ML20116A058
| ML20116A058 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Saxton File:GPU Nuclear icon.png |
| Issue date: | 01/16/1989 |
| From: | Jester W, Rose A PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20115K054 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9607250275 | |
| Download: ML20116A058 (200) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:- _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __________ ---________ _ _ _ _______ _ REPORT ON DRILLING AND RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED AT SITES OF SPENT RESIN AND LIQUID WASTE TANKS SNEC FACILITY, SAXTON, PA Arthur W. Rose Professor of Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences William A. Jester Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Dept. of Nuclear Engineering Pennsylvania State University Universi;y Park, PA 16802 January 16, 1989 Prepared for: GPU Nuclear Corp. 9607250275 960718 PDR ADOCK 05000146 P PDR
I l l TABLE OF CONTENTS ! Page i EXECUTAVE
SUMMARY
1 INTRO' DUCTION 3 HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITE 5 GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFACIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE 7 Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations 7 Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks 11 Older Alluvial Deposits along Raystown Branch 12 MATERIALS ORIG 1 DATING FROM COAL-FIRED AND 12 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES Coal 12 Bottom Ash 13 ; Fly Ash 13 SELECTION 0F DRILLSITES 14 METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 14 Drilling 14 Sample HandlinE in Field 16 Mapping 17 Gamma Logging 17 Selection of Samples for T-Series Dri11 holes 17 Sample Preparation at Penn State 19 GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY ANALYS!S 20 l DISCUSSION OF SURF 2CIAL AND BEDROCK GEOLOGY 22 RADI0 ACTIVITY OF T-SERIES HOLES 40 HYDROLOGY 46 CONCLUSIONS 47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 48 REFERENCES 49 APPENDIX A. GEOLOGIC AND TECHNICAL LOGS OF DRILLHOLES T1 TO T-6A A-1 APPENDIX B. PHOTOGRAPHS B-1 1 APPENDIX C. GAMMA LOGS OF T SERIES DR1LLHOLES C-1 APPENDIX D. MEGASCOPIC AND BINOCULAR MICROSCO?IC DESCRIPTIONS OF D-1 SAMPLES FROM T-SERIES DRILLHOLES l l APPENDIX E. SAMPLE HEIGHTS E-1
l 4 P_ag3 APPENDIX F. EQUATIONS USED TO CALCULATE GAMMA SPECTROSCOPIC F-1 RESULTS APPENDIX G. DRILLER'S LOGS G-1 3 GLOSSARY 50 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Gamm4 Spectrometric Analyses of Samples From T-Series 42 Dri11 holes Table 2. Summary of Cs-137 Data from Gamma Spectrometry and 45 ! Gamma Logging j l l LIST OF FIGURES ' Figure 1. Section of U.S.G.S. topographic map (Saxton 6 Quadrangle, 1:24,000 scale, 1968) showing site and s former channel of Raystown Branch l 1 Figure 2. Map of Saxton Nuclear Facility 8 Figure 3 Geologic map of Saxton Quadrangle (after Pennsylvania 9 i Geological Survey 1981) Figure 4 Map of site furnished by GPU personnel, showing tank 15 sites i Figure 5. Map of Saxton Power Plant Site 18 Figure 6. Drill Log, Hole T-1 23 Figure 6A. Legend for Figures 4-17 24 Figures 7 to 12. Drill Logs, Holes T-2 through T-6A 25 Figures 13 to 19 Drill Logs, Holes B-1 through B-7 of Ground / 31 Water Technology Report (1981) Figure 20. Schematic cross-section showing inferred relations 38 of geologic and man-made materials at site. See line of section on Figure 2
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
A set of seven holes was drilled in August 1988 to investigate subsurface materials anc geology at the former sites of six spent resin and liquid waste tanks at the SNEC Facility near Saxton, PA. A pilot. investigation of radionuclides consisting of gamma logging of the drillholes and gamma spectrometric analyses of 10 selected samples from the crill holes was also conducted. Geologic data from previous drilling in 1981 by Ground Water Technology, Inc. was reviewed and integrated with the 1988 results. I l In areas undisturbed by construction, the depth to bedrock consisting of sandstone, siltstone and mudstone is 8 to 12 f t. at the available drillholes within the area of *he site. The bedrock was excavated to depths of 15 to 20 ft. below the surface at the locations of the tanks. In the undisturbed areas, a layer of boulder clay covers bedrock to within 3 to 6 ft. of the surface, and is overlain by silt, sand and gravel and a surficial layer of fly ash. All of these materials were excavated during the original emplacement of the tanks. The former locations of the tanks are now filled with red silty clay containing variable proportions of siltstone fragments, and coarse bottom ash. Most of the bottom ash appears to have been added after removal of the tanks in about 1974. The red clay appears to have been the original fill around the tanks. The water table at the time of drilling (a very dry period) was at a depth of 5 to 8.5 f t. and is interpreted to be perched on top of the boulder clay, which according to the 1981 report of Groundwater Technology has relatively low permeability. The bottom ash and the near-surface sand and gravel probably act as aquifers. Ten samples were selected for gamma spectrometry, some from zones of anomalously high activity on the gamma logs and some from non-anomalous zones .of similar material. Nine of. the 10 samples contain 137 Cs activities between 1 and 12 pCi/g, probably derived largely from nuclear activities at the site. 37 However, the Cs in most of these samples is 10% or less of the activity of natural racionuclides ( K, U and Th series). Gamma logs of the drillholes at the sites of two spent resin tanks show distinct anomalies (up to 150 counts /s, about 5x bockgrounc) at depths of 3 to 10 ft. The anomalies have relatively sharp peaks and extend over a few feet vertically, but cannot be explained by the level of radioactivity found in these 10 samples. Possible I origins of these anomalies are lenses of more radioactive backfill not cut by the drillholes, or unremoved pipe stubs from the containment structure originally connected to the spent resin tanks. A less likely origin is reactor radiation wnich has been variably absorbed by intervening idaterials. l l l l 1 INTRODUCTION General Public Utilities Nuclear, the operator of the SNEC Experimental ; i Station at Saxton, PA, is assessing the station for eventual decontamination and decommissioning. GPU desires to investigate the possibility of subsurface contamination, especially at the former sites of tanks for storage of spent ion exchange resin and liquid waste, and to improve knowledge of the subsurface distribution of unconsolidated materials and bedrock. More specific questions are as follows:
- 1. Is there any indication of leakage from these tanks into the unconsolicated materials.and rocks surrounding them?
- 2. What types of unconsolidated materials are present at these sites, and what is tneir depth range anc distribution?
3 What is the depth to bedrock in the area?
- 4. What is the depth of the water table and the hydrology of the Saxton Nuclear Facility?
5 What are the strength and other geotechnical properties of these unconsolidated materials? To evaluate these questions, on August 8 to 11, 1988, six split spoon auger holes were drilled to bedrock (15 to 20 ft.) and one half to one foot of bedrock was cored with diamond drill. Sa,mples were logged geologically and scanned for radioactivity with a field counter, the holes were logged with a gamma logger, and ten samples were selected for determination of radionuclides by gamma spectrometry. The drilling of tnese six holes (designated the T-series) was carried out at the same time as the crilling of 11 two-foot auger holes (FC-series) intended to investigate radioactivity in the surficial materials, especially fly ash. Details of this drilling are reported separately, but some results of the FC-series r. oles are incorporated into this report. _3_
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I 4 The findings of a previous report on a ground water study have been reviewed, and integrated with results of the new drilling. I s t f 4 I J HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF SITE The Saxton location was the site of a coal-fired power plant constructed prior to 1951 based on aerial photos. Tne Saxton Nuclear Experiment Facility (SNEC) was added to the site in 1962. A small (7 MW) nuclear react,or and associated facilities were constructed and used to test various procedures planned for large-scale nuclear power plants. Steam from the nuclear plant was used to power a turbine in the coal-fired plant. The SNEC facility I operated until April 1972, when it was deactivated. The facility was partially decommissioned in 1972-74; the decommissioning includes removal of the included spent resin and liquid waste tanks and other major sources of radioactivity outside the containment building. In October 1974, the coal-fired plant was closed and later completely dismantled. The coal plant was operated only curing periods of heavy electrical demand from 1970 to 1974 Within the past two years, the nuclear facility has been further ; decontaminated with the intent of eventual complete decommissioning of the site and cessation of its nuclear status. Rtidioactivity in the buildings and ground has been surveyed and largely removed. A preliminary ground water stucy was' conducted in 1981 by Ground / Water Technology, Inc. of Denville, N.J. The site is located on a gently sloping area 0.8 mile north of Saxton, Pennsylvania, on the flood plain of the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River (Figure 1). A small tributary stream, Shoup Run, forms the south boundary of the area used for the coal-fired plant, and the Raystown Branch approximately limits the west and north sides. Steeper slopes define the east edge. This area of 1800 x 1200 ft. was cleared prior to 1951'and used for coal storage, ash storage and plant construction. Air photos taken in 1951, 1958, 1966, 1967,1976,1977 and 1981 show a complex history of coal and ash storage and redistribution at the site. During this sequence of events, surface materials were redistributed and disturbed in many localities. Within the limits of the coal-fired facility, a fenced area of 260 x 210 ft, encloses the SNEC Facility 1 78*15' 7355*= E '36 '37 12 3o~ 40'15' ~~ ' l j,I gS B - _ ' =
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SCALE 1.24000 i 1 Mstt i f C I 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FECT 1000 0 1000 2000 PCNNsv(vama [ e ; 5 0 I miLOMETER t dap4=u tuon CONTOUR INTERVAL 20 FEET DATUM l$ MEAN SEA LEVEL Figure 1. Section of U.S.G.S. topographic Inap (Saxton Quadrangle, 1:24,000 scale,1968) showing site and former channel of Raystown Branch.
.(Figure 2), and within the Facility, an additional fence separates the containment area from the larger part of the SNEC Facility.
The Saxton area receives precipitation averaging 37.9 in. per year i t (Environmental Data Service,1987) The most common dind direction for the regio,n is from the West (Climate Atlas of the U.S., 1968). Natural' vegetation is deciduous forest, but the site has been cleared and now supports grass and
' locally small trees. The fenced containment area and some other parts of the Nuclear Site have been seeded in vetch.
GEOLOGY AND NATURAL SURFICIAL MATERIALS AT THE SITE Devonian Catskill and Foreknobs Formations The bedrock underlying the site is assigned to the Devonian Foreknobs Formation by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (Figure 3). This unit has also been called a lower member of the Devonian Catskill Formation (Williams j- and Slingerland,1986), and will be denoted as the Catskill Formation in this i report. The Foreknobs/ Catskill Formation is characterized by interlayered I red, gray and green sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. The rocks are generally resistant and well lithirled, l 1 The Foreknobs or lowermost Catskill Formation has been described as I follows by Williams tad Slingerland (1986):
"After the first establishment of nonmarine cLnditions, the sedimentary l pattern of the Irish Valley Member of the Catskill Formation (upper Foreknobs ,
i Formation) in the southern and central part of the study area is characterized by many (about 15-20) cycles consisting of repeated alternations from marine sandstone and shale to nonmarine siltstone and silty sandstone which were produced by repeated lateral shifting of the shoreline. The thickness of each cycle varies from 2 to about 27 m. These cycles begin with greenish-gray, l- fossilferous, clean, sub parallel laminates overlain by bioturbated, fine- l grained sandstone of variable thickness representing a marine transgression, pass upward through a marine shoaling phase and an intertidal transitional l l . - .
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Compiled by D M. HOSKINS.1976 SA)(TON Figure 3. Geological map of the Saxton quadrangle (Pa. Geol. Survey,1981). 1
phase, and finally grade into a nonmarine phase representing coastal plain aggradation (Figure 37). The marine shoaling phase of each cycle commonly scarts with gray green to olive green, fossiliferous shale and silty shale which grades upward to thin-becded olive graen and chocolate-brown, fossiliferous and bioturbated shaly siltstone occasionally interlayered with thin layers of gray green, very fine grained, fossiliferous, micro-cross-ripple-laminated sandstone. The shoreline of this marine shoaling phase is represented by usually thin (1-2m), olive-green, fine-grained moderately sorted, sub-parallel to flaser- and lenticular-laminated, fossiliferous, quartzitic sandstone. The transitional part of each cycle usually consists of interlayers of green, chocolate-brown, and red siltstone, shaly siltstone, and thin (1.5-3 m), fine-grained, clean, well-sorted, quartzitic sandstone." Rocks at the eastern edge of the Saxton coal-fired facility are underlain by the Sherman Creek member of the Catskill Fm., described as follows by Slingerland and Williams (1986):
" Upward-fining cyclicity of fluvial origin is the common characteristic of the other 2 members of the Catskill Formation (the Sherman Creek and Duncannon Members). An ideal cycle consists of a basal brownish-gray to red, fine- to very fine-grained, micaceous, crossbedded sandstone with occasional plant fragments at its base ano lenses of carbonate nodules and shale chips.
This sandstone occupies a channel or irregular erosional surface cut into the underlying cycle. This sand body grades upward to red to reddish gray, very fine grained, silty sandstone, red siltstone, and silty shale which represents the levee-overbank portion of a meandering-channel facies." Red siltstone-mudstone from this unit may have been quarried locally to provide some of the fill used at the SNEC site. The minerals comprising the sandstones and shales of the Catskill Formation are quartz, 1111te (clay), hematite (in red units), chlorite (most abundant in gray and green units) and possibly minor feldspar. The hematite, illite and chlorite would be moderately adsorptive for many dissolved heavy elements, and would tend to inhibit dispersion of radionuclides. The grains of sand, silt and clay are poorly sorted, the sand grains being set in a matrix of clay-sized material. As a result, permeability of these rocks is gener, ally low unless well fractured. Grouna/ Water Technology (1981) obtained permeabilities ranging from 1x10 ~3 -5 cm/see to 6x10 cm/sec in this beorock. Such values are low but woula allow some flow. The rocks of the area occupy the northwest limb of the Broad Top Synclinorium. They strike about N30*E and dip 20 to 40*SE. The rocks are cut by a moderate number of fractures both parallel to and across bedding. Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Rocks To the east of the Saxton site, the ridge of Saxton and Terrace Mts.1s. held up by the Mississippian Rockwell and Pocono Formations, predominantly sandstones. Above these are sandstones and shales of the Mauch Chunk and Pottsville Formations, and the coal-bearing Allegheny and Conemaugh Series. Detritus from these units has been carried down Shoup Run and the Raystown Branch to form (along with cetritus from the Catskill Fm) the unconsolidated gravels, sands and silts along the flood plain of the Raystown Branch, and the alluvial fan of Snoup Run. Mineralogy of these rocks and detrital materials is generally similar to the Catskill Fm.
Older Alluvial Deposits Along Raystown Branch Inspection of the topographic map (Figure 1) in conjunction with drilling results of this investigation and that of Ground / Water Technology suggests that at some time in the past, probably in the Pleistocene, Raystown Branch occupied a different position that cut across the Saxton site (see Figure 1). During and after this time, the river deposited " boulder clay" overlain by siity sandstone and local gravel. Based on logs of holes reported l by Ground / Water Technology, about 10 ft. of this alluvium is present. The l l lower 2 to 5 feet. are sandstone boulders in a clay matrix, and the upper 5 to 8 feet are various combinations of gravel, silty sand, and sand. This material was evidently excavated, along with some bedrock, down to depths of about 15 to 20 ft. at the localities drilled in this study, where tanks for radioactive waste storage were emplaced. The deposits at the natural surface in the area of the nuclear site l (i.e., hole FC-7, 10, 12) are very sandy and do not appear to have undergone much soil development, other than accumulation of an organic-rich A horizon. MATERIALS ORIGINATING FROM COAL-FIRED AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACTIVITIES Coal During the operation of the coal-fired plant, coal, probably mainly from the Broad Top Field just to t u east, was stored in piles at various locations on the site. The coal of the Broad Top Field is a relatively high-rank bituminous coal. Based on the air photos of various dates, the coal was evidently dumped into piles, taen picked up and moved to the coal-fired plant. Parts of the site were subsequently smoothed with a dozer, so that patches of coal near the surface are probably common at the site. Bottom Ash Bottom ash ano slag are the incombustible products of coal Combustion that accumulate in the firebox and must be periodically removed. Particle j-sizes are typically a few millimeters to about 10 cm. Most of the bottom ash has a rounded to clinkery appearance, and is glassy on fractures, but some is evidently relatively unfused snaly partings and other naturally refractory
-materials. TN 4.sh is typically a silicate material, derived from the clay and other mineral impurities in the coal.
l At.least some bottom ash at Saxton appears on the air photos to have been temporarily stored at the NE corner of the site. Considerable areas of the site near the former coal plant have a surface layer of bottom ash.. evidently spread out after closure of the coal-fired plant. Fly Ash Fly ash is the portion of ash that is small enough, in terms of particle size, to be entrained in the flue gas and carried away from the site of combustion (Roy et al, 1981). Fly ash particles are typically derived from the melting'of mineral matter or the partial combustion of coal. In general, ) 70 to 80% of the solid waste derived from combustion of coal is fly ash. Fly l ash is typically silt sized (2 to 62 um) with a floury to fine granular I texture, but some fly ash found at the site has a particle size of 1 mm or so. A wide range of particle shapes and types is observed, from spherical to angular, and translucent to opaque. At modern powerplants the fly ash is generally collected from the flue gases, but evidently during operation of the Saxton Plant, this was not done, because fly ash appears to cover most of the less disturbed surface in and around the Nuclear Facility, to a depth of 1 to 4 inches. The fly ash at this site is generally black and covers the surface, but in a few holes (FC-6, FC-
- 8. FC-9, T-2, T-3) layers of fly ash were covered with fill of various types.
Fly ash at Saxton is described in more detail in a separate report. l
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SELECTION OF DRlLLSlTES Holes T-1 through T-6 were selected at the sites of former tanks containing spent ion exchange resin or liquid radioactive wastes. The location of these holes was chosen to be within the area occupied by the ' tanks, based on an earlier drawing of the site (Figure 4). The holes were ' drilled to bedrock with a split spoon auger, and then continued into bedrock for 0.5 to 2 feet witn a diamond coring bit. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION Drilling i Drilling was done August 8 to 11, 1988 by Lambert Drilling of 1 Bridgevi'.le, PA using a truck-mounted drill (Photos 1,2). The driller was Junn Crockett. Tne main part of the drilling was carried out with a hollow-stem auger drill equipped with a split-spoon sampler. The split spoon and bit had a 1 j diameter:or 3 in, and a length of 24 in. They were driven with a 140 pound i hammer, dropped 30 in. Blow counts for 6 in. increments are recorded in ! Appendix-A. An initial attempt was mace to drill hole T-6 by using a rotating 5 foot split-spoon barrel and bit containing two 2 1/2 ft. clear plastic tubes in the' ! i split spoon (Photo 58,59). The intent of this procedure was to preserve a ; 1 core of relatively intact material, but very poor core recovery was obtained, apparently because the soft dry material tended to bind on the plastic tubes and be pushed around the bit rather than through it. A second hole, designated T-6A was therefore drilled with a normal unlined split spoon 2 ft. in length. Two initial 18" intervals were drilled in T-6A with good recovery, so 24" intervals were drilled thereafter. However, in some soft porous fill material the recovery was less than 50%. A shorter interval might be preferable in any future drilling in this soft porous material. i i e
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D (POSTED' - NEw CONCRETE B ARRIER AT TUNNEL END FActLITY lL CONCRETE IDECONTAMINATED AN0 B A R RIE R L1 RELEASED AS ll MONITOR T ANN S CLEAN AREA) CONTROL AND AUXILIARY SUILDING ,, ,-* (REMOVED) ii (DECONTAMIN ATED AND RELE ASED e [ 1' LE0E"O AS CLE AN AREA) s
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}l I (CLEAN AREA) I o
{ ..e l L L_ c = rcC r -r .__-- b DECOMMISSIONED SAXTON NUCLEAR FACILITY LAYOUT Figure 4. Map of site furnished by GPU Nuclear. Conditions as of about 1974.
_ _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ _ _ _ . . ___ .. .. -__._.-__ _ _ ___ ._. m _____ . 1 I i l In order to minimize caving, the auger was advanced at either 4 ft. or 2 . ft. intervals, using 5 ft. lengths of hollow stem auger. In several instances i some soft fill appeared to have fallen in during advance of the auger (see I detailed logs in Appendix A). In future drillings of this material, the hole f should be cleaned prior to resuming advance of the split spoon, or a plug j should be added to the hollow stem auger curing advance. ] Before each 2 ft. aavance, the split spoon and bit were thoroughly i ] scrubbed in soapy water and then rinsed in clean water to avoid contamination j between samples. When solid material was encountered (>40 blows to advance an inch or I two), the drill was converted to a diamond core drill, with water as the drilling fluid. The bit was NX size (3 in, outside diameter). j After the T-series holes were complete, a piece of plastic casing was j placed in the hole to prevent caving prior to gamma logging. Unfortunately, in several holes, some caving had already occured. In future drilling of this type, it is recommended that the hole should be cleaned during casing insertion to provide an open hole to the bottom. Sample Handling in Field l On removal from the hole the split spoon was opened and the half ; containing the sample was laid on a sheet of Kraft paper. A color photo was taken (see Appencix B) with a label specifying the hole and footage. The split spoon ano drill were scanned for radioactivity by GPU personnel. The recovery of sample was measured to the nearest half inch. The core was then examined by Rose and divided into different types of material, which were measured and describec on a geologic log (Appendix A), using a handlens and other field tools as necessary. Each drill run was then wrapped in Saran wrap and transferred to a core box. ] 1 J j Mapping During the period of drilling, a plane table and-telescopic alidade were i used to construct a planimetric map showing the location of all drill holes, I i plus buildings and fence lines in the Nuclear Site. The area within the Nuclear Site was mapped at 1"=20' (Figure 2),.and a larger area at 1"-50' 4 (Figure 5). l ! Gamma Logging j On August 12, 1988, Appalachian Coal Surveys ran a gamma log on all six !- T-series holes (Photo 3). Results are reported in Appendix'C. l l Selection of Samples from T-Series Drillholes i Based on the radioactivity recorded in the gamma logs, and the types of material recovered by the split spoon drill, 10 samples were selected from the T-series material for gamma spectrometry at the Low Level Radiation Monitoring i j Laboratory (LLRML) at Penn State. These samples are as follows: _; j Hole T-1, bottom half of recovery from 0-24" interval, mainly red I silt' stone and clay. . T-1, top half of recovery from 48-72" interval, mainly bottom i s ash. 4 i { T-1, bottom half of recovery from 48-72" interval, mainly bottom i
- ash.
T-2, 24-33", mainly bottom ash. I i T-4, 18-24", mainly bottom ash. T-5, 24-30", mainly bottom ash. 1 { T-5, 48-72", mainly bottom ash. 2 T-6A, bottom half of 36-60", mainly red clay fill. T-6A, bottom half of 60-84", mainly red siltstone and clay. T-6A, 84-108", red clay and bottom ash mixture. These samples were transferred to labeled plastic bags for transport to l j Penn State. e 4 4 _17_ i 4
F C . Il e D
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,,,, i
- 6,. a.w. no...a....i,Isee O 40 00 12 0 14_0 leo ,,,
Sullding er Permanent Focility FC.e Fence
* -- Appreslmale Location oA Survey Stellen e Orltl Hole end Number O 5 - S erle. Deltl Hole Figure 5. Reduced map of Saxton Nuclear Facility and vicinity, showing drillholes of the T-series, B-series, and F.C.-series. Locations of B-series holes are approximate.
L
l
. Sample Preparation at Penn State, T-Series Samples The 10 samples from the T-series holes were assigned a unique PSU LLRML identification number (5210-5219) and scanned for radioactivity with a portable counter. They were then examined and described using a hand lens (descriptions in Appendix D). Care was exercised throughout the entire i procedure to ensure that samples were not contaminated by external sources or by other samples from Saxton.
The samples were weigr4ed (field moist weight), air-dried by spreading out on a sheet of paper, and weighed again (air-dry weight, App. E) then disaggregatec by gentle grinding in a ceramic mortar that was cleaned before l
)
each sample by grinding quartz sand and then rinsing with water. The disaggregated semple was then sieved through a 10 mesa sieve (2 mm). The sieve was cleaned before use by blowing off loose particles with a jet of I i filtered compressed air, and removing all particles caught in the screen. The sample retained on the 10 mesh sieve was placed back in the mortar and crushed until the entire sample passed 10 mesh. The -10 mesh sample was then split using a sample splitter until a
]
3 portion of 150 to 200 g that approximately filled a 100 cm plastic cup was obtained. Tne remaining sample was placed in a plastic bag. , GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS The radioactivity in the soil samples was identified and quantified using high resolution high purity germanium detectors. Three such detectors, having efficiencies of between 25 and 30% for 60 Co were used in this project. A three-input Nucleus Personal Computer Analyzer was used in this work, with l each detector having its own_ADC and 8192 channnels of memory. The gamma energy range of each detector is from about 50 Kev to 2 Mev. An extensive quality control plan is in place at the LLRML to insure both precision and accuracy in its analytical results. This plan includes the i daily counting of point sources and plotting the measured values for three nuclides (90Co,153Eu, and 137 Cs) on control charts. This is used to insure l that each of the three detector systems is "in control". A 15 minute background count is also collected daity ano control charted. This measurement is taken to insure that the counting chambers have not become contaminated. A twelve hour background count is taken weekly or when the 15 minute background count indicates that there may be a change'in background. As part of its state certification program, the.LLRML participates in EPA's Interlaboratory Comparison Program in which blind cross check samples, provided by EPA's ESML-Las Vegas Laboratory, are received on a regular basis and must be successfully analyzed. Finally, every tenth sample is analyzed in duplicate and the results of the two measurements are evaluated, along with all the other analytical results of the lab, by tne LLRML tecnnical supervisor (Jester). For this project, the cetector efficiency for soil samples in the 100 mi beakers was determined by using two Canadian reference standards (DH-la and B1-4) which both have well established values for their uranium and thorium 214 Pb and 214 Bi in the samples reach equilibrium with the contents. Once the radon-222 these gamma-emitting radionuclides and several other gamma emitters in the uranium and thorium series are used to determine the detector efficiency for'this geometry. .The resulting efficiency varies as a function of photon energy from a maximum efficiency of about 1.8x10 -2 counts per 1 1 disintegration at 300 key down to about 4x10 -3 counts per disintegration near 2 mev. It is this detector efficiency "E" which is used in the calculation procedures given in Appendix "F". Also given in this appendix is the equation used to determine the statistical counting error..which results from the procedures used to determine the net peak area used in the radioisotopic analysis. The standard deviation results from the statistical uncertainty of the net area of the gamma peaks in both the sample and the background and the uncertainty resulting from the establishment of the baseline for the peak in both the sample and the background. Tne minimum detectable concentration equation given in Appendix "F" is based on recommended procedures developed to avoid .both the reporting of false positives and not reporting true positives. The ten "T" series samples were dried, sieved, and then weighed into tared 100 ml standard counting containers, as described previously. Each sample was counted for 12 hours with one of the three detector systems. A number of gamma lines were seen, most of which were associated with the uranium and thorium decay chains. The 212 Pb of the thorium series was chosen 1 as the representative of this series and its concentration is called 232Th in this report. Since in the Saxton samples the 2 Pb and 214 B1 are not in equilibrium with radon-222, the next best radionuclide in the uranium decay chain, namely 226 Ra, was chosen to represent this series in the reported results. The major naturally occurring radionuclide found in these soil samples was 40 K and is reported. Two man made radionuclides were detected in these samples, namely the long lived fission product 137 Cs and the neutron activation product 60 Co. l 1 i DISCUSSION OF SURFICIAL AND BEDROCK GEOLOGY I Figures 6 to 12 summarize tne results of drilling in the six T-Series holes of this project anc the seven B-Series holes drilled in 1981 by Ground Water Technology. Figure 20 illustrates possible relations between some of I these holes. The B-Series holes (Figures 13 to 19) indicate that red to gray siltstone and sandstone bedrock is encountered at depths of 8 to 12 ft. near the Radwaste Building, and at hole B-3 about 50 ft. north of the containment structure. Farther west at hole B-5, 60 ft. WSW of the containment structure, the bedrock is much deeper, about 22 ft., suggesting a deeper channel cut into bedrock by the former Raystown Branch or possibly foundation excavation for the coal-fired plant, though the description in the log seems to fit the first interpretation better. The bedrock in B-5 is gray sandstone, whereas that in other holes is predominantly red siltstone. Bedrock is at about 10 ft. in hole B-1 located about 500 ft. east of the containment. Bedrock consisting of red, green and gray siltstone and sandstone was drilled in holes T-1 through T-6, and was reached but not drilled in T-6A. Pictures of these clamond crill cores are shown in photos 48 and 57 (Appendix B). Except in the top 1" or so, the rock is too hard to be drilled with the split spoon auger. In most holes, some core was recovered as small pieces less than an inch in size, indicating the degree of fracturing in the rock. Overlying the bedrock in most holes is a layer of boulder clay extending to within 3 to 6 feet of the surface. This material appears to consist of
' rounded sandstone boulders set in red clay, and appears to represent a former river channel lined with boulders. The interstices then became largely filled with clay.
The near surface layer in most B-series holes is a mixture of red silty l sand and gravel, apparently representing deposits of flood stage adjacent to a l river channel near its present position. a Tigure 6. , S/.XTOS TK0 JECT DR1LuiO1.E NO. T-1 Total depth (ft.): 0.0 Diamond core drilling:19.5-20.0
. E' Radionuclides v. s 3 E w w - 5 E U $ s- E D Casuna Log (cts /s) l E N I 8 c' E' O 50 100 Geologic Unit 2
Red siltstone f ragments, minor ash 8 5. 0 1.4 2.9 10.3 0.03 5.4 7 4, 3 ,g ,. m e red e s e 4 0 3 15 4 b' 3 0 2 0' I A j 2.3 t.0 !$.3 0.06 2.9 2 5 d-1 a 75 2.3 *.0 e,7 o,05 2.1 2 o ,= l 1 _- Red clay with local fra;ments l 1 _A = of bottom ash and red siltstone i
~2 .
73 4 o ', l 2 ' 2 - A. 2 , 3, 2 ,_ j 4 "l10 . I
- l 2
.l \
4 O I
- ~_jl A
1 - 50 f 3 ,"O I _ 1 4-
- 15 2 -
75 2 t n
.- J 1
A ~.I 1 53 3 ~~_4- - i 4-- 2 67 25 MI crushed stone and asphalt C9 Bedroch: red siltstone 100 ) ift, Ga ma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. Figure 6A. Legend for Figures 4 through 17.
,; .v V.Wi;. . Fly ash OY Crushed limestone 8 04 Red siltstone/ sandstone fragments O
a Fill - Bottots ash
$5 Fill - Red clay 171th siltstone fragments
,
- Sand, silt and gravel o Boulder clay N Concrete or asphalt FM._ . Siltstone and sandstone bedrock 1
I i Tigurc 7. SAXTON PROJT.CT l DRILI.H01I. NO. T-2 l Total depth (ft.): 21.4 l Diamond core drilling: 20.9-21.4 ft. f Radionuclides temM 2 u u - 5 g 0 % s. $ 0 Casuna Log (ets/s) E O Y E # $' Eo 50 100 Geologic Unit
'9 8
Q 4 ,
. crushed stone T1y ash 5
a Bottom ash 92 A 5 s, j 3 A I i 2.3 3.7 9.1 -- 0.6 # 5 f 5 b- Red clay with fragments of ash and 38 5 4 siltstone , 2 4 4' Bottom ash l M5 Red clay with fragments of ! 3 !
~
! 2 0 bottom ash and red siltstone t 67 3
- O. .'
l l 2 -" i 1 4-- l 2 3 -4 63 ' 1 4'-' I 2 i
-A
! 94
/ 3 2 --
! 10 l
.5 o .-
.5 _
1 '.I - 2 - 0 ~ 1 -- 2 ;4 i-83 2 - 4~' l 1 - I - 1 ! ~4- ~ 15 l 2 67 1 6.
.5 ~
.5 ~ 4
~
2 71 2 1~.;
~~
O 1
- 4' 1
33 4~ 2 -
- 20 u, B a it.
{ho 50 h' ' Bedrock: Red and c een ei,1tstote-Eandstore l
, Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed.
l l l l i l , I
rigure 8. SAXTO.N PROJECT DRlLL11012 NO. T-3 Total depth (ft.): 18.1 , Diamond core drilling:17.1-la .1 f t. E Radionuclides ( m s.3 o w w - % i d 5 s- $ d Caima Log (cts /s) E O M E [ 9 E' o 50 loo Coologic Unit , 8 M_ Crushed stone j y'[ Fly ash and bottom ash ! 79 * ( 2
.,' f-j 3 3
A*' . 3 .a ; 3 4 1 71 I 3 .g l 3 A '. 2 I 4.- 5 4 38 2 'o : 2
.. b. 1
, 3 4..
.A* l 2 '
2 'A - 75 2 8,,,, Red clay with rock f ragmer.ts O J f Bottom ash 2 A , 42 2 k Asphalt 0 and crushed limestone ) AI Red clay with siltstone fragments. _A.
'"~
one rounded pebble 1
*~
6- 2 -
.5 A
.5 g.
1 1 ~'" 25
.5 5 Y
~- 15 2
4-75 k 3 s
]_
=
100' . Bedrock: Red siltstone and sand'stone
==
S3 Ed.
- 20 ft.
Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. Figure 9, SAXTOS PROJECT ! DRILLHO1.E NO. T-4 l Total depth (f t.):16.5 Diamond core dr1111ng:14.7-16.5 f t. E' Radionuclides tems) o u u - U g 4 E e E % Cam Log (cts /s) k*
; $ E m E C' O 50 100 Geologic Unit 2 M., Fly ash and cleaning grit i 4 -: \
2f,. Red clay 3 ~~ 75 1.7 4.5 6.9 0.07 11.8 3 0 Bottom ash and coal 3 2 6 3 h- Red clay 1 2 75 m_ j 2 4 Bottom ash
# )
5 d 1 a 83 Red clay 1 n: I d ! a _ L'ater level J j. Bottom ash with some red clay matrix 0 i 29 4 ' 1 A - 0 ~A 0 g, 2 Red clay with siltstone fragments !
^ -A 7I .~~
f 10 1 4-
~
i 1 \ 2
-[* -
i s- - 79 6 ag 3 -- 3 8 Crushed stone and sand 75 - " 2 4.~,- Red clay with siltstone fragments 143 1 .~-$ ~ 26 15 Concrete with rebars E$ Bedrock: Red and green siltstone 79 IEEl J l 20 ft. Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. l Figure 10. SAXTON PROJECT DR11.LH02 NO. Total depth (ft.): 15.6 Diamond core drilling: 14.6-15.6 ft. Radionuclides < r 4 m {e u w - 2 0 E 4 $ O Camuna Log (cts /s) E q y l r, @ 2 0 50 100 Geologic Unit .
'2 'W . Fly ash and sandblasting grit 7 . Sandy clay l A o
79 I g Bottom ash
~
2.8 6.0 15.2 (0.03)l.2 d 54 8 46 5 '~- 4 me Red Clay
~
4 7 3 Bottom ash
- 5 7 4 33 1.6 3.6 5.3 0.06 1.1 5 84 2 4:
2
- A Red clay s.
2 -A 4 6- Bottom ash and red siltstone 50 e 3 A-3 ,3 Bottom ash and subordinate red siltstone g.. 2 ,, g 38 M 10 2 A~- 2
- Red sandy clay with minor bottom ash
-g.
2 -!
. 2 ~.s h,
2 4c 2 Bottom ash 6 3 6- Red clay 25
.o. .
309 2 _ doncrete 100 - - - Bedrock: Red and gray siltstone and J sand stone
- 20
'ft.
Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. l i t ! Figure 11* SAXTON TROJECT l DR11.1JiolI NO. T-6 Total depth (ft.): .0 l Diamond core drilling: 15.0-19.0 l E Radionuclides v4 se) 2 _ ~ _ z l M 5 s- E O Camma Log (cts /s) E O $ E # E 2o 50 100 Coologic Unit t b a ! . Dominantly bottom ash 6 l 4e . 1 ( b l j 17% 6 4 o. l 6 o .
- 4- i 4- Bottom ash with some red clay
)
~4.
23 77ted clay, sof't t 4 i 4
~
a' 4~ -[ Water level 0~ l
,g Red clay with sparse bottom ash 10 )
.~ A Red clay, sof t, with f ragments' of 4, red siltstone and sandstone at top i
.r .o I
l
~A 4
j .-~
.A a
l 0 l o- .. l ._.-- p-j Broken red and green siltstone and shale
~
l . - .
- re.
- =
l- ~ ~? 35 i p
'.=.:,
- =-!
- -=-
l -- G2
- 20
.ft, i
Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. 9 I l ,
*=
. . . - . - - - . . . . . ~ . - _ - . . . - . _ . - --= .- .
i ( 4 4 4 1 Figure 12. 5Anos nonc DR1ll.HolI NO. T-6A , 6.1 4 Total depth (f t.): N*"' Diamond core drilling: ' " Radionuclides t " s-1 ,
- s. E Gam Log (ets/s) f
" Geologic Unit
[ h $ # 9 20 50 100 i en "
- Cleaning grit i ,_
. $ 4-1 16 -A". Fragments of red siltstone '. 75 l 13 A1
! g ia
' A&'-a i
n 7A
- de Bottes ash 5 A-; Red siltstone/ clay with bottom ash
] ' A. Bottom ash and coal l- A 4 2.0 4.4 11.5 (0.0413.9 24 4 , 4; 1 A~ , - 2 #- ~'. Red cisy and siltstone 1 l 25 2.0 3.1 14.9 -- 1.1 2 $8 1 6
.l 8 1 6 Bottom ash and coal 1 1 a'
I3 2.1 4.8 13.7 (0.0212.3 1 A 2 A-9 .A
- - 10 Red clay with siltstone fragments 4 I 2 A- i > 4! / 2 'A l
3 A-b 3 ~b 5 A-46 4 A 2 A-2 4 t t . 3 A-33 4 - 4 } ., s
$ 4-
) *00
*5 -4
- Bedrock surface 4
4 T . s 4 - 20
! . u t.
l Gamma spectrometric analyses were conducted only for sample intervals where data are listed. i 4 .o
Figure 13. Saros enoJtcT DR111HOM NO. I~I Total depth (ft.): 49.5 Diamond core drilling: 5.0 - 40.3
?
- 2 i 8 Q Geologic Unit I '7 ;a;-j L3 ..A Red silty sand and clay 31 75. 4 60% 36
- f,'.'@, Fly ash 8 .
j L2 HA
. . . Red sandy silt and clay
!4 %
70 .19 Th e 100 7100 *e Sandstone boulders j 5- 5 with silty clay ! e between boulders
~
o '
- .o o ,'
o o 3 12 -o h3 10Red and gray siltstone
'3
{
- O @7
$ 4 ma
~~
l --
~..l-
.?
5:5 $ ? * ~? l
- d i5 '
100 1' 3 J LOO 20 l
, f t. To 49.5 f t.
4 i i This log was compiled from report of Ground Water Technology (1981). 1 No radiometric data is available.
l l 1 l Figure 14. l SAXTON PROJECT l DRILI.Hol.E NO. Total depth (f t.): Diamond core drilling 6.5-25.0 I
; 5 1 8 4 Oeologic Unit o ...
27 Top soil 002 a. 19 ' Silty sand, reddish brown, and 67 angular gravel 34 &-
~
38 .A 63 65 4 .2 , 68 d 50 73 ' 4 a 25 , 'd** 63 55 4 5 LLS - O h, Boulder
- 00 95 ;;A Red silt, angular gravel O. Boulders of sandstone 0
0 70 0 40 o' 7-12 10 Highly weathered siltstone
.~..- bedrock 1
- l g j ~ Red siltstone and sandstone
=-
3-2 {
.~ ~~.; 7 i m -
\
' v.:
~ E.t.
100 .~.C.
,$f 15
- - .. (.
f' 1 Y.
, 20 To 25.0 f t.
This log was compil?d from report of Ground Water Technology (1981). No radiometric data is available. Figure 15. w m ruotn DRILLh0'I NO. I" 3
. 50.5 Total depth (ft.):
Diasund core drilling 3 5-50.5_ a" E E
- i" Geologic Unit
~
Q 4 US' Fly ash, bottom ash, sand, gravel, coal 100* 13 i.[$ 65
]Q s _
Yellow-brown clay, coal at base 9 Yi Brown sand, yellow clay, gravel g ,g.; 47 Coal
'^^ 48 i:rl - Tan sand, clay, gravel o .
! Sandstone boulders O ~
o o low = 0 0 . C 0 < 0 o. O I
~ 10 Red and gray siltstone bedrock 40 a
I d 15 I 96 - I
- 20 To 30.5 ft.
I f t. i This log was compiled f rom report of Ground Water Technology (1981). 4 No radiometric data is available. i l
l 4 4 1 Tigure - 16, SACON PROJECT DRILI.HOlZ NO. 5 Total depth (ft.): 26.5 Diamond core drilling:
- 4. 26.5 E
2 2 Q Geologic Unit } ) 4 78 83 17 .F ".'; , Black organic soil and fly ash 19
- 75 , Red silty fiA . sand 39 4
79 19 ,' !
- 30 '
1 0 80 o
. Boulders with minor clay 0_
0 0
? O O.
O O.
.o O'
Ed Red siltstone bedrock
= i
= l
$.=
10
.~l."
R r:7 95 15
\(
- 20 ft.
To 26.5 This log was compiled from report of Ground k'ater Technology (1981). No radiometric data is available.
. i a,
l Figure 17. SCOS TMa.1EU DRILLHOLE NO.- b- 5 i Total depth (ft.), 50.4 l Diamond core drilling: 7.5-50.4 s l
$%I q Geologic Unit Concrete 6 Fly ash
'd * (
- 40 3 ynt.
1 6 . i 60 4 4 Red milty sand with some angular gravel 3 , b,. 40 5 3 A' ! 'l 40 *- 5 I ' 6 A, '
- 50 53 4
., u o. Soulder s 56 4* . Fine sand and gravel 4
50 62 h_ f 0 ' Boulders with clayey sand 0 between boulders 3 . O n' I o= 10 ., .O $ 0 = 1, - 0 0 . 0- , 0." cray silty sandstene. houleers i 4 O
.a j
, O - lu J g Gray sandstone boulders (said to be fill for f oundation ..( O. cf coal-fired plant). O. O
.. 0
, 0-- 20 Gray sandstone bedrock at j ft. 22 1 ft-This log was compiled f rom report of Ground Water Technology (1981). I No radiometric data is available. 4 4 1-4 y
---- - . . . - ~ ~ . . _ , . . _
l l l Figure 18. SArTON PROJECT a Total depth Ut.) Diamond core drilling: N#"* f 2 5 i E
' Geologic Unit
~
Q 3 . Blackflyash(!) 1 ,, 45 7 . 3 i 4 4( 3 45 ,' 3 ;, 't 3 . f 5 6 25 e a 9
. . I 1
~
1 ," 10 1 L
- d. . Red sandy silt with some 3
- sand and gravel 2
- 15 4- 10 2 .
3 . 8 4 50 15 .
,4 l 20 l23
- Bedrock
- 15
. 4
- 20 ft.
This log was compiled from report of Ground Water Technology (1981). No radiometric data is available. Tigure 19. SA U DX PROJECT I*I DR111H01Z NO. Total depth (f t.): 9.4 Diamond core drilling: 4.54.4 E 2 5 i 2
-Q J Geologic Unit
- . < Fly ash, red fill, concrete, red 5 : 7- siltstone AA ,
31 g.g 702 20 ,
~
L7 ha' 22
,, Silt, clay, sand, minor fine gravel 60 26 ,
g 80 .$ 0 3 o Sandstone boulders with O. i"* ** *
- i*i#l "l'I O \
o. O O . 40 0
-24 e
Bedrock
- 10 ,
1 1
= ;
1 l
- 15 20 i ft.
1 This log was compiled from report of Ground Water Technology (1981). No radiometric data is available. i 1 i l
T-6A T-5 T-4 FC-5 (B-3) T-2 B-7 FC 6 Y X B-5 {"_'
~) ,s -* Fill a 3 a
I f Sond ondgovel _ Boulder clay l
=
I 4, Fill L
\*
e,
. / _ _ \ "M _.J.-D st ~/ \ '4j /
g 11 f Bedrock a / ' P 'o / . A h 8 20 f t. m
- N Fill-Bottom ash 40 f t.
a a N Fill-Red clay a
'e Sondond grovel' g Boulder clay l*
3
,. Bedrock Figure 20. Cross-section showing inferred relations of surficial materials at the Saxton Nuclear Site, based on drillholes.
None of these layers of unconsolidated material are recognizable in the T-Series holes, wnich were drilled in the former locations of spent resin and liquid waste tanks. At these sites, tne unconsolidated material and upper bedrock had been excavated to a depth of 15 to 20 ft. At T-1 T-4 and T-5, a concrete or asphalt pad was encountered just above bedrock. These pads may have been used to support the tanks, or may have been an extension of the pad under the containment building. The excavations for the tanks were then filled mainly with crushed red siltstone-mudstone, probably quarried on the east side of the site. This material is now degraded to clay containing 5 to 10% of angular red siltstone fragments, and occasionally also sandstone chips (Photos 45, 60, 67, 69). Minor bottom ash is also locally included in this fill (Photo 54). On removal of the spent resin and liquid waste tanks in 1972-74, the resulting depressions were apparently filled largely by bottom ash (Photos 31, 41, 42, 51, 53, 63) mixed with varying amounts of red clay fill excavated from above the tanks, as indicated by the consistent dominance of bottom ash in the l upper parts of the T-Series drillholes. Tne surface layer at most holes is fly ash (Photos 40, 49, 61), locally coverec with clay or crushec stone brought in or redistributed during cleanup operations. It appears that an appreciable amount of this fly ash must have accumulated either in the period 1972-1974, after tank removal and before final closure of the coal fired plant, or was transported from adjacent areas by wind action, whicn is likely in view of its fine grain size. The physical properties of these units may be inferred from the blow counts plus observations of their porosity and coherence. The bedrock is relatively strong, as indicated by the fact that it cannot be appreciably penetrated by the auger. It is typically well fractured. The red clay fill is relatively soft (1 to 4 blows per 6 in.) and generally appears to have low porosity and permeability except where it l
-39
consists dominantly of red siltstone fragments without a clay matrix. It is usually damp and plastic, and relatively coherent. Boulder clay was not observed in this study. The boulders are clearly very hard, and must have sizes of a few inches to a foot or more. The Ground Water Technology report suggests that this material is impermeable, though no l data is given to support this. If clay completely fills the interstices of l i the bouAders, it is likely impermeable, but possibly some zones are incompletely filled. l The zones of fill by bottom ash are extremely soft (blow count 1 to 5, i 1 except near the surface where values of 6 to 8 are normal). This material is I extremely porous and very poorly sorted. Maximum particle sizes are at least 2", but probably larger since the size of the drill bit limits the size of recovered samples. RADIOACTIVITY OF T-SERIES H0LES The main source of data on radioactivity is the gamma logging conducted by Appalachian Coal Surveys (Appendix C). These logs evaluate moderate and high energy gamma emission from the material surrounding the hole. The most intense anomalies were found in holes T-6A (150 c/s at 7.0 ft), T-5 (130 c/s at 7.2 ft) and T-5 (100 c/s at 4.7 ft). Weaker anomalies are found in T-1 (50 c/s at 1 and 4.5 ft) and T-4 (50 c/s at 2.0 ft). The anomalies in T-6A and T-6 clearly exceed the upper limit of about 100 c/s that can be caused by some clays and shales, as observed by Appalachian Coal Surveys. The red clay and the bottom ash in the holes generally range between 20 and 40 c/s. Any value greater than 40 c/s seems likely to be caused by racionuclides from the nuclear power station or atmospheric fallout (from weapons tests) that later became buried during backfilling. Another source of data on radioactivity is furnished by the field Geiger Counter scans of the core by the Health Physics Staff of GPU Nuclear, and by scintillometer scans by Rose and Greeman of Penn State. None of these was I l l l l clearly higher than background, though a few appear to have been on the hign side of the background range. Tne 10 samples from T-series holes analyzed by gamma spectrometry were collected to evaluate sources of the gamma anomalies in the holes. Samples 5210 (T-1, 12 to 24 in.), 5211 (T-1, 48-60in.), 5214 (T-4, 18-24 in.), 5216 l l (T-5, 48-72 in. ), 5218 (T-6A, 60-64 in. ) and 5219 (T6A, 84-108 in.) were collected from zones that were anomalous in the gamma logs (Figures 6 to 12). l- The remainder were collected as apparent background samples of bottom ash similar to the anomalous zones in lithologic character but with low radioactivity on the gamma logs. l Five mair. radionuclides were detected: 40g, 226Ra, 232Th, 137 Cs, and 60 Of these, 40 g, 232Th and 226 j Co-(Tabl6 1). 8a are clearly natural radioactivity present in tne materials, 137Cs is a fission product, and 60 Co is a neutron activation product. 37 Nine of the 10 samples contain Cs exceeding 1 pCi/g (Table 1 and 2), and many contain detectable Co. There are only two reasonable sources of the 37 Cs; it is either derived from the SNEC operations or from atmospheric fallout from weapons tests. An upper limit for fallout may be estimated from the Cs in the surface borizons of FC-series drillholes outside the SNEC Fence. None of these exceeds 1 pCi/g of Cs. In the deeper horizons (generally 1 to 2 f t.), none of the FC-series samples exceed 0.1 pCi/g. 37 l Therefore, the Cs values in the 9 samples of the T-series are very unlikely to have originated as fallout. The reactor origin is much more likely. The exact mechanism by which the 137 Cs was emplaced in the 10 samples is unclear. The values could arise by the intentional or unintentional burial of 137 Cs-contaminated fly ash like that analyzed from the surface at FC-1 (7.6 pC1/g), FC-5 (25.9 pCi/g), and FC-6 (4.0 pC1/g), or by leakage from the spent resin and waste liquid tanks. The data suggest that a considerable fraction of the fill, in the former tank sites, especially the bottom ash analyzed in
Table 1. Gamma Specrometric Analyses of Samples from T-Series Drillholes PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigma Error MDC(1) Number or Description - -- - - - - - - - - pCi/y1rn --- - - - - - - - - - - - 5210 T-1 0 to 24 K-40 10.3 0.3 0.5 Bottom Half Co-60 0.05 0.01 0.04 Cs-137 ~5.38 0.04 0.05 Re-226 2.9 0.4 1.4 Th-232 1.40 0.03 0.09 5211 T-1 48 to 72 K-40 15.3 0.4 0.8 Top Half Co-60 0.06 0.01 0.03 Cs-137 2.78 0.04 0.06 Ra-226 4.0 0.5 1.8 Th-232 2.34 0.05- 0.12 5212 T-1 48 to 72 K-40 8.7 0.3 0.7 Bottom Half C0-60 0.06 0.01 0.04 Cs-137 2.10 0.03 0.05 Ra-226 4.0 0.5 1.7 Th-232 2.28 0.05 0.12 5213 T-2 24 to 33 K-40 9.1 0.3 0.7 00-60 Not Detected Os- 137 0.64 0.02 0.M Ra-226 3.7 0.5 1.9 Th-232 2.35 0.05 0.13 5214 T-4 18 to 24 K-40 6.6 0.4 1.0 00-60 0.07 0.02 0.06 Cs-137 11.50 0.09 0.08 I Ra-226 3.8 0.6 2.0 Th-232 1.74 0.05- 0.13 I 5214 T-4 18 to 24 K-40 7.2 0.4 1.0 Recount 00-60 0.08 0.02 0.05 Cs- 137 12.03 0.09 0.07 Re-226 5.1 0.6 2.0 Th-232 1.71 0.05 0.14 i 5215 T-5 24 to ~30 K-40 15.2 0.4 0.9 00-60 0.03 0.01 0.04 Cs-l 37 1.25 0.03 0.06 Ra-226 6.0 0.5 1.8 Th-232 2.76 0.05 0.12
Table 1. Gemme Specrometric Analyses of Samples from T-Series Drillholes (continued) I i f PSU Location Depth (in.) Nuclide Concentration 1-Sigme Error MDC(1) j Number or Description ----------- pC1/ gram -------------- l 5216 T-5 48 to 72 K-40 5.3 0.3 0.7 00-60 0.06 0.01 0.04 Cs-13? 1.14 0.03 0.05 Ra-226 ' 3.6 0.5 1.7 Th-232 1.61 0.04 0.12
, 5217 T-6A 36 to 60 K-40 11.6 0.3 0.6 Bottom Half 00-60 0.04 0.01 0.04 ;
j Os-137 3.93 0.04 0.05 l Re-226 4.4 0.4 1.4 Th-232 2.01 0.04 0.10 5218 T-6A 60 to 64 K-40 14.9 0.3 0.5
- Bottom Half 00-60 Not Detected i
Os-137 1.05 0.02 0.04 Ra-226 3.1 0.3 1.1 Th-232 2.01 0.03 0.07 5219 T-6A 84 to 108 K-40 13.7 0.4 0.7 00-60 0.02 0.01 0.03 Cs- 137 2.33 0.03 0.05 Ra-226 4.8 0.4 1.5 Th-232 2.14 0.04 0.09 (1) Minimum DetectableConcentration this project, may be slightly contaminated. However, the contamination level is not very high, especially when compared to natural activity in the materials. The contribution of 137cs to the total measured gamma activity of the 10 samples is always less than 50%, and is generally in the range of 5 to 125 (Table 2). The true proportion is even smaller, considering that not all of the detected gamma-emitting radioactive daughters of 238 U and 232 Th are reported in Table 2.
,For most samples, high 137 Cs in the sample does not correlate with high values on the gamma log at the interval where they were collected (Table 2).
Only in samples 5214 (T-4) and 5210 (T-1) do high 137 cs values coincide with high values in the gamma logs. Thus the elevated radioactivity on the gamma logs is not directly explainable by the material cut in the drillholes. At least three possible explanations can be envisioned for the high values on the gamma logs:
- 1. There may be more highly rdoloactive soil or fly asa occurring as small lenses or pockets within the fill, but not encountered by the drillholes.
- 2. Stubs of pipes that originally led from the containment to the spent resin tanks may project towaro the crillholes; these pipes might contain radioactive material.
3 The gamma anomalies in the logs may be derived from highly radioactive components in the nearby containment structure. The third explanation seems the least likely since the sharp peaks produced in the well logs are most readily explained by a source of radiation near the drillhole. Some mechanism of radiation streaming or shielding would be necessary to account for the relatively sharp peaks if the source is in the reactor. Table 2. Summary of 137 Cs Data from Gamma Spectrometry and Gamma Logging Sample Gamma Log 37 37 Location Total Activity. Cs Activity Cs/ Total 5210 T1, 12-24 45 C/S 20.0 pC1/g 5.4 pC1/g 27 % 5211 T1, 48-60 45 24.4 2.8 11 5212 T1, 60-72 30 17.1 2.1 12 5213 T2, 24-33 33 15.7 0.6 4 5214 T4, 18-24 50 24.9 11.8 47 5215 T5, 24-30 35 25.2 1.2 5 5216 T5, 48-72 100 11.6 1.1 9 5217 T6A, 48-60 50 21 .8 3.9 18 5218 T6A, 72-84 80 21.1 1.1 5 5219 T6A, 84-108 80 22.9 23 10
- Sum of activities of the 5 nuclides HYDROLOGY Though no specific effort was mace to obtain information on ground water flow, several observations contribute to an eventual understanding of this topic.
The bottom ash fill is clearly highly porous and permeable. The bottom ash in the drilled zones, interpreted as infills of the volumes left by tank removal, probably do not form a connected aquifer over more than about 10-30 ft., but if there are other zones (trenches, etc.) that were back filled with bottom ash, then these might be major flow paths. The red clay fill generally appears relatively impermeable, though its softness (small blow counts) indicates either some porosity or a very soft plastic character. Since the red clay occupies the lower part of the tank excavations, the vertical and lateral flow of water through the tank sites is probably minimal in this depth range. The boulder clay zone is implied by the Ground Water Technology report to be relatively impermeable, although no permeability measurements were made. If the interstices of the boulders are completely occupied by clay, this inference is probably correct. Verification of the permeability of the boulder clay is crucial to understanding of ground water flow in the area. The top few feet of unconsolidated material at the site appears to be silty sand, pebbly sand and locally gravel. The Ground Water Technology report suggests that this material is fill, but our observations in the FC-series holes indicate that much of this material is natural. It appears likely to be relatively permeable. The water level observed after drilling and after influx of drilling water from the diamond drill was at a depth of 4 to 8.5 feet. In several holes, the change from dry to wet samples was observed in this same range, before any water was used for crilling. The peried of drilling fell near the end of the most extreme drought in the century. A likely interpretation of l =
this data is that the observed water at 4 to 8.5 ft. is perched on top of the boulder clay and is flowing off through the base of the sand and gravel of the surficial layer, or through permeable drainage trenches and the like cut through the top of the boulder clay. A small part of the water probably flows downward through the boulder clay. In this regard, any " defects" in the boulder clay are important. These include unplugged drillholes such as the T-series, and any permeability via the fill of various excavations for the buildings and the tanks. The extent of this permeability is unknown. If dispersion of contaminants becomes a concern, the extent of leakage througn the boulder clay should be determined. CONCLUSIONS
- 1. The natural depth to bedrock is 8 to 12 feet in the main part of the Nuclear Facility, apparently deepening off its west edge to 22 ft. where the coal-fired plant was located. The bedrock is composed of interlayered red and green siltstone and subordinate sandstone, with increased sandstone on the west. The bedrock has low but measurable permeability, probably mostly along fractures. The sites of the spent resin and waste liquid tanks were excavated to 15 to 20 ft. The sites of the Radwaste and other buildings were also excavsted into bedrock.
- 2. Originally a layer of boulder clay, probably of low permeability, overlay bedrock, extending to within 3 to 6 feet of the surface. This material is probably relatively impermeable. A layer of silt, sand and fine gravel overlay the boulder clay. This material was excavated at the sites of the tanks and buildings.
3 The spent resin and waste liquid tanks were backfilled at the time of emplacement with red clay containing sparse siltstone and bottom ash fragments. This clay is very soft and probably impermeable. After removal of the tanks, the resulting depressions were filled with the red clay fill plus additional bottom ash. Tne bottom ash is very soft and probably very permeable. 4 A layer of- fly ash is present at most localities that have not been disturbed by traffic or digging in the past few years. This fly ash appears to cover the former sites of the tanks, suggesting that considerable ash either was blown into the area or accumulated in the year or so that the coal plant operated after tank removal.
- 5. The water table was at'a depth of 5 to 8.5 ft. at the time of drilling, which was a very dry period. The water table may be perched on top of the boulder clay, flowing out in the basal zone of the sandy silt and gravel layer and in filled trenches that contain bottom ash and similar materials. A smaller amount of flow may leak through the boulder clay into bedrock.
- 6. Gamma spectrometric analyses of 10 samples from the sites of the tanks indicate that much of the fill in these sites is slightly contaminated with Cs, a fission product probably derived from the nuclear activities. The activity of fission products (137Cs and 60 co) is generally 10% or less of the activity of natural radioactivity from K. Th and 38U anId their daughters.
- 7. Gamma logs of the 6 holes show distinct peaks in holes T-5, T-6, and T-6A.
Possible causes for these peaks are local lenses of more radioactive material in the backfill, unremoved racioactive pipes that connected the tanks with the containment, or possibly radiation from the reactor modulated by absorbers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The gamma spectrometry and sample preparation were ably carried out by Bonnie C. Ford and Daniel J. Greeman. Linda Miller aided greatly in typing of the report and' appendices. REFERENCES Climatic Atlas of the United States, 1968, U. S. Environmental Data Service. Environmental Data Service,1987, Climatological Data: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin., Asheville, N.C. Ground / Water Technology, 1981, Preliminary Hydrogeological Investigation, Saxton Nuclear Experimental Station, Saxton, Pennsylvania: Report to GPU Nuclear, 44 pp. , Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 1981, Atlas of preliminary geologic quadrangle maps of Pennsylvania: PA Geol. Survey Map 61. Roy, W. R., Thiery, R. G., Senuller, R. M. and Suloway, J. J., 1981, coal fly ash: A review of tne literature and proposed classification system with emphasis on environmental impacts: Illinois Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes 96, 69 p. Williams, E. G. and Slingerland, R. L., 1986, catskill sedimentation in central Pennsylvania: in Guidebook 51st Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologiscs, p.73-79. i l
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1 1 l I APPENDIX A GEOLOGIC AND TECHNICAL LOGS OF DRILLHOLES T-1 TO T-6A
1 l Drill Hole T-1 Drilled 8/10/88 Location: In the area from whien a liquid waste storage tank was removed. Blow Counts and Recovery 0 - 1/2 ft 14 blows
. 1/2 - 1 12 14" (58%) recovery 1 -1 1/2 8 ,
1 1/2 - 2 7 2 - 2 1/2 4 2 1/2 - 3 3 18" (75%)
. 3 - 3 1/2 4 3 1/2 - 4 3 4 - 4 1/2 2 4 1/2 - 5 2 18" (75%) l 5 - 5 1/2 1 5 1/2 - 6 2 l
6 - 6 1/2 1 1 6 1/2 - 7 1 17" (73%) 1 7 - 7 1/2 2 7 1/2 - 8 4 8 - 8 1/2 2 8 1/2 - 9 2 8" (33%) 9 - 9 1/2 2 l 9 1/2 - 10 2 10 - 10 1/2 2 10 1/2 - 11 2 6" (25%) 11 - 11 1/2 4 11 1/2 - 12 2 12 - 12 1/2 2 12 1/2 - 13 1 12" (50%) recovery l 13 - 13 1/2 2 13 1/2 - 14 3 14 - 14 1/2 1 14 1/2 - 15 1 18" (75%) 15 - 15 1/2 2 15 1/2 - 16 2 16 - 16 1/2 0 16 1/2 - 17 1 14" (58%) 17 - 17 1/2 1 17 1/2 - 18 3 A-1
18 - 18 1/2 2 18 1/2 - 19 2 12" (67%) 19 - 19 1/2 25 19 1/2 25 Diamond bit attached. 19 1/2 - 40' 6" (100%) i Water level was at 4.2 ft. after drilling -Oeologic Log: (Note: Units with recovery less than 100% have been expanded in proportion to their recovery in the drilled interval). 0- 1 3 ft. Red siltstone fragments with minor ash. 13- 2.0 Black bottam ash with 30% red siltstone fragments 2.0 - 4.0 Black bottom ash, 1 cmn to 1 cm; bottom 0.6 ft. has white efflorescence 4.0 - 4.8 Black bottom ash with minor red . siltstone (could have-fallen in from above) 4.8 - 5.6 Black bottom ash with white efflorescences. Bottom 0.1 ft. is wet 5.6 - 6.0 Red clay with siltstone fragments 6.0 - 6.5 (Mixture of bottom ash and red siltstone, loose, probably fell in from above) 6.5 - 8.0 Rec clay with local thin black ash fragments to 1" in size and soft yellow sandstone 8.0 - 10.0 Red clay with rock fragments of red j siltstone and sparse black ash to ' 1 cm in size 10.0 - 12.0 Red clay with fragments of red silt-stone (1 - 2 mm) 12.0 - 14.0 Red clay with 1 - 5 mm fragments of red siltstone, and minor bottom ash and yeAlow-brown sandstone; minor sand also present 14.0 - 16.0 Red ~ clay with fragments of black ash and red siltstone up 2 cm in diam. 16.0 - 18.0 Red clay with sparse coal and bottom ash fragments up to 3 cm in diam. 18.0 - 19.1 Red clay as above-19.1 - 19.4 Asphalt and crushed stone 19 .4 - 19.5 Broken pieces of red siltstone and red , clay 19.5 - 20.0 Core of red siltstone bedrock (one 5" piece, several small fragments). A-2
interpretations The site was evicently excavated into bedrock at 19.4 ft. during construction of the Nuclear Facility, and a pad of asphalt over crushed stone was laid down. A fill of red clay with minor siltstone and bottom ash was then emplaced, and the waste storage tanks placed on this fill. After removal of the tanks, the resulting hole was filled with bottom ash. A surface layer J composed mainly of red siltstone fragments was spread over the surface. The ! bottom ash is very poorly compacted and probably highly porous. j l i l 1 l 1 l i I A-3
l I l Drill Hole T-2 Drilled 8/10/88 Location: in the area from which a liquio waste storage tank was removed. Blow Counts and Recovery: I O - 1/2 ft. 9 blows i 1/2 - 1 8 22" (92%) recovery
- 1 1 -1 1/2 5 1 1/2 - 2 5 i
2 - 2 1/2 3 1 2 1/2 - 3 5 21" (88%) l 3 - 3 1/2 5 3 1/2 - 4 5 , l 4 - 4 1/2 2 4 1/2 - 5 3 16" (67%) i 5 - 5 1/2 2 5 1/2 - 6 3 6 - 6 1/2 e 6 1/2 - 7 1 15" (03%) 7 - 7 1/2 2 7 1/2 - 8 3 8 - 8 1/2 1 8 1/2 - 9 2 22 1/2" (94%) 9 - 9 1/2 3 9 1/2 - 10 2 10 - 10 1/2 1/2 10 1/2 - 11 1/2 16" (675) 11 - 11 1/2 1 11 1/2 - 12 3 12 - 12 1/2 0 12 1/2 - 13 1 20" (83%) 13 - 13 1/2 2 13 1/2 - 14 2 : I 14 - 14 1/2 1 14 1/2 - 15 1 16" (67%) 15 - 15 1/2 2 l 15 1/2 - 16 1 16 - 16 1/2 1/2 16 1/2 - 17 1/2 17" (71%) 17 - 17 1/2 2 17 1/2 - 18 2 A-4 l l
18 - 18 1/2 0 18 1/2 - 19 1 20" (83%) 19 - 19 1/2 1 19 1/2 - 20 2 20 - 20 1/2 8 20.5 - 20.9 50 18" (167%) Diamond coring bit used 40.9 - 21.4 6" (100%) Water level was at 5.6 ft. after drilling Geologic Log: (Note: Units with less than 100% recovery are expanded proportionately.) 0- 0.3 Crushed stone and gray dirt 0.3 -0.5 Fine gray fly ash 0.5 - 2.0 Black bottom ash, 2 mm to 1 cm, white efflorescence on bottom 0.4 '. 2 2.0 - 2.9 Black botom ash as above
- 2.9 - 3.6 Red clay with fragments of bottom ash
- and red siltstone up to 2 cm in size i 3.6 - 4.0 Bottom ash and slag, lots of 2 - 20 mm, one 2 cm piece
$ 4.0 - 45 Black bottom ash (could be fall-in) 1
- 4.5 - 5.7 Red clay with abundant red siltstone 4 fragments j
- 5.7 - 6.0 Piece of light gray sandstone with red clay I
. 6.0 - 6.3 Black bottom ash (possibly fell in) , 6.3 -- 8.0 Rea clay with red siltstone fragments and 2- minor black bottom ash 3.0 - 10.0 Red clay with red siltstone fragments with a few pieces of bottom ash
- 10.0 - 12.0 Red clay with red siltstone and chert fragments, also one piece of black slag l at 11.8'
; 12.0 - 19.7 Red clay with 15% red siltstone fragments
! and a few bottom ash fragments j 19.7 - 20.0 Red clay, reader than above and less wet, but otherwise similar 1 20.0 - 20.5 Red clay with siltstone fragments as ! above (could have fallen in) 4 20.5 - 20.7 Red sandstone and siltstone fragments up to 3 cm, one fragment is rounced 20.7 - 20.9 Green sandstone and siltstone in pieces , up to 2" (broken bedrock) 20.9 - 21.4 Fine grained green sandstone in 1/2 - 3" ! lengths, as angular fragments. Also, 1" of small rounced green and red sand-stone pieces (may have fallen in) 3 f' 2 A-5
Interpretation. The area was excavated to bedrock at 20.7 f t. , then filled with red clay on which the tank was emplaced, and finally backfilled with bottom ash and red clay after tank removed. Tne top 0.5' apparently accumulated after this backfilling. 1 i i 1 A-6 t i n
Drill Hole T-3 Drilled 8/10/88 Location: At site from which & liquid waste storage tanx was removed. Blow Counts and Recovery. 0 - 1/2 ft. 8 blows 1/2 - 1 7 19" (79%) recovery ) 1 - 1 1/2 c 1 1 1/2 - 2 3 2 - 2 1/2 3 2 1/2 - 3 3 17" (71%) ! 3 - 3 1/2 3 3 1/2 - 4 3 4 - 4 1/2 3 4 1/2 - 5 2 21" (88%) 5 - 5 1/2 2 , 51/2-6 e l l
. 6 - 6 1/2 3 61/2-7 2 18" (75%)
7 - 7 1/2 2 71/2-8 2 8 - 8 1/2 4 8 1/2 - 9 6 10" (42%) 9 - 9 1/e 2 9 1/2 - 10 2 10 - 10 1/2 1/2 10 1/2 - 11 1/2 16" (67%) 11 - 11 1/2 1 11 1/4 - 12 e 12 - 12 1/2 1/2 12 1/2 - 13 1/2 6" (25%) 13 - 13 1/2 1 13 1/2 - 14 1 14 - 14 1/2 1/2 14 1/2 - 15 1/2 18" (75%) 15 - 15 1/2 2 15 1/2 - 16 3 16 - 16 1/2 4 16 1/2 - 17 13 13" (100%) 17 - 17.1 50 A-7
Diamond bit used 17.1 - 18.1 10" Core (83%) Water level at 7.5' after drilling Geologic Log (Note: Units expanded in proportion to amount recovered in interval drilled) 0- 0.4 Crushed stone (1 cm size) and sandy silt 0.4 2.0 Black fine grained ash (< 1 mm); some fragments to 2 cm 2.0 - 4.0 Bottom ash and fly ash, black, 30% is 1/2 - 1.cm 4.0 - 6.0 Bottom ash and fly ash, black, mostly 3 - 10 mm in size, with minor crushed limestone. Wet at bottom .
-6.0 - 7.4 Bottom esh, black, as nbove 7.4 - '8.0 Red clay with 1 mm angalar rock fragments, very wet 6.0 - 9.4 Black bottom ash (possibly fall-in) 9.4 - 10.0 Asphalt, black, plastic, with some crusned limestone to 1 cm 10.0 - 11.8 Red clay with angular siltstone fragments .
11.8 - 12.0 Red sandy clay, about 50% sand 12.0 - 14.0 Red sandy clay with 10% 1 - 3 cm fragments of red siltstone 14.0 - 15.6 Red clay with siltstone fragments up to 2 cm, not sandy like above. Could be a natural clay deposit. 15.6 - 15.7- Red to gray clay with rounded pebble 15.7 - 16.0 Yellow-brown sandstone fragment 16.0 - 16.3 Red clay with siltstone fragments 16.3 - 16.5 Red siltstone in a yellow clay matrix, and a 1 cm green siltstone 16.5 - 17.1 Red siitstone bedrock with a red clay matrix, increasingly solid 1/.1 - 18.1 Fine grainec rec sanastone in two 4" pieces of core plus a lot of fragments; one mud chip Interpretation: See T-1 and T-2. A-8
Drill Hole T-4 Drilled 8/9/88 Location: At former site of a spent resin tank just north of containment Duiding. Blow Counts ano Recovery: 0 - 1/2 ft. d blows 1/2 - 1 4 18" (75%) recovery
, 1 - 1 1/2 5 ,
1 1/2 - 2 3 l 2 - 2 1/2 2 2 1/2 - 3 2 18" (75%) l 3 - 3 1/2 3 3 1/2 - 4 2 4 - 4 1/2 l 2 1 4 1/2 - 5 1 20" (83%) 5 - 5 1/2 1 5 1/2 - 6 1 6 - 6 1/2 1 6 1/2 - 7 1 7" (29%) 7 - 7 1/2 0 7 1/2 - 8 1 8 - 8 1/2 0 8 1/2 - 9 0 17" (715) I 9 - 9 1/2 2 9 1/2 - 10 a 10 - 10 1/2 1 10 1/2 - 11 4 19" (79%) 11 - 11 1/2 2 11 1/2 - 1? 6 12 - 12 1/2 3 12 1/2 - 13 3 18" (75%) 13 - 13 1/2 2 ' 13 1/2 - 14 2 14 - 14 1/2 1 14 5 - 14.7 26 12" (143%) Diamond drill installec (NX size, 2" core) 14.7 - 16.5 17" recovered (79% recovery) ' dater level at 6.6 ft. after coring A-9
Geolog;c Log (Units expended proportionally to fill interval) 0- 03 Black fly ash and black cleaning grit used to sandblast containment 1 03- 1.4 Red Clay 1.4 - 2.0 Black bottom ash and coal fragments, wide range of grain sizes 2.0 - -3.2 Black bottom ash and coal, medium to i coarse grained l 32- 4.0 Red clay with 50% bottom ash and coal 4.0 - 5.5 Black bottom ash 5.5 - 6.0 Soft red clay with 3'05 angular grit 6.0 - 6.6 Loose bottom ash with minor red clay 6.6 - 8.0 Coarse black bottom ash (to 1"). Bottom is wet 8.0 - 18 . 6 Black bottom ash with considerable red clay matrix 6.6 - 10.0 Red clay with 10% grit, one gray sandstone fragment (1" diam.). Wet 10.0 - 12.0 Rec clay with about 30% angular siit-stone clasts. Wet 12.0 - 12.6 Red clay with 1" of sand at base. Wet 12.6 - 13 5 Clean crushed stone ( 1 mm to 2 cm) 13.5 - 14 0 Red siltstone in a matrix of red clay. Fragments of siltstone to 1" 14.0 - 14.7 Solid wet gritty reo clay with crushed limestone fragments at bottom 14.7.- 15.5 Concrete with steel rebars 1 15.5 - 16.0 Broken rec and green siltstone and l shale bedrocks 16.0 - 16.5 Green shale bedrock Interpretation: The area was excavateo to bedrock'at 15.5 ft., and a concrete base was poured. The overlying material (0.3 to 1 15.5 f t.) represents either.one period of fill after tank removal, or 2 periods of fill (reo clay to about 8.5 ft, prior to emplacing tank; bottom ash and red clay backfill after tank removal). The interval 0 to 0.3 ft. is a mixture of fly ash blown into this spot after tank removal, plus angular black cleaning compound from sandblasting the outside of the containment building. A-10
. -. . ~. - , .
Drill Hole T-5 Drilled 8/9/88 Location: At site of spent resin tank just north of containment building. Blow Counts and Recovery: , 0 - 1/2 ft. 2 blows 1/2 - 1 7 19" (79%) recovery 1 -1 1/2 6 1 1/2 - 2 6 2 - 2 1/2 4 2 1/2 - 3 4 13" (54%) 3 - 3 1/2 5 3 1/2 - 4 4 4 - 4 1/2 4 4 1/2 - 5 7 8" (33%) 5 - 5 1/2 7 51/2-6 5 6 - 6 1/2 2 6 1/2 - 7 2 12" (50%) 7 - 7 1/2 2 7 1/2 - 8 4 8 - 8 1/2 3 5 1/2 - 9 3 9" (38%) 9 - 9 1/2 2 9 t/2 - 10 3 10 - 10 1/2 2 10 1/2 - 11 2 26" (108%) 11 - 11 1/2 2 , 11 1/2 - 12 2
)
12 - 12 1/2 2 l 12 1/2 - 13 2 14" (25%) l 13 - 13 1/2 2 l 13 1/2 - 14 3 l i 14 - 14 1/2 2 14.5 - 14.6 30 26" (309%) Diamond drill used 14.6 - 15.6 12" recovered (100%) A-ll
Oeologic Log (Note: Units expanded to fill intervals where recovery is less thhn 100%) I O- 03 Black _ ash and sandblasting compound 0 3 -' O.9 Sandy clay with 2" white sandstone fragment 0.9 - 4.0 Black bottom ash i- 2.0 - 2.9 Black bottom ash 2.9 - 4.0 Red clay with sparse bottom ash t 4.0 - 6.0 Bottom ash with minor red clay / j- mudstone 6.0 - 6.7 Red clay 6.7 - 6.0 Oranular red siltstone and bottom ash fragments,- mostly about 1 mm, but up to 1. cm in size 8.0 - 10.0 Dominantly bottom ash with about 25% + red siltstone, as fragments up to
- . 5 cm, average 1 - 5 mm. Dry l 10.0 - 1d.0 Red sandy clay with zones of bottom-ash at 10.5 - 10.8 and 11.5 to 11.7 ft.
12.0 - 12.9 Black bottom ash, particles up to 3 cm 12.9 - 14.0 Soft red clay 14.0 - 14.6 Sandy rec clay (Overlain by 14" of ash and red clay that is assumed to have fallen in). 14.6 - 14.7 Concrete (chips of limestone,' lots Jof Sand, in a light tan matrix). 14.7 - 15.4 Concrete (core) 15.4 - 15.5 Red siAtstone fragment 15.5 - 15.7 Oray fractured sandstone bedrock Interpretation: See T-4 A-12
f 1 t i Drill Hole T-6 Drilled 8/8/88 Location: At sice of former spent resin tank on north side of containment building. ; Drilling Method: This hole was the first one drilled. The interval 0 - 10 ft. was drilled using two d 1/2" 1.d., 30" long plastic tubes inside a split spoon barrel, pushed into the soil, with the auger turning around the outside. ) The method produced very poor core recovery, so for 10 - 14.5 ft., the plastic ; tubes were left out, and the sample was pushed into the empty split barrel. l This method produced slightly better recovery but still was not acceptable, so the method was abandoned, and other holes drilled using a standard split spoon , j barrel driven with a " hammer". I I l Geologic Log: l 0- 5.0 ft. 10.5" of core recovered
- 5.0 - 10.0 14" recovered I
3 1/2" Bottom ash mixed with red clay 6 1/2" Soft red clay 2" Soft red clay with sparse fragments of bottom ash 10.0 - 14.5 32" recovered (59%) Soft red clay with fragments of red siltstone and sandstone at top 14.5 - 15 Soft, no recovery 15.0 - 19.0 Diamond core bit Broken up red and green siltstone and shale 26.5" recovered (555) Very rapid advance 16 - 17' Water at 8.5' I L A-13
I l Drill Hole T6A Drilled 8/9/88 Location: At former site of spent resin tank adjacent to containment builing. l Tne hole is about 3 ft. N of T6, and was re-drilled because of very poor recovery in that hole. Blow Counts and Recovery: 0 - 1/2 ft. 9 blows 1/2 - 1 16 13 1/2" (75%) recovery 1-1 1/2 13 1 1/2 - 2 9 2-21/2 8 15" (835) 2 1/2 - 3 7 3 - 3 1/2 5 3 1/2 - 4 3 10" (42%) 4 - 4 1/2 3 4 1/2 - 5 2 5 - 5 1/2 1 5 1/2 - 6 2 6" (25%) 6 - 6 1/2 1 6 1/2 - 7 2 7 - 7 1/2 1 7 1/2 - 8 1 3" (13%) 8 - 8 1/2 1 8 1/2 - 9 1 9 - 9 1/2 2 9 1/2 - 10 2 11" (46%) 10 - 10 1/2 2 10 1/2 - 11 2 11 - 11 1/2 3 11 1/2 - 12 3 11" (46%) 12 - 12 1/2 5 12 1/2 - 13 4 13 - 13 1/2 2 l 13 1/2 - 14 2 9" (38%) 14 - 14 1/2 3 14 1/2 - 15 4 15 - 15 1/2 5 15 1/e - 16.1 45 13" (100%) A-14
q Geologic Log (Note: Units are expanded proportionally to recovery to length of interval drilled. 0- 0.1 Cleaning grit with possibly minor fly ash, and some roots 0.1 - 1.5 Fragments of red siltstone, mostly 1-20 mm. in size, a few to 30 mm., angular l 1.5 - 2.6 Fragments of red siltstone 2.6 - 3.0 Coal and black bottom ash, coarse grained 3.0 - 37 Red siltstone with bottom ash, unconsolidated 1 37- 5.0 coal and bottom ash, black, unconsolidated i 5.0 - 7.0 Red siltstone and clay. One large bottom ash fragment. Unconsolidated. Dry ; 7.0 - 9.0 Bottom ash and coal. Dry, poorly l consolidated. 9.0 - 11.0 Dominantly red clay matrix with subordinate bottom ash fragments 11.0 - 13 0 Red clay with 10% bottom ash fragments, and one large piece of bottom ash 13 0 - 15.0 Red clay with red siltstone fragments 15 - 15.8 Red clay with siltstone fragments 15.8 - 16.1 Red sandstone and siltstone fragments (beorock) A-15
i 1 1
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l l APPENDIX B Photographs j i Note: Some photos, particularly in holes T-1 through T-3, were underexposed for the core part of the picture, so the colors are not trua. The scale visible in most photos is 1 foot long, graduated in inches. I I l 4 4 l I i 1
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a 9 APPENDIX C CAMA LOGS OF T-SERIES DRILIJ10LES
l 1 l APPEND 1X D MEGASCOPIC AND BINOCULAR MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES FROM T-SERIES DRALLHOLES-
1 l l l Megascopic/ Binocular Microscope Examination of Samples from T-Series Drill Holes PSU 5210 Hole T-1, bottom half of 0-24" l Siltstone and Clay, red, 355, fragments up to 3 cm diam., most are 1-20 mm. One rounded pebble. 4 Coal, 15% very fine (< 1 mm) I Bottom ash, 255, olack, 1/2 - 2 cru PSU 5211 Hole T-1, top half of 48-72" Bottom Ash, black to dark gray, 945. Of this 5-10% is 1-3 cm diameter, 40-45% 0.1-1 cm, and 50% < 0.1 cm Sparsely vesicular, wet. About 5% of ash has wnite efflorescence. i Black shiny unburned coal particles, 3%, < 1 mm Red siltstone fragments, 3%, 1/2-2 cm
.0 5212 Hole T-1, bottom nalf of 48-72" Bottom Ash, black to dark brown, 85%
25% > 1 cm (up to 5 cm) 20% < 1 mm Rec Siltstone, 15%, in fine red mud matrix > Particles are 2 mm to 1 cm coated with fine ash. Wet PSU 5213 Hole T-2, 24-33" Bottom Ash, black to dark brown 85-90% 10% > 1 cm (to 2.5 cm) 50% < 1 mm 10% has white efflorescence Coal, shiny black unburned particles, 10-15%, Fine (< 1 mm) Less moisture than above PSU 5214 Hole T-4, 18-24" Bottom Ash, 80-90%, black to dark brown 5-10% > 1 cm 50% < 1 mm Sparse efflorescence, several very vesicular pieces Coal, shiny black unburned, 10-20% Mostly < 1 mm, but one 1 cm fragment PSU 5215 Hole T-5, 24-30" Bottom Ash, 955, black to dark gray 10% > 1 cm 50% < 1 mm Several fragments show bedding Sparse efflorescence S11tstone, 5%, rea fragments with red clay matrix A few root fragments D-1
l 1 l PSU 5216 . Hole T-5, 48-72" Bottom Ash, 82%, black to dark brown
- t. 3) > 1 cm 50%'< 1 mm Sparse-efflorescence Siltstone, 15%, red, with red mud 1 mm to 1 cm l Coal, 35, shiny black, unburned
< 1 mm PSU 5217 Hole T-6A, Bottom Half of 36-60 Clay, orange-brown, 70%, up to 4 cm diameter Bottom Ash, 55, dark gray to black, up to 2 cm diam.
Coal, 55, black, shiny, unburned, mostly < 1 mm l PSU 5218 Hole T-6A, Bottom half of 60-84" interval Siltstone ano Clay, 90%, red One 4 cm fragment of hard red siltstone j Remainder is 1/2 - 1 mm Black ash and degraced coal, 10%, < 1 mm PSU 5219 Hole T-6A, 84-108" : Bottom ash, 30%, black to darx brown 2 pieces 2 cm diam., glassy on broken surface Clay, orange brown, 685 j 0 10 mm, 20% - 1 cm Average grain size 1 mm l Coated with black ash and coal particles Coal, shiny black, 2% ! l l l l i D-2
l t 1 i [ 1 I i I l APPENDIX E t SAMPLE WEIGHTS
?
l i i t
, ~ - . - , , .-. ._,
Appendix E. Sample Weights Sample Field Moisture Dried at 110*C Moisture 5210 429.8 g 409.0 g 4.8% . 5211 715.8 633.9 11.4 5212 628.6 673.5 18.7 5213 637.3 568.9 10.7 5214 376.7 361.8 4.5 5215, 461.7 420.0 9.0 5216 525 3 446.7 15.0 5217 316.9 277.1 12.5 5218 193.4 5219 160.5 I J I i I E-1 i
- OVnRSIZE
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) l . . i I i 4 } i
APPENDIX F EQUATIONS USED TO CALCULATE GAMMA SPECTROSCOPIC RESULTS
EQUATIONS USED TO CALCULATE (MMMA SPECTROSCOPY RESULTS l Symbols used in calculations: A = sample peak aree above cantinuum (munts) l B = branching ratio for the gamme re/ of the perticular isotope in question (gammes/ l disintegration) C = semple peek area below continuum (counts) D = background peak area above continuum (counts) E = fractional detector efficiency at photopeak enerv/ (counts /gamme) F = background peek aree below continuum (counts) S = semplesize(grams) BT = background counting time ( seconcts) CT = semplemuntingtime(seconde) l DC = decer correction fa: tor; corrects for radioactive dece/ of the semple from the time of collection to the time of counting 2.22 = conversion factor; disintegrations per minute per picoeurie 4.65 = 2/2k, where k is the value for the upper percentile of the standardized normal variete corresponding to the preselected risk that the present activity will be detected 95% of the time. For radioisotopes which are found in the semple but not in the background the following equations are used to calculate concentration, error and minimum detectable concentration. A isotopic concentretion (pCi/ gram) = 2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) i
/A + 2C 1-sigme ecunting error (pCi/ gram) =
2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) 4.65 8 Minimum detectable concentration (pCi/ gram) = 2.22 x B x E x S x DC x (CT/60) For radioisutopes which are found in both the semple and backg ound the following equations are used to calculate con ntration, error and minimum detectable concentration. (A/CT)-(D/BT) Isotopic concentration (pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC 2
/(A + 2C/CT2) + (D + 2F/BT )
1-sigma counting error (pCi/ gram) = x 60 2.22 x B x E x S x DC 2 4.65 /(C/CT2) + (D + 2F/BT ) Minimum miectable concentration (pCi/ gram) = x60 l 2.22 x B x E x 5 x DC F-1
I 1 l APPENDIX G l DRILLER'S LOGS l l l i l t ( i
(E@- LANnBERT Inc. = DRILLER'S 337 FAWCETT CHURCH OAD e BRIDGEVILLE, PA 15017
= egg;;;,:;- TEST BORING ~ ~ RECO Hole No- sheet / of /
niil:r Sea Elevation A H f _ .ADfX W For C-7//EM}HA station 3,9 ?:~io:17 // r Depth 24 hrs L.& f 8'T1Hr.,Hoo t L Htmm:r Weight sa. / 4 O tbs. Drop R6 in. Location - - Htmmir Weight Ca. Ibs. Drop . in. 3 A y-To M FA . caing size in. sam. size 3 in. Started //- 7 R-/o-22 ' completed R-//-932 w **""
"[d5 l "$$5[ ML"o LOG OF HOLE j~(. 7 2-'IG, o-2.0 RLL - ft'f ASH 7b 4/W 82H. SA~o g 7,0 /fo -l ll7 o f w7Wb. SApOnopt - BAY 7 b, 2.o'
_ 0 ~2.0 All. - REDblSM BAN. CLAY w/S'on c. _g.6 o-13 [g.$fc2 1/t. 7 A 1 ksa $ FRAG 3 - bR Y T.6. tf'/,7 O~2.o Atl.- fly AS// f Afbb6H BRH fL - l . 0 -2.0 hj.I27% //z,e eta 1 - day - 7b. z o' s Albb/SR &&H. fC- 5 i 0-2.0 ,l o. '.} //t.g , o -Z.o dtAY Att -~/PAAGS-fly ASN {b&Y r,b. 2.o ' - 0-2 5 [o-s SLAcx isP.) fill .Sl A C-
/ 2' Al o.s-z.s f _!;i I/z,o ( Arppzry sek 42Ar ~/C/Acr5 'nb.i '
,z o-2.0 - All - fly ASH { coat wp/sont.
fl- 3 0-20 3_7 lg.o ggppUn gul2AY f ftMS -M'f 7b. 2.c z.g o-2.o na -ft1Aff {/?tob/SN Ban 9 o-Z.o //-/s V2.o c A7 -/' e s -aeY z o 2.o ' q_g o ~2.0 fill - ft 'fASH { coa L w/ L/77tE , fd- $ O -2.0 /z.jy ll,5 Cm f RAM -bd Y - Tb 2.o ' j 2.g 0-2.0 All - FL't ASH f coa (_
-fC-/O o-2.0 g-g I/z.e - an y - 7, b . 2. o ' -
., o-z.o nic - ny en-con f mc ,
EC-/2 o-2.o 20-31 '//.4 o/ay - 7,4 Z.o ' l o -l,o - Nct /27ASN ToCaty _ l
ll o-1.ol 3-2s l t/g 3,,,g,,,,, ppgg og y .7;g, i, o 1 O-2,0 f/tL.- f4 yarn 7D 6 A L Y ,J.3 A H .
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' ir IA ~ ~ ~, Md Hole No. T' / Sheet / oi /
meill:t OMM {A oCM T Station
'1c3 Elevation For (MS77W200A f at Depth M2 24 hrs.
H:rnm;r Weight Sa. /VO tbs. Drop 3 0__in. Location SA m ^'; MA-H:mm:r Weight Ca. Ibs. Drop ' in. Casing Size 3 '4/ in. Sam. Size 3 in. Started A-/O-8 R Completed P-/0 -3 f x*u.o ~ srtes g3 w opfN "o" g"4 LOG OF HOLE
, ,/,, z g .7,o /g,~_'h O-55 ft t L. - /3tAuc. Cs Y Asn ; _ Z-4.0 4-4-Y-2 2 //.7 ( Coal Pt.Am an Pilobacrs 1 gjay 7.c, y ,g 4 -(,.o / -/-2. -4 3 ll.3 ~
S s-l9.s p'R$bDis H B/th'. Sit 7'1 3 A"o 7 +: 6-70 Z- t 1 4 //.o
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2-/o.o z-1-3-4 r/8 pow; cy Peto6scrs - w t.-r- . 10-/2.0 2-3-3-2. 4/<
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W 337 FAWCETT CHURCH OAD e BRIDGEVILLE, PA 15017 gye999w'S TEST BORING R Hole No T-2 Sheet / of / l er oM rJ0CRT Station r 2> S w/w A h o < 4" l
- s Elevation For l
...cr Depth S* (a 24 hrs-SAX 7W' M4 - j l H:mm:r Weight Sa. /40 lbs. Drop 30 in. Locatbn H:mmer Weight Ca. ibs. Drop - in. -
Casing Size 3 Me in. Sam. Size 3 in. Started 9-/O - 9 # Completed 9-/ O -9 R H MLow STEN
- osPm M h'g' ELo LOG OF HOLE 0 -2.0 9-8-C-S I / 7.o O ~ 4*0 S'" ~ OM fly AM f Coat. PLAWT B7 P/tobvC7'5 - b /t~f 2- 4.0 3-5-5-S. 7/t g 3
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4 *fa .O 3 - 2.- 2-2. 3 ll L q.9 -zo.9 pii.e. . REbbish Sw. s/cr~r SA i ,. (o-80 /-2.-I-3 y/j.g cip.t w/ FRAss ffont. coat. 2-l Ob2-2.-2 -2 g//.9 _ hh W7~ BY P/tos v cTt _ i lo /Z.o /-/-1-7_ [, //.3 BAmP 7e u.) ET-k }2-fy.o 0-I-2 'L ~] //.8 l~ /4-/fe O /~/-2-I yll.g ~
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DRILLER'S TEST BORING RECORD I O)LAh>BER'Einc. W 337 FAWCE1T CHURC ROAD e BRIDGEVILLE, PA 15017 get=yr;;;;;;;;-- Hole No. T- 3 Sheet / of / 91:r sWL A0CR. I Station
'c3 Elevation For /Ar# W/As/Wo u < f l
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$ h3 #fe"o LOG OF HOLE istxx O-2.o 7- 7 -S*- S ll2.0 D '7 T f' ' L- fl 1 ASH .so n t co A L.
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4 -/..o 3-2-2-1 3/z.o - 6-90 3- 2 7- '///f 9-lo-o t/4- 2-2. C//.o 7.S~-/7./ fiit - hobnit a n..sti.n ClA Y w/ SA.ub f JMbS7up C ficAG t -
/o-/2.c ff.o -/- 2. 6//.3 7/2A ct. coArt 67 M obo m 12-l'/.o ko-I-I 7//.V _g, N-Ko No-Z-3 g/2.o -
Id-/7.1 (,-13 S% 9l).O ~~ jp,1 oy cop c ), o J.o /7. I-I E.I ow. Gaty fi"i MA>"tb SA~bsicur i s = O 9 em -6 6 g SD ap 6 -
CEtr LAMBER *C inc = DRILLER'S TEST BORING M 337 FAWCETT CHUR H ROAD e BRIDGEV11.LE. PA 15017 Hole No. T-M Sheet / of /
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..nmer Weight Sa. /40 lbs. Drop 3 C) in. Location S AVToM , PA Hammer Weight Ca. Ibs. Drop
- in.
Ccsing Size 3 !/* in. Sam. Size 3 in. Started 9 E 9 Completed R 79 Housw m ELev& TION DEPTH 0 g
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o - o. '< - fr e t r3tA u Civ Asn 0-2.0 2 3 -3 /// 5 o,3.,y,7 put . ,9(go,y ,3y, 3, ,77, 2.-40 Z- 3 2. Z/M. SA~hY CLA r w)' AtAG S f coal wr, o z.f.g_, 3//.s MW '37 mom - (,- g.o l- l / /l,o t//. y 6a1 To m57
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C' sing Size Houo 3[4 in. Sam. Size 3 in. Started N-9-AR Completed R-9-R R srtns com n a (( "(( E"fo LOG OF HOLE i 0 - o . ~4 Ciu - Al Auc A Y AD/ 0 -Z.o 2-7-6-(o ///.c i o'3 144 fic L - Rtbot.sM Bw. .$) cry ynoy
'L-4.0 4 s-4 2//.3 CLA Y wl fttA GS ( So" t. coa L PLhwT
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/O-/2.0 Z-2-1-3 67.3 i
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= DRILL. = = ~ ~ " - -
Project No. MAO. M/)(Ar* 70
- M 337 FgETT Hole No. 7- /a
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'ac9 Elevation For io F W/pt,#a>3 r Depth N5 24 hrs-remm:r Weight Sa. t- Ibs. Drop in. Location SA m v , AA .
HammIr Weight Ca. Ibs. Drop in. Casing Size 3A in. sam. size 7 . s in. started 2 9R completed R-9-W R
//os& J776s ELF' "ud OtpfM
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" 'ller I n u .O / f ot"k# ll Station ce Elevation For lu/97?PAJ/outF
,r Depth 57.7 24 hrs.
,mer Weight Sa. / Y O lbs. Drop 70 in. Location SA Ww A ,
H:mmer Weight Ca. Ibs. Drop in. l Casing Size in. Sam. Size A in. Staned 9-9-RR Completed 9-9-ER s w os m .
"[ "hh" g/& LOG OF HOLE i o - o. i ci a -- ri r n w D-l. T //-/3 /A //l 'A o.s L.s arbot.sp nu. .s/cr w/ twit cs.ny j~g g_z jo-geS z);.z I f Rom MM - OR Y 2.fo-9 0 ALL - Alba).sM Sw. . sit 7y,3Aepy 3-50 5-3-3-2. 3 //.o CLAY { RA&5 ~/CouPMur -
1 s 5-70 4/.R 2.-2 I av./*onvers - anY 7o DAMP 7-9.o /- 2-/-/ s/4 1 - 9-II.oI-2-2.-5 (,//.y 9 */ M A200/3M /3RH S/LT)' sitwor - ll-/3.0 5-5-5 'l 7l1.o ctAr ~l FRAC.3 f Ma 6AL. mos.s7 7a w t r ~
- 15-/5 0!2-2-3-4 F/ 9
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en es ess.umup eum 1 I i i l i I l i i i _ . l I _
GLOSSARY Alluvium A general _ term for clay, silt, sand and gravel deposited during l recent geologic time by a stream or other body of running water. Aquifer A body of rock inat is sufficiently permeable to conduct ground water. Bedrock A general term for the rock, usually solid, that underlies soil, I alluvium, or other unconsolidated superficial material. Chlorite A group of platy, usually greenish minerals of the general formula (Mg.Fe)6AIS13 01050H}8 Chlorites resemble micas in cleaving into thin flakes, and are present in many sedimentary rocks and some soils. Clay 1. A rock or mineral fragment or a detrital particle having diameter less than 0.004 mm. 2. An earthy, extremely fine-grained sediment or soft rock containing a nigh proportion of clay-size or colloidal particles l and characterized by high plasticity and by a significant amount of clay minerals (see this entry). I Clay mineral One of a group of finely crystalline aluminosilicate minerals with a layer structure, including kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Clinker A rough jagged fragment found in ash from furnaces. Detritus A collective term for loose rock and mineral material that is worn off or removed by mechanical means, especially sand, silt and clay that is derived from older rocks and moved from its place of origin, i Diamond drilling A variety of rotary drilling in which diamond bits are used as the rock cutting tool. In most instances a hollow cylindrical bit is l used, so that a cylindrical core of the rock material is recovered. I Feldspar A group of abundant rock-forming minerals with the general composition MA1(A1,Si)3 0g where .M=K, Na or Ca. Common feldspars are [ orthoclase(K) anc p2agioclase(Na,Ca). 4
Formation A mappable body of rock identified by lithic characteristics and position relative to other formations. Flood plain Any flat or nearly flat lowland that borders a stream and may be covered by its waters at flood stage. A flood plain is commonly constructed of alluvium deposited during past floods. Gravel Aninconsolidated natural accumulation of rock fragments resulting from ercsion, consisting predominantly of particles larger than sand (i.e., larger than 2 mm). Hematite An oxide of iron, Fe2O 3, c mm nly with a bright red color. Illite A clay mineral with a mica-type crystal structure. Chemically it is a potassium aluminosilicate, with an approximate composition K Alq (Si g,xA1x)020 "}4 with x less than 2 and commonly 1 to 1 5. Laminated Composed of thin visible ~1ayers, applied to fine grained sedimentary deposits. Lithified Converted into a ctone or sotid rock, usually from a loose i l sediment to a solid rock. Mudstone An incurated mua having the texture and composition of a shale but lacking its fine lamination or fissility. Member A-sub-unit of a formation, with distinctive properties. Parting A thin layer of seoimentary rock separating two layers of another type of sealmentary material. Coal _ commonly contains partings of shale that form ash if not removed in mining or processing. Pleistocene A subdivision of geologic time, characterized by glaciation, starting about 1 million years ago and extending up to the Recent, about 10,000 years ago. Quartz A crystalline form of silica, SiO . 2 A very common rock-forming mineral. l Sand A rock fragment or detrit.1 particle with a diameter between 0.062 and 2.0 mm. Sands can be divided into very fine sand (0.062 to 0.125 mm), fine sand (0.125 to 0.25 mm), medium sand (0.25 to 0.5 mm), coarse sand (0.5 to 1 mm) and very coarse sand (1 to 2 mm). Sandstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of sand-sized particles. Shale A lithifiec detrital sedimentary rock formed dominantly of silt andc' lay-sized particles, and having thin lamination or fissility (the ability to split into thin platy fragments along the layering). Silt A rock fragment or detrical particle with a diameter between 0.004 and 0.062 mm. Siltstone A lithified sedimentary rock composed dominantly of silt-size particles, but lacking the fine lamination and fissility of a shale. Split-spoon auger drilling A type of drilling normally used in unconsolidated or sort materials. The bit is a hollow cylinder sharpened on one end, and is attached to a hollow cylindrical sample holder 1 or 2 f t. long. The i r hae hoil.r splits in half to gain access to the sample. The sampler ana bit are usually driven into the ground by a hammer or by dropping a weight.
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-/ Eligi/ieeii/ig 377,cgggy7 , " REFERENCE 9 November 18,1992 SUPPORTS QUESTION 79 RESPONSE Beverly A. Good y GPU Nuclear
- - Three Mile Island P.O. Box 480 Middletown, PA 17057
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SUBJ: Phase I Report of Findings - Groundwater Investigation Saxton Nuclear Experimental Station
) Saxton, Pennsylvania
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Dear Ms. Good:
This letter reports the findings of our Phase I Groundwater Investigation at the
.1 Saxton site. We performed this investigation in accordance with the scope of work outlined in our August 21,1992, letter to you. - This investigation focused on installing eight shallow groundwater monitor wells in the overburden soil. We performed a location survey of these overburden wells and prepared groundwater elevation contour maps showing groundwater flow direction, f ~ based on water level measurements provided to us by a GPU representative.
Additionally, we collected valuable information regarding the depth to the bedrock surface and the orientation of the bedrock groundwater flow pathways. This information will minimize the number of sampling points (i.e. bedrock monitor wells) f p needed during a Phase II investigation to produce a reliable detection system for the I ., bedrock ground water. Groundwater Occurrence and Flow Direction in the Overburden The results of this investigation indicate the overburden ground water occurs at depths ranging from approximately 4 to 16 feet, based on water level data collected on October 29 and November 5,1992. Groundwater elevation contour maps of these data indicate ground water within the overburden soil flows west, toward the Raystown : Branch of the Juniata River. Refer to Figures 1 and 2 in Attachment 1 for monitor well { locations and for groundwater elevation contour maps of the October 29 (Figure 1) and November 5 (Figure 2) water level data. t {
1 Beverly Good November 18,1992 Page 2 Site Geology . GEO Engineering classified the subsurface soil at each monitor well location j during installation. Our soil classifications were based solely on the drill cuttings from each well borehole. We did not collect soil samples at discrete depths since this method of soil sampling was performed by Ground / Water Technology, Inc., of Denville, New Jersey during their May 1981 subsurface investigation. Generally, our findings confirm the findings of Ground / Water Technology, Inc. The site is immediately underlain by a filllayer comprised of flyash, cinders and/or silt and sand-size sediment. This fill layeris underlain by a layer of boulders in a silty clay , matrix. Bedrock lies beneath this boulder layer. l The depth to the bedrock surface varies between approximately 7.5 and 18 feet. The bedrock is either red, red-gray or olive green gray siltstone. Bedrock Groundwater Pathways ! Groundwater movement within the bedrock beneath the site is predominantly 1 > controlled by fractures in the bedrock. Ground water also moves within the spaces l J (bedding planes) between the individual layers of the siltstone bedrock at Saxton. There are two major fracture patterns; one which is trending nearly parallel to the bedding, while the other is nearly perpendicular to the bedding. Hence, groundwater flow direction in the bedrock will be controlled by the orientations of the fractures and the bedding planes. Accordingly, our understanding of these orientations is necessary to design a reliable bedrock groundwater detection system with a minimal number of bedrock monitor wells.
+
GEO Engineering investigated the orientations of two dominant fracture patterns and of the bedding planes at three separate bedrock exposures (outcrops). The orientations of the two fracture patterns and of the bedding planes were similar at each bedrock outcrop. One fracture pattern generally trended N 21' E and dipped (tilted) approximately 51' (below horizontal) towards the northwest, while the second , fracture pattern generally trended N 62* W and dipped approximately 77* towards the southwest. The bedding planes generally trended N 23* E and dipped approximately
- ' 40* towards the southeast.
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f. Beverly Good Novamber 18,1992 Page 3 Monitor Well Installation GPU Nuclear retained Pennsylvania Drilling Co., Inc. of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania to install the overburden monitor wells. GEO Engineering observed the installation of these wells and provided guidance regarding their construction. The borehole of each monitor well was drilled through the overburden soil to bedrock, except at GEO-2 and GEO 6, where the borehole was terminated prior to encountering bedrock. Each borehole was drilled using a 6-inch diameter pneumatic (air) hammer. After completing each borehole, the drillers installed PVC well screen and solid riser pipe in the borehole. The annular space between the well pipe and the . borehole was filled with a sand filter pack to extend several feet above the top of the
- well screen. The remaining annular space was filled with a bentonite pellet seal and a cement grout. Each well was completed by installing a flush-mounted valve box set in a concrete support pad. Refer to Figure 3 in Attachment 2 for the construction details of
>k the overburden wells. After monitor well installation, GEO Engineering performed a relative l elevation survey of each well. This survey was performed relative to an arbitrary datum of 100.00 feet at the top of the PVC casing of GEO-1. We utilized this information to produce the overburden groundwater elevation contour maps (Figures 1 and 2). Refer " to Table 1 in Attachment 3 for a summary of the water level measurements and the monitor well elevations. Recommendations - Phase I i The results of this investigation indicate ground water flow within the o overburden soilis toward the west. Therefore, any future detection monitoring of the ' overburden ground water could be accomplished by sampling wells hydraulically
- downgradient of the containment vessel (GEO-3,'GEO-6, GEO-7 and/or GEO-8).
Additionally, wells GEO-1, GEO-4 and GEO-5 could serve as background monitoring points, since these wells are located hydraulically upgradient of the containment vessel. } Recommendations - Phase II
- Based on the findings of this investigation, future detection monitoring within
~ the bedrock could be accomplished by installing two bedrock monitor wells adjacent to the containment vessel. During the Phase I investigation, sufficient information was produced to proceed with the design details of a bedrock monitoring system. Therefore, the remaining scope of Phase II will be the design of the monitor wells and ] their installation. 4 ] 1 uwere euxi~cc,iux
, Beverly Good ,, , Novzmber 18,1992 , Paga 4 i .Is We trust the above fulfills yo'ur current requirements. If you have any questions 9 or require additional information, please call us. o , Sincerely, T a GEO ENGI?EERING,INC. j V I - l l v' 3 KennethJ LupeN 1 Project cologist ] hdg Charles R. Butts Associate + KJL/CRB/lli l l 1 1 s \ )
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, l .t llllMEngineering ATTACHMENT 2 REFERENCE 10 SUPPORTS QUESTION 79 RESPONSE I June 7,1994 i s Beverly A. Gocd -[ General Public Utilities Nuclear Corporation .1 1 Upper Pond Road Parsippany, NJ 07054 k SUBJ: Summary of Field Work Saxton Nuclear Experimental Station { Saxton, Pennsylvania
Dear Ms. Good:
This letter summarizes the field work for the installation of two gas displacement _.. samplers (Geomons) and one piezometer in the bedrock at the Saxton site. Additionally, our services included retrofitting the existing eight overburden monitor wells with Geomons. We perfonned this field work in accordance with the scope of work outlined in our December 17,1993 letter to you. Bedrock Ground Water Monitoring _. Ground water movement within the bedrock occurs predominantly in the fractures and bedding planes (spaces between the individual rock layers) of the bedrock. Therefore, the direction of ground water flow will be controlled by the orientations of these fractures and bedding planes, and our understanding of these orientations was fundamental to designing a bedrock ground water monitoring system. Specific bedrock.information collected during our October 1992 investigation
~
included the orientations of the two dominant fracture patterns and of the bedding planes. One fracture pattern trended northeast-southwest, and dipped (tilted) moderately toward the northwest. The second fracture pattern trended northwest-southeast, and dipped steeply toward the southwest. The bedding planes trended northeast-southwest, and dipped moderately toward the southeast. Two boreholes were drilled into bedrock at an angle to maximize the interception of the fractures and bedding planes. Geomon samplers were installed into these boreholes (MW-1 and MW-2) for the bedrock ground water detection system (refer to Figure 1 in Attachment I for a site plan). MW-1 was installed along a northeast-southwest trend 4
o Beverly Good June 7,1994 Page 2 of 3 4 (from the northeast toward the southwest), whereas MW-2 was installed along a southwest-northeast trend (from the southwest toward the northeast). Additionally, we
- installed a vertical piezameter (GEO-9) to monitor bedrock ground water elevation.
Geomon Retrofitting of Overburden Wells
. During this investigation, a representative of Aquifer Systems, Inc. of Succasunna, New Jersey retrofitted the eight overburden monitor wells (GEO-1 through GEO-8) with
- Geomons. Each Geomon was secured to an existing overburden well using a watertight d wellhead fitting.
We provided a Geomon sampling tutorial to representatives of GPU (Mr. Louis
- Toke and Mr. Joseph Melnic) during our retrofitting work. For this tutorial, we utilized a portable container of nitrogen gas (No 20 size) and a high pressure regulator for sample collection. This regulator is GPU property and was left on-site after the retrofitting, which was in accordance with'our December 1993 scope of work letter. Nitrogen gas in portable containers is generally readily available at welding supply stores.
Monitor Well Installation
~
GPU Nuclear retained Pennsylvania Drilling Co., Inc., of McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, to install the bedrock angle boreholes and the vertical piezameter during the
- week of March 14, 1994. GEO Engineering observed the drilling and piezometer installation and installed Geomon samplers in the two angle boreholes. Refer to Attachment 2 for the boring logs for the bedrock wells and piezameter.
The borehole for each angle well (MW-1 and MW-2) was advanced at an angle of approximately 25 degrees from vertical. Each borehole was drilled through the overburden soil and approximately four (MW-1) to five (MW-2) feet into bedrock using a j
] ten-inch diameter air hammer. Steel pipe'was temporarily installed into these boreholes to prevent soil from collapsing into these boreholes. Each borehole was then advanced to ] completion using an eight-inch diameter air hammer. Refer to Figure 2 in Attachment I for the construction details of MW-1 and MW-2.
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] Once the boreholes for.MW-1 and MW-2 were completed, we installed Geomons in each borehole. Each Geomon was installed to monitor bedrock ground water only. l The annular space between the Geomon solid riser pipe and the borehole was filled with a sand filter pack, a bentonite pellet seal and cement grout. Each well was completed by j ~'
removing the steel pipe and installing a flush-mounted manhole to provide surface protection. The borehole for the vertical piezameter (GEO.9) was completed in a similar i manner as those for MW-1 and MW-2. Upon completion, Pennsylvania Drilling installed
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Beverly Good June 7,1994 l Page 3 of 3
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PVC well screen and solid riser pipe into the borehole. The annular space between the PVC pipe and the borehole was filled with a sand filter pack, a bentonit'e pellet seal, and a cement grout. The piezometer was completed by installing a flush-mounted manhole to
- . provide surface protection. Refer to Figure 3 in Attachment I for the constmetion details l
- l. of GEO-9. :
, 1 I- GEO Engineering performed a relative elevation survey of GEO-9 following its installation. This survey was performed relative to an arbitrary datum of 100.00 feet at the top of the PVC casing of GEO-1. This information can be utilized to assess the relative
'} j elevation of the bedrock ground water. A We trust the foregoing fulfills your requirements. If you would like to discuss this matter further, please call.
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Sincerely,
~ GEO ENGINEERING, INC.
1 f I Kennet J. Luperi j Project Geologist $~ j pt. Charles R. Butts ,- Associate
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i 1 l Attachment 2 i Boring Logs - MW-1, MW-2 and GEO-9 I l 1 I 4
I Client: GPUN Boring No.: MW-1 l Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Page I of 2 Location: Saxton, Pa. File No.: 93129 Drilling Contractor: Penna. Drilling Co. Inspector: KJL Date Started: 3/14/94 Date Completed: 3/15/94 i Sample Blows Depth Soil Soil Description No. Recover /12" (Feet) Type 0 Dark brown, coarse to fine SAND, some Silt; dry. i Boulders; dry.
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l Fill ? 10 As above; moist.
- Brown, coarse to fine GRAVEL, and (-) Sand, wet.
X F Boulders; moist. I
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Dark brow 1xlark red weathered siltstone; dry. f_ 20
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l Sihst w a X ~ 30 As above; moist. M a Sainple: Drill cuttings Boring Method: Air rotary. , l
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GEO Engineeringc: e
Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Boring No.: MW-1 Location: Saxton, Pa. Page 2 of 2 File No.: 93129 Sample Blows Depth Soil Soil Description No. Recover /12" (Feet) Type _ 30 Dark brown 41rk red weathered siltstone; moist. j/ i 40 As above; wet. sium. 50 As above, wet. 9
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J Ir- Boring terminated at 55 linear feet depth from ground surface. y Boring completed at an angle of 25 degrees from vertical. r 60 e 70 Sample:
. Drill cutttings. Boring Method: Air rotary.
GEO Engineering
Client: GPUN Boring No.: MW-2 Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Page 1 of 2 Location: Saxton, Pa. File No.: 93129 Drilling Contractor: Penna. Drilling Co. Inspector: KJL Date Started: 3/17/94 Date Completed: 3/18/94 Sample Blows Depth Soil Soil Description J No. Recover /12" (Feet) Type
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l - , 0 Asph Asphalt. I Black CINDERS, and(-) coarse to fine Sand; dry.
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y As above; dry. Boulders; dry. l
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4 Fill ? 10 As above; moist.
! [ Olive green, weathered siltstone; dry.
Dark gray, weathered siltstone; dry. Olive green, weathered siltstone; dry.
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n X ~ Brown-red, weathered siltstone; dry. 20 As above; moist. 5 Sitst. j a _ a w a 5 30 As above; moist. l
= Sample: Drill cuttings Boring Method: Air rottry.
w GEO Engineering
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P Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Boring No.: MW-2 Location: Saxton, Pa. Page 2 of 2 File No.: 93129 1 Sample Blows Depth Soil Soil Description No. Recover /12" (Feet) Type 30 Brown-red, weathered siltstone; moist. I
- I l
l I l 40 As above; wet I 1 i Shst. 1 t l
' i 1 i i
i - 1 50 As above; wet. a w 4 i
. Boring terminated at 55 linear feet depth from ground surface.
. Boring completed at an angle of 25 degrees from vertical.
a t a g e 70 g Sample: b Drill cutttings. Boring Method: Air rotary. GEO Engineering
4 Client: GPUN Boring No.: GEO.9
- Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Page I of 2 Location: Saxton, Pa. File No.: 93129 d Drilling Contractor: Penna. Drilling Co.
inspector: KJL Date Started: 3/16/94 - Date Completed: 3/16/94 d I
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Sample Blows Deptb Soil Soil Description 4
% Recover /12" (Feet) Type d 0 Dark brown, coarse to fine SAND, some Silt; dry.
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Boulders; dry. 1 1 - c _ 10 Fill 7 As above; dry. Brown, coarse to fine GRAVEL, and ( ) Sand, wet. C Boulders; moist.
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C 5 Dark brown 42rk red weathered siltstone; dry.
- 20 m -
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As above; drv. C Siltst. l en _ 1 m X 30 As above. motst. l
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Sample: Drill cuttings Boring Method: Air rotary. s) J e l GEO Engineering l I ne
- ; e ' (,1 Project: Saxton Nuclear Station Boring No.: GEO-9 Location: Saxton, Pa. . Page 2 of 2 s -
File No.: 93129 Sample Blows Depth Soil Soil Description
- - No. Recover /12" (Feet) Type
. -' 30 Dark brown-dark red weathered siltstone; moist. , J - l', 4 ! E i e 40 As above; wet. sittst. , 1- - g1 da T F As above; moist.
~ 50 Boring terminated at 50 feet depdi.
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I . l l a c4 j s, i 70 l c' Sample: b Drill cutttings. Boring Method: Air rotary. c, GEO Engineering
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