ML20116A044
| ML20116A044 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Saxton File:GPU Nuclear icon.png |
| Issue date: | 12/20/1988 |
| From: | Ford B, Greeman D, Jester W PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20115K054 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9607250270 | |
| Download: ML20116A044 (200) | |
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- GEOLOGIC, CHEMICAL, RADIOMETRIC AND
.GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES OF SAMPLES j- FROM ELEVEN DRILLHOLES IN SUHFICIAL
- MATERIALS, SAXTON NUCLEAR FACILITY, 4
SAXTON, PENNSYLVANIA a
j Arthur W. Rose l
! Professor of Geochemistry i William A. Jester
{ Professor of Nuclear Engineering Dar.iel J. Greeman l' Graduate Assistant Bonnie C. Ford Laboratory Supervisor Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 December 20, 1988 Research Performed for General Public Utilities Nuclear Corp.
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9607250270 960718 PDR ADOCK 05000146 P PDR t_ .
'Y TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
1 INTRODUCTION 3 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITE 4 GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFICIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE 9 Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations 9 Mississippian and Pennsy4vanian Rocks 12 Older Alluvial Deposits along Raystown Branen 12 4
MATERIALS ORIGINATING FROM COAL-FIRED AND NUCLEAR 14 POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES Coal 14 Bottom Ash 14 Red Siltstone and Clay Fill 14 Fly Ash 15 Concrete and Crusned Stone 15 SELECTION OF DRILLSITES 16 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 17 Drilling 17 Sample Handling in Field 18 Mapping 18 Sample Preparation, FC-Series 'S Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis 21 Sieving 31 Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses 31 Selective Extraction 32 RESULTS 34 Surficial Materials in Dc:11 holes 34 Sieve Analyses 47 Cnemical Composition of Samples 50 Radionuclides Deygyted in Samples 50 Distribution of CsygthDepen 52 ArealDistributigg7of 'Cs 58 Distribution of Cs by Particle Size 60 Distribution of CS in Se ective Chemical Extracts 62 Autoradiography 67 REVIEW OF FLY ASH 69 HOST AND FORM OF RADI0 ACTIVITY 73
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS 78 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 80 REFERENCES 81
Page
Appendix B. Photographs B-1 Append n C. Equations Used to Calculate Gamme Spectroscopy Results C-1 Appendix D. Microscopic Observations anc Sieve Analyses D-1 Appendix E. Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses E-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Topographic map of the Saxton area, PA, showing 6 inferred former channel of Raystown Branch Figure 1. Map of Saxton Nuclear Facility 7 !
Figure 3 Map of Saxton Nuclear Facility and Vicinity 8 Figure 4. Geological map of tne Saxton quadrangle (after 10 l PA Geol. Survey)
Figure 5. Cross section showing inferred relations of 13 surficiaA caterials at the Saxton Nuclear Site Figure 6-16. Geotegic and radiometric logs of drillholes 35 FC-1 to FC-12.
Figure 17. Particle size distribution for some samples rich 48 in fly ash Figure 16. Particle size distribution for some representative 49 samples Figure 19. Activity of 137 CS vs. depth (FC-1, FC-3) 53 j Figure 20. Activity of I37 CS vs. depth (FC-4, FC-5) 54 Figure 21. Activity of CS vs. deptn (FC-6, FC-7) 55 Figure 22. Activity of 137 CS vs. depth (FC-8, FC-10) 56 Figure 23 Activity of 137 CS vs. depth (FC-11, FC-12) 57 37 CS (pC1/g) in surficial Figure 24 Distribution of 59 samples fr om drillholes Figure 25. Distribution of 137CS among fractions of selective 66 extractions
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Page LIST OF TABLES Tabie 1. Procedure for preparing FC-series core samples for 19 radiometric anc sieve analysis Table 2. Results of radiometric analyses 24 1 37 Tabie 3 Distribution of Cs by particle size 61 40 K in products of Table 4. Distribution of 137 Cs and 63 selective chemical extraction Table SA. Concentration of major elements in 13 fly ash samples 71 (af ter Roy et al. ,1381)
Table 58. Range and average obsmical composition of fly ash 72 Table SC. Bibliography c: m;jor studies containing results from 72 enemical a r .ilyses of fly ashes (after Roy et al., 1981) l l
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EXECUTlVE
SUMMARY
This report presents the results of investigations conducted on material from 11 holes drilled to 24 inches cepth at the SNEC Nuclear Facility near Saxton, PA using a split spoon auger drill. Five holes are within the fence of tne Saxton Exclusion Area, ana 6 are outside, the most distant being about 300 ft. nortneast from this fence. The texture, color, 11thology, mineralogy and other characteristics of the unconsolicated materials recovered by the drill were described at the site and each hole was divided into either three or four intervals of relativeAy homogeneous material. These 34 samples have been investigated by gamma spectromecry and particle size distribution.
Selected samples were also analyzed chemically and mineralogically and subjectec to a sequential selective extraction procedure and autoradiography.
The goal of these analyses was to determine the distribution and chemical form of radionuclides in the surficial materials within and adjacent to the facility.
At most drill sites, the surficial layer is composed predominantly of fly ash, underlain by coal, bottom ash, crushed limestone or red clay in areas disturbed during activities related to the power plant, and by sand, silt and gravel in undisturbed areas. Of the two man-mace radionuclides detected, 137 Cs was detected in 23 samples but 60 Co was cetected in only 8 samples.
Also detected in these samples were natural radionuclides (40K and the U and Th series). In a few surface-layer samples I Be, formed by cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, was seen. The 137 Cs is strongly concentrated in the top few inches in nearly all drill holes, and is undetectable at the bottom of the 1
holes outside the Saxton Exclusion Area fence. In surface samples outside i i
this fence 137 Cs does not exceec 1.0 pC1/g, with a median value of about 0.5 pCi/g. In these samples the 137 Cs may have originated almost completely from regional atmospneric fallout from nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl incident, althougn a component from the ruclear facility is not precluded.
Activities of 137 Cs in these samples are far lower than activities of the j i
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' natural radionuclices.
Activities of 137 Cs in surface layers from drillholes inside the fence all exceed 1.0 pC1/g, and reach 25, 8, and 4 pCi/g in holes FC-5, -1, and -6, respectively. Activities decrease downward but are still detectable in the bottom samples. In the'three samples for which size fractions were counted, the activity of I37 Cs consistently increases with cecreasing particle size, .l reaching a value of 13 pci/g in the fraction finer than 0.1 mm in sample FC-1, wnich. consists mainly of fly ash. However, because of the larger amount of mass in the fine sand-size fraction for this sam;1e, 39 to 57% of the total I3I Cs activity was founc to bu in the fine sand-size fraction (composed mainly of fly ash particles but with subordinate particles of natural materials).
Selective extractions for two fly hsh-rich samples from within the fence show I only 12 to 14% of the 137 Cs is in the exchangable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions, and only an additional 11 to 34% is extracted by concentrated ;
nitric acid. The remaining 53 to 75% of the 137 Cs remains in the residual 1
fly ash rich sollos'in the sand ano silt / clay fractions. Autoradiographs for '
several samples snow no obvious highly radioactivt grains.
Based on this data the 137 Cs could be in the following possible forms:
- 1. Strongly adsorbed in the edge or. wedge sites of the clay mineral 1111te, which occurs as a minor component of the fly ash-rich surficial material. Illite is known from investigations in other localities to concentrate and strongAy bina cesium.
- 2. Strongly adsorbed in the devitrified glass of the fly ash particles making up the bulk of the more 137 Cs-rich samples.
It is very likely tnat some Cs occurs in both these forms, but the relative proportions are not known. The low 1 37 Cs in fly ash from sites just outside the fence is not consistent with the hypothesis that Cs was incorporated in the fly ash by burning radioactive caterial in the coal-fired plant.
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INTRODUCTION s
l GPU Nuclear, the operator of the SNEC Experimental Station at Saxton.
{ PA, is assessing the station for eventual decontamination and decommissioning.
l l The surfical material covering many areas of the site appears to be fly ash, j and was found to contain low levels of radioactivity. The main purpose of the
! work reported here is to evaluate the nature, distribution and origin of the radioactivity in this surficial material.
Previous tests had suggested that the radioactivity was confined to the I
site and that the radionuclides were very strongly bonded to the fly-ash material. The work reported here was intenced to answer the following
.i j questions:
- 1. What radionuc2 ides are present in fly ash, soils and unconsolidated t
f- materiaAs of tne Saxton Facility and vicinity?
f 2. What is the concentration and areal distribution of fission-generated radionuclides in surficial materials of the Saxton site and 2
immediate vicinity?
I l-3 What is the depth distribution of the radionuclides?
4 In wnat type of material (fly ash, soil, alluvium, etc.) do the j l
radionuclides occur?
- 5. In whdt chemical anc mineralogical form do the radionuclides occur I
in tne surficial materials?
- o. What is the distribution of radionuclides among particle size fractions?
7 What is the composition and nature of the fly ash?
- 8. What are.the geotechnical properties of the materials?
In order to evaluate these questions, 11 two-foot holes (FC-series) were drilled with a split-spoon auger. The materiel from each hole has been described in terms of type and character of material. The material has been
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Vided into 3 or 4 units with depth and analyzed for radionuclides by gamma
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l 1 l spectrometry. Grain size has been determined, and gamma spectra have been j accumulated on size fractions for 3 samples. Six samples have been analyzed i -chemically for major elements. For two samples, the form of radionuclides has been investigated by a series of selective chemical extractions. Finally, autoradiographs have been made for several samples,'to identify the types of part.cles that. are radioactive.
At tne same time as the above-described FC-series of holes was drilled, j I
six deeper holes (T-series) were drilled to investigate deeper materials. The j results of these deeper holes have been discuss- n a separate report (Rose and Jester,1988), t -t the results have been Inc.cporated into this report 1
where relevant, as has the earlier drilling by Ground / Water Technology (1981) i i
and verbal report 3 by GPU personnel.
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITE The Saxton location was originally the site of a coal-fired power plant.
Tne Saxton Nuclear Experiment Facility (SNEC) was inaugurated in 1962. A small (7 MW) nuclear reactor and associated faciliti a was constructed and used to test various procedures planned for large-scale nuclear power plants, j i
Steam from the nuclear plant was used to power a turbine in the coal-fired plant. The SNEC facility operated until April 1972, when it was deactivated.
The facility was partially decommissioned in 1973-74; the decomissioning included removal of the spent resin and liquid waste tanks and other major sources of radioactivity outside the containment building. In October 1974, the coal-fired plant was closed and later completely dismantled. The coal plant operated only during periods of heavy electrical demand from 1970 to 1974.
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Within the past two years, the nuclear facility has been further decontaminated with the intent of eventual complete decommissioning of the l site and cessation of its nuclear status. Radioactivity in the buildings and ground has been surveyed and IF.rgely removed. A preliminary ground water I l
study was conducted in 1981 by Ground / Water Technology, Inc. of Denville, N.J.
The site is located on a gently sloping area 0.8 mile north of Saxton on i
the flooc plain of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River (Figure 1). A small tributary stream, Shoup Run, forms the south boundary of the area used for the coal-fired plant, and the Raystown Branch approximately limits the west and north sides. Steeper slopes define the east edge. This area of 1800 x 1200 ft. was cleared prior to 1951 and has been used for coal storage, ash storage and plant construction. Air photos taken in 1951, 1958, 1966, 1967, 1977.and 1981 show a complex history of coal and ash storage and redistribution at the site. During this sequence of events, surface materials were redistributed and disturbed in many localities.
Two substantial buildings remain outside the Nuclear Facility, used by.
l regional maintenance crews of GPU. Within this area, a fenced area of 260 x 210 ft, encloses the SNEC Facility (Figure 2,3), and an additional fence separates the containment area from the larger part of the SNEC Facility.
The Saxton area receives precipitat, ion averaging 37.9 in. per year (Environmental Data Service, 1981). The most common wind direction for the region is from the west (Climate Atlas of the U.S., 1968). Natural vegetation is deciduous forest, but the site has been cleared and now supports grass and l
locally small trees. The fenced containment area and some other parts of the Nuclear Site have been seeded in vetch.
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A MAP OF SAXTON NUCLEAR FACILITY FC-e Sexton, P A bys A.W. R o s e. Auguet.1988 0 40 8_O 120 14 0 80 0 ft.
Sellding or Persnenent Facility ec.e ~ Fence e
~ ~ Apprealmole Location o& Servey Stellen e Drtil Hele end Number o e-series ories nose
- 3. Reduced map of Saxton Nuclear Facility and vicinity, showing dri11 holes of the T-series, B-series , and F.C.-series. Locations of B-series holes are approximate.
GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFICIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations The bedrock underlyttig tne site is assigned by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey to the Devonian Foreknobs Formation (Figure 4). This unit has also been called a lower member of the Devonian Catskill Formation (Williams and Slingerland, 1986), and will be denoted as Catskill Formation in this report. The Foreknobs/ Catskill Formation is characterized by interlayered red, gray anc green sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The I t
rocks are generally resistant and well lithified. ;
l The Foreknobs or lowermost Catskill Formation has been described as j follows by Williams and Slingerland (1986): ,
1 "After the first escablishment of nonmarine conditions, the sedimentary l
pattern of the Irish Valley Member of the Catskill Formation (upper Foreknobs Formation) in the southern and central part of the study area is characterized by many (abcut 15-20) cycles consisting of repeated alternations from marine sandstone and shale to non=arine siltstone and silty sandstone which were produced by repeated lateral snifting of the shoreline. The thickness of each cycle varies from 2 to about 27 m. Tncae cycles begin with greenish gray, fossilferous, clean, sub-parallel laminates overlain by bioturbated, fine-grained sandstone of vhriable thickness representing a marine transgression, pass upward through a marine shoaling phase and an intertidal transitional phase, and finally grade into a nonmarine phase representing coastal-plain aggradation (Figure 37). The marine shoaling phase of each cycle commonly starts with gray-green to olive-green, fossiliferous shale and silty shale which grades upward to thin-bedded olive-green and chocolate-brown, fossiliferoua and bloturbated shaly siltstone occasionally interlayered with thin layers of gray green, very fine grained, fossiliferous, micro-cross-ripple-laminated sandstone. Tne shoreline of tnis marine shoaling phase is
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Compded by 0 M HOSKINS.1976 SA)(TON Figure 4. Geological nap of Saxton quadrangle (after PA Geol. Survey).
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l represented by usually thin (1-2m), olive-green, fine grained moderately _
l sorted, sub parallel to flaser- anc lenticular-laminated, fossiliferous, quartzitic sandstone. The transitional part of each cycle usually consists of )
interlayers of green, chocolate-brown, and red siltstone, shaly siltstone, and thin (1.5-3 m),_ fine-grained, clean, well-sorted, quartzitic sandstone."
Rocks at tne eastern ecge of the Saxton coal-fired facility are l underlain by the Sherman Creek member of the Catskill, described as follows by 1 Slingerland and Williams (1986):
" Upward-fining cyc11 city of fluvial origin is the common chart.ctueistic 4 l
of the other 2 members of the Catskill Formation (the Sherman Creek and l Duncannon Members). An ideal cycle consists of a basal brownish gray to red, fine- to very fine grainec, micaceous, crossbedded sandstone with occasional plant fragments at its base and lenses of carbonate nodules a.id shale chips.
This sandstone occupies a channel or irregular erosional surface cut into the underlying cycle, This sand bocy grades upward to red to reddish-gray, very fine grained, silty sandstone, red siltstone, and silty shale which represents the levee-overbank portion of a meandering-channel facies."
Rec siltstone-mudstone from this unit appears to have been quarried for ,
use as fill at the SNEC site.
The minerals comprising tne sandstones and shales of the Catskill Formation are quartz,-1111te (clay), hematite (in red units), chlorite (most abundant in gray and green units) and possibly minor feldspar. The hematite, 1111te and chlorite would be moderately adsorptive for many dissolved neavy elements, and would tend to inhibit dispersion of radionuclides. The grains of sand, silt and clay are poorly sorted, the sand grains being set in a matrix of clay-sized material. As a result, permeability of these rocks is gener ally low unless well fractured. Ground / Water Technology (1981) obtained permeabilities ranging from 1x10 -3 cm/see to 6x10-5cm/sec in this bedrock.
Such values are low but would allow some flow.
1 l
The rocks of the area occupy the northwest limb of the Broad Top j l l Sync 11norium. They strike about N 30*E ano dip 20 to 40*SE. The rocks are l cut by a moderate number of fractures both parallel to and across bedding.
Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks To the east of tne Saxton site, the ridge of Saxton and Terrace Mts. is j held up by the Mississippian Rockwell and Pocono Formations, predominantly I sandstones. Above these are sandstones and shales of the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville Formations, and the coal-bearing Allegheny and Conemaugh Series.
Detritus from these units has been carried down Shoup Run and the Raystown Branch to form (along with detritus from the Catskill Fm.) the unconsolidated gravels, sands and silts along the flood plain of the Raystown Branch, and the alluvial fan of Shoup Run. Mineralogy of these rocks and detrital materials i
is generally similar to tne Catskill Fm. l Older Alluvial Deposits Along Raystown Branch I Inspection of the topographic map (Figure 1) in conjunction with drilling results of this investigation and that of Ground / Water Tecnnology sugges;s that at some time in the past, probably in the Pleistocene, Raystown Branen occupiec a different position that cut across the Saxton site (see Figure 1). During and after this tim , the river deposited " boulder clay" overlain by silty sandstone and local gravel. Based on logs of noles reported by Ground / Water Technology, about 10 f t. of this alluvium is present, the lower 2 to 5 f t. being sandstone boulders in a clay matrix, and the upper 5 to 8 ft. being various combinations of gravel, silty sand, and sand (Figure 5).
This material was evidently excavated, along with some bedrock, down to depths of about 15 to 20 ft. at the localities drilled in this stucy, where tanks for radioactive waste storage were emplaced.
The deposits at the natural surface in the area of the nuclear site (i.e., holes FC-7, 10, 12, Figure 31 are very sandy and do not appear to have undergone much soil development, other than accumulation of an organic-rich A horizon.
X B-5 T4A T-5 I Y { \j _ {]_'
._E
} " l 7
!a -j 1
} j s
"_ Sand and grovel Boulder clay 1
{
4
=
t Fill I_.
- s Fill , ,a j l 4
/
/ _ _ \- M A. a _/ \ _3
. " Bedrock r; g
'. /
, /
~5 '
jf "
i
/r s 20tt.
- 5 Fill-Bottom ash 40f t.
- y Fill-Red clay .
R
= $ Sandand gravel-5 y Boulder clay E Bedrock Figure 5 Cross-section sliowing inferreil relations of surficial m:iterials at tiie Saxton Nuclear Si te, l>aseil on tiri lllioles.
l l l
MATERIALS ORIGINATING FROM COAL-F: RED AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES Coal During the operation of the coal-fired plant, coal, probably mainly from the Broad Top Field just to the east, was stored in piles at various locations
- on the site. The coal of the Broad Top Field is a relatively high-rank l
l bituminous coal. Based on air photos of various dates, the coal was evidently dumped into piles, then picked up and moved to the coal-fired plant.
Subsequently, parts of the site were smoothed with a dozer, so that patches of coal near the surface are probably common at the site.
Bottom Ash Bottom ash and slag are the incombustible products of coal combustion that accumulate in the firebox 'nd must be periodically removed. Particle sizes are typically a few millimeters to about 10 cm. Most of the bottom ash has a rounded to clinkery appearance, and is glassy on fractures, but some is evidently relatively unfuseo shaly partings and other naturally refractory materials. The ash is typically a silicate material,. derived from the clay and other mineral impurities in tne coal.
At least some bottom ash at Saxton appears to have been temporarily stored at the NE corner of site, baseo on the aerial photos. Considerable areas of the site near the former coal plant have a surface layer of bottom ash, evidently spread out after closure of the coal-fired plant.
Red Siltstone and Clay Fill The T-series drillholes of this investigation indicate that a layer of fill composed of red siltstone and red clay was placed on top of bedrock in the areas where the spent resin and waste tanks were located. This fill was i
probably obtained from a small quarry in the Catskill Fm at the northeast edge of the site.
l The material typically contains 50 to 90% red silty clay, probably originally red mudstone that has softened as a result of weathering, excavation, packing and exposure to moisture. From a few percent to 50% is harder fragments of red siltstone and occasionally buff sandstone, rarely larger than a centimeter in size. The fill is soft and easily drilled.
I Permeability appears to be low.
Fly Ash
, Fly ash is the portion of ash that is small enough, in terms of particle size, to be entrained in tne flue gas and carried away from the site of combustion (Roy et al, 1981). Fly ash particles are typically derived from the melting of mineral matter or the partial combustion of coal. In general, 70 to 80% of the solid waste derived from combustion of coal is fly ash. Fly ash is typically silt sized (2 to 62 um) with a floury to fine granular texture but some fly ash at Saxton has a particle size of 1 mm or more. A wide range of particle shapes and types is reported, from spherical to angular, and trunslucent to opaque.
At present-day powerplants the fly ash is generally collected from the flue gases, but evidently during operation of the Saxton Plant, this was not done, because fly ash covers most of the less disturbed surface in and around l l
the Nuclear Facility, to a depth of 1 to 4 inches. The fly ash at this site is generally black and covers the surface, but in a few holes (FC-6, FC-8. FC-9, T-2, T-3) layers of fly ash were covered with fill of various types.
Fly ash at Saxton is desuribed in more detail later in this report.
Concrete and Crushed Stone In two drillholes (T-4, T-5 ) a layer of concrete several inches thick lay on top of the bedrock and was covered by red clay fill. In one of these holes, reinforcing bars were cut in the concrete. Sand and crushed limestone accompanied the concrete and/or formed aggregate within it.
At sites T-1 to T-3, and FC-6, crushed limestone was present at or near the surface, possibly intended as a surface coating for a roadway or parking lot.
SELECTION OF DRILLS 1TES !
Holes FC-1 to FC-12 were drilled mainly to investigate the fly ash, but also to test for contamination in other types of materials. Locations (Figure 2,3) and reasons for each hole are as follows:
FC-1. Located within the fenced containment area, north of the former
' site of the spent resin tanks. The intent was to sample a well-developed area of fly ash that might be contaminated.
FC-2. Not drilled.
FC-3 Located about half way up the north slope of the northern earthen bunker wall. This wall is about 10 ft. wide at the base and was constructed as a shield for temporary storage of drums of radioactive waste. The top few
. inches of this earthen bunker had already been removed because of detectable contamination. The hole was drilled to test for deeper contamination.
FC-4. Drilled in the center of the bunker area. An asphalt pavement was present. This pavement was largely dug out before starting drilling. The intent was to check for contamination beneath the bunker.
FC-5. Located near a drain along the fence separating the containment area from the rest of the Nuclear Facility. Slightly elevated radioactivity was reported near this drain. Tne intent was to test the possible extent of this contamination with depth, as well as to investigate the fly ash at this site.
FC-6. This site is to the northeast of the Radwaste Building, in a location appearing relatively undisturbed by activities since operation of the nuclear facility.
FC-7. Located about 100 f t. NE of the containment, outside the Nuclear Facility Fence, but within the " Westinghouse Area" fence. This area was evidently used on an intermittent basis for storage of supplies. The intent was to sample a relatively undisturbed layer of fly ash at a short distance from the Nuclear Facility.
FC-8. Located about 200 ft. south of the Nuclear Facility, outside its fence, about 25 ft. from a building now used for power line maintenance activities. This spot was detected as being slightly radioactive during a gamma survey of the area by GPU Nuclear Personnel (Gary Baker, pers. comm.)
The intent of the drilling was to investigate the depth extent of the radioactivity.
FC-9. Located within tne area of the coal-fired power plant. This plant was dismantled and the site has evidently been graded to a flat surface composed largely of bottom asn. Tne intent was to check the radioactivity level.
FC-10. Located 300 ft. NE of the Nuclear Facility, in,an area that was probably used for storage of coal and/or ash, and which accumulated fly ash.
The intent was to investigate the fly ash outside the Nuclear Facility.
FC-11. Located about 25 ft, north of the fence around the coal fired plant, about 200 ft. north of tne Nuclear Facility. The intent was to investigate fly ash at this site outside the fence.
FC-12. Located near FC-10, and intended to investigate local variability and reproducibility of the surficial materials.
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION Drilling Drilling was done August 10 to 11, 1988 by Lambert Drilling of ,
l Bridgeville, PA using a truck-mounted drill. Driller was John Crockett. I i
i i
I i
s The main part of the drilling was carried out with a hollow stem auger drill equipped w.',h a split spoon sampler. The split spoon and bit had a :
diameter of 3 in and a length of 24 in. It was driven with a 140 pound hammer, dropped 30 in. Blow counts are recorded in Appendix A.
Before each drill hole of the FC-series , the split spoon and bit was thoroughly scrubbed in soapy water and then rinsed in clean water to avoid contamination. i i
i Sample Handling in Field On removal from the hole the split spoon was scanned for radioactivity by GPU personnel. The split spoon was then opened and the half containing the sample was laid on a sheet of Kraft paper. A color photo was taken (see Appendix B) with a label specifying the hole and footage. The recovery of sample was measured to tne nearest half inch. The core was then examined by Rose and divided into differerit types of material, whien were measured and described on a geologic log (Appendix A), using a handlens and other field tools as necessary. The nole was civided into 3 or 4 depth ranges, based on type of material, with emphasis on fly ash. Each sample was then wrapped in Saran wrap and transferred to a core box.
Mapping During the perica of drilling, a plane table and telescopic alidade were used to construct a planimetric map showing the drilled location of all holes, plus buildings and fence lines in the Nuclear Site. The area within the Nuclear Site was mapped at 1 in, = 20 ft. (Figure 2), and the drillholes outside were mapped at 1 in. - 50 f t. (Figure 3).
Sample Preparation, FC-Series The sample preparation procedure is listed in Table 1. In general, the procecure follows ASTM Stancard Method D421-85 (Dry Preparation of soil Samples for Particle Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants), and I
i i Table 1. l l
l
- PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING FC-SERIES 24" CORE SAMPLES, SAXTON PROJECT, FOR RADIOMETRIC AND SIEVE ANALYSIS
- 1. Weigh sample (in package, then weigh packing after next step).
- 2. Place on paper sheet, gently disaggregate large clods.
- 3. Dry in air for 2 days; stir up after 1 day. Shield to prevent dirt from falling into samples.
- 4. Weigh (air-dry weight). l 1
- 5. Disaggregate by use of rubber stopper in mortar. Mortar should be cleaned by grinding quartz sand, washing with detergent, and drying l before use.
- 6. Sleve sample on 4-mesh and 10-mesh screens; record weights of I sample retained on 4-mesh screen,10-mesh screen and passing 10- !
mesh screen. l l
- 7. If entire sample passes 10-mesh screen:
- a. split uut sufficient material to fill 100 ml. tared beaker (100- l 200 g); record amount of sample used. )
- b. label and retain remainder of sample for sieve analysis. '
- 8. If entire sample passes 4-mesh screen:
- a. Split out sample retained on the 10-mesh screen and passing 10-mesh in amounts proportionate to weights of such fractions in the original sample such that a representative sample of 100-200 g is obtained.
- b. Thoroughly mix the two splits obtained above, add to tared 100 ml.
beaker; record amount. I
- c. Store remainder of sample as separate size fractions in labelled l bags.
- 9. If sample contains material coarser than 4-mesh:
- a. Crush material retained on the 4-mesh screen to pass 4-mesh screen.
- b. To a tared 100 ml. beaker add split-out: crushed material; material originally retained on 10-mesh screen; and material passing 10-mesh screen in proportion to total sample (as in 8a.) so that a 100-200 g representative sample is obtained.
- c. Mix, weigh, record and store as in 8b. and Sc.
Note: a. There were two samples where the hardness of material, retained on the 4-mesh screen, made crushing of that entire size fraction overly burdensome. As the coarse material was, in both cases, homogeneous (crushed limestone) only some of the material was crushed to pass the 4-mesh screen. The sample was then treated as in 9b.
- b. There were a few samples in which the material retained on the 10-mesh screen either originally or after crushing of the 4-mesh fraction may not have met with ASTM requirements of sufficient weight to obtain meaningful splits. For particles having a nominal diameter of 3/8"(about 9 mm) the ASTM requirement is 500 g; for particles passing the 10-mesh screen (less than 2 mm in dia.) It is 115 g. Material split out from 10-mesh screens (diameter 2.0-4.5 mm) in generally had weights of 200-500 g. As ASTM does not list weight criterion for this size fraction (it must be between115 g and 500 g) and the weight of the sample in this size fraction was always greater than 200 g, probably no size blasing of samples was encountered during splitting.
I i
l l
4
}
! I -
1 D422-63 (Particle Size Analysis of Soils).
In addition, we wished to obtain l
a -10 mesh (2 mm) portion representative of tne entire sample for use in later l l
counting and chemical studies. Care was exercised throughout to ensure that samples were not contaminated by external sources or by other samples from Saxton. )
In two respects the ASTM Procedures were not followed:
i
)
l i 1. For samples containing particles coarser than 3/8", the sample size '
4 4
was commonly not large enough to meet ASTM requirements for accurate sieve analyses of coarse particles. For example, if particles larger than 1" are present, a samp2e of 2000 g is required. Therefore, particle size data were obtained mainly for the fraction finer than 3/8".
- 2. Tne red clay commonly was not disaggregated easily after drying, but it would disaggregate with effort. The ASTM procedure calls for disaggregation only on the 10 mesh screen. We also disaggregated particles on all finer screens using a rubber stopper, in order to obtain a more accurate measure of the clay and silt sized particles.
Gamma Spectroscopic Analysis The radioactivity in the soll samples was identified and quantified using high-resolution high purity germenium detectors. Three such detectors having efficiencies of between 25 and 30% for 60 Co were used in this project.
A three-input Nucleus Personal Computer Analyzer was used in this work, with each detector having its own ADC and 8192 channnels of memory. The gamma energy range of each detector is from about 50 Kev to 2 Mev.
An extensive quality control plan is in place at the LLRML to insure both precision and accuracy in its analytical results. This plan includes the daily counting of point sources and plotting the measured values for three Co,153Eu, and 137 nuclides ( Cs) on control charts. This is used to insure that each of the three detector systems is "in control". A 15 minute background count is also collected daily and control charted. This measurement is taken to insure that the counting chambers have not become contaminated. A twelve hour background count is taken weekly or when the 15 minute background count inoicates that there may be a change in background.
.As part of its state certification program, the LLRML participates in EPA's interlaboratory Comparison Program in which blind cross check samples, provided by EPA's ESHL-Las Vegas Laboratory, are received on a regular basis and must be successfully analyzed.
Finally, every tenth sample is analyzed in' duplicate and the results of the two measurements are evaluated, along with all the other analytical l
results of the lab, by the LLRML technical supervisor (Jester).
For this project, the detector efficiency for soil samples in the 100 ml beakers was determined by using two Canadian reference standards (DH-la and B1-4) which both have well establisned values for their uranium and thorium contents. Once Lne Pb and Bi in the samples reach equilibrium with the raden-222 these gamma-emitting radionuclides and several other gamma emitters in the uranium and thorium series are used to determine the detector efficiency for this geometry. The resulting efficiency varies as a function of photon energy from a maximum efficiency of about 1.Sx10~ counts per disintegration at 300 key down to about 4x10
-3 counts per disintegration near 2 mev. it is this detector efficiency "E" wnich is used in the calculation procedures given in Appendix "C".
Also given in this appendix is the equation used to determine the statistical counting error, which results from the procedures used to determine the net peak area used in the radioisotopic analysis. The standard deviation results from the statistical uncertainty of the net area of the gamma peaks in both the sample and the background and the uncertainty resulting from the establishment of the baseline for the peak in both the 1
l sample and the background. The minimum detectable concentration equation l
)
given in Appendix ~"C" is based on recommended procedures developed to avoid i both the reporting of false positives and not reporting true positives.
The 34 FC- series samples were dried, sieved, and then weighed into l
tared 100 ml standard counting containers. Each sample was counted for 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> with one of the three detector systems. A number of gamma lines were seen, most of which were associated with the uranium and thorium decay chains.
The 212 Pb of the thorium series was chosen as the representative of this series and its concentration is called 232 Th in this report. Since in the Saxton samples the 214 Pb and 2H B1 are not in equilibrium with radon-222, the next best radionuclide in the uranium decay chain, namely 226 Ra, was chosen to represent this series in the reported results. The major naturally occurring radionuclide found in these soil samples was 40 K and is reported. Two man I l
made radionuclides were detected in these samples, namely the long lived 60 Co.
fission product 137 Cs and the neutron activation product Possible trace' amounts of IBe were detected in 2 samples. The results of the gamma
]
spectroscopy are presented in Table 2. l
- . - -. . - . . = . .= _ - _ _ . , _ _ _
Table 2 I
Gamma Spectrometric Analyses of Split Samples from FC-Series Drillholes i
Sieve Fractions PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error t1DC (1) j Number and Description - - - - - - - - -- - pCi / gram - - - s - - - - - -- -- -
+20 Cs-137 4.1 0.1 0.2 Re-226 2.0 0.7 2.7 Th-232 1.21 0.07 0.23 5176 FC-1 Oto2 K-40 7.1 0.7 2.0 Split 2 00-60 0.44 0.04 0.11
! -20 Cs-137 11.9 0.1 0.1 Ra-226 5. 1. 4.
l Th-232 2.65 0.09 0.26 4
5176 FC-1 Oto2 K-40 12. 4. 14.
Split 3 00-60 -0.2 0.2 0.8 0.4 l] -140 Cs-137 Re-226 13.4
- 12. 5.
1.0 18.
Th-232 1.0 0.4 1.5 j 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 6.7 0.7 2.1 ,
- Split 1 C0-60 Not Detected l
+ 10 -4 Cs-137 3.52 0.08 0.16 Re-226 2.0 0.8 3.0 Th-232 0.67 0.07 0.25 5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 6.6 0.6 1.7 Split 2 Co-60 0.03 0.03 0.09
+ 40 - 10 Cs-137 5.10 0.09 0.15 .
Re-226 2.0 0.6 2.2 Th-232 0.94 0.06 0.19 5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 10.2 0.6 1.6 Split 3 Co-60 0.01 0.03 0.11
+ 60 -20 Cs-137 9.2 0.1 0.1 Re-226 6.0 1.1 4.2 Th-232 2.31 0.09 0.28 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 10. 1. 4.
j Split 4 00-60 Not Detected
+200 Cs-137 8.7 0.2 0.3 Ra-226 0.7 1.2 4.5 l
Th-232 1.0 0.1 0.4 i
s i
Toble 2 l
Demma Spectrometric Analyses of Split Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued) l Sieve Fractions l
PSU l.acetion Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentrstion 1-Sigma Error MDC (1) i Number and Description ----------- pCi / gram --------------
5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 10.5 0.9 2.7 I
. Split 5 Co-60 0.08 0.05 0.16
-200 Cs-137 11.7 0.1 0.2 Ra-226 4. 1. 4.
Th-232 1.26 0.09 0.30 5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 21.9 0.7 1.4 Split 1 00- 6 0 -0.02 0.02 0.09
+4 Cs- 137 0.16 0.03 0.11 Ra-226 10.7 0.9 3.0 Th-232 4.94 0.09 0.18 5201 FC-10 0to4 K-40 23.8 0.8 1.8 l
Recount Split 1 Co-60 Not Detected '
+4 Cs- 137 0.21 0.04 0.12 Ra-226 8.0 0.6 2.0 Th-232 4.06 0.08 0.17 5201 FC-10 0 to 4 K-40 10.7 0.8 2.2 Split 2 Co-60 Not Detected
+10 Cs-137 0.10 0.05 0.16 Re-226 5.6 0.8 3.0 Th-232 2.51 0.08 0.25 5201 FC-10 0 to 4 K-40 8.1 0.7 2.2 Split 3 Co-60 -0.04 0.04 0.14
+40-10 Cs- 137 0.36 0.05 0.17 Ra-226 10. 1. 6.
Th-232 3.1 0.1 0.4 5201 FC-10 0 to 4 K-40 11. 1. 3.
Split 4 00- 6 0 Not Detected i
+ 140 -40 Cs- 137 1.17 0.07 0.18 Ra-226 5.7 0.8 2.9 Th-232 2.67 0.09 0.24 5201 FC-10 0 to 4 K-40 15. 1. 4.
i Split 5 00- 6 0 0.05 0.05 0.16 1 -200 +200 Cs- 137 2.1 0.1 0.3 Re-226 11. 2. 7.
Th-232 4.1 0.2 0.4 l
(1) Minimum Detectable Concentration I-1 1 ,
Table 2 Gemma Specirometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Dri11 holes Bulk Samples PSV Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration I-Sigme Error MDC(1)
Number - - --------- pCi/ gram - -------------
l
'5176 FC-1 Oto2 K-40 4.5 0.4 1.2 00-60 0.34 0.03 0.07 Cs-137 7.62 0.08 0.09 Ra-226 2.5 0.8 3.1 Th-232 1.54 0.06 0.19 5177 FC-1 2 to 15 K-40 9.5 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.034 0.009 0.030 Cs-137 2.45 0.03 0.04 Ra-226 2.0 0.3 1.3 I Th-232 1.39 0.03 0.08 1
5178 FC-1 15 to 24 K-40 7.0 0.2 0.5 ,
Co-60 0.034 0.008 0.029 i Cs-137 1.40 0.02 0.04 Ra-226 2.9 0.4 1.3 Th-232 1.26 0.03 0.08 5180 FC-4 0 to 3 K-40 4.7 0.2 0.5 Co-60 0.003 0.008 0.027 Cs-137 1.80 0.03 0.03 Re-226 1.7 0.3 0.9 Th-232 0.25 0.02 0.06 5179 FC-4 3 to 8.5 K-40 6.6 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.005 0.008 0.030 l Cs-137 0.16 0.01 0.04 l Re-226 3.8 0.3 1.2 Th-232 1.23 0.03 0.08 5181 FC-4 8.5 to 14.5 K-40 11.0 0.4 0.8 Co-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.001 0.014 0.051 Ra-226 2.0 0.2 0.8 Th-232 0.86 0.03 0.07 5182 FC-4 14.51021.5 K-40 5.5 0.2 0.4 00-60 0.002 0.007 0.025 Cs-137 0.014 0.009 0.032 Ra-226 1.7 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.74 0.02 0.07 l
l Tr.ble 2 l
1 Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from fC-Series Ort 11 holes (continued)
Bulk Samples l
PSV Lacetion Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC(1) ,
Number --- -------- pCi/ gram ------------ --
5183 FC-5 0 to 1.5 K-40 8.7 0.4 0.8 00-60 0.47 0.02 0.05 Cs-137 25.85 0.12 0.08 Ra-226 3.7 0.6 2.1 1 Th-232 1.37 0.05 0.14 l 5184 FC-5 1.5 to 6 K-40 8.9 0.2 0.5 i 00- 60 0.15 0.01 0.04 Cs-137 12.86 0.07 0.05 Ra-226 2.8 0.4 1.5 Th-232 1.14 0.04 0.10 5185 FC-5 6 to 21 K-40 15.2 0.3 0.5 00-60 0.008 0.009 0.033 Cs-137 2.73 0.03 0.04 Ra-226 2.4 0.3 1.1 Th-232 1.35 0.03 0.07 5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 7.0 0.2 0.5 00-60 0.04 0.01 0.03 Cs-137 4.60 0.04 0.03 Re-226 2.6 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.78 0.03 0.08 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 6.8 0.3 0.6 Recount C0-60 0.03 0.01 0.03 Remixed Cs- 137 4.01 0.04 0.05 Ra-226 1.2 0.2 0.7 Th-232 0.61 0.02 0.06 5187 FC-6 4 to 8 K-40 6.7 0.2 0.5 00- 60 0.006 0.008 0.029 Cs- 137 0.74 0.02 0.04 Re-226 2.1 0.3 1.2 Th-232 0.93 0.03 0.08 5188 FC-6 8 to 16 K-40 6.0 0.2 0.4 00-60 Not Detected Os-137 -0.002 0.009 0.032 Re-226 2.2 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.81 0.02 0.07 Table 2 Gamma Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
Bulk Samples l PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error M00(1)
Number ----------- pC1/ gram --------------
P 5188 FC-6 8 to 16 K-40 6.4 0.2 0.4 Recount 00-60 0.011 0.007 0.027 Cs-137 0.002 0.009 0.033 Re-226 2.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 0.73 0.02 0.07 5189 FC-7 0 to 4 K-40 6.9 0.3 0.6 C0-60 -0.01 0.01 0.04 Cs- 137 0.70 0.02 0.05 Ra-226 2.2 0.3 1.2 Th-232 0.83 0.03 .0.08 5190 FC-7 4 to 13 K-40 11.4 0.3 0.6 00-60 Not Detected Cs- 137 0.00 0.01 0.04 Re-226 3.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 1.22 0.03 0.08 5191 FC-7 13 to 22 K-40 8.6 0.3 0.6 Co-60 0.020- 0.009 0.027 Cs-137 -0.009 0.010 0.039 Re-226 1.4 0.2 0.7 Th-232 0.95 0.02 0.05 5192 FC-3 0 to 5 K-40 20.1 0.4 0.6 00-60 Not Detected Os-137 1.38 0.03 0.05 Ra-226 2.8 0.4 1.3 Th-232 1.75 0.04 0.09 5193 FC-3 5 to 13 K-40 11.6 0.3 0.5 C0-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.06 0.01 0.03 Re-226 2.7 0.3 1.1 Th-232 1.31 0.03 0.08 5193 FC 'o 5 to 13 K-40 11.9 0.3 0.5 Recount 00-60 0.004 0.008 0.030 Cs-137 0.08 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.8 0.3 1.1 Th-232 1.28- 0.03 0.07 Table 2 l
Gamma Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
Bulk Samples PSV Lacetion Depth (in.) Nuclide Conmntration 1-Sigme Error MDC(1)
Number ----------- pCi / gram - ------- - -----
l 5194 FC-3 13 to 24 K-40 14.2 0.3 0.4 l Co-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.008 0.009 0.032 l Ra-226 2.7 0.3 0.9 I Th-232 1.28 0.03 0.06 l
5195 FC-9 0to9 Be-7 0.4 0.1 0.5 K-40 6.2 0.3 0.6 00-60 0.005 0.010 0.037 Cs- 137 0.04 0.01 0.05 Re-226 5.2 0.5 1.7 Th-232 3.18 0.05 0.11 l 5196 FC-9 9 to 12 K-40 6.2 0.3 0.8 l Co-60 Not Detected ;
Cs-137 0.09 0.02 0.05 l Re-226 3.5 0.5 1.5 Th-232 1,56 0.04 0.10 5197 FC-9 12 to 23.5 K-40' 6.4 0.2 0.4 I
I Co-60 -0.004 0.007 0.027 i Cs- 137 -0.006 0.009 0.034 Re-226 2.3 0.3 1.1 i Th-232 0.77 0.02 0.07 l 5198 FC-8 O to 6 K-40 14.7 0.4 0.8 4 00-60 0.01 0.02 0.05 1 Cs-137 0.85 0.03 0.06
{
! Cs-137 0.007 0.014 0.047 i Re-226 5.5 0.4 1.4 l Th-232 2.51 0.04 0.10 i
j 5200 FC-8 12 to 16.5 Be-7 0.08 0.10 0.31 i K-40 9.2 0.3 0.7 Co-60 Not Detected
- Cs-137 0.03 0.01 0.04
- - Re-226 1.4 0.2 0.7 Th-232 0.90 0.02 0.06
{
Table 2 Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Semples from FC-Series Dri11 holes (continued)
Bulk Samples l
PSV Lacetion Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1) l Number --- ----- -- - pCi/ gram ------ ---- --- - '
l
'201 5 FC- 10 0 to 4 K-40 6.4 0.3 0.6 00-60 -0.007 0.010 0.037 i Os-137 0.31 0.02 0.05 Ra-226 4.3 0.4 1.5 ,
Th-232 1.77 0.04 0.11 l l
5201 FC-10 0 to 4 K-40 9.9 0.3 0.7 l Recount C0-60 Not Detected Cs- 137 0.42 0.02 0.06 Ra-226 5.0 0.4 1.5 Th-232 2.15 0.04 0.10 5202 FC-10 4 to 17 K-40 5.5 0.3 0.7 Co-60 0.008 0.010 0.037 Cs- 137 0.02 0.01 0.05 Re-226 4.2 0.5 1.6 Th-232 2.01 0.04 0.11 5203 FC-10 17 to 22 K-40 8.9 0.4 0.9 j Co-60 Not Detected !
Cs- 137 0.00 0.02 0.06 Re-226 4.3 0.5 1.8 Th-232 2.35 0.05 0.12 ;
5204 FC-11 0to4 K-40 7.0 0.3 0.6 l Co-60 -0.003 0.009 0.035 I Cs- 137 0.43 0.02 0.04 {
Re-226 1.9 0.4 1.5 l Th-232 0.71 0.03 0.10 I I
5205 FC-11 4 to 17.5 K-40 23.9 0.4 0.7 00- 60 0.001 0.009 0.032 Cs- 137 0.00 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.8 0.2 0.6 Th-232 1.27 0.02 0.05 5205 FC-11 4 to 17.5 K-40 25.4 0.4 0.6 ;
i Recount 00-6 0 Not Detected Cs-137 0.01 0.01 0.04 Re-226 1.3 0.2 0.6 Th-232 1.15 0.02 0.05 i
l i
Table 2 Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
Bulk Samples PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1)
Number ----------- pCi/ gram ----- ----- ----
5206 FC-11 17.5 to 22 K-40 15.0 0.4 0.6 00-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.05 0.01 0.05 Re-226 4.9 0.4 1.4 Th-232 2.28 0.04 0.09 5207 FC-12 Oto3 K-40 3.9 0.3 0.9 C0-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.96 0.03 0.05 Re-226 2.9 0.5 1.7 Th-232 0.96 0.04 0.11 5208 FC-12 3 to 9.5 K-40 4.2 0.3 0.9 Co-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.42 0.02 0.07 Re-226 3.0 0.5 1.8 Th-232 1.08 0.04 0.12 5209 FC-12 9.5 to 17 K-40 13.0 0.4 0.7 00-60 Not Detected Cs-137 0.03 0.02 0.05 Re-226 6.5 0.4 1.4 Th-232 3.01 0.04 0.09 (1) Minimum DetectableConcentration
-30A-
Table 2 Gemme Spectrometrick :1yses of Extraction Samples from FC-Series Drillholes Selective Extractions PSU Locetion Depth (in.) Nuclide Conantration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1)
Number and Description ----------- pCl/ milliliter ----------
5176 FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 0.03 0.22 0.74 Extraction 00-60 Not Detected Os-137 0.22 0.02 0.05 Re-226 -0.3 0.3 1.1 Th-232 -0.004 0.024 0.092 5176 FC-1 O to 2 K-40 -0.4 0.3 1.0 Recount Extraction Co-60 -0.02 0.02 0.06 i Cs- 137 0.23 0.02 0.07 l Ra-226 0.1 0.4 1.4 1 Th-232 0.03 0.03 0.12 5176 FC-1 0to2 K-40 0.2 02 0.7 Organic 00-60 Not Detected Extraction Cs- 137 0.33 0.02 0.06 Ra-226 0.02 0.25 1.00 Th-232 0.003 0.023 0.086 5176 FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 - 0.2 0.2 0.7 Fe0x Co-60 -0.02 0.01 0.05 Extraction Cs- 137 0.06 0.02 0.06 Re-226 0.5 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.04 0.03 0.09 5176 FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 0.4 0.2 0.8 Acid C0-60 0.12 0 02 0.04 I Extraction Cs-137 1.94 0.04 0.08 i Re-226 -0.006 0.275 1.047 Th-232 0.08 0.02 0.08 5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 0.2 0.3 1.0 Extraction 00- 60 -0.01 0.01 0.06 I Cs- 137 0.41 0.03 0.07 Ra-226 0.2 0.4 1.5 Th-232 0.03 0.03 0.12 5186 FC-6 0to4 K-40 0.2 0.2 0.7 Organic 00-60 0.007 0.011 0.043 Extraction Cs-137 0.46 0.02 0.06 Re-226 -0.3 0.3 1.0 Th-232 0.03 0.02 0.08 ,
-30B-
l
, Table 2
, Gemme Spectrometric Analyses of Extraction Samples from FC-Series Drillholes (continued)
Selective Extractions PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC(1)
Number and Description ----------- pCi/ milliliter ----------
, 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 -0.08 0.20 0.70 Fe0x Co-60 0.003 0.010 0.037 Extraction Cs-137 0.39 0.02 0.06 Re-226 0.2 0.2 1.0 Th-232 0.04 0.02 0.08 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 -0.2 0.3 1.0 Acid 00-6 0 -0.02 0.02 0.06 Extraction Os-137 0.% 0.03 0.08 Re-226 0.8 0.4 1.5 Th-232 0.18 0.03 0.12 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 -0.2 0.2 0.8 Acid 00- 6 0 -0.01 0.01 0.05 Extraction Cs-137 0.18 0.02 0.07 Excess Re-226 -0.1 0.3 1.1 Th-232 0.04 0.03 0.09 PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC (1) i Number and Description - - - - - - - - - - - pC1/ gram - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5176 FC-1 0 to 2 K-40 6.4 0.6 1.7 Sand C0-60 0.03 0.03 0.11
+325 Cs-137 4.33 0.08 0.14 Re-226 6. 1. 4.
Th-232 2.10 0.09 0.28 5176 FC-1 0to2 K-40 16. 3. 9.
Clay 00- 6 0 0.2 0.1 0.5
-325 Cs- 137 31.2 0.5 0.7 Re-226 2. 3. 10.
Th-232 1.1 0.2 0.9 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 10.8 0.6 1.6 Send 00-60 0.11 0.03 0.08
+325 Cs- 137 4.58 0.08 0.12 Re-226 1.7 0.5 1.8 Th-232 1.56 0.05 0 14 5186 FC-6 0 to 4 K-40 15.2 0.8 2.0 !
-0.04 0.04 0.14 l C18v Co-60
-325 Cs- 137 14.0 0.1 0.2 Re-226 5. 1. 5.
Th-232 1.7 0.1 0.3 l
-30c-
)
Sieving The ASTM procedure D422-63 was followed for sieving, in combination with the procecure of Table 1. The fraction passing 10 mesh was passed through a ,
set of sieves (mesh sizes 20, 40, 60, 140, and 200) on a Ro-Tap sieve shaker.
The fraction coarser than 10 mesh was sieved thru a 4-mesh sieve. In general, the mass of coarse fraction was not sufficient to measure coarser particles accurately according to the criteria of the procedure. The fines passing 200- j mesh were suspended in water with the stirring apparatus and then brought to 1 liter in a sedimentation cylinder. The density was measured with a hydrometer after periods up to 24 hrs. to obtain the proportion of grains finer than 5 pm. and about 1 pm.
Each fraction was examinec under a binocular microscope and the types of particles recorded (Appendix D).
Chemical and Mir.eralogical Analyses A representative split of six samples was submitted to the Mineral Constitution Laboratory, Penn State Univ., for chemical and mineralogical analysis. Samples were ground to pass 100 mesh, and then analyzed for total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen by analysis of volatilized gases by a LECO C-H-N gas analyzer. Results are in Appendix E.
A portion of the sample was ashed and then fused with lib 02 and dissolved in HNO . The resulting solution was analyzed for Si, A1, Fe, Mg, 3
Ti, Ca, Na, K, Mn and P by plasma emission spectrometry and atomic absorption (Suhr and Gong, 1983), (Appendix E).
Another representative portion of the sample was ground to a powder, mounted on a glass slide, and an X-ray diffraction pattern made. The minerals were identifiea by comparison to standard mineral patterns (Appendix E).
Selective Extraction Two samples were chosen for selective extraction: FC-1, 0-4" (PSU#5176) and FC-6, 0-4" (PSU#5186 ) . Sample FC-1 is located about 50 ft. north of the containment vessel and FC-6 is located about 12 ft. east of the north end of the radwaste building. Sample FC-1 is mostly fly ash with minor natural silt-and clay; the bulk 137Cs content is 7.6 pC1/g. Sample FC-6 is about one-half fly ash and one-half crushed gray limestone with minor silt and clay; the bulk 137 Cs content is 4.0 pci/g, but for the sample with limestone removed it is 8.2 pC1/g. The latter sub-sample was used for selective extraction.
These two samples were chosen for several reasons: Both samples contain abundant fly ash which is suspected of being contaminated by reactor generated 137 Cs; the samples have higher radioactivity than most others. Only one sample has a higher 137 Cs value (FC-5, 0-1.5" - 25 pC1/g 137Cs). Also, the samples are in two distinctly different locations and may have been subjected to different contamination pathways and mechanisms. Sample FC-1 is near the spent resin tanks immediately to the north of the containment vessel and may ,
have been contaminated by possible leakage from the tanks; later it could-have been contaminated by the process of removing the resin tanks in 1972. >
Contamination could also have occurred in this sample after the site was restored to original grade af ter the removal of the tanks. FC-6 is just !
outsice the radwaste building where it may have become contaminated by leakage i of stored liquid waste. It is also possible that FC-6 could have become l
i contaminated during the decontamination of the radwaste building in the past year.
For both of these samples a selective extraction procedure was performed in hopes of ascertaining the host phase, cause and chronology of the suspected 3I Cs contamination.
}
i.
A selective extraction procedure, modified after Jackson (1956) and i Schmiermunc (1977), was performed to obtain elements of interest from each of the' soil phases. The procedure is designed to extract the easily-removed surficial coatings first and leave the more resistant substrates to late j stages. Cross-contamination of analyte between extractions of different i
- phases is minimized by washing between' treatments. The extractants for the t
Saxton samples are as follows (in order): ammonium acetate (extracts 3I Cs held in exchangeable cation sites on solids), hydrogen peroxide (decomposes organic phases such as humic materials), sodium dithionite (decomposes limonite and other Fe-oxides), warm 1:1 nitric acic/ water (extracts more 37 Cs in solids);
strongly bound the residue is sieved through on a #325 mesh
- (separates the sand-size fraction from the silt-and clay-sized fractions).
The extracts from this procedure were stabilized with nitric acid, placed in a a
standard geometry and measured on a gamma spectrometer for the presence of I3I Cs and other radionuclices.
The detailed procedure was follows: 60.54 g of FC-1 0-4" (PSU#5176) and 122.07 g (the fly ash portion of this sample only; the crushed limestone was removed as it contains no 137Cs) of FC-6, 0-4" (PSU#5186) were distributed among twelve 50 ml polyethylene tubes.
(1) 20 ml of 1 M ammonium acetate, adjusted to pH 5 with nitric acid, was added to each of the twelve tubes. The tubes were placed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min. and the supernatant liquid was carefully decanted off to a beaker and labelled
" exchangeable fraction". This step was repeated and then the tubes were washed with distilled water to remove the reagent; the water was added to the beaker labelled " exchangeable fraction", a few drops of concentrated nitric acid was added and the total volume was reduced to 100 ml. by evaporation.
(2) Next, 5 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide, adjusted to pH 5 with nitric acid, was added to each of the twelve tubes; as the substrate foamed violently, no ultrasound agitation was deemed necessary. Af ter 15 min. ,10 ml of water was added and the tubes were centrifuged as in the previous scep. The supernatant liquio was decanted to a beaker labelled " organic fraction". This step was repeated and the tubes were again washed with distillea water; the water was aoded to the beaker, stabilized with nitric acid and the total volume was reduced to 100 ml. (3) To extract the Fe-oxides, 20 ml of a sodium citrate-socium carbonate buffer (pH 8.3) were added to each of the tubes. The tubes were placeo in a constant temperature bath at 78'C and sodium dithionite was I
added in 0.5 g portions while stirring. Three portions were added; the tubes were alloweo to sit in the bath for 15 min. and then were centrifuged, wasned,.
I acidified and reduced in volume to 100 ml as in the previous steps. (4) Next, 20 ml of 1:1 nitric acid / water at '~ J was added to each of the twelve tubes; stirring was unnecessary as tne substrate reacted violently. The tubes sat at 60*C for 20 min. and then were centrifused, washed and the volume of extract reduced to 100 ml. (5) The residue remaining was washed over a 325 mesh I l
screen (50 micrometers) to separate the sand fraction from the silt and clay fractions. The separated fractions were oven dried at 110'C overnight, weighed and sent to the Low-Level Lab, as were the previous extractions. The-samples were counted in a standaro geometry en the germanium detectors for 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br />; the spectra obtaineo were then quantified.
i RESULTS Surficial Materials in Drillholes A limited numbe. of types of materials were encountered in the FC-series drillholes (Figures 6-16). Most of these same materials were encountered in the T- and B-series drillholes (Rose and Jester, 1988).
i Figure 6.
5AXTON FROJECT DRILLHOLE NO. FC-1 Recovery: 24' in. (100*)
Radionuclides (pC1/g) 32 6 40 g 60 137 Geologic Log Th Ra Co Cs
'.t.Q'i' 1.5 (2.5) 4.5 0.3 7.6 Sil'/.;' -
Fly ash A '--
- -- A Reddish sandy silt and siltstone fragments with minor bottom ash 6 4. --
1
.-- A-l 1.4 2.C 9.5 (0.03) 2.4 A' -
~~
A 5~-
12 -
a_~
- -. g
-A Mostly bottom ash; red clay at 20-22" 18 - d ,
1.3 2.9 7.0 0.03 1.4 -
0 rn
,4 24 0 inches Note: If recoverf differs f rom 100*;, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than 32nicum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
LEGEND
.:+.,.
- r.;.i" Fly ash O 0 f3 Bottom ash Asphalt or concrete O Crushed limestone E__~.;;;f Red clay fill A 4 41 oo Sandstone or siltstone fragments
, , Sand and silt (sedinentary)
l j Figure 7.
i l- SAXTON PROJECT I
DRILLHOLE 50. FC-3 24 Recevery: in. ( 10(L) l Radionuclides (pCi/g)
40 60 137
'32Th "6Ra K Co Cs Geologic Log m 1 1
1.7 2.8 20.1 -
1.4 Red clay with siltstone fragments
~ -~6O and minor bottom ash
. o_:-
6 .- g Red clay with sparse rock fragments 1 1
l _~ l b- ,
~~
1.3 2.7 11.6 -
0.06 - l l .
^
1 -
1.3 1.8 11.9 (0.004) 0.07 1, _
\
~
74 -
-g Red clay with sandstone fragments 1
_g 1 l
1.3 2.7 14.2 - (0.008)18 M ;
l .- th
?
..O~
~A l
inches Note: If recover: differs f ron 100':, uni:s are expanded propor:iena:ely. !
( ) Indicszes cencentra: ion less than Minicun Detectable Concen :stien
- No de:ec:ed (:ero c nega:ive cencentrction, or no peak detected) l t
l-i i
i h
Figure 8. l SAXTON PROJECT DRILL' DOLE NO. FC-4 Recovery: 21.5 in. ( 90 ;)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 Ra 'K Co Cs Geologic Log a . *n Asphalt, crushed limestone and brown '
O.2 1.7 4.7 (0.003) 1.8 . ' . -
silt / clay
-d
~6 1.2 3.8 6.6 (0.005) 0.2 6 .d
~2 B tt m ash with red clay
-b
~ OU
~
Orange brown clay 1.,. --
0.9 2.04 11.0 -
(0.001) r-
--E 18 . Orange brown clay with red sandstone 0.7 1.7 5.5 (0.002) (0.014) --4_ fragments
~dr
= -'
A_
34 4 . ~__
inches Note: If recevery differs f rom 100%, units are exoanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than FEnimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero er negative concentration, or no peak detected)
Figure 9.
SAXTOS PROJECT DRILLHOLE NO. FC-5 Recovery: 21. in. 67.5)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 6 40 g 60 I Cs Geologic Log Th Ra Co 1.4 3.7 8.7 0.5 25.8 :J, .-(.,4 Fly ash
~~[ ~ ~
Mostly red clay with 20% fly ash 1.1 2.8 8.9 0.1 12.9 .b --
o 6 .ra_=-a 2 T Red clay with sparse bottom ash,
.O
_ - crushed limestone, sandstone and
~~
siltstone
_ 8-
~
12 ~___
1.4 2.4 15.2(0.008) 2.73 ~f__.- -
18 .g-
~
~~~E
~ l 24 inches liote:
If recovery dif fers from 100%, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Pdnimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
I Figure 10.
SAXTOS PROJECT DRILLHOLE No. FC-6 Recovery: 16 1/2 in. ( 69 ;)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 Th Ra 'K Co Cs Geologic Log
- .' .?
I ;. c Fly ash and crushed limestone
. .. t. ,
0.8 2.6 7.0 0.03 4.6 g *d, O.6 1.2 6.8 (0.02) 4.0 *a ,'aBuff sandy silt with red sandstone-7.g siltstone fragments 0.9 2.1 6.7 (0.006)0.7 j'n, ,.
Fly ash with rock fragments
,4* Reddish silt with rock fragments 4.*
^~
7 'g Buff silt with sandstone fragments 0.8 2.2 6.0 -
(-0.002) .
0.7 2.3 6.4 (0.01) ( 0.002) A *
.6 18 *g , *
.4
.g
- O 24 _.
inches Note: If recovery dif fers f rom 100'.', ur.its are exoanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentra: ion less than Minicum Detectable Concentration
- Not " erected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) l l
l a
Figure 11.
SAXTON PROJECT DRILLHOLE NO. FC-7 Recovery: 221/2 in. (94;)!
Radionuclides (pC1/g) 232 Og 60 Geologic Log Th Ra Co Cs 0.8 2.2 6.9 (-0.01) 0.7 (([.f-[.. Fly ash
-jaf4j. Buff sandstone fragments in sandy matrix a ara 6 . .
, Buff sandy silt 1.2 3.3 11.4 -
(0.0) ,
12 : .
1.0 1.4 8.6 - ( 0. 02) (-0. 01 ) -
s 18 - ,
1 24 inches Note: If recovery dif fers fro = 100!;, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Pdni=u= Detectable Concentration
- Not detected ( ero or negative concentration, or no peak detected)
)
I I Figure 12.
f SAXTON PROJECT l i l l
FC-8 in. [9 1
DRILLHOLE NO. Recovery:16.5 )
Radionuclides (oC1/g) 7 Be U2 Th Ra 'K Co Cs Geologic Log j g Bottom ash g.vv
.. 6
~Ain 3.2 7.5 14.7 (0.01) 0.9 6 i r.6 Fly ash and bottom ash
- b. :
eas g
- b . t.
~d ,
2.5 5.5 12.3 -
(0.01) O Bottom ash 12 -
3 d
a o
- s 6
18
__3 =oBottom ash with 20% red clay zi =-
(0.08) 0.9 1.4 9.2 -
(0.03)
~
- O 24 inches Note: f recovery dif fers f rom 100';, units are exoanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates cencentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero c negative concentration, or no peak detected) 1 I
Figure 13.
! SAXTON PROJECT DRILLHOLE NO. FC-9 Recovery: 23.5 in. ( 98;)
Radionuclides (pCi/g)
! 7 Ra K Co Cs Geologic Log Be Th 0 Bottom ash 3 a 0.4 3.2 5.2 6.2 (0.005) (0.04 ,6d Bottom ash, slightly coherent d o 6 -
~ u';' "
Fly ash 1.6 3.5 6.2 -
0.0912 1. $/%' .-i. c l
~
o ._
2.3 6.4 YA -
Orange-brown clay with 0.8 (-0. 004 ) --- siltstone and sandstone fragments
(-0. 008 ) ~b ~2 18 -C "h-Q
- [=
=g 24 . - _
inches Note: If recovery dif fers from 100%, units are exoanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates cencentration less than Minimum Detectable Ceneentratien
- Not detected (:ero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) l 1
l
Figure 14.
SAXTON PROJECT 22 DRILLHOLE No. FC-10 Recovery: in. (92 %)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 Og 60 Co I Cs Geologic Log 3 Ra
- 's
- '
j'M. .!I 1.8 4.3 6.4 (-0.007) 0.3 Yi.h,'- Fly ash with sparse bottom ash l 2.2 5.0 9.0 -
0.4 " O. s '-
6 _A 6 Bottom ash "b
2.0 4.2 5.5 ( 0.008) (0.02) .a 12 b
b
-4 o
-4 18 .
U ,
l g6 2.3 4.3 8.9 (0.0) - Bottom ash with efflorescence l A
~
b i
24 0 d l inches Note: If recovery dif fers from 100*;, units are expanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Minimum Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative concentration, or no peak detected) j t
l Figure 15.
i S.GTON PROJECT l l
1 FC-ll' 22 DRILLHOLE NO. . ..
h ( 92 O Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 226 40 g 60 13 Geologic LoS Th Ra Co Cs i:5
. 8!.' Soil and fly ash grading down to 0.7 1.9 7.0 (-0.003) 0.4 28 & crushed limestone 30$
6 8 9
Crushed limestone in a fine gray
'O matrix i 1.3 1.8 23.9 (0.001) (0.00) - i 1.2 1.3 25.4 -
(0.01)12 -g
+
i c:a 8
-g8 18 .
and 44 Black and orange bottom ash with 2.3 4.9 15.0 -
0.05 6a some red siltstone
-d a 24 p44 inches
,;o c e : If recovery differs from 100*.', units are exnanded proportionately.
( ) Indicates concentration less than Mini =u= Detectable Concentration
- Not de:ected (zero or negative concen: ration, or no peak detected)
Figure 16. .
1 SAXTON FROJECT DRILLHOLE NO. FC-12 Recovery: 17 1/2 in. ( 73 ;)
Radionuclides (pCi/g) 232 60 137 Geologic Log Th Ra K Co Cs 1.h .. ; .".
0.9 2.9 3.9 -
1.0 Fly ash
-j:vf.,*;
a . 6 'n i r.<v:!: l 1
6 .O b Bottom ash and coal d
1.1 3.0 4.2 -
0.4 .
A o
6 b
1 '~ O
~~A a
~d g Bottom ash 3.0 6.5 13.0 -
0.03 18 .d a I
~
b Q
~
b a
24 0
inches Note: If recovery differs f rom 1000, units are expanded proportionately.
() Indicates concentration less than }' nimum A Detectable Concentration
- Not detected (zero or negative cencentration, or no peak detected)
In FC-6, -7 and possibly -9 and -4, the deeper layers are composed of bedded sand and silt with a small proportion of fine rock fragments. This material is believed to represent the natural near-surface flood plain deposits of the former Raystown Branch, although the possibility that they are disturbed materials cannot be entirely rejected. The key feature suggesting an undisturbed nature is their thinly bedded (layered) anc somewhat sorted character, as would be expected for sediments deposited on a flood plain but not material disturbec by human activities.
Several types of fill and artificially redistributed surficial material were encountered. Bottom ash makes up much of FC-8, -10, and -12 and parts of FC-1, -4, -9, and -11, and occurs as a subordinate' component mixed with other materials in several holes. The bottom ash has either been deliberately used as a fill, as for example in the sites of the former spent resin and waste liquid storage tanks, or was disposed of on the surface and was later spread into a surface layer during site cleanup in the early 1970's.
Red silty clay with varying amounts of red siltstone and sandstone fragments makes up a large portion of FC-1, -3, -5, and several T-series holes, and is present as small admixtures in other holes. Most of this material appears to be ground mudstone-siltstone, probably quarried at the east edge of tne site and useo deliberately for fill and for construction of the bunkers (FC-3). Tne red clay fill may have also been spread around the site during cleanup operations. Some may also be the natural silty surficial deposits that have been redistributed during construction.
Crushed limestone is a major component of FC-11 and of the surface zone of FC-4 and -6. In FC-4 it is a component of the asphalt floor of the bunker as well as a suegrade for the asphalt. In the other areas it appears to have been spread on the surface for roadways, fill or parking. This material was
. . . - - - _ _ . --- - - ~ ~ . - - -.-_ - - - -__._.- - - - . . - -
{ not quarried on site because this type of limestone is not present at the 2 I 4 site; it may have come from limestone quarries near Everett or elsewhere in 1
the region.
Fly ash forms a surface layer 1 to 4 in, thick in FC-1, -5, -6, -7, -
10, -11, and -12, and is present beneath fill in FC-6, -8, and -9. In most of
! these locations it is mixed with varying amounts of rock fragments, bottom ash and crushed limestone. Most of the fly ash probably accumulated prior to i
j 1970, when the coal-fired plant ceased regular operation, but appreciable
) redistribution may have occurred by wind action since that time, because the j
surface above the former spent resin tank is covered by several inches of fly j ash.
Sieve Analyses i
l Some representative cumulative distributions of sieve analyses are l
plotted in Figures 17 to 18. I The fly ash is characterized by a high proportion of material in the
{
A l 3 sand size range (74 m to 500pm), as illustrated in Figure 17 for FC-1, which is a relatively. pure fly ash. Other " fly ash" samples have a considerable i
! admixture of coarser rock fragments (including crushed limestone) and bottom l ash. The quantity of material finer than 74 um is cmall, less than 15%.
$ Fill material of " red clay and siltstone" is also characterized by a 4
high proportion of fine sand (74 to 500pm. but by higher proportions (10-205) of silt and clay (< 74pm) and a significant amount of gravel-sized rock 1
i j fragments (Figure 18).
i 1 A natural " silty sand" is shown on Figure 18. The size distribution is 1
i similar to that of the red clay and siltstone, except that coarse particles are sligntly less abundant, j A material dominated by bottom ash is also plotted on Figure 18. The j proportion of clay, silt and fine sand is much lower that the other types of l samples (< 20%), and the dominant size is between 2 and 5 mm.
i
Clay M Silt -
Sand "
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i i .I i t i ! -. .i. .. .
0 1 10 100 1000 10,000 um Particle Size 10 mm Figure 17. Particle size distribution for some samples rich in fly ash. Each point indicates tite percentage of total sample weight that consists of particles smaller than the indicated diameter.
Clay I Silt : Sand Gravel
. . ._ h .
.t ! -*-
--I--
Q- '
-+ - - -
100 ', i . !
3 .--- I' , -I i . . , i ! : !
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j Cumulative j j ....j
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Percent t
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-- i- --+-- --- - - ---
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100 1000 10,000 um.
1 10 1 10 mm Particle Size Figure 18. Particle size distribution for some representative samples. Each point indicates the percentage of total sample weight that consists of particles with diameter smaller than the indicated value.
Chemical Composition of Samples The chemical composition of the samples is listed in Appendix E.
The analyses snow that all " fly ash" and " bottom ash" contains a significant amount of carbon, in the range of 15 to 435 This carbon apparently represents unburned or incompletely burned coal. In several of these samples, coal dust or fine coal particles were recognized visually or microscopically, but the amo.unts recognized were small, generally less than 10%. The much larger ammount of C found chemically suggests that fly ash and bottom ash contain a major component of unburned carbon. This feature is consistent with the opaque nature of the particles.
Two samples (FC-6, 0-4 and FC-6, 4-8) contain considerable Ca as well as moderate C. In these samples, the chemical form of carbon is probably largely CACO , which is bserve in the form of crushed limestone.
3 Sample 5188 (FC-6, 6-16") is a natural silt with rock fragments. The content of C is very low (0.41%), reflecting its lack of coal, calcite and plant materials. The inorganic constituents show high SiO 2and appreciable A10 , Fe 0 , and K 20, appropriate for the observed composition of quartz silt 23 23 and subordinate illitic clay.
The inorganic fraction of the fly ash has a relatively Al-rich composition that might be expected for the clay-bearing inorganic fraction of a coal. Silica ranges recm 49 to 66%, and A10 frm9t 335, with lesser 23 amounts of Fe and K. Small amounts of S, probably originally from pyrite in .
the coal, are present in all samples. The fly ash is well within the composition reported for fly ash elsewhere.
Radionuclices Detected in Samples Detectable quantities of 6 radionuclides were identified: 137Cs, 60Co, 7Be, 40g, 226Ra, and 232Th (Table 2). Peaks for a number of other U and Tn decay products in addition to 226-Ra were detectec but have not been i
-5 0-
quantified. An addition to these nuclidea, some small peaks remain unidentified on the gamma spectra, but no definite identification has been possible.
The 0_g, 232Th and 226 Ra are natural radioactivity in the soil and rock. Tne levels of 226 Ra in most cores are 2 to 3 pCi/g, which is the activity that would be in equilibrium with 6 to ? ppm of uranium. Levels of 3 to 5 ppm U are common in shales of the Catskill Formation farther east, and levels of 5 to 10 ppm are found in some samples (Pire, 1979, Bell, 1980).
Most samples have 232 Th activities of 0.5 to 1.5 pCi/g, equivalent to Th contents of 5 to 15 ppm. These values are in the range of 5 to 20 ppm Th in Catskill shales fartner east (Pire, 1979; Bell, 1980).
Levels of K range from about 4 to 25 pCi/g, but most are in the range of 5 to 10 pC1/g. These values correspond to values of K between 0.5 and 3.05.
The 137Cs and 60 Co clearly originated from either reactor operation or atmospheric fallout from weapons tests or the Chernobyl accicent. The I Be is formed in the upper atmosphere.
137 Cs is clearly the most abundant of these nuclides, with levels up to 25.8 pCi/g (sample FC-5). The 60 Co is present above The Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) in only 6 samples, the highest values being 0.47 pC1/g.
In a gross way, the Co is abundant in samples with high values of 137 Cs, but the correlation is only fair in detail (i.e., samples with 25.85, 12.85 and 7.62 pC1/g 137 Cs contain 0.47, 0.15 and 0.34 pCi/g Co-60, respectively). Be is detected in only 2 samples, but neither exceeds the MDC. In view of this pattern, the emphasis in the following discussion will be on Cs.
Distribution of Cs with Deptn In all 10 drillholes with detectable 137 Cs, the surface layer has markedly higher concentrations than deeper layers, anc the differences in many holes exceed a factor of 10 (Figures 19-23). The exception is FC-9, in which tne surface layer contains 0.04 pC1/g, slightly less than the MDC, but the underlying sample contains 0.09 pCi/g, slightly more than the MDC. In all holes except FC-11, the deepest horizon contains the least 137 Cs. In FC-11, the concentration in the second horizon is 0.007 pCi/g (less than the MDC) and in the deepest horizon it is 0.048 pC1/g, barely exceeding the MDC of 0.046.
Tnis behavior clearly indicates a surface source for the 137 Cs, either atmoupheric fallout or surface dispersion of contamination from the nuclear 1
plant. The exceptions to the pattern of decreasing 137 Cs with depth may arise from burial of material once at the surface (i.e., FC-9 is adjacent to the coal-fired plant site, and has been regraded, and FC-11 clearly had crushed stone spread over the surface at some time). I In most samples, the high 137 Cs material at the surface is dominantly fly asn (FC-1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12). Exceptions are FC-3 and -4, which are in the bunker area and have clay and asphalt as the enriched surface layer.
In all samples outside the nuclear facility that have readily detectable amounts of 137 Cs in layers below the surface (FC-6, 11, 12), the subsurface material with hign values is bottom ash or fly ash. This relation suggests that these surficial materials accumulated I37Cs and were later buried. The present surficial materials at these sites either accumulated additional 137 Cs at a later time possibly from atmospheric fallout, or were redistributed by re grading or wind action.
In FC-1 and FC-5, the subsurface layers may have accumulated Cs from appreciable downward migration from the appreciable contamination in surface I
)
I J
2
.i A
i j Cs-137 (pCi/g) l 0 2 4 6 8 10 5 0 8 8 8 Is i ,
i C 1 O i
Ea 12 4
O 6
+
24 FC-1 1
3
! Cs-137 (pCi/g) j 0 1 2 i 0 , .
2 -
4
- ci
- c !
5a 12 -
. O 24 ,.
FC-3 Figure 19. Activity of Cs vs. depth l
l Cs-137 (pCl/g) 0 1 2 0
I o
c -
c E 12 -
i l
Q 24 _
FC-4 a
Cs-137 (pCl/g) 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 , , , , ,,
o E
5 12 -
O 24 -
FC-5 Figure 20. Activity of Cs vs. depth Cs-137 (pCl/g) ,
, o 1 2 3 4 5 l 1 0 '
I i a i s i t
! i 9
C
- =,
E 12 -
E \
a 1 24 ~
FC-6 Cs-137 (pCi/g) o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 , , ,
o E
E 12 -
O 0
l 24 FC-7 Figure 21. Activity of Cs vs. depth.
l 1
l Cs 137 (pCl/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0
s : s s i n
C c
E 12 -
o .
4 j 24 -
- i E
i l
1 l
j FC-9 l i Not plotted. Intervals 0-9 and 12-23.5 are less than 0.01 pCi/g and I i less than MDC; interval 9-12 is 0.09 pCi/g. l i
) i l
Cs-137 (pCl/g) o 0.2 0.4 0.s o.8 1.o g
- I s s o
c
- =,
{12 Q
24 -
FC-10 Figure 22. Activity of Cs vs. depth
Cs-137 (pCl/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0
3 5 I I I c
c l
{12 O I 24 FC-11 )
l I
l Cs-137 (pCi/g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0
I e a i ga o
C c
5Q. 12 i
O
- O -
24 -
FC-12 d
l 1
I 137 i
! Figure 23. Activity of Cs vs. depth. j i
4 i
l layers. The subsurface contamination in these holes is in materials that are dominantly red clay and silt, but do contain a component of ash.
Areal Distribution of 137Cs The areal distribution of 137Cs in surface horizons is shown on Figure
- 24. All values exceeding 1 pCi/g are within the fence of the Nuclear Facility. Values outside the Nuclear Facility range from 0.04 to 0.96 pCi/g, with a median of about 0.55 pCi/g.
37 Cs The levels of Cs outside the fence are similar to the amount of 37 in atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests. A graph of Cs fallout 2 2 for New York City indicates about 25 dpm/cm or 11.26 pC1/cm of fallout in the period 1952 to 1978, mainly during 1958-60 and 1963-65 (Smith et al.,
37 1987). Assuming that half of this Cs has decayed (T 1/2 of Cs is 30.2 3
yrs), and that a surface layer thickness of 12 cm and density 1.5g/cm 137 contains the fallout, then the calculated concentration is 0.3 pCi/g. Cs levels of 0.08 to 13 pCi/g are observed in soils apparently unaffected by nuclear power plants (Bunzl et al, 1984). A better comparison using soils several miles from the Saxton Facility is desirable, but it seems likely that most of the Cs from sites outside the fence of the Nuclear Facility is from weapons' testing fallout, with at most only a subordinate contribution from the SNEC operations.
Hole FC-5 shows the highest concentrations of 137Cs (25.8 pCi/g). This hole is a few feet from the vicinity of a drain where slight contamination had
?
i been recognized by GPU personnel. The contamination has penetrated to at
]
least the bottom of hole FC-5 at 24 in., in fill material predominantly consisting of red clay with an admixture of bottom ash, crushed limestone, sandstone and siltstone.
In FC-1, a similar pattern of 137Cs is found, with highest values in surface fly ash, but detectable values of 1.4 pC1/g occur in bottom ash at 15-
- a
00.4 -
., FC'-11 FC-10
- 0.4 FC-12 *
', 'I f l
'I .e.^ y d.e FC-7 '
{~ , *!* #0,7
~
e 7. 6- YC~h yc-5 e FC-1 e ,,,
4.6 af U"'le yacglity c R
, ;, g ' FC-3 u, el.4 f O. e 1. 8 g@ Y, FC-4
, q t c
g3
'g 4.
( J ,3
,. 1 '"
I$
i L. ._) '
3 .. , cogi-fired Plant
- 4. ; .. ' . .;(Approximate)
0.85 (sand) 4.08 pct /g 2.0 0.7 FC-1, 0-1.5 -20 +140 0.10-0.85(Sand) 11.91 59.3 57.4 -140 <0.10 (silt /ciay) 13.35 38.7 42.0 5186 +4 >4.75 (Gravel) 0." 29.8 0 FC-6, 0-4 -4 +10 2-4.75 (Sand) 3 52 14.6 9.8 +10 -40 0.425-2 (Sand) 5.09 13.5 13.1 -40 +140 0.10-0.425 (Sand) 9.22 27.0 47.3 -140 +200 0.074-0.10 (silt.) 8.71 4.6 7.6 -200 <0.074 (Silt / Clay) 11.66 10.0 22.2 5201 +4 >4.75 (Gravel) 0.164 23.6 4.8 FC-10, 0-4 -4 +10 2-4.75 (sand) 0.099 93 1.1 In -10 +40 0.425-2 (Sand) 0.357 2<.8 10.2
- I -40 +140 0.10-0.425 (Sand) 1.172 26.5 38.9
-140 <0.10 Siit/ Clay) 2.104 17.0 44.8
" Block of limestone (2 in, diam.) assumcd to contain no 37 Cs.
I The sieve fraction indicates the U.S. Stand.trd Mesh screen on which the indicated mass was retained. Size indicates the nominal opening of the sieve.
2 The Activit.y of I37 Cs per gram of this fraction.
The percentage of the total sample mass retained on this sieve.
The percentage of the total 137 cs act.ivity residing in this sieve fraction.
l l l
l 37 Distribution of Cs in Selective Chemical Extracts The results of the sequential chemical extractions on two fly ash samples are listed in Table 4 and summarized in Figure 25. Six fractions have been separated, designed to selectively extract exchangeable cations, cations bound in organic matter, cetions incorporated in ferric iron oxides, cations I extractable by strong acid (1:1 HNO ), and th se in the undissolved residue of 3
" sand" size (coarser than 325 mesh or 50pm), and those of " silt-clay" size (finer than 325 mesh). The various extractions are not completely selective for the named fractions, but should represent dominantly the intended material.
Comparison of the fractions with the original sample indicates that the sum of 137 cs activities for the fractions slightly exceeds the measured activity for the original sample (123% and 110% recovery for 5176 and 5186, respectively). The excess recovery exceeds the counting error and appears to result from calibration problems with the different types of samples. i l
However, the error is relatively small in comparison with the fractions of !
l higher activity, so the major conclusions below seem justified. However, the I activities of fractions are likely to be overestimated rather than l
underestimated.
In both samples, the proportion of activity in the exchangeable, organic 37 and Fe-oxide fractions is small, indicating very little Cs is weakly bound and capable of mobility in soil formation and ground water. In both samples, the proportion of activity in these forms is less than 15% of the total.
In sample 5186, the acid extractable 137 Cs is only 11% of the total, and in sample 5176, it is 34%. The remaining 53% in 5176 and 75% in 5186 was not removed by any of the chemical extractions, and remains in the solid particles. The bulk of the 137 cs is therefore very strongly bound to the solids. The 1:1 HNO lea h is expected to strip off most ions that became 3
Table 4; Distribution of' Cs and- K'in Products of Selective Chemical Extraction ,
Sample FC-1, 0 - 1.5Iin.'(PSU 5176)-
~
137 Cs 40 K
Fraction Activity Error'(16) % Error 3
% of Cs Mass Activity . Activity 5 of K Exchangeable 25 pCi 2.2 9 4.4 0 n.d.
Organic 39 2.4 6 6.9 -(28) (6.8)
Fe-Oxide 6 2.0 33 1.1 - -
n.d. O Acid 194 4.4 2 34.1 l Sand (+325 mesh)
(39) .(9.5) 192 3.5 2 33.7 44.3g 4.326pci/g 285 69.5 l' Siit/ Clay (-325 mesh) 113 1.8 2 19.9 3.63 31.171 58 14.1 Total of Fractions 569 7 1.2 100.1 47.93 410 initial Sample 99.1-461 4.7 1.0 -
60.54g 7.62pCi/g 271 Sample FC-6, 0-4 (PSU 5186) (Coarse'11mestone fragments removed to leave fly ash only)
-137 g3 -- 40 g 3
Fraction Activity Error (26) % Error % of- Cs Mass Activity Activity 5 of K Exchangeable 45 pCi 2.7 6' .1 4 .1 Organic (25)pci (1.9) 55 2.5 4.6 5.0 -
(20) (1.5)
Fe-Oxide 47 2.5 5.4 4.3- -
n.d. O Acid 120 5.7 4.8 '11.0 -
n.d. O Sand (+325 mesh) 306 53 1.7 27.9 66.8g 4.58pci/g 719 54.1 Silt / Clay (-325 mesh) 522 5.3 47.7 1.0- 37.2 14.04 564 42.5 Total of Fractions 1095 to 0.9 100;0 104.0g -
1328 100 Initial Sample 996 50 5.0 -
122.1 8.17pci/g 835
( ) Indicates amount less than MDC n.d. Not detected (apparent negative value)
See explanation on following page.
' Explanation of Table 4 Column 1. The fraction or step in the selective extraction, or a calculated value for the sum of the fractions, and the measured value for the initial sample.
Column 2. Tne activity of I37Cs in the indicated fraction or material.
For the exchangeable, organic, Fe-oxide and acid fractions, the determinations of Tabie e are pC1/m1', and the values in Column 2 were calculated from pC1/ml times the. milliliters of this fract' ion (usually 100 to 120 ml). For the sand and silt / clay, the values in Table 2 in pC1/g were multiplied by grams of this fraction (Col. 6) to obtain the total activity in the fraction. Examples:
l The initial samples weighed 60.54 and 122.1 g for samples 5176 ana 5186, respectively, containing 7.62 and 8.17 pCi/g, respectively. The total detivity in sample 5176 is therefore 60.54 g x 7.62 pCi/g - 461 pC1. The organic fraction of sample 5176 contained 0.325 pci/m1, and had a volume of ;
1 120 m1, to give 39. pC1 of 137Cs. The sum of the activities of the fractions- l in sample 5176 is 569 pC1, compared to 461 pCi measured in the initial sample.
The exdess appears to result from differences in absorption and counting geometry for the fractions vs. the total sample.
l Column 3 Counting error (pC1) at the 1 standard deviation level, calculated from values in Table 2. Counting error for the sum (S T ) I8 2.
computed as the weighted sum of individual fractionss (ST -a53 3 + a5 2
- where Si is the la counting error for an individual fraction, and a1
,,,,) is the weight of this fraction in the total (pCi in fraction /pCi in sum).
Column 4 Counting error as a percentage of the activity in the fraction, calculated from columns e and 3 The.percentdge of 137 Cs in each fraction relative to the sum Column 5. )
of the fractions, as listed in Column 2.
' Column'6. Tne mass of sand or silt / clay recovered at the end of the selective extraction procedure, the sum of the sand + silt / clay masses, and the initial sample mass subjected to the selective extractions. The differences between initial and fraction totals represent mass dissolved in the first 4 steps.
Column 7. The activity of 137 Cs per gram of the sand and silt / clay fractions (Col. 2/ Col. 6), or the activity /g of 137 Cs in the total sample.
Column d. Data for 40 K like that in Column 2 for 137 c3, I 40 137 Column 9. Data for K like that in Column 5 for Cs. ,
1 I
l i
i l
l l
I L
l I.-
SELECTIVE EXTRACTION OF TWO S AXTON, PA S AMPLES: FC-l and FC- 6 l
FC -1, 0-4" (PSU 5176)
TOTA L ' Cs - 7. 62 pCi/g 50-40<
% of 30 tofal 337Cs ACTUAL 20 ANALYTICAL TOTAL
'U' 123* 2 %
l I EXCH. Fe - O x's SAND 1
CATIONS i ORGANIC ACID SOL- SILI/CLAT l FC - 6, 0- 4" (PSU 5186) i TOTA L '* Cs - 8. i7 pCi/g 50-l
/*
I*
40-
% of 30 l total I37Cs ACTUAL I
! 20- ANALYTICAL I TOTAL (
' io.
11 0
- 6 %
i 1 Ul I EXCH. Fe- Ox's SAND CATIONS ORGANIC ACID SOL. SILT / CLAY 3 ,.
Figure 25. Distribution of Cs among fractions of selective extractions.
incorporated in the sample by adsorption or precipitation from solution; indeed, the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide extractions would be expected I to extract much of an adsorbed fraction. Thus, the Cs is incorporated very 1
1 firmly in the sample.
f Additional insight on the form of 137 Cs can be gained by comparison with O.
K Unfortunately, the ccunting error for 40 K is relatively large, so that i activities in the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions are j consistently below the MDC, but the MDC is relatively high. However, the consistent pattern of low 137 Cs in all six of the mobile fractions and the l reasonable sums of the 40 K fractions lend strength to the argument that O g g3 i
$ very low in these fractions. Both Cs and K are alkali metals, with similar l
- ionic size, charge and bonding properties.
2 l If the 137 Cs was actually incorporated into well-fused ash during the j process of forming the ash in the coal-fired plant, then one might expect the 137 Cs anc 40 K to benave similarly during selective extraction. However 40 g appears distinctly more firmly bound than 137 Cs. An estimated total of 84 and 40 l 975 of the K remains in the sand and silt / clay fractions compared to 53 and u
] 75% of the 1 37Cs. Based on this data,137Cs is not bound as strongly as 40g,
- the latter probably being distributed within the silicate network of the glass particles, or in unfused 1111te or other,K-bearing aluminosilicates. In contrast, at least some 137 Cs apparently occurs on or near the surface of the particles.
Autoradiography In order to discern the distribution of 137 Cs in surficial materials at Saxton, PA, with greater resolution, autoradiography was performed on five samples initially (another autoradiograph is in progress using six samples).
Autoradiography is the process where a sample is placed on a film sensitive to the radiation of interest, for a period of time. Radioactivity in the sample, i
either natural or anthropogenic, exposes the film ir. mediately adjacent to the radioactive source in the sample. After the film is developed, a comparison is made between the exposed areas on tne film and the grains in the sample;-
where grains in the sample are strongly radioactive, areas of high exposure l
l are resultant. The grains in question may be removed from.their mounting medium to be analyzed further. In addition, this method will identify those types of grains that are typically more radicactive than other grain types. A cut and polished grain mount may also be used in an autoradiograph in order to r characterize the spatial distribution of radionuclides within a single grain.
The first autoradiograph made for this s'udy used Dupont chronex safety double-emulsion X-ray film (standaro in most hospitals). This film is sensitive to X-rays and beta particles and will not resolve between the two or even between betas of cifferent energies. The Saxton, PA samplos are known to
! contain naturally occurring 40 K and U and Th series daughters and anthropogenic 137 Cs in various proportions. Unfortunately, many of the above j nuclides emit betas energetic enough to expose the film. In order to help l
l resolve which nuclide is responsible for film exposure, Tive samples of l varying 40 gf137Cs ratics were used: FC-1, 0-2"(1:2); FO-3, 0-5" (15: 1); FC-5, 0-1.5" (1:3); FC-6, 0-4" (1.5: 1); and FC-10, 0-4" (-25: 1). The samples were mounted in Kadex, an artificial Canadian balsam, and flattened (not cut l and polished); they were then sealed in a pressure-backed, light-tight X-ray cartridge and exposed for fourteen days. This initial autoradiograph (enclosed in this report) shows images suggesting that the mounting medium either chemically exposed or phosphorescently exposed the film, leaving the sample grains in a snadow of relatively poor exposure. Six new samples (the five listed above plus FC-6, 0-4" ' sand fraction after selective extraction',
40gf137Cs-2.5: 1) were mounted in cold-seal, cut and polished and allowed to
sit in the dark for 48 hrs, to let any residual phosphorescence to decay away.
The samples were placed in the pressure-backed cartridge with single emulsion hospital-grade film. Tne exposure time will be one month; meaningful results will be included in a following report. .
)
REVIEW OF FLY ASH J
The recognition that radioactivity at Saxton occurred in the surficial ,
I fly ash layer prompted-an interest in this material. A very large amount of 1 4
literature exists on fly ash, largely as a result of DOE-funded research in the 1970's and early 1980's. Only a small part of this has been examined, partly because of the voluminous quantity and partly because of the results of the research at Saxton have led to some question as to whether the radioactivity is actually in the fly ash particles.
Fly ash is the portion of ash formed in burning of coal or petroleum that is small enough, in terms of particle size, to be entrained in the flue gas and carried away from the site of combustion (Roy et al, 1981). Fly ash particles are typically derived from the melting of mineral matter or the partial combustion of coal. In general, about 70 to 80% of the solid waste derived from coal combustion is fly ash.
The particle size of fly ash is dominantly silt-size, with 65 to 90% of material recovered by fly ash collectors having a particle size less than 10pm, though the size depends on furnace characteristics. The fly ash at Saxton is predominantly coarser than this size, probably because the coarse particles are concentrated close to the stack, and fine particles travel farther.
Microscopic examination of fly ash shows a wide range of particle shapes and appearances. Some particles are spherical, others are irregular and.
angular to rounded. Some particles are opaque owing to being unburned to partially burned coal, and others are translucent glass, with a variety of )
forms and characters in between.
Mineralogically, quartz (SiO 2), mullite (A1 31 0 6 02 13), hematite (Fe2 3) and magnetite (Fe3 0 4) are tne m st m n rystalline phases. Amorphous material, in part glass, m kes up 50 to 90% of typical fly ash. Chemical composition of typical fly asn is listed in Table 5, and additional data is in Turner et al (1982). Sjo2 and A1 023 are the dominant constituents, with other important components being Feg30 , Ca0, Mg0 and K2 0. Minor Na and S are commonly present. Carbon can be present at levels up to at least 20%, and tends to be higher in products of older boilers. A wide variety of trace elements have been detected, some (mainly sulpnophile metals) considerably enriened over levels for normal rock and soil and for input coal. Enrichment in cestum is not reported but may not have been looked for. Volatile elements (S, Hg, Se, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, etc. ) tend to be particularly enriched in fly ash compared to coal. These volatiles include Pb, U, Th and possibly other components of the natural U and Th decay series (Tadmor, 1986). The volatile trace metals tend to be enriched in the near-surface portion of fly ash particles (Stinespring et al, 1985) as a result of condensation in the cooler zone of the stack.
Initially, large amounts of relatively soluble or desorbable elements are present in fly ash. These include S, As, Cd, Pb, and other heavy metals.
These eventually are leacneo away, and the fly ash then has a significant capacity to adsorb various metals (Liskowitz et al, 1986). Presumably the adsorption is caused by the unsatisfied surface charges of the glass, though no literature has been found on this topic. The glass probably devitrifies somewhat on exposure to lower temperatures and moisture, thereby l redistributing constituents in the surface layer, and changing its adsorption characteristics.
i
?
l Table 5.
A, Percenta9es of concentration of the major elements (in their oxide forms) in 13 fly ash samples. (frna Roy et al.. 1981)
References cited Na tusch Smith Block Ondov Page Chang Block d Hanson et al." et al.b et al.' and Dams d
Chu et al .' Bickelhaupt* et al.I et al.R et al? and Dams (1975) (1977) (1979a) (1976) (1976.1978) (1975) (1975) (1979) (1977) (1975)-
SiO 23.32 50.49 23.50 47.06 -
49.70 18.26 57.27 22.00 44.92 21.39 2.14 53.70 Tio, 0.27 1.61 0.79 1.33 0.50 1.27 1.07 1.05 0.60 1.23 - -
0.75 A1:03 12.79 26.64 -
20.73 10.96 31.19 18.52 27.16 14.80 24.00 34.01 32.50 22.67 Fe 0 3 12.18 3.60 13.21- 5.00 8.86 8.76 20.79 3.81 11.20 8.86 7.42 7.15' 4.58 A
MnD 0.10 0.10 0.04 0.12 0.05 0.05 0.05 - -
0.06 0.02 -
0.11 l Mg0 2.24 0.27 2.04 2.98 1.86 1.53 1.23 0.94 12.75 2.98 2.82 2.32 5.31 d Ca0 19.03 0.70 -
6.58 1.96 1.82 5.74 5.18 31.00 16.58 14.41 8.68 5.29
' Na20 - - -
1.54 1.20 0.32 0.66 1.83 1.04 0.43 1.62 -
0.54 K0 0.79 3.09 7.06 2.55 0.56 4.34 3.37 1.19 0.20 2.93 0.98 -
6.09 P:Os 0.14 - - - -
0.17 0.39 -
0.09' 4.12 0.92 503 - -
1.77 1.30 -
0.40 1.55 0.33 1.33 -
1.33 -
2.75
- Na0H-Na02 fusion and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
b Spark source mass spectrometry.
- K-ray fluorescence and neutron activation.
d Neutron activation.
'Not I
stated.
Neutron activation and photon activation gaevna-ray detection.
8 Na:CO fusion spectroscopy, turbidemetrically, colorimetry, and neutron activation.
"ItELE 5B Renn ens averata cremical composition of fly asn (data from publications listed in Table 5C Aance Averace Std. dev.
Constituer.t (i} NO. of data (i)' '. % )
510: 2.19 68.1 58 44 13 Tic 0.5-2.55 39 1.3 0.5 A1:03 3.39-39.4 60 23 6.5 Fe:03 3.60-29.2 58 11 6.5 MnD 0.02-0.24 14 0.1 C.1 Ca0 0.2-31.0 58 8.2 8.0
';0 0.1-12.8 58 2.7 2.7 ha20 C.2-8.0 50 1.8 2.0 K:0 0.2-8.1 49 2.0 1.8 cCi 0.05-6.0 34 C.8 1.7 0 0.1-25.7 $2 4.0 7.3 30 0.1-7.28 47 1.6 1.9 TABLE ;C Bibliography of major studies containing results from chemical analyses of fly ashes.
Reference Area of major concern ,
Bickelnaupt 1975; Funnell and Johnson,1976; Nowak, Major elements 1974; Roy, Murtha, and Burnett,1979; and Schuller et al., 1979.
Coles et al.,1979; Fisher, Chrisp, and Raabe,1979; Trace and minor elements Kaakinen et al.,1975; Lee et al., 1972, 1975; Lee and von Lenmden,1973; Natusch et al.,1974a,1974b; Ondov, Ragaini, and Biermann,1979a,1979b; Phung et al . ,1979; and Theis and Wirth, 1977.
Detailed analytical studies Block and Dams, 1975, 1976; Campbell et al.,1978; Chang, et al.,1977; Davison,1974; Dvorak and '.ewis,1978; Furr e al . ,1976a,1977,1978; Griffin et al.,1980; Fanson, Carpenter, and Henderson,1975; Klein et al.,
1975; Linton et al., 1976; Morse 1979; Natusch et al.,
1977; Nadkari,1980; Ondov, Ragaini, and Biermann,1978; Page Elseewl, and Straughan,1979; Ray and Parker,1977; Santhanam and Ullrich,1979; Smith,1979; Smith, Camp-bell, and Felix,1979; Smith, Campbell, and Nielson, 1979; and Torrey (ed.), 1978.
HOST AND FORM OF RADIOACTIVITY
.The data discussed en the preceding pages show the following characteristics of the 137 cs and other man-made radionuclides:
- 1. .The activity is concentrated in the top few inches in nearly all drill holes.
37
- 2. The Cs in drillholes outside the fence of the nuclear facility is.
at low levels, and could be derived largely from regional atmospheric fallout 37 from weapons tests. Activities of Cs beneath the surficial layer are negligible for these drillholes.
3 Within tne facility fence,137cs levels are considerably higher, up to 25 pC1/g, and extend to at-least 2 ft, depth, though the concentration falls off with depth beneath the surface.
4 The 137cs is present in all particle sizes, but increases in activity (pCi/g) in the fine sizes. However, a large proportion typically occurs in the fine sand size (0.1-0.425 mm), because of its large mass frac t ion'.'
- 5. The samples with elevated UI Cs contain dominantly fly ash, but they also contain smaller amounts of siltstone fragments'and other materials.
- 6. Selective chemical extractions indicate very strong bonding of 137cs to solid particles; 53 to (5f, of tne 137 cs resists extraction by 1:1 nitric acid. The 137Cs appears ;,o be slightly less strongly bonded than O,a K
~
natural radionuclide, in the samples.
- 7. Activities of 137Cs in the fine sieve fractions and in the clay fractions of the selective extraction series reach levels as high as 30 pci/g.
37 cs in fly ash at FC-1 adjacent to the location
- 8. The presence of where spent resin tanks were removed and above bottom ash used as fill for the former tank sites suggests.that the radioactivity accumulated during or after remoral of the tanks in 1972. One possibility is that some of the surficial material accumulated by wind action after 1972.
Three possible host's for Cs can be envisioned:
- 1. Illite clay occurring as a small proportion of siltstone and sandstone particles mixed with the fly ash.
- 2. Fly ash particles.
3 Trace amounts of unrecognized particles that are highly insoluble 37 and contain relatively high cs activities. l Illite is a potassium-bearing clay mineral with a composition of (K, l l
H2 O) (Al, Mg, Fe)g (Si, A1)4 100 (OH)2 as ng een recognized as a i 1
I strong scavenger of Cs, and the main host for 137Cs in soils and stream seciments (Shulz et al., 1960; Jenne and Wahlberg, 1968). Cesium substitutes for potassium, another alkali metal with very similar ionic radius and identical charge, in 1111te. 1111te is known to be the major clay mineral in sedimentary rocks of the region and in soils and stream sediments, and is 1
detected by X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples (Appendix E). Research l has shown that K and Cs can occupy three types of sites in illite (Bolt et al., 1963; cremers et al., 1966): l
- 1. Readily exchangeable K and Cs on the large exposed basal planes of the illite flakes. This type of site furnishes a large proportion of the ion exchange capacity of 1111te, but only a small proportion of the K and Cs are held on these sites (Cremers et al., 1988).
- 2. Interlayer sites binding the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets of the aluminosilicate structure together. K and Cs are bound extremely strongly into these sites because their large size fits very well and because these large ions are only weakly coordinated with water molecules, in contrast to Ca, Na, Mg, etc.
3 Edge or wedge sites, making up only a few percent of the exchange capacity of illite, but containing a high proportion of exchangeable K and Cs.
Tne wedge sites represent weathered edges of the illite crystal structure, l
1 l
where the interlayer sites have been opened up for a few unit cells and occupied by water'and cations. Experiments show that these sites have very l strong affinity for K and Cs, which enter and collapse the lattice to make further exchange very difficult (Lomenick and Tamura, 1983).
Research using 137 Cs and D K shows that they are initially acsorbed into I
wedge sites, but over periods of a year or more they diffuse further from the edge and become nonexchangeable (Jenne and Wahlberg,k 1968).
The very strong bonding of 137 Cs in the Saxton samples.is consistent with adsorption on wedge sites of illite followed by partial migration into the structure so as to be non-exchangeable even in strong acid. Under this hypothesis, the small amounts of exchangeable and acid extractacle 137 Cs represent the fraction still in accessible wedge sites or on exposed basal surfaces.
Fly ash, being the major component of the radioactive surficial materials, clearly must be considered as a possible host. The major i
components of fly ash particles are aluminosilicate glass, carbonaceous l
j material, and various fine grained minerals (quartz, mullite, Fe-oxides). It has been suggested.that the Cs might have been on material that was burned i
)
in the coal-fired plant and thereby become incorporated in the fly ash. The 137
! main evidence against this hypothesis is the abrupt change in Cs passing i
l- from within to outside the nuclear facility fence. Any emission from the l
l power plant stack would be spread over a much larger area, with an approximately inverse square decrease away from the stack. The observed drop-i i off is much faster. Also, if tne fly ash was completely melted and homogenized during the burning process, the Cs would be uniformly i distributed throughout the fly ash particles in a manner similar to the l 37 natural K', but tne data suggest that cs is somewhat more accessible to a 40 colvents than the K.
l 1 1 i
e 1 i 4
Another possibility for incorporation of Cs in fly ash is by adsorption on the surface followed by stronger fixation during devitrification of the glass. This. process might be initiated by a spill of radioactive 37 solution or solids on the surface,'followed by migration of Cs in solution until it was adsorbed by the glass. In this form, it would be expected that the Cs would be easily desorbed. However, glasses commonly devitrify, especially on exposure to the weather, and in this process the components are rearranged to form tiny crystallites. If Cs was incorporated into the crystallites during this stage, it might be further from the surface and incorporated in an insoluble crystal that would dissolve only with difficulty.
The third possibility is that the fly ash contains a very small amount of strongly radioactive particles, as a result of some contamination event.
The particles could not be resin particles, since the Cs would be readily exchangeable from them. However, the incorporation of Cs into an insoluble oxide or other phase seems possible. This type of particle should show up on .
the autoradiographs, but was not detected. Therefore, such particles are either_ extremely rare, so that their detection is statistically improbable, or j they do not exist.
With the evidence available, it is not possible to decide definitely !
among these alternatives. Indeed, it is quite likely that the 137Cs occurs in ,
more than one of these forms. If tne contamination was released in a form tnat allowed mobility of 137 Cs in solution, then it seems certain that at least some of the 137 Cs occurs in both illite and glass, the question being 137 Cs shows that it the proportion of each. The limited depth extent of the ,
is being rapidly immobilized by some interaction, and either of these forms seems possible.
3 Given the above state of knowledge, several further experiments might be 37 conducted to establish tne form of the Cs:
- 1. Separation of 11Aite-bearing particles from the fly ash, either by hand picking of particles, by density, by magnetic separation of glass, or by size fractionation of clays, followed by radiometric analysis, should improve information on the form of the radioactivity. A large sample should be used j for this study in order to acquire the needed counting statistics.
l 2. Further selective extraction experiments using HF to dissolve the outer layer of silicate minerals and glass, or moderate strength KOH to dissolve aluminosilicates, should allow a decision on whether the 137cs occurs '
on the surface of particles or is uniformly distributed.
3 Further autoradiography experiments, using liquid emulsions l'n combination with microscopic methods, might give better information on the 37 Cs, though the problem of distinguishing between 137 cs and host for nuclides of the U, Th and K series remains a problem.
- 4. Collect and analyze more samples farther from the fence to determine if most of the activity outside the fence is fallout.
)
l
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS
- 1. Based on materials recovered from eleven 2-foot split spoon auger drillholes (FC-series drillholes), plus previous drilling of 13 deeper drillholes, the following types of unconsolidated materials are present at the Saxton Nuclear Facility:
Materials related to nuclear and coal-fired power plants:
Fly ash (surficial layer, locally buried)
Coal'(local component of surficial material)
Bottom asn (fill and regraded surfaces)
Crushed limestone (surface layer; base for asphalt)
Red clay with siltstone fragments (fill)
Natural materials Sand, silty sand, gravel (flood plain deposits of a former stage of Raystown Branch)
Boulder clay (former bed of Raystown Branch) 60 Co, of which 137 Cs
- 2. Man-made radionuclides detected are 137 Cs and is the only one exceeding the Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC) in more than a few samples. Normal activities of natural radionuclides in the U, Th and K series exceed the activities of man-made radionuclides in most samples.
3 3 Tne Cs is strongly concentrated in the top few inches in most drill holes. Outside the fence of the nuclear facility,-it does not exceed 1.0 pCi/g, with a median of about 0.5 pCi/g. The concentrations in these samples may arise almost completely by regional atmospheric fallout from nuclear weapons tests, although a component from the nuclear facility is not precluced. Activities of I37 Cs in these samples are far lower than activities of natural radionuclides of the U, Th, and K series.
- 4. Activities of 137Cs in surface layers of drillholes inside the fence all exceed 1.0 pCi/g, reaching 25, 8 and 4 pCi/g in materials rich in fly ash l
in FC-5, -1, and -6, respectively. Activity of Cs decreases downward at these sites but is still detectable in the bottom samples of these holes, j
- 4) consistently increases with decreasing grain size by a factor of as much as 10, reaching 13 pC1/g in the -140 mesh (0.1 mm) fraction of FC-1. However, 39 to 57% of the total 137 Cs activity is in the fine sand size (0.1-0.42 mm).
- 6. Selective sequential extractions for 2 samples rich in fly ash (FC-1, 0-1.5; FC-6, 0-4) show only 12 to 14% of tne 137 Cs activity is in the exchangeable, organic and Fe-oxide fractions, 11 and 34% is extracted by 1:1 nitric acid, and 53 to 75% remains in the residual sand and silt-clay fractions. Activities reacn 31 pC1/g in the silt-clay fraction of FC-1. The activity of the natural radior.uclice 40 K appears to be even more concentrated in the residual solics, th3 ugh the relatively high MDC for 40 K makes a firm conclusion impossible. ;
- 7. Autoradiographs of grain mounts for several samples show no obvious radioactive grains, but the method used I?d to exposures from the mounting 1
plastic and is not entirely satisfactory. Samples mounted by improved methods are currently being exposed to a different film.
S. Possible hosts for 137 Cs in the samples rich in fly ash are 1111te (a clay mineral), fly ash particles, and unknown hignly radioactive particles.
The apparent lack of autoradiograph images argues against the last possibility. 1111te is the major host for 137 Cs in soils and stream sediments, and is known to be present in the surficial materials in small amounts. Initial adsorption of Cs on edge sites followed by migration of Cs to interlayer sites could account for the resistance to acid leaching.
Similarly, adsorption on glass in the fly ash particles followed by redistribution during devitrification of the glass can explain the data. It is likely that at least some Cs occurs in both of these two forms, but the l
l proportion is uncertain. Further experiments are suggested to help resolve this question.
- 9. Tne fly ash contains large amounts of carbonaceous material representing unburned or partially burned coal. The major portion has an l
aluminosilicate composition similar to fly ash reported in the literature.
l i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Adam Weaver for extensive and careful work in sample preparation and sieve analysis, and to Rodger Granlund for advice and assistance with autoradiography. Linda Miller was very helpful in typing and l
report preparation.
l 1
I l
. . _ _ . ~ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . _ . - . - .. .-._ __. _- _ . . - . _. .m . . _ _
.t; REFERENCES 4 ASTM, 1987, Standard practice for dry preparation of soil samples for particle j size analysis and determination of soil constants (Method D421-85): 1987 j Annual book of ASTM Standards, v. 04.08, Am. Soc for Testing and i
j Materials, p.113-114.
)
b l for Testing and Materials, p. 115-121.
l j Bell, C. A., 1980, Regional uranium and thorium anomalies associated i
i with sedimentary uranium deposits in Pennsylvania and Colorado: M.S.
j thesis, Pennsylvania Stat.e University, 123 pp.
Bolt, G. H., Sumner, M. E., and Kamphorst, A., 1963, A study of the equilibria l between three categories of potassium in an 1111 tic soil: Soil Sci.
i
{ Soc. Am. Proc., v. 27, p. 294-299.
Bunzl, K. , Hotzl, H. , Rosner, G. and Winkler, R.,1984, Spatial distribution
- of radionuclides in soil around a coal-fired power plant
- 210Pb, 226Ha, l 232Tn, WK emitted with the fly ash ano 137 Cs from the worldwide weapon i
i testing fallout: Science of the Total Environment, v. 38, p. 15-31.
1
- Cremers, A., Elsen, A., DePreter, P., and Maes, A., 1988, Quantitative i
analysis of radiocesium retention in soils: Nature, v. 335, p. 247-249.
l .
! Climatic Atlas of the United States,1968', U. S. Environmental Data Service, l^
j Environmental Data Service,1987, climatological Data: National Oceanic
) and Atmospheric Admin. , Asheville, N.C.
Ground / Water Technology, 1981, Preliminary Hydrogeological Investigation, 4
j Saxton Nuclear Experimental Station, Saxton, Pennsylvania: Report to 4
! GPU Nuclear, 44 pp.
Jackson, M. L., 1965, Soil chemical analysis - Advanced course (2nd printing):
i i Published by the author, Madison, WI, 991 pp. See also Jackson, M. L. ,
1958, Soil Chemical Analysis: Prentic Hall, 498 pp.
f 1' _gi-y - . . , , -. --
l Jenne, E. A. and Wahlberg, J. S., 1968, Role of certain stream sediment cocponents in racioionsorption: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 433F, 16 pp.
Liskowitz, J. W. , Trattner , R. B . , Grow, J . M. , Shieh, M. S. , King, J . A. ,
Kohut, J. , and Zwollenberg, M. ,1986, Sorbent and leachate enaracteristics of fly asn. Amer. Chem. Soc. Sympos. Ser. 319,
- p. 332-343 Lomenick, T. F., anc Tamura, T., 1983, Naturally occurring fixation of cesium-137 on sediments of lacustrine origin: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc., v. 29, p.383-387 Pirc, S., 1979, Uranium anc otner elements in the Catskill Formation of east-central Pennsylvania: Ph.D. thesis, Pennnsylvania State University, 300 pp.
Rose , A . n'. and Jester, W. A. , 1968, Report on drilling and radiometric analysis of samples collected at site of spent resin and liquid waste tanks, SNEC Facility, Saxton, PA: Report to GPU Nuclear Corp. 52 pp.
Roy, W. R. , Thiery, R. G. , Schuller, R. M. and Suloway, J. J . , 1981, coal fly ash: A review of the literature and proposed classification system with emphasis on environmental impacts: Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 96, 69 p.
Senciermuno, R. L., 1977, Geology and geochemistry of uranium deposits near Penn Haven Junction, Carbon County, Pennsylvania: M.S. thesis, Pennsylvania State University, 153 pp.
Schulz, R. K., Overstreet, R., and Baushad, 1., 1960, on the soil chemistry of cesium: Soil Science, v. 89, p. 16-27 Smith, J. N., Ellis, K. M., and Nelson, D. M., 1987, Time-dependent modeling of fallout radionuclide transport in a drainage basin: Signifirance of
" slow" erosit tnl and "f ast" hydr c ~ isical components. Chemical Geology,
- v. 63, p.157-180 Stinespring , C. D. , Harris , W. R. , Cook, J . M. , and Casleton, K. H. , 1985, Surface studies of coal, oil and coal-oli-mixture ash using Auger Electron Spectroscopy anc Solvent teacning tecnniques: Applied Spectro-scopy, v. 39, p. 853-656 Sunr, N. H., and Gong, H., 1983, Some proceaures for the chemical and
' miner 41ogical analysis of coals: Coal Research Section, Pennsylvania State University, 38 pp.
Tadraor , J . , 1986, Atmospheric release of volatilized species of radioelements from coal-fired plants: Health Physics, v. 50, p. 270-273 Turner, R. R., Lowry, P., Levin, M., Landberg, S. E., and Tamura, T., 1982, l
Leechability and aqueous speciation of selectec trace constituents of coal fly ash: EPRi Report EA-2586, 71 p.
Williams, E. G. anc Slingeriano, R. L., 1986, catskill sedimentation in central Pennsylvania: in Guidebook Sist Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, p.73-79.
1
(
i 4
GLOSSARY l
] Alluvium A: general term for clay, silt, sand and gravel deposited during recent geologic time by a stream or other bocy of running water.
Aquifer A body of rock that is sufficiently permeable to conduct ground water.
Bedded Formed or deposited in layers or beds; commonly true of I sedimentary rocks.
Bedrock. A general term for the rock, usually solid, that underlies soil, alluvium, or other unconsolidated superficial material.
Calcite A mineral composed of calcium carbonate.
Chlorite A group of platy, usually greenish minerals of the general formula (Mg,Fe)6AISi3010C0H)8 Chlorites resemble micas in cleaving into thin flakes, and are present in many sedimentary rocks and some soils.
Clay 1. A rock or mineral fragment or a detrital particle having diameter less than 0.004 mm. 2. An earthy, extremely fine grained sediment or soft rock containing a high proportion of clay-size or colloidal particles and characterized by high plasticity and by a significant amount of clay minerals.
Clay mineral One of a group of finely crystalline aluminosilicate minerals with a layer structure, including kaolinite, 1111te and montmorillonite.
Clinker A rougn jagged fragment found in ash from furnaces.
Detritus A collective term for loose rock and mineral material that is worn off or removed by mechanical means, especially sand, silt and clay that is derived from older rocks and moved from its place of origin.
Diamond drilling A variety of rotary drilling in which diamond bits are used as the rock cutting tool. In most instances a hollow cylindrical bit is used, so that a cylindrical core of the rock material is recovered.
1 i
l Devitrification Conversion of a glass to crystalline material; a common process in nature.
l Exchangeable ion An ion occurring on the surface of or within a solid l and readily exonangeable for another ion from solution. Clay minerals, such as montmorillonite commonly contain exchangeable ions.
Feldspar A group of abundant rock-forming minerals with the general composition MA1(A1.Si)303 where M-K, Na or Ca. Common feldspars are
, orthoclase(K) and plagioclase(Na,Ca).
1 Formation A mappable body of rock identified by lithic characteristics l
and position relative to other formations.
I Flood plain Any flat or nearly flat lowland that borders a stream and may be covered by its w4ters at flood stage. A flood plain is commonly constructed of alluvium deposited during past floods.
Gravel An unconsolidated natural accumulation of rock fragments resulting from erosion, consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand I
(i.e., larger than 2 mm). l Hematite An oxide of iron, Fe2O3, am nly with a bright red color.
1111te A clay mineral 'th a mica-type crystal structure. Chemically it is a potassium aluminosilicate, with an approximate composition K A14 (Sig , Al )Ogg(OH)y with x less than 2 and commonly 1 to 1.5. The crystal structure is formeo of three types of repeating layers (see illustration next page). A strongly bonded sandwich of two tetrahedral layers and one octahedral layer forms the basis of the structure. The tetrahedral layers contain silicon and alumirum surrounded by oxygen in a tetrahedral arrangement. Tha Sctahedral layers contain A1, Mg, and Fe surrounded by oxygen in an octahedral arrangement. The three-layer sandwich is less strongly bonded to other such layers of potassium (or cesium) ions, termed interlayer cations.
. e e e e e e e
- a ,i
- a5
\ _/
[ f g/_ /\ i ; 4
,f l
' -s .
/ .i , .
y
," L.s,. . ..
A'. 5 - ,
\. \ . x . \ . \. s . \ "> e.
! l f A.* . \, ,
l 3 . e a t t a S
.....r,
- e. s., ai .o I es b.3. Nrusture c( stas nunerals (N w.fc sace of icuahcdral 6asce and s.twnwtw refiseemaww:(s a sagts sec.
inf estahedrallaser and sshemaine refereientainw.
see nue sm pe strawfure. sctiemaisc repregemaison- s. tetrabedral n wr . O. is latwdr.st lasef ; t, amerlasce sainws.
Laminated Composec of thin visible layers, applied to fine grained sedimentary ceposits.
Lattice The 3-dimensional regularly repeating set of points that represent the periodicity of a crystal structure.
Limestone A sedimentary rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate with or without magnesium carbonate.
Limonite A general field term for a group of ferric oxides and hydroxides, including goathite (FeOOH) and hematite, and mixtures of these minerals; commonly brown in color, and formed by weathering of iron minerals.
Lithifiec Convertec into a stone or solid rock, usually from a loose sediment to e solic rock.
Magnetite A mineral with the composition Fe304" Mudstone An indurated mud having the texture and composition of a shale l
but lacking its fine lamination or fissility.
Member A sub-unit of a formation, with distinctive properties.
Mesh The size of a sieve or screen, or of the material passec by the sieve, derived from the number of meshes per inch; a 20-mesh sieve has 20 holes per linear inch (but because of the size of the wire, the opening is alWdys less that the spacing of Wires in the sieve).
}
l 3
Mullite A cryscalline compound (A1 31 urring rarely as a mineral 6 02 13) but commonly as a product of recrystallization of Al-rich rocks in furnaces.
Parting A thin layer of secimentary rock separating two layers of another type of sedimentary material. Coal commonly contains partings of shale that form ash if not removed in mining or processing.
. Pleistocene A subdivision of geologic time, characterized by glaciation, starting about 1 million years ago and extending up to the Recent, about 10,000 years ago.
Quartz A crystalline form of silica, SiO 2 . A very common rock-forming mineral.
Sand A rock fragment or cetrital particle with a diameter between 0.062 and 2.0 mm. Sands can be divided into very fine sand (0.062 to 0.125 mm),
fine sand (0.125 to 0.25 mm), medium sand (0.25 to 0.5 mm), coarse sand (0.5 to 1 mm) and very coarse sand (1 to 2 mm).
Sandstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of sand-sized particles.
Shale A lithified detrital sedimentary rock formed domtpantly of silt and clay-sizec particles, and ha/ing thin lamination or fissility (the ability to split into thin platy fragments along the layering).
Silt A rock fragment or detrital particle with u diameter between 0.004 and 0.062 mm.
Siltstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of silt-size particles, but lacking the fine lamination and fissility of a shale.
Sorted Composed of particles of relatively uniform size, said of a sediment or sedimentary rock.
Split-spoon auger drilling A type of drilling normally used in unconsolidated or soft materials. The bit is a hollow cylinder sharpened on one end, ano is attached to a hollow cylindrical sample holder 1 or 2 ft.
l long. The sample holder splits in half to gain access to the sample. The sampler and bit are usuaAly criven into the ground by a hammer or by dropping d Weight.
Strike The direction (as measured by a compass) of a horizontal line on a dipping planar feature, such as the bedding of a sedimentary rock. The I
angle between the planar feature and a horizontal plane, in a direction normal to the strike, is termed the dip. .
l Sulphophile metals Metals that form strong bonds with sulfide, as CuS, I FeS , 2 nS , P bS , Ag2 S , e tc .
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4
- Appendix A Drill Logs of FC-Series Holes l
1 l
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I Drill Hole FC-1 Drilled 8/11/88 1 Location: Hear north edge of~ fenced area around containment )
structure. !
Blow Count:
0- 6 in. 2 blows '
l 6 - 12 13 l 12 - 18 20 18 - 24 24
]
1 24" (1005)
Recovery:
l Geologic Log: l 1 - 1 3/4 in. Fly ash and-roots with minor. red siltstone ;
at base. l 1 3/4 - 2 1/2 Granular red siltstone fragments, 1-3 mm. 1 2 1/2 - 15 Reddish sandy silt with minor ash l 15 - 24 Mostly black bottom ash, but 20-22" is i red clay Interpretation:
Probably the interval 1.3/4-24" is fill material, possibly of several ades. The top 1 3/4" of fly asn has at least partly blown into the ,
area, because fly ash is present over the adjacent area from which the spent I resin tanks were removed. l l
l FC-1
-.,.a. , . .- . . - . . - , _ - _,.
l l
Drill Hole FC-2 .
I This hole was not drilled, but was replaced by FC-12 as a l i
replicate of FC-10.
)
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l 1
i FC-2
Drill Hole FC-3 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: About 1/2 way up the north side of the earthen bunker on north side of the bunker. This bunker had already been stripped of a surface layer of slightly contaminated soil. The drill hole was drilled holding the drill by hand.
Blow Count:
0- 6" 1 blow 6 - 12 2 12 - 18 3 t 18 - 24 7
~
Recovery: 24" (1005) :
Geologic Log: l 0- 5" Loose red clay.with siltstone fragments and.
minor ash
.5 - 13 Red clay, coherent, with very sparse rock fragments 13 - 24 Same as above, with sandstone fragments in the bottom 3".
Interpretation: !
l This material was piled up in order to form the bunker, apparently from l a source outside the Power Plant area. The top few inches of this fill have ;
been stripped, so the cored interval was several inches below the surface until recently. .
1 l
- Drill Hole FC-4 Drilled 8/11/88 i
Location: Within bunker, through hole in floor chopped through 6" of aspnalt before starting hole.
Blow Count:
i 0- 6 7 blows i 6 - 12 10 l 12 - 18 9
, .18 - 24 17 1
- Recovery
- 21.5" (89.6%)
I
- Geologic Log
O-3 Asphalt and crushed limestone with some brown silt / clay
- 3 - 8 1/2 Bottom ash mixed with red clay
., 8 1/2 - 14 1/2 Orange brown clay, with minor ash at top l 14 1/2 - 21.1/2 Orange brown clay with red sandstone j- fragments up to 2" at base j
i Interpretation: The 14 1/2 to 21 1/2 material and possibly most of 8 1/2 to 14 1/2, may be the original subsurface material at the site. The bottom ash (3 - 8 1/2 ) was apparently part of the base on which asphalt was laid to form the floor of the bunker.
l l,
Drill Hole FC-5 -Drilled 8/11/88 Location: Near drain along fence around containment area Blow Count:
0- 6" 1 ol' '-
6 - 12" 10 12 - 18" 10 18~- 24" 9 I
L Recovery: 21" (87.5%)
Geologic Log: 1 0.- 1 1/2" Fly ash with some roots
)
i 1 1/2 - 6 Mostly red clay with - 205 fly ash mixed in; also sparse pieces crushed limestone (2 cm) 6 - 21 Red clay with sparse bottom ash and crushed limestone fragments, also red and buff sandstone and siltstone Interpretation:
The zone from 1 1/2 to 21 is probably all fill, perhaps of several j different ages.
The fly ash is interpreted to have settled out during the last stages of .
coal plant operations, ano/or blew in'since'that time. (See FC-1). 1 I
l !
l 1
l FC-5
.~ - - _ , , .-- .- - - - .
Drill Hole FC-6 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: Behind Radwaste Building Blow Count:
O'-- 6 5 blows 6 - 12 15 12 - 18 35 18 - 24 50 Recovery: 16 1/2" (695) l 0- 2 Black fly ash and crushed limestone with roots 2 -' 4 Buff sandy silt with red sandstone /siltstone fragments 4- 6 Black fly ash with rock fragments 1 6- 8 Reddish silt with some rock fragments ]
8 - 16 1/2 Buff to orangish silt with fragments of sandstone I up to 2" diam. I There appear to be bigger rock fragments beneath this point Interpretation:
The zone below 6" may include original material at the site. The shallower material probably represents material redistributed at the time of constructing the Radwaste Building. The surface layer of fly ash may have accumulated during coal plant operation, but may include windblown material.
1 FC-8
Drill Hole FC-7 Drilled 8/10/88 Location: " Westinghouse" fenced area to about 42 ft, north of north fence of main Saxton Facility.
Blow Count:
0- 6" 7 6 - 12 17 12 - 18 17 18 - 24 13 Recovery: 22 1/2" (94%)
Geologic Log:
0 - 3" Dark gray fine grained fly ash with grass roots 3-5 Fragments of fine grained buff sandstone in sandy matrix; probably essentially the original surface 5 - 22 1/2 Buff sandy silt with horizontal fractures; sparse weathered sandstone fragments-Interpretation:
The zone from 3" on down probably represents the original subsoil and parent material of the site (sandy deposits of a former river stage). The top unit of fly ash probably represents a combination of fly ash that settled out during coal plant operation plus a later component of wind blown ash.
i I
Drill Hole FC-8 Drilled 8/11/88 l
l Location: About 200 ft. south of the fence around the Saxton Nuclear l Facility, in an area found to contain anomalous levels of radioactivity in an l earlier gamma survey of the area. The drill hole was started in the bottom of a shallow depression. '
Blow Count:
- l l
0- 6" 4 6 - 12 8 12 - 18 12 18 - 24 15 l Recovery: 16 1/2" (69%) l l
Geologic Log: l l
0-1 1/2" Coarse black bottom ash 1 1/2 - 6 Mostly fine grained gray fly ash with nme 1 - 10 mm fragments of bottom ash 6 - 12 Black ash, mostly bottom ash l 12 - 16 1/2 Bottom ash mixed with about 20% red clay l and red siltstone fragments Interpretation:
All of this material appears to be fill or otherwise man-influenced.
The zone from 1 1/2 to 6 may be dominantly fly ash from the main period of coal plant operation, but evidently bottom ash has been moved in at a later date.
l FC-8
, Drill Hole FC-9 Drilled 8/11/8 l Location: About 225' S50 W.from the outer corner of the C and A building, in
- j. the area of the original coal-fired power plant (now demolished).
4
- Blow Count
4 l
0 .6" -2 6 -~12 .6
- 12 - 18 11 l j' 18 - 24 16 Recovery
- 23.1/2" (985) l Geologic Log:
4
, 0- 14 " Loose gray bottom ash with roots
] 4- 9 Slightly more coherent bottom ash
! 9 1,2 Fly ash l 12 - 23 1/2- Orangish brown clay with siltstone and i sandstone fragments Interpretation:
The bottom unit (12 - 23 1/2) is probably fill moved into position when -
the coal plant was built. - The fly ash at 9 - 12" is inferred to be deposited during coal plant operation. The shallower material was probably emplaced after removal of.the coal plant.
1 FC-9
, . . _ . . _ . . . - _.._- _ _ _ _ . ~ . _ . _ . _ _ . _ _ . , _ _ - . . _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ . _ _ _ . _ . . _ . _ _ .
4 t
Drill Holo FC-10 Drilled 8/11/88 i
Location: About 300 ft. east of the NE corner of the fence around the Saxton i Nuclear Facility. in the vicinity of a power line, in an area of former j coal / ash storage.
t
- Blow Count
i 0- 6" 2 4
. 6 - 12 8 i 12 - 18 8 l 18 25 5 ;
f Recovery: 22" (925) i
, Geologic Log:
4 i i 0- 4" Mostly Fly ash with sparse coarser cinders '
!i 4 - 17 Bottom ash 1 mm to 2 cm size
{ 17 - 22 Bottom ash, less fine material, some pieces to i '3 cm, appreciable efflorescence on surfaces Interpretation: )
i I
Most of the core apparently represents bottom ash, possibly stored' j j temporarily in this area. The top 4" represents a significant period of fly I t ash fallout during coal. plant operation, plus possible windblown transport of- l I fly ash. I l
)
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i FC-10
Drill Hole FC-11 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: About 200' N of the NW corner of the fence around the Saxton Nuclear Facility (containment area), about 15' outside the outer fence of the coal plant facility. The area has small (15') trees within 20 - 30' of hole.
Blow Count:
0- 6" 4 6 - 12 27 12 - 18 16 18 - 24 18 Recovery: 22" (925)
Geologic Log:
0 - 4" Soil containing considerable fly ash, grading downward into crushed limestone 4 - 17 1/2 Crushed limestone in a fine gray matrix, plus local buff sandstone 17 1/2 - 22 Black and orangish bottom ash with some red siltstone fragments Interpretation:
The' deeper material indicates that this area was disturbed during operation of the coal-fired plant, and that crushed stones was brought in at-some time, possibly for a road. The top layer is fly ash accumulated during the later stages of coal plant operation, or by later wind-transport.
a
+
Drill Hole FC-12 Drilled 8/11/88 Location: About 325 ft. east of the NE corner of the fence around the Saxton Nuclear Facility, about 50 ft. SW of hole FC-10. This hole was intended to evaluate replication of drillholes.
Blow Count 0- 6" 1 6 - 12 7 12 - 18 20 18 - 24 30 Recovery: 17 1/2" (73%)
Geologic Log:
0 - 3" Fly ash, gray-black, with some cinders and )
roots l 3 - 9 1/2 Black ash end. coal, mostly fine grained 9 1/2 - 17 1/2 Bottom ash, some pieces up to 3" diam.
Interpretation:
The material below 9 1/2" appears to represent bottom ash stored in the area during coal plant operation. At a later date, still during coal plant operation, coal was stored in the vicinity or was dozed into this spot from adjacent areas. The top layer is fly ash from the late stages of plant operation plus later wind-blown contributions, i I
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4 Appendix B Photographs 4
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Appendix C Equations Used to Calculate Gamma Spectroscopy Results 1
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l l
t EQUATIONS USED TO CALCULATE GAMMA SPECTROSCOPY RESULTS Symbols used in calculetions A = sample peak area above continuum (counts)
B = branching ratio for the gamme re/ of the perticuler isotope in question (gammas / j disintegration) -
C = sample peak area below continuum (counts) l l D = background peak aree above continuum (counts)
E = fractional detector efficiency at photopeak energ/ (counts / gamma) l F = background peek aree below continuum (counts)
S = semplesize(grams)
BT = background counting time (seconds)
CT - sample munting time (seconds) ,
DC = dece/ correction factor; corrects for radioactive decay of the sample from the time of I collection to the time of counting 2.22 = mnversion factor; disintegrations per minute per picacurie 4.65 = 2/fE, where k is the value for the upper percentile of the standardized normal varlate corresponding to the preselected risk that the present activity will be detected 952 of the time.
For radioisotopes which are found in the sample but not in the background the following equations are used to calculate concentration, error and minimum detectable concentration. j A
Isotopic concentretion ( pCf / gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60)
/A + 20 1-sigma counting error (pCi/ gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) 4.65 /C Minimum &tectable concentration (pCi/ gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) for ratioisotopes which are found in both the semple end background the following equations are used to calculate concentration, error and minimum detectable concentration.
( A/CT)-(D/BT) isotopic concentration ( pCi/ gram) = x 60 l 2.22 x B x E x S x DC l /((A + 20)/CT2) + ((D + 2F)/BT2) l l-sigma counting error (pCi/ gram) = x 60 l
2.22 x B x E x S x DC 3.29 /(C/CT2 ) + ((D + 2F)/BT2 )
Minimum detectable concentration (pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC
J J
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l 4
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.i Appencix D Microscopic Observations and Sieve Analyses 4
W 4
i i
List of abbreviations used in FC-series descriptions frags -
fragments
! ss -
sandstone
! Ls -
limestone cind. -
cinders
! clink. -
clinkers or bottom ash j spher. -
spherules l qtz -
quartz j concr. -
concrete i NA -
not applicable
- poss. -
possible
! crush. -
crushed i yell. -
yellow sig. -
slag D-1
Drill Hole FC-1,0-2" (PSU# 5176)
Welaht: 74.5 g (fleid moist),67.5 g (dry) j Bulk color: Dark gray (N3)
Descriotion: Almost entirely fly ash, very minor reddish ss frags (~1-4 mm), few twigs etc...
, >1 cm (0%)
2-10 mm (10%) red ss frags (well rounded), twigs, some coarser i fly ash, poss. coal frags 1-2 mm (40%) fly ash, very vesicular, round, shiny to earthy in lustre; some spherules of greasy slag, light to black in color.
<1 mm (50%) fly ash, as above; more abundant spherules; very l small particles of ash, coal?, and clay coat on larger particles Sleve fractions wt. (a) M R. Description
>4 mesh 0 0 NA 4-10 0.8 1.2 twigs, red ss 10 40 3.7 5.5 fly ash, ss 40-60 10.2 15.1 fly ash, spher. ,60-140 26.7 39.6 l 140-200 21.1 31.3 fly ash, dust l
<200 mesh 5.0 7.4 spher., ash, dust D-2
! Drill hole FC-1. 2-15" (PSU#5177) i Weicht: 1642.0 g (field moist),1601.1 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fly ash: Dark gray N3; Clay 1): Grayish orange 10YR 7/4; Clay 2): Moderate brown 5YR 4/4 i
! Descriotion: Orangish clay 20%, Brownish clay 60%, Ash 20%, some smooth reddish slag l >1 cm (10%) reddish and whitish ss chips (well-rounded) some
- crushed Ls (angular) j 2-10 mm (40%) same as above except no crushed stone, cinders, J
fly ash, and slag I 1-2 mm (10%) cinders, fly ash, and some spherules l <1 mm (40%) half clay and slit fines from ss, and fly ash and i greasy spherules i
i j Sieve fractions wt. (o) wt. (%) Description l
l >4 mesh 353.2 22.1 ss frags, crush. Ls 4-10 192.1 12.0 " "
j
- 10-20 83.4 5.2 ss frags, cind., ash l
- 20-40 66.1 4.1 fly ash, cin., ss slit j 40-60 148.9 9.3 " "
j 60-140 359.6 22.5 ss silt, fly ash i
140-200 mesh 194.5 12.1 " "
i 75-5 microns 87.7 5.5 silts, fly ash 5-1.3 microns 54.0 3.4 " "
<1.3 microns 61.6 3.8 clay fines D-3
I l i
l Drill hole FC-1.15-24" (PSU# 5178) ;
Welaht: 1109.0 g (fleid moist),1039.5 g (dry) I i Bulk color: Fly ash + cinders: Dark gray N3, Clay: Pale brown 5YR 5/2 l Descriotion: Silty clay, brown,30%; Grayish smooth slag 20%; Cinders 20%; Fines: fly ash, cinders, as frags, spherules 30%
j >1cm (40%) clay clods, some cinders, and smooth slag
- j. 2-10 mm (20%) ss frags, cinders, coarse ash, and slag j 1-2 mm (20%) red and whitish ss frags, fine cinders, and ash
<1 mm (20%) clay fines, fly ash and spherules of greasy slag i
i Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) Descrotion i
l >4 mesh 381.0 36.7 crushed Ls, slag
} 4-10 154.7 14.9 slag, cinders, ss 10-20 38.8 3.7 cind., ash, ss frags 20-40 66.3 6.4 " "
l 40-60 74.8 7.2 ash, ss frags, cind. 1 60-140 133.5 12.'8 ss fines, ash ;
140-200 73.4 7.1 " "
l 75-5 microns 79.6 7.7 spherules, ash, clay '
5-1.3 microns 12.2 1.2 clays, ash
<1.3 microns 21.9 2.1 clay fines 1
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D-4 1 l
l
l Drill hole FC-3. 0-5" (PSU# 5192)
Weicht: 473.3 g (field moist),412.7 g (dry)
Bulk color: Orange-pink SYR 7/2 - Light brown 5YR 6/4 Descrito!on: Mostly (90%) fine silt and clay aggregates, some weathered reddish ss frags; (10%) angular, vesicular slag
>1cm (10%) weathered ss frags, coarse cinders 2-10 mm (20%) same as above except fewer cinders 1-2 mm (30%) slits and sands of weathered ss, cinders, slag
<1 mm (40%) silts and clays from above, ash, and cinders, slag Sieve fractions wt. (o) wt. (%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 42.8 10.4 red ss chips, cind.
4-10 76.9 18.6 ss, cind., slag 10-20 6.3 1.5 ss, slag, ash 20-40 12.2 3.0 " "
40-60 21.4 5.2 " "60-140 80.8 19.6 ash, ss frags 140-200 mesh 76.2 18.5 ss slits, ash 75-5 microns 56.6 13.7 " "
5-1.3 microns 12.3 3.0 silts + clays ,
<1.3 microns 27.2 6.6 clay fines i
i i
1 3-5
i I
! Drill hole FC-3. 5-13" (PSU# 5193) l Weiaht: 1177.8 g (field moist),1101.3 g (dry) l Bulk color: Grayish-orange pink 5YR 7/2, Light brown SYR 6/4 j Descriotion: Almost entirely silt and clay from ss frags with j above color. Some ss frags (well-rounded ~1 cm),
j minor vesicular, angular slag frags ~1 cm l >1 cm (15%) oblong rounded as frags, smooth slag j 2-10 mm (10%) smooth as chips, i 1-2 mm (15%) ss frags, sands mostly reddish in color l <1 mm (60%) slits and clays from above i
, Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion 1
I i >4 mesh 198.5 18.0 ss frags, slag j 4-10 131.3 11.9 ss frags
- 10-20 8.5 0.8 ss frags 20-40 34.9 3.2 " "
- 40-60 20.2 1.8 " "
!60-140 272.2 24.7 ss sands
! 140-200 mesh 238.6 21.7 silts + sands 4 l 75-5 microns 124.6 11.3 silts l
- 5-1.3 microns 28.4 2.6 silts + clays l
<1.3 microns 43.9 4.0 clay fines !
l 1
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D-6
Drill hole FC-3.13-24" (PSU# 5194)
Weicht: 1946.5 g (field moist),1744.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Light brown 5YR 6/4 Desriotion: 68% clays, fines, and ss frags of above color some 5YR 5/2
- ss frags. 32*/. ash and slag with orange coatings; a few i clinkers (bottom ash)
>1 cm (25%) coarse coal ash, coarse slag, subrounded as frags
! 2-10 mm (5%) ss frags, some ash, some cooked shaley partings l l 1-2 mm (20%) mostly brownish clay aggregates, very minor ash
<1 mm (50%) clays and silts from ss frags Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 417.1 23.9 large ss, slag 4-10 182.1 10.4 red ss, slag 10-20 34.6 1.8 ss, ash 20-40 49.7 2.8 40-60 79.9 4.6 ss, stained qtz 60-140 505.9 29.2 sands, some ash 140-200 mesh 272.2 15.6 sands, ash, qtz l 75-5 microns 120.4 6.9 sands, silts 1 5-1.3 microns 35.4 2.0 silts, clays
<1.3 microns 52.5 3.0 clay fines D-7
i Drill hole FC-4. 0-3"(PSU# 5180)
Weicht: 342.3 g (field moist),341.4 g (dry)
Bulk color: Med. light gray N6 (crushed Ls); Dark gray N3 ash Descriotion: 90% crushed Ls,10% fines: qtz, ash, and slag
>1 cm (75%) crushed Ls 2-10 mm (10%) crushed Ls, and slag 1-2 mm (5%) slag and qtz and ash
<1'mm (10%) dust, ash and minor spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 268.5 78.5 crushed Ls 4-10 32.4 9.5 crushed Ls, ash 10-20 12.2 3.6 ash, Ls, slag 20-40 8.5 2.5 slag and ash 40-60 6.1 1.8 60-140 6.1 1.8 quartz, ash, slag 140-200 mesh 1.9 0.6 spherules, qtz, ash
<75 microns 5.7 1.7 fines, spherules t
D-8
Drill hole FC-4. 3-8.5" (PSU# 5179) 1 l Weiaht: 673.8 g (field moist),648.6 g (dry) i i Bulk color: Dark gray N3 i
f Descriotion: Bottom ash: earthy to glassy in lustre, brownish to brown-
- orange coatings, oblong to equent, very angular, mostly i vesicular. Minor glassy slag, whitish as frags and crushed j Ls
! >1 cm (60%) ash, as described above i 2-10 mm (20%) as above except more slag and ss i 1-2 mm (10%) more ss than above
<1 mm (10%) fine ash and very minor ss frags
{
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion i
- >4 mesh 361.0 55.7 bottom ash l 4-10 143.3 22.1 ash, some crush. Ls l 10-20 16.2 2.5 ash, ss, crushed Ls i 20-40 20.7 3.2 l 40-60 19.5 3.0 fine ash, ss, slag i 60-140 29.7 4.6 l 140-200 mesh 18.7 2.9 sands, and ash l 75-5 microns 24.4 3.8 silts, ash i 5-1.3 microns 4.3 0.7
<1.3 microns 10.8 1.7 fines D-9
l 1
e Drill hole FC-4. 8.5-14.5"(PSU# 5181)
Weicht: 1018.4 g (field moist),931.3 g (dry) j Bulk color: Grayish orange SYR Cl4 l Descriotion: 95% silty clay and reddish ss chips; minor vesicular j cinders, some coal frags and slag j >1 cm (~5%) cinders and slag i 2-10 mm (~5%) ss frags and cinders i 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags and sands, very minor cinders
<1 mm (60%) sands and silts and clays from ss, coal dust
! Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 42.1 4.5 ash, and cinders 4-10 10.1 1.1 ss chips, and ash 10-20 6.2 0.7 20-40 27.6 3.0 sands and cinders 40-60 75.3 8.1 sands and ash j 60-140 233.4 25.1- sand, mostly l 140-200 mesh 163.6 17.6 silts and coal dust
! 75-5 microns 197.5 21.2 slits
} 5-1.3 microns 55.0 5.9 dust and silts, etc...
j <1.3 microns 116.7 12.5 clays and fines l
4 4
I d
i i
4 D-10
1 l i
Drill hole FC-4.14.5-21.5"(PSU# 5182) i Welaht: 1223.2 g (field moist),1167.1 g (dry)
Bulk color: Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4, Dark yellowish
! orange 10YR 6/6 i
l
Description:
Mostly weathered, rounded ss frags with above color; size:
0.5-4 cm. Fines consist of sands of same and stained quartz l >1 cm (40%) well-rounded fine-grained ss frags, white and brown j
2-10 mm (10%) same as above l 1-2 mm (20%) mostly ss chips and stained quartz I
<1 mm (30%) sands and stained quartz and fines Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
- >4 mesh 498.2 42.7 round as frags i 4-10 68.2 5.8 " "
l 10-20 20.8 1.8 sands, stained qtz
! 20-40 54.0 4.6 " "
l 40-60 105.7 9.1 j
reddish sands, qtz 60-140 170.3 14.6 brown and red sand i 140-200 mesh 106.4 9.1 sands and qtz i 75-5 microns 77.3 6.4 sands and silts <
5-1.3 microns 22.1 1.9 silts and clays j <1.3 mierons 44.1 3.8 clay fines i
D-11
1
! Drill hole FC-5. 0-1.5" (PSU# 5183)
! Weicht: 157.3 g (fleid moist),148.5 g (dry)
! Bulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
Sample is mostly fly ash, some crushed Ls, few twigs i
- >1 cm (30%) one large (~8 cm) pie'ce crushed Ls
!- . 2-10 mm (10%) coarse ash, twigs l 1-2 mm (30%) coarse fly ash j <1 mm (30%) fly ash l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 47.9 29.3 crushed Ls
) 4-10 7.2 4.8 twigs, ash l 10-20 7.3 4.9 ash, fly ash l 20-40 26.1 17.6 fly ash l 40-60 24.4 16.4 j 60-140 23.3 15.7
! 140-200 mesh 5.9 4.0 fly ash j 75-5 microns 5.5 3.7 fly ash
<5 microns 5.3 3.6 fines l 1
l l
l D-12
4 l
l i Drill hole FC-5.1.5-6" (PSU# 5184) i i
1 Welaht: 401.3 g (field moist),376.5 g (dry) i Bulk color: Pale red 10R 6/2, Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4 Descriotion: 80% pale red silty clay with above colors,15% vesicular
- i fly ash, some crushed Ls
>1 cm (15%) angular slag, crushed Ls, and ss frags i 2-10 mm (10%) mostly as frags, some slag -
- 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, fly ash l <1 mm (50%) ss frags, fly ash, silts 4
l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
}
! >4 mesh 50.6 13.4 slag, Ls, ss frags l 4-10 32.4 8.6 ss frags, slag
- 10-20 3.7 1.0 fly ash, ss frags j 20-40 23.5 6.2 " "
- 40-60 39.0 10.4 some ash, ss frags
- 60-140 86.6 23.0 sands, some ash 140 200 mesh l l 57.9 15.4 sand, spherules '
- 75-5 microns 49.5 13.1
, 5-1.3 microns 10.5 2.8 silts l <1.3 microns 23.3 6.2 clay fines i
i i l i l 1
i i
I l
l D-13 I
i
- 1 i
i '
l Drill hole FC-5. 6-21 (PSU# 5185) l Weiaht: 2274.6 g (field moist),2195.0 g (dry) l
- Bulk color
- Grayish orange pink SYR 7/2, Light brown 5YR 6/4 i
, Descriotion: Mostly clays and silts from ss frags with above colors, j some crushed Ls, very minor angular dark slag l >1 cm (15%) yellowish and brownish rounded as frags, Ls i 2-10 mm (10%) ss frags as above, some slag and minor Ls
- 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags, sands, and slag
! <1 mm (45%) slits and sands Sleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion i
1 l >4 mesh 389.5 17.7 red as, Ls, slag
- 4-10 183.6 8.4 ss, slag
! 10-20 34.3 1.6 whitish as frags l 20-40 26.8 1.2 white and red ss l 40-60 117.0 5.3 " "60-140 642.3 29.3 sands, and ss frags
- 140-200 mesh 355.3 16.2 sands and frags
! 75-5 microns 232.5 10.6 sands and silts l 5-1.3 microns 72.8 3.3 silts and clays j <1.3 microns 141.0 6.4 clay fines e
1 1
D-14
Drill hole FC-6. 0-4"(PSU# 5186) 1 Weicht: 337.6 g (field moist),324.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fly ash: Dark grr,y N3, crushed Ls: Light olive gray 5Y 4/1 Descriotion: 35% Large angular chunks of grayish crushed Ls; 65%
blackish, vesicular, earthy to shiny, fly ash, fine cinders, and some spherules, possible coal dust
>1 cm (35%) gray limestone 2-10 mm (~5%) coarse fly ash and cinders 1-2 mm (20%) fly ash
<1 mm (40%) fly ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 96.8 29.8 crushed Ls 4-10 47.3 14.6 crushed Ls, ash 10-20 10.1 3.1 fly ash and cinders 20-40 33.8 10.4 " "
40-60 53.8 16.6 fly ash, spherules60-140 33.7 10.4 " "
140-200 16.4 5.1 fine ash
<200 mesh 32.6 10.0 very fine ash D-15
FC-6. 4-8" (PSU# 5187)
Weicht: 605.3 g (field moist),581.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4 - 10R 4/6, Dark yellowish orange 10YR 6/6 Desrintion: 35% silty clay with above colors,25% gray crushed Ls, 20% fly ash, slag and coal dust-black in color (N2),20%
bottom ash, and cooked shaley partings. Fines consist of some pale ss frags, fly ash, greasy spherules, qtz i >1 cm (25%) cooked shaley partings, slag, crushed Ls l 2-10 mm (15%) Ls, slag, ash, ss frags
{ 1-2 mm (30%) slag, ash, ss frags l <1 mm (30%) silty clay, ash j Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
! >4 mesh 146.7 25.2 crushed Ls, clinkers j 4-10 86.9 14.9 angular slag, ash i 10-20 16.9 2.9 ash, slag, ss frags
! 20-40 29.3 5.0 " "
{ 40-60 35.7 6.1 fly ash, spherules i 60-140 113.4 19.5 spherules, ash l 140-200 mesh 41.1 7.1 " "
- 75-5 microns 76.1 13.1 dust, spherules, ash
! 5-1.3 microns 12.4 2.1 dust, ash, fines
<1.3 microns 23.4 4.0 fines 4
i 1
j 1
j D-16
1 1
1 i
i j Drill hole FC-6,8-16" (PSU# 5188) 1 t
i l i
Weiaht: 1328.6 g (field moist),1269.4 g (dry) j Bulk color: Mostly Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 j Descriotion: 70% silty clay of above color, derived from whitish gray well-rounded as (3-10 cm) 20%, and fine-grained, reddish,
} flat ss. Very minor cinders and ash in fines
! >1 cm (50*/.) White-pink and red-olive ss frags 2-10 mm (5%) same as above
! 1-2 mm (15%) sands and stained quartz l <1 mm (30%) silty clay and minor ash, cinders i
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
! >4 mesh 506.7 39.9 rounded ss frags
, 4-10 40.4 3.2 as frags j 10-20 23.0 1.8 " "
! 20-40 64.1 5.0 ss, qtz sand, ash j 40-60 52.0 4.1 " "
!60-140 149.9 11.8 san 3, ash l 140-200 mesh 220.4 17.4 slag f! kes, sand 75-5 microns 116.5 9.2 ash, dust, sand 5-1.3 microns 37.7 3.0 sands, slits
<1.3 microns 58.8 4.6 clay fines i
i I
D-17 J
4 1
1 Drill hole FC-7. 0-4"(PSU# 5189)
Weicht: 397.8 g (field moist),366.8 g (dry)
Bulk color: Composite: Olive gray 5Y 4/1 + Grayish orange 10YR 7/4 l 1
i
Description:
Mostly ss frags, (angular 0.5-4 cm), with above colors, roots and humus 30%, some crushed Ls, very minor i fly ash (very fine) l l >1 cm (35%) orangish as frags, some crushed Ls 2-10 mm (10%) ss frags, humus, cinders, crushed Ls j 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, twigs, ash ,
<1 mm (30%) sands, ash I
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
, 1 i >4 mesh 136.3 37.2 ss frags
- 4-10 41.9 11.4 as frags, Ls, humus 10-20 2.4 0.7 twigs, ss, Ls, ash l 20-40 5.4 1.5 " "
l 40-60 27.2 7.4 ss, fly ash 4 60-140 52.8 14.4 fly ash, as frags j 140-200 mesh 31.8 8.7 ash, sands
! 75-5 microns 20.1 5.5 sands, ash l 5-1.3 microns 31.6 8.6 silts, ash l <1.3 microns 17.2 4.7 fines D-18
1 i
l Drill hole FC-7. 4-13" (PSU# 5190) a l Weicht: 1217.9 g (field moist),1159.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Moderate yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 Descriotion: 95% silty clay with above color, few ss frags, fines:
! quartz + cinders + silt
! >1 cm (~5%) angular frags of fine-grained ss l . 2-10 mm (~5%) subrounded frags of ss
- 1-2 mm (35%) sands, cinders j <1 mm (55%) sands, silts clays, and some cinders
! Sleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion 4
>4 mesh 51.4 4.2 ss frags
- 4-10 15.7 1.3 ss frags, rounded l 10-20 8.2 0.7 ss frags, ash
! 20-40 23.8 2.1 ss frags, sand, ash l 40-60 88.5 7.6 sand, cinders60-140 335.1 28.9 sands, ss frags 140-200 mesh 344.0 29.7 sands, slits 75-5 microns 159.5 13.8 silts 5-1.3 microns 43.4 3.7 silts and clays
<1.3 microns 89.8 7.7 clay fines D-19
i i
l Drill hole FC-7.13-22"(PSU# 5191.1 i
- Welaht
- 1485.1 g (field moist),1404.0 g (dry)
}
j Bulk color: Grayish orange 10YR 7/4 J
Descriotion: 90% fines: 1-2 mm red as and yellow-gray ss frags,10%
l coarse frags of angular ss. Sample has very minor ash. I i >1 cm (25%) gray-orange ss frags
! 2-10 mm (<1%) ss frags i 1-2 mm (30%) ss frags and minor ash i
<1 mm (45%) sands and silts, qtz, ash e
{ Sieve fractions wt. (al wt. (%) Descriotion ,
! >4 mesh 329.1 23.4 coarse ss frags i 4-10 17.9 1.3 less coarse ss frags
- 10-20 5.0 0.4 ss frags, sands
! 20-40 39.4 2.8 ss, sand, ash i 40-60 119.0 8.5 " "
l 60-140 384.7 27.4 ss frags, qtz, ash i 140-200 mesh 281.7 20.1 " "
! 75-5 microns 122.8 8.7 sands, qtz, slit
! 5-1.3 microns 37.4 2.7 sand, slit l <1.3 microns 66.4 4.7 fines 4
l .
i
- 1 i
?
D-20
Drill hole FC-8. 0-6" (PSU# 5108) i l
Weicht: 481.7 g (field moist),462.3 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3 l Descriotion: 35% dark, vesicular slag; 5% shiny clinkers; 60% fines:
fly ash, coal dust, spherules, glassy slag and common roots
>1 cm (15%) slag and clinkers 2-10 mm (45%) vesicular slag, ash, and coal 1-2 mm (20%) ash, coal, and clinker frags I
<1 mm (20%) ash, spherules, coal dust l
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion i
>4 mesh 73.1 15.8 slag and clinkers j 4-10 244.1 52.8 slag and sh. parting 10-20 25.4 5.5 ash, slag, partings 20-40 30.8 6.7 " "
40-60 25.4 5.5 coal dust, ash 60-140 30.7 6.6 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 9.8 2.1 coal dust, spherules 75-5 microns 8.1 1.8 dust , ash, spherules 5-1.3 microns 7.9 1.7 dust, fines
<1.3 microns 8.1 1.8 fines d
a D-21 l
Drill hole FC-8. 6-12" (PSU# 5199)
Weicht: 559.1 g (field moist),514.7 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
60% clinkers 0.5-6 cm, subangular, earthy in lustre, vesicular. 30% fines: silt, clay, fly ash, dust, spherules.
10% glassy to ceramic-like reddish-brown vesicular slag
>1. cm (45%) clinkers, slag 2-10 mm (25%) clinkers, slag, fly ash 1-2 mm (10%) fly ash, slag i <1 mm (30%) fly ash, silt, clay, spherules i
l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion I
l >4 mesh. 256.1 49.8 clinkers, slag i 4-10 92.8 18.0
- 10-20 32.5 6.3 ash, slag 20-40 39.8 7.7 fly ash , slag 40-60 30.2 5.9 60-140 33.6 6.5 spherules, fly ash 140-200 mesh 10.2 2.0 dust, spherules 75-5 microns 10.9 2.1 dust, ash 5-1.3 microns 3.4 0.7 dust
<1.3 microns 5.4 1.0 fines D-22
w,.a.s ... . . ~ .. -.x..a .-a-
- - -a --.-- --~u- - *= - -~a. .m.- .a--+- ^ +- =u.x n --s."- - . s-.s - - - , ,- . ..~ . . _
i Drill hole FC-8.12-16.5"(PSU# 5200) l l Weiaht: 550.1 g (field moist),508.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Pale reddish brown 10R 5/4, Grayish orange 10YR 7/4
)
Description:
60% orangish subrounded, friable ss frags 0.3-4 cm; 10% reddish rounded coarse-grained sa frags; 30%
angular, vesicular to smooth slag, cinders, ash j >1 cm (40%) ss frags, clinkers
- 2-10 mm (15%) ss frags, slag, ash, c!!nkers l 1-2 mm (15%) ash, as, slag frags
! <1 mm (30%) silts and clays and ash l Sleve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descrintion
.4 mesh 228.0 44.8 sa frags, slag 4-10 61.7 12.1 slag, clinkers, ss 10-20 56.9 11.2 ash, as, slag 20-40 60.1 11.8 " "
40-60 41.8 8.2 ash, slag, ss 1 60-140 35.7 7.0 sands, ash 140-200 mesh 9.0 1.8 ash, slits 75-5 microns 7.1 1.4 dust, silt 5-1.3 microns 0.7 0.1 silt and clay
<1.3 microns 7.5 1.5 fines D-23
Drill hole FC-9. 0-9"(PSU# 5195)
Weicht: 661.3 g (field moist),540.4 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3
Description:
10% slag, angular, vesicular, reddlah brown; 30% ash and cinders, subrounded; 60% finer ash and cinders, some spherules, some twigs, crushed Ls
>1 cm (65%) slag, ash and crushed Ls, some twigs 2-10 mm (15%) ash, cinders, slag, minor twigs 1-2 mm (10%) ash, cinders
<1 mm (10%) fine ash, spherules l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description i
j >4 mesh 357.1 66.1 slag, ash j 4-10 110.3 20.4 ash, cinders l 10-20 17.1 3.2 twigs, ash j 20-40 18.9 3.5 ash, cinders j 40-60 12.1 2.2 60-140 12.2 2.3 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 4.0 0.7 j
75-5 microns 6.4 1.2 fine ash '
i 5-1.3 microns 0.4 0.1 very fine ash I <1.3 microns 2.2 0.4 fines l
1 l
i i
- l 4
i i
f D-24 i
i Drill hole FC-9. 9-12" (PSU# 5196)
Weight: 124.4 g (field moist),112.0 g (dry) l l
- Bulk color: Grayish black N2 - Dark gray N3 f
Description:
90% granular ily ash,10% coarser clinkers: angular
{ vesicular with glassy fringes
! >1 cm (20%) clinkers l 2-10 mm (10%) clinkers, some slag l 1-2 mm (45%) fly ash
! <1 mm (25%) finer fly ash Slave fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 25.0 22.6 clinkers 4-10 7.6 6.9 clinkers, slag 10-20 11.4 10.3 slag, clink., ash 1 20-40 22.9 20.7 coarse fly ash !
40-60 17.6 15.9 fly ash 60-140 15.1 13.7 fly ash 140-200 mesh 3.2 2.9 fly ash
<75 microns 7.6 6.9 fine fly ash D-25
Drill hole FC-9.12-23.5"(PSU# 5197) i
! Weiaht: 1827.5 g (field moist),1644.8 g (dry)
! Bulk color: Clay: Pale yellowish brown 10YR 6/2, Concrete: White N9, j Siltstone: Light olive gray 5Y 6/1, Clinkers: Black N1 l
i Descriotioni 40% 4mm reddish ss chips and gray as chips,40*/. silt of similar color, some angular chunks of concrete, some angular slag '
>1 cm (30%) ss frags, red and gray; concrete i 2-10 mm (20%) ss frags, slag 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, slag, ash
<1 mm (25%) same as above Sieve fractions wt. (o) wt.(%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 454.4 27.6 ss frags, slag 4-10 210.5 12.8 ss, slag, concr.
10-20 41.2 2.5 sa frags, ash 20-40 94.8 5.8 " "
40-60 129.3 7.9 sa frags60-140 274.7 16.7 sitt, sand, as 140200 mesh 205.2 12.5 sand, sitt 75-5 microns 122.4 7.4 sand, slit 5-1.3 microns 48.1 2.9 sitt
<1.3 microns 64.0 3.9 clay fines D-26
i Drill hole FC-10. 0-4" (PSU# 5201)
! Weicht: 339.2 g (field moist),318.6 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3/N4 i
, Descriotion: Mostly fine (<2 mm) slag, fly ash, clinkers, spherules.
i About 10% coarse subangular vesicular slag, cooked shaley i partings, clinkers I >1 cm (25%) slag, slatey partings, clinkers 2-10 anm (30%) ash, slag, clinkers
- 1-2 mm (15%) ash, slag, clinkers
<1 mm (30%) fly ash, slag, and spherules Sieve fractions wt. (o) wt. (%) Descriotion i i l
$ >4 mesh 72.5 22.8 ash, slag 4-10 29.5 9.3 l 10-20 35.4 11.1 slag, ash 20-40 39.3 12.3 fly ash, slag 40-60 37.1 11.6 root hairs, ash i 60-140 49.4 15.5 spherules, ash I
140-200 mesh 18.3 5.7 glassy slag, ash 75-5 microns 31.1 9.8 spherules, dust 5-1.4 microns 2.1 0.7 dust, ash
<1.4 microns 3.6 1.1 fines D-27
1 l
l Drill hole FC-10,4-17" (PSU# 5202)
Weicht: 1063.5 g ( field moist),973.0 g (dry) !
Bulk color: Dark gray N3 Descriotion: 10% large angular chunks of clinkers and slag,90% finer glassy slag, ash, clinkers, coal dust and spherules
>1 cm (20%) slag, ash 2-10 mm (20%) ash, cinders, glassy slag 1-2 mm (25%) ash, cinders, some slag
<1 mm (35%) ash, slag fines, spherules, coal dust l
Sieve fractions wt.(a) wi. (%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 347.5 35.7 slag, cinders 4-10 168.8 17.3 slag, ash, cind.
10-20 104.3 10.7 20-40 86.4 8.9 coal dust, ash 40-60 64.0 6.6 spherules, ash 60-140 88.6 9.1 dust, ash, spher.
140-200 mesh 35.1 3.6
<75 microns 78.1 8.0 fines, dust I
4 D-28
4
- Drill hole FC-10.17-22"(PSU# 5203)
} Weicht: 394.6 g (field moist),349.9 g (dry)
Bulk color: Dark gray N3, Medium gray N4 4
Description:
80% angular vesicular red-orange stained slag 0.4-3 cm l 20% finer ash, elongate cinders, whitish glassy slag,
- fine silt, some vesicular glassy, greasy slag i >1.cm (55%) slag and ash j 2-10 mm (20%) slag, ash, cinders, white glassy slag 1-2 mm (10%) ash, cinders, slag frags l <1 mm (15%) ash fines, spherules 1
< l l Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
$ >4 mesh 165.4 47.3 slag, cinders
, 4-10 69.7 19.9 cinders, slag l 10-20 35.3 10.1 slag, ash j 20-40 24.4 7.0 ash, white slag i 40-60 15.5 4.4 ash, wh. slag, ash
} 60-140 18.8 5.4 cinders, spherules l
140-200 mesh 6.9 2.0 ash, spherules 75-5 microns 6.4 1.8 spherules, dust j <5 microns 8.6 2.5 fines i
i
)
4 i
i D-29 3 .
Drill hole FC-11. 0-4"(PSU# 5204)
Weiaht: 264.5 g (fleid moist),261.5 g (dry)
Bulk color: Fines: Olive gray 5Y 4/1, Coarse: Light olive gray SY 6/1
' Descriotion: 20% crushed limestone,80% fine dust, peat, twigs, a few land mollusks, minor fly ash, cinders, spherules
>1 cm (50%) crushed Ls 2-10 mm (20%) weathered pink ss, crushed Ls 1-2 mm (15%) sand, cinders, ash
<1 mm (15%) ash, spherules, glassy slag Sieve fractions wt.(a) wt. (%) pescriotion
>4 mesh 134.5 51.4 crushed Ls 4-10 36.5 14.0 Ls,as, ash 10-20 13.8 5.3 ash, cinders 20-40 16.7 6.4 " "
40-60 17.7 6.8 glassy slag, ash 60-140 25.4 9.7 as above w/ spher.
140-200 mesh 7.6 2.9 dust, spher., ash
<75 microns 9.5 3.6 fines D-30
Drill hole FC-11. 4-17.5" (PSU# 5205)
Welaht: 2052.3 g (field moist),2015.6 g (dry)
Bulk color: Medium gray N6 Descriotiont 95% angular, blocky, fine-grained crushed Ls 0.2-6 cm, ave. 4 cm. 5% fines: mostly quartz, soil grains, reddish ss chips, crushed Ls
>1 cm (70%) crushed La as above 2-10 mm (15%) Ls frags, ss frags, sand 1-2 mm (~5%) rand, as frags, soil
<1 mm (10%) qtz, sand, rare ash Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Description
>4 mesh 1246.3 61.8 crushed Ls 4-10 259.4 12.9 "
10-20 75.5 3.7 ss frags, Ls 20-40 63.6 3.2 ss frags, sand 40-60 66.2 3.3 sand, soil 60-140 117.8 5.8 ash, as, sand 140-200 mesh 66.6 3.3 soil, ash 75-5 microns 69.4 3.4 sand, slit 5-1.3 microns 13.7 0.7 slit and clay
<1.3 microns 37.1 1.8 clay fines D-31 l !
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- Drill hole FC-11.17.5-22"(PSU# 52DSJ Weicht
- 538.5 g (field moist),509.9 g (dry)
+
Bulk color: Moderate yellow brown 10YR 5/4
~
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j Descriotion: Almost entirely slag and ash; minor soil particles, ss frags l some yellowish glassy slag, spherules, clinkers common
>1 cm (35%) orange-stained slag i 2-10 mm(15%) slag, clinkers, ss frags 4
) 1-2 mm (25%) ss frags, coal?, clinkers
<1 mm (25%) as frags, sand, fines, ash
- Sleve fractions wt. (c) wt. (%) Descriotion i
- >4 mesh 148.8 29.2 slag, clinkers j 4-10 129.9 25.5 ss frags, slag
} 10-20 36.4 7.3 ss frags, yell. sig. l i 20-40 42.2 8.5 ss, glassy slag I
- 40-60 35.3 7.1 sand, ash, slag l
.60-140 43.7 8.6 sand, spherules
- j. 140-200 16.0 3.2 spher., sand, ash
! 75-5 microns 39.2 7.9 sand, silt l 5-1.4 microns 4.6 0.9 silt j
<1.4 microns 8.5 1.7 clays and fines i
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- D-32
Drill hole FC-12. 0-3" (PSU# 5207)
Welaht: 171.8 g (field moist),159.2 g (dry)
Bulk color: Black N1
Description:
Mostly fine vesicular shiny fly ash. Some coarser clinkers I and ash, fine root hairs, clay I
> 1 cm (15%) coarse ash, clinkers 2-10 mm (10%) same as above 1-2 mm (20%) fly ash some sand, root hairs
<1 mm (55%) fly ash, clay, and some glassy spherules Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion
>4 mesh 18.9 11.9 ash, clinkers I 4-10 8.4 5.3 ash, sand 10-20 20.3 12.8 coarse fly ash 20-40 25.3 15.9 fly ash, rt. hairs 40-60 21.3 13.4 60-140 23.7 14.9 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 11.1 7.0 75-5 microns 9.3 5.8 silt, fine ash i 5-1.3 microns 14.1 8.9 silt, ash I
<1.3 microns 6.9 4.3 fines !
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l D-33
4 i
Drill hole FC-12,3-9.5"(PSU# 5208) l l Weicht: 562.1 g (field moist),491.2 g (dry) l 4
Bulk color: Black N1 (shiny) i l Descriotion: Mostly shiny black, very angular, vesicular ash,
- some coarse coal pieces, some spherules j >1 cm (15%) coarse clinkers
- 2-10 mm (20%) clinkers, ash, coal j 1-2 mm (25%) same as above
<1 mm (40%) spherules, ash, coal flakes i Steve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Descriotion i
j >4 mesh 61.8 12.6 ash, clinkers
- 4-10 128.5 26.1 same plus coal l 10-20 67.0 13.7 ash, coal, clink.
! 20-40 68.1 13.9 i l 40-60 46.3 9.4 coal flakes, ash 60-140 61.4 12.5 spherules, ash 140-200 mesh 33.2 6.8 75-5 microns 14.7 3.0 flakes, spherules 5-1.3 microns 2.0 0.4 fine ash
<1.3 microns 7.3 1.5 very fine ash D-34
i Drill hole FC-12. 9.5-17" (PSU# 5209) i i
i Weicht: 708.1 g (field moist),658.8 g (dry) l i Bulk color: Black N1 Descriotion: Mostly fine ~2 mm very angular shiny to glassy ash, some l clinkers, some yellowish brown slag (coarse); coal I
>1 cm (60%) slag i 2-10 mm (15%) slag, ash, coal i
1-2 mm (10%) ash ,
j <1 mm (15%) ash, coal dust i
Sieve fractions wt. (a) wt. (%) Desrcintion
>4 mesh 367.6 55.8 slag 4-10 99.8 15.1 slag, ash 10-20 32.9 5.0 " "
20-40 34.7 5.3 coal dust, ash 40-60 27.3 4.1 " "
l 60-140 40.7 6.2 coal dust, ash 140-200 mesh 18.1 2.7 ash, dust 75-5 microns 28.1 4.3 fine ash 5-1.3 microns 1.4 0.3 very fine ash
<1.3 microns 8.1 1.2 fines 1
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D-35
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l Appendix E Chemical and Mineralogical Analyses l
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. ._ _ _ _ . _ _. . _ _ _ .. .. _ ._m_. _ _ _ . . _ . . _ . . _ m __m . . ._
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY INTER OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE i
4 Date: December 1,lL9 8
. I, .'
From: N. H.'Suhr .
i To: A. Rose
- Subj
- Spectrochemical Analysis of Soils (Ash Basis) 1 Our No. 88-1038 88-1039 88-1040 88-1041 88-1042 88-1043 l
- a. -Your PSU No. 5176 5786 5187' 5188 5201 5202 HTA (750*C) 58.5% 69.1% 76.1% 96.0% 63.4% 52.9%
f S10 66.5% 49.1% 63.5% 83.3% 53.8% 53.4%
j -- 2 A123 0 17.7 9.20 11.2 7.92 29.3 32.9
- TiO 1.13 0.55 0.74 0.67 1.56 1.75 )
2 Fe 0 8.79 5.53 5.50 5.68 11.1 7.82 23 Mgo 0.85 1.83 1.17 0.54 0.84 0.72 I
Ca0 1.35 31.8 15.3 <0.05 0.97 0.76 I
Mno 0.077 0.042 0.035 0.014 0.015 0.013 Na 0 0.22 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.26 2
-K0 2.16 1.51 1.87 1.09 1.89 2.15 2
P0 0.25 0.23 0.15 0.07 0.28 0.19 25 S0 * * *
- 3 TOTALS 99.4% 100.4% 100.2% 99.5% 100.3% 100.0%
NHS/vc cc: H. Gong i
E-1
_._ _ _ ~ _ . _ _ - . _ . _ . _ . _ _ _ .
l THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY INTER-OFFICE CORRESPONDENCE I
Date: October 27, 1988 From: J. B. Bodkin, Mineral Constitution Labs. 308 Mineral Sciences 1 To: Dr. Arthur Rose, 332 Deike Subj: C. H. N Determinations Our Number Your Identification C H N 88-1038 FC 1 Top 0-2" PSU#5176 34.76% 0.82% 0.86%
88-1039 FC 6 Top 0-4" PSU#5786 15.69 0.36 0.35 88-1040 FC 6 4"-8" PSU#5187 14.55 0.60 0.36 88-1041 FC 6 8"-16" PSU#5188 0.41 0.37 0.14 l
88-1042 FC 10 0-4" PSU#5201 33.25 0.44 0.68 l 88-1043 FC 10 4"-17" PSU#5202 '43.84 0.25 0.71 Analyst: J. B. Bodkin i
- \
/ f. f _sj_]
Joseph B. Bodkin Chief Analytical Chemist JBB/vc cc: N. H. Suhr .
l 1
1 E-2
Appendix.E-3. Mineralogy of samples, based on X-ray dif fraction patterns Patterns run with Cu radiation from 5 to 65 degrees, at 4 deg./ min.
Minerals are listed in approximate order of abundance.
Sample 5176, FC-1, 0-4 in.
Glass Major Quartz "
Mullite Illite Minor Chlorite or kaolinite Sample 5186, FC-6, 0-4 in.
Quartz Major Calcite Class Moderate Illite 'Enor Magnetite (-? )
Sample 5187, FC-6, 4-8 in.
Quartz Major Calcite Moderate 1111te Glass Chlorite or kaolinite Minor Sample 5188, FC-6, 8-16 in.
Quartz Major Illite Moderate Chlorite or kaolinite Albite(?) Minor Zeolite (7)
Sample 5201, FC-10, 0-4 in.
Glass Maj or Mullite Quartz Minor Sample 5202, FC-10, 4-17 in.
Glass Major Mullite Major, moderate, and minor are judged from the intensity of x-ray peaks.
Major indicates paik or peaks are offscale (except for glass, for which the broad peak from 20 to 30 degrees, peaked at about 26 degrees, has an amplitude about half the chart width) . Moderate indicates a distinct peak or peaks reaching 10% of full scale or more. Minor indicates a smaller peak. Query indicates uncertain mineral identification E-3
V ATTACHMENT 2 REFERENCE 8 VOLUME 2 i
3 SUPPORTS QUESTION 79 RESPONSE REPORT ON DRILLING AND RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED AT SITES OF SPENT RESIN AND LIQUID WASTE TANKS SNEC FACILITY, SAXTON, PA PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.
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