy of his comments concerning the effect of the undertaking upon historical and archeological resources.

I_____Specific comments attached.Comments on environmental impact statements are not to be considered as comments of the Advisory Council in Section 106 matters.Scerely yous I Robert R. Garvey, Jr.Executive Secretary cc: Mr. James Morton Smith, Director, State Historical Society of Wisconsin 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 w/inc.TIIE COINCIL is clargrd bit the Art. of October t;. 1.9r6, w-ith nf'isi,.,, the President and Congress in the feld of IHistorie Preserratio:

reconiniending measures to coordinate governmental writh private a,-ti'it., .adteising on the dissemi,,ation of information., eneourjaoing j thl ipitercst and participation.

rccommewding the conduct of special studies. in the preparatiop of leoislation, and encouragina saprei traini.no and education.

The Council also has the responsibility to cor n,.nt on Federal or Federaltly-ansisted undertakings that have an on cultural property listed in the National Register.

1 E-3 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY 50-305CHICAGO DISTRICT.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS 219 SOUTH DEARBORN STREET CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 60604 14 August 1972 NCCPD-ER Mr. Daniel R. Muller, Assistant Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

Appropriate review of the Draft Environmental Statement for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Docket No. 50-305 has been completed by this office.The statement is considered satisfactory.

The opportunity to review this statement is appreciated.

Sincerely yours, LEROY PA. HAYDE , JR.Major, Corps of Engineers Deputy District Engineer 4578 E-4 50-305 State Of Xisconsin

\ PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION WILLIAM F. EICH..CHAIRMAI ARTHUR L. PADRUTT. COMMISSIONER MICHAEL P. KOMAR. COMMISSION]E August 28, 1972 JOHN F. GOETZ. SECRErAFlHILL FARMS STATE OFFICE BUILDING MADISON, WISCONSIN 53702 FILE NO. CA-4759 LLI AEC Docket 50-305 Atomic Energy Commission

.Directorate of Licensing Mr. Daniel R. Muller, Asst. Director / V/"" for Environmental Projects Washington, D. C. 20545 -*. ." Gentlemen:

L\!. .... , This is in response, to your letter of July,..-'

,.....1972 requesting comments on the Draft Environmental St'ate-e W ..ment dated July, 1972 for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant.Our comments will. be directed primarily to Section X -Need for Power. This Commission authorized construction of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant in its joint order in dockets CA-4759 and 2-WP-2570 issued on October 17, 1967.A copy of this order was included in the applicant's revised environmental report. The Wisconsin Public Service Corpora-tion, the Wisconsin Power and Light Company, and the Madison Gas and Electric Company, who will own the Kewaunee Plant as tenants in common are members of the Wisconsin Power Pool I and have entered into this formal pooling agreement for the purpose. of maintaining an adequate supply of electric energy to meet their combined system requirements.

The companies are also members of the Wisconsin Upper Michigan System (WUMS)which is an informal coordinating organization and the MAIN Regional-Reliability Council.Construction delays have already resulted in a significant postponement of the completion of the Kewaunee Plant and the availability of this generation to the pool.The adverse effects of this delay on. power supply in Wisconsin have also been compounded by the long and unusual delay in the licensing of the-Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Unit No. 2.At this time we are advised that the Kewaunee Plant is not scheduled for operation until approximately the middle of 1973 at the earliest.

Future construction and licensing delays could further postpone the availability of this plant.I I E-5 Atomic Energy commission Page 2 Because of the delays in the availability of the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant, the three member utilities of the Wisconsin Power Pool have made joint application for authority to construct approximately 250 MW of combustion turbine generating capacity to be completed and available before the sumner peak load period of 1973. Without the Kewaunee Power Plant, this new generating capacity will be required to meet the estimated summer peak load of the pool in 1973. Without either, the pool reserve is estimated to be only 0.4%. Even with this new capacity and additional purchases from neighboring utilities, the pool will have an estimated 1973 reserve margin of only about 13.8% which is still somewhat below the desired level in the range of 15-20% reserve. The applications for combustion turbine generating units with a total capacity of approximately 250 MW were authorized by this Commission on August 22, 1972.The power supply situation for the summer of 1972 is already critical with most of the major Wisconsin generating utilities and pools having a deficient or only marginally adequate reserve margin. The capacity and re-serve of some utilities relies on purchases of power from outside the area. Emergency load reduction measures have already been initiated once on July 21, 1972 by the VWUMS utilities including voltacge reduction and appeals for volun-tary conservation of power use by customers.

Some utilities also report that generating equipment maintenance is being deferred due to the current power shortage.

These problems have been due primarily to the before-mentioned delays in, the availability of thePoint Beach'Unit No. 2. We under-stand that other utilities in the MAIN region and elsewhere in the country are also experiencing similar construction and licensing delays. For Wisconsinzthe capacity repre-sented by the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant is critically needed at the earliest date possible.

Without this capacity we can only expect'that the current power supply shortage will continue and that the reliability of electric service will continue to deteriorate.

In conclusion, we are basically in agreement with and endorse the findings on the need for power in Section X of the AEC staff's Draft Environmental Statement.

Very truly yours, William F. Eich Chairman LLS:kjn I S0 THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF CO IMERCE Washington, D.C. 20230 E-6 50-305 August 29, 1972 AUG 2 9 972 Mr. Daniel R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects 6'U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

The draft environmental impact statement for the "Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Docket No. 50-305," which accompanied your letter of July 20, 1972, has been received by the I Department of Commerce for review and comment.The Department of Commerce has reviewed the draft environmental statement and has the following comments to offer for your consideration.

On page 11-28, the conditions described in the last paragraph are more characteristic of a modified monsoonal effect than lake breeze. The lake breeze is as described in the very I last sentence on the page (i.e., a diurnal change in wind).On page 11-29, the conclusion shown in the last sentence of I paragraph 2 is hardly valid when based on two situations.

Normally turbulence would be expected to be greater with higher wind speeds.It is suggested the draft statement be sent to the Lake Survey Center :for comment on Lake Michigan currents.

U In previous comments to the AEC Division of Reactor Licensenirg, dated May 17, 1972, we have computed a maximum average annual II concentration of 9 x 10-7 sec m-3 at a distance of 1200 m 4 4771 I]

E-7-2-with winds from the north northeast.

This is in close agreement with the applicant's value as shown in fugure 2.7-6 of the Final Safety Analysis Report dated January 27, 1971.The AEC staff analysis of the radiological impact of routine releases (see page V-28) does not specify their resulting average annual concentration and we can only assume it is in general agreement with the applicant's value.We have not been able to evaluate the AEC staff's analysis of the radiological consequences of postualted accidents since the specific meteorological conditions assumed the resulting relative concentration in sec m-3 and the expected frequency of occurrence of such concentrations was not listed in their discussion on page VI-4.We hope these comments will be of assistance to you in the preparation of the final statement.

Sincerely, Sidney- Galler Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Affairs I-8 50-305I DEPARTMENT OF .C'rJR;CULTUPREI OFFICE OF THE WASHINGTON.

D. C. 207Z-50 0 September 8, 1972 SEP1 11972 , Mr. Daniel R. Muller [ 'll Atomic Energy Commission ,Vp>Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

We have had the draft environmental impact statement for 3 the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, reviewed in the relevant agencies of the Department of Agriculture.

Comments from the Soil ConservaLion Service, an agency of the Department, are enclosed.Sincerely, I T. C. BYERLY/Coordinator, Environmental Quality Activities Enclosure I I I I X-9 units into commercial operation, and this trend may continue for some time in the future. The Federal Power Commission has concluded that "the elec-tric power output represented by the Kewaunee unit is needed to implement the Applicant's and MAIN's generation expansion programs for meeting pro-jected loads and ,to provide a reasonable measure of reserve margin capacity for the 1973 summer peak period, particularly in view of the very large amount of other new capacity which must be in operation in MAIN's system on schedule if the forecast capacity margin is to be met" (see Appendix E, page E-18).MAIN reserves for the summer peaks through 1981 are given below,[5]

on.the assumption that all new plants go into operation as scheduled.

Included are allowances for firm purchases of 620 to 850 megawatts during 1974-77 and of 100 to 130 megawatts during 1978-81. Also shown are the reserves without the Kewaunee Plant.Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 i978 1979 1980 1981 Reserves (%)With Kewaunee 24.2 18.8 16.1 16.8 16.9 15.0 14.3 17.5 13.7 Without Kewaunee 22.4 17.2 14.6 15.4 15.5 13.8 13.2 16.5 12.7 In view of the fact that MAIN itself is expected to be a net purchaser of power and is estimated to have marginal summer reserves during 1974-81, it does not appear that the Wisconsin Power Pool can rely on firm purchases from MAIN during this period as a substitute for operating the Kewaunee Plant. Even if power were available, a utility suffers an economic penalty by purchasing it, paying a price that includes amortization of another utility's plant, instead of operating an existing plant of its own, expecially a nuclear plant with its relatively low operating costs.The Public Service Commission of Wisconsin has jurisdiction over production of power by all companies in Wisconsin and controls facility expansions of all utilities in the state. The Commission has evaluated the need for expansion of the systems within the WPP and gave approval (6] for the con-struction and operation of the Plant on October 17, 1967. In anticipa-, tion of a delay in start-up of the Kewaunee Plant, the Commission has recently authorized the construction of 250 MW of combustion turbine generating capacity to be completed and available before the summer peak period of 1973. The Commission's Chairman has stated that "the capacity represented by the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant is critically needed at the earliest date possible" (see Appendix E, page-E-5).

E-10 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES COAST GUARD MAILING ADDRESS: U.S. COAST GUARD (GWS)400 SEVENTH STREET SW.WASHINGTON.

D.C. 20591 PHONE: 202-426-2262 50-305*Mr. Daniel R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

This is in response to your letter of 20 July 1972 addressed to Mr.Herbert F. DeSimone, Assistant Secretary for Environment and Urban Systems, concerning the draft environmental impact statement and report on the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant located in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.

The concerned operating administrations and staff of the Department of Transportation have reviewed the material submitted and the U. S.Coast Guard noted the following:."It is felt that the statement should cover more adequately the movement of irradiated fuel by barge. Current AEC and DOT standards only ensure cask integrity in water up to 50 feet deep. Public safety should be protected even if the cask is involved in a transportation accident in waters which exceed that depth. Therefore, the environmental impact statement should demonstrate that either the cask is of sufficient quality that it can withstand the depth of water over which it will travel or that there would. be minimal consequences to the environment if the cask is breeched or left for a duration of time in water of that depth." i I I I I I I I'i The Department of Transportation do we have any objections to the concern of the U. S. Coast Guard impact statement.

has no further comments to offer nor project. It is recommended that the be addressed in the final environmental The opportunity to review and comment on the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant project is appreciated.

I Sincerely, i r cupItif, U. .Q1Gad Ptcting Chie, Oifice of ,ario Environment and Systenrs September 14, 1972 Mr. Daniel R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

TSEr AS'Z%.i~TtiW"2T SrzC.ETARY OF COMMNERCE Washinatorn.

D.C. 20230 LK >1. 50-305 i V .,- <0's I/~~ ~-' \~ -The Department of Commerce reviewed the draft environmental statement by the Atomic Energy Commission for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant and forwarded comments to you in our letter of August 29, 1972.Since that time, additional information has developed which is pertinent to the project. This additional info7:mation is.offered for your consideration.

Page ii, item f. The discussion here seems to deal solely with economic effects rather than environmental impacts, the avowed topic of this section. It would seem appropriate for the draft statement to discuss both the beneficial and the adverse environmental impacts of these economic effects.Page iv, item c. Aquatic plants should be included in the discussion of the augmented radiological monitoring program.1. Introduction Page 2, Site Selection.

Specify the degree to which alterna-tive cooling methods were considered when alternative sites were evaluated in the mid-1960's.

II. The Site Page 15, item e. It is stated that "Variations in year-clas~s abundance determine the desirability of the fish populations, ErI2 however, it appears that no single age group dominates the commercial harvest of most species." The term "desirability" is confusing, and suggest that it be replaced by the term"availability," if the intent of the statement is to refer to the fish populations themselves rather than the economic feasibility of fishing for certain species. With reference to the portion of the above-cited statement referring to age-group dominance, we suggest that the statement may be erroneous and that the draft statement should explore the possibility that a single year-class may support a commercial fishery for several years.Page 21, item b. In our opinion, the discussion of lake currents in the second paragraph would benefit by inclusion of charts or diagrams depicting the lake current situation in the vicinity of the Kewaunee and Point Beach facilities.

The third paragraph, which discusses thermal stratification, should be expanded to include a description of the "thermal bar" mentioned on page 11-43.III. The Plant Page 8, Section c.3, last paragraph.

It is stated that"Provision has been made to add sodium hypochlorite solution to the circulating water to prevent fouling by biological organisms, especially algae." It would be desirable for the draft statement to discuss the use of the various mechanical slime control methods and the reasons for selecting a chemical, rather than a mechanical, method for controlling slime buildup in the condenser circulating water system.V. Environmental Impacts of Plant Operation Page 10, first paragraph.

Reference is made to a report from the Ginna Nuclear Station on Lake Ontario that refers u to estimated mortality of plankton passing through the pump and condenser system. It would be helpful,.

for comparative purposes, if data on the Ginna plant similar to that provided for the Point Beach and Kewaunee plants on page 111-12 were presented in the final EIS.I U E.13-3 -Page 20, section e (2), last paragraph.

It is stated that during the first six months of operation of the Point Beach Plant, a total of 20.shut downs occurred, primarily in the winter months. It is-'further stated that "...no fish are known to have been killed, and no other adverse effects were observed" (emphasis added). It would seem pertinent to critically examine the possibility that although mortalities have not been observed, some fish may have been so severely debilitated by low temperature shock that they sank to the bottom, perhaps under the ice, where their fate was not observed.

Perhaps the final EIS could refer to results of studies that confirm or refute the hypothesis that plant shutdown in winter (or spring) produces adverse effects, such as fish mortalities, which may not be observed at that time or in that place, but which nevertheless occur.Page 26, second paragraph.

It would be helpful if the draft statement mentioned the duration of the seven fish sampling periods.Page 36, last paragraph.

It is stated that AEC will require the Applicant to more frequently sample fish, sediments, and bottom organisms at additional locations near the effluent discharge.

The final EIS should include some mention of aquatic plants in the expanded radiological monitoring program.If no plants are available, this fact should be noted.We hope these comments will be of further assistance to you in the preparation of the final statement.

Sincerely, Sidney R. Galler Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Affairs I E-14 FEDERAL POWER COMN1AISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20426 50-305 September 14, 1972 IN REPLY REFER TO: Mr. Daniel. R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing U. S. Atomic Energy Comnission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

This is in response to your letter dated July 20, 1972, requesting

• comments on the AEC Draft Environi-mntal Stateiant related to the proposed continuation of Construction Permit CPPR-50 and the issuance of an operating license to tile Wisconsin Public Service Corporation for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant (Dochet Nlo. 50--305).Pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, and the Guidelines of the President's Council on Environmental Quality dated April 23, 1971., these conmments are directed to a review of the need for the facili[ics as concerns the adequacy and reliability of the affected bulk power systems and matters related thereto.In preparing these comments, the Federal Power Conmiission's Bureau of Power staff has considered the AEC Draft Environmental Statement; the Applicant's Environmental Report and Supplement thereto; related reports made in response to the Commission's Statement of Policy on Reliability and Adequacy of Electric Service (Order No. 383--2); and the FPC staff's analysis of these documents together with related information from other FPC reports. The staff of the Bureau of Power generally bases its evaluation; of the need for a specific bulk power facility upon long term considerations as well as the load supply situation for the peak load period inmmediately following the availability of the facility.Need for the Facility I The Kewaunee Nuclear Generating.

Station is owned jointly by three companies which comprise the Wisconsin Power Pool (WPP), the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPS), the Wisconsin Power and Light Company (WPL), and the Madison Gas and Electric Company (MGE). The pool was U established in 1967 to maximize efficiency of power production and dis-tribution for the participants.

The Wisconsin Public Service Corporation is acting on behalf of the three companies in all matters pertaining to the design, construction, and licensing of this facility.The following tabulation shows the electric system loads to be served by the Wisconsin Power Pool and thid Mid-America Interpool Network (MAIN') of which the pool is a member, and the relationship of the I E-15-2 Mr. Daniel R. Muller electrical output of the Kewaunee unit tO the available reserve capacities on the summer-pe' 1 hing pool's and summer peaking HAIN's systems at the time of the 1973 sumiver peak load. This is the anticipated initial service period of the new uni t, but the life of this unit is expected to be some 30 years or more, and it is expected to constitute a significant part of the pool's total generating capacity throughout that period. Therefore, the unit will be depended upon to supply power to meet future demands over a period of many year& beyond the initial service needs discussed in this report.Forecast 1973 Summcr Peak Load-Supply Situation Wisconsin Power Pool MAIN Conditions With Kewaunee Unit No. 1 (527 M awatts9 __Net Total Capability

-Megawu. ts Net Peak Load -Mcgawatts Reserve Margin -,legawatts Reserve Margin -Percent of Peak Load Conditions Without Kewaunee Unit No. 1 (527 Megawatts) 2,707 1,929 1/778 40.3 36,696 29,543 2/7,153 24.2 Net Total Capability

-Megawatts Net Peak Load -Megawatts Reserve Margin -Magawatts Reserve Margin -Percent of Peak Load Applicant's Stated Reserve Margin Needs Based on 15 Percent Criterion

-Megawatts Reserve Margin Deficiency

-Based on Applicant's Stated 15 Percent Criterion

-Megawatts 2,180 1,929 1/251 13.0 36,169 29,543 2/6,626 22.4.289 38 1/ Reduced by net firm purchases of 225 megawatts.

2/ Reduced by net firm purchases of 476 megawatts.

E-16-3 I Mr. Daniel R. Muller The Kewaunee unit is presently scheduled for commercial operation in March 1973. The availability of the unit for the 1973 summer peak load period would provide the pool an expected system reserve margin of 778 megawatts or 40.3 percent of peak load. Without the Kewaunee unit, the pool forecasts a system reserve margin of 251 megawatts or 13.0 percent of peak load. This represents a deficiency of 38 megawatts based on the pool's stated minimum reserve capacity considered necessary to insure system reliability.

The MAIN organization has not yet adopted a region-wide minimum reserve policy for itself or for its members; however,.

the3 Applicant states the Wisconsin Power Pool has found through experience, U a minimum reserve criterion of 15 percent of its maximum demand must be maintained to allow for scheduled as well as unscheduled outages and othel contingcncies.

The 15 percent reserve margin also satisfies the share ofI responsibility for reserves tentatively assigned to WPP to cover the possible loss of the largest generating unit in the MAIN organization.

The WPP's tabulated reserve margin for the 1973 summer peak period also includes the scheduled installation of five 50 MW gas turbine units and net firm purchases of 225 megawatts of capacity.

The pool has no additionz base-load units scheduled for commercial operation until the 500 megawattE fossil-fired Columbia Unit No. 1 in April 1975. 3 With the availability of the Kewaunee unit, the MAIN region forecastj a reserve margin of 7,153 megawatts or 24.2 percent of peak load .for the]1973 summer period.. Without the Kewaunee unit, MAIN's reserves are reduced to 6,626 megawatts or 22.4 percent of peak load. All of these reserves are vested in 13 large new generating units scheduled during the period January 1972 through June 1973. The units include seven fossi-fired units totaling 4,155 megawatts and six nuclear units totaling 4,546 megawatts,.which are tabulated below: Station Capability Type Dresden #3 .789 Nuclear Coffeen #2 600 Fossil Powerton #5 .840 Fossil Quad Cities #1 395 Nuclear Quad Cities #2 1,039 Nuclear Labadie #3 580 Fossil New Madrid #1 600 Fossil E. D. Edwards #3ý 350 Fossil Zion #1 1,039 Nuclear Point Beach #2 495 Nuclear Baldwin #2 605 Fossil Zion #2 1,039 Nuclear Labadie #4 580 Fossil I E-17-4-Mr. Daniel R. Muller The adequacy and reliability of the MAIN regional systems in meeting future loads is dependent upon the timely commercial operation of all the units scheduled in its current construction program. Current information indicates that delays are being experienced in bringing most large new generating units into commercial operation and this trend may continue for some time in the future.In view of possible construction and licensing delays, as well as the brief time for maturation of these units between their scheduled com-mercial service dates and the summer peak of 1973, the MAIN resources appear none too large.MAIN's primary function is to augment reliability of the member's bulk power systems through coordination of the member's expansion plans and coordinated operation of their generation and transmission facilities to provide short term emergency relief in the event of contingencies normally experienced on interconnected power systems. Regional reserves, however, are not a substitute for the firm power, base-load requirements of the members. In order to provide adequate reserves for the region, a proportionate reserve must be maintained by each system, based on its own load.Transmission Facilities The Applicant states the necessary transmission line additions required for the Kewaunee nuclear plant include a 56.2-mile long, 345-kilovolt transmission line which will deliver the output of the Kewaunee plant into the existing 345-kilovolt regional transmission grid and two 138-kilovo&t, 2.0-mile, transmission lines to tie into the local dis-tribution system.. The 345-kilovolt line will extend 5.6 miles from the Point Beach nuclear plant substation to the Kewaunee plant, where it will turn west for 50.6 miles and tie in with Wisconsin Electric Power Company's substation at North Appleton.The transmission lines predate recently issued federal guidelines; however, the Applicant states every effort has been made to lessenthe environmental and visual impact of the transmission tower structures in accordance with existing company policies.

No detailed information was reported, therefore the staff of the Bureau of Power cannot comment on the designadequacy of the Applicant's transmission systems, or the resulting impact on the environment.

E-18-5 -Mr. Daniel R. Muller Alternatives and Coqts The Applicant, in determining the need for additional generation to meet its projected denmads, considered a number of alternatives including

• location, type (basw.load and peaking), fu1el (nuclear, coal, oil, or gas), purchase of power, evironmecn.tal effects and economics.

The final decisio rested between a base-load nuclear-fueled pljnlt and a base-lead coal-fired plant. In making tihe economic comparison, the Applicant original].y estibated 1.972-S total annua] costs, in-clu.ding operatLng costs and annual carrying chalgcs on investment, of 5.25 mills per kilow.att-hour for a nuclear plant. Current projections of similar costs show estimates of 8.1.2 mills per kilowatt hour for a coal plant and 8.15 mills per kilowatt hour for a nuclear plant. Io.ever, if the committed costs of the Kewaunee project, of $132,000,000, waCre to be added to a replacemcnt coal plant, I the resulting cost of energy would be increased to 13.46 mills per kilowatt hour.The staff of the Bureau of Power finds, these costs within the range of similar costs reported by the industry.Conclusions The staff of the Bureau of Power concludes that the electric power output represented by the Kewaunee unit is needed to implement the Applicant's and NA"X's generation expansion programs for meeting projected loads and to provide a reasonable measure of reserve margin capacity for the 1973 summer peak period, particularly.in view of the very large amounti of other new. capacity which must be in operation in I-AIN's system on schedule if the forecast capacity margin is to be met.Very truly yours, I Chief, Bureau of Power I I I I E519s30o ENVIRONM!ENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON.

D.C. 20460 SEP 2 2 1972 Mr. L. Manning Muntzing.Director of Regulation 2" U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D.C. 20545 c J

Dear Mr. Muntzing:

The Environmental Protection Agency has reviewed the draft environmental statement for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, and we are pleased to provide our comments.In our opinion, it may not. be possible to operate the Kewaunee plant at full power using the once-through cooling system and avoid significant damage to aquatic biota. We rocor-r.end, therefore, that the applicant initiate steps appropriate to assure that the plant facilities and operation will be in accordance with the Lake Michicjan Enforcement Conference recommendations and that no significant adverse effect on water quality or aquatic biota will occur.According to our review of the gaseous effluent control systems provided in the Kewaunee plant, all significant normal gaseous effluent release points are provided with iodine treatment systems. Thus, the iodine releases from Kewaunee should be "as low as practicable." However, the draft statement includes an estimate of 45 millirem/year as a potential thyroid dose to a child. This estimate appears to be excessive and is high because credit was not taken for the capa-bility to treat the condenser steam jet air ejector and blowdown tank vent exhausts.

The final statement should provide the criteria for utilizing these effluent treat-ment systems. Because of the nearby dairies, we encourage the applicant to utilize the available iodine control systems in a manner to minimize releases of radioiodines to the environment.

E- 20 2 The draft statement does not include an assessment of: (1) potential thyroid doses resulting from possible future use of part of the plant property as pasture, (2) potential thyroid dose consequences of atmospheric steam dumping, or (3) the combined environmental impact I of radioiodine discharges from the Kewaunee and Point Beach nuclear plants. We believe that these points should be addressed in the final statement, and an evalua- I tion of potential dose consequences to the population should be presented.

We will be pleased to discuss our comments with you or members of your staff.Sincerely, Sheldon Meyers Director Office of Federal Activities Enclosure I E-21 EPAfil-AEC*-COO63ý-26 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Washington, D.C. 20460 September 1972 EN-VIROA rENTAL 11,2)ACT STATE=:zNT CO:,-UE'4TS Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRZODUCTIYON AND CO'"CiUSIONS 1-ICA, -A * ,SPF I-0..PRADIOLO.GICAL ASPECTSL 2 Radioactive WasLe Managenn!nt Systems 2 Dose Assessment 5.1 r'fl;rY~E~i>tiýC t.() ACC c13ntS 7 NON--1AIJIOLOCICAL ASPECTS 9 Thermal Effects 9 Biological Effects 11 Chemical Impact on Biota 13 Monitoring and Surveillance 15 ADDITIONKAL COIMMENTS 16 APPENDIX A 19 I E-22 I INTRODUCTION AND CONCLUSIONS I The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reviewed the draft environmental statement for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant prepared by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and issued on July 21, 1972. Following are our major conclusions:

1. In order to provide protection for the aquatic environment of Lake Michigan, we suggest that the I applicant initiate steps appropriate to assure that the Kewaunee plant facilities and operation will be in accordance with the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference recommendations and that no significant I adverse effect on water quality or aquatic biota will occur.2. Analysis of available information indicates that it may not be possible for the Kewaunee plant using the once-through cooling system to operate at full power and, at all times, comply with the thermal criteria of 1000 ft -31F as specified in the con-ference report. The final statement should indicate how compliance is to be accomplished.

3. The most significant radiological consequence from normal operation of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power I Plant is expected to be the potential thyroid doses from ingestion of 1311 via milk. The final state-ment should provide clarification of: (1) the criteria for use of the iodine control systems, (2) the potential 1311 discharges during transients which result in steam dumps to the atmosphere, and (3) the applicant's plans for returning the site property to agricultural use.4. Liquid radioactive waste management systems may I be capable of treating effluents to levels that can be considered "as low as practicable." However, final determination is not possible since the I turbine building sources have not been addressed in either the draft statement or the FSAR.I RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS E-23 R

.. .-aste .! ...........

.vs.te.The radioactive waste tiana-ement systems provided for the Kewaunee Nuclear Pow-er Plant appear to be representative of present waste treatment technology and industry practices, except for the liquid ..aste system evaporator, which has a smaller capacity than evaporators at many o!t-rc pressurized water reactors (PWTR's).Nevertheless, it is expected that the Kewaunee effluents can be adequately treated to meet proposed guidelines of Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. Furthermore, the releases may be consistent with the philosophy of "as low.,, as practicable"-if the waste treatment providd ý,ý u'eJ in a "- ..hich is co'nsistcnt with the coarmitment given in rafL" stat-eent. "The releases.. .will conform to the U.S.A.E.C.

requirements thaL they be 'as low as practicable, that.. .if possible, be lower than spcecified limits, and that the result-ing doses to people. ..will be well within an acceptable range." The final statement should provide the applicant's criteria to implement this coninitment.

The Kewaunee ventilation control systems appear capable of maintaining the discharge of 131I to levels consistent with the philosophy of "as low as practicable." Nevertheless, the AEC estimated that 0.59 curies of 131 would be discharged annually -C mainly from the condenser steam jet air ejetor and the blowdown tank vent. The draft statement also indicates that this discharge of 131I could reslut in thyroid doses which exceed the guidelines of Appendix I. }low.ever, in the draft state"ent the A-C did not give consideration to the exteuIt of iodine control provided by E-24 available plant systems i.e., (1) routing of the blowdown.tank vent discharge to the condenser, (2) routing of the condenser air ejector discharge through the Auxiliary Building Special Ventilation System (ABSVS), and (3) troati:ment of -he auxiliary building exhaust by the ABSVS.The abi].iiy to minimize the iodine discharges from KewTaunee is imperative since there are dairy herds very near the plant, and some herds possibly may be alloeu.ed on the site property.

Therefore, the final statement should: (1) present clarification of the applicant's commaitments to use the various means available to minimize discharge of radioiodine, (2) present the applicant's criteria for using the available systems, and (3) provide a discussion of criteria the AEC will use for gaseous effluent limits to assure that "as low as practicable" levals result.In their evaluation of the expected plant effluents, the AEC did not comment on the applicant's estimate of an annual discharge of 52 curies of 131I from atmospheric steam dumps (Appendix A to the draft statement).

Since this estimated source of 131I discharge is two orders of magnitude greater that the 131I release estimated by the AEC in the draft statement and could result in thyroid doses that may exceed Appendix I guidelines, the AEC should discuss the reasons why they did not address steam dumping in the draft statement.

We note that the proposed Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 and the present regula-tions (10 CFR Part 50.36a) indicate that "...discharges.. .during normal reactor operations, including expected operational occurrences...." apply to discharge and dose limits established for the station. The finrl sta-teent should include.:

(1) a detailed discussion and evaluation E-25 of this 'source of iodine discharge, (2) its environmental impact, and (3) a discussion of the relationship of radionuclide discharges from anticipated operational occurrences to "as low as practicable" concepts.As we noted previously, the evaDorator in the liquid waste treatment system has a smaller capacity than do evaporators in many other nuclear plants. However, because plant wýastes are segregated and the steam generator biow.;down treatment systemi.1 can be used for treating liquid wastes, the liquid waste systems may be sufficient to control liquid radioactive effluents to levels which can be considered"as loC, as pract.icable" However, the draft stateaent and FSAR have not evaluated the potential leakage of radioactive liquids from the secondary coolant system. Based on .liit-ad data from Operating PWR's, this ay bc of a vcJlue ce?.parnbje tn that discharged via steam generator blowdown.

Since this leakage is not addressed in the draft stateirenL or in the FSAR, it is not clear if it is to be rionitored or if it can be treated. Thus, firm conclusions cannot be reached as to the adequacy of the liquid waste management system to provide "as low as practicoble" ;discharges.

Therefore, the final statemant should include: (1) an evaluation of the volume of anticipated secondary system leakage, (2) an estimate of the concentrations of radionuclides in the leakage, and (3) an evaluation of the waste treatment system capability to process this waste. Furthermore, it should include a sumimary of the technical specifications covering *the liquid waste discharges.

E-26 Dose Assessment The most significant dose consequences that are expected to occur as a result of the operation of the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant are the potential thyroid doSS. The draft statemnent estimiated that daily cons, mption of irilk from the nearest dairy (1,300 meters north) could result in a 45 milliren/year (mrem/yr) thyroid dose to a child. According to the draft state-ent, the applicant.

plans to retu.In much of the on-site planst property to agricultural use after the plant cori.iences operation.

If this property is used for pasture, the potential thyroid doses m bey he. .ven grC-eater t-n lrn-ýest..ated in the draft statement.

Furthermore, the estimated doses apparently do not include the dose from the 52 curies of 131I discharged an _nu- lv as c.i-T,.ited by the p-r ...stan. s to the sT.sp-here.According to the draft statement, if a child drank milk from a"pooled" source made up of all the milk produced within 50 miles, the thyroid doses could be 0.19 mrem/yr. , While we realize that there are no regional siting or close criteria which might relate to operation of multiple reactors in a region, we believe that the final state-ment should include an evaluation of the environmental effects from both the Kewaunee and Point Beach nuclear power plant effluents.Since a large part of the plant exlusion area extends into Lake Michigan, the potential whole body dose consequences frcm discharges of radioactive gaseous wastes will. be higher within the exclusion area that those calculated at the periphery of the.exclwSion area wicre "as low as. practi(c-.7bl.e cr iteria are applicable.

Since access to tlhi.n area of the -! is uncon l E-27 sta::emrent should describe how compliance with Appendix I guidelines in the area will be demonstrated.

Although thie proposed guidelines of Aypendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 and tho roene:se limits of 10 Cia Part 20 do not apply to radiation doses froom direct shine from facility components, we believe that these potential radiation doses should he evaluated in asscLSai the environmental impact of nucleair p.al.n" opurat-ion.

The final statement should evaluate potential direct shine doses to persons at the nearest residenca, at the critical bound-ry "fence post", and at the nearest shore of Lake Michigan.

Details of the analysis, such as location of sources, source source strength and mechanisms to contro. sourco Y tren',,-h, .sh1ould l e ore.eroted in the final statement.

-it E-28 Traisportationand Reactor Accidents In its review of nuclear p ....er plants,. EPA has identifieda need for additional information on two types of accidents which could result in radiation exposure to the public: (1) those involving transportation of spent fuel and radioactive wastes and (2) in-plant accidents.

Since these accidents are common to all nuclear power plants, the environmnental risk for each type of accident is amenable to a general analysis.

Although the AEC has done considerable work for a number of years on the safety aspects of such accidents, we believe that a thorough analysis of the probabilities of occurrence and the expected consequences of such accidents would result in a enr'-s oL.'-uu a less-detailed examination of thc qucstLicns on a case-by-caý;

basis. For this reason we have reached an understanding with the AEC that they will conduct such analyses with EPA participation concurrent with review of impact statements for individual facilities and will make the results available in the near future. We are taking this approach primarily because we believe that any changes in equipment or operating pro-cedures for individual plants required as a result of the investi-gations could be included without appreciable change in the overall plant dcsi.gn. If major redesign of the plants to include engineering changes were expected or if an iwiaediate public or environmental risk were being taken while these two issues were being resolved, we would, of course, make our concerns known.

E- 29 Theo tatcment concludes

"...thit..

the environmental risks due to postulated radiological accidents are exceedingly small." This concluuion is based on the stmndard accident assump-tions and guidance issued by the AEC for light--water-cooled reactors as a proposed amenmncrit to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50 on Decerrber 1, 1971. EPA commented on this proposed amendment in a letter to the Commission on January 13, 1972. These comments essentially raised the necessity for a detailed discussion of the technical bases of the assumptions involved in detcrmnainig the various classes of accidents and expected consequences.

We believe that the general analysis mentioned above.... e tq'n be dr.....qa&

to uolohe pis tht heAE will apply],.h U rslt pcs italits lic..... .... 11 iy the re-su~lts to all. I ...........

faZcilities-.

E- 30-T', A DI0L0GICAL ASPECTS Thernal 1ffects The Iewaunee plant employs a once-tCrough cooling system with a submerged intake structure and a shoreline dis charge structure.

Its e-:pected thernaal discharge characteristics appear to ncet applicable Federal-State water quality standards.

These standards, approvad by the Federal Cover.r.ent in 1967, allow,. cooling wnater discharge temperatures as high as 890 F without -,i::in- zone specifications.

While tem-v)erature over 68* F is considered detrimental to the growth and r.nigration routes of certain of the area's sal-m4onids such as coho salmon and trout, the Applicant's permit authorizes the plant to discharge heated water un to 860 F.Different.

thermal standards for the protection of iiota of La,.e 1i chin were reco...-men'ded at the Lake.[ichig.n inforce:.ent Conference.

(`-::C) w.ich convened on several occasions betn7aeen .Larch 31, 1370 and Mýarch 25, 1971 (recOb1mendations arc attached in Appendi:c A)The design and operation of this facility was reviewed and evaluated in conjunction with th;ese reco;.1ncndations.

E-31 It appears that the LMEC requirements will not be met by Kewaunee for the following reasons: 1) The 3 0 F isotherm may extend approximately 7000 feet from the discharge structure and may, therefore, exceed the "1,000 feet from a fixed point adjacent to the discharge" recommendation of the Conference.

2) The plumes from the Kewaunee and Point Beach plants may overlap.3) The intake structure is located within an area that may be affected by the thermal discharge.

In our opinion, closed-cycle cooling would eliminate these problems.Thus, we recommend that the final statement indicate the means by which these potential problems will be resolved and describe the steps that will be taken to assure that the Kewaunee plant facilities and operation will be in accordance with the recommendations of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference.

E-32 Biolorgica'l ,Effects Since yellow perch have been identified in the area of the plant site and are important in the Lak-e ilichi gan ecologyS, the final.statement should discuss the potential effects of the therrmal pluIme on the spawning success of yellow perch attracted to it during the winter. These fish require a winter chill period to initiate gonadal dleveloprient.

This chill period nay not be met if they remain in the plume area for extended periods. To date, investigations by the Applicant -show no evidence oT any nursery areas in the vicinity of the plant. There isP however, the possibility that the investigations are not complete or that the spawning area and thermal plume area nay overlap at some later date.The statement indicates .that the spring thermal barrier tends to inhibit mixing Setween the open lake and the nut-rient-rich, inshore waters. The effect of this spring thermal barrier on the thermal plume heating of the trapped inshore water with possible increase in green and bluegreen algae growth should. be addressed in the final statement.

The overall stress on the aquatic environment in the region of the 1ewaunee plant should be evaluated in the light of the plant's contribution to the cumulative 12 3 E-33 3 biotic stresses from all sources in this part of the lake. Other biotic stress may include: (1) unicipal I sewage treatment plants whilich dischargýe treated 3 wastewIater into the lake fro ma the comm:-nunities of Al-ona, Casco, iewaunee, and Lux"zb urg, (2) Small I vilJ.ages in the vicinity which rely on private, single-'fam'ily sewage disposal acalns, (3) Dairy plants, which-furnish the principal industrial Was3tetwater sources.3 sources contribute varying ai-ounts of organic.material to the Lake. This encouragement to U eutrophication coul' be furt'er assis'ted b'y-the water of the thermal plume.In addition to the bubble curtain which is 3 incorporated in the plant design, fish entrainment at the cooling water intake may be further reduced by 3 adding an electric probe system. This is suggested because the effectiveness of 'a bubble curtain as a deterreht is limited by many. variables such as currents, fish variety, turbidity, etc.

E-34 3 Chemical !-pact on Jiota Sanitary wastes will be given secondary treatment 910-O gal/day* capacity) and discharged in snail3 quantity; chemicals in service water will be discharged in very dilute concentrations.

Therefore, applicable 3

water quality standards will probably be net.The evaluation of the discharges of pollutants, especially dissolved solids and comnpounds of phosphorus 3 (plant nutrients) should take long-term effects into consideration.

During, periods of peak demand, 3 ap ....- i25,100 gallons of spent regenerating solution will be neutralized and discharged (100 gail/nin) to the lake every other tay via the cooling 3 system. This solution will contain an estimated 8000 1of total dissolved solids per disciharge.

One I of the ioost important effects of these waste discharges will be their contribution to buildup of dissolved solid concentrations in Lahe 1.!ichigan over a long period of time. Thfis effect is caused by the very large volume of the lake in relation to the total inflow to the lake. It takes about "i00 years to excaange the water in Lake fichigan, and each increvent of pollution therefore adds to that already present.11istorically, the concentrations of dissolved solids in Lake iiichigan have increased continuously.

The final D--35 statement should consider such long-term effects of dissolved solids on the environment as well as alternative means of disposal.The applicant does not yet know if chlorine will be added to the circulating water to prevent fouling. If it is found necessary to use chlorine, it will be in the form of sodium hypochlorite.

In order to insure that the residual chlorine level of the receiving water be kept below that which EPA believes would be detrimental to the aquatic life of the plant area, the following is recominended:

for inte-rmittent discharges, the r*2ý';dual chlorine in the receiving' water should not exceed 0.1 rig/liter for 30 minutes per day or should not ex:ceed 0.05 mg/liter for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day. The residual chlorine level of the receiving water may be monitored by the amperorietric titration method. This is one of the most accurate methods for deter!-.inin' the quantity of free orcombined, available chlorine.

The applicai~t should consider the use of mechanical cleanin" devices to elimiinate the need for chlorine with its possibly long terrn to:xic effect.

E-36 flonitoring and Surveillance A monitoring program should be developed to measure the effect of the plant's waste discharge on the long-term increase of pollutant in the lake, especially dissolved solids.A program for monitoring fish migration before and after startup and during. shutdown should be conducted.

According to the statement

Imaturing coho salmon are known to migrate near the plant site.

I E-37 36 COh L'NTS During the review we noted in certain instances that the draft statechent does not present sufficient infor-mation to substantiate the conclusions presanted.

We recognize that: much of this information is not of major importance in evaluating the environmontal impact of the 3 Ke.waunee Nuclear Power Plant. The cumulative effects, however, could be significant.

1t would, therefore, be helpful in deter-mining the impact of the plant if the following information weare included in the final statement:

I1. The shoreline of the plant site is subject to erosion, but 3 the statement makes no mention of any efforts to control erosion.A properly monitored erosion control program should be instituted, and discussed in the final statcmant.

2. A discussion of (I) the ty:.c!s of hazardous liquids which are used a" the site, (2) the control measures :includcd for the protection of Lake Michigan from these liquids, and (3) the consequences to Lake Michigan of accidents involving these materials, should be included in the final statement.

3. The draft statement indicates that the plant's discharge structures are subject to sedimentation.

Plans for offsetting such sedimentation should be discussed in the final statement.

4. Sanitary waste treatment is stated to include aerobic, digestion with settling followed by chlorination and a polishing pond. This is not a clear discription.

The tcria "aerobic digestion" probably refers to a tank aeration unit but does not cli.rdminate the possibility of a lagoon with no Shid-,e return.Thi.s scwage treatn!:-nt facility was dresigned for 9,000 gallons U E- 3817'per day. This should be adequat:e for a work force of approximately U 100, along with visitors to the site. The type of sanitary waste-water treatment should be clarified and assurance should be given that the plant is approved by the state.5. Although the sewage treatment plant treats, a very small amc rnt of waste, the discu.... , hld... Tnclude the maethod of sludge dispt'a. U and the plant efficiency.

Since the plant has been in operation 3 for some time, such informa-tion should be available.

6. The annual average atmospheric dilution factors as a function of direction should be given.7. An analysis of the potential effects of accidents which will release non--raciojactive volatile mracurials su-.uldi b r n3 including:

(1) types: a-r` .i.an-:t.ties of ..at.ria.ls, (2) the probabilit.es of acciduens, af! d (3) tbie envi:onm.ntal ijiq)aceL.

8. A description should be given of the numbers and kinds of emergency boilers, space heat-ing equipment.

and diesel generators, including the capacity, fuel type, fuel sulfur content, and annu~l use rate. (All such equipeent should conform to local and state requir.ements for fuel use, storage, and emission controls.)

9. It" is not. clear why some solid refuse is to be buried on-site, while other refuse is transported off-site for burial. This should be clarified in the final statement. (Any landfill operation employed should meet state and. Federal regulations and should be state lcensed.)

Also, it is not clear whether the landfills mantionimcd on page 111-33 and page IV-I of the E- 39 18 draft statement are the same; this should be clarified in the final statcenent.

10. The final statement should include a discussion of noise abatement measures to be used during the remnaining construction activities and plant operation.

E-40 Appendix A 19 I for w India Agenc cxcmp Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference Recommendations The approved recommendations of the Conference are as follows: In order to protect Lake Michigan, the following controls ,,aste heat discharges are concurred in by the Conferees representingM4ichigan, Wisconsin, and the U.S. Environmental Protection 1y. Municipal]

waste and water treatment plants, and vessels are)ted from the recommendations.

I. Applicable to all was-e heat discharges except as noted I I I I I above: 1. At any time; and at a maximum distance of 1i000 feet from a fixed point adjacent to the discharge, (agreed upon by the state and Federal regulatory agencies), the receiving water temperature shall not be more than 3*F above the existing natural Lemperature r, or shal.l the maximum temperature exceed those listed below, whichever is lco'wer: Surface 3 feet January 45 February.

..45 March 45 April. 55 May 60 June 70 July 80 August '80 September 80 October 65 November 60 December 50 2. Water intake shallbe designed and located to minimize entrainment and damage to desirable aquatic organisms.

Requirements may vary depending upon local situations but, in general, intakes I I I I I I I E-41 are to have minimum water velocity, shall not be influenced by warmer discharge waters, and shallnot be in spawning or nursery areas of important fishes. 1.0ater velocity at screens and other exclusion devices shall also be at a minimum.3. Discharge shall be such that geographic areas affected by thermal plum:ýs do not overlap or intersect.

Plumes shall not affect fish spawning and nursery areas nor touch the lake bottom.4. Each discharger shall complct& preliminary plans for appropriate facilities by December 31, 1971, final plans by June 30, 1972, and place such facilities in operation .by December 31, 1973. However, in cases xAchre naturalrc!aft:

to.:cos are nec-dcd, this date shall be December 31, 1974.5. All facilities discharging more than a daily average of, 0.5 billion BTU/hour of w, aste heat shall continuously record intake and discharge temperature and flow, and make those records available to regulatory agencies upon request.UI. Applicable to all new waste heat discharges exceeding a daily baverage of 1/2 billion BTU/hour, except as noted above, which have not begun ope-ration as of Harch 1, 1971, and which plan to use Lake Michigan waters for cooling: 1. Cooling water discharges shall be limited to that amount essential for blowdown in the operation of a closed-cycle cooling facility., 2. Plants not in operation as of ilarch 1, 1.971, will be allowed to go into&operation provided they are committed to a closed-cycle cooling system construction schedule azproved by the state regulatory agency and EPA.

I E-42 21 1 In all cases, construction of closed-cycle systems and I associated intake and discharge facilities shall be completed by December 31, 1974, for facilities utilizing natural draft. towers and December 31, 1973, for all other Lypes of closed-cycle systems.III. The statc:s agrca t,; file with EPA within six months a plant-by-plant prcgram identifying corrective actions for the modificatie of intake facilities, including pow.er plants, municipal, and industrial users, to minimize the entrainment and damage to desirable aquatic organisms.

IV. The Conferees agree that there should not be a proliferation of new power pl.;-,nts on La]e M' " ch n .d that in addition to the above controls, limitations should be placed on large-volume.heated I wavrter i by recuirinz cionc-.ed-cvcle coolin- systems, using cooling towers or alternative cooling on all- new power plants. I I I I I I I I I E-4 3 State of Wisconsin

\ DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES L. P. Voigt Secretary BOX 450 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701 September 25, 1972 IN REPLY REFER TO: 1600 Mr. Daniel R. Muller, Assistant Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing U.S. Atomic Energy Commission i, Washington, D.C. 20545'S;ii EP 2gg7 b

Dear Mr. Muller:

I j/Re: Docket 50-305 We have reviewed the draft Environmental Statement for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant of the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation

-Docket No. 50-305.This statement appears to contain a reasonable and accurate appraisal of the actual and potential effects of this facility on the environment.

We support the recommendations in the Environmental Statement that the issuance of an operating license for the facility be subject to: (a) the development of a more comprehensive biological monitoring program; (b) an increased hydrological monitoring program; and (c) an increased and augmented radiological monitoring program. Our Department has reviewed the specific environmental study proposal with members of the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation and Bio-Test Laborator-ies and found it to be acceptable.

Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on this Environmental State-ment.Very truly yours, Bureau of Environmental Impact C. D. Besadny Director CDB:ml THIS IS Inlnf% RECYrI Fn, PA:Fr E-4.4 WISCONSIN PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATION 7§ 9 P.O. Box 1200, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305 October 3, 1972 Mr. R. C. DeYoung, Assistant Director for Pressurized Water Reactors Directorate of Licensing U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Subject:

Submittal of Comments to the Draft Environmental Statement for the Kewiunee Nuclear Power Plant I I I I I I I I I AEC Docket 50-305 Pursuant to your letter of July 20,.1972, which transmitted the Draft Environmental Statement related to the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, we submit herewith, three copies of our comments to the Draft Environmental Statement.

Very truly yours, E. W. Jam or Vice President Power Generation and Engineering EWJ:mem E-45 WPS COIMENTS TO DRAFT ENViRO0MZIENTAL STATEMENT ISSUED JULY, 1972 BY THE U S ATOMIC ENERGY COM'ISSION DIRECTORATE OF LICENSING.omrment No.Ref. Page, Figure, Table Remarks I 2 3 4 5 Page 11-24 Page 111-23 Figure 111-13 Figure 111-14 Page Ii-26 Page 111-30 Page 111-30 Figure 111-15 Page 111-32 Page 111-33 6 Last paragraph

-Analysis of surface wells mineral content have shown values of 840 ppm rather than 330 ppm.WPS has agreed to modify the steam.generator blowdown treatment vent to vent to the condenser instead of venting to atmosphere.

See attached-Figure 111-14 indicating flow paths.Top of page -Last sentence change to: "Alternatively, the bottoms can be sent directly to waste solidification for processing." Item 2, secondary coolant, boiler blowdown of coolant containing chemicals are discharged directly to the lake by way of the circulating water and are not routed to the neutralizing tank.WPS has modified the make-up water system.(See attached -Service Water Pretreatment System.)See attached Figure 111-15 indicating changes.First paragraph

-Change volume of neutralizing tank from 25,100 gallons to 19,000 gallons.Last paragraph

-Change last sentence to read: "Assuming that the 9000 gpm of raw water for the sanitary supply will be well water witha hardness of 840 ppm, the hardness of the circulating water discharge will be increased by 0.3 ppm (as CaCO 3)during the addition of the softener regeneration waste." Hiscellaneous non-radioactive solid waste will not be put into a hydraulic baler but removed by a local waste handling firm to a certified land fill area off-site.7 8 9 E-46-2-I I I Comment No.Ref. Pape, Figure, Table Remarks 10 Page 111-34 11 Page IV-I Diesel generator rating is 2600 KW at 0.8 pf for continuous operation and 3050 Kw overload rating for 30 minutes.First paragraph

-All residences have been removed, the log cabin will be retained, a new building will be erected to serve as the Emergency Control Cente Third paragraph A minor alteration in land use is being made. This consis of taking land fill area and using .a portion of this area for the service water pre-treatment settling basins. I Refer to Figure 11.1-2 attached.Change the following dates on the table Reactor Coolant Cold Hydro -November,l1 Hot Functional Test Start.- January, 197 Fuel Loading -March 1973 Commercial Operation

-September, 1973 12 Table IV-I 13 Page IV-3 Second paragraph under 2. Water: The mineral content of the well water increased in hardness to a level above 800 ppm (See -comr.:ent 1). For that reason, future water requirements will be from Lake Michigail, except that sanitary and drinking water will be supplied from the wells.B. Water and Air Use -Last sentence, first paragraph

-Comment 13 applies.Il I I 11 14 15 Page V-4 Page V-9 4.. Hydrological Monitoring Program -This program has been greatly expanded *and_ approved by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

16 17 Page V--33, Table V-6 Page V-44 Appendix A Table A-1 Sampling station K-3 has been changed to St. Mary's Church, Tisch Mills.I 3. Transport of Solid Radioactive Wastee First sentence should read as follows : I"Spent resins, waste evaporator bottoms and some process liquids will be dewate concentrated, and solidified, with othej radioactive solid wastes, loaded into containers for shipment and disposed." WPS does not intend to ship liquids.18 The Draft Environmental Statement was based on the FS.AR through Amendment 13 (See 'Page xvii.) Amendment 18 revised this table which annears in Section 11 I I E-4 7 Comment No.Ref. Pai-'e. Fiture Table Remarks 19 20 Page 11-43 Page 11-43 Page 11-43 Page 11-44 Page 11-44 21 22 23.Last sentence, first paragraph

-"The fact that the phytoplankton...

...quality in the lake (29,30)." It is recommended this statement be deleted without a definite source of study to show proof.Third paragraph, third sentence -The statement as written is a misinter-pretation of Stoermer's work.Reference (27) should be (37).Fourth sentence -The statement as noted is questionable and a source should be given to verify the statement.

Fourth paragraph

-Delete 59 species;a larger number of species nas been found, Delete species Asterionella formosa, Melosira sp. i and Frailaria sn.since these were not determined by the millipore filter and Lackey scan technicue.

Statement at top of page should be in periphyton section.(2) Bacteria -3rd paragraph

-Reference (45) appears to be incorrect.

4th paragraph

-keference should be given as to where further discussion of (ewaurne-plant sanitary system can be found.(3) Perinhvton

-This is not plankton and should not be in this section.Suggest this section be grouped as folous: a. General b.. Plankton c. Periphyton

d. Benthos e. Fish First line -End sentence after ",.species." Delete "F. vaucheriae was the most abundant, followed by F. pinnat;e (19)." This appears completely out of context and serves no purpose.c. Benthos -A specific reference should be given for the survey done in i964-i965.

Tlhe data in the table is not complete;therefore, very misleading.

The table should be co-mpleted or deleted. Suggest that reference (33) be added to (4)Zooplankton, Page 11-45 and delete this table.24 Page 11-45 25 Page li-46 Table 11-15 U I I E-48-4-Comment No.Ref. Page, Figure, Table Remarks.26 Table 11-16 Page 11-47 27 28 29 Page 11-47 Page 11-48 Change Lumbricidae to Lumbriculidae.

Change (flies) to (midges>.

Delete Amicolidae (gastropods).

Add oligochaeta to worms.First paragraph

-The sentence beginning with "Most of the samples taken in this survey were under deeper offshore waters.,...etc." is not consistent with the last sentence which states one sampling station was in the deeper water off Keitaunee.

Second paragraph

-We suggest deletion of,"any heavy erosion" in the first sentence.We question reference cited (31) in line 4.We suggest rewording of third sentence from "The majority of all" to "Many of the" Last paragraph, last sentence -This, sentence is inconsistent with statement in second paragraph, Page 111-9.First paragraph

-Coregonids, smelt and alewives are mostly plankton feeders.The last sentence is not true for rainbow trout and brown trout.d. Fish -The data here is good but appears to be contradictory with data under Fish in Section V.Second paragraph

-Under (1), the statement"The commercial fishing industry of the lake collapsed following the opening of the Welland Canal." This is misleading and appears as if the collapse was immediate, where as in fact the collapse took place many years after the canal -was opened.We suggest Item (3) be deleted since there is no docutientation cited. The same species in other river systems draining into Lake Michigan as in the Mississippi River. Item (4) Sunfish is not considered an exotic fish.Reference 31 should be deleted or expanded to indicate whose. When were observations made? cf 11-47.Second paragraph

-The 1.000 acres is not consistent with Page 11-47, (250acres) and the 254 acres listed in (i) below on Page 111-9.11 11 I U i I I I 30 31 Page 11-49 Page 11-50 Page 11-53 Page- 111-9'I 32 33 I Comment No. Ref. Page, Figure, Table Remarks.34 Page V-9 First line -We suggest adding "at certain seasons" after "attracted".

35 Page V-13 First paragraph, last three sentences

-Small fish are lumped in with "low mortality.".

Mechanical damage to small fish is likely; the character of pressure change in the plant system will determine much about survival.

Few fishxeggs (free floating) are expected in area.We suggest deletion of last half of last sentence.

End sentence after"zooplankton".

Second paragraph

-(2) "many of the species have short generation times....etc." This is true of phytoplankton but not true of zooplankton or fish larvae.b. Fish Eggs and Larvae -A reference should be given for second sentence;conclusion may be in error. Species that might spasun in this area would be smelt and alewives.

Uhether perch use the area to spawn is questior.able and unconfirx.ad at present. It is probably too shallow for lake trout, although gravid adults appear in collection at 15 feet made by our consultant; it is much too shallow for bloater chubs, which ordinarily spawn deeper than 100 feet. No streams of consequence are nearby for brown and rainbow trout runs or that have been used for coho or chinook imprinting.

We will have better information when all of the pumping information is in for this year from the monitoring program. jILere probably would be some mortality of alewife, smelt, sculpin, and notropis spp. larvae due to entrainment in the intake water, but nothing of significance to the local populations.

36 V-14 First paragraph

-A reference should be given for the Wisconsin DNR study.37 V-18 First paragraph, second line -We suggest adding "at certain seasons" after"attracted".

Last sentence -"little natural spawiig" is a blanket statement.

Alewives, smelt, and several minnow species undoubtedly do spawn in this area, as they spawn along much of the beach area in this area.

E-50 3-6-Comment No. Ref. Page, Figure, Table Remarks I 37 V-18 (Cont'd) Second paragraph

-Wisconsin DNR reports (Cont'd) should be referenced.

Third paragraph, last sentence -Our consultant's observations have been that 3 lake trout are found in 15 feet of water throughout the sampling periods. Cisco should probably be changed to bloater chub. U 38 V-19 First paragraph, seventh line -We suggest 3 deletion of "bloater".

They spawn in much deeper water.Second paragraph, first line -"Most" should be changed to "Many" and add"at certain times of the year" to end of sentence.

3 Eighth Line -Suggest changing "still rem-,ain" to "may remain". 3 Fourteenth line -Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories data for 1971 contains information on feeding habits of some species of sport fishes in the Kewaunee sampling area.Last part of paragraph The discussion I relating to feeding temperatures and food conversion is too generalized and from the low temperatures listed it appears to be referring to cold water fish only.This paragraph we believe is open to questioning and should be deleted or rewritten.

39 V-19 Third paragraph

-Reference to fish diseases in plumes as it refers to Lake i Michigan is undocumented to our knowledge.

40 V-20 Top of page -We believe the connection with browm trout fungus and thermal discharges is unwarranted in light of the lack of knowledge of this disease.Fourth paragraph under (2) -Motile, sessile and non-motile forms are not fsh.Fish are capable. of moving rather rapidly with a shift in direction of a thermal plume.

_E751 I ,4imnent No.341 Remarks Ref. Pape, Figure, Table V-21 42 43 V-22 V-2 3 First paragraph, fourth line -Reference should be cited.Second paragraph

-First sentence appears to be contradictory with third sentence.Yellow perch are occasionally abundant -a seasonal occurrence.

Third paragraph

-Alewives are not con-sidered migratory.

Salmon have not been taken in any numbers during the WPS sampling, which would indicate that significant "migration" is lacking in this area.Second paragraph, last sentence -Duluth EPA has reported a 0.001 mg/i a critical level to certain invertebrate organisms.

First paragraph, next to last sentence -This statement appears inconsistent with statement on pages V-7 and V-3. Is 0.02 ppm a critical value?Second paragraph

-The sampling schedule listed was for 1971 and does not necessarily apply to current schedule.The sampling program has been improved to the extent that two sampling stations have been added; types of samples taken by frequency and location has been expanded;All types and frequency of sampling and analysis have been increased.

44 V-2 6 45 Figure V-3 Table V-6 Table V-7 Table V-8 I E-5 2 3 Service Water Pre-Treatment System I A threefold increase in mineral content in the two wells 3 supplying water to the makeup system resulted in a reduction in efficiency of the demineralizer units and an increase in the amount of chemical regenerants discharged to the circulating water. This increase in mineral content resulted in modifying the makeup. water system by the addition of a pre-treatment system using lake water instead of well water. 3 The wells will no longer be used for makeup water; instead lake water will be used. A pre-treatment system is being installed.

The lake water will enter a flocculator/clarifier, at this point coagulating chemicals are added. The water then passes through a paddle flocculator into a settling area where most of the solids are removed from the water by tube settlers.

The solids are gathered into a sludge hopper I and removed to one of two sludge ponds located adjacent to the sewage treatment plant. The clarified water travels to a holdup tank, from which the water is pumped to five (5) pressure filters. The effluent from the filters is I directed to the demineralizer system.This system is capable of supplying from 50 to 350 GYM depending upon system requirements.

The sludge ponds are designed such that while one pond is being used, the other is being emptied to a solid land fill area. Liquid effluent from the ponds is directed to the circulating water discharge.

piping by means of a weir. 3 The chemicals added to the flocculator are alum (aluminum sulfate)to coagulate the turbidity in the water; lime to soften the water by combining with the calcium and magnesium ions in the lake water; polyclectrolyte will 3 be used if necessary to aid in the developmant of the floe and to reduce the time required for the floe to settle; hypochlorite solution to kill the bacteria and sterilize the water; and sodium sulfite to reduce any free chlorine to chloride before entering the demineralizers.

Reference Table i. It can be seen that the amount of chemicals recuired for each 1,000 gallons of reactor make-up water is reduced with the pre-treatment 11 system and hence results in less chemical discharges to the lake via the circulating water discharge.

Minor variations can be expected in the surface water such that the loadings to the demineralizer will vary somewhat; therefore the data developed from the evaluation is subject to fluctuation based on influent treatment capabilities.

The amount of chemical compounds added to the circulating water from the pre-treatment system and from the waste neutralizing tank are shown on I Table 2.

---m -T.. A B L -m TABLE I lRegenerant Used (lbs/rtepeneration)

Capacity _(gans/- enrat ion)Lbs. Chemicals 1,000 Gal. of Makeup Water *Cation Anion Mixed Bed 1) Well Water 400 ppm Bardness (Original design)2) Well Water>1000 ppm Hardness a)3) P1re-treatment System using Lake Water 108,000 108,000 350,000 345,000 345,000 345,000 3139000 313,000 1,900,000 H 2 so4 1058 4982 621 NaOHI 555 13.8 636 16.3 591 3.2 '-a) Because of the extreme water'hardness partial water softening was accomplished using the potable water softening units thereby lowering the Ca & Mg concentration but increasing the Na content, hence the longer Cation and Anion runs than original design.

E-54 TABLE 2 U I I lb/day Pre-treatment system lb/day I Discharge from waste neutraliziE Coponent cas O 3 Calcium Carbonate Calcium Sulfate Magnesium Chloride Magnesium sulfate Potassium chloride Potassium sulfate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium nitrate Sodium silicate Sodium sulfate 1.99 0.04 1.99 0.05 0.50 36.10 36.82 0.90 0.90 13.34 0.32 0.14 1.78 177.73 I I'II I Total amounts of chemicals added to the circulating water discharge are based on a capacity of 108,000 gallons per regeneration.

I I I I I I I I

---

i -mammi- -- -U7T VIATr t IJV,, O I, C 1T F-!_ 41--~iT-.C 1lo .0 i v t,~ C %-C s 1:0: ,70 0vA 10 F, a ]I I COOK!ATE WNYýE 1.14 rLA.%GE LF,'M-0FCS

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WATER 12.0G3 GPM NORSMAL 25,0010 GP.%, MAX..TO LAK:E A.I I'I I, p I AX-?WATER 50 GvPlA NCF;ViAL 125 G?,Mi M,-AX.I I I I I I U II I U U U-U U I A KEWAUN.%E NUCLEAR POWER PLAANT N, E A 30 G? D P- ,-I P, 2 R s , N i r R,0 .SL; R 1 PO4TAZLE WAT;ER 40 G6D/PERSON-I SEWAGE PLANT 9,0Cc3 GD z s:CN I I I I I Figure. i61-15. WATER- USAGE ,Y THE KNPP.

--m m -- -M- -M M m TOPSOIL STOCK PILE-1/2 NCRE .-.LcZZI>~~7~7/I7 F0'?DITC]SUBSTATIOU 4 ACRES L AKE 171 CHI/A/N i HWY.PLANT CONSTRUCrlON AREA 10/1/71 SCALE 300 200 100" 0 300FEET FIGUP'F 2.1-2 REV. 10-2-72 Ie~e~ E-58 THE ASSISTAWT SECRETARY OF CUIVIViiVh%.r Washington.

D.C. 20230 co50-305 October 19, 1972 Mr. Daniel R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects 9 U Directorate of Licensing United States Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

The Department of Commerce reviewed the draft environmental U statement by the Atomic Energy Commission for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant and forwarded comments to you in our letter of September 14, 1972.Since that time, additional information has developed which is pertinent to the project. This additional information is offered as requested by your office.Page 11-21. It is stated that shore currents flow opposite to main lake currents an appreciable portion of the time.It has been Lake Survey Center Experience that nearshore and lake currents of opposite direction do not exist for an appreciable time. 3 Page 11-22. The combination of cold, up-welling water near-shore with an offshore warm zone would produce northward flowing-currents in the surface waters due to geostrophy.

I A buoyant plume would be transported northward in this flow.Figures 111-7 through III-10 are illustrative of plume dispersion at Point Beach during such conditions.

Page 111-13. The observed plume dispersion at Point Beach on June 25, 1971 (Fig. III-b) is typical of dispersion patterns to be expected during "thermal bar" existence mentioned on page 11-43. Surface water which warms most rapidly in the Spring, in the shallow water near the coast is kept near the shore in geostrophically balanced flows. I Southward flowing currents along the west shore of Lake Michigan persist until the "thermal bar" terminates in Summer. The description of current patterns in Lake Michigan E-59 would benefit by discussion of this seasonal event. The discussion should include the expected annual duration of the "thermal bar", density structure, and its effect on plume dispersion.

We hope these comments will be of further assistance to you in the preparation of the final statement.

Sincerely, Sidney R. Galler Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Affairs I E-60 I THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 816.STATE STREET / MADISON, WISCONSIN 53706 / JAMES MORTON SMITH, DIRECTOR Office of the Director N I October 18, 1972 3 Mr. Daniel R. Muller I Asst. Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing United States Atomic Energy Commission U Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

Attn: Mr. Ben Harless 3 Re: Docket No. 50-305 We have checked the draft environmental statement for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant and find that no structures or I sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places will be affected by the project. 3 Mr. John Halsey of our archeological division previously was contacted by telephone and reported that no archeological sites of record were located in the area.Sincerely, J s Morton Smith 3 JMS:rd I C- I-" I I E- 61 United States Department of the Interior 50-305 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 ER-72/888 OCT 26 1972 : L. , OCT26 1, B.S. ATTU.' En: C. ITS ýq 0,1 Rmg atory Mail Sectio

Dear Mr. Muller:

This is in response to your letter of July 20, 1972, requesting our comments on the Atomic Energy Commission's draft statement, dated July 1972, on environmental considerations for Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin.

Historical Significance The fourth paragraph on page 11-18 infers that there were no impacts on archeological resources resulting from the construction of the Dlant since there are no documented archeological sites within the site boundaries.

The statement does not refer-to an archeological survey of the site as the basis for this conclusion.

Archeological surveys of the project site and transmission line rights-of-way should have been conducted prior to construction and described in the environmental statement.

Geology The Geological Survey, as a consultant to the Atomic Energy Commission, has previously reviewed the geology of the proposed site with respect to safety aspects of the opera-tion. The statement adequately displays the expected geological effects of the plant operation.

Environmental Features The effects of sedimentation and erosion on the plant and the measures to protect this area from these acts of nature are not discussed adequately.

Pages 11-32 and IV-6 refer to protection by a promontory extending into the lake and additional stabilization being provided by riprap. Figures III-1 and 111-2 also give data as to the location of these E-62 features in respect to the plant. These small scattered N portions of information should be pulled together and expanded in Chapter IV in order to present adequate coverage of this important feature.Plankton The second paragraph on page 11-43 should be expanded to include the findings of other ecological studies of Lake Michigan.

A report entitled "Physical and Ecological Effects of Waste Heat on Lake Michigan," published in September 1970 by this Department's Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, indicated that nutrients in the inshore waters are approaching levels commonly found in the I central basin of Lake Erie. Since Lake Michigan receives a substantial and increasing load of nutrients in the form of nitrogen, phosphorous, and other fertilizing I agents from domestic effluents and agricultural runoff, it can be expected that the inshore waters of Lake Michigan, if nutrients are not controlled, will attain corditions.[

of algae production similar to those in Lake Erie. If these conditions are reached, temperature will become a very important factor in determining the type of algae.Stoermer and Yang (1969) reported that although the domi-nant phytoplankters in Lake Michigan are still diatoms, the numbers of taxa that are associated with degradation of water quality have increased and that a numbet of species which were able to thrive only in the naturally enriched areas near shore and in estuaries are now found in some areas of the open lake. The authors stated that "consid-eration of distribution and relative abundance of the major components of the plankton flora leads one to the conclusion 3 that Lake Michigan is probably at the present time about U at the breaking point between rather moderate and transient algae nuisances, largely confined to the inshore waters, and drastic and most likely irreversible changes in theI entire ecosystem." C. L. Schelshe and Stoermer, in a paper entitled "Depletion of Silicon and Acceler'ated Eutrophication in Lake Michigan," which was presented at the meetings of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography in August 1970, stated that during the past 30 years the relative abundance of diatom I species commonly associated with degradation of water quality 2 I E-63 has increased.

In the summer of 1969, the plankton diatoms comprised less than 10 percent of the phyto-plankton in samples from the southern part of the lake, which was a significant deviation from previous years when the diatoms comprised at least 65 percent of the phytoplankton.

The evidence, compared with data from Lake Erie and Lake Superior, suggests that accelerated eutrophication in Lake-Michigan is rapidly approaching the point of a severe environmental change in which the diatom flora will be reduced or replaced by green and blue-green algae. The overall effect of heated discharges will be to reinforce and increase warmwater species to the detriment of more desirable coldwater species.Benthos This section, beginning on page 11-45, describes extensive benthic surveys in the deeper offshore waters; however, data on benthos of the Kewaunee site in the nearshore waters where plant oper-tions would have their greatest impact is not given. This'data should be obtained and included in the final environmental statement.

Thermal Plume DisDersion According to the cooling water effluent velocities given on page 111-9, the travel time for the effluent to reach the end of the 530-foot discharge channel would vary from 3.7 to 1.3 minutes with 1.9 minutes required when the lake is at its normal water level of 577 feet (IGLD). These time periods appear to be in conflict with the second paragraph on page 111-21 which states that the time involved would be approximately one minute. Therefore, organisms entrained in the cooling water would be exposed to maximum temperatures for approximately two minutes plus an additional minute in the effluent plume or a total of about three minutes at mean lake level.We suggest that the apparent discrepancy between data on pages 111-9 and 111-21 be reconciled and the second para-graph on page 111-21 be expanded to consider the time in-volved when strong lake currents will cause the plume to run along the shoreline and reduce the opportunity for the effluent to mix with the cooler receiving water. This will cause the duration of exposure of entrained organisms to 3 E-64 maximum temperatures in the effluent plume to be consid-erably longer than one minute.We agree with AEC in the conclusion in the second para-graph on page 111-9 that the mathematical model may not present an accurate indication of plume size. However, Figure 111-7, showing the Point Beach plume on August 31, 1971, would appear to indicate that the applicant's data are reasonable.

The Point Beach Unit 1, August 31, 1971, plume indicated distances in excess of a mile. The area enclosed by the 3 0 F isotherm is a significant area even though it may be less than 1,000 acres, as estimated by the applicant, or more than 254 acres, as estimated by AEC.Of particular concern is that the statement does not adequately discuss the effects of sinking thermal plumes.It appears probable that the plumes of Kewaunee will sink below the surface at temperatures between 46°F and 32%F when the ambient temperature of the beach water is.near freezing.

The statement should evaluate this effect and the impact it may have on benthic organisms and on other aquatic life. We have special concern for the effects of biocides which may be carried to the bottom by sinking plumes.Applicability to the Kewaunee Plant This section, beginning on page 111-13, contains a good I discussion of the effluent plumes. We think that the intake temperatures-and the plant load factors should -.also be included for the comparison with the Point Beach plant. Also, Figure III-11 indicates that the Point Beach plume has not completely separated from the lake bottom at about 1,000 feet from shore where the depth is 16 feet, while it is stated on page 111-13 that the plume appears to separate from the bottom within a distance of 600 feet from the discharge.

If both of these data are correct, there appears to be significant recirculation at Point Beach U which could indicate that there will be significant, occasional recirculation of cooling water effluent at Kewaunee where the depth at the intake located 1,600 feet from shore is only I 15 feet.Water and Air Use The first sentence, third paragraph of page V-4 should be corrected to recognize that the water usage will affect lower 4I E-65 levels of the lake in addition to surface waters. Chemicals will be distributed throughout the lake by vertical and horizontal'mixing forces and heated water will sink to the bottom when lake waters are cooler than about 4 0 C.Thermal Discharge It does not appear that sufficient evidence has been pre-sented to show that the biological environment in the vicinity of the discharge is relatively barren as stated on pages V-5 and V-15. Conversely, other sections of the statement indicate that an attractive sports fishery will result from the discharge of the heated effluent and that the area will become biologically bountiful in the future.We think that the effects on the aquatic life in Lake Michigan.wouldbe.

more adequately determined by assessing the impacts on the types and quantities of organisms that will be attracted to the area as a result of the plants'operation.

Recreationaland Other Uses Since the warmed effluent discharge from the plant is expected to attract fish to the area, we suggest that the applicant provide a public fishing pier with attendant sanitary facilities along the lake front. This feature and the applicant's plan to set aside four or five acres for proposed high school conservation classes should be included in an overall land use plan for the 908-acre site.The overall landuse plan should be described in the final environmental statement.

Plankton The rate of eutrophication is controlled primarily by nutrient supply and water temperature.

Either can be a limiting factor to productivity.

Nutrient control measures are. being undertaken at municipal and industrial effluent outfalls on a lake-wide basis; however, many diffuse sources of nutrients such as agricultural and urban runoff and sediment erosion are not amenable to control. Conversely, waste heat inputs are essentially point sources and can be controlled much more efficiently than nutrients.

Therefore, based on the importance of thermal effects, we think that.the final environmental statement should show quantitatively 5

E-66 I the net gain or loss of phytoplankton respiration at various times of the year resulting from the use of lake water to receive the cooling water effluent.It should be recognized that although plant passage and entrainment of algae at the discharge point may cause a reduction in biomass, there is evidence that this may be I followed by a compensatory overshoot in the plume when the temperature rise drops within a few degrees of ambient lake temperature.

The area of heated effluent, at 1 to 3 0 F I rise is quite large and accelerated production in this area could result in a significant increase in biomass of thermo-philic phytoplankters.

The classification of eggs and fry of Lake Michigan fishes, on page V-12, as meroplankton is not correct. The larvae of all Great Lakes fishes are relatively weak swimmers U immediately after hatching but only one species, the drum, has a pelagic egg and a pelagic sac fry that is not free-swimming at the time of hatching.The plant's estimated impact on the planktonic population is based on a ratio of the plant's cooling water intake and the I entire volume of Lake Michigan.

We suggest that a more -accurate comparison would be with the shallow inshore waters of the lake where the water intakes and discharges of the generating plants are located.Fish Eggs and Larvae The last sentence on page V-13 states that no increase in mortality rate among the fish eggs and meroplankton is anticipated.

This appears to be in error and also in con- I flict with page II-48 which states that alewives and smelt may spawn in the area.The recent Point Beach Environmental Impact Statement stated i that young fish generally frequent the ,close inshore areas and species such as smelt, alewives, and minnows may spawn in situations similar to Point Beach. The memorandum from J. R. Bell to F. H. Schranfnagel in Appendix C of the Point Beach statement showed that smelt eggs and fry passed through the cooling systems of the Point Beach and Oak Creek plants.These studies were terminated in late April and early May before the bulk of the eggs would have hatched.6 U I E-6 7 Based on the environmental statements for Point Beach and Kewaunee and our understanding of the aquatic life in Lake Michigan, we suggest that this sentence be modified to indicate that some increase in mortality rate of fish eggs and larvae is anticipated.

Effects of Temperature Increases We draw different conclusions than those presented in the second paragraph of page V-17 and the first paragraph of page V-18. A memorandum concerning the Point Beach studies and others at Oak Creek was presented at the 1971 Wisconsin hearings on thermal standards, which is apparently the same series of studies discussed in this section.Plankton nets were used on 14 days during the period from March 3 to May 27, 1971, in the Point Beach cooling water effluent.

Plankton, smelt eggs, and sculpins were caught.However, according to calculations based on data in the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources report, about 31.3 billion gallons of water were passed through the plant cooling water system during the 86-day period covered by the sampling while only 0.001. percent of this flow was strained through the sampling net. Therefore, we must conclude that since the volume of water passed through the sampling net was relatively small, large numbers of eggs or fry of other species could have passed undetected through the plant.The July 9, 1971, memorandum from Bell to Schranfnagel indicated that one sculpin was taken in each of the samples collected on eight successive sampling days from March 3 to April 29. The expansion of these sculpin catches proportion-ately on the basis of the total volume of water sampled and the total volume of water passed through the cooling system between the first and last of the eight samples yields an estimate of more than 4 million sculpins that theoretically passed through the Point Beach plant cooling system during the 42 days of operation from March 3 to April 29. The value of 4 million sculpins is difficult to assess; however, sculpins are generally recognized as an important item in the diet of lake trout and some other fishes. The heavy intake entrainment of sculpins during late winter and early spring is consistent with the data of Wells (1968), which shows that late winter and early spring is the time of greatest abundance of this species at the water depth at which the Point Beach plant water intake is located. While the Kewaunee intake velocity is reported as less than the Point Beach velocity, the opportunity for heavy entrainment at Kewaunee appears to be excellent in view of the intake design.7 E-68 I I I The number of smelt eggs entrained at the Point Beach plant between April 29 and May 19 can also be estimated on the basis of the amount of water filtered and the water passed through the plant. About 52 million gallons of water passed through the plant in the 150-minute sampling period on May 4, of which 0.023 percent or about 12,000 gallons were strained.by the collecting net. If the "few" smelt eggs reported captured were actually 10 eggs, an expansion of the catch on the basis of the volume of water sampled yields about 4,000 smelt eggs that passed through the plant in 150 minutes and over 400,000 eggs in the 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> of the sampling period. On the same basis, the count would be more than 1 million smelt eggs for the 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> of the May 5 sampling.I I I U!I We do not think that the data presented in the statement are a sufficient basis to conclude that the effects of the Kewaunee plant on fish are expected to be minimal.Also, even if alewives and smelt are not being harvested because of market conditions they have value as the base of the food chain for salmonids in Lake Michigan.

Their importance should also be recognized from this basis.Effects of"Temperature Decreases This section recognizes the possible impacts on aquatic life due to temperature decreases.

We suggest that the fourth paragraph on page V-20 be expanded to recognize that a sudden 281F temperature drop to about 321F would be fatal to most Great Lake fishes and benthic organisms.

Consequently, sudden plant shutdowns should be avoided when possible, especially during the colder months.U I I Effluent Impact on Species Composition The statement does not deal with probable increased uptake of toxic substances by fish in warmed waters. Available infor-mation suggests that-the rate of uptake of certain harmful m compounds (including mercury) from water by fish increases with water temperature.

Thus, fish attracted to and residingm in heated effluents could be expected to have higher con- 3 centrations of these compounds than fish in cooler waters.Therefore, even though the heated effluents may be good for fishing, it may not be good for the fish or for the consumeri of the catch.8 I I E-69 Environmental ImDact of Accidents This section contains an adequate evaluation of impacts resulting from plant accidents through Class 8 for air-bourne emissions.

However, the environmental effects of releases to water is lacking. Many of these postulated accidents-listed in table VI-l could result in releases to Lake Michigan and should be evaluated in detail.We also think that Class 9 accidents-resulting in both air and water releases should be described and the impacts on human life and the remaining environment discussed as long as there is any possibility of occurrence.

The con-sequences of an accident of this severity could have far-reaching effects on land and in the lake which could persist for centuries affecting millions of people.Once-Through Cooling System The fifth paragraph on page XI-13 concludes that the pri-mary impact of the once-through cooling system is its effect on Lake Michigan due to warming caused by return flow. The impact of organisms being entrained in the cooling water and passed through the plant may be equally important and very little research has been conducted to reliably establish the true importance of this aspect of the problem.Cost-Benefit Analysis Detailed data which would permit the reviewer to make an independent confirmation of the reported cost estimate for an alternative coal-fired plant are not presented on page XI-15. We agree that completion of the nuclear plant would probably have an economical advantage since a substantial amount of funds have already been committed; however, we recommend that the final environmental impact statement include data which will permit substantiation of the 13.46 mills per kilowatt hour as the cost of the coal-fired alternative.

Environmental ComDarison of Alternatives We agree that the analysis dealing with damage to biota is somewhat crude. They apparently do not take into account 9 E-70 I the role of preadult fish in the food web economy of the lake and merely treat the preadult mortality as loss of pounds of adult fish. Also, the replacement value of$1.50 per pound is valid only for fish that can be reared in hatcheries and apparently does not include the cost of constructing the hatchery.

If the value of aduli ,xr- t ii fish to the sportsman is used in the analysis, we suggest a IN value of about $15.00 per pound.Conclusions and Recommendations I Based on the physical and biological information presented, the apparent conclusion that the Kewaunee plant will not have significant impact on the biota of the lake appears to be somewhat unfounded.

Most of the data used were taken from sites other than the Kewaunee site with much of it taken from Point Beach 4.5 miles away.We believe that the thermal standards set by the Lake Michigan Enforcement in March 1971 and later approved by the *Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency are the minimum requirements which should be met in order to provide adequate protection for the aquatic environment of Lake Michigan.

It does not appear that the Kewaunee plant, using the once-through cooling system, can operate at full load and comply with the thermal standards of the conference that there be no significant adverse effects on the aquatic biota.[]Therefore, we recommend that the operating license for the- *Kewaunee Nuclear Power Station contain stipulations that the plant will operate within the limitations of the Lake Michigan Enforcement Conference Standards.

We hope these comments will be helpful to you in the prepa-ration of the final environmental impact statement.

Sincere-1 your.Deputy Assistait Secretary of the In rior Mr. Daniel R. Muller Assistant Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545 10 3 50-305 E- 71 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY WASHINGTON.

D.C. 20201" Mr. Daniel R. Muller I Assistant Director for Environmental Projects Directorate of Licensing U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545

Dear Mr. Muller:

This is in response to your letter dated July 20, 1972, wherein you requested comments on the draft environmental impact state-ment for the Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation, Docket Number 50-305.The Depaicment of Health, Education, and Welfare has reviewed the health aspects of the above project as presented in the documents submitted.

This project does not appear to represent a hazard to public health and safety.The opportunity to review the draft environmental impact statement is appreciated.

Sincerely yours, Merlin K. DuVal, M.D.Assistant Secretary for Health and Scientific Affairs I I I U U