Text

Entrainment & Impingement Studies at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station,1984 - 1985
	ML20079N034
Person / Time
Site:	Oyster Creek
Issue date:	12/31/1985
From:	; EA ENGINEERING, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, INC.
To:	;
References
	RTR-NUREG-1437 AR, NUDOCS 9111110054
	Download: ML20079N034 (203)
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EA Report GPU44G s

ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT STUDIES AT OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION 1984 - 1985 i O k

Prepared for CPU Nuclear Corpot ation Prepared by E A Engineering, Science, and Technology. Inc.

Ilunt Valley /Loveton Center 15 Loveton Circle .

Sparks, Maryland 21152 O-. July 1986 l

- - 1

I CONTENTS ,

-(:)

EALL i LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

l I

1. INTRODUCTION 1 -1 6

2. - METHODS 2-1 2.1 Impingement Composition, Abundance, and Initial Condition 2-1 4

. 2 .1.1 Sampling Gear and-Schedule 2-1 2.1.2 Sampling Procedures 2 -1 2.2 Impingement Latent Survival 2-2 2.2.1 Sampling Gear and Schedule 2-2 2.2.2 Sampling Pracedures- 2-3 2.3 Impingement Scretu Collection Efficiency 2-3 2.3.1 Sampling Geat and Schedule 2-3 2.3.2 Sampling Procedures 2-4 i

2.4 Dilution Pumpt Composition and Abundance of Entrainable-Sized Organisms 2-4 2.5 Dilution Pump Composition, Abundance, and Initial

- Condition of Impingeable-Sized Organisms 2 -4 2.5.1 Sampling Gear and Schedule 2 -4 2.5.2 Sampling Procedures 2-5 2.6 Condenser Entrainment Mortality Studies 2-6 ,

2.6.1 Sampling Gear 2-6 2.6.2 Sampling Procedures 2-7 2.7 Data Processing 2-8 2.7.1 Impingement Estimates .

2-8 2.7.2- Impingement Initial-Condition Determinations _ 2-9 2.7.3- Impingement Latent Mortality Determinations 2-10 2.7.4 Screenwash Ef ficiency Determinations 2-10 2 . 7 '. 5 Dilution-Pump Abundance Estima tes--

- .. Entrainable-Sized Organisms 2-11 2.7.6- Dilution Estimates--Impingeable Sized Organisms 2-12 2.7 7 Dilution-Pump Initial Condition Determination 2-13 '

CONTENTS (Cont.)

O um 2.7.8 Ichthyoplankton Entrainment Mortality Estimates 2-13 2.7.9 Statistical Analysis of the Relationship Among Impingement Catches, Meteorological Phenomena.

Water Quality Data, and Plant-Operational Characteristics 2-16

3. Ihi1NGEMENT COMPOSITION. ABUNDANCE. AND INITIAL CONDITION 3 -1 3 .1 General Species Composition and Abundance 3-1 3.2 Discussion of Key Species 3-1 3.2.1 Atlantic Silverside 3-2 3.2.2 Bay Anchovy 3-3 3.2.3 Northern Pipofish 3-4 3.2.4 Blueback lierring 3-5 3.2.5 Winter Flounder 3-5 3.2.6 Veakfish 3-6 3.2.7 Atlantic Menhaden 3-6 3.2.8 Bluefish 3-7 3.2.9 Summer Flounder 3-7 3.2.10 Northern Puffer 3-7 3.2.11 Sand Shrimp 3-8 3..t.12 Blue Crab 3-8 lll 3.2.13 Other Kay Species 3-10 3.3 Summary 3-10

4. POST-IMPINGEMENT LATENT EFFECTS 4 -1 _

4 .1 Introduction 4-1 4.2 Bay Anchovy 4-2 4.3 Atlantic Silverside 4-4 4.4 Sand Shrimp 4 -6 4.5 Winter Flounder 4-8 4.6 Survival of Ristroph Screen Impingement 4-9 4.7 Summary 4-10

5. IMPINGEMENT-SCREEN COLLECTION EFFICIENCY 5-1 5.1 Time-of-Passage Studies 5-1

5.2 Overall Screen Efficiency 5-2 5.3 Ef ficiency of Isolated Screening Sy: tem Components 5-2 5.4 Summa ry 5 -4

6. DILUTION PUMP: ENTRAINABLE-SIZED ORGANISMS 6-1 0

. . . . - - - _ . - - . . . - - - - . - _ _ - _ - _ - . . ~ ~ - - -

1 l

I J

l

!.IST OF TABLf l 1 C) i Number litit j 3 -1 Total number, percent composi t lun, and cumulative percent of finfish, other vertebrates, and u.acroinvertebrates impinged at OCNGS. November 1984 through fi:4 ember 1985.

3 -2 Total weight, percent conpotir fmn, and cumulative percent of finfish, other vertebrates. and macroinvertebrates impinged at OCNGS, November 1984 thirats November 1985.

3 -3 Percent-of-catch for day an! c.lght collections of selected species from the OCNGS traveling screens, November 1984 through October 1985.

3 -4 Veekly estimated numbers of r. elected species impinged on the .

OCNGS traveling screenn, November 1964 through November 1985.

3-5 Weekly estimated weights of selected species impinged on the OCNGS traveling screens, November 1984 through November 1985.

3 -6 ' Total estimated number and weight of taxa impinged at OCNCS, November 1984 through November 1985.

3 -7 Day-night comparisons of initial conditions of selected O species collected frma the OCNGS traveling screens. November 1984 through November 1985.

3-8 Weekly mean water quality values. OCNGS, 1984-1985.

3-9 Ceneral linear model-results for selected species impinged on the OCNGS traveling screens, November 1985.

3-10 Estimated annual impingement of selected species and all ort,anisma combined by study year adjusted for dif ferences in sampling etiort.

4 -1 Proportional survival of non-impinged _ control organisms by observation time and exposure temperature at OCNGS.

4-2 Thermal parameters associated with latent ef fects testing of bay anchovy at DCNGS conducted from March through December 1985.

3 Survival associated with latent ef fects testing of bay- anchovy at DCNGS conducted from March through December 1985.

4-4 Mean fork length, standard deviation, and number of bay anchovy -by condition at the termination of 96-hour post-impingement latent effects tests conducted at OCNCS from

, 1O- March through December 1985.

L

LIST OF TABLES (Cont. )

Number O

Title 4-5 General linear model results and mean .urvival values f or bay anchovy relative to various thermal values tested at OCNGS, March through December 1985.

4-6 Thetual parameters associated with latent ef fects testing of Atlantic silverside at OCNGS conducted from February through December 1985.

4 -7 Proportional survival of organisms collected from the impingement sampling pool by observation time and holding water temperature.

4-8 Survival associated with latent ef fects testing of Atlantic silverside at OCNGS conducted from February through December 1985.

4-9 General linear model results and mean survival values for-Atlantic silverside relative to verious thermal values tested at OCNGS, February through December 1985.

A-10 Mean fork length, standard deviation, and number of Atlantic silverside by condition at the termina tion of 96-hour post-impingement latent effects teste conducted at OCNGS from February through December 1985.

4-11 Thermal parameters associated with latent ef fects testing of sand shrimp at DCNGS conducted from January through December 1985.

4-12 Survival associated with latent ef fects testing of sand shrimp at OCNGS conducted from January through December 1985.

4-13 General linear model results and mean survival values for sand shrimp relative to various thermal values tested at DCNGS, January through December 1985.

4-14 Mean length, standard deviation, and number of sand shrimp by condition at the termina tion of 96-hour post-impingement latent ef fects tests conducted at DCNGS from January through December 1985.

4-15 Survival associated with latent ef fects testing of winter flounder at OCNGS conducted from January through December 1985.

4-16 Thermal parameters associated with latent ef fects testing of winter flounder at OCNGS conducted from January through Dectmber 1985. g I

l t

)

LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

(

Number- Itth ,

i 4-17 standard deviation, and number of vinter '

Mean fork length flounder by condition at the termination of 96-hour post-impingement latent effects tests conducted at DCNGS from !

January through December 1985.

i 4-18 General lineer model results and mean survival values for ,

vinter flounder relative to various thernal values tested at i OCNGS, January through December 1985. ,

4-19 Comparison of Initial and latent impingement survival between !

conventional and Ristroph vertical traveling screens, OCNGS, s 1975-1985. !

4-20 Comparison of total impingement survival between conventional and Ristroph vertical traveling screens, OCNGS, 1975-1985.

3 5-1 Number recovered by minute af ter release of buoyant foam balls into the forebay of the OCNGS intake structure on ;

7-20 November 1984 using f ast screen speed.

5-2 Number recovered by minute af ter release of preserved Atlantic silverside into the forebay of the OCNGS intake structure on O. 1-2 May 1985. ,

5 -3 _ Results of overall screen ef ficiency _ studies usir g preserved' f Atlantic silverside, May and November 1985. t 5-4 Percent of released and' recovered Atlantic silverside by size clasa and screen speed used in OCNGS intake-screon ef ficiency .

studies of 1-2 May 1985. ,

3 5-5 Results of screen ef ficiency . studies using preserved Atlantic silverside and dif ferent release points,13-21' November 1985 and 3 January 1986.

l 6-1 Estimated number of selected ichthyoplankton passed through '

the condenser and dilution pumps at OCNGS from September 1975 ;

through August 1981.

2 Estimated number of macrozooplankton passed through the condenser and dilution ptanps at OCNGS from September 1975 through August ' 1981. 4 6-3 Estimated number of selected microzooplankton passed through the condenser and dilution pumps at DCNGS from September 1975 through August 1976.

LTST OF TABLES (Cont.)

O Eutber li31g 7-1 Total number collected, percent comporeition, and cumulative percent of finfish, other vertebrates, and macroinvertebrates entrained through the dilution purps at OCNCS, Decenber 1964 through December 1985.

2 Total weight collected, percent composition, and cumulative percent of finfish, other vertebrates, and macroinvertebrates entrained through the dilution pumps at DCNGS, December 1984 through December 1985.

7-3 Day-night comparisons of numbers of selected organisms col-lected from the dilution pump discharge at OCNGS, December 1984 through December 1985.

7-4 Weekly estimated numbers of selected species passed through the dilution pump discharge at OCNCS, December 1984 through December 1985.

7-5 Weekly estimated weights of selected species passed through the dilution pump discharge at DCNGS, December 1984 through December 1985.

7 -6 Total estimated number and weight of taxa entrained through O the dilution pumps at DCNCS, December 1984 through December 1985.

7 -7 Day-night comparisons of initial conditions of selected species collected from the OCNGS dilution discharge, December 1984 through December 1985.

7-8 Comparison of standard and gear-mounted flovmeter readings under various dilution pump-opera'ional modes.

7-9 Fercent operation of various dilution pump configurations sampled at OCNGS,, December 1984 through December 1985.

7-10 Number of live Atlantic silverside collected by dilution sampling gear at OCNGS during special studies.

7-11 Number per 1,000 m3 of live Atlantic silverside collected at OCNGS used to determine depth distribution.

7-12 Number and percent by size class of sand shrimp collected by dilution sampler and impingement pool sampler at OCNGS, 18-28 March 1985.

Number and percent by size class of sand shrimp collected 7-13 by dilution sampler and impingement pool sampler at OCNGS, lll 18-28 March 1985.

l l

5 l

CONTENTS (Cont.) !

I.

O en

7. DILUTION PUMP IMPINGEABLE-SIZED ORGANISMS 7 -1 7 .1 General Species Composition and Abundance 7-1 7.2 Discus sion of Selected Species 7-2 7.2.1 Sand Shrimp 7-2 7.2.2 Blue Crab 7-2 3 7.2.3 Bay Anchovy 7 -3 ?

7.2.4 Atlantic Silverside 7 -4 i 7.2.5 Other Species 7 -4 ;

7.3 Dilution Special Studies 7-5 7 3.1 Accuracy of Dilution Sampli' a Gear Volume l Determina tion at OCNGS 7-6 7.3.2 Collection of organisms Not Passed Through the Dilution Pumps at OCNGS 7-8

7.3.3 Comparison of Sire Selectivity of Dilution Sampling Gear to Impingement Sampling Gear at OCNGS 7-9 74 Summary 1-10 ;

8. POST-ENTRAINMENT LATENT EFFECTS 8-1 8.1 Bay Anchovy Eggs 8-2 8.1.1 Initial- Eurvival 8-2 8.1.2 Latent Survival 8-2 8.1.3 Total Survival 8-3 8.2 Bay Anchovy Larvae 8-4 8.2.1 Initial Survival 8-4 8.2.2 Latent Survival 8-5 8.3 Winter Flounder Larvae 8-5 8.3.1 Initial Survival 8-5

. 8.3.2 Latent Survival 8-6 8.3.3 Total Survival 8-7 8.4 Factors Af fecting the Utility of Entrainment-Survival Data 8-7 8.4.1 Sorting-Error Considerations 8-7 8.4.2 Artificiality of Thermal Test Regime 8-8 I

l L

o CONTENTS (Cont.)

O P.att 8.5 Irpac t of Condenser Pas sage 8-9 8.6 Summary 8-9 LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX A: LIST OF SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED IN IMPINGEMENT AND ENTRAINMENT SAMPLES, OYSTER CREEK NUCLEAR GENEkATING STATION, 1984-1985 9

g ii O

LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

O Number Title 8-1 Thermal factors and post-entrainment latent ef fects survival values for bay anchovy egg studies conducted at OCNGS, May through Aagust 1985.

8-2 Results of linear regression analyses perf ormed on various measures of survival of bay anchovy eggs subjected to entrainment at OCNCS, hay through August 1985.

B-3 Thermal f actors and latent survival values for bay anchovy eggs collected at the intake and discharge of OCNGS, May through August 1985.

8 -4 Results of linear regression analyses performed on latent survival of bay anchovy eggs subjected to entrainment at OCNGS, May through August 1985.

8-5 Thermal factors and initial survival values for bay anchovy larvae collected at the intake and discharge of OCNGS, May through August 1985.

8-6 Summary of number of bay anchovy larvaa stocked, number surviving at each observation period, and weighted mean 4

O proportion surviving at each observation period for tests conducted at OCNGS, May through August 1985.

8-7 Summary of number of bay anchovy post-yolk-sac larvae stocked, number surviving at each observation period , and weighted

. mean proportion surviving at each observation period for tests comparing the ef ficacy of dif ferent hv. ding containers for tests conducted at OCHGS, May through August 1985.

8-8 Thermal factors and initial survival values for winter flounder larvae collected at OCNGS, February through March 1985.

8-9 Number stocked end latent survival by cbservation hour of winter flounder larvae collected at OCNGS, February through March 1985.

8-10' Thermal f actors and latent survival values for vinter flounder larvae collected at OCNGS, February through-March 1985.

8-11 Results of linear regression analyses performed on latent sur-vival of winter flounder larvae subjected to entrainment at OCNGS, February through March 1985.

8-12 Thermal f actors and entrainment survival values for win'.er O- flounder larvae collected at OCNGS, February through March 1985.

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4.e.,

LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

O

}. rh e r Title 8-13 Results of linear regression analyses performed on total sur-vival of winter flounder larvae subjected to entrainment at i OCliCS, February through March 1985.

8-14 Investigation of uncertainty associated with initial survival of winter flounder latvae at OCf65. February through March 1985.

8-15 Investigation of uncertainty associated with initial survival of bay anchovy larvae at OCliGS, May through August 1985 l 8-16 Total estimated number of selected ichthyoplankton taxa entrained through the condenser-cooling system and estimated number killed a t Oct1GS,197 5-1981.

O O

LIET OF FIGURES Numb er Title 1 -1 - Map of the midd*, portion of Barnegat Bay.

2-1 Diagram of the intake and discharge of *.he circulating water system and the dilution pumps at the Oyster Creek Huelear Generating Ser don.

2-2 Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station cooling water intake i structure and fish samp. ing pool. r 2-3 Side view of vertical traveling screens used at Oyster Creek .j Nuclear Generating Station.

t 2 -4 Schematic diagram of the dilution-pump discharge sampling device. :

2-5 Schematic diagram of the portable entrainment survival sampling device.

3-1 Estimated number of fish and macro'avertebrates impinged.on '

the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating tation traveling screens. ,

November 1984 - October 1985.

3-2 Estimated annual impingement catches for total organisms and "

-O- key and abundant organisms at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. +

4-1 Relationship of total survival to collection temperatures for i bay anchovy -impinged at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Cencrating Station. January through December 1985.

4-2 Relationship of total survival to collection temperatures for Atlantic silversides impinged at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. January through December 1985.

4-3 Relationship of total survival to collection temperatures for i sand shrimp impinged at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station from January through December 1985.

4-4 Relationship of total survival to collection temperatures for winter flounder at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating S:stion from' January through December 1985.

7-1 Sampling catch of fish and macroinvertebrates entrained

- through the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station dilution pumps. December 1984 - December 1985.

O l

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l LIST OF VIGURES (Cont.)

Number Title ,

7-2 Mean monthly weight-per-individual of blue crab from screen (pool) impingement and dilution pump sampics at OCNGS, November 1984 - December 1985.

7-3 Mean monthly weight-per-individual of bay anchovy from screen (pool) impingement and dilution pump samples at OCNCS, November 1984 - December 1985.

7-4 Hean monthly weight-per-individual of sand shritnp from screen (pool) impingement and dilution pump samples at OCNGS, November 1984 - December 1985.

8-1 Proportion of bay anchovy eggs that hatch collected from the intake and discharge of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, May - August 1985.

8-2 Proportion of bay anchovy eggs that survive entrainment at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station as a function of discharge temperature.

8-3 Initial survival of bay anchovy larvae collected at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station intake and discharge as a function of collection temperatures.

h 8-4 Latent survival of bay anchovy larvae in open holding containers versus closed holding containers during holding experiments at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

May - August 1985.

8-5 Initial entrainment survival of winter flounder larvae as a function of delta-T at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station for studies conducted from February - March 1985.

B-6 Latent entrainment survival of winter flounder larvae from low delta-T and high delta-T collections at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Genert .Ing Station from February - March 1985.

8-7 Proportion of winter flounder larvae that survive entrainment at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station as a function of delta-T.

O

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

t O Trom November 1984 through December 1985. EA Engineering Science, and ,

I Technos gy. Inc. performed several aquatic sampling programs in the cooling water intake and discharge canals of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. The programs were designed both to estimate the number of fish and other organisms passing through the cooling system, i and to determine survival of selected species af ter passage through the system. Studies involved the three pathways through the cooling system that an organism may experiences (1) impingement on the traveling screens in the condenser intake and shunting through the screenwash discharge pipe into the discharge canal 2) passage (i.e., entrainment) ,

through the traveling screens and condenser tubes and into the discharge canal; and (3) passage through the dilution-pump system into the dis-charge canal.

Several aspects of screen impingement were examined, including composi-tion, abundance, and initial - ndition (i.e. , survival) of organisms; ef ficiency of the traveling sca' ms in diverting organisms from the cooling water flow; and latent survival (96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months af ter impingement) of ,

selected fish and shellfish species. Weekly sampling of impinged organ-isms over a 12-month period produce 43 types of fish, shellfish, and other aquatic organisms. Sand shrt , accounted for 76 percent of the c a tc h. The second and third most abundant organisms--the grass shrimp and blue crab--when added to sand shrimp, composed nearly 94 percent of '

the annual impingement catch. The finfish species-Atlantic silverside.

(} bay anchovy, and northern pipefish--were next in order of abundance, but none accounted for more than 2 percent of the total catch. The total estimated number and weight of all organisms impinged during the 12-month period were 22 million organisms weighing 208,000 lb. For all organisms >

combined, the estimated annual impingement for 1984-1985 was the highest in 9 years of record,-due primarily to the high inningement rates of sand shrimp in 1984-1985.

A series of experiments was conducted that involved the release of inanimate objects and preserved, marked fish in the condenser cooling water flow. Results showed about 90 percent of the test organisms were screened . and removed from the condenser cooling water when the screens were in good operating condition.

Latent ( 96-hour) survival was measured for Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, vinter flounder, and sand shrimp. Organisms that had been impinged were captured and held in both heated and unheated water to determine potential -delayed ef fec ts rf impingement. Results for Atlantic silverside - winter flounder, and sano shrimp indicated that physical ef fects of impingement (i.e. , from organism contact with screens, debris, wash sprays) were inconsequential and that survival of organisms held in heated water decreased only when heated discharge water temperatures exceeded certain limits. For Atlantic silverside and sand shrimp, the critical temperatures were between 27 and 29 C ( 81-84 F) . The critical temperature for vinter flounder is probably similar given that high sur-vival was measured at about 22 C (72 F) and no survival at 30 C ( 86 F) .

( }-

1

1 l

I Results for bay anchovy were variable and inc o r.c lu s ive , owing to the l

j i

difficulty of holding this fragile species f or obse rva tion. There was some indication that a discharge tempe ra*.ure of about 30 C was critical g

for bay anchovy. Thus, survival af ter impingement is dependent on the thermal regime in the discharge canal. Given that cooling of heated discharge water due ao dilution was not incorporated into the testing regime, actual survival of organisms in the discharge canal may be higher than that inferred from test data.

l An analogous program of latent survival testing was carried out for 'oay l anchovy eggs and larvae end vinter flounder larvae entrained through the l

intake screens and condenser tubes and into the discharge canal. At discharge temperatures up to 27 C (81 F), survival of bay anchovy eggs exceeded 70 percent. As discharge temperatures increased above that point, survival steadily decreased until zero survival was recorded at 3 8 C (100 F) . Latent survival tests for bay anchovy larvae were unsuc-cessful in that few survived 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months , regardless of whether they were held in ambient or heated water. Based on initial survival of bay anchovy larvae, measured soon af ter collection, a discharge water tem-perature of 35 C (95 F) appears to be critical; below this t empe ra ture, initisl survival ranged between 50 and 100 percent, and essentially none I survived above 35 C. Survival of winter flounder la.vae was found to be closely related to delta-T, nr the dif ference in water temperature between the discharge and intake. Statistical analyses revealed that survival was greater than 90 percent when delta-T was less than 4 C (7 F) . As delta-T increased from that point, survival decreased corres-pondingly until zero survival was predicted at a delta-T of 12 C (22 F).

Using these survival da ta in conjunc tion with plant-operating da ta and g

treasured organism abundances for 6 years ( August 197 5 - September 1981) ,

the total number killed by passing through the condenser system was esti-mated. Because of year-to-year variation in natural water temperatures, del ta-T, and plant shutdown periods, the proportion of bay anchovy eggs and winter flounder larvae killed was quite variable. The annual raner for bay anchovy eggs was 13-83 percent, and 21-88 percent for winter flounder larvae. Problems with latent testing of bay anchovy larvae precluded meaningful projections of the number killed.

l Two studies were conducted to determine the proportion of organisms that l pass through the cooling-water dilution pumps, rather than through the condenser cooling water flow. One study involved weekly monitoring for a 12-month period of the species composition, abundance, and initial sur-vival of impingeable-sized organisms passing chrough the dilution pumps.

These organisms are of a size thought likely to be stopped by the travel-ing screens, had they entered the condenser cooling-water flow rather than the dilution-pump flow. The second study involved estimating the j total number of entrainable-sized organisms passing through the dilution l pumps, based on organism abundance data for 6 previous years. Organisms evaluated in this effort include the young life stages (eggs, l a rv a e ,

juveniles) of important finfish, and key forms of zooplankton.

The 12-month sampling program at the dilution-pump discharge yielded 108 types of fish and other aquatic organisms. The top three species, in order of abundance, were sand shrimp, bay anchovy , and grass shrimp; l

r l

l 2

together, they conposed nearly 90 percent of the total number. Blue crab and Atlantic silverside were next in abundance. No other organism e.ccounted for more than one percent of the total number. The cotal esti-mated number and weight of organisms passing through the dilution pumps in the 12-month period was 100.6 million and 666.500 lb. respectively.

With few exceptions, survival (based on observation right after capture) van high for most species passing through the dilution pumps. Creater than 90 percent of sand shrimp. blue crab, Atlantic silverside, northern pipefish, and winter flounder survived passage. The lowest survival (42 percunt) was recorded for the fragile bay anchovy. The bay anchovy excepted, passage through the dilution pumps appears to have little dele-terious effect on organisms.

Weekly and annual estimates-of tne number of impingeable-sized organisms passing through the ollution pumps were considerably higher than corres-ponding estimates of the number of organisms impinged on the traveling screens. The total annual dilution-passage estimate was 100.6 million, nearly five times the screen-impingement estimate. Were the amount of water passing through the dilution pumps versus -the condenser pumps the only f actor involved, the dilution estimate should have been no more than 33 million. Dif ferences in sampling ef ficiency between the dilution and screen-impingement studies may have contributed to the dif ferences in estimates. It was also conjectured that some unknown behavioral mech-anism causes more organisms to go through the dilution pumps.

Estimates of the annual number of small fish and other organisms (entrainable-sized) that passed through the dilution pumps varied O greatly from year to year, depending on organism abundance and plant-operational :onditions. Bay anchovy eggs were nearly always the most abundant life stage of fish; the range of annual dilution passage of this form was 17 9 million in 1976-1977 to 13.5 billion in 1975-1976.

Mysid shrimp were the most abundant forms of macrorooplankton--over 72 billion were estimated to have pa , sed through the dilution pumps in 1976-1977. The smaller microzooalankton, particularly copepods, were even more ab6nlant. The highest annual estimate of the number of microcooplanktet* passing throeth the dilution pumps was approxi-mately 70 trillion durha the 197,-1976 study "

.O 3

_ - - - a _-_-

0 0

e O

1. INTRODUCTION O

\l This report presents the results of studies of entra4.nment and impinge-ment abundance and associated mortality carried out at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (OCNCS) from November 1964 through January 1986. The impir.gement abundance portion of the program io required by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), as specified in the Oyster Creek Environmental Techni:a1 Specifications (OCETS) . Entrainment and impingement mortality studies were mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection A %ency, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, and NRC. These latter studies were designed to supplement GPU Nuclear Corporation's 316(a) and (b) Demonstrations for the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station (JCP&L 1978).

The generating station and surrounding area were described by Danila et al. (1979), based on literature reviews and their own studies. The station is a 630-MWe net boiling water reactor located 3.2 km west of Barnegat Bay in Lacey Township, New Jersey (Figure 1-1) . During station operation, condenser cooling water is withdrawn from Barnegat Bay via the lower part of the South Branch of Forled River and a dredged intake canal. Heated water is discharged into a dredged discharge canal which empties into lower Oyster Creek and Barnegat Bay. Barnegat Tay is a large, shallow, lagoon-type estuary bordered by barrier beaches.

A limiced exchange of bay and ocean water occurs through Barnegat Inlet and the Manasquan Canal.

The overall objective of the study program is to provide information that O will permit a more detailed assessment of the impact of the OCNGS cooling system on che biota of adjacent areas of Barnegat Bay. Although entrain-ment and impingement studies have been conducted at Oyster Creek since 1975, the actual ef fect of the impingement or condenser-pas sage experi-enee could only be approximated. In the present study, the use or new technologies for capturing and holding both impingeable- and entrainable-sized organisms permi s.o evaluation of latent mortality. Thus, data are ~

now available for adj"nt' s timple entrainment and impingement abundance estimates to account f ar survival. In addition, a dilution-pump inves-tigation was conducted to fill a gap in terms of the actual number of erganisms passing through the entire cooling system. Previous studies have :oncentrated on organisms in the condenser cucTing water flow.

Because the flow through the-dilution pumps can be nearly 60 percent of

< the total cooling water flow, many organisms have been unaccounted for in previous studies. The data provided herain pecmit an accounting of total orgaiisme traversing the cooling system.

Following this introductory chapter, Chapter 2 provides detailed descrip-tions of the gear and procedures used in each sampling program. Method s sections are arranged _ in the same order as the following chapters, except th at the last methods section (2.7) provides data processing and analysis me thod s for all study programs. Results of the impingement abundance and initial condition study are provided in Chapter 3. Discussions cover species composition, both weekly and annual abundance estimates, periods

() of eccurrence, initial condition of impinged organisms, and comparisons 1 -1 m

n with previous years' impingement data. Chapter 4 describes the impinge-i t'o n t latent mortality program. Initial, latent, and total survival of g

'.iree finfish and one uncroinvertebrate species are discussed and related W statistically to various thermal conditions. Canparison is m de with previous latent mortality studies at Oyster Creek conducted by Ichthyo-logical Associates. The ef ficiency of Ristroph traveling screens is evaluated in Chapter 5; tag and release studies were used to assess this ef ficiency. Chapter 6 includes annual estimates of the number of key ichthyeplankton, macroinvertebrate, and microinvertebrate species entrained through the dilution pumps from 1975 to 1981. Cor res pond ing condenser-entrainment estimates are provided for cozparison. The passage of (screen) impingeable-sized organisas through the dilution pumps is described in Chapter 7. Species composition, and weekly and annual esti-mates of numbers and weight are provided in addition to an evaluation of gear ef fectiveness. Chapter 8 contains the esults of latent mortality studies cn bay anchovy eggs and larvae and i., t r flounder larvae. The relationship of survival to various therv . t -

.itions is investigated s t a ti s tic al ly . The resul tit., se- ' val da are used to adjust previous annual condeaser-entrainment es timates for these forms to reflect the true impact of condenser entrainment.

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2. METHODS 2 .1 IMPINGEMENT COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE, AND INITIAL CONDITION This aspect'of the impingement monitoring program sought to de termine the species composition and abundance of fin- and shellfish impinged on the modified traveling screens, and to fulfill monitoring obligations mandated by Section 2.1.1A of OCETS. De te rmina tiore of initial condition (live, dead, or stunned / damaged) of impinged fin- and shellfish was an additional objective. Data collected by this program were used to cal-culate weekly and annual estimates of total impingement.

2 .1.1 Egpoline Gear and Schedule Samples were collected in the newly constructed concrete screenwash diversion pool located at the north end of the traveling screens (Figure 2-1). This structure is an extension of the newly developed fish-return system and provides a means of collecting and holding, for abundance and initial condition determinations, fish and macroinvertebrates that have been impinged on the screens (Figure 2-2) . The sampling pool is a rect-angular structure, 8 x-5.8 m, into which screenwash water is diverted by a trough system. The depth of water in the pool is maintained at about 1 m when_ full by a fixed overflow weir. The pool is drained at its lowest point threugh an 8-in batterfly valve and pipe. This pool furnishes a water cushion to reduce the sampling trauma associated with gg traditional impingement sampling and, hence, any confounding ef fects on

(,,/ initial condition.

Samples were collected from the water-filled pool in a 3.7 x 5.0 x 1.1-m ne t constructed from 6.4-mm heavy-delta nylon mesh netting. Samples were 3 minutes in duration, collected over one 24-hour interval per week; at least four samples were taken during the 12-hour period after sunset and seven samples were taken during the remaining 12-hour period. One night sample was collected 2 hours2.314815e-5 days 5.555556e-4 hours 3.306878e-6 weeks 7.61e-7 months af ter sunset to provide data from the period of expected maximum abundance. All sampling for thin study was conducted during either a continuous wash mode or_ during a q asi-continuous wash mode (less than a 30-minute screen hold, i.e. , wash periods were inter-spersed with nonwashing periods of less than 30-minute duration) . Inter-mittent wash modes were not used by plant operations daring the period of study.

2.1.2 Samnline Procedures Initial condition (i.e. , life condition) was de termined 30 minutes af ter organisms were collected. Determina tions were based on

. Live--Swimming vigorously; :: 2 ppa.ent utientation problems, behavior normal

. Damaged (stunned)--Struggling or swimming on side; apparent orientation problems, behavior abnormal, or indication of severe abrasions or lacerations 2 -1

. Dead--No vital life signs; no body or opercular movement; no response to gentle probing Organisms from each species / life condition were counted and a total weight of that species / life condition was determined using either a top-loading dial scale or an Ohaus Dial-0-Gram balance. Unknown or questionable organisms were preserved for positive laboratory identi fica tion.

Water quality and plant-operational data were collected concurrently with biological sampling. Instrumentation uced to obtain water quality information consisted of YSI DO and S-C-T meters, and Orion pH me ters calibrated prior to the actual sampling. Water quality parameters mens-ured were dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, salinity, pH, and secchi depth.

2.2 IMPINGEMENT LATENT SURVIVAL The objectives of the impingement latent survival program were to analyze the likelihood of mortality of impinged organisms released into Oyster Creek af ter exposure to the traveling screens and the fish-return system, and to consider factors that might contribute to measured mortality.

Collected organisms were held and periodically observed for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ; after this time it was assumed that the likelihoM of any further OCNGS-caused cortality was minimal and that the af fected organisms have suc-cessfully survived the entire impingement experience.

Factors considered by this program that may have potentially influenced survival include acreenwash mode, time of year, size and weight of impinged organisms, water quality, thermal elevation, and obvious phys-ical injuries. Data obtained from this program were used, in conjunction wi th abundance de termina tions , to provide estimates of the ef fects of the entire impingement experience on selected species. The results will supplement the 316(a) and (b) Demonstrations for OCNGS, providing the basis of a realistic mul ti-year de termina tion of the impact of plant operation on local fin- and shellfish populations.

2 . 2 .1 Egenline Gear and Schedule Organisms used to determine impingement latent d fen were collected at the end of the screenwash-water discharge pipe, do.nstream of the dilution pump discharge (Figure 2-1). Collection of test organisms was accomplished by using dip nets deployed from a floating platform con-structed with a submerged central bay and ne t. The use of the submerged bay was necessary in order to preclude possible extraneous sources of damage to the test organisms (e.g., dilution pump discharge turbulence) and to reduce the source of potential error associated with collection of non-impinged organisms that either have passed through the dilution pumps or reside in the discharge canal.

Impingement latent mortality tests were conducted during periods when targe t organisma--winter flounde r , bay anchovy , Atlantic silverside, and sand shrimp--were abundant. Spot was the fif th targe t spec ie s , but g

was so scarce in impingement samples that it could not be tested. Each 2-2

t est consisted of holding up to 200 organisms (depending on availabil-ity), split equally between ambient and condenser discharge waters , and observing condition at intervals over 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . Organism loading in the holding system was limited to no more than 5 g/L at temperatures of 20 C or less, or 2.5 g/L at temperatures above 20 C. Non-impinged test organ-isms were also tested to provide insight into the efficacy of the holding system. In these latter tests, the necessity to ninimite handling of organisms of ten resulted in unequal distribution cf test organisms betveta ambient and heated holding tanks. Most testing occurred during winter, spring, and fall, coinciding with periods of peak abundance of target organisms. Most sampling was conducted af tet sunset during the pe riod of expec ted maximum abundance, primarily during continuous screen--

wash conditions because the screenwash schedule was predominantly contin-uous throughout the sampling year.

2.2.2 Samnline ProceduTM Organisms were collected using dip nets deployed for short periods of time; once collec ted , they were segregated into rpecies-specific holding containers. The organism condition was determined at the outset of the holding period and subsequently at. 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . Fork lengths (FL) of cil finfish and weights were measured either at death or test termination. Lengths of sand shrimp were mea-sut sd from the end of the telson to the end of the antenna scale. Qual-itative observations of appearance and behavior (e.g. , abrasions, scale loss, erratic swimming) were noted for each specimen. Water temperature.

DO, salinity, and pH were measured during each observction period.

2.3 IMPINGEMENT SCREEN COLLECTION EFFICIENCY The objectives of this program were (1) to quantify the cc,llection ef ficiency of the OCNGS traveling screens, and (2) to characterize the temporal aspects of the impingement ptocess, i.e., the length of time organisms are exposed to the screening and return systems. Determination of the timing adpects of the impingement process for various screenwash modes and screer speeds provided the basis for establishing a valid sam-pling program which adequately samples-both abundance and initial condi-tion of impinged organisms.

2 3.1 Samoline Gent and Schedule Sampling for the screen collection ef ficiency experiments was carried out using either the end of the screenwash discharge pipe or the impingement sampling pool described in Section 2.1.2. Several release points within the screening apparatus were used in order to determine where losses occur. Release points included upstream of the trash racks downstream of the trash racks but upstream of the screen panel, in the water at the screen panel, above water in the screen panel trough, and in the low-pressure organism-removal sluice behind the screen housing. Rec ove ry points included the sluice entrance to the sampling pool structure, the sampling pool collection net, and the sampling pool itself (Figures 2-2 4

and 2-3 ) .

2 -3

I Tag / release experiments were performed during continuous wash conditions !

on 1-2 May 1985,13-21 November 1985, and 3 January 1986 using dead , pre-se.-ved Atlantic silverside (Menidia eenidia) that were fin-clipped for lll )

I positive identification. Three releases were conducted using slightly )

buoyant foam balls during 7-20 November 1984. j 2.3.2 Samoline Procedures Each experiment usirg preserved Atlantic silversided consisted of tagging up to 400 individuals and distributing them over the specific area to be tested during a screenwash. Size distribution (FL) of the released specimens was determined prior to release for one of the experiments and recaptures were compared to determine if there was a bias in the results attributable to organism length. Collections were conducted for 30 min-utes after release. Foam ball experiments were conducted for 15 minutes.

If an experiment was conducted to determine time of passage through the system, then catch returns were recorded for eaca one-minute in te rval over the collec tion period; otherwise, only the total catch af ter 30 (or

15) minutes was recorded.

2.4 DILUTION PUMP: COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF ENTRAINABLE-SIZED ORGANISMS This prcgram quantified the abundance of ichthyoplankton, macrozooplank-ton, and micrczooplankton that havs passed through the OCNCS dilution pumps for the period September 1975 - August 1981. The magnitude of dilution-pump entrainment has received lit tle attention in pas t study efforts; thi s phase of study provided abundance estimates that were ll necessary in order to assess the impact of dilution-pump entrainment on local plankton populations. The approach employed to complete this phase of work used planktonic densities measured at the condenser cooling water system in conjunction with corresponding dilution pump volumes.

These data were accessed on GPU Nuclear's Reading, Pennsylvania, compu-ter. The organism-density data are in OCEAN data files and the dilution-pump volume data exist in the Plant Operating and Meteorological files.

Computational procedures are described in Sec tion 2.7.5.

2.5 DILUTION PUMP: COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE, AND INITIAL CONDITION OF IMPINGEABLE-SIZED ORG.1NISMS The species composition and abundance of impingeable-sized fin- and shellfish that pass through the OCNGS dilution pumps were used to cal-culate weekly estimates of total pump passage. Additionally, initial condition of these organisms was inves tigated.

2.5.1 Samnline Gear and Schedule Samples were collected at the easternmost dilution pu=p discharge port using a collar / net sampler, a live car, and a trough system equipped for flow-through holding of collected organisms. The entire sampling gear was handled using two winch and davit structures. The live car was equipped with a diversion plate and reservoir that provides captured llh organisms with a refuge from pump discharge turbulance and minimized the stress of retrieval by providing a water pocke t in which the collected 2 -4

l 1 l

organisms reside until they were removed. This design reduced sample-O collection stress that might otherwise have confounded initial condition de te rmina tions .

Collections were made with the large net and live car system (Figure 2-4) suspended in the dilution discharge flow. The front of the net, through which orgsnisms entered the device, consisted of a steel f rame collar with a 1.2-m square opening. Organisms then passed through a 3.5-m sec tion of 8-mm square-mesh netting and entered the live car. The live car is a 1 x 1.3 x l-m high structure made of 7-mm mesh netting over a steel f rame.

Collections were made at the surface and bottom. in random order, for 30-minute periods; each pair of collections constituted a sample in order to account for the entire water columu. Samples were collected five times during the 12-hour period following sunset and three tinos during the remaining 12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months . This schedule was repeated three times a week for a total of 24 samples per week. One of the night samples was col-lected approximately 2 hours2.314815e-5 days 5.555556e-4 hours 3.306878e-6 weeks 7.61e-7 months af ter sunset to collect data from the period of expected maximum abundance.

The volume of water sampled varied as a function af pump operation; a flovmeter was deployed to measure mean water velocity through the col-lec tion collar. From mid-November 1984 through the end of the study in

, December 1985, water velocity in the sampled dilution port was measured once every 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months with a General Oceanics (GO) flowmeter that waa l\ suspended independently in the discharge at heights corresponding to the

'd center of the collar when in sampling position. Af ter late May 1985 -

a second GO flowmeter was mounted on the side of the collar and readings were obtained of each deployment of the gear. Results of a special flow determination study revealed that differences in flow readings between the two meters for surf ace samples ranged from 1 to 18 percent for pump-operational modes which accounted for almost 95 percent of the pump modes Bottom aample dif ferences ranged _ from 2 to 10

~

sampled (Section 7.3).

pe rc e n t . It was hypothesized that the apparent dif ferences were due to water current turbulence induced near the easternmost edge of the sampled dilution port. For purposes of abundance und density determinations, the standard daily flow measurements-were used, possibly resulting in an overestimate of actual abundance in the dilution discharge.

2.5.2 Samnline proc edure s After deployment, the gear was retrieved and organisms and debris were quickly removed from the reservoir using dip nets and placed into water-filled holding cars. These holding cars were then transferred to the flow-through holding system which used dilution discharge water as the holding medium. Af ter transfer, most debris- was removed from the holding cars so as not to af fect organism survival. adversely. After a sample was collec ted , sample processing,' initial condition determina tions, and water quality measurements were made as described in Section 2.1.2.

O 2-5 I l

2.6 CONDENSER ENTRAINMENT MORTALITY STUDIES Studies were conducted to determine the survival rates of selec ted organ-O isms that are entrained through the OCNGS cooling system. An additional objective was to investigate the effacts of several plant-operational and water-chemistry parameters on organism survival. Target species were blue crab (Callinectes sanidui) zocae and megalopae, bay anchovy ( Anchon mitchilli) eggs and larvae, and winter flounder (Pseudooleuronec tes americanus) la rv a e . However, the virtual absence of blua crab zoeae and megalopae from intake waters precluded survival testing for these forms.

Of the many f actors potentially af fecting both initial and latent sur-vival, two categories were specifically accounted for by this program--

na tural or background ef fects and sampling ef fec ts. These ef fects were accounted for by collecting samples at both the intake, prior to any plant interaction, and at the condenser discharge using identical gear employed in an identical fashion. Sample collection began 2 minutes later at the discharge than at the intake in order to saeple the same portion of water with each gear because the approximate time of passage through OCNGS is 2 minutes (U.S. AEC 1974) . Af ter removing the ef fects of both natural and sampling mertality, actual entrainment mortality was cciculated as outlined in Section 2.7.8. Assessment of plant-operational and water quality ef fects on survival was based on these c alc ula t ed values. The last operation involved application of the survival data to entrainment abundance data for the period September 1975 - August 1981 to compute the annual number of organisms killed by entrainment.

2.6.1 Sampline Gear O The collection gear used for this program of study was an EA-designed gear called the barrel sampler (Figure 2-5) . This gear, employing

" larval table" technology, is constructed of two concentrically mounted cylindrical tanks. The inner cylinder is equipped with screened panels.

An inflow orifice is fixed to sample 0.9 m below the surface and is oriented into the flow. The other end of the sampling pipe is connected to an inlet port located near the bottom of the inner tank. An outlet line opens at the bottom of the sampler be tween the two tanks and is connec ted to a high volume trash pump (610 gpm Homelite) . To sample, the gear is submerged until the entire screened area of the inner tank is under water. Pump operation applies suction to the outlet line and sample water is drawn into the inner rank, out through the screened walls of the inner tank (331-mm mesh), and thence out thcough the out!ct line to the crash pump. This design allows sampled sater to enter the inner barrel and to e;.;* through the screens while suspended particulate matter (e.g., fish eggs and larvae) in the middle of the barrel are kept away from potential abrasion. After sampling, the gear is slosly drained and the sample is collected in a rigid codend. Use of this gear minimizes the potential for damage to collected organisms by minimizing the through-screen velocity , protects organisms f rom local environnental and gear-induced turbulence , and permits a rela tively short sample -c ollec tion time. Water velocity through the filtering mesh of the inner barrel is less 6hrn I cm/sec. This low velocity permits swimming larvae to avoid contcet with the filtering mesh. lll i

2 -6 i

The holding system for collected target organisms employed a flow-thenugh

, water system which used condenser discharge water for thermally elevated tost conditions and dilution-pump discharge water for ambient-water test c o nd itions. Winter flounder larvae were held in screened flow-through containers; specimens from the intake station were held in ambient-water baths, and organisms collected from the condenser discharge were held in thermally elevated conditions if OCNGS was producing pouar. bay anchovy eFgs and larvae were held in solid containers that were maintained in the flow-through water baths.

2.6.2 Samoline Procedures Prior to sampling, barrel samplers were deployed at the eas ternmost condenser discharge port and at the northernmost intake groin west of the recirculation /de-icing tunnul (this placement avoided collection of plant-passed larvae from the recirculation tunnel discharge at the intake). The samplers were lowered into position end the intake sample was begun 2 minutes prior to the start of the dischatga sample, as described above in Section 2.6.1. Sample duration was generally 10 min-utes, but occasional samples of shorter duration were collected when organism or detrital abundance was extremely high, in order to f acilitate rapid sorting procedures. After collection and sample washdown, the cod ends were transferred to a laboratory trailer; all sorted target organ-isms were categorized as live, dead, or stunned / damaged and the live and otunned/ damaged specimens were carefully placed into either flow-through or solid holding containers in appropriate water baths. Initially dead

(~') specimens were preserved in 4 percent formalin. Observations of life

\/ condition were made 3, 6,12, 24, 48, 72, SrJ 96 (12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months for the 96-hour check) hours af ter collection. Larvae were- fed either commercial fish-fry food or wild zooplankton at each observation period. Test organism condition, except for eggs, was based on the criteria outlined in Section 2.1.2. Egg condition was based on microscopic examination and eggs were judged to be live if they were clear and transparent, and continued to show development over the entire holding period (due to the short incubation time for bay anchovy eggs, all live eggs were those that successfully hatched prior to test te rmina tion) . Eggs were judged to be daad if they were cloudy, opaque, had deposition of sedi-ments in or on the egg, had a ruptured chorion, or showed no development over the holding period.

To f acilitate the sorting and handling of bay anchovy eggs and larvae, both very dif ficult forms to see even using microscopy, neutral red dye solutions were incroduced into the sampler and holding containers. The use of this vital stain did not interfere with bay anchovy egg hatching and allowed an &ccurate accounting of egg numbers.

All dead specimens were preserved in 4 percent formalin, labeled, and held for subsequent identification. After initial sorting, all samples were preserved for later microscopic examination to determine both ini-tial egg viability and to determine the error that may have been attrib-utable to sorting ef fects (such as preferential sorting of live larvae

(} because movement may catch the sorter's eye).

2-7

Water quality and plant-operational data were collected concurrently with the biological samples. Water temperature, DO, salinity, and pH were also measured throughout the 96-hour holding systen in both the h

circulating water bath and representative holding containers. Addition-ally, total chlorine concentrations were de termined during the collection process to account for any biocidal effects. Instrumentation used to obtain water quality inf ormation consisted of YSI DO and S-C-T me ters, Orion pH meters, and a Fischer-Porter amperometric titrator; all instru-ments were calibrated prior to use except for the titrator (which cannot be calibrated).

2.7 DATA PROCESSING All field and laboratory data were recorded on standard da ta sheets and checked for accuracy. The data were then entered to computer-disk memory on a Hewlett-Packard 9830A computer. Printouts were generated and data verified against the original data sheets. Using a telephone modem, all basic data files were tran::mit ted to CPU Nuclear's Reading , Pennsylvania, computer. This was done both for purposes of permanent, secure storage of data, and also to utilize H e SAS statistical package available on the Reading computer. Computational methodologies are outlined below for each study program.

2.7.1 Imsinsement Estimates The impingement sampling program at OCNGS employed a multi-stage sampling design. In the first stage, sampling days were selected once a week with each week considered a sample event. In the second stage, the sample day was partitioned into two 12-hour periods roughly representing day and night. In a third stage, the 12-hour periods were subsampled in 3-minute subgresups to a maximum of seven samples per day or four samples per night.

Using data collected by th sampling design, impingement estimates were computed with the following fermulas:

L _.

I= I N. Y.

1 *

(Equa tion 2-1) i=1 where I =

estimated total number (or weight) of organisms impinged L =

total number of strata (weeks) i =

ordinal number of stratg N. = number of days in the i 1

stratum (7)

N

Y. = L [I Y . .\

L (Equa tic n 2-2) 1 "i

1 joi 1 l g

= th average daily impingement for i stratum 2-8

where ng = number of sample days in i stratum j = ordinal number for sample day

.-- 2 .

Y.. = E Y.,k (Equation 2-3) 13 g.1 1]

= estimated impingement for j sample day of i stratum where a 2 = number of dici periods k = ordinal number for diel period

' [My T ) l (Equa tion 2-4) y ,

Bijk1'Y ij k 1=1 ijk1 A

k sijk1 /

= estimated impingement of the K th dial period of the j _th sample day of the ith stratum

where M = number of blocks within diel periods 1 = ordinal number for block T = engt (103 minutes for day, 1 2 minutes for n @ t)

Bijk1 T

sijk1

= length of sample in minutes, collected in the ijk1th block I = ideal number of samples in diel period A = actual- number of samples in diel period 2.7.2 Imo inc emer.t Initial Condition-Determination All organisms were categorized upon collection as either live, stunned, or dead (Section 2.1.2). These counts were summed by species, by period, and stanmarized by period and by year. Final data was expressed as pro-portions which were generated using the following formulas: ,

7

?ropor tion live = (Equation 2-5)

(number live)

(number dead + number stunned + number live)

Proportion stunned = (Equation 2-6)

(number stunned)'

( num' b er de ad 4 number live + number stunned) 2-9

Proportion dead = (Equa tion 2-7)

(number dead)

(number live + number dead < number stunned) 2.7.3 Imoincement I,atent Mortality Determinations Samples collected at the end of the screenwash discharge pipe and, less frequently, in the OCNGS impingement pool were analyzed for initial con-dition (live, dead, and stunned) and then live and stunned organisms were held separately in either ambient or ambient plus del ta-T water for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . The number dead was tabulated at 12 discrete intervals (0, 0.55 1, 2, 3, 6,12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ) . This information was accumulated by sample event (generally a week) and the proportion live was calculated. Analysis of survival was performed on chese values.

The following equations were used to de termine survival:

Initial survival = (Equa tion 2-8)

(number live + nu1cber stunned (number live + number stunned + number dead) 96-Hour survival = (Equation 2-9) 11 (number stocked) - ! (number dead @ interval j)/ number stocked j=1 Total survival = (Equa tion 2-10) initial survival

96-hour survival GLM models using these proportions were perf ormed against the following variables:

1 - ambient tempe ra tur e 2 - delta-T 3 - high/ low screenvash pressures 4 - number of screens operating 5 - maximum holding temperature 6 - mean holding temperature 7 - tidal height Models were run by holding-water type (ambient or ambient + delta-T) and by species.

2.7.4 Screenwash Efficiency De te rmina tiong l

l Data processing of screenwash ef ficiency data con 3isted of simple tabula- l tions and calculation of percent ef ficiencies.

l l 2-10

2.7.5 Dilution-Pumo Abund ance Es timates--EntJ.Ainable-Sited Oreanisms Ichthyoplankton, macrozooplankton, and microzooplankton data collected from 1975 through 1983 at the OCNGS condenser discharge were used to estimate annual dilution-pump entrainment during those years. The data were analyzed using a multi-stage sampling design. In the first stage, sampling days were selected once a week, each wee': being a sample event.

In the second stage, the sample day was partitioned into two 12-hour per- 4 iods roughly representing day and night. In a third stage, the 12-hour i

periods were subsampled twice.

Microzooplankton data were only available for 1.5 are and other data were not collected with the same frequency in each ,cudy year. Balancine sampling effort was accomplished by averaging in a weekly stratified mod e l . ..

Using data collected by this sampling design, dilution estimates were computed with the following formulas:

L I=I V;

Yg (Equation 2-11) "

t=1 where I = estimated total number of organisms entrained L = total number-of-strata-(weeks) i = ordinal number for strata V = total volume pumped through the dilution pumps in the i th stratum (in cubic meters)

Yg =

(Ygy) (Equation 2-12)

Y; = average daily capture per cubic meter for i stratum where th n g = number of apple days in i s tra tum j = ordinal r.WY r for sample day

[2I I Y;a-g (Y 2 (Equation 2-13)

(K=1 )

Y , = mean entrainment capture per cubic meter for j sample 13 day of ith stratum 2-11

where 2 = number of diel periods K = ordinal number for diel periods Y; =fM3 iik1 M (Equa sion 2-14) l=1 g stj,,k1)

3.k

= mean entrainment density of the K th diel period of the j th sample day of the ith stratum where Y..k1 tj

=

total number of organism- Satured in sample L of block K M = number of blocks within d , riod s 1 = ordinal number f o- block T,g3 g = volume sampled (in cubic me ters) in the ijk1 th block 2.7.6 Dilution Estimaten--Imoinceable-Sired Orcanisms The dilution sampling program at OCNGS used a multi-stage sampling design. In the first stage, sampling days were selected once a week, each week being a sample event. In the second stage, the sample day was partitioned into two 12-hour periods roughly representing day and g

night. In a third ctage, the 12-hour periods were subsampled in 30-minute units to a maximum of 16 samples per day or 32 samples per night.

Using data collected by this sampling design, dilution estimates were computed with the following formulas:

J L

I= I V.Y. (Equation 2-15) i=1 where I = estimated total number (or neight) of erganisms captured L = total number of strata (weeks) i = ordinal number for strata V; = total volume pumped in t'* ith stratum (in cubic neters)

Y,a k

!"i I

\

Y.. ( Equa tion 2-16)

"i(j=1 *3)

= average daily dilution capture per cubic meter for ith stratum 2-12

where ng = number of sample days in ith stratum j = ordinal number for sample day 2 h Y.j=[I i Y.,k tj 12 (Equation 2-17)

= mean dilution capture per cubic meter for jth sample day of ith stratum where 2 mmber of diel periods k = ordinal number f or diel pericd (m Y..

1 T

Y = I m (Equation 2-18) sijkl (l=1

= mean dilution of the K th diel period of the jth sample day of the ith stratum where 0- Y ggy = total number of organisms captured in sample 1 of block k m = number of blocks within diel periods 1 = ordinal number for block Tstj..kl = volume sampled (in cubic meters) in the ijk1th block 2.7.7 p_jlution Pueo Initial Condition Determination Calculation of initial condition of organisms captured in the dilution-pump discharge was performed in the same manner as that described in Section 2.7.2 for- screen-impinged organisms.

-2.7.8 1chthvoolankton Entrainment t rtality Estimates Data analysis of entrainment survival information consisted of three phases. The. first was calcu-lation of initial and latent survival at each collection station (intake and discharge). The second. phase used initial and ' latent survivals at each station to derive total entr ainment survival-values. The third step determined which thermal'. factors af fect total entrainment survival. The final scep applies the derived relationships of total entrainment survival to the historical temperature database in conjunction with historical abundance values to estimate the number 'of each target-species that succumb to entrainment stresses.

2-13

Initial survival is computed as S(i) =

(Lo + So)/(Lo + So + Do) (Equa tion 2-19) lll where to = number live at time of collection So = number stunned at time of collection Do = number dead at time of collection The number live, stunned, and dead for larvae were the numbers counted during the ficld sor t procedures. Live end dead egg values were composed of the sum of field-sort categories and later laboratory-based micro-scopic sorts because initial egg condition could be determined af ter pr ese rv a tion.

Latent survival is computed as S(1) =

(L96 + S96)/(Ls + Ss) (Equation 2-20) where L96 = number alive af ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months S96 = number stunned after 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months Le = number stocked live into test containers llh Ss = number stocked stunned into test containers Total survival is computed as S(t) =

S(i) x S(1) (Equation 2-21) for each collection station.

Entrainment survival values were estimated as the quotient of condenser discharge survival and intake survival.

E D I S. = S.

1 1

/ S.1 (Equation 2-22) where D

Sg = initial sLrvival at the condenser discharge I

S.1 = initial survival at the intake 0

2-14

l i

S a-S

/S g (Equation 2-23) where D

Sg = latent survival at the condenser discharge I

S = latent survival at the intake g

and E E E S =Sg /- Sg (Equation 2-24)

The relationship of these survival values to thermal parameteru was then-investigated to provide a mechanism that allows survival rates to be a; plied to historical abundance data. The therma.1 values used were Intake collection temper:.ture - mean ambient temperature measureo during sample event Discharge collection temperature - mean condenser discharge temperature measured during sample event Mean discharge holding temperature - average discharge water temperature measured in the holding system, based on "alues measured at each observation Maximum exposure temperature - maximum temperature ancountered in discharge holding system throughout the sample event Delta T - mean dif ference -between intake and discharge collection temperatures during a sample event Linear relationships were determined. using a Hewlett-PacKard installed, multiple regression program in conjunction with an HP-9830A computer.

Weekly abundance was derived by multiplying historical mean weekly densi-ties by the weekly volume that was pumped through the OCNGS cooling sys-tem.- Annual estimates were based on the summation of weekly estimates for each target- species.

. Annual estimates of numbers of target species lost due to entrainment at OCNGS were de termined by first selecting the "best fit" model that used -

thermal data that have historically been measured at OCNGS (intake and discharge temperatures and delta-T) . Weekly mean thermal data were then

-computed using SAS. The appropriate thermal values were used in conjunc-tion with the survival model to compute the proportion of the target s pe -

cies expected to survive entrainment (SE) r

. The proportions not surviving entrainment (1 -- SE) were derived and those values were multiplied by the coincident estimated weekly abundances of the target species, cnd summed

-for each study year.

2-15

2.7.9 Etatistical Analysis of the Relaticnshio Amonc Imnincement Catches. Meteorolocical Phenomena. Water Ouality Datt i and Plant-Ocerational Characteristics The relationship of the various parameters to impingement catches was investigated statistically using the SAS-General Linear Model (GLM) multiple regression program.

In a preliminary analysis, correlation cofficients (r) were derived from regression analyses among various plant-operational and water quality variables. This was done to quantify the expected relationships among such variables as ambient water temperature and air temperature, ambient water temperature and dissolved oxygen, and heat rejection and delta-T.

In this manner, those variables that were cross-correlated with other variables were identified.

As a preliminary procedure using biological data, the coefficients of determina tion (r )2 were computed be tween impinge nent catch rates for abundant species and the various meteorological, water quality, and plant-operational parameters f or the entire 1984-1985 database. This was an attempt at early isolation of any very strong relationships.

However, all coef ficients of determination (r2 ) were relatively low

( f.0.2 0 ) , suggesting no strong relttionships among the variables.

The full GLM model then was run usiag number and weight impinged per hour for important and abundant orga0 isms relative to certain plant-operational, physical / chemical, and meteorological parameters.

regressions were run for each seascn be. ause of the highly seasonal The g distribution of most organisms.

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O s

3. IMPINGEMENT COMPOSITION, ABUNDANCE, AND INITIAL CONDITION 3 .1 GENERAL SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE

-kly impingeme: collections from November 1984 through October 1985 y;elded 83 taxa of fish, invertebrates, and amphibians. Of these taxa, 63 forms were finfish,19 were invertebrates, and I was an amphibian.

Four species constituted 95 percent of the total annual numerical catch from the vertical traveling screens (Table 3-1) . The total annual (sampling) catch of all species collected during the study period was 55,941 specimens; of this total catch, 2,743 were fish (4.9 percent),

53,198 were invertebrates (95.1 percent), and I was an amphibian

( <0.1 pe rcent) .

The total weight of all specimens collected during the study period was 266.9 kg. Of this total, 42.2 kg (15.8 percent) was fish weight, 224.7 kg (84.2 percent) invertebrate weight, and <0.1 kg (<0.1 percent) ,

amphibian weight. Eighteen taxa accounted for more than 95 percent of the total weight of the annual ca tch (TaFle 3-2) .

The seasonal distribution of' estimated weekly numbers of organisms impinged is illustrated in Figure 3-1. The period of maximum numerical abundance was bimodal--the first peak ranged from mid-November to the end of January, followed by another that ranged from the end of February to the end of May. The first peak is composed chiefly of sand shrimp, whereas the second peak is a combination of organisms with sand shrimp

() and blue crabs the most abundant forms. Bay anchovies, Atlantic silver-sides, and northern pipefish are also abundant during the second peak, but they accounted for only 10 percent of the catch. The peak weekly estimate of 3,447,7 B3 individuals occurred durirg the third week of wovember.

The day-ntsh* distribution of organisms collected from the traveling screens is presented in Table 3-3. Most organisms were more abundant in night samples. The top four species, in numerical-abundance, were predominantly collected at night: sand shrimp (92 percent of night catch), grass shrimp (80 percent), blue crab (80 percent), and Atlantic

= silverside (64 percent) . Bay anchovy exhibited the greatest difference in numbers caught during. the day (6.4 percent) and night ( 93.6 pe rcent) .

Of abundant species, the bay' anchovy and sand shrimp yielded the greatest dif ference in weight between day and night catches (95 and 90 percent, res pectively) .

3.2 DISCUSSION OF KEY SPECIES The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has defined 11 fish species and 2 invertebrate species as 'Tey Species" of finfish and shellfish (NRC 1978). The species so designated are: summer flounder, vinter flounder, Atlantic menhaden. Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, bluefish, weakfish, striped bass. northern pipefish, northern puf fer, northern kingfish, blue crab, and sand' shrimp. All of the 11 defined key fish species,

(} except striped bass and northern kingfish, were collected from OCNGS screens during 1984-1985; both invertebrate species were collected.

3 -1

l l

l i

The nine key fish species accounted for 63.2 percent of the fish col-lected (54 percent by weight) from the traveling screens. The two key invertebrate species accounted for 87.1 percent of the invertebrate catch by number and 82.9 percent of the catch by weight.

Each key species is discussed separately below. Abundance and reriods of occurrence are first described for the November 1984 - October 1985 study period. For the more abundant spscies, the results of statistical analyses are presented that describe the relationships of impingement to plant-operating and meteorological phenomena. The 1984-1985 results are then compared to abundance data for the previous 9-year period and annual variation is discussed. In addition to the key species, the blueback herring is discussed.

In these presentations, the use of the terms " collected" and " sampled" (and variants) refer to those specimens actually obtained in weekly samples from the OCNGS screens. When ref erring to weekly or annual pro-jected impingement catches, the terms " estimate" or " estimated" are used.

3.2.1 Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia)

Atlantic silverside was the most abund ant fish species collected from the OCNGS screens; 824 specimens accounted for 30.1 percent of the total fish catch (1.5 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-1) . Atlantic silverside ranked 3rd in fish weight with 4.8 kg, accounting for 11.3 percent of the total fish catch (1.8 percent of total organism catch)

(Table 3-2) . The period of maximum abundance ranged from mid-November through mid-April, with the peak estimate of weekly abundance occurring during the second week of November (82,200 individuals) . The period of minimum estimated weekly abundance occurred during the warmer part of the year from mid-July through the end of October (Table 3-4) . The pect weekly estimate of impinged wei.ght was 371.2 kg which occurred during the second week of November (Table 3-5) . No Atlantic silversides were impi.nged between the beginning of July and the end of October. The annual estimate of the numbers impinged for this species was 276,942 and tne total estimated weight was 1,57 3.5 kg (Table 3-6) . Sixty-four peccent of the silversides were collected at night; the remaining 36 percent came from daytime collections (Table 3-3) . Based on examina tion of Atlano silversides 30 minutes after impingement (initial condition) ,

the expe'i ce was not very harmful. Nine ty-one percent of impinged specimens exhibited no initial damage or stress, and there was little dif ference between day and night (Table 3-7) . Water quality data asso-ciated with impingement sampling are shown in Table 3-C.

Very little of the variation in number and weight of Atlantic silversides impinged was explained by the General Linear Model (GLM, multiple regres-sion) analysis (Table 3-9) . At most, 17 percent (r2) of the variation in both number and weight was explained for the spring season. This small proportion of explained variation was most influenced by temperature and tidal height.

Atlantic silverside populations have fluctuated greatly over the past 9 g years (Figure 3-2; Table 3-10) . Estimated abundance ranged from 35,051 W in 1976-1977 to the previous high of 26 8,961 in 1980-1981. The estimate 3-2

l l

)

of 276,943 impinged daring this study established a new peak abundance

, for the species. As presented in past reports (EA 1981, 1982), the severity of the winter and the amount of time the plant remains opera-tional af fect the number of Atlantic silversides that are impinged.

- Although a year-round resident _ of Barnegat Bay, these fish are only vul-nerable to impingement during the colder months of late f all, winter, and spring. This may be due to movement of this species from the shoreline-shallows habitat into deeper water, increasing its vuluerability to the

-screens. This would explain the high numbers impinged during f all and ,

vinter, but the large numbers taken during April and May (Table 3-4) may '

be due te the species' habit of forming large breeding schools at that time cf year (Fay et al.1983) . The mild winter of 1984-1985, with a mean water temperature of 4.7 C, may have enhanced winter survival and contributed to the high abundance. Hoff and Westman (1966) reported that Atlantic silverside cannoc tolerate water temperatures below 1.0 C.

3.2.2 Bay Anchovv (Anchon mitchilli)

The bay anchovy was the 2nd most abundant fish species collected from the screens--487 specimens constituted 17.8 percent of the total fish catch (0.9 percent of total screen ca tch) (Tab' e 3-1) . - Bay anchovy ranked 6th in terms of fish weight (3.7 percent of fish catch; 0.6 percent of total c a tc h) . Bay anchovy were collected from the end of March to the end of November; no anchovies were collected during January, February, and the first three weeks of March. Maximum estimated weekly abundance for this species was 100,941 specimens during mid-April. The period of minimum estimated weekly abundance occurred from January through March 1985.

O The peak weekly estimated weight of 334.5 kg occurred in the third week of April. The annual estimate of number impinged for this species was 195,871; the total estimated weight was 629.6 kg. Night catches accounted- for 94 percent of the annual anchovy catch by number; 95 per-cent of the total weight catch occurred at night (Table 3-3) .

Bay anchovy fared less well af ter impingement compared to Atlantic sil-verside. Seventy-eight percent of anchovies were dead _ and an additional 8 percent were stunned or otherwise damaged. - Mortality was greater at night (Table 3-7) . The high mortality was attributed to the relatively fragile nature of this species.

Temperature and period (day or night) were the most influential variables

, af fecting bay anchovy impingement (Table 3-9) .- However, only 2-16 per-cent of the variation in numbers or weight in any season was explained by - the GLM model . Intuitively, temperature and day-night period are more influer.tial than shown by the model . The na turally high variation in biological data may preclude identification of strong cause and ef fect relationships with this method.

Bay anchovy, always a major component of each annual estimated screen catch, dropped from a 1975-1976 maximum of 1.8 million individuals to a relatively low and stable annual catch of 77,000-155,000 during the following years of 1977-1982 (Figure 3-2) . The low ca tch of 1982-1?83 n (25,497 estimated individuals) can be explained by the fact that the

\_) plant only operated for a 7-month period. No estimate was made for 3 -3

the 1983-1984 study due to a plant outage. The present study shows an increase in the number of bay anchovy impinged; the escimated annual total was the largest since 1975.

Previous annual reports (EA 1981, 1982, 1983) discussed possible reasons for apparent declines in bay anchovy populations. Possible contributing f actors considered were predation on early life stages by etenophores or Atlantic silverside, and the ef fects of entrainment of eggs and larvae through the OCNGS cooling system. These conjectures were not s ub s t an-tiated , however. Because there are no comparable data for other nearby estuaries during the period in question, it is not clear whether the apparent population fluctuations are limited to Barnegat Bay or whether they are symptomatic of more widespread population fluctuations.

3.2.3 Northern Pieefish ( Synenathus fuscus).

The 3rd most abundant fish species collected was northern pipefish with 297 specimens accounting for 10.8 percent of the tota: fish catch on the screens (0.5 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-1) . Northern pipefish accounted for 1.7 percent of the annual fish weight catch (0.3 percent of total organism weight); 0.7 kg were collected during the study year (Table 3-2) . Species abundance was high be tween early November 1984 and the end of January 1985 and again from mid-March to the third week in June; peak estimated weekly abundance occurred during the third week of November when 31,022 individuals were estimated to have been impinged on the screens (Table 3-4) . Estimated weight distribution throughout the year for pipefish was similar to the numerical distribution, with the peak estimated catch of 73.4 kg occurring during the third week of November (Table 3-5) . Annual estimated abundance for this species was 107,875 individuals; the total annual estimated weight was 254.6 kg (Table 3-4) . Night catches for this species accounted for 77 percent of overall numerical catch and 77 percent of the weight (Table 3-3) .

This hardy species exhibited 91 percent initial survival of impingement (Table 3-7) .

The results of the GLM analysis indica ted that temperature (fall) and number of screens plus day-night pe riod (spring) influenced the number and/or weight of northern pipefish impinged (Table 3-9) . The bie'est coef ficients of de termina tion (r2) for any species was record, . .r the spring season. The model, in particular screens and day-night period, explained one-fourth of the variation in catches. The number of screens operating would have an obvious ef fect on catches and the day-night period influence is documented in Table 3-3, where over three-fourths of the number impinged were recorded at night. !

l The annual estimated catch on the OCNGS traveling screens ranged from 4 a low of about 11,000 individuals in 1916-1977 to a maximum of almost l 93,000 in 1980-1981 (Figure 3-2) . The catch of northern pipefish during j the study year exceeded the previous maximum, yielding 107,000 ind ivid-uals. The 10-year distribution of northern pipefish catches (Figure 3-2) supports the hypothesis prof fered by EA (1982); the annual fluctuations g may be indicative of na tural, long-term population cycles. T l

l 3 -4

The 1964-1985 catch continued to reflect a bimodal distribution, with one e peak occurring during the period of apidly falline water temperatures in November and December and another peak occurring in tha 6pring from March through May. The pipefish in Barnegat Pay probably behave simi-larly to those found in Che6apeake bay. overwintering in the decper Bay

= vc'. ors and found along the shoreline during tne rinaining period of the ye sr (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). Hildebrpnd and Schroeder also C. ate that most indhore migration occurs from late March into early April ano most of fshore migration necurs in November. It is reasonable to as sume that similar seasonal movements take place in Barnegat Bay. This would explain the peak impingement catches in fall and spring--they occur 4 when pipefish are moving to (f all) or from (spring) the deeper waters of

Bhrnegat Bay.

3.2.4 Elgthack Herrine ( Altt,4 aes tivalis)

Blueback herring ranked 6th in ;bundance in impingement catches. A tota 1 of 152 specimens accounted for 5.5 percent of the total fish catch (0.2 percent of toal organism catch) (Table 3-1) . Blueback herring accounted -

for 11.8 pert nt of the annual fish weight caten (19 percent of total organism weigat); 5.0 kg were collected durine 'hc study year. Species occurrence was greatest between late Decerter .

ie third week of d April; peak estimated abundance occurred durint c e thi rd week of Decem-ber when 12.817 individuals were estimated to heve been impinged on the screens. The peak weekly estimated weight of 304 5 kg occurred during the third week of April. Annual estimated abundance for this species was 52.101 individuals; the total annual estimated weight was '. 650.9 kg G (Table 3-6) . Night catches accounted for 66 percent of the overall numerical catch and 56 percent of the w(ight. Initial survival of blue-back herring af ter imp!ngement was 70 percent during the day and less than 50 percent at night. Based on the GLM model, the number of screens j running appeared tc have e slight influence on impingement catches (Table 2-9) .

The estimatti number of blueback herring impinged during the 1984-1985 study yest was the 2nd highest in 10 years (Figure 3-2; Table 3-10) .

According to EA (1981) the impinged fish are young of the year that tvr tcally use Barnegat Bay ac a nursery ground. Thus, variation in annual impingement abundance may reflect simple year class strength. '

The relatively high annual estimate for 1984-1985 may be related to a peak catch in the spring of 1985 (Tcble 3-4) . This contrasts with the assessnent cf FA (1981) that suggested f alling temperatures triggered schooling and migration of the young herring from the bay to the ocean.

The unun.. spring per.k in 1985 (in additica to the previous late f all/

winter pean) ray have been composed of fish that overvintered in the bay becsuse of relatively mild water temperatures.

3.2.5 Winter Flounder (pnudochg.mnec ten americ anud, A total of 53 specimens of winter flounder accounted for 1.9 percent of the total fish catch (0.1 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-1).

Although 8th in numerical abundance, the reistively greater size attsined O by this species resulted in its ranking first in fish weight; 12.1 kg composed 27.3 percent of the total fish catch (4.5 percent of total >

3 -5

organism ca tch by weight) (Table ')-2). The period of maximum estimated seekly abundance extended from early November through April (Taeles 3-4 and 3-5). The peak occurred in the second week of January when 4.157 individuals (1,125.2 kg) were estima*ed to have been impinged. Only one winter flounder was collur ted be tween e third week of April and the middle of October 1985. Total estimat.- tmpingement for this .iecies was 18,210 individuals weighing 4.115.3 kg ( Table 3 -6) . Night collectione

.ccounted for 62 percent of the total numerical catch for this species; 60 percent el the weight collected was accounted for by nigot collections (Table 3-3) . The winter flounder proved to be relatively hardy; initial survival af ter impingement exceeded 90 percent (Table 3 -7 ) . No signif-icant correlation was found between number or weight impinged and plant-operating er envircnmental variables (Table 3-9).

The esticated annual impingement abundance ranged from a low of almost 9,000 in 1975-1976 to a high of more than 148,000 in 197 6-197 9 (Figure 3-2). The 1984-1985 estimate fell to 18,000, the third-lowest catch rceord. Winter flounder ranking renained constat: relative to other key and abundar.t species. It would appear that ple.nt operations hed little ef fect on the number impinged at OCNGS. The lack of Barnegat Bay collec-tions and entrainment abundcnce data for vinter flounder since September 1981 precludes relating impingement to fluctuations in Bay populations.

3.2.6 Weakfish (Cynoscion recaliel W eakfish was tl . 13th most abundant fish species collected from ;he OCNGS screens with 32 speciumts accounting for 1.2 percent of the annual fish catch (0.06 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-1) . Weakfish accounted for 1.6 percent of the total fish weight collected (0.3 percent of total organism estch) and was the 14th highest contribut or to fish biomass (Table 3-2) . This species ves abundant f rom November 19B4 to the first week of December, and then from the first week of August to the third week of October 1985. No weakfish were impinged from the second w(sk of December to the f.rst week of August (Table 3-4) . Maximum weekly estimated veight occurred during the secord week of October when 94.8 kg of weakfish was impinged (Table 3-5) . Annual estimated abundance for this species was 11,084 indieiduals; the estimated annual weight was 244.7 kg (Table 3-6) . Night catches secounted for 76 percent of the nurerical catch and 81 percent of the catch by weight (Table 3-3).

Lased on examination of relatively few fish, initial survival ranged from 64 percent during the day to 71 percent at night (Table 3-7) .

Only period (day-night) was correlated to weakfish catches (Table 3-9),

but the relationship van not strong. Less than 10 percent of the vari-ation van explained by the G1M model.

The yearly estimated cr tch o 11,000 weakfish was almost 50 percent greater than the last record d catch in 1982-1983 (Table 3-10; Figure 3-2). Typically, those impi eed on the OCNGS screens are young of the year that migrate into the Bay in early summer as larvae. Their rapid growth makes chem vulnerable to 'mpingemeat by midsemmer and they con-tinue to occur in screen collectn -s until late f all when they migrate g from the Bay. Fluctuations in impit. n:ent may reflect year class W strength.

3 -6

3.2.7 Atlantic Henhaden (Brevoortia tyrannust The 14 specimens of Atlantic menhaden collected from the OCNGS traveling O screens accounted for 0.5 percent of the total fish caught (0.03 percent of total organism ca tch) (Table 3-1) and 2.3 percent of the total fish weight collected. The total weight for the study year was 1.0 kg (0.4 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-2). The period of maximum estimated abundance ranged f rom the third week of November 1984 to the first week nf January 1985. -The annual estimated impingement abundance of menhaden was 4.6$4 individuals weighing 346.6 kg (Table 3-6) .

The estimated numbers of Atlantic menhaden have changed little in the past oeven years (Figure 3-2; Table 3-10). Based on previous studies, the annual aumbers impinged at Oyster Creek appear related to abundance of the species in Barnegat Bay. For example, Kurta (1978) related the relatively high impingement of menhaden in 1976-1977 to a large 1976 year \

class present in the bay. The low and similar impingement levels may indicate a lack of highly successful spawnings over the last seven years.

-3.2.8 Bluefish (Pomatomqt saltatrix)

The 14 bluefish captured accounted for 0.5 percent of the total fish caught (0.03 percent of total organism catch) and 0.1 percent- of total fish weight (0 06_kg). The peak estimated weekly l abundance _(1,260 fish)

-occurred during the third week of June, af ter which -the catch began to decline. Peak estimated weekly weight occurred during the middic of July 1985 (10.1 kg) . Annual estimated abundance of bluefish was 4.938 indi-q( } viduals weighing 23.0 kg. Nine of 14 specimens were collected at night.

Bluefish, liko weakfish, use Barnegat Bay as a nursery -area. They enter the Bay as juveniles in early summer sud te:k in impingemene collections by midsummer. In 1984-1985, the annual impingement estimate was 4.938 specimens, up slightly from the previous study year's total (Figure 3-2).

It would appear that bluefish population iluctuation is caused by unknown environmental f actors and that the nLaber impinged is directly related to the population in Barnegat Bay.

3.2.9 Summer Flounder (Paralichthva dentatus)

Summer flounder ranked. 22nd and 7th, respectively, in terms of numbers

' and weight in the samples (Tables 3-1 and= 3-2). Consistently low catches were recorded f rom the second week in August to the end of October; most catches contained only a single fish. Only two other collections occurred during the rest of the year--one during the third week of November and the other during the first of July. The period of peak estimated summer flounder - abund enca occurred during the first week uf July, whereas the maximum estime ced weight (158.3 kg) occurred during first week of Noverber. The latter caten was made up of mostly larger fish. The annual estimated impingement abundance for this spe-cios was 3.437 individuals weighing 511.6 kg (Table 3-6) .

Summer flounder, like most of the other key species, increased in abun-dance during the study year 1984-1985. Summer flounder numbers increased O by 32 percent over the last yearly estimate in 1982-1983. They have 3-7 i

l

_____--__.___.___.m._____ -m_________ _m ___.____-.__m_._.__ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ - . _ _ - - . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _

varied in numerical ranking between 15th and 30th, and even the increase in number has had little effect on its ranking. As precented in earlier EA reports, the muddy substrate of the western shore of Barnegat Bay is g

not the preferred habitat of this species. Therefore, the screen catches do not reflect the abundance of summer flounder found at the eastern shore of Barnegat Bay or nearshore coastal areas.

3.2.10 Northern Puf f er ( Soh teroidee maculgical A total of three northern puf fer were collected from the OCNGS travel-ing screens during the ctudy year. This amounted to 0.1 percent of the annual total fish collected and 0.01 percent of total organisms caught (Table 3-1) . The total weight of iis species collected from the screens was 0.5 kg, which accounted f or 1.1 percent of the total fish weight collected (0.1 percent of total organism weight collected) (Table 3-2).

The estimated annual abundance was 981 individuals weighing 159.3 kg (Table 3-6).

Just i.'nder 1,000 northern puf fer were estimated to have been impinged during 1984-1985. This annual impingement rate is similar to most other years, except September 1977 - August 197 8 and September 1980 - August 1981. The large catches during those periods were attributed to larger numbers of young of the year in the Bay (Metzger 1979; EA 1982). As impingement atundance is generally a reflection of field abundance, the past year's impingement results suggest continued low population Icvels in Barnegat Bay.

3.2.11 Sand Shrimo (Crancon sentemsninosal O Sand shrimp was the most numerous orgenism collected. A total of 42,691 specimens was collected during the study period, which accounted f or 80.2 percent of the total invertebrate catch (76.3 percent of total organism catch) (Table 3-1) . A total of 50 kg of sand shrimp was collected but accounted for only 22.3 percent of the total invertebrate catch weight (18.7 percent of total organism catch) because of the small size this species a ttains (Table 3-2) . Th< period of maximum abunoance ranged f rom November through mid-July. The greatest estimated weekly abundance was 3,046,463 specimens weighing 3,673.0 kg, which occurred during the third week of November. Estimated annual abundance for sand shrimp was 17.090.7 8P specimens weighing 19,719.6 kg (Table 3-6) . The night ca tches accounted for 92 percent of the total numerical catch and 90 percent of total catch by weight (Table 3-3) . Intuitively, this small crustacean should be less af fected by impingement and this was corroborated by the 85 percent initial survival rate (Table 3-7) .

Several variables proved significant in explaining small portions of the variation in catches of sand shrimp (Table 3-9) . Temperature, number of screens operating, and day-night period are obvious as possible influ-ences. Salinity is less clear since it doesn't change much seasonally (Table 3-8) . The influence of temperature and uay-night period, particu-larly, on impingement of sand shrimp is probably much more important th an indica ted by the CLM model rsults. g 3-8

Th6. 17 million sand shrimp estimated to have been impinged in 1984-1985 (Figure 3-2; Table 3-10) is the highest estinate in 10 years. The reason >

()

for the high number is unknown, but it is probably a function of higher numbers of sand shrimp in Barnegat Day. As with many other species, ,

the annual variation in impingement catches of sand shrimp (Figure 3-2) !

appears to be related to natural population fluctuations within Barnegat Bay.

3.2.12 Blue Crab (Callinec tes Sanidus)

Blue arab ranked 3rd in numerical abundance on the OCNGS traveling screens. A total of s 626 specimens accounted for 6.8 percent of the f total invertebrate catch (6.5 percent of total organism catch). With regard to weight, this species cceounted for the majority of both the !

invertebrate catch (60.7 percent) and total organism catch (51.2 per-cent); 136.5 kg were collected during the study year. Blue crabs

appeared in large numbers throughout the warmer part of the study >

period with the peak estimated weekly abundance occurring during mid- l April ( 212,122 individuals); maximum esticated weight of blue crabs impinged in a week was 6,!95.5 kg during the ditrd week of July. The period of minimum abundance extended f rom mid-November through mid-March.

The estimated annual catch was 1,333,894 specimens weighing 46,891 kg. i Night catches accounted for 80 percent of the total number of blue crabs and 70 percent of total weight (Table 3-3) . Nine ty percent of blue crabs were recorded as live during i n tial condition observations (Table 3-7) .

In a similar fashion to all other species, the GLM multiple regression model explained very little (18 percent maximum) of the variation in nuwbers and weight of crabs impinged (Table 3-9) . Temperature and day-night period.wcre most consistently significant in thn model. The '

influence of temperature was not unexpected,- given the fall and spring movements of crabs to and from deeper water as temperatures change.

The influence of period is documented in Table 3-3; 83 percent of the :

blue crabs were impinged at night.

The number of blue crab impinged in 1984-1985 was the 3rd highest in

-10 years (Figure 3-2; Table 3-10) . Annual variation in impingement appears related to population dynamics in Barnegat Bay, as discussed-below.

In previous annual reports, EA (1931,1982) ' identified an inverse rela-tionship between the average size of crabs impinged and the total esti-mated number impinged in a given year. It was theorized that when the blue crabs in the vicinity of OCNGS were larger and thus less vulnerable to impingement, fewer were impinged. This relationship was consistent for the first 8 years of record and is further substantiated by data from the present study year.

O 3-9 !

l l

_ - - , _ _ _ . _ . . - _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ - - ~ . _ . -

Estimated Mean Weight Numbe. llg Per Crab Impinggd Year (c) (x 10 )

1975-1976 9.1 5.63 1976-1977 47.0 0.23 1977-1978 18.0 1.17 1978-1979 52.8 0.31 1979-1980 64.7 0.28 1980-1981 21.2 1 .83 1981-1982 58.8 0.25 1982-1983 103.6 0.04 1983-1984 Plant down, no samples collected 1984-1985 35.2 0.60 The reasons for the inverse relationship between mean weight and catch are unclear because there are no comparable data for Barnegat Bay for 1981-1985. Higher impingement of crabs in some years (e.g., 1975-1976, 1980-1981) may be a result of both greater vulnerability of the smaller crabs ar.d larger year classes. Conversely, low impingement may be influ-enced by fewer numbers in the bay, as well as lesser vulnerability of the larger crabs.

3.2.13 Other Kev Soccles The northern kingfish and striped bass occur only rsrely in the vicinity ggg of OCNGS (Metzger 197 9) . During 1984-1985, no northern kingfish or striped bass were collected from OCNGS screens. The scarcity of these species continues, as indicated by 1984-1985 impingement results.

Boyle (1978a,b) reviewed the status of northern kingfish and striped bass populations in Barnegat Bay and nearby coastal waters. The rarity of striped bass in Barnegat Bay is not unusual. Although seasonal migra-tions take place of f the coast of New Jersey, the entrance and use of the bay by striped bass has historically been incidental. The decline in numbers of r vrthern kingfish in the bay appears to be related t o a general populatian decline in New Jersey coastal waters that began in the 1960s.

3.3

SUMMARY

Weekly impingement collections from November 1984 through October 1985 yielded 55,941 specimene (267 kg) distribuced among 83 taxa of fish, invertebrates, and amphibians. Four species--the sand shrimp, grass shrimp, blue crab, and Atlantic silverside--contributed 95 percent of the ca tch. Although organisms were impinged during every seek of the study year, the majority were impinged between November 1984 and May 1985. During this period , two major peaks occurred, one in November and December and one in April. Most species showed a greater vulnerability to impingement at night. For the most abundant species, the proportion impinged at night ranged from 61.7 for vinter flounder to 93.6 for bay anchovy.

lll 3-10

Among the key species, as designated by NRC, sand shrimp and blue crab uere most abundant, together accounting for nearly 83 percent of the O impingement catch. Fish were far less abundant than invertebrtes.

The three most abundant were the key species--Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, and northere pipefish--together composing less than three percent of the overall catch. Other key species and their respective percent contributing to the impingement samples were winter flounder (0.09) , weakfish (0.06) , Atlantic menhaden (0.03), bluefish (0.03) , sum-mer flounder (0.02), and northern puf f er (0.01) . The striped bass and northern kingfish were also designated as key species, but neither was collected during the study.

Dif ferences in life history patterns among the abundant key species influenced the temporal distribution of impingement catches. Sand shrimp are most abundant from late fall through early summer, at which time they migrate offshore to cooler waters. Inshore abundanca, and thus impinge-ment, of blue crabs is highest from spring through early fall. Young of the year of bluefish and weakfish, both of which une Barnegat Bay as a nursery area, are impinged in summer and f all, respectively. The bay anchovy is most vulnerable in the warmer seasons April into October, whereas Atlantic silverside are impinged primarily during November through April. Northern pipefish exhibited two peaks in impingement, one in f all and - one in the spring. Winter flounder occurred in impinge-ment catches from November into April.

A large percentage.of most species survive the impingement experience. ;'

O Based on inicial condition oh, vations made 30 minutes af ter collection, nearly or greater _ than 90 pe- survival was exhibited by blue crab, sand shrimp, winter flounder, chern pipefish, and Atlantic silverside.

Experience suggests that member. of the herring and anchovy families are relatively fragile fish, and this was confirmed in the initial condition evaluation. Less than 50 percent survival was recorded for bay anchovy and Atlantic menhaden. Slightly more than one-half of the blueback her-ring were recorded as live. These values do not take into account the latent ef fects of impingement, which is the subject of Chapter 4.

Based on application of the General Linear (multiple regression) model, several plant-operational and/or environmental variables were shown to be significant in influencing impingement rates. Temperature and day-night period were significant for most species. The reasons for this were discussed in the foregoing. Number of screens operating, tidal height, and salinity weru significant much less frequently.

An estimated 22 million organitms were impinged from November 1984 through' October 1985. This was nearly twice the previous high annual estimate of 11.5 million in 1975-1976. This overall-increase was pri-marily the result of the estimated number of sand shrimp impinged (17.1 million); this estimate exceeded the previous high of 6.8 million in 1980-1981 by two and one-half times. Most of the key and/or abundant species increased in estimated annual abundance during 1984-1985, com-pared to the previous study year of 1982-1983. For northern pipefish and Atlentic silverside, the 1984-1985 estimates of 108.000 and 27 7,000, O respectively, were the highest in the 10-year record.

3-11 1

The reasons f or the increases in impingement in the past study year.

particularly that f or sand shrimp, are not readily apparent f rom the present tuonitoring da tabase. In general it appears that, as discussed g

earlier in this chapter, impings merit is 1crgely a function of occurrence and abundance of organisms in Batner,at Bay. On this basis, a number of species, particularly sand shrimp. were moving toward, or were at, high points in their population cycles during 1984-1985. The impact of impingement at OCNGS can be quantified in terms of number of organisms killed (Chapt er 4. Chapter 8) . However, the existing 10-year database provides no evidence as to whether these impacts are operating at the populatien level. As far as can be determined, itopingement of most spe-cies at OCNGS appears to be influenced by population levels in Barnegat Bay, rather than the converse.

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Figure 3-1. Estimated msmber of fd and macrounrettebrates i..p..m ed on the Oyster Creek Nudear ;

Generating Station traveling screem. November 1934 - October 1985.

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1975- 1976- 1977- 1979- 1479- 1080- 1981- 1982-- 1983- 1984-1970 1977 1978 1979 1900 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

Piant Ow tage Study Yea' Figure 3 2. Estimated annualimpingement catches for totbl organisms and key and abundant organisms at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.

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TABLE 3-1 TOTAL NUMBER PERCENT COMPOSITION. AND CUMULATIVE PERCENT l OF T1NTISil, 07HER VERTEBRATES, AND MACR 0 INVERTEBRATES l IMPINGED AT OCNGS. F0VDmER 1984 TilPOUGH NOVDGER 1485 hl Cumulative Species Nare Egghgr (t) (t)

Sand shrimp 42,691 76.31 76.31 Grass shrimp 6,092 . 89 87.20 '

Blue crab 3,626 .49 93.6 9 Atlantic silverside 824 1.47 95.16 Bay anchovy 4 87 0.87 96.03 Northern pipefish 2 97 0.53 96.56 Lady crab 271 0.48 97.05 Naked goby 195 0.35 97.3 9 Ribbon worm 157 0.30 97.69 Fourspine stickleback 153 0.27 97.97 Blueback herring 152 0.27 98.24 Brown shrimp 152 27 98.51 Class Scyphozca (jellyfish) 64 t 25 98.66 Threespine stickleback 70 0.4 98.78 Winter flounder 53 0.09 98.88-Smallmouth flounder 57 0.09 98.97 Les er blea crab 47 0.08 99.06 Hummichog 44 0.08 99.13 American eel 34 0.06 99.20 Oyster toadfish 33 0.06 99.25 llh Weakfish 32 0.06 99.31 Striped searobin 31 0.06 99.37 Wind owpane 31 0.06 99.42 Striped cusk-eel 30 0.05 99.48 Spider crab 26 0.05 99.52 Rock crab 21 0.04 99.56 Lined seahorse 18 L.03 99.59 Goby family 16 0.03 99.62 Atlantic menhaden 14 0.03 99.65 Bluefish 14 0.03 99.67 11ogc hoker 11 0.02 99.69 Summer flounder 10 0.02 99.71 Alewife 10 0.02 99.73 Sheepshead minnow 9 0.02 99 74 Spotted hake 8 0.01 99.76 Horseshoe crab 8 0.01 99 77 Spot 7 0.01 99.78 Gray sncpper 7 0.01 99.60 Inland silverside 6 0.01 99.81 Crevalle jack 6 0.01 99.82 Striped mullet 6 0.01 99.33 Menidia (silverside) sp. 5 0.01 99.84 But terf ish 5 0-01 99.85 Banded killifish . 5 C.01 99.86 American sand lance 5 0.01 99.86 lh

_ - . . _ _ . - . . - . - .. - . - _ _ . . - _ - ~ . - - . - . . - --~ - - - _-. - -.- - . .- . -_-

TABLE 3-1 (Cont.)

C:)

Cumulative Soecies Name Number _CLL. (t)

Atlantic needlefish 5 0.01 99.87 Black sea bass 4 0.01 99.88 Striped blenny 4 0.01 99 89 ,

crubby 4 0.01 99.89

'sookdown 4 0.01 99 90 Planehead filefish 4 0.01 99.91 Tautog 3 0.01 99.91 Hermit crab 3 0.01 99.02 Northern puffer 3 0.01 99.92 Striped burrfish 3 0.01 99.93 Silver perch 3 0.01 99.94 Hal fbeak 3 0.01 99.94

, Conger eel 2 0 00 99 94 Seup 2 0.00 99.95 Cunner 2 0.00 99.95 Sea cucumber 2 0.00 99.96 Hany-ribbed hydromedusa 2 0.00 99.96 Portunus gibbesi (crab) 2 0.00 99.96 Northern stargazer 2 0.00 99.97 Spotfin butterflyfish 1 0.00 99.97 Herring fam!1.y 0.00 O Herring (Alosa sp.)

1 1 0.00 99.97 99.97 Anchovy family 1 0.00 99.97 Red hake 1 0.00 99.97 Squid i 0.00 99.98 Banded sunfish 1 0.00 99.98 Brief squid 1 0.00 99.98 Green crab 1 0.00 99.98 Silverside family 1 0.00 99.98 Fowler's toad 1 0.00 99.99 Rock crab 1 0.00 99.99 Striped anchovy 1 0.00 99.99 Inshore lizardfish 1 0.00 99.99 Scrawled cowfish 1 0.00 99.99 Ladyfish 1 0.00 99.99 Northern sennet 1 0.00 100.00 Seaboard goby 1 0.00 100.00 Northern searobin 1 0.00 100.00 Fish fragments --

0.00 100.00

-Organic material --

0.00 100.00 O

)

1 ABLE 3-2 TOTAL WEIGilT (g) PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF FINFISil, OTHER VERTEBRATES, AND MACRO-INVERTEBRATES IMPINGED AT OCNGS, NOVEMBER 1984 THROUGH NOV!MBER 198$

h Cumulative Snecier Name Weicht Egreent Percent Organic material 2,336,795 0.00 0.00 Blue crab 136,542 51.15 51.15 Sand shrimp 49,964 18.72 69.87 Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) 13,972 5.23 75.10 Winter flounder 12,082 4.53 79.63 Horseshoe crab 7 ,0 90 2.66 82.29 Blueback herring 4.962 1.86 84.14 Atlantic silverside 4.773 1.79 85.93 Grass shrimp 4,557 1.71 87 64 Spider crab 3,450 1.30 88.94 Brown sh: lep 2,858 1.07 90.01 Lady crab 2.723 1.02 91 .03 Rock crab 2,226 0.83 91 .86 Oyster tondfish 1,964 0.74 92.60 American eel 1,644 0.62 93 .21 Bay anchovy 1,554 0.58 93 .7 9 Summer flounder 1.436 0.54 94.33 Alewife 1,326 0.50 94.83 Striped cusk-ec1 1,277 0.48 95.31 llh Striped burrfish 1,26 8 0.48 95.7 8 Atlantic menhaden 1,045 0.39 ?6.17 Libbon worm 1,035 0.39 96.56 St 4ed searobin 898 0.34 96.90

'r a wpane 803 0.30 97.20 a' a 4'ish 721 0.27 97.47 N.. chern pipefish 704 0.26 97.73

& c thern ' ffer 503 0.19 97.92 Northern nearobin 488 0.18 98.10 Black sea bass 449 0.17 98.27 Hogchoker 443 0.17 98.44 Smallmouth flounder 423 0.16 98.60 Spot 378 0.14 98.74 Spotted heke 306 0.11 98.85 Striped 'et 2 81 0.11 98.96 Scup 272 0.10 99.06 Atlant .:lefish 229 0.09 99.15 Planeheau Jilefish 214 0.08 99.23 Threespine stickleback 195 0.07 99 30 Huemichog 1 90 0.07 99.37 L a:er blue crab 168 0.06 99.43 Fourspine stickleback 162 0.06 99.49 Note: Organic material not included in percent calet.lations.

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TABLE 3-2 (Cont.)

Cumulative Spreies Name Weight- Percent . Percent Naked goby 156 0.06 99.55 Ladyfish 128 0.05 99.60 Butterfish 114 0.0 t- 99.64 Conger eel 100 0.04 99.68 Lookdown 77 0.03 99.71 Lined seahorse 76 0.03 99.74 Tautog 76 0.03 99.77 Grubby 62 0.02 99 79 Inshore lizardfish 62 0.02 99.81 Bluefish 60 0.02 99.83 Gray snapper 51 0.02 99.85 Northern starEszer 51 0.02 99.87 Many-ribbed hydromedusa 41 0.02 99.89 '

Green crab 33 0.01 99.90 Northern sennet 32 0.01 99.91 Banded killifish 25 0.01 99.52 Hal fbe ak 25 0.01 99.93 American sand lance 21 0.01 99.94 Silver perch 21 0.01 99.95 Sea cucumber 19 0.01 99 95

() Sheepshead minnow Goby family 17 12 0.01 0.01 99.96 99.97 Fish fragments 12 0.00 99.97 Portunus cibbesi (crab) 10 0.00 99.97 Banded sunfish 8 0.00 99.98 Crevalle jack 7 0.00 99.98 Striped blenny 6 0.00 99.96 Cunner 6 0.00 99.98 Hermit crab 6 0.00 99.99 Scrawled cowfish 6 0.00 99.99 Menidia (silverside) sp. 5 0.00 99.99 Spotfin butterflyfich 5 0.00 99.99 Briaf squid 5 0.00 99.99 Red hake 4 0.00 100.00 Inland silverside 4 0.00 100.00 Herring family 1 0.00 100.00 Herring (Alosa sp.) 1 0.00 100.00 Anchovy f amily 1 0.00 100.00 Squid _

1 0.00 100.00 Silverside family 1 0.00 100.00 Fowler's toad 1 0.00 100.00 Rock crab 1 0.00 100.00 Striped anchovy 1 0.00 100.00 Saaboard goby 1 0.00 100.00 l

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TABLE 3-3 PERCENT-OF-CATCH FOR DAY AND NIGHT COLLECTIONS OF SELECTED SPECIES FROM THE OCNGS TRAVELING SCRED S, NOVEMBER 1984 g THROUGH OCTOBEf' 1985 W By Number By Weicht Soccles __ Ray __ Nicht_ Day Nicht=

Sand shrimp 8.1 91 .9 10.0 90.0 Grass shrimp 20.0 80.0 16.3 83.7 b Blue crab 19.5 80.5 29.9 70.1 Lady crab 15.5 84.5 11.6 88.4 Bay anchovy 6.4 93.6 5.3 94.7 Striped senrob.n 12.8 87.2 15 8 84 .2 Oyster toadfish 13.5 86.5 31.9 68.1 1 American eel 19.4 80.6 19 5 80.5

) Smallenuth flounder 22.2 77.8 16.7 83.2 Northera pipefish 23.0 77.0 23.3 76.7 Veakfish 23.9 76.1 19.0 81.0

- Naked goby 24.8 75.2 27.0 73 0 Bluebach 1. erring 34.1 65.9 43.9 56.4 Atlantic silverside 36.2 63.8 39.6 60.4 Winter flounder 33.3 61.7 40.0 60.0 t

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TABLE 3-6 TOTAL ESTIMATED NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF TAKA IMPINGED AT OC!MS, NOVEMBER 1984 THROUGH

() NOVEMBER 1985 Weight Soecies Number (ke)

Sand shrinip 17,090,788 19,719.6 Grass shrimp 2.262,298 1,729.3 Blue crab 1,333.894 46,890.9 Atlantic silverside 276,942 1.573.5 Bay anchovy 195,871 629.6 Northern pipefish 107.875 254.6 Lady crab 102,750 1,046.3 Naked goby 70,841 56.1

- Ribbon worm 65,090 396.2 Brown shrimp 57,513 1,082.5 Fourspine stickleback 53,011 57.2 Blueback herring 52,191 1,650.9 Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) 27,174 4,867.2 Threespine stickleback 25,004 69.8 Smallmouth flounder 19,156 161.8 Lesser blue crab 18,219 66.5 Winter flounder 18,210 4,116 3 Mummichog 15,342 69.5 American eel 12.581 603.2

() oyster toadfish

- Windowpane 12.574 12,216 660.3 241.4 Striped cusk-eel 11,925 498.5

Striped searobin 11,539 319.4 Veakfish 11,084 244.7 Spider crab - 8.122- 1,087 6 ,

Rock crab 7 ,91 2 817.5 Lined seahorse 5,872 24.7 Goby family 5,409 4.2 Bluefish 6 ,93 8 23.0 Atlantic menhaden 4,654 346.6 Hogchoker 4,329 185.2 Alewife 3.544 449.4 Gummer flounder 3,437 511.6 Sheepshead minnow 3,170 6.0 Spotted hake 3.031 85.6 Gray snapper 2,940 21.4 Horseshoe crab 2,535 2,235.9 Spot 2,382 108.5-Inland silverside 2,286 1.5 Striped mullet 2.212 102.0 Crevalle jack- 2,212 2.5 Butterfish 1,960 47.3 American sand lance 1,920 8.5 Atlantic needlefish 1,876 89.8 j () Black sta bass Lookdown 1 ,6 80 1,680 188.6 32.3 1

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O Weight Species Number .. (kg).,_

Grubby 1.646 24.6 Banded killifish 1,601 7.6 Planehead. filefish 1.500 75.9 Menidia (silverside) sp. 1.421 1.4 Striped blenny 1.401 2.1 Silver perch 1.260 88.2 Hal fbe ak 1 .080 9.1 Hermit crab 1.073 2.0 Northern puffer 981 159.3 Tautog 941 30.3 Striped burrfish 857 367.0 Many-ribbed hydromedusa 756 16.1 Cunner 689 1.8 Conger eel 660 33 0 Sea cucumber 660 5.8 Portun g gi_bbesi (crab) 660 3.5 Scup 656 80.1 Spotfin butterflyfish 420 2 .1 Herring family 420 0.4 Red hake 420 1.7 Squid Banded sunfish 420 420 0.4 3.4 h

Brief squid 420 2.1 Green crab 420 13.9 Silverside family 420 0.4 Striped anchovy 420 0.4 Inshore lizardfish 420 26.0 Scrawled cowfish 420 2.5 Ladyfish 280 35.9 Anchovy family 240 0.2 Fowler's toad 240 0.2 Rock crab 240 0.2 Herring (Alosa sp.) 206 0.2 O

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OL O .O TABLE 3-7 DAY-NICHT COMPARISONS OF INITIAL CONDITIONS OF SELECTED SPECIES COLLECTED FROM THE OCNGS TRAVELING SCREENS. NOVEMBER 1984 THROUGH NOVEMBER 1985 Day ,

Nicht Species Number % Live I Stunned 2 Dead Number I Live '% Stunned I Dead j Blueback herring 70 70 20 10 82 46 24 30 Atlantic menhaden 16 8 25 13 62 6 17 67 Bay anchovy 51 31 10 59 436 12 8 '80 I Atlantic silverside 403 93 3 4 421 89 4 7 Northern pipefish 100 95 0 5 197 89 0 11 l . Bluefish 5 80 0 20 9 44 0 56 Weakfish 11 64 0 36 21 71 19 10

, Summer flounder 4 100 0 0 6 '100 0 0 Winter flounder 26 96 0 4 27 89 4 7 t Sand shrimp 5.347 94 1 5 37.220 ~84 0 16 Blue crab 992 92 6 '2 2.633 89 11 0 Note: Slight discrepancies between combined day-night totals in this table and totals in Table 3-1 are due to computer rounding error.

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i TABLE 3-8 VEEKLY MEAN VATER OUALITY VALUES. OCNGS. 1984-1985 Dissolved Secchi Temperature Oxygen Salinity Depth (C) (ec/L) (cet) eH (cm)

Date Day Night _ Day Nizh, Day _ Nicht _ Day Nizht _ Day 13 NOV 84 10.3 9.4 8.0 7.9 23.0 23.2 7.8 7.8 126.)

20 NOV 84 4.3 4.8 10.0 9.5 23.8 24.6 7.9 8.1 131.3 27 NOV 84 5.2 6.4 11.8 12.3 22.1 22.5 8.0 8.1 139.4 4 DEC 84 6.9 6.4 9.6 9.6 25.1 24.8 8.2 8.2 114.8 10 DEC 84 5.7 6.0 8.0 8.0 22.8 22.6 8.1 8.2 137.0 18 DEC 84 8.5 8.9 9.8 9.7 25.1 25.3 8.1 8.1 167.5 26 DEC 84 6.0 5.9 9.9 9.9 24.3 24.3 8.1 8.1 120.3 2 JAN SS 9.2 8.0 9.4 9.5 24.9 24.5 8.0 8.0 131.3 7 JAN 85 2.2 2.3 11.6 11.6 23.3 23.1 8.0 8.0 106.8 15 JAN 85 1.5 1.0 ND 10.4 KD 25.5 8.1 8.1 108.8 22 JAN 85 1.7 1.6 12.3 12.4 24.0 24.7 8.0 8.0 89.2 29 JAN 85 2.7 2.7 11.3 11.3 25.3 24.9 8.1 8.1 172.8 5 FEB 85 1.7 1.9 11.6 11.8 22.6 23.4 8.0 8.0 171.4 17 FEB 85 1.0 0.6 11.5 11.4 24.4 25.0 8.1 8.3 122.1 19 FEB 85 3.6 4.6 11.9 11.2 22.7 ?3.4 8.3 8.3 130.9 26 REB 85 8.1 8.1 9.9 10.2 23.1 23.5 8.3 8.4 143.8 6 MAR 85 7.3 6.6 11.0 11.0 25.6 25.9 8.2 8.3 83.3 12 MAR 85 9.5 9.9 9.4 8.8 25.4 25.4 8.3 8.2 89.6 19 MAR 85 7.0 7 .1 10.4 10.1 26.2 26.2 8.2 8.2 97.9 26 MAR 85 9.7 8.6 10.5 9.9 24.8 25.1 8.2 8.2 111.4 1 APR 85 10.4 9.9 9.4 9.4 24.9 25.1 8.1 8.1 94.s 8 APR 85 9.8 9.0 9.1 9.0 25.8 26.1 8.1 8.1 94.4 15 APR 85 13.8 13.7 9.2 8.7 25.6 25.8 8.2 8.1 105.4 23 APR 85 15.1 15.4 8.0 7.8 25.0 24.6 8.0 8.0 115.9 2 9 APR 85 16.7 17.9 7.8 7.2 25.1 25.4 7.9 8.0 80.1 6 MAY 85 17.7 16.9 8.4 8.0 24.6 24.7 8.1 8.1 104.0 13 MAY 85 22.4 22.1 7.1 6.7 24.3 24.4 8.1 8.1 79.9 Note: D = no data O O O

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i TABLE 3-8 (Cont.) !

Dissolved Secchi !

Temperature Oxygen Salinity Depth (C) _

(ne/L) (opt) oH (cm) ,

Date Day Nicht _D J s N_ight Day Nicht Day .Nicht Day 20 MAY 85 21.4 21.2 i .5 7.2 23.6 23 3 8.0 7.9 74.2 j 28 MAY 85 22.6 22.0 7.3 7.0 23.9 23.7 8.0 8.0 73.3 3 JUN 85 22.3 22.2 7.4 6.9 23.9 23.8 8.0 7.8 100.6

10 JUN 85 23.7 23.5 7.8 7.5 26.2 26.1 8.2 8.1 83.3 t 17 JUN 85 22.6 21.9 7.5 7.0 25.6 25 9 8.2 8.2 68.5 ,

24 JUN 85 22.4 22.2 7.9 7.2 25.3 2.5. 2 8.1 8.1 51.9 ;

1 JUL 85 23.0 23.0 7.8 6.7 24.2 24.7 8.2 8.1 52.2 !

56.9 3 JUL 85 26.3 25.9 7.3 6.5 25.4 25.4 8.2 8.1 15 JUL 83 27.2 26.8 7.4 6.7 26.0 26.4 8.1 E.1 47.7 22 JUL 85 26.2 26.1 7.0 6.6 27.3 27.5 8.1 8.2 51.2 29 JUL 85 25.5 25.7 7.3 6.5 25.8 24.7 8.0 8.0 48.4 5 AUG 85 27.1 27.3 6.9 6.0 26.8 27.3 8.2 8.2 52.1 12 AUG 85 28.4 28.9 6.3 5.5 27.4 27.2 8.1 8.2 54.9 19 AUG 85 24.7 24.6 6.4 5.9 26.8 26.5 8.0 8.1 59.6 26 AUG 85 26.4 26.1 7.1 6.7 25.7 25.7 8.2 8.2 54.6 2 SEP 85 26.0 25.8 7.1 6.6 26.2 25.9 8.1 8.1 54.8 9 SEP 85 24.8 25.3 6.4 5.9 27.4 27.5 8.1 8.1 63.3 16 SEP 85 21.2 21.6 7.3 7.2 27.1 27.5 8.2 8.2 67.9 23 SEP 85 22.0 22.4 6.6 6.5 26.4 26.7 8.2 8.2 67.5 30 SEP 85 21.4 22.1 6.6 6.4 24.9 25.4 8.0 8.0 67.1 7 OCT 85 19.0 19.6 7.8 7.6 24.5 24.0 8.1 8.1 69.2 14 OCT 85 18.8 i y.8 6.9 6.9 25.6 25.9 8.1 8.1 75.0 22 OCT 85 14.8 15.2 7.6 7.3 24.6 24.4 8.1 8.1 52.0 29 OCT 85 13.5 14.4 7.8 8.0 24.9 25.3 8.0 8.2 59.0 5 NOV 85 13.0 12.5 8.3 8.5 25.2 25.7 7.9 7.9 47.0 20 NOV-85 13.3 13.6 8.1 8.6 25.4 25.6 8.2 8.2 49.2 25 NOV 85 9.1 9.5 9.6 9.6 24.5 24.7 8.1 8.1 60.6 4 DEC 85 5.5 6.5 10.4 10.2 21.8 22.1 7.9 7.9 50.8

TABLE 3-9 GENERAL LINEAR MODEL RESULTS FOR SELECTED SPECIES IMPINGED ON OCNGS TRAVELING SCREEN'i, NOVEMBER 1985 Continuous Discrete Variables Variables Species 2 Season r n 1 2 1 2 Bay anchovy (number) Fall 0.07 85 Period Winter 0.08 1 91 Temperature Period Spring 0.02 96 Summer 0.11 172 Period Bay anchovy (weight) Fall 0.06 85 Period Winter 0.10 1 91 Tempe ra ture Period Spring 0.02 96 Summer 0.16 173 Pe riod Atlantic silverside Fall 0.00 67 (number) Winter 0.02 194 Perio!

Spring 0.17 95 Tempe ra ture Tidal Height Atlantic silverside Fall 0.00 67 (weight) Spring 0.17 95 Tempe ra ture Northern pipefish (number) Fall 0.06 85 Temperature Winter 0.01 194 Spring 0.25 94 Screens Period Summer 0.03 173 Northern pipefish (weight) Fall 0.04 85 Winter 0.01 1 93 Spring 0.22 95 Screens Period Weakfish (number) Winter 0.01 1 94 Summer 0.04 173 Period Weakfish (weight) Summer 0.06 173 Period Note: n = number of specimens; period = day or night; screens = number of screens operating; r2 = coefficient of determination; Variables under Column I are more influential than those under Column 2. Variables listed under any column were significant at p 10.05.

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4 ,

_ TABLE 3-1 (Cont.)_ _ __

C.ntin*2oos !? <%e Varir3!!_ us _ _. _

%- :es

_Spgeies Season r

,y n _

1 2 , _' 2 Vinter floander (number) Winter 0.000 1 94 Spring 0.03 96 Winter flounder (weight) Spring 0.03 75 Eluebat. i. erring (nttnber) Spring 0.07 96 Screens Bluebz.ck herring (weight) Spring U ,10 96 Screena Atlar: tic menhaden (number) Summ r 0.02 173 Atlantic mechaden (weight) Sunrnr 0.02 173 Summer flounder (weight) Sommer 0.04 171 Period 85 Period Blue crab (number) Fall 0.08 Winter 0.16 1 91 Temperature Spring 0.l ? 94 Tempe 'ture Screens Period Summer O.13 173 Period Blue crab (weight) Fall 0.13 84 Tempe ra. cu r e Period Win.er 0.08 1 92 Temperature Spring 0.06 96 Tidal height Summer 0.04 173 Period

.:.and shrimp, (number ) Fall 0.09 82 Period Winter 0.03 194 Spring 0.01 96 Summer 0.13 172 Salinity Period Sand shrimp (weight) Fall 0.09 82 Winter 0.02 1 94 Period Sering 0.05 95 Temnerature Screena

}

4

TABLE 3-10 ESTIMI.HD ANNUAL IMPINCEMENT OF SELECTED SPECIES AND ALL ORGANISMS COMBINED BY STUDY YEAR SDJUSTED FOR D1FFE"71CES IN LAMPLING EFFORT (a)

SEP 1975 - EEP 1976 - ELP 1977 - SW 197 8 - SEF 1979 - SEP 1980 - S EP 19 81 - SEP 19R2 - WW *

84 -

Ensilar_ff at _ AUG 1976 AUG 1977_ E g E 1 E g 1979 E9._litL E C 1921_ E C 1*62 ER 1953 l%IEE Bluebnek herring 28.120 27.4 % 4. 9 103.498 35.034 29.973 1 8.I 81 26.122 52.190 Atlantic mer:haden 17,788 94.960 54. 4 0 9.388 3.427 12.005 9.157 5 334 4.654 Bay enchn f 1.Pi l .5 50 147.202 155.858 146.53I $5.611 76.994 147.110 25.497 195.867 Atlantic silve side 61.272 35.051 86 .6 87 196.164 9!2 268.961 45.622 117.889 276.94'

%orthern pipe.ieh 36.066 11.220 21.881 53.700 4 9.82 : 92.602 4 k .80 8 28.479 107.87 tluefieh 11 .0 86 3.935 3.66) 9.658 2.3 *- 9.154 3-278 3.639 4.917 Ucakfish 11.790 27.297 20.es9 5.272 46.186 37.401 14.936 6.351 11.08:

br thern kie gfissi 16 105 23 20 342 117 21 78 0 S me r f l ound e r 4.265 2 .3 80 1.881 1.308 6.14 8.228 1.012 2.602 3.437 Winter floueter 8.90 8 18.618 27.600 148.442 16.122 48.511 25.767 7.619 18.205 Nor thern puf fe 3.113 1 .516 30.414 272 A20 17.179 I.416 655 9 F1 Sa.cl thriep 3.342.143 600.278 3.793.355 4.818.977 3.365.975 6.821.222 1.602.897 4.955.771 17.0*o.788 81ue crab 5.627.253 230.691 1.157.289 310.873 277.727 1.831.654 248.473 44.248 1.333.894 Other species 519.542 2 80.f ' 7 521.660 877.982 235.526 1.039.(60 805.727 424.54l 2.F66.715 Total 11.486.111 1.481.396 6.043.508 6.682.085 4.258.936 10.293.611 2.97n.475 5.679.814 21.4 7.567 (s) Might samples only were collected for the period f ront September 197. through May 1979.

O O O

I'

4. POST-IMPINGFMENT LATENT EFFECTS 4 .1 INTRODUCTION Three measures of impingement survival were used in the course of this study--initial, latent, and total. Initial survival (measured immedi-ately upon collection) is defined as the proportion of live and stunned specimetis of a species that are collected during asmpling relative to the total numbst (including dead) of that species collected. Values obtained by this approach ranged from 1.0 (complete survival) to 0.0 (complete

- mor tali ty) . Latent survival is defined as the number of specimens that survive the 96-hour test period (live and stunned combined) relative to the number cf specimens tested. As with initial survival, latent sur-vival values ranged f rom 0.0 to 1.0. Total survival is the product of initial atm latent survival.

The inclusion of stunned individuals with live individuals in analyses was based on the rationale that they may recover during the 96-hour hold-ing period. It was assumed that 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months is sufficient time to allow mort al ef fects of impingement to manifest th emselve s. Sprague (lo69) it.dicated that acute ef fects of pollutants are usuelly evident within 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months .

Test organisma were maintained in the holding system described in Sectio..

2.2. The possibility that the holding system may have exerted a mortal effect upon test organisms was investigated by collecting non-impinged (control) organisms and subjecting them to the holding system for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . Lctent survival of control organisms was uniformly high in ambi-O ent riter.

results for holding-system effects.

Therefore, it was not necessary to correct latent survival Test organisms were primarily collected at the screenwash discharg: pipe located just downstream of the easternmost dilution pump discharge port (Figure 2-1) . By testing at the very end of the screenwash and return system, all possible stresses in the system were incornorated into the survival results. Additional test collectioes weta made using the impingement sampling pool described in Section 2.1.1. These data were compared to the former to elucidate any additional mortality specific to the. return sluiceway and discharge pipe.

Throughout this chapter, results are presented in terms of best- and worst-case scenarios. The best case is based on data for organisms held for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months in ambient (intake) water. The screenwash di sebarge empti es into the dilution pump discharge area. This ambient water. and presa, ably any previously impinged organisma, remains distinct from the heated condenser cooling water (Figure 2-1) for some distance down the discharge canal bef ore mixing occurs.' The potential exisce for previously impinged organisms to remain in the ambient water, or to acclimate gradually and enter the. mixed plume at a point where moderately elevated temperatures would not be de trimental--thus , the best case. The worst-case analysis is based on total survival data for organisms held for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months in heated water dir&ctly f rom the condenser discharge. This ecenario reflects the rather unrealistic assumption that an oeganism, upon discharge from the 4 -1

screenwash pipe, immediately swims east into she condenser (heated) dis-charge and stays there for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months .

best- and worst-casc situations.

Reality probably exists between the g(

Regression analysis was used to assess the ef fects of several parameters in organism survival. The parameters considered included: ambient and discharge temperatures encountered during collection, salinity measured during collection, temperature encountered during the 96-hour test period, and the number of screens operating at the time of collection.

Add i tio nally , the ef fect of organism size was investigated by visual comparison of the mean size and standard deviation of organisns that had died throughout the 96-hour test period to the mean size and standard deviation of organisms that survived the tests.

The results for each species are presented below. Under each species heading, data are described in the follcwing sequence:

1. Control tests

2. Survival of organisms collected from the impingement sampling pool, as oppoeed to those collected at the end of the screenvash discharge pipe

3. Initial survival, screenwash dischnrge terminus

4. Latent survival, screenwash discharge terminus

5. Total survival, screenwash discharge terminus

6. Statistical results, if any, and discussion In the oiscuscion of results, emphasis is placed ( n total survival rela-tive to collection temperature because it facilitates direct comparison

~

be tween ' es t- and wors t-case scenarios. The "collecticn temperature" is 4

recorded at the end of the screenwash discharge pipe and is essentially equivalent to the " ambient hold" temperature.

Following the species accounts are sections on a comparison of impinge-ment survival for conventional traveling screens at Oyster Creek, with survival af ter impingement on the relatively new Ristroph screens, and a summary section.

4.2 BAY ANCHOVY Adult bay anchovy were dip-nected at the dilution pump uischarge as con-trol test organisms. Of the 445 specimens collected, 227 were held in s intake water and 218 were held in condenser discharge water to determine the ef fect of the holding system on this species. Survival of control bay anchov/ held in ambient water was 0.978 at 95 hours0.0011 days 0.0264 hours 1.570767e-4 weeks 3.61475e-5 months (Table 4-1) .

The average holding temperature during this test was 23.3 C (Table 4-2) . '

The survival of bay anchovy held in condenser discharge water was 0.005 at 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ; however, very luw survival (0.014) occurred af ter 36 hours4.166667e-4 days 0.01 hours 5.952381e-5 weeks 1.3698e-5 months (Table 4-1) . The average holding temperature encountered during the first 36 hours4.166667e-4 days 0.01 hours 5.952381e-5 weeks 1.3698e-5 months of testing was 33.0 C. The results of the ambient tests 4-2

confirmed that the holding system was appropriate for testing this spe-

. cies. Survival test results were not conf ounded by any . holding-system ef fects.

Bay anchovy were not collected from the impingement samp.ing pool in suf ficient numbers to coMeet survival tests at that locatic ..

Initial survival at the screenwash terminus was determined for 2,081 sdult and subadult bay anchovy; results are summarized by sample event in Table 4-3. _ Excluding initial survival values when less than 20 speci-mens were collected, the calculated mean initial survival of bay anchovy was 0.83 (SD = 0.16) for the combined ambient and discharge data.

Latent survival (c'ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ) was calculated separately for bay anchovy specimens ueld in ambient water and condenser discharge water.

Excluding sample event tests with less than 20 rest specimens, mean latent survival for bay anchovy held in ambient water was 0.49 (SD =

0.33) and ranged from 0.03 to 0.91 (Table 4-3) . Latent survival of bay anchovy held in condenser discharge water ranged from 0 to 0.7; the mean latent- survival of bay anchovy was 0.11 (SD = 0.20) .

Total survival of bay _ anchovy under the best-case (i.e. , ambient) scenario ranged from 0.01 to 0.84 for tests with 20 or more specimens tested; mean total survival was 0.37 (SD = 0.32) . Worst-cane scenario results ranged from 0 to 0.66; the mean total survival of bay anchovy.

considering only tests with 20 or more specimens, was 0.10 (SD = 0.19) .

O Visual inspection of length data (Table 4-4) revealed ne dif ference between live and dead test specimens. Thus, survival was not related to the size of Zish tested.

The high variability in survival for this species prompted the use of regression analyses to determine if significant trends exist within the

- data se t. Review of the total survival data set (consicering only tests with 20 or more specimens) reveals that critical temperatures exist that could confound attempts to describe results in a linear fashion (Figure 4-1). Low total sutvival of bsy anchovy held in ambient conditions occurs at collection temperatures of 14 C and below, and again at col-lection temperatures of 22 C and above. Relatively high total survivals (awoient hold) are recorded from 16 to 25 C. Low - total survival of bay anchovy held in condenser discharge water occurs throughout the tempera-tures encountered. Peak survival (discharge held) occurred when collec-tion temperatures were 22.6 C. The variation within this data set is a reflection of _ thc_ fragile nature of this species and points to other.

unmeasured factors that influence i'a survival (e.g. , ef fects of collec-tion, handling, st ocking) .

Ceneral linear model . r38ults employing the entire data set are summarized for specific collection -tempera ture ranges in Table 4-5 for bay anchovy.

Bay anchovy total survival is varbble and is not easily described by linear modeling techniques. It is clear that total survival is greater i in ambient water conditions than in condenser discharge conMtions. When collection temperatures exceed 23.5 0 or mean holding te perature exceeds 30 C, discharge-held bay anchovy exhibit no survival. The correlation ;

l l

4-3 l l

of collection temperature and initial st t at temperatures above 23.5 C was highly significant (Table 4-5) . hose values compare well with information tabulated by Terpir et al. (1977) who reported critical g

temperaturer of 27-33 C resulting in total mortality.

In spite of the inconsistent results in totsi survival of ambient-held fish, there were five sampling events (weeks) in which best-case ambient total survival exceeded 50 percent when more than 20 specimens were testel (Table 4-3) . Total survival teached as high as 84 percent (Event 15). This gives some indication that, under rt.e right conditions, s ub -

stantial numbere of previously impinged bay anchovy may survize if they remain in the dilotion water stream within the discharge canal and pos-sibly acclimate slowly to the mixed dilution and discharge plumes (in best case). Except for one sampling event (21), total survival of fish l held in discharge water was very low (s'rst case). Thus, at least for j those events yielding a relatively high ambient survival, projection of I true survival depends on the thermal characteristics of the discharge l canal and bay anchovy response to unknown temperature gradients. The present data permit only the conclusion that the potential exists for some unknown level of survival of impinged bay anchovy.

4.3 ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE Adult Atlantic silverside were collected at the condenser discharge f alse bays by dip net for control testing of the holding ystem. A total of 175 specimens was collected--118 were held in ambient water and 57 were held in condeneer discharge water. Survival over the 06-hour holding period was essentially 1.0 for both ambient and condenser-discharge water; thus, no correction for mortality attributable to the holding system was ne:essary (Table 4-1) . The cean ambient water temperature was 6.3 C and the mean condenser discharge water temperature was 10.1 C (Table 4-e) . Unlike the control test results for bay anchovy , the hold-ing temperature encountered during these tests is not an important iactor at fecting survival of unimpinged Atlantic silverside.

One hundred ;nd thirty-one Atlantic silversides were collected from the iupingement sampling pool--118 were held in ambient water and 13 were held in condeneer discharge water. The mean ambient holding tempe c ature (uring ane 90 hsur holding period was 8.3 C; the mean discharge tempera-wure r s 17.5 L (Table 4-6) . Latent survival was about equal for both

% ree temperature regimes--0.89 in ambient. 0.846 in discharge (Table 4 -7 ) . ?aese results were similar to those from tests of fish collected under similar conditions at the end of the screenwash discharge pipe as discussed below.

A total of 3,388 adult and subadult Atlantic silversides was collected at the screenwash terminus and inspected for it itial survival. Ini .al survival of this species ranged f rom 0.849 to 1.9 (Table 4-8); mean ini-tial eurvival was 0.96 (SD = 0.04) over all tests, ambient and discharge combined. The values of initial survival were high and very stable over all collection temperatures which ranged frem 0.9 to 25.1 C (Table 4-6) .

O 4 -4

-Latent survival v calculated separately for Atlantic silverside held in ambient water and condenser discharge waters (Table 4-8) . Excluding

--O- - tests with lesa than 20 specimens,' ambient latent survival ranged f rom 0.51 to 0.99; mean latent survival-was 0.86 (SD = 0.14) . Discharge '

latent survival ranged fr.m 0 to 0.975 over all tests; exclusion of tests when less than 20 specimens were collected yielded a mean discharge latent survival of 0.91 ( SD = 0.06) .

Excluding tests with ' 9w numbers of organisms (<20), mean ambient total survival was 0.82 (SD = 0.15) and ranged from 0.46 to 0.97. Total survi-val of Atlantic silverside held in condenser discharge water ranged from 0 to 0.97 for all tests; mean total survival (220 test organisms) was 0.84 ( SD = 0.08) . .

The majority of tests that were conducted with less than 20 specimens occurred during peak discharge temperature conditions (T Sles 4-1 and 4-8) . The low abundance encountered was probably a result of this spe-cies' preference for shallow warm waters and avoidance of deeper channels that could lead into the Forked River intake. Thera was a marked dif fer-ence in total survival between Atlantic silverside held in ambient water :'

and those held in discharge water during this warm period. Figure 4-2 illustrates the relationship of total survival relative to collection temperature and presents the data for each holding water system sepa-rately. Minimum and maximum privotal temperatures bacc m evident: at temperatures of 6 C or lower, a linear relationship is o sservable for ambient-hcid specimens. At temperatures above 6 C, a nigh and relatively stable total survival is detectable; the same high and relatively stable s survival of this species held in discharge water is apparent to 17.5 C, above which en abrupt reduction of survival -occurs. Since tne normal operating delta-T of OCNGS is 10 C, it appears as though a discharge temperature of 27.T C for Atlantic silverside acclimated to 17.5 C is y lethal.

The data set was ,artitioned by the above stated thermst values and the r

- General Linear Model (CLM) was employed. Results - are summarized in Table 4-9 and reveal the following:

Best Case Temperature 16C: Total survival = -0.164 + 0.182 x collection temperature Temperature >6 C: Total survival = 0.89 Worst Case ,

Temperature 117.5 C: Total survival = 0.861 Temperature >17 5 C: Total survival = 0.16

.- Because of the steep, linear distri- ton o' embient hold (best case) data below 6 C (Figure 4-2), total .arvival la best described by the

-above equation. For the other survival estimates, mean values were more

-t descriptive. The above values appear to characterize adequately post-impingement latent survival of Atlantic silverside at OCNGS for the two 4-5

l hypothetical thermal regimes tested and compare well with data presented by Hall et al. (1982), which suggested a critical thermal maximum of g 3 0. 5-3 3. 8 C. It should be noted, however, that the vast majority of W Atlantic silversides impinged occur at ambient temperatures less than 17.5 C. During 1984-1985, less than one percent of Atlantic silversides impinged occurred at temperatures above 17.5 C (Chapter 3) .

There was no observed dif ference between the mean lengths of live speci-mens and dead specimens of Atlantic silverside tested during this study (Table 4-10) . Survival results were not confounded t 4 the size of fish tested.

4.4 SAND SHRIMP Two hundred and one sand shrimp were collected from the mouth of Cedar u 2

Creek by beach seine for control testing of the holding system--101 were stocked in ambient vater and 100 were stocked in condenser discharge water. Control survival of this species held in ambient water was 0.960 at 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ; control survival of this species held in condenser discharge water was 0.83 at 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months (Table 4-1) . However, survival in the heated water system sas comparable to survival in the ambiet;t water system through 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months and that reduction in survival to 0.830 is primarily due to lost (unaccounted for) specimens which could have escaped or bee ,

eaten (iiving sand shrimp were on occasion observed to cannibalize dead sand shrimp). The very high survival in ambient holding conditions pre-cluded the necessity of correcting the post-impingement survival data for holding-system effeets.

Two hundred thirteen sand shrimp were collected trom the impingement sampling pool--113 were held in ambient water conditions and 100 were held in condenser discharge water conditions. Survival was about equal in both thermal regimes--0.894 in ambient and 0.91 in discharge (Table 4-7 ) . The mean ambient holding temperature was 8.4 C over the 96-hour i holding period; mean discharge temperature was 17.9 C (Table 4-11) .

These survival results were similar to those derived from tests of sand shrimp collected under similar thermal conditions at the screenwash dis-charge pipe (discussed below) .

A total of 6,845 sand shrimp was collected and inspected for initial c o nd i tion. Initial condition for this species ranged f rom 0.94 to 1.0; mean initial condition was 0.99 (SD = 0.016) for all tests (Table 4-12) .

Initial survival values -ere high and very stable over all collection temperatures f rom 0.8 to 25.5 C (Table 4-12) .

Latent survival values were calculated separately for sand shrimp held in ambient and condenser discharge waters. Latent survival ranged from 0.88 to 1.0 in ambient water tests (mcan = 0.97, SD = 0.02) . Discharge latent survival ranged f rom 0 to 0.98 (mean = 0.52, SD = 0.47) (Table 4-12) . Mean ambient-holding water temperature ranged fro s 1.0 to 24.4 C; mean discharge holding water temperature ranged f rom 12.3 to 33.2 C (Table 4-11) .

O 4 -6 l

1

~ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ .

i Total survival of sand shrimp held in ambient water ranged from 0.88 to 0.99; mean survival was 0.96 (SD = 0.03) for all tests (Table 4-12).

O. Total survival of discharge-held specimens ranged from 0 to 0.98 (mean = 0.50, SD = 0.46) .

Figure 4-3 reveals that sand shrimp total survival in ambient water appears to be unaf fected by the impingement process. Sand shrimp that were subjected to 96-hour exposure in discharge water of less than 12 C displayed survivals equivalent to those held in ambient water (i.e.,

unaf fec ted) . Mortalities were apparent at collection temperatures of 12 C and above for specimens held in discharge water. Total survival was low (0.1 and less) at mean collection temperatures of 16.9 C and above, which correspond to mean holding temperatures of 28.8 0 and above.

One intermediate total survival value of 0.58 was reasured during a col-1ection temperature of 12.0 C and associated with a mean holding temper-ature of 22.9 C. Mortalities during this test were observed at the final

( 96-hour) check. This mortality coincided with a rise in discharge hold-ing temperature to-26.8 C. This value appears reasonable when compared to the temperature ef fects noted for 28.8 C.

-The data set was partitioned into three temperature categories based on the above thermal considerations and the GLM was applied. Results are summarized in table 4-13; the following valuee have been extracted to describe sand shrimp total survival relative to collection temperature.

Best Case

/*T

.(,j. All (test) temperatures: Total survival = 0.956 Worst Case Temperature <12 C: Total survival = 0.945 Temperature 212 C: Total survival = 0.074 Mean holding and maximum temperature encountered during the 96-hour test period appear to be important factors af fecting sand shrimp survival in discharge water when ambient temperatures reach 12 C and above.

Visual inspection of length data (Table 4-14) indicated no prominent dif ferences between lengths of live and dead test specimens. Therefore, evaluation of survival by_ size groups was not necessary.

To evaluate potential impact, the ecology of the sand shrimp must be integrated with- the survival data. Many sand shrf.mp emigrate from Barnegat Bay into the ocean during the warmer part of the year; those remsining e.ppear to avoid shallower, warmer wat<st (Moore 197 8) . Thus, impinger?nt is minimal during this period. During the 1984-1985 study year (Chapter 3), only 6 percent of the sand shrimp impinged occurred at1 temperatures above 16 C. Consequently , the high mortality associated with temperatures above 16 C would have had a negligible ef fect with respect to the total number impinged during the year.

, .C!

4 -7 l 1

l

4.5 W1NTER FLOUNDER Because of ehe relatively low numbers of winter flounder collected, neither hold '.ng-system control nor impingement-pool loca tion testing was possible-.

A total of 699 adult and juvenile winter flounder was collected from the screenwash terminus and observed for initial survival. Initial survival ranged f rom 0.94 to 1.0 (Table 4-15) . The mean initial survival of this species was 0.99 ( SD = 0.011 for all tests.

Latent survival was calculated separately for winter f1cunder held in amtient and condenser discharge water. Ambient latent survival ranged f rom 0 to 1.0; the zero value was a single test based on one specimen.

Except for this single test, latent survival in ambit.at water ranged f rom 0.55 to 1.0. Considering only the six sampling events involving 20 or more test specimens, mean latent survival was 0.99 (SD = 0.02) .

Condenser discharge latent survival also ranged from 0 to 1 (Table 4-15);

aean autvival (220 specimens) was 0.97 ( SD = 0.06) . Thermal conditions in the holding system are described in Table 4-16.

Total survival of winter flounder held in ambient water ranged from 0 to 1.0; mean total survival was 0.97 (SD = 0.03) for all ambient water tests involving more than 20 specimens. Winter flounder held in condenser dis-charge water showed a total survival range f rom 0 to 1.0; the mean (220 specimens) was 0.96 (SD = 0.06) .

Figure 4-4 illustraces the relationship of total survival values to O collection temperatures for winter flounder held in both ambient water and condense: discharge water. For specimens held in ambient wt.ter, a relatively stable total survival rate is evident throughout collection temperature ranges of 1.3-26.8 C (Figure 4-4, Table 4-16) . Winter flounder held in condenser discharge water displayed relatively high survival in collection temperatures up to 11.9 C. One exception was an occurrence of lower survival (0.85) which, at a collection temperature of 3.0 C, was not caused by thermal f actors. A total of 84 winter flounder was tested in this particular event and most of the specimens that exhib-ited mortality were large adelts greater than 250 mm FL that were stunned and near death at collection. Because few specimens vere available when collection temperatures ranged from 12 to 20 C, none were tested in dis-charge water. Those few specimens held in discharge water when collec-tion temperature rose above 20 C showed a reduced survival rate. Only one organism was tested when the collection temperature was 20.1 C (Table 4-15 Event 13) . A total of five winter flounder held in discharge water died when the collection tempecature was 26.0 C.

With one notable m 1, tion, there was no dif ference between the mean size of live and dead w :er flounder at the end of 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . The unusual point occurred during Event 47 as mentioned above; mean size of survivors (Table 4-17) at the end of the test was 129.5 mm FL (SD = 33.6) compared to the mean size of dead specimens, which was 301.6 mm FL (SD = 71.5) .

This situation occurred only once and no explana tion is prof fered, g 4-8

Taole 4-18 lists the results of the regression analyses; the following values have been extracted to describe winter flounder survival at OCNGS relative to collection temperature.

Best Case "

All (test) temperateres: Total survival = 0.92 9 Worst Case Temperature 111.9 C: Total survival = 0.976 Temperature 220.1 C: Total survival = 0 The worst-case resulta may be put in perspective using the abundance and temperature data tabulated in Chapter 3. Seventy-five percent of the annual estimated number of winter flounder vere impinged when co11cetion (embient) temperatures were lesa than 11.9 C. Survival of these fish J

would have been nearly 100 percent. No winter flounder were impinged at collection temperatures above 20.1 C. Based in the 1984-1985 study year, at least 75 percent, and perhaps more, of the winter flounder were pro-jected to have survived.

, _ 4.6 SURVIVAL OF RISTROPH SCREEN IMPINGEMENT During 1983-1984, the then existing vertical traveling screens in the intake of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station vere replaced with Ristroph screens. The latter of fer three improve.ments over conventional screens to ninimize damage to impinged organisms:

1. They are designed to operate continuously, thus preventing extended periods of contact of organisms with the screen face.

2. Each screen panel (Figure 2-3) has a trough that holds sufficient water to keep organisms from suffocating and drying when they are lif ted above the water surf ace.

3. Organisms are removed from the screens with low-pressure water sprays.

To determine whether the use of Ristroph screens resulted in better survival of impinged organisms, the 1535 survival data are compared herein to corresponding data for the conventional screens. The latter data were gathered by Ichthyological Associates (IA) at Oyster Creek prior to - 197 9. In the TA studies, test organisms were collected at points in the screenwash sluiceways, rather than at the end of the j screenwash discharge pipes, as in EA studies. The final survival-observations were made at 48 hours5.555556e-4 days 0.0133 hours 7.936508e-5 weeks 1.8264e-5 months in the IA studies, rather than

. 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months .

'O 4-9

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Table 4-18 lists the results of the regression analyses; the following values have been extracted to describe winter flounder survivr.1 at OCNGS

(} relative' to collection temperature.

Best Case a

All (test) temperatures: Total survival = 0.92 9 Worst Case Temperature 111.9 C: Total survival = 0.976 Temperature 120.1 C: Total survival = 0 The worst-case results may be pu in perspective using the abundance and temperature da ta tabulated in Clapter 3. Seventy-five percent of the annual estimated number of winter flounder were impinged unen collection (ambient) temperatures were less than 11.9 C. Survival of these fish would have been nearly 100 percent. No winter flounder were impinged at collection temperatures above 20.1 C. Based on the 19R4-19& tudy year, at least 75 percent, and perhaps more, of the winter floundet ere pro-jected to have survived.

4.6 SURVIVAL OF RISTROPH SCREEN IMPINGEMENT During 1983-1984, the then existing vertical traveling screens in the

.'ntake of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station were replaced with

() y Ristroph screens. The latter of fer three improvements a screens to minimize damage to impinged organisms:

over conventional

1. They are ~ designed to operate continuously, thes preventing extended periods of contact af organiams with the screen face.

2. Each screen panel (Figure 2-3) has a trough that holds sufficient cater to keep organisme from suffocating and drying when they are lif ted above the water sarf ace.

3. Organisms are removed from the screens with low-pressura water sprays.

To determine whether the use of Aistroph screets resulted in better survival of impinged organisms, the 1985 survival data are compared herein to corresponding data for the conventional screens. The latter data were gathered by Ichthyological Associates (IA) at Oyster Creek prior to 197 9. In. the IA studies, test organisms were collected at points' in the screenwash sluiceways, rather than at the end of the screenwash discharge pipes, as in LA studies. The final eurvival observations were made at ^8 hours in the IA studies, rather dann 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months .

(:)-

4-9

Tablec 4-19 and 4-20 contain the IA and EA survival data, calculated as macn survival. Survival results for organisms held in heated discharge water are presented for completeness, but they are n,t appropriate for comparing the ef fects of the two types of screens. Thermal ef fects can nask ef fects due to the sc eens alone. Survival in aablent water permits evaluation of screen effects.

Both initial and ' atent survival (ambient) of bay anchovy from the Ristroph screens were higher than conventional screen survival (Table 4-19) . This resulted in a three-fold increase (0.06 - 0.19) in total survival with the Ristroph screens (Table 4-20). In contrast, total '

ambient survival of Atlantic silverside, wintcr flounder, and sand shrimp was essentially the same for the Ristroph and conventional screers. Tc'sl survival for these species was very high, regardless of screen type. The slight decrease in total eurvival of winter floun-der with Ristroph screens is not considered to be an eccurate estimate due to the extremely small sample sisa tested for conventional screens.

Based on the above results, the Ristroph screens appear to have increased survival where it was most critical--for fre;ile species such as bay anchovy. As discussed in Section 4.2, the chances of bay anchovy suc-cessfully negotiating the thermal gradients in the discharge canal to re-enter Barnegst Bay are unknown, but increased ambient survival due to the Ristroph screens inersases the potential for survival and successful passage darough the discharge canal.

(

4.7 EUMMARY

. Total survival varied among target species and thermal conditions encountered alter passage through the screerzwash system. Survival of Atlantic silverside, vinter flounder, and saad chrimp was high ( >85 percent) in ambient-holding conditions (best case) . Survival of these species was also high in heated (worst case) holding conditions, up to certain threshold tenperatures, These threshold (ambient) t empe ra turc s ,

above which survival sharply decreased, were 17.5 C for Atlantic silver-side, 12 C for sand shrimp, and between 12 and 20 C for winter flounder.

t Bay anchovy fared less well in survival tests. In heated waters (worst case), many tests resulted in zero survival, and only one test resulted in more than 30 percent total survival . Best-cane (ambient) survival was variable. Below 16 C and above 25 C very poor survival was recorded.

The reason for the erratic results of the ambient tests is unknown.

However, the fact that six ambient tests yielded total survivals from 56 y to 84 percent suggesta the potential for survival of many bay anchovy under best-case conditions. That is, siter impingement, fish may stay in the cooler (ambient) dilution U: 3 charge or elevly acclimate to the mixed dilution and condenser discharge plumes.

To assess the potential impact or impingement mor tality , the ambient tem-perature ranges (and corresponding time periods) over which the highest mortality occurreJ were compared to the periods of occurrence of test species. Based on impingenent abundance da ta collected during 19&i-1985, ggg 4-10

- _ - - . - - . - . . . ~ . . . - - . ~ . . - . - _ ~ . . - . - - - . . . . . - .

the majority of Atlantic. silverside, vinter: flounder, and sand shrimp

.. . occurred when worst-case total survival .was quite high, nearly or over ,

=()

90 percent. .Thus, for these important species, impingement mortality .

1 -

is projected to be minimal on an annual basis.

For- Atlantic silverside and sand shrimp, ~ survival tests ware et lucted on-specimens collected in the impiegement sampling pool, as well as from the end of the screenwash discharge pipe. Survival results .were the same for both sampling locations. At least for these two species, the screenwash sluiceway downstream of the sampline pool and the underground discharge pipe do not exert additional stress on impinged: specimens.

The recently installed Ristroph traveling screens appear to have inet eased survival of impinged bay anchov:r. Previous studies of -the conventional screens at Oyster Creek yielded a mean total survival of 10.06 in ambient holding conditions. The corresponding value for bay anchovy impinged on the Ristroph screens in 1985 was :0.19. .This three-fold itierease rsecesents a substantial benefit to the notably fragile bay anchovy. For Atlantic silverside, vinter flounder,- and sand sheimp,

.servival. was similar be tween Ristroph and conventional screens.

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Figure 41. Relationship of total survival to collection temperatures for bay anchovy impinged at the Oyster

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=______________________________________--___

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TABLE 4-1 PROPORTIONAL SURVIVAL OF NON-IMPINC ED CONTROL ORGANISHS EY.d SFRVATION TIME AN U ,XPOSURE TFljfER_ATU RE AT O(flG S _

Ob s e rva ti on Bav Anc h o vv Atlantic Silverside Sand Shrito Time (hrs) Ar51ent Disetarge Anbleni 21s c h ar g e__ Athlent Discharge 0.5 1.0 0.752 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.00 1 1.0 0.729 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.00 2 1.0 0 .5 83 1.0 1.0 0 . 9 91 1.00 3 1.0 0.472 1.0 1.0 0 . 9 91 1.00 6 1.0 0.275 1.0 1.0 0 . 9 91 0 .9 81 12 1.0 0.188 1.0 1.0 0 . 9 91 0 . 9 80 24 1.0 0.128 1.0 1.0 0 .9 91 0 . 9 80 36 0 . 9 96 0.014 1.0 1.0 0 .97 0 0 .9 80 48 0 . 9 96 0.009 1.0 1.0 0.070 0 . 9 80 72 0 .9 82 0.009 1.0 1.0 0 .960 0.970 96 0 .97 8 0.005 1.0 0 . 9 82 0.960 0.830 Errori8) 0.009 0.005 0.006 0.0 0.010 3.150 Number 227 2.: 8 118 57 101 100

[a5 arror = Number unaccounted for divided by the number stocked.

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TABLE 4-2 THERMAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH LATENT EFFECTS TESTING OF BAY ANCHOVY AT OCNGS CONDUCTED FROM MARCH THROUGH DZCEMBER 1985 Ambit.n t Tercerature (C) Eischarce Tennerature (C)

Test Mean Max. Mean Max.

-Numbe- .Date Collection Egid Egid Collection Egli Egli Control 23.3 23 3 24.7 32.4 33 7 36.2 Event 6 4 MAR 6.0 6.6 S.9 B.9 11.4 18.3 Event 8 18 MAR -- -- --

10.2 12.5 17 3 Event 10 1 APR 9.6 10.7 15.0 -- -- --

Event 11 8 APR 11.5 10.5 11.5 11.4 16.4 22 5 Event 12 15 APR 12.0 13.5 17.3 12.0 22.8 27.1 .

Event 13 22 APR 20.1 17.4 20.0 20.1 29.7 30.3 Event 14 2 9 APR 16.7 17.4 22.o 16.9 28.5 33.7 Event 15 6 MAY 17.5 18.0 22.6 17.5 28.0 31.1 Event 16 13 MAY 24.7 23.3 24.9 24.6 32.6 33.0' Event 11 20 MAY 23 1 22.3 23.3 23.2 30.3 32.0 Event 18 28 MAY 23.6 22.6 24.4 23.4 32.4 34.2 Event 19 3 JUN 25.1 24.4 25.8 24.9 32.4 33.9 Event 20 10 JUN- 23.5 23 5 24.8 23.5 29.1 32.9 Event-.1 17 JUN 22.5 22.5 23.9 22.6 25.7 33.9 Event 22 24 JUN 25.5 23.5 26.2 25.5 28.9 35.1 Event 23 1 JUL 22.4 23.5 26.2 22.9 33.8 36.2

_() Event 24 9 JUL -- -- --

26.4 33.9 36.1 Event 25 15 JUL -- -- --

31.1 38.6 38.6 Event 28 5 AUG 27.1' 27.2 27 9 27.0 35.2 35.9 Event 29 12 AUG 30.3 28.2 28.8 30.0 38.0 38.7 Event 30 19 AUC 26.3 25 2 26 3 26.1 35.0 36.0 ;'

. Event 31 26 AUG 27.9 25.6 28.1 29.0 37.4 37.6

-Event 33 9 SEP 28.1 26.1 28.3 28.1 38.0 38.0 '

Event 34 16 SEP -- -- --

20.9 31.1 31.1 Event 35 2^ "EP 22.3 22.1 23.0 22.3 32.8 32.9 Event 36 3L 23.2 ' 3 .1 23 .1 23.1 34.0 34.0 Event 37 70 18.5 16.9 21.1 18.5 28.5 31.1 Event 39 21 OCT 15.3 15.6 17.S --- -- --

Event 41 4 NOV 12.5 12.9 13.2 -- -- --

Event 42 11 NOV 13.5 '13.5 14.2 -- -- --

Event 43 18 NOV 12.6 13.2 15.3 12.6 16.7 18.9 Ever.t 44 25 NOV 9.2 10.3 11.4 9.2 17.8 20.4 Event 45 2 DEC 10,8 7.8 10.5 11.0 15.8 18.0 Event 46 9 DEC 5.4 6.0 7.5 -- -- --

Note: -- = No dats collected.

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FROM MARCll TilRfUGH DECEMBER 1985 Sample Live Stunned Dead Event Mean SD Number m M SD Number h SD Number Control 65.6 7.6 120 6' 5 8.0 111 Control 60.5 6.1 100 58.5 6.3 102 6 78.0 0.0 3 10 79.0 1.6 4 11 82.3 5.1 4 78.9 4.7 32 12 79.5 7.1 14 13 77 1 7.8 36 74.6 6.4 127 14 70.0 6.4 24 68.3 8.8 45 15 64.4 7.3 144 54.7 10.0 114 16 64.4 8.7 43 66.1 9.5 122 17 57.9 11.4 9 59.5 12.1 73 18 66.8 6.9 9 56.6 14.2 33 19 57.5 13.2 34 20 56.3 7.8 62 54.5 9.0 105 21 58.9 5.7 20 68.0 12.7 20 22 69.0 6.1 3 65.6 6.9 70 23 65.7 10.1 3 69.0 8.6 36 24 25 63.5 69.5 2 .1 7.8 2

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m TABLE 4-6 THERMAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH LATENT EFI ECTS TESTING OF ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE AT OCFJS CONDUCTED FROM FEBRUARY THROUGH DECEH3ER 19 85 g Ambie21 (C) Discharce (C) Test Mean Max. Mean Max. Number Date Collection Hold Hold Collec tion Hald Hold Control 6.3 7.8 9.1 10.1 12.5 17.3 Pool 7.4 8.3 13.2 15 9 17.9 24.2 Event 2 4 FEB 1.7 1.3 1.9 -- -- -- Event 3 11 FEB 0.9 1.0 2.0 -- -- - Event 4 19 FEB 3.8 3.6 7.3 -- -- -- Event 5 25 FEB 8.4 8.2 8. 8 -- -- -- Event 6 4 MAR 6.0 6.7 8. 8 8.9 11.3 18.3 Event 7 11 MAR 12.2 9.8 11.6 12.2 19.2 21 .7 Event 8 18 MAR 6.6 7.3 8.7 10.2 12.4 17.3 Event 9 25 MAR 7.9 8.2 13.2 7.5 18.0 24.2 Event 10 1 APR 10.5 10.7 14.9 11.0 18.0 21.2 Event 11 8 APR 11.5 10.6 11.5 11.5 16.4 21.9 Event 12 15 APR 12.0 13.5 17.3 12.0 22.8 27.1 Event 13 22 APR 20.1 17.4 20.0 20.1 29.7 30.3 Event 15 6 MAY 17.5 18.0 22.6 17.5 27.7 31.1 Event 19 3 JUN 25.1 24.4 25.8 24.9 32.4 34.0 Event 20 10 JUN 23.3 23.7 24.9 23.4 29.9 33 1 llg Event 23 1 JUL -- -- -- 24.8 34.6 35.2 Event 3 8 14 OCT 19.0 19.2 19.2 -- -- -- Event 3 9 21 OCT 14.9 15.7 17.8 -- -- -- Event 41 4 NOV 12.3 12.7 13.2 -- -- -- Event 42 11 NOV 13.5 13.5 14.2 -- -- -- Event 43 18 NOV 11.9 12.8 16.2 11.9 16.4 21.0 Event 44 25 NOV 9.2 40.1 11.2 9.2 17.9 20.4 Event 45 2 DEC 11.0 7.9 10.5 11.0 15.8 18.0 Event 46 9 DEC 5.5 6.1 7.7 5.5 14.9 15.8 Event 47 16 DEC 3.9 3.2 4.2 4.0 5.4 9.4 1 1 O g a ____ Q )? A sv.s> v Y[A\ # $s# s , IMAGE EVALUATION ((j%sfo N d'@', / U %$@ x\;/g/ TEST TARGET (MT-3) cf f,p/ %, N ~ g /// , c' ' (V

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' R _ _ _ _ __ ______ ___ _---_-_ ____._ _ . . - . - . . - - . -_ --- _ .-_ __ _ z __ _: b TABLE 4-7 PROPORTIONAL SURVT. VAL OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED F ROM Tile IMPINGEMENT SAMPLING POOL BY OBSERVATION TIME AND HOLDING WATER TEHPERATORE _ Obse rva tion . Atlantic Silverside Sand Shrinm Time (h i Ambient Discharce Ambient Discharte 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 1.0 0.923 1.0 1.0 2 1.0 0 .923 1.0 1.0 3 0.991 0 .923 1.0 1.0 , 6 0.9C 0.923 1.0 1.0 12 0.95 8 0.923 0 . 9 91 0 . 9 90 24 0 .941 0 .923 0 . 9 82 0 . 9 90 36 0 . 93 2 0 .923 0 . 96 5 0 . 990 48 0 . 91 5 0.923 0.%5 0 . 9 90 72 0 . 907 0 . 846 0.956 0.950 % 0 . 890 0 . 846 0.894 0 . 91 0 Error (a) 0.0 0.0 0.062 0.040 Famber 11 8 13 113 i00 f). Error a Number unaccounted for divided by the number stocked. O l m i 1 4 4 mN ( i 1 $*. .rs 9 .= 1 1 1 ( m CO - N Nm@ NC N fa4. e .=m= m @ 4- l i I 1 l - 4 l T W th ==4 CO O MM@ W44N C Ch @ OO ac Q M @@ @@@ @ @ @ D l . u . . I i 5 I N. . . . . . . C. @. C. C. C. I I l - 1 O O CC 1 1 I i CCCCCCCCCCCC I I I o ' C la o . .C. H N 4 u a to O W .C C Q ud m e C to m @ CO C0 + 4 4 4 C Ch N OO e M ** O @ 00 u g , u I I i 1 . GQ Ch. Ch. @.Ch. Ch. EC. C. @ C. C. C. l t 1 e W C CC 1 I I I CCCCCCCCCCCC 1 I I t > 3 .4 - M o to O C. O M e H OO + @ CO O O @ %OO4 CO C <ti a C. C. I I i 1 co. e. Ch. C. C. Ch. e. O. C. Ch . C. C. I i i .-. - 1 I i f C C C .=.= c C - - C - 1 i t .- C. O aC 1.* wl u k W C C o U O Z m+ . H CO CC CD m@ NO@ CO t- ! N@ Ch C4N= l --A m M 4lh Z - - .= m-N CD 5 i -. C .-. m - 1 4 W ene =,=e NN m- .= - u H s M' & Co W u H $0 0Z 0 WW . al Cm C m @. CC Ch e Ch @ N 4 r% m O ,D OOO w WU c C. c0 C. em. 4. CO. CO. co. co. 1 Ch. m. op . . tw . m C. C. l C. C. C. e 4w u 3 WC O = C CCCCCCC 3 C C C C C * -. I ==a -- H to t;* = O E - u en WD C

e.

HC .:: < cr. . .U. m 1~ .c d O Ch O m .= W N NN Ps Ch 4 rs m O C COO gg h d F C v C. (D. C. .=. m. Ch. Ch. Ch. @. i %. Ch. GQ. N. Ch. o. O. l C. C. C. w o b >= w - C CCCCCCC i C C C C C ==e *== 6 .* - e* w gr. y o 3 *C ih b D o C% 6 N r: HW W 4W C w ,=4 OO OC-m@ mN Ch c0 C C O O O OOO OE rJi Ch Ch C CC =W O. O* C* C. m *Ch* *ch*

~~1 m~~
*m* C
~~C* C C. C* 1 C. C* C. N to %~~

~~to W 4d -= .= ,= C C C C C 1 C C.= = e - 1 - - C~~

~~C @~~

.C d 3 4H > b e M R u > C C Cf. Z c DC > to U f so sc :c co cx: c4

~~2 cd 2 cd cd >. Z Z 3 W W W W *C 4 at; *C 4 C. EL p.~~

> o 06 :D *L D C w e W W W W I I E I aC*C*C 4 E< 9 99 v Z w CO o I C 4 - r% W a3 CC m Co e N @ m O - 4 ,= 4 g4 4 ===e= N -N e N .= =N

C W 0 1 u H =

C = N m A Ch C m CO Ch = ,u= u G J *=4 O N m4W@ N EC Ch - em == * * - - N NmM4 f0 U l ma y u u u uu uu u uuu uuu uu u uu v& u e=* C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C c C C H = C O o 0 0 0 o oo V 0 0 e c4 o 4 o o 0 0 e Z O C > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > to VW WWWWW f.61 L1 W W W W W W W WWW WW v I L l O O O . 7 s i 1 TABLE 4-8 (Cont.) . 6

j. Test Ambient Discht.rre *

' Number Date _ Initial' Latent Total _N_ Initial Latent.. Total' N '; j Event 42 'll NOV 0.99 0.95 0.94 106 -- -- - -- ! Event 43 18 NOV 0.90 0.76 0.68 78 0.93 0.82 0.76- =89.

I Event 44 25 NOV 0.97 0.94 0 .91 178 0.98 0.89 0.87 1 90 j Event 45 .2"DEC 0.91 0.89 0.81 133. 0.94 0.85 .0.90 155 j Event 46 9 DEC 0.99 0.93 0.92 75 0.97 0.97 0.94 62 i Event 47 16 DEC 0.97 0.60 0.58 35 0.97 0.97 0.95 '75 I !

Hean (arithmetic) Standard deviation (a) 0.03 4 o [ I i l+ l ! l a 8 1 8 4 0 7 7 1 6 1 O t 2 0 0 7 0 v L I VS C t I C 0 7 0 17 1 0 RC 7 a UO A t i 8 4 0 7 7 c. ED 2 0 0 1 7 9 M 'E 1 AT e a l ( h t a 1 6 7 ) S e t rU L i a J 0 0 0 0 0 - A D ) ) ) V C t e ( 5 ( 4 ( 3 7 t oL 9 i A 7 a aR 1 L_ l mT a f A t 9 t 0 0 0 1 sO eE t i V cI iT C 6 2 t a c. e 5 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 P 7 0 2 9 3 O f A L_ oR la 7 5 ( E5 i t 7 0 % 7 7 7 D8 1 1 i 2 1 9 ELI SE ECE C J OT n ( ( ( ( AG C I RT 1 1 3 5 9 00 ASA REU n 2 r 2 g t t n n t - i f survival (a) 0.96 0.86 0.82 0.97- 0 .91 0.89 I I 0.14 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.08 i i ; ! i i I I o 0 0 0 0 A , n M p 0 7 1 VN 5 e t 21 4 L 0 0 0 0 0 S 12 T l NA a n l i a l 1 l 0 0 0 n n DS te NE i_ ! 1 1 0 9 1 ) 6 2 E h o 2 1 1 I. P. h b a n 5 n t 6 3 0 4 f 4 4 5 2 t M 1 M. 0 0 0 0 0 nE i 1 1 9 i 9 2 0 r t 9 9 16 3 5 eS i 0 0 0 0 9 t U n I 0 0 0 0 0 eO dI R 4 7 5 0 8 oV a 4 7 2 6 8 T a 0 0 0 0 0 t T n 0 0 0 0 0 f L eE ) ) b b c ( ( 2 2 7 title="SI">SI 9 e n TS1 i 0 0 0 0 0 LR l( ) ) ) l h a 9 9 2 9 R I M m t 2 2 9 0 % A o 9 9 7 3 4 L 0 0 0 0 0 DI D ) ) ) ) t MNl i a a b b e 6 3 0 2 5 t 3 1 2 4 1 RLU 6 a 9 9 8 3 5 ATO 1 l 0 0 0 0 0 EAR!l N l a 1 5 LO i 0 0 4 0 1 00 FY t 6 0 6 7 7 L R i n i 0 0 0 0 0 = = pp EUR NLB t t EAE s 2 aa CVF o m i r n l a a 9 i e i l c r g d a ic i u n l v f f 4 la nt i

~~o. 2 r~~

i v inn i C La ioa d t r l r eg E o u tcye mTa i i L l i s SS B m e r A t l m n a i t n a e l t x l ) ) T h o e a e a ah t C M M D M ( ( O l TABLE 4-10 MEAN FORK LENGTH (mm), STANDARD DEVIATIO:1, AND NUMBER OF ATLANTIC-SILVERSIDE BY CONDITION AT THE TERMINATION OF 96->ioo* rost-txetuotxtxt t^te"t trrtets tests co"ouctt" - O" : ' AT OCNGS FROM FEBRUARY THROUGH DECEMBER 1985 i Sample Live ,SJunned Dead Event Mean. SD Numbet Mean SD Number Mean __SJL Number -1 105.5 31.8 2 2 101.7 4.0 3 3 92.5 12.0 2 88.6 10.2 13 4 97.0 10.4 139 88.8 7 .1 8 94.8 11.4 97 3 5 102.0 9.9 1 82 98 3 9.5 23 6 102.7 14.5 47 101.5 9.3 11 7 101.6 7.9 469 104.5 8.5 4 100 3 7.4 59 8 101.6 9.4 43 8 98.2 5.9 .20 9 103.7 8.5 133 99.0 8.6 20 10 99.2 9.0 165 101.2 11.3 11 11 98.9 7.6 202 100.6 9.4 10 12 102.1 7.8 77 102.8 6.3 15 13 95.2 11.1 19 103.9 10.9 14 15 96.6 7.6 18 98.8 7.5 5 18 104.0 1 19 96.0 11.1 3 98.4 9.9 13 20 92.0 1 98.3 3.3 4 23 69.0 1 38 92.0 1 , 39 100.0 1 42 93 .9 78 100 85.8 7.4 6 , 43 97.6 8.2 1 21 96 .5 7.0 44 44 98.1 7.0 318 96.7 1.5 3 96.7 7.8 43 45 98.3 8.6 234 101.7 7.6 3 96.2 6.8 45 46 95.9 9.6 128 95.8 7.0 9 47 101.0 10.6 51 99.6 12.6 10 93.0 5.9 10 I O 1 s TABLE 4-11 'DIERMAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WIT 11 LATENT EFFECTS TESTING OF SAND SilRIMP AT OCNGS CONDUCTED FROM J ANUARY THROUGil DECEMBER 1985 g Ambient (C) Discharce (C) Test Mean Max. Mean Max. Number Date Collettion }icld Eqld Collection Egld l}qld Control ND 10.6 14.4 ND 19.0 22.0 - Pool 7.4 8.4 13.9 7.4 17.9 24.2 i Event 1 2 8 J AN -- -- -- 1.6 -- -- Event 2 4 FEB 1.7 1.2 1.9 -- -- -- Event 3 11 FEB 0.8 1.0 2 .1 -- -- -- Event 4 19 FEB 3.9 3.6 7.2 -- -- -- Event 5 25 FEB 8.5 8.4 8.9 -- -- -- Event 6 4 MAR 6.0 6.7 8.8 -- -- -- Event 7 11 MAR 12.2 9.7 11.3 -- -- -- Event 8 18 MAR 7.0 71 10.2 7.0 12.3 16.9 Event 9 25 MAR 7.5 8.5 13.8 7.5 18.0 24.2 Event 10 1 APR 11.0 10.8 14.5 11.0 18.5 21.7 Event 11 8 APR 11.5 10.5 11.5 11.2 16.4 23.1 Event 12 15 APR 12.0 13.5 17.3 12.0 22.9 26 .8 Event 13 22 APR 20.1 17.5 20.0 20.1 29.6 30.3 Event 14 29 APR 16.9 17.5 21.9 16.9 29.3 33.0 Event 15 Event 16 6 MAY 13 MAY 17.5 25.0 18.1 23.3 23.0 25.2 17.5 25.0 28.3 33.2 31.2 33.2 g Event 17 20 MAY 23.2 22.3 23.3 23.2 31.3 32.0 Event 18 28 MAY 23.6 22.6 24.4 23.4 32.4 34.2 Event 19 3 JUN 25.1 24.4 25.8 25-1 32.2 33.9 Event 22 24 JUN 25.5 23.5 26.2 25.2 28.8 35.0 Event 43 18 NOV 11.9 13.7 16.3 11.9 16.5 21.0 Event 44 25 NOV 9.2 10.3 11.2 9.2 17.6 20.0 Event 45 2 DEC 11.3 8.2 10.5 11.3 15.8 18.4 Event 46 6.4 9 DEC 5.6 8.1 5.6 15.0 16.6 Note: ND = No da ta. O . %__ s ax - - . -# %a s _t ,! ;! : ,ll !. :l' ;!)!' iil[' .((l[!!! [!!lfI! 7 it E f !-

~~00 5'- - - - - 1 8206001 3394861 87 N 00 5 - - - - - 291 1 1 805722393658~~

-0. 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 3L 8 824681 221 1 1 1 05845 06 l a 89 9 ' 88995000000009999 54 a 00 0 - - - - - 00000000000000000 0C _ T _ e c . T r _ A a h P c t s n M 31 8 245621 221 1 1 1 05846 27 I i e 89 9 98996000000009999 54 R D t - - - - - _ l i a 00 0 - - - - - 00000000000000000 00 . S L - D . N _ A' S _ l F5 a 00 9 48904000 ?9000008 92 _ . O8 i 00 9 9 9 9 0 9 0 0 0. F. 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 9 90 9 t - - - - - G1 i 1 l 0 - - - - - 0001 01 1 1 0001 1 1 1 1 0 00 N n ' I R I TE SB EM TE - C SE TD - C 1 3 - 3231 648852343975634u559 - EH N 01 - 34062999001 244520003558 FG 1 1 A31 21 21 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 FU . . EO R . TH NT E l 69 989284755766584566G5748 63 O TY AR LA U T t a o 98 O0 - 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9. P. 9 9 9 9 9 - 06000000000000000000000 90 00 HN ^ TA t I J n W M e i DO b t '6 9 09068 6 89587658656766759 72 - ER m n 98 0909999899999899999,9999 90 TF A e - A t 00 - 1 01 00000000'- 00000000000 00 I D a CE L OT . SC d SU e _ AD d N u LO l 00 99950896099000800909099 91 l AC a 00 - 99990999099000900909099 90 c V i - n IS t 1 1 00001 000I 00I 11 01 I 01 01 00 O0 i VG i RN n t UC I o SO n a 2 t . 1 a - d . . 4 NBBBBRRRRRRRRRYYYYNNVVCC ) l E e AEEEEAAAAPPPPPAAAAUUOOEE a o L t JFFFFMPMMAAAAAMMMMJJNNDD ( o B a n p A ' D 841 9541851 85296308348529 ) o T 2' 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 22 1 22 21 2 c i d i t n t' a a _ e) i ma v l o h( e t l d r i a t 01 2345678923456 rvd n r l 1 234567891 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 24444 air o t e e ( va C O r t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t sb rd em t l n o' nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee nun as a T u ) N oo vvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv e t a _ CP EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE M S ( I ' jli !:lj , sIi!! l : j;!l} 1l1il i !. ; . i s ._, i 2 TABLE 4-13 GENERAL LINEAR MODEL RESULTS (coef ficiento ot determination - r ) AND MEAN SURVIVAL VALUES FOR GAND S11RIMP RELATIVE TO VARIOUS TIlERMAL VALUES TESTED AT OCNCS, JANUARY TIIROUGil DECEMBER 1985 Ambient lleld Discharce lleid <l2 (C) ->l2 (C) , All Temperatures Total Initial Latent _ Total l I Thermal Conditions Initial Latent InLal Initial Latent l l Collection 0.546(a) 0.54g(a) t empe ra tu re r2 0.074 0.203(a) 0.071 0.119 0.071 <0.001 0.385 Mean holding r2 0.078 0.225(a) 0.0 81 0.594 0.373 0.564(a) 0.491 ( a) 0.702(b) 0.703(b) Maximum holding r 2 0.071 0.298(b) 0.124 0.001 0.230 0.074 0.572(a) 0.662(b) 0.663(b) 0.078 0.113 0.070 0.021 0.020 Delta T r 2 0.073 0.002 0.007 0.118 0.956 0 .9 90 0.954 0.945 0 . 9 91 0.078 0.074 Mecn survival 0 .9 90 0.965 l (a) Significant at p = 0.05 (b) Significant at p = 0.01. O O O . - . . . . . . - . - . . . - . .. - . - . - . - - - - .__. .~ - .. - . . - TABLE 4-14 MEAN' LENGTH (em) . STANDARD DEVIATION, AND NUMBER OF SAND SHRIMP BY CONDITION AT THE TERMINATION OF 96-HOUR POST-IMPINGEMENT LATENT EFFECTS TESTS CONDUCTED AT OCNGS FROM J ANUARY THROUGH DECEMBER 1985 Sample Live Stunned Dead Event ligan SD Number tiran SD Number M.ggn , SD Number-l' M 5.6 346 46.5 6.8 4 2 48.4 6.6 411 44.3 2.5 3 38.0 1.4 2 3 49.5 5.9 299 47.6 6.5 9 47.0 2.8 2 4 53.0 6.2 52 5 50 3 51 44 45.0 4.2 2 6 52.5 6.4 1 89 54.5 11.1 4 ' 7 51 7 5.7 139 49.7 78 11 8 52.1 6.0 1 88 49 5 5.5 13-9 49.9 6.2 341 54.5 6.7 26 10 49.3 7.5 376 47.9 11.8 9 11 51.7 5.8 195 50.8 8.4 4 12 53.3 6.8 157 54.1 5.7 46 13 51 6 6.6 205 52.4 7.0 277 14 48.8 6.0 216 49.0 1 48.4 5.9 199 15 49.6 6.6 41 47.4 6.2 56 -16 47.5 5.7 137 46.7 56 1 82 17 44.6 4.3 117 44.0 39 124 18 42.9 5.0 95 41.8 4.9 130 0' 19 22 44.9 44.1 5.8 6.8 93 94 43.9 43.5 6.1 6.6 136 99 '43 48 9 4.0 227 43.0 1- 47.9 2.4 9 44 47.8 3.1 2 92 41.0 1 43.0 2.9 4 45 47.0 4.2 2 92 47.5 5.3 15 46 50.0 4.7 332 46.6 5.2 10 O y

=

~~N I I 4 I i - t i eI m-.*c4mo 4 4 4 i i 4 8 6 m m co C 4~~

~~C C C CCN CmmC~~

\3 c M w C. I 4 1 i t C, i C. 1 C. C. m. C. CC. m. C. t. C. O .= t i I 4 4 C 1 i C 1 --C-OC- C C l-* H < 0 N M W W 2 p .C u 4 o C C O C CCN ON@ C N e b W C C .m e u C. t 3 I l 3 C. l 6 + t C. C. m. O. CO. @. C. m. C. J C 2 - t l 4 4 l C l l C 6 -.= C - O C - O C W Al M =

s

. '1 O O C CCCCNOC & .-* Wm u C. l 3 t I t C. l l C. l C. C. C. C. & C. C. e &. C. OW *w - I t t t I - 4 I .= 4 ---C--. O C m C O- - UM bW to A WI HW U mW 4 N-C--S-N--4 mm-Mc HG Z t N NmcC4 0 0 - u W :: M WO O W9 u WD W. G H~ .-* OOCCCCCCCCCCN- m CO CC 5 m W Zb m u M i C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. m. m. m. m. o. o. C. 4 3 F. <g >. p O I .*.-..* C - - - - - - - - O C C C C C C m J< C be m

~~.n. d ad FM~~

-9 .- d C to 3 .c ul OCCCCCCCCCCCC5 mOC m N LC I C b. CC k: o l C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C. m. m. C. O. m. C. O W W, u --.-C.=.*-- -- -OC - C C HW M 0 < A k >c o W fi us D u in C O 4C - OCCCCCCCCCCCN4 CCC 00 N Z C aC .M.a i C. C. C. C. C, C. C. C. C. C. C. C. @. m. o. @. m. m. C. N <Q u a-----<-- .---CO-CC C C - f/J .4 Cl C 0 > 0 MI .O W. Z 3 88 m a C m O CQ co W Cd M M Cd H Z 5 >>OOOOO ^ O 4 1 u 41 MWW4ANWA 9 W W T. 4 4 < < $+9ZZZQQQQC C D C C 60 W WWW v M 6 W M C O J C CC m e og - CO N m C 4 mo e c w co NN N N N N == - N M m N m c. N m .- U *w < M u % i H u ej W t C,; e *M w I C C3 > EO l .C v 0 W u % D .M TO U C .* m 4 5 N N m 4 m C N CO m b.e > % W hlf - 4 m @ t w .=* .-*.=*.* N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (U *

~~b M w 4A v >p M O e .Di uauuauaU au uu uuu uu a %~~

WE C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C L C C D C H D 0 0 0 0 4 0 ooo4 G W @ W O o 4) U ro m to e Z > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >> "4 u (U WWW WWWWWWWWWWWWWWW Z to v l 1 TABLE 4-16 OF WINTER FLOUNDER AT OCNCS DECEMBER 19F5 ING HR00Gil Test _ A6 ign t (C) _ Number _ _Date Mean Max._ Discharee (C) Collection IL11 }Jpqld Mean Max. Event 1 Collection ji21d 28 JAN -- ll2hi Event 4 19 FEB Event 5 3.8 3.5 7.4 25 FEB 8.5 1.6 -- Event 6 4 MAR 8.4 8.9 -- Event 10 60 6.7 8. 8 1 APR 10.8 -- Event 11 8 APR 10.6 14.4 -- Event 13 11.5 10.5 -- 22 APR 11.5 -- Event 14 20.1 17.1 2 9 APR 20 0 20 1 Event 17 16 7 17.4 29.7 30 3 20 MAY 23.1 21.9 -- Event 22 24 JUN 22.2 23 .3 -- Event 42 26.6 24.6 -- 11 NOV 13.2 27.9 26.8 Event 43 13.4 14.3 24.6 36.1 18 NOV 11.9 -- Event 44 25 NOV 12.8 16.2 11.9 Event 45 9.2 10.0 16.4 21.0 2 DEC 11.3 9.2 Event 46 11.0 79 18.0 19.8 9 DEC 5.4 10.5 11.0 Event 47 6.1 75 15.8 18.0 16 DEC 3.8 5.5 Event 4

3.3 4.2 14.9 15.8 23 DEC 1.6 3.9 Event 4 9 1.2 2.5 5.6 9.7 30 DEC O 1.3 2.0 4.5 1.6 1.4 10.7 12.5 11.8 14.5

\ l' JO -- - 8 OF TABLE 4-17 MIAN FORK LENG7H (mm) , STANDARD DEVIATION, 95 -HOUR lll AND NUMBER k' INTER FLOUNDER BY CONDITION AT TROM J ANUARY THROUGH DECEPBER 19F5 Dead Stunned A Number Live Pygn, Mm A Ngmbgr, Sample __ Event _ Mean 1 Number 86 .1 8 1 236.9 112.4 2 4 1 97 .5 72.1 77 6 225.2 13 298.6 44.5 7 1 14 31 8.0 5 214.5 48.8 2 180 2 60.6 17 1 22 2 41 .0 1 42 320.0 65.1 7 43 267.6 2 44 2 89.0 26.9 2 205.5 123.7 3 86 .1 58 114.7 29 7 45 1 88.3 16 16 0 66 301.6 71.5 46 121.0 2 93 .7 15.9 3 3 122.5 33 6 110 96 .0 50 47 2 48 130.5 59.1 207 96 .

~~24.7 83 8 11 9 49 162.2 9~~

l - - ^ ^ ' ' - - ' ' - - ~ ' - - _ _ , , _ _ l f l l 1 1 = La t o O T 0 0 0 0 0 L A V I tn V R , ~ e US t SG a N L 0 0 0 0 0 N'; AO E MT l A a D d i ND l t AE Ie i 0 T I n ) S I 0 0 0 0 1 2 E e rT e r ) ) - S a a a E h l ( 1 ( nU c a 0 1 0 2 6 oL s t 1 4 0 4 7 iA i o 0 6 6 9 t V D T 0 a 0 0 < 0 0 nL iA mM ) ) rR a a eE t ( ( t l i n 7 2 1 7 8 eT e 0 3 0 3 7 d t 0 6 0 6 9 S

~~g f U L._ 0 0 0 0 0 oO I~~

sR ) ) tA l a a nV a ( ( e i 0 5 1 7 7 i O t 3 6 0 3 9 O cT 0 6 0 6 9 i i n f E I 0 0 0 0 0 fV eI oT cA 5 9 ( L5 l 2 2 1 E8 a 0 0 0 0 2 SR9 t 0 0 0 0 9 T 1 o LR T 0 0 0 0 0 UER s < SDE e ENB d r RUM l u OE e t t 1 1 LLC f I a n 0 0 2 0 6 EFE r e 0 0 0 1 3 D D t e t 0 0 9 OR n ph 0 0 ME e m < < 0 0 0 Ti l i e RNG b T AI U m EWO R A l l N l a . I Rl i A i 5 6 7 5 2 5 LOT t 2 4 4 3 9 0 F i 1 1 1 1 9 L Y n 0 ASR I 0 0 0 0 0 REA = EUU NLN p EAA GVJ t a 2 a n r 8 e 2 t 1 lt r 2 g n - r n a 4 i e i l c d r g d a i E n u n l v f L o nt i o 2 i in B C oa d h r v A i r l r g T l t e o m T u i a c p h u s S em a O h r e m l e l t o n a e i m x a l t e n a e ) a T C M M D M ( ll llf( i l I 1 C == c 81 0 @ e E 4 g e .= O emn e4 e 4 C C O =. g ee ~ d. m..E e. n. C. E. e. e. C .c a .

~~c. - m-- ,e r c.~~

W 48 *"( C G e EA b 6. M E 4 Z ** U (b *.d W .e= u es 2. w < s' es Di Nse N ee eoe e . h u E W- "1 =** Pi A. N. . Q th. K. . CF. e. e . P. b e. O 6* CCC CC D CCC C CC U $ = W W ! f I .- @ d .e ,a N N 8 C' E' W e eee .= .C. 4 h W l e == .e = h == ee -C-C. M V l W K so b' e m,' .* N ed 4* U tel n e >= % > e =. N etO C CC C n4 C #'m'**"* qv > * "* c. . . e. ~. e. c. c. c. c. e. w. .=4 CCO OcC - = = = . == C C .Oe ** m y 3 W be C A I4wee

~~4NN nN e Q a~~
~~z. ==~~

O == E8 .m - ee be e Q,, CO e@ m Q m eq *. m.e e4 cl W 1 to sOM e4 e o o e. ccc oee f M i a W =4 4 O. P. m. 3% w m< g O. O. O. O. h. C. C. C. mm g g -oo -oc --- -oc >- w % a* p a mm 4 E i Nun enn 44N o g , edi 2lll eN N d be e .c. e. . $=e O ^ t == SA y2t{'s as W c5 eh w CW, N > d e %,F M A. O W CN N C ** C CCC C m. e WLM h_ m., . < be u C. O. . C. m. h. C. C. C. Q E. . N. ~W *= 0C == C C = . * = - CD AW x% wo m H es e o eee N em .e .e e ooe Q

~,

~~8*9 .e ie e~~

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< e 44 e 9 e4 3 - LM pe m "l> eeO N N OC c n -t N. N. c. e. E. e. o. o g ec pd g i g $ 64 CCO COO - em n 4 4 6 5% H w 8 & ed N M M M *e .6 H~ e au ce c cu -~ec. e~ s, p w 44 44 = c ed b e es 6 a

6 e **

~~se c wW e a = c e .4.e .e e~~

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~~5. IMP 1NGEMENT-SCREEN COLLECTION EFFICIENCY~~
O The ef ficiency of intake screens in removing organisms from the condenser cooling-water flow is important in thisistudy because it has a direct bearing -on the accuracy of impingement estimates. The studies described in- this chapter involved the time required for organisms to pass from the Ristroph screens to the end of the screenwash discharge pipe, the overall

- ef ficiency of tne- screens, and ef ficiencies associated with various com-ponents of the screening system. Specific methodologies are described in Section 2.3. 5.1 TIME-OF-PASSAGE STUDIES Experiments were conducted to determine the time reauired for impinged organisms - to be transported from in front of the screens through to the screenwash-discharge system. This information was necessary for the-proper design of subsequent screen-ef ficiency experiments. It is also important for any future impingement sampling programs at Oyster Creek that involve intermittent screenwash modes. - Samples can be timed to ensure that all organisms impinged on the screens during intermittent screen-hold periods are collected. This was not a concern during the 1984-1985 impingement abundance study because screens were always in the continuous wash mode. The traveling screens can be operated in either a fast-rotation or slow-rotation mode. During the f ast-rotation screenwash mcde, the screens (). travel 1 f t in - 5 seconds . - This mode is generally empicyed during per-iods of high impingement to reduce screen clogging. During the slow-rotation screenwash mode, the screens travel 1 ft in 23.5 seconds. This screenwash speed is generally empt Jed during periods of low impingement, reducing wear and tear on the screen components. Time-of-passage studies were conducted during both the slow- and f ast-rotation modes. In November 1984, a series of experiments were conducted involving the ~ release of buoyant- foam balls (~1-1.5 in. diameter) downstream of the - trash racks and upstream of the Ristroph screens _ (Figure 2-3) . Rec ov-eries were made at the end of the screenwash discharge pipe (Figure 2-1) . The- Ristroph screens were in the fast-rotation mode. *ne foam balls began to. appear as early as the third minute af ter release ,- and appeared as late as' 12 minutes af ter release in one test (Table 5-1). Most returns came during the fourth minute af ter release, and minutes 4, 5, and 6 accounted for 83 percent-of the returns. In early May 1985, a second series of time-of-passage experiments were conducted ucing preserved. Atlantic silverside (Table 5-2). In the m fast-rotation screenvash mode, the vast- majority (91 -percent) exited the screenwash discharge during the fourth minute af ter release. These results vere .similar to those described f or the experiments with foam balls in the fast-rotation mode. In the slow-rotation mode, the 12th minute produced the highest number of returns. In this mode, the returns ! were more protracted; minutes 11 through 16 produced 91 percent of the '() r e turn s . The time of maximum returns was 8 minutes later with the slow-rotation than with the fast rotation. 5-1

~~G This information on time-of-passage provided the basis for properly designing the sampling periods in the ef ficiency studies described below.~~

The data also demonstrate that any sampling of screenwashec af ter an - intermittent hold period should extend at least 20 mit.utes, if not 30 minutes. 5.2 OVERAl.L SCREEN EFFICIENCY Overall screen ef ficiency refers to the percent return of test objects that were placed in the intake in front of the screens, either up-or downstream of the trash racks. In May 1985, and again in November, a series of ef ficiency tests were conducted using preserved Atlantic silverside. Recaptures were made in the impingement sampling pool. The results are shown in Table 5-3. During the series of tests in May 1985, return of released specimens (i.e. , scr en ef ficiency) averaged 90 percent. When further tests were conducted in November 1985, a large decrease in ef ficiency was observed-- 53 percent was the average, compired to 90 percent in May. The selective sizes of Atlantic silversides used as the tag / release objects may have introduced a bias in the results. The potential bias was investigated by determining the length distribution of the released fish and comparing these data with the length distribution of the recap-tured specimens. During 1-2 May 1985, adult Atlantic eilverside ranging in size from 70 to 125 mm FL were released in the intake, recovered in the sampling pool, and remeasured. The similarity of percent returns by size class (Table 5-4) indicates that no strong size selectivity was - exerted by the screening system. Size selectivity is ruled out as the reason for the dect ease in overall screen ef ficiency from May to November 1985. The 90 percent overall ef ficiency recorded in May 1985 may be considered "best-case" ef ficiency. Considering that 88 percent overall ef ficiency - was r, corded in November 19B4 using f oam balls, it is reasonable to con-clude that ef ficiency was high and did not change from November to at least through May 1985. Based on this, the estimated number of organisms impinged during this period (Chapter 3) is considered to be about 10 pe r-cent lower than the actual number. Stric tly speaking , the results for preserved Atlantic silversides can only be directly applied to impinge-ment of dead Atlantic silversides, or a species of similar size and shape, such as bay anchovy. Houever, the similar overall ef ficiencies for Atlantic silverside and foam balls, objects dif fering in size and buoyancy, provides some confidence that the results may be extrapolated to other organisms. 5.3 EFFICIENCY OF ISOLATED SCREENING SYSTEM COMPONENTS Concurrent with the November 1985 studies described above, and again in early January 1986, experiments were conducted to determine ef ficiencies associated with various parts of the screening system. Overall screen ef ficiency at this time was only about 50 percent (November data , Table g 5-3). Studying isolated parts of the screening system provided insight W into chere losses of organisms occurred. 5-2 l l ~ The ' perce" *eturn of released, preserved Atlantic silverside varied . according__ e release point (Table 5-5). Efficiency increased.the closer the rewase point was to the- sampling pool. Less than one-half of the Atlantic silversides placed against the screen face (Point C). sere recovered. Placing the fish directly- in a screen-panel trough (Point. D) > increased returns to -72 percent. Nine ty-three percent of fish placed _in the low-pressure sluice behind the screens were recovered in_ the sampling , pool. The incremental changes in ef ficiency with release _ point (Table 5-5) can be used to partition fish losses among components -of the screening * ~ system. There is a relatively minor loss -of organisms be tween the low-pressure sluice and the sampling pool (100 - 93 = 7 perce nt) . The cause ' is unknown..but it may involve individual fish getting trapped in turbu-lence caused by water-cushion jets located at Screen Housing No. 6, or in turbulence in the expansion chambers of the fish return sluice. - Subtracting the ef ficiency for _the screen-panel trough release point (72 percent) from that for the low-pressure sluice (93 percent) yields a 21_ percent loss of fish due just to travel up the screen f ace, travel - over the top of the screen drive structure, through the wash jets, and into the debris _ trcugh. Losses probably occur when the screen panel is up-ended and the trough contents are cleaned by water jets. The organ- - isms could be lostLby falling through rubber seals located between the debris trough and the screen housing and entering the cooling water flow behind the - sc *cens , or by accumulating on the seals themselves. Visual inspection has verified that the latter does occur ~. O_ Contact with the screen f ace does not coupletely ensure that a fish will enter a screen panel trough. Twenty-six percent (72 - 46 percent) are lost between the screen f ace and screen-panel troug s (Tt.ble 5-5) . Actually, there was lit tle dif ference in of ficiency ams tg -release points upstream erf downstream of the trash racks (Table 5-3, . vember) or on the screen face (Table 5-5). Combining results for these three release . points results._ in an average loss of fish of about 48 percent. This' loss can be due to numerous factors such as passage through the screen mesh, _ gilling in the mesh, passage around the screen panels, passage under the screen structure, accumulation in turbulence located in front of the screen face, or even loss by being consumed by predators. Visual inspec-tion has confirmed that gilling of the tagged organisms occurred. The reduction in overall- screen ef ficiency between May and November 1985 was attributed to deterioration and f ailure of several screen-system com - ponents. Plant personnel confinned those f ailures (Vouglitois 1986,_ per-sonal communication) . It was reported that the low-pressure screenwash manifold became clogged by mussel shells _ and other debris in July 1985, and thereafter functioned only marginally. Because the low 'ressure wash sprays remove organisms from the screens, their failure probably contrib-uted to the decrease. in _ef ficiency cf the acreening process documented during November 1985. Power plant maintenance personnel reported that the rubber flaps designed to keep organisms and debris from falling bac' into the cooling water behind the screens had deteriorated and that debris was observed f alling past the flaps. This also would have con-tributed to reduced ef ficiency. 5 -3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ . . - ~_ _ _ _ . - . _ ._ , _. . . According to GPU Nuclear personnel, the screening structures are to be overhauled and upgraded in 1986. An intensified maintenance program will be instituted that will include regular cleaning of screenvash pipes in llh order to reduce biofouling and consequent clogging. When these measures are in place, the overall ef ficiency of the Ristroph screens should return to about 90 percent. 5 .4

~~SUMMARY~~
Using foam balls and preserved fish, a series of release-recapture expe-riments were conducted to determine both the length of time it takes for an organism to move through the screenwash system, and the ef ficiency of the system. The time f rom release of objects in frent of the traveling screens until they appeared in the sampling pool (i.e. , time-of-passage) ranged from 3 to 24 minutes. However, results for presetved Atlantic silverside showed that the vast majority traversed the system in 4 miu-utes uhen screens were in the f ast-rotation mode, and be tween 11 and 16 minutts during the slow-rotation mode. These results have implica tions for any future impingement studies at Oyster 0;4ck. If intermittent screenwash modes are used in the future (they were not used in the 1984-1985 study), time-of-passage and screen speed will have to be taken into account to ensure the collection of all impinged organisms.
Overall collection ef ficiency of the scretnwash system was calculated as the percent of objects released at the front of the syst 3m that show up in the sampling pool. Two different se ts of results were obtained, depending on when tests were conducted. Based on tests conducted in jh November 1964 and May 1985, screen ef ficiency was about 90 percent.
In November 1985, the ef ficiency dropped to about 50 pe rcent. At this time, based on release experiments in different pa r t s o f th e sy s t em ,
it was determined that significant losses of organisms were taking place both in front of the screens, and during contact of organisms with the screens.
The decrease in screen ef ficiency may have been the result of de teriora- ,
tion of various components of the screening system af ter May 1985. GPU Nuclear personnel confirmed this deterioration and outlined plans for renovation of the screening structures in 1986, along with an improved maintenance program. Th i r, should greatly increase the ef ficiency of the screening system.
Based on the results of these studies, the actual number of impingeable-sized organisms entering the cooling system during the study period are at least 10 percent greater than those actually collected and reported (Chapter 3).
O 5 -4
. . . - . - - - . - . - . . - - . - - - . . - . - - . . . - . - - - - . . . - - - - > ~ - -
l TABLE 5-1 NU1!BER RECOVERED BY MINUTE AFTER RELEASE OF BUOYANT FOAM BALLS INTO THE FOREBAY 0F TIIE OCNGS INTAKE STRUCTURE ON
-O--- 7-20 NOVEMBER 1984 USING FAST SCREEN SPEED -
Minutes Date/(time)
Since 7 NOV 84 7 NOV 84 13 NOV 84 20 NOV 84 20 NOV 84 Total Release (1325) (1345) (1410) (1503) (1518) Q.gmbined 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2- 2 1 0 0 5 4 5 12 3 8 13 41 5 3 4 2 7 5 21 6 2 1 4 3 1 11 7 2 0 0 0 1 3 8 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 l- 0 3 0 0 4 10' 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 12- 0 0 1 0 0 1 I0. 13 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 15- 0 0 0 0 0 Number
. released 20 20 20 20 20 100 Number recovered 17 19 14 18 20 88
< l O l 1
.l i
l~ ,
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l l
TABLE 5-2 NUMBER RECOVERED BY MINUTE AFTER RELEASE OF PRESERVED ATLANTIO SILVERSIDE INTO THE FOREB AY OF THE OCNGS INTATsE STitt1CTURE ON 1-2 MAY 19 85 Time Fast Fevolution Slow Revolution (minum il Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Total Tert 1 Test 2 Test 3 hl ,
l 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 j 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 )
3 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 69 29 60 158 0 1 1 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 6 2 3 0 3 0 1 0 1 7 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 i 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 0 1 1 2 0 3 3 6 11 0 0 0 0 4 9 5 18 12 0 0 0 0 19 4 30 53 13 0 1 0 1 9 15 3 27 14 0 0 0 0 10 3 10 23 15 1 0 0 1 7 0 0 7 16 0 0 0 0 7 2 2 11 17 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 18 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 19 20 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 g
21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 24 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Number released 150 150 1 50 450 150 150 150 450 Number recovered 73 38 63 174 60 38 54 152 Note: Number recovered in this table ref ers to those recovered by dip net as soon as they exited the discharge pipe. Those missed by dip ne ts were recovered f rom a backup ne t af ter tests were te rmina ted . These latter recoveries could not be used in calculating time of passage.
9 I
=
TABLE 5-3 RESULTS OF 0VERALL SCREEN EFFICIENCY STUDIES USING PRESERVED ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE. MAY AND NOVEMBER 1085 Release Number Number Percent lug Point Released Recovered Efficiency 1-2 MAY 1985 A 150 133 89 150 191 94 -i 150 1 23 62 150 135 90 150 141 94 150 138 92 ;
150- 132 88 150 141 94 May Total 1,200 1 .0 84 90 -
13-21 NOV 1985 A 100 54 54 B 25 12 48 '
25 12 -48 25 9 36 25 19. 76 25 9 36 25 40 10 100 61 61
-November Total 350 1 86 53 .
E Notes A = upstream of trash racks.
-B = downstream-of-trash racks.
T l
l E
O-1;
l TABLE 5-4 PERCENT OF RELEASED AND RECOVERED ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE BY SIZE CLASS AND SCREEN SPEED USED IN OCNGS INTARE-SCREEN EFFICTENCY STUDIES OF 1-2 MAY 1985 Siz e Fast Slow 1 Skyj _
Class Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent (t n) T J rted Recovered Tacced Rec ove rest Tacced Rec ove red 70 0 0 0 0 1 1 75 0 0 1 1 1 0 80 5 4 1 1 3 3 85 11 11 13 14 20 23 90 27 25 22 21 23 25 95 19 20 23 26 23 25 -
100 19 16 17 17 12 10 105 11 14 13 11 7 7 110 6 8 4 4 6 1 115 3 2 5 4 2 1 120 0 0 1 1 2 3 125 1 1 0 0 o o Number released or recovered 150 133 150 141 150 132 O
l 9
O
TABLE 5-5 RESULTS OF SCREEN EFFICIENCY- STUDIES USING -PRESERVED
~~ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE AND DIFFERENT RELEASE POINTS ,~~
13-21 NOVEK ER 1985 AND ' 3 - JANUARY 1986 Percent Release-Point Number Released- Number Recovered Efficitqu C 25 13 52 25 10 40 Total.(C) 50 23 46 4
D' 24 18 75 25 20 80 26 17 65 25 17 68 Total (D) 100 72 72-E .25 25- 100 25 25 100 25 20 80
' Total (E) 75 70 93 i
Note: C.= face of-Ristroph screen-D = screen- panel trough at water surf ace E'= upper _(low pressure) sluice ,
Ref er to Figure 2-3, Chapter 2.
lO
Y
~~6. DILUTION PUMP: ENTRAINABLE-SlZED ORGANISMS O~~
This program provides estimates of abundance of important ichthyoplankton ,
and zooplankton taxa that were entrained through the dilution pumps at OCNGS between September 1975 and August 1981. Density data (from con-denser entrainment sampling programs) for ichthyoplankton and macrozoo-plankton were available only from this time period. Microzooplankton entrainment programs were conducted only between September 1975 and Aug-ust 1976; thus, dilution-entrainment estimates are restricted to that time period. The available plankton density data were derived from col-lections made in the condenser cooling-water discharge. These data were used in conjunction with dilution-pump volume data to calculate the esti-mated number of organism +- that passed through the dilution pumps.
Yearty abundance estimates (Table; 6-1 through 6-3) were derived by using mean weekly densities because this is the form in which the historical data exist in GPU Nuclear's OCEAN computer files. The annual estimates for condenser entrainment in the tables differ slightly from those provided in previous progress reports by Ichthyological Associates (1977,1978) because the latter were based upon mean monthly densities.
.Further, in previous pro 6rees reports by EA (1981,1982), annual entrain-ment estim^:es incorporate the cor.bined dilution and condenser cooling-water flow volumes. In this report, separate estimates are provided for dilution pump and condenser entrainment.
The data in Tables 6-1 through 6-3 establish that dilution-pump entrain-O ment is about equal to condenser entrainment. Adding the two estimates together for any taxon in any year gives the total estimated number >
entrained through the OCNGS cooling system. Except f or the period September 1976 - August 1977, bay anchovy eggs were the most abundant ichthyoplankton form entrained. From September 1975 through August 1976, nearly 28 billion eggs were estimated to have been entrained through the combined condenser _and dilution systems. The 1s; se of bay anchovy, ^
winter flounder, and sand lance were also abundant ac times, depending-on the study year. Among the macrozooplankton, mysid shrimp and zoeae of the sand shrimp (Crancon) were usually most abundant. Over 72 billion mysid shrimp were estimated to have passed through the cooling system between September 1976 and August 1977. Based on mierszooplankton den-sities measured between September 1975 and August 191o. various forms of copepods, particularly Acartia, were most abundant, followed by rotifers and polychaete larvae. In this time period, roughly 70 trillion micro-zooplankton traversed the cooling system. Complete discussions of the entrainment phenomenon at OCNGS are found in previous annual progress reports by IA (1977,1978) and EA (1981,1982) .
O 6-1 l I
TABLE 6-1 ESTIN.TED L.T ER (x 106) 0F SELECTED ICIIT!IYC"LANKTON PASSED T11ROUGli 711E CONDENSER AND DILUTION PUMPS AT OCNGS FROM SEPTEMBER 1975111ROUGl! AUGUST 1981 SEP 1975 - AUG 1976 SEP 1976 - AUG 1977 SEP 1977 - AUG 197 8 Condenser Dilution Condenser Dilta t ion Condenser ._ Dilution Silverside larvae 1 5 . 81 12.15 5.72 3.68 38.28 31.27 Bay anchovy la rvae 1,152.09 1 ,1 85. 82 457.41 297.71 497.35 533.39 Bay anchovy eggs 14.135.76 13.535.11 1 96.71 179.04 1,994.76 2.158.24 Winter flounder larvae 116.25 140.86 850. 84 665.00 597.58 635.09 Sand lance la rvae 27.57 36.92 109.77 109.35 142.28 151.69 Coby la rva e 614.02 591.79 101.19 84.1 9 160.19 162.60 Naked goby juveniles 6.71 7.77 0.41 0.21 0.77 0. E4 B lenny la rva e 11.56 10.54 18.19 12.24 17.38 14.35 Northern pipefish juveniles 54.38 4S.42 7.16 5.39 36.53 38.29 9 O O-
.i l O O. O l l
l TABLE 6-1 ( Ex tended )
SEP '197 8 - AUG 1979 SEP 197 9 - AUG 19 80 . SEP 1980 - AUG 1981_ j Dilution -I Condenser Dilution Cond enser Dilution Cond ens er i
66.50 55.52 5.14 1.71 105 56- 98.94- ;
Silverside larvae ' i Bay anchovy larvae 1,270.35 '1,412.46 144.12 135.26 314.06 318.98-475.44 322.38 3,818.59 3 ,91 4.51 Bay anchovy eggs 3.029.43 3,241.40 83 8. 80 (a) (a) 126.05 '128.36 Winter flounder larvae 1,077.08 1 ,2 94. 87 1,3 89.67 (a) (a) 133.67 147.90 Sand lance larvae 85.64 97.21 188.49 144.17 187.79 -202.61 Coby larvae Naked goby juveniles 0.27 0.31 1 . 82 1 . 81 1.93 i >I 4.01 4.40 8.43 6.26 4.12 4.37 Blenny larvae Northern pipefish juveniles 30.69 33.29 17.37 14.48 42.06 39.03-(a) Plaat was shut down when these forms would have .been present.
1 m - - - .. .
TABLE 6-2 ESTIMATED NUMEER (x 10 7) 0F MACROZ00 PLANKTON PASSED TilROUGII Tile CONDENSER AND DILUTION PUMPS AT. OCNGS FROM SEPTEMBER 1975111ROUG11 AUGUST 1981 SEP 1975 - AUG 1971_ SIP 1976 - AUG 1977 _ SEP 1977 - AUG 1978 Condenser Dilution Condenser Dilution Condenggt Diluti2n Family Mysidae 1.116.04 1,228.95 1,903.90 I,877.42 898.27 909.28 Neomysis americana 752.12 1.042.77 1.557.64 1,695.03 855.80 % 04 UnidQ2Ai r bicelovi 59.55 77.31 101.30 92.56 53.40 '. 52 Crangen zoese 916.95 678.86 107.43 202.91 873.55 828.43 C.nng0n undet. I3.25 19.02 8.98 9.28 55.07 58.71 CallLn gt_gg sp. zoese 3.28 3.09 1.26 1.85 1.70 1.87 Callinectes sp. meg. 9.99 8.86 32.18 23.46 10.32 8.33 Ceraous tubularis 2.20 2.13 2.24 3.48 13.93 12.23 Corophium sp. 31.50 29.68 8.59 11.47 98.04 61.99 C. ascimrusicum 0 0 0.20 0.22 24.39 18.53 C. tulercula h 0.29 0.32 0.47 0.52 170.42 107.60 Gamma r id a e 0.16 0.23 1.36 1.36 1.16 1.17 Ctenophora 47.81 48.49 1.42 1.51 91.47 83.60 0 0 0
J.
O O O i TABI.E 6-2 (Extended)
_ SEP 1978 - AUG 1979 SEP 1979 - ffG 196Q_ SEP_1980 - AUG 1981 Condenser Dilution Condenser Dilutiom Condeneer Dilution 1 % .11 217.24 1.690.68 1,569.92 1.489.95 1,665.77 Fami?.y Mysidae 637.82 657.63 1,382.24 1.2 % .22 1,431.14 1,338.80 Neomysis americend Mysidorjig bicelevi 37.93 42.53 77.22 7*.67 72.55 73.7'i C_ungen zoene 416.88 363.91 240.52 161.86 377.02 407.7f.
l 43.70 Cranzen unde.t. 27.28 29.21 6.00 5.63 40.67 I C_gilj_gectes sp. zc ae 0.71 0.80 1.65 1.53 0.10 0.01 Qgilinectes sp. eeg. 0.41 3.44 4.94 3.17 3.56 3.26
.Cereput tubularis 0.33 0.32 1.73 1.77 17.11 16.75 CarooMum sp. 4.96 4 .81 32.05 28.25 89.16 %.69 C. ascherusicum 1.86 1.94 3.18 3.05 8.59 9.28 t&cIrgist.um 15.69 15.36 1.78 I.73 2.83 2.95 C_.
2.68 2.74 0.08 0.04 0 0 Gamma ridae Ctenophora 74.11 P6.85 234.Pi 13J.66 18.28 16.13
TABLE 6-3 ESTIMATED NUMBER (x 10 9) 0F SELECTED MICROIDOPLANKTON PASSED T11ROUGli THE CONDENSER AND DILUTION PUMPS AT g OCNCS FROM STPTFMBER 1975 'nlROUGH AUGUST 1976 W Condenser Dilutinn Copepod nauplii 18.060.90 17,720.20 6" ALLia c l au s i 1,20).43 1,376.50 Acartia tensa 865.53 934.39 Acartin app. 3,643.79 3,687.18 Oithona golcarga 23.77 28.02 Oithcng app. 932.25 974.36 Paracalanus erassirostris 1.15 1.21 Rotifers 4,769.21 4,573.78 Bivalve larvae 682.27 632.76 H. rercenaria larvae 63.53 4 8.80 Mulinia Jateralis 140.62 ?4.25 Barnacle larvae 6.60 6.88 Polychaete larvac 3,792.18 3 ,2 2 7 . !:5 Polydora app. larvae 5.73 5.82 Gastropod larvae 618.40 547.91 O
O
~~7. DlLUTION PUMP: IMP!NCEABLE-SlZED ORGANISHS O~~
The passage of inpingeable-sized fish and macroinvsrtebrates through the OCNGS dilution pumps represents a potential impact additive to any effeet of screen impingement. The dilution-pump flow volume represents nearly 60 percent of the total cooling water flow. Thus, screen impingement rates alone substantially underestimate the total number of organisms passing through the OCNGS cooling system. The present program was designed to measure the abundance of impingeable-sized fish and macro-invertebrates going through the dilutiot, pumse and to determine their initial condition (live, dead, stunned) af tc? pump passage. From this, comparisons may be made to screen impingement data to estimate the total ,
ef feet of the OCNGS cooling system on impingeable-sized organisms.
7.1 CENERAL SPEClES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE Dilution collections from December 1984 into December 1985 yielded 108 taxa of. fish, invertebrates, and-herpetites. Of the total species compo-sition.- 85 forms were finfish.19 were invertebrates. and 4 were herpe-tiles. Five species constituted 95 percent by number of the total catch of organisms passing through the dilution pumps (Table 7-1). The annual
- sampling: catch of all species during the study period was 47 9.518 spec i-mens; of this total 175.496 were fish (36.6 percent) . 304.015 were inver-
- tebrates (63.4 percent), and 7 were herpe tiles (<l .0 percent) . The total weight of all specimens (not counting organic material) collected from Q v the dilution pumps during the study year was 1.426.6 kg. Of this total, 614.0 kg (43.0 percent) were fish weight. 811.8 kg (56 9 percent) inver-tebrate weight, and 0.8 kg (<1 percent) herpetite weight. Thirteen taxa accounted for more than 95 percent of the total estimated organism weight (Table 7-2).
The seasonal distribution of sampling catches from the dilution-pump The two highest peaks are during discharge is illustrated ln Figure 7-1.
spring and late fall. As discussed in Chapter 3. the two periods of the year with rapidly changing water temperature appear to generate increased movement of fish and macroinvertebrates and, thus, interaction with the OCNGS cooling system.
The day-night distribution of organisms collected from dilution pump passage is presented in Table 7-3. Most organisms were more abundaat in night samples.
Because dilution-pump samples were larger and more frequent than screen-impingement samples the annual sampling catch was much higher for the former (Table 7-1 vs. 3-1), However, the annual estimated numbers of many organisms passed throc,h the dilution pumps was inordinately high, compared to annual screen-impingement estimates. Dilution estimates were higher by factors of: 2.3 for sand shrimp.179 for bay anchovy.
6.9 for grass shrimp.14.3 for Atlantic -silverside, and 2.6 for blue crab. These numbers do not relate to the maximum dif ferential in flow volume'. at most, dilution flow can be 1.5 times greater than the con-denser flow (i.e. . screen impingement). Possible reasons for these dif ferences are prof fered later in this chapter.
7-1
7.2 DISCUSSION 0F SELECTED SPECIES Several of the more abundant species are discussed with regard to abun-dance and temporal distribution. Generally, the periods of occurrence and peak abundance of species passing through the dilution pumps is the same as that described in detail in Chapter 3 for screen-impingement.
In addition to the differences in annual abundance between the dilutien and screen-impingement programs mentioned above, there were some dit(es-ences in occurrence and periods of peak abundance that are illustrated belev for several of the more abundant s pe c i e s .
7.2.1 Sand Shrim Sand shricp was the most numerous organism collected. A total of 201,0$ 8 specitnens was collec ted durir g the study period; this total accounted for 66.1 percent of the total invertebrate ca tch (41.9 percent of total organism cetch) ' Table 7 -1 ) . A total of 16 9. 8 kg was collec ted but ,
because of the , tall size of individual sand shrimp, this accounted for only 14.6 percer of total invertebrate catch weight (11.9 percent of total organism c " :h) (Table 7-2) . The period of maximum abundance ranged f rom December 19M through vid-June, with another peak occurring during the latter part of November 195 into early December (Tables 7-4 and 7-5) . The greatest estimated weekly abundance was 11.1 million spec-imens during the first week of December. The estimated annual abundance for sand shrimp was 3 8.7 million specimens weighing 23,46 8 kg (Table 7-6). Night catches accounted for 98 percent of the total catch (T.ble 7-3). Based on examination of initial condition 30 minutes af ter collec-tion, sand shrimp survived passage of the dilution pumps very well; the g
proportion recorded as alive exceeded 90 percent (Table 7-7).
For the period during which the dilution and screen-impingement sampling programs overlapped, periods of occuri nee and pe ak abundance were gener-ally similar (Tables 7-4 and 3-4) . Aherthedilution-sampling program started during the we ek of 10 Decembe 19M, the first abundance peak in both the dilution and screen-impinget:,At programs occurred during the week of 17 December 19M. Both progr 'ns showed a decrease into February 1985, then a second peak inlateApri{;thepeakforscreenimpingement occurred one week earlier than that f or dilution (Tables 7-4 and 3-4) .
Abundances in both programs then decreased throughout the remainder of the conc urren t sampling programs. In the screen-impingement program, abundance decreased to zero between 2 9 July and 14 October. Althon h relatively low in nuteber , sand shrimp were collected in the dilutic, program throughout this period. These subtle dif ferences in occurrence and abundance peaks between the dilution and screen-impingement pr og r am s are thought to be a result of different sampling ef ficiencies in the two programs , and this was investigated in a special study, described in the next section (7.3) .
7.2.2 Elue Crab Blue crab was the 4th most numerous organism collected from the OCNGS dilution discharge. A total of 17,542 specimens accounted for $. 8 per-cent of the total invertebrate catch (3.7 percent of total organism catch) (Table 7-1). With regard to weight, this species accounted for 7-2
f i the greater part of both the invertebrate catch ($9.4 percent) and total l organism catch (32 percent); 460.8 kg were collected during the study :
'O year (Table 7-2) . Blue crabs appeared in large numbers throughout the l warmer part of the study period with the peak estimated weekly abundance ,
occurring during mid-July (363.640 individuale); maximum estimated weight !
of blue crabe entrained in a week was 9.313 kg during this same week. <
The period of minimum abundance extended from early December 19f4 through mid-March (Tables 7-4 and 7-5) . The estimated annual catch was 3 4 mil- '
lion specimens weighing 93.460 kg (Table 7-6) . Night catches accounted for 89.8 percent of the total number of blue crabs (Table 7-3). Initial survival of blue crabs ( 86 percent) was slightly less than that of sand
~~shrimp (Table 7-7) .~~
Dif ferences in occurrence and weekly abundance of blue crabs between the dilution and screen-impingement programs were small. peaks in April and July were the same in the two programs; however, a peak in abundance in June 1985 occurred one week later in the screen program (Tables 7-4 and 3-4). Between 9 January and .*2 February 1985 no blue crabs were col-1ected in dilution samples. A omall number of crabs were collected in 4 the (screen) sampling pool that resulted in projections of up to 2.500 crabs impinged in one week during that period. These dif ferences are small.. however, and do not suggest. for blue crabs at least. great dif-ferences in sampling ef ficiencies between the two programs.
7.2.3 Bay Anchovy The bay anchovy was the most abundant fish species collected from the >
dilution-pumps. A total of 145.462 specimens constituted 82.8 percent of the total fish estch (30 3 percer.t of total dilution catch) (Table 7-1 ) . Bay anche /y ranked first in terms of fish weight (58.2 percent of fish catch;_21 percent of total catch). One prolonged period of maximum '
anchovy abundance occurred. This period extended from the first week in April to thu first week of December (Table 7-4). During the second week of May, the maximum estimated weenly abundance for this species was 9.733.570- specimens weighing 27.972 kg. The period of minimum estimated weekly abundance occurred January -- March 19E5. The annual estimated number entrained was 35.077.637; total estimated weight was O .6 94 kg
( Table 7-6) . Hight catches-account for 57 percent of the annual anchovy ,
ca tch (Table 7-3) .
Initi* t survival of this species was relatively poor (Table 7-7) . Sixty-two percent survived during the day and only 27 percunt at night, for a combined average of 42 percent. Although low, this initial survival rate wasl higher than that for screen-impinged bay anchovy-(14 percent).
Although this appears to indicate that passage through the dilution pumps is less damaging than being impinged on the traveling screens. the possi-bility exists, as discussed below and in Section 7.3. that not all hay
_ anchovies caught in the' dilution-sampling gear actually passed through I
the dilution pumps.
Comparison of weekly estimated abundance between the dilution program (Table 7-4) and the screen-impingement program (Table 3-4) reveals some O 1 large dif ferences. In the screen-impingement program, a spring peak occurred during the week of 22 April consisting of an estimated 101.000 7-3
i
, iay anchovies. In contrast, the spring peak in the dilution program was
( three weeks earlier, and consisted of an estimated 3 million anchovies, gg Through the remainder of the concurrent study period, dilution estimates ranged from 100,000 to 800,000 per week (Table 7-4). During that same period, screen-impingement estimates ranged f rom z ero to 4 9,000 per week.
Four different weeks in that period (early June - early Oc t obe r) produced no anchovies in screen-impingement samples, whereas weekly dilution esti-mates f or those same weeks were as high as 396,300. These differences in the magnitude and timing of abundance peaks and occurrence may have been the result of the dilution-sampling gear collecting anchovies that had not passed through the dilution pumps, and possibly different size-selectivity in the two sampling pr o g r am s . These issues are developed further in Section 7.3.
7.2.4 Atlantic Silverside Atlantic silverside was the 2nd most abundant fish species collected from the OCNGS dilution pumps; 16,502 specimens accounted for 9.4 percent of the total fish catch (3.4 percent of total organism catch) . Atlantic silverside ranked 2nd in fish weight with 100.3 kg, accounting for 16.5 percent of the total fish catch (7.0 percent of total organism catch).
This species was present throughout the study period with maximum abun-dance occurring f rom mid-March to mid-May and a second smaller period of high abundance oc curring f rom mid-November to the first week of December (Table 7-4) . The peak estimate of weekly abundance occurred during the f irs t week of April ( 65 9,3 90 individuals). The period of minimum esti-mated weekly abundance occurred during the warmer part of the year from g late August th rough mid -Oc t obe r. The peak weekly estimate of entrained weight was 4,008 kg, which occurred during the first week of April. The annual er,cteate of number entrained was 3.9 8 million and total estimated weight was 23,896 kg (Table 7-6) . Fewer Atlantic silverside were col-lecteJ during niglt sampling (40 percent) compared to daytime sampling.
Initial survival was high for this species; over 90 percent were recorded as live (Table 7-7) .
Although the timing of abundance peaks of Atlantic silverside in the dilution and screen-impingement programs was the same (Tables 7-4 and 3-4), the magnitude of abundance in the dilution program was much higher.
Based on differential flow-volumes alone, dilution abundance should have been no more than 1.5 times higher than screen abundance, yet, on an annual basis, 14 times more silversides were caught in the dilution samples compared to the screen-sampling pool. fust as with bay anchovy ,
there was evidence that not all Atlantic silNersides caught in the dilu-tion sampler had passed through the dilution pumps (Section 7.3) .
7.2.5 Other Snecies Among other relatively abundant organisms, the fourspine stickleback, northern pipefish, weakfish, summer flounder, and winter flounder all exhibited distributions of weekly abundance similar to those for the screen-impingement proaram (Tables 7 -4 a nd 3 -4 ) . Two s pe c ie s that exhib-ited contrasting distcioutions were Atlantic menhaden and bluefish.
the dilution program, the primary period of occurrence of Atlantic men-In ll haden was f rom mid-April into early July 1965 (Table 7-4). The highest 7-4
1
~~weekly estimate was 2 9.030 during the week of 15 April. In the screen- ,~~
impingement program, estimates of weekly abundance were much lower and 4 O the peak (1.500 sper imens) was in the week of 19 November 198'4 (Table l
3 -4 ) . _ May and early June 19E$ produced the highest weekly estimates of !
abundance for bluefish; a total of 152.220 specimens were estimated to have passed through the dilution pumps in the week of 27 May. A much smaller peak in screen-impingement (1.260 specimens) occurred three weeks later _than the dilution peak.
In addition to these large dif ferences in periods of peak occurrence for >
somt species, estimates for all major species were considerably hith er in the dilution program compared to screen impingement. For example, atinual '
estimates of dilution passage, compared to screen impingement were 1.8 times higher for blueback herring. 3.9 times for winter flounder 6.9 times for grass shrimp, and 62 times for bluefish (Tables 7-4 and 3-4).
Although results of studies are presented in the next section that sug- ,
gest dif ferences in abundance between the dilution and screen-impingement programs may be related to dif ferences in sampling ef ficiency for cor-tain species, this is not suf ficient to explain higher estimates for all :
species.- !
One factor that has not been discussed thusf ar, and that could represent a major influence _ on relative abundance in dilution passage and screen impingement, is the behavior of the organisms in question. As organisms move down _ the intake' canal toward the intake structures (Figure 2-1) ,
there is a point at which the organisms must turn either left. into the O condenser intake' and screen area, or right into the dilutien intake area.
The movement of the Ristroph screens (and perhaps other, unknown, f ac- "
tors), with associated vibration and turbulence, umy provide greater alarm cues to approaching organisms. Such alarm cues may be lacking in the dilution intake, at least until a point is reached where an organism cannot return against the dilution intake current. Although this hypoth-esis has not been proven (and perhaps cannot be proven with present methodologies), it seems quite plausible in light of the consistently = '
greater number of organisms passing through the dilution pumps, compared
-to the condenser-intake screening system.
7.3 D1LUTION SPECI AL STUDIES Several specisl studies were undertaken to provide information regarding the ef ficacy of the dilution sampling gear with respect to the represen- [
tative nature of the data collected and how these data are related to impingement collection information. Three special studies were under-taken to assess the following aspects of dilution pump sampling.
~~1. Do flowmeters adequately represent the volume of water sampled by the dilution sampler?~~
~~2. Can it_be assumed that all organisms collected by_the dilution gear have passed- through the dilution pumps?~~
l^.
7-5 i
- - = - - . . - , - _ . . _ , , , , _ , _ _ _ , . . . , - - ,-.... - .. _ . , ,
~~3. Does the dilution collection gear catch the same siz ed organisms as the impingement collection gear?~~
Summaries of each study are presented in the following sections.
7.3.1 Accuracy of Dilution Saroline Gear Nolutt Determina t ion at nCNGS There are three dilution pumps located at OCNGS that discharge into four ports, of which only the easternmost is sampled (Figure 2-1) . Pump 1 discharges primarily into the two westernmost ports. Pump 2 's discharge is distributed acrose all four ports, and Pump 3's flow is directed primarily into the easternmost port. The flow in the easternmost port is therefore dependent on which of seven pump-operating configurations exists at the time of sampling. Operational modes are listed below in order of decreasing flow rates.
~~1. All pumps on~~
~~2. Pumps 2 and 3 on~~
~~3. Pumps 1 and 3 on~~
~~4. Pump 3 on~~
~~5. Pumps 1 and 2 on~~
~~6. Pump 2 on~~
7. Pump 1 on The " standard method" used to measure the volume sampled involved suspen-sion of a flowmeter in the discharge por t at a point where the mouth of the collection gear is loca ted when the gear is deployed (Sec tion 2.5) .
Subsequent to initiating sampling in November 19 84, an additional flow-meter was mounted on the collection gear out side of the mouth to acquire additional flow information for each sample. The gear-moun ted inf onna-tion was compared with the standard method results for samples collected from Eample Events 22-27, 31, 33, and 35. Use of information from these events allowed investigation of six pump-operating conditions. The infor-mation was examined separately for surf ace and bottom collections. The number of observations and the results are listed on Table 7-8. Table 7-9 provides a monthly sumenry of dilution-pump operating-configuration frequency by month, based on the configurations encounterta during the sampling program; these data were derived f rom either direct ob se rva tions by the sampling crews or from NPDES Form EN-025 on file at DCNGS.
The dif ferences b( tween measured flow rates (m/sec) for standard versus gear-mounted meters (based on da ta in Table 7-8) are listed below as the propor tion dif ference be tween the mean cear-mounted values relative to the standard values.
I l
l 7 -6 l
l
DE21 Surfaee Bottom 2 +3 -0.14 -0.05 1 +3 -0.18 -0.10 3 -0.01 -0 02 1 +2 0.19 -0.10 2 0.23 0.65 1 0.87 0.89 Negative dif ferences reflect higher readings f rom the gear-mounted meter; positive dif ferences reflect higher readings from the standard flowmeter.
The assumption is made that, at least when higher flous are present (pump configurations 2 +3,1 +3, or 3), the higher-reading flovmeter is more accurate. The values display a range of -18 to +89 percent._ Howeve r, based on the annual operational-mode frequencies displayed in Table 7-9, almost 95 percent of the dilution-pump operational mode is attributable to use of Pumps 1 +3, 2 +3, and 3 The values for the remaining three modes display the greatest dif ference but are of little consequence because those modes were seldom encountered during the sampling progra:n.
Dropping those data reveals a range of dif ferences of -18 to -1 percent.
These results suggest that the secndard flowmeter system tends to under-estimate the actual flow through the sampling gear and, hence, the- vol-ume sampled. The underestimates appear to be inconsequential when only Pump 3 is operating for both surf ace and bottom samples. 1,ikewi s e , the dif ferences in measured flow rates are less for the bottom samples--
$ percent for Pumps 2 +3 and 10 percent f or Pumps 143.
Surf ace flow readings display a greater dif ference between standard and gear-mounted meters, ranging f rom ~14 to -18 percent. It appears as if the differences listed above are related directly to the magnitude of the flow that actually passes through the easternmost dilution pot t.
The greatest positive dif ferences (when the gear-mounted meter yields a lower reading than the standard) occur when the least flow passes through the sampled port; the greatest-negative differences (the gear-mounted meter yields a higher reading than the standard) occur when the great-
- est flow passes through the port. This suggests that the dif ferences in measured flows may be due to alteration of the turbulence patterns between the center of the port and the east side of the port where the gear-mounted meter is positioned.
A case can be made to accept the standard flow readings as the basis for volume determinations because the sampling gear is deployed in the center of the discharge port. However, if there are significant changes in the horizontal flow profile, it is reasonable to assume that the worst case would be the flow measured by the gear-mounted flowmeter. Thus, although all abundance estimates (Section 71) are based on standard flow deter-minations, it is probable that for surface collections the densities could be underestimated by as much as 18 percent for the two most proba-ble pump-operating configurations.
O 7-7 1
7.3.2 Collec tion of Oregg[tps Not Passed Throuch the Dilution Pumpe at uCEqE The presence of submerged, columnar, cathodic-protection an(des near the mouth of the dilution pcrts precluded placement of sampling gear directly in the mouth of the port. The gear was deployed 7.2 m downstream of the mouth of the discharge port, thus the mouth of the sampling collar was open to any organisms that can swim up the dilution discharge. Oc c a s i on-ally , surf ace samples collected unaanally high numbers of schooling fish, such as bay ant 7. Atlantic menhaden, and Atlantic silverside, in excellent condi an. The abundance of these species was not reflected in the bottom samples. These facts, coupled with observations of schools of fish evimming in the discharge area, suggest that some abundat.ce data f rom the dilution sampling program may be biased upwards by the collec-tion of fish that have not passed chrough the dilution pump system.
A tag-release and recapture study was conducted to determine whether fish ptasing through the dilution pumps were unif ormly recaptured in t. arf ace and hottom samples. Four exploratory releases were conducted using thu dilution pump sy st em. Live, tagged Atlantic silverside were released in front of the dilution pump intake after the dilution sampling gear was deployed. One hundred fish were released for each test. The collection gear was retrieved after one-half hour, and the tagged and untagged Atlantic silverside were counted. The density of the tagged return 6 pro-vides an indication of expected catches for bottom versus surf ace samples. The relationship betweer these values was then subjectively compared to relationships be tween surf ace and bottom catches f or regu--
larly scheduled samples collected during the same #reks .
g Table 7-10 presents the number of live Atlantic silversides collected for each of two week's sampling (24 samples per week) and the volbre for each sample. Table 7-11 presents the density of the live rilverside catch for each sample. The density of the returned tagged f ish is listed below.
Density
_INo./1.000 ffl.
Release Datx Surfact Bottem 5 APR 85 2.29 1.35 11 APR 85 3.44 3.56 The tag return results are somewhat vcriable, but appear to be of the same order of magnitude and there is no clear indication that a strong dif ference exists between surf ace and bottom collections. The results f rom Table 7-11 reveal that during the w sek of 2-5 April 1985 the catches appeared to be of the same order of magnitude for 14 of 24 samples; the remaining 10 samples hcve a substantially higher ( 6-45 times greater) surface catch. Samples collected during the f ollowing week have only one sample set that shows c substantial dif ference between surf ace and bottce catch densities.
O 7-8
_._-_ _ _ _ _ __.-- _ _-_ _ _.. _ ____. _ . _ ._ m._ m _ _ _ .m The great dif ferences in surf ace and bottom catch densities between the two weeks of regular sampling suggest that since passage through the pumps should not result in great dif ferences in surf ace and bottom abun- ;
dance, then the source of extra silversides could be due to the collec- J tion of fish that reside in the dilution discharge waters.
Although schools of Atlantic silverside were not reported inside the dilution discharge area, other species were observed to school in that area, i.e. , Atlantic menhaden and bay anchovy. The route by which these fish entered the dilution discharge is unimportant; they may have passed through the dilution pumps prior to _ the sampling period or they may have traveled up the Oyster Creek discharge canal. The pertinent issue is j that the capture of these individuals causes the apparent catch density i to be greatly inflated. Periods when this situation may have been extant ;
vere highlighted in Section 7 2. <
7.3.3 Comnarison of Size _ Selectivity of tiilution Samoline Gear to Imvincement Samoline Gear at OCNGS The sainpling apparatus deployed in the discharge of the dilution pumps i was designed to collect impingeable-sized organisms. To this end , the same size mesh was used in the collection collar as is used on the vertical traveling screen panels. Likewise, the dilution live car was outfitted with' the same size mesh as the pool collection net. It was observed by field collection crews that smaller is .tviduals seemed to be collected by the dilution gear than were caught en the pool sampler.
In an ef fort to verify this observation, live sand shrimp (Crancon O. seotemsoinosa) were collected from selected dilution and impingement samples, and total length de termined to the nearest mm for each specimen.
Data were pooled into 2-mm size classes and the length distribution of -the catches was nonparametrically compared between gears using the
, Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-satople test (Siegel 1956) .
Results of _this ef fort are presented on Tables 7-12 and 7-13. Results of the statistical _ analysis- of _the data reveal that the dif ferences between- ,
the-length distributions are significant at a = 0.001. The smallest size aand shrimp collected from the screens-was 40 mm in length, the largest was 71 mm in length, and the mean size collected was 52 mm. The sizes [
of sand shrimp collected by the dilution sampling gear ranged f rom 29 to 65 mm; the mean size collected was 46 mm total length.
Sand . shrimp of 2 9-40 mm total length were not- collected by the pool gear (these size categories accounted for only 1 percent of the screen catch),
most likely because they were not stopped by the screen panel mesh.
These size classes were, however, retained by the dilution pump sampler; almost -25 percent of the dilution pump sampler catch was composed of 2 9-40 mm specimens. Catch of sand shrimp of- the 41-54 mm size class represented approximately the same percent of the catch 2or both gears, 67_ percent of the pool catch and 64 percent of the dilution catch.
Larger sand shrimp appeared more frequently in pool collections. Size clast >54 mm represented 3G percent of the ca tch in the pool and 11 per-cent in dilution pump collections.
7-9
Further evidence that the dilution gear collects smaller individuals of a species is illustrated in Figures 7-2, 7-3, and 7-4. Mean weights per individual for blue crabs, bay anchovy, and sand shrimp, when plotted for g
screen and dilution' samples over the study year, are clearly lower for dilution samples. In the f all 1986 collections, sand shrimp dropped com-pletely out of pool collections, but they were still caught in dilution samples.
It is evident th a t the traveling screens of the cor. denser intake are less efficient than the dilution discharge sampler for collecting small sand shrimp. The traveling screens appear to be selectively retaining larger specimens of these organisms, as well as bay anchovy and blue crab when compared to dilution pump ca tches. A similar situation probably exists for other invertebrates and fishes that have a wide range of sites represented in their populations, e.g. , grass shrimp and f ourspine stickleback. Care must be used in comparing the abundances between these gears for this reason.
7.4
~~SUMMARY~~
From December 1984 to December 1985, weekly collections were made to de termine the number and weight of (screen) impingeable-siz ed organisms that pass through the dilution pumps. The total annual ecliection con-sisted of 479,518 specimens (1,427 kg) distributed among 108 taxa of fish, invertebrates, reptiles, and amphibians. Five species made up over 96 percent of the catch: sand shrimp ( 201.058 specimens), bay anchovy (145,462), grass shrimp (81,850), blue crab (17,542), and Atlantic sil-verside (16,502). The number of organisms passing through the dilution g
pumps was highest during two periods--December 1984 - January 1985 and April-May 1985. Weekly maximum peaks were 79,481 specimeno in the first week of December and 43,406 in the last week of April. For most organ-Lams, passage through the dilution pumps took place primarily at night.
Bay anchovy ( 56.7 percent at night) and Atlantic silverside (40.3 per-cent) were exceptions.
Based on initial condition observations made 30 minutes af ter collection, the large majority of most species survived the experience. Well over 80 percent of species such as sand shrimp, blue crab, vinter flounder, summer flounder, northern pipefish, and Atlantic silverside were recorded as live af ter pump passage. Relatively fragile species such as bay anchovy and blueback herring f ared less well--only 54 and 42 percent, respectively, were observed alive and undamaged.
The catch of organisms that passed through the dilution pumps uas dis-tributed similarly to the catch from the Ristroph screens. Large winter und spring peaks were evident in both sampling programs, due largely to the influence of the very abundant sand shrimp. The distinctive periods of occurrence and abundance for individual species was the sa.ac. Peaks for some species in winter and spring (e.g. , sand shrimp and Atlantic silverside) occurred in both the dilution and screen-impinge'nent sara-ples. Bluefish and weakfish were common during summer in both sampling programs. g 7-10
5 i
s
[
The main difference in the results of the dilution and screen-impingement [
programs was in the magnitude of organism abundance. The number of organisms captured in the dilution program was much higher than in the screen-impingement program because sampling of the dilution-pump dis- ;
charge was more frequent and intensive. Ilowever, the weekly and annual estimates of the number of organisms passing through the dilution pumps !
vere many times greater- than corresponding estimates for screen impinge- !
ment. An estimated 100 million organisms passed _ through the dilution l
pumps during the study year, compared to an estiested 22 million organ-isms impinged. For selected abundant species, annual dilution-passage estimates were sand shrimp, 38.8 million; bay anchovy, 35.1 million; i
. Atlantic silverside 3.9 million; blue crab, 3.4 million; and bluefish, ;
0.3 million. These estimates were higher than corresponding estimates '
f or screen-impingement by factors of 2.3,17 9.0,14.3, 2.6, and 62.0, .
respec tively. Based on flow-volume dif ferentials alone (i.e. , dilution i pumps vs. condenser ptenps capacities), the estimates for dilution-pump i' passage should have been no more thsn 1.$ times greater than screen-impingement estimates.
-One f actor that may have influenced the high estimates for dilution-pump _
passage was the relative elficiency of the dilution-sampling gear-vs. the t
Ristroph screens, fish return, and sampling pool. In one aspect of thia evaluation, strong circumstantial. evidence was developed that some organ- !
isms may have entered. the dilution-sampling gear without having passed !
through the dilution pumps. At times. large schools of bay anchovy, Atlantic menhaden, and Atlantic silverside frequented the discharge i canal, and some of these may have entered the net f rom downstream rather than frcnn upstream through the dilution pumps. This mechanism is sus- -
pected to bave contributed tn the extremely high number of bay anchovies captured in the dilution gear in May 1985. In addition, it was estab- f lished that the dilution gear captured a greater proportion of smaller organisms.than did the screen-sampling system. Smaller specimens of sand shrimp, Atlantic silverside, and bay anchovy, for exampic, may have ,
passed through the Ristrcoh screens, yet were retained in the dilution-sampling gear. This woulo have inflated the ultimate weekly and annual dilution estimates for such species. Although these factors may have contributed to higher dilution-passage estimates, they appear insuffici-ent to have caused all of the large dif ferentials in estimated numbers between the dilution and screen-impingement programs.
One factor that was not measured during this study, but that could have been the primary influence on larger dilution estimates, is organism behavior. _ As organisms move down the intake canal and approach the con-denser and dilution pump intakes, they have a " choice" between the two.
The consistently higher ' estimates of dilution passage suggests that organisms may more of ten take . the dilution route, perhaps to avoid noise and turbulence associated with the screening system in the condenser ,
intake. '
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i t, i a a s 1 i a : a i f40V OEC JA!J FEB MAR APR f> A Y jut JUL AUG SEP OCT f40V DEC Figure 7-4. Mean monthly weight-per-indevidual of sand shrimp from screen ipool) impmgement sad dilation pump samples at OCFJGS, tiorember 1984 - December 1985.
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TABLE 7-1 TOTAL NUtB ER COLLECTED. PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND CUMULATIVE 1 PERCENT OF FINFISH, OTHER VERTEB RATES, AND HACROINVERTEB FisTES g i ENTRAINED THROUGH THE DILUTION PUMPS AT OCfCS, DECEMB ER 19 M W THROUGH DECEK* ER 1215 --
)
Cumula tiv e Species Number Percent Percent ,
Sand shrimp 201.058 4 1 . 93 41 . 93 B ay anc hovy 145,462 30 34 72.26 Grass shrimp 81 . 850 17.07 89.33 Blue crab 17,542 3 66 92 . 99 Atlantic silverside 16.502 3.44 96 .4 3 Fourspine stickleback 3.511 0.73 97.17 Inland silverside 2,012 0.42 97.5 8 B lue fish 1,522 0.32 97 . 90 Northern pipefish 1.521 0.32 96.'2 Ribbon vorm 1,430 0.30 98.52 Lady crab 731 0.16 98.67 Lesser bluw crab 4 97 0.10 98.78 Atlantic needlefish 4 94 0.10 98.88 Blueback herring 474 0.10 98.98 l At.' antic menhaden 462 0.10 99.08 Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) 455 0.09 99.17 Mummichog 3 84 0.06 99.25 Winter flounder 2 E2 0.06 99.31 g Brown shrimp 248 0.05 97.36 W American sand lance 229 0.05 99.41 Naked goby 219 0.05 99.46 i American eel 217 0.05 9 9. .")
Smallmouth flounder 1 85 0.04 99.54 Spotted hake 172 0.04 49.57 Threespine stickleback 159 0.03 99.61 Anchoa (anchovy) sp. 1 51 0.03 99.64 Rough silverside 132 0.03 99.67 Lined seahorse 130 0.03 99.69 l Wind owpa ne 11 8 0.02 99.72 Weakfish 109 0.02 99 74
Crev411e j ack 94 0.02 99.76 Oyster toadfish 90 0.02 99.7 8 Hal fbeak 85 0.02 9 9. 80 Spot 80 0.02 9 9. 81 Striped anchovy 80 0.01 9 9. 83 Horseshoe crab 64 0.01 99 84 Sheepshead minnow 63 0.01 9 9. 86 Rock creb 57 0.01 9 9. 87 Hogchoker 45 0.01 99.88 Northern stargater 42 0.01 99.89 Striped c u sk -e el 41 0.01 9 9. 90 Striped searobin 39 0.01 9 9. 90 Summer flounder 37 0.01 9 9. 91 g Gray snapper ;0 0.01 99.92 W
'_,...J1a (silverside) sp. 2f 0.01 99.92
c . -
TAMLr 7-1 _(Cont.)
O )
Curnula tive I Soteles Number Pereent Percent l I
Alewife 2$ 0 01 9 9. 93 Seaboard goby 25 0.01 99.93 White perch 23 0.00 99.94 Butterfish 23 0.00 99.94 Planehead filef ish 20 0.00 99 95 Brief equid 19 0.00 99.95 Goby f amily 16 0.00 99.%
Many-ribbed by jromedusa 16 0.00 99 96 ;
Tsutog 15 0.00 9 9. 96 Lunne r 15 0.00 99.96 Spider crab 12 0.00 99.97 Conger eel 12 0 00 99.97
! aded killifish 10 0.00 99.97 Herring (Alosa sp.)
10 0.00 99.97 Striped mullet 9 0.00 99.98 Red hake 7 0.00 99 98 Silver petch 6 0.00 99.98 Portunus ribbesi (crab) 6 0.00 99.98 Needlefich family 3 0.00 99.98 Ses lamprey 4 0.00 99.98
( Amcrican shad Raiwater killi fish 4
4 0.00 0.00 99.98 99.98 ,
Grubby 4 0.00 99.98 Spotfin butterflyfish 4 0.00 99.98 Penseid shrimp ,
4 0.00 99.99 anchovy f amily 3 0.00 99.99 Striped bientry 3 0.00 99.99 01zrard shad 3 0.00 99.99 Northern kingfish 3 0.00 99.99 Northern senne t 3 0.00 -99.99 Striped burrfish 3 0.00 99.99 Fowler's toad 3 0.00 99.99 Cobia -3 0.00 99.99 Spotfin mojarra 3 0,00 99.99 Striped killifich 2 0.00 99.99 Eastern mudminnow 2 0.00 99.99 Gobiosoma (goby) sp. 2 0.00 99.99 Northern searobin 2 0.00 99.99 Diamond-back terrapin 2 0.00 99 99 White mullet 2 0.00 99.99 Northern puffer 2 0.00 99.99 Silverside f amily 2 0.00 99.99 Lookdown 2 0.00 100.00 Mantis shrimp 2 0.00 100.00 Inshore lizardfish 2 0.00 100.00 Atlantic croaker 0.00 100.00 O Silver hake 2
1 0.00 100.00 Mud crab 1 0.00 100.00
T ABLE 7 -1 (Cent.)
O Cumulative Soecies M gr Percent _P_ercent _
Atlantic herring 1 0 00 100.00 White hake 1 0 00 100.00 Killifish f amily 1 0 00 100.00 Rock gunnel 1 0.00 100.00 Chain pickerel 1 0.00 100.00 Agujon 1 0.00 100.00 Callintttgg (blue crab) sp. 1 0.00 100.00 Atlantic shore octopus 1 0.00 100.00 Black sea bass 1 0.00 100.00 Permit 1 0.00 100.00 Green frog 1 0.00 100.00 LibinLA (spider crab) sp. 1 0.00 100.00 Fundulun (tillifish) sp. 1 0.00 100.00 Orange filefish 1 0 00 100.00 Frogs, toads 1 0 00 100.00 Fish fragments --
0.00 100.00 Organic material --
0.00 100.00 9
l
TABLE 7-2 TOTAL VEIGHT COLLECTED (g), PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF FIhFISH, ODIER VERTEBRATES.
AaD MACR 0 INVERTEBRATES ENTRAINED THROUGli Tile DILUTION PUMPS AT OCNGS. DECEMBER 19P4 DIR00Gli DECEMBER 1985 Cumulative Species Weicht Percent Percent Organic material 7.485,330 0.00 0.00 Blue crab 460,815 32.30 32.30 Bay anchovy 305,163 21.3 9 53.6 9 Sand shrimp 169,841 1 1 . 91 65.60 Atlantic menhaden 106,257 7.45 73.05 Atlantic silverside 100,288 7.03 80 .0 8 Horseshne crab 97,133 6 . 81 95.88 Grass shrimp 35,959 2.52 89.41 Vinter flounder 29,281 2.05 91 .46 Class Scyphozon (jellyIish) 20.494 1.44 92. 8c Ribbon worm 8,57 8 0.60 93 .5 0 American eel 8,227 0.58 94.07 Blueback herring 7,434 0.52 94.5 9 Veakfish _ 6,574 0.46 95.05 Lady crab- 6,352 0.45 95.50 Oyster toadfish 5.447 0.38 95.88 Rock crab 5,428 0.38 96.26 Summer flounder 4.631 0.32 96 .5 9
~
Northern pipefish 4,145 0.29 96 . 8 8 Brown shrinp 3.769 0.26 97.14 White perch 3,279 0.23 97.37 Inland silverside 3.014 0.21 97.5 8 Fourspine stickleback 2 , 853 0.20 97.7 8 Hogchoker 2,709 0.19 97 97 Bluefish 2 .6 94 0.19 98.16 Alevife 2 ,4 87 0.17 98.34 Spot 2 .1 84 0.15 98.49 Smallmouth flounder 1.617 0.11 98.60 Windowpane 1.565 0.11 98.71 Lesser blue crab 1 , 4 81 0.10 9 8. 82
-Gizzard shad- 1,296 0.09 9 8. 91 American sand lance 1 ,2 87 0.09 99 00-Spider crab 1.202 0.08 99 08 Mummichog ~ 1.120 0.08 99.16 Tautog- .
1,11 8 0.08 99.24 Planehead filefish 1 ,0 53 0.07 99.31-Striped cutk-eel 1.037 0.07 99.38 Atlantic-neediefish 907 '0.06 99.45 Diamond-back terrapin 7 88 0.06 99 50 Spotted hake 746 0.05 99.56-Conger eel _
637 0.04 99.60 Many-ribbed bydromedusa 436 0.03 99.63 Threespine stickleback 41 9 0.03 99 66 Northern stargazer 3% 0.03 99.69
l T AB L E 7 -2 (Cont.)
O Cumulative Species Veicht_ Percent Percent Red hake 3 90 0.03 99.71 Rough silverside 3& 0.03 99.74 Lined seahorse 338 0.02 99.77 Striped anchovy 263 0.02 99.78 Hal fbe ak 252 0.02 99.80 Gray snapper 2 51 0.02 9 9. 82 Northern kingfish 225 0.02 99.84 Naked goby 224 0.02 99.85 Striped searobin 199 0.01 9 9. 86 Anchoa (anchovy) sp. 160 0.0) 99.88 Northern puffer 1 57 0.01 99.89 Crevalle jack 149 0.01 9 9. 90 Orange filefish 122 0.01 9 9. 91 Brief squid 109 0.01 9 9. 91 Libinia (spider crab) sp. 107 0.01 99.92 Black sea bass 104 0.01 9 9. 93 Sheepshead minnow 97 0.01 99.94 Inshore lizardfish 82 0.01 99.94 Butterfish 77 0.01 99.95 Striped mullet 76 0.01 99.95 Conner Portunua g.ibbesi (crab) 71 63 0.00 0.00 9 9. 96 9 9. 96 g
American shad 50 0.00 99.%
Silver perch 44 0.00 99.97 Herrine (Alosa sp.) 43 0.00 99.97 Striped killifish 38 0.00 99.97 Mantis shrimp 38 0.00 99.98 Banded killifish 34 0.00 99.98 G rubby 31 0.00 99.98 Sea lamprey 3n 0.00 99.98 Fish fragments '.]$ 2, 0.00 99 98 Menidig (silverside) sp. 3 'O g 0.00 99.99 Pcnacid shrirp 2 9 .g 0.00 99.99 Seaboard goby 0.00 99.99 13 9' g 26 0.00 99.99 Spotfin butterflyfish ,
Goby f amily 14 0.00 99.99 Northern searobin 11 0.00 99.99 Lookdown 11 0.00 99.99 Silver hake 10 0.00 99.99 Striped blenny 10 0.00 100.00 Nor thern senne t 6 0.00 100.00 Needlefish f amily 5 0.00 100.00 Rainwater killifish 4 0.00 100.00 Rock gunnel 4 0.00 100.00 Towler', toad 4 0.00 100.00 Cobia Anchovy f amily 4
3 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 g
Striped burrfish 3 0.00 100.00
_ _ __ - . _ .._m_._._.- _ _ _ _.._.. _ - _ - - _ _ _ - . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - __ . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
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TABt,E 7-2 (Cont.)
Cumula tive -
EDecies Velebt farm Percent ;
Spo tfin _ moj arra 3 0.00 100.00 Eastern mudminnow 2 0.00 100.00 ,
Gob!asema (goby) sp. 2 0.00 100.00 Atlantic herring 2 0 00 100.00 White mullet 2 0.00 100.00 Silverside family 2 0.00 100.00 Callinectes (blue crab) sp. 2 0.00 100.00 Green frog 2 0.00 100.00 Atlantic-croaker 2 0.00 100.00 Frogs, toads 2 0.00 100.00 Mud crab 1 0.00 100.00 White hake 1 0.00 100.00 Killifish family 1- 0.00 100.00 Chain pickerel 1 0 00 100.00 Agujon 1 0.00 100.00
. Atlantic shore octopus 1 0.00 100.00 Permit 1 0 . 3r, 100 00 Fundulus (killifish) sp. 1 0 'JO '100.00 0
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TABLE 7-3 DAY-NIGit! COMPARISONS OF NUMdERS OF SELECTED OIC ANISMS COLLECTED FROM THE DILUTION PUMP DISCIIARGE AT OCICS, DECitsER 19M DIF(11Gli DECEMBER 1985 g
Number Percent Specie 8 Day Nicht Nicht Bay anchovy 62,167 81 .2 93 56.7 Sand shrimp 4.445 196,662 97. 8 Blue creb 1,798 15,747 89.8 Nor thern pipefish 141 1,380 90 .7 Weakfish 1 108 99.1 Bluefish 3 96 1.126 74.0 Summer flounder 11 26 70.3 Blueback herring 101 373 78.7 At? antic silverside 9,858 6.644 40 3 Winter flounder 34 2 46 87 Atlantic menhaden 79 3 E0 82.)
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TABLE 7-6 TOTAL ESTIMATED NU)BER AND WE 011T OF TAXA ENTRAINED THR(UGH THE DILUTION PUMPS AT OC!CS, DECEFSER 1984 O- THROUGH DECEMBER 1985 Snecies Name Number Weicht (c)
Sand shrimp 38.756,769 23.46 8.052 Bay anchovy 35,077,637 83.6 93 .547 Grass shrimp 15,763,926 4,152,972 Atlantic silverside 3,983,621 23.8 % ,402 Blue crab 3,433,232 93,460.442 Fourspine stickleback 712,748 640,070 Inland silverside 471.210 7 88,403 Northern pipefish 342,906 681.751 Bluefish 306.351 567,495 Ribbon worm 261,732 1,919,068 Lady crab 154,839 1,404,145 Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) 116,79*. 5.497.663 Blueback herring 91,624 1.729,217 Lesser blue crab 91,130 212,859 Atlantic needlefish 90,720 162,155 Atlantic menhaden 7 9.3 tD 15.053,799 Mummichog 7 8,331 242.579 Winter flounder 71.573 6,873.150 American sand lance 56,921 367,275 Brown shrimp 45,632 618.272 O Smallaouth flounder American vel 43,202 42,002 75,288 1,615.812 Naked goby 40,197 38,590 Spotted hake . 37.403 120,711 Threespine stickleback 32,337 116,677 Lined seahorse 30,718 ? 2 .964 Anchoa (anchovy) sp. 28,993 30,338 Mindowpane 26,676 225.5 81 Rough silverside 25,942 63,7 83 Veakfish 21.131 710,181 Striped anchovy 17,86 8 51 ,92 9 Hal fbeak 17.558 47.629 Spot 16,958 537,029 Oyster toadfish 16.330 1.185.486 Crevalle jack 16.265 25,772 Horseshoe crab 15.366 25,743.149 Northern stargazer 14.295 40,691 Sheepshead minncu 13,623 11.9 %
Rock crab 12.440 1,208,452 Summer flounder 10,792 1,339,216 Striped cusk-ael 9,170 214.330 Hogchoker 9.0 85 588,256 Striped searobin 7,624 36,881 Planehead filefish 5,8% 265.531 Gray snapper 40,200 O Butterfish Menidia (silverside) sp.
5 . 8 85 5 . 87 8 1 9, 847 5 ,0 46 7,;08
}
TABLE 7-6 ( Cen t. )
O Species Name Nurber Weicht (g)
Seaboard goby 4,756 4,042 Alevife 4,746 538.054 White perch 4 ,2 f4 657,212 Tautog 3 ,96 0 88,206 Goby f amily 3,406 2 ,90 5 0 Cunner 3.27 8 8,417 Many-ribbed hydromedusa 2 . 91 3 99,950 Spider crab 2.520 310.772 Brief squid 2,447 17,198 Conger eel 2.426 5 , 82 9 Banded killifish 2,168 7 ,97 9 Red hake 2,045 128,043 Striped mullet 1,951 10,201 Herring (Alosa sp.) 1 ,5 90 7,202 Portunus cibbesi (crab) 1,338 15,469 Silver perch 1,275 12.297 Penseid shrimp 1.226 7.66 8 Striped burrfich 1 il 94 5 85 Spotfin butterflyfish 1,167 599 Rainwater killifish 995 M)7 Striped blenny 87 9 1.749 Belonidae Family Inshore lizardfish 86 4 851 6 91 30.975 g1 ,
Grubby 807 7.500 Eastern mudminnov 730 1,020 Sea lamprey 6 95 4,711 Spotfin mojarra 6 89 65 ,
Lookdown 674 2,232 Fowler's toad 670 654 Northern kingfish 640 00,370 Gobiesoea (goby) sp. 636 634 Atlantic croaker 593 30 Cobia 5 89 770 American shad 5 53 6 , 83 5 Northern puffer 527 54,4E2 Gizzard abad 520 174,506 Anchovy f amily 467 467 White mullet 459 623 Diamond-back terrapin 415 168,906 Northern senne t 413 91 9 Striped killifish 398 8,3 88 Silverside family 3 88 94 Northern searobin 319 2,030 Silver hake 2 95 2 ,91 8 Chain pickerel 2 85 320 Mud crab 262 434 Frogs, toads Mantis shrimp 254 2 51 4,426 26 h
TABLE 7-6 (Cont.)
l Species Name Nutub er Veicht (c)
Black sea bass 23 9 26,235 Callingq1gi-(blue crab} sp. 211 1 87 Libinia (spider crab) ep. 208 23,534
.Agujon 201 89 Killifish f amily 18 201 Rock gunnel 1O M4 White hake 177 167 Atlantic shore octopus 160 117 Orange filefish 150 35,637 Atlantic herring' 141 265 Permit 134 142 Gr*,ren frog 131 27 8 Fundu!as (killifish) sp. 73 143 P
4 -
/
h i
. O
FABLE 7-7 DAY-NIGIIT COMPARISONS OF INITI AL CONDITIONS OF SELECTED SPECIES COLLECTED FROM Tl!E OCNGS DILUTION DISCHARGE. DECEMBER 1984 711RCf3GH DECEMBER 1985 Day Nicht Percent Percent Percent /ercent Percent Percent Live Stunned , Dead Number _ Live Stunned Dead l
Species Number 14 373 50 32 18 Blueback herring 101 70 17 44 3 83 77 5 18 Atlantic menbaden 79 45 11 12 26 83,293 27 11 62 Bay anchovy 62,167 62 3 6,644 91 3 6 Atlantic silverside 9.858 95 2 0 1 ,3 80 95 0 5 Nor thern pipefish 141 93 7 0 30 396 82 0 28 1,126 70 Bluefish 25 100 0 0 108 68 7 Weakfish 1 4 4 18 1 26 92 Summer flounder 11 81 94 3 3 34 97 3 0 246 Winter flounder 5 4,445 91 1 8 196,662 94 1 Sand shrimp 4 82 11 7 15,747 87 9 Blue crab 1,798 Note: Slight discrepancies between combined day-night totals in this table and the totals in Table 7-1 are due to computer rounding error.
l O O O
l' ,
TABLE 7-8 COMPARIbON OF STANDARD AND GEAR-MOUNTED FLOWMETER READINGS
. UNDER VARIOUS DILUTION-PUMP OPERATIONAL MODES Number Flow Rate (m/see) of-- Surface Bottom Pumps Ituttn S tand ard Gear-mounted Standard Gear-mounted 3
2 +3 13 0.98 1.12 0.73 0.77 ,,
1 +3 8 0 . 90 1.06 0.60 0.66 3 6 0.74 0.75 0.45 0.46 1 +2 1 0.47 0.38 0 39 0.43 2 2 0.31 0.24 0.20 0.07 1 1 0.27 0.035 0.20 0.025 O:
e LO
TABLE 7-9 PERCENT (time) OPERATICN OF VARIOUS DILUTION PUMP CONFIGURATIONS SAMPLED AT OCNGS, DECEtBER 19 % THROUGH DECEdmER 19 P5 _
ll)
Operatine Pumns Month 1 2 3 1 +2 1 +3 2 +3 1 +2 +3 DEC 54 0 0 0 9.67 0 90.33 0 J AN 85 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 FEB 85 2 0 0 0 0 98 0 MAR 05 22 0 0 32.25 27 17.75 1 APR 85 0 0 1.5 0 50.5 48 0 MAY 85 0.8 0 5 0 6.2 88 0 JUN 85 0 0 7.5 0 55.75 36.5 0 JUL 85 0 0 21.6 0 0 78.4 0 AUG E5 0 2 0 3.25 49 45.75 0 SEP 85 0 0 6.25 0 76 17.75 0 OCT 85 0 0 66.67 0 33.33 0 0 NOV 85 0 0 0 0 98 2 0 DEC 85 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 Annual mean 1 . 91 0.15 8.35 3.47 38.14 47.88 0.08 9
(Il l
l
TABLE 7-10 -NUMBER OF LIVE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE COLLECTED BY DILUTION
,_ SAMPLING GEAR AT OCNGS DURING SPECI AL STUDIES Q-2-5 April 1985 9-11 April 1985 Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 3 3 3 Nunber m Number m Number m Number m
'3. 1,724 12 1.364 62 2,013 27 1,522 23 1,705 19 1,364 67 1 , 96 3 15 1,522 33 1,786 27 1,371 19 2,068 17 1,522 7 1 ,6 96 25 1,364 15 1 ,93 5 12 1,522 13 1,719 17 1,364 16 1 , 86 3 23 1,522 63 1,724 9 1.364 29 1 , 9 80 24 1,522 27 1,767 3 1,364 17 1 , 9 91 39 1,522 70 1,719 3 1,364 27 1 , 9 96 35 1,522 6 1 ,6 97 8 1,362 36 2,068 30 1,133 4 1,6 88 13 1,307 13 2,086 24 1,146 9 1,702 13 1,307 21 2,109 11 1 ,1 23
__ 5 1,6 88 11 1,307 10 2,116 16 1,142 8 1,735 13 1,315 15 2.136 17 1,127 34 1,77 8 12 1,307 25 2,07 9 6 1 ,1 23 140 1,702 12 1,267 2 2,035 A 1 ,1 23 266 1,702 10 1,307 10 2,168 1 1 .1 23 96 1,737 9 1.303 18 1 , 87 3 20 1,710 1 97_- 1,766 12 1,303 7 2,01 8 26 1,706 2
80 1,737 6 1,317 9 1 , 9 84 16 1,706 1 51 1 ,7 95 - 15 1,310 9 2,1 51 14 1 ,6 96 85 1,727- 15 1,303 7 1 , 8 84 13 1,706 140 1,761 39 1,303 5 2,006 13 1,706 353 1,746 9 1 ,4 84 8 2,006 1 1,706 168 1,751 3 1 ,4 84 509 2,012 10 1,706 Total 2.011 41,552 315 32.205 956 48,540 440 34,858 Note: m3 = volume sampled.
.O
TABLE 7-11 NUMBER PER 1,000 m3 OF LIVE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE COLLECTED AT OCNGS USED TO DETERMINE DEPTH DISTRIBUTION g 2-5 April 1985 9-11 Avril 1985 Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 19.14 8. 80 3 0. f0 17.74 13.49 1 3 . 93 34.13 9 . 86 18.48 19.69 9.19 11.17 4.13 1 8.33 7.75 7.88
'i.56 12.46 8.59 15.11 36.54 6.60 14.65 15.77 15.28 2.20 8.54 25.62 40.72 2.20 13.53 3 8.76 3.54 5.87 17.41 26.4 8 2.37 9.95 6.23 20.94 5.29 9.95 9.96 9. 80 2 .96 8.42 4.73 14.01 4.61 9.89 7.02 15.08 19.12 9.18 12.03 7.12 82 . 2 6 9.47 0.98 3.56 156.29 7.65 4.61- 0.89 55.27 6 . 91 9.61 11.70 111.55 9.21 3.47 15.24 46.06 4.56 4.54 9.38 B4.12 11.45 4.18 8.25 llg 49.22 11.51 3.72 7.62 79.50 2 9.93 2.49 7.62 202.1 8 6.06 3.99 0.59 95.95 2.02 252.98 5.86 Mean 4 8.40 9.78 19.70 12.62 0
O O O -
TABLE 7-12 NUMBER AND PERCENT BY SIZE CLASS OF SAND SHRIMP COLLECTED BY DILUTION SAMPLER AND IMPINGEMENT POOL SAMPLER AT OCNGS. 18-28 MARCH 1985 Size Number Percent Class 18 MAR 20 MAR 28 MAR 27 MAR 18 MAR 20 MAR 28 MAR- 27 MAR
[satL_ _ Pool Dilution Pool. Dilution . Pool _- Dilution Pool Dilution 29-30 0 2 0 '4 0 1 0 4 31-32 0 7 0 1 0 3 0 1 33-34 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 35-36 0 13 0 5 0 5 0 5 37-38 0 19 0 5 0 8 0 5 ,
39-40 1 17 0 8 1 7 0 8 41-42 5 18 5 11 6 7 8 11 43-44 5 32 10 8 6 13 15 8 45-46 10 25 7 19 13 10 11 20 47-48 13 25 5 7 16 10 8 7 49-50 6 28 8 9 8 11 12 9 51-52 6 18 6 7 8 7 9 7 53-54 7 11 5 6 9 4 8 6 55-56 4 18 4 2 5 7 6 2 57-58 12 6 7 4 15 2 11 4 59-60 1 4 3 1 1 2 5 1 61-62 5 2 3 0 6 1 5 0 63-64 2 3 3 0 3 1 5 0 1 65-66 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 f 67-68 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ,
69-70 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 71-72 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sum 80 252 66 97 100 100 100 100
TABLE 7-13 NUMBER AND PERCENT BY SIZE CLASS OF SAND SHRIMP COLLECTED BY DILUTION SAMPLER AND IMP 1NCEMENT POOL SAMPLER AT OCNCS (data pooled by station) .18-28 lll MARCH 1985 Size Pool Dilution Pool Dilution Pool Dilution Class Sum Sum Sum Sam Cumulative Cumulative
( tm) ._ Number Nurber Percent Percent Percent Percent 29-30 0 6 0 2 0 2 31-32 0 8 0 2 0 4 33-34 0 3 0 1 0 5 35-36 0 18 0 5 0 10 37-38 0 24 0 7 0 17 3 9-40 1 25 1 7 1 24 41-42 10 29 7 8 8 32 43-44 15 40 10 11 18 44 45-46 17 44 12 13 29 56 47-48 18 32 12 9 42 66 49-50 14 37 10 11 51 76 51-52 12 25 8 7 60 83 53-54 12 17 8 5 68 88 55-56 8 20 5 6 73 94 57-58 19 10 13 3 86 97 59-60 4 5 3 1 89 98 61-62 8 2 5 1 95 99 llh 63-64 5 3 3 1 98 100 65-66 0 1 0 0 96 100 67-68 0 0 0 0 98 100 69-70 2 0 1 0 99 100 71-72 1 0 1 0 100 100 Total 146 349 100 100 0
8. POST-ENTRAINMENT LATENT EFFECTS This. program was designed to evaluate the latent ef fects of condenser entrainment on early life stages of the blue crab, bay anchovy, and winter flounder. The resulting data are used in conjunction with entrainment abundance estimates for 1975-1981 (t.hapter 6) to calculate annual mortality. The results are provided below for bay anchovy eggs and larvae and wintet flounder larvae. With the possible exception of a few specimens, neither blue crab zocae nor megalopae were collected.
Data are grouped and analyzed by sample event, i . e . , a 3 -d ay eriod with-in each week during which collections were made. The values sed in this approach are means derived for each sample event weighted by the number of specimens collected or held. The rationale for this approach is based on the assumption that conditions encountered during a collection week (sample event) prevail throughout that period.
The number of organisms tested in the latent mortality program was depen-dent upon their det.sity and period of availability. Program specifica-tions called for testing 24,000 bay anchovy eggs, 28,000 bay anchovy larvae, and 32,000 winter flounder larvae, each equally divided between ambient and discharge-temperature holding conditions. Requirements were met for bay anchovy eggs-over 46,000 were inspected for initial condi-tion and over 23,000 of these were held for latent observations. Because of low densities of bay anchovy larvae in intake waters, only about 13 s percent of the target number of larvac were tested. For the same reason, only 22 percent of the target number of vinter flounder larvae were O.. tested. Specificatious also called for testing of toene and megalopae of blue crabs, but theso forms were so scarce as to preclude any meaningful test efforts.
There were three measures of entrainment survival used during the course of this study--initial, latent, and tocal. Initial survival ref ers to initial survival at the discharge, corrected .(uaing intake collection data) to account for any target organisms having entered the gear already dead, or having been killed by the collection gear. Latent survival is survival af ter 96_ hours (or to egg hatch in the case of bay anchovy eggs), corrected for latent mortality in corresponding intake collec-tions. Total survival is the product of initial and latene survival.
Computational de tail is provided in Section 2.7.8. Each of these survi-val components was examined independently to delineate short-term and long-term offeets.
In an ef fort to determine f actors that may af fect each of these values, linear regressions were performed using survival values as dependent variables and relating changes to the follewing independent variables:
intake water temperature at the time of collection, discharge water temperature _ at the time of collection, delta-T at the time of collection, mean holding water temperature, and maximum holding water temperature.
Chlorine was not detected in condenser dishcarge water during any sam-pling event, and therefore was not included as an independent variable.
O 8-1
_ - 1
l The final calculations involved integration of the entrainment survival data and existing entrainment abundance data. Entrainment abundance data g were collected at OCNGS from 1975 through 1981. Plant-operational data. W including thermal inf ormation, was also collected throughout that period.
Once a reliable relationship was established for entrainment s urv ival ,
that relationship was applied to the existing abundance da tabase to pro-vide estimates ot the number of target organisms killed by entrainment at OCNGS throughout the period.
8.1 BAY ANCHOVY EGGS Bay anchovy egg survival was determined by criteria outlined in Section 2.6. Eggs were held until they either hatched or were observed to be dead or undeveloped by the end of the test. The assumption was made th a t if an egg did not hatch, it was dead.
8.1.1 Initial Survival A total of 46,520 bay anchovy eggs were inspected for initial survival--
20,227 were collected from the intake and 26,243 were collected from the discharge. Initial entrainment survival ranged f rom 20.9 to 83.4 percent (Table 8-1); the weighted mean for all events combined vas 49.8 percent.
The high variability exhibited by these values prompted investigation by regression analysis. The relationship of initial entrainment s urvival was examined relative to the thermal parameters listed above. Re s ul t s of this analysis are listed in Table 8-2. All the tested thermal param- g eters, except intake water temperature, were related to initial entrain- W ment surv iv al . The highest correlation coef ficient (r = -0.93 0, p <0.01) was found to exist between discharge collection temperature and initial entrainment survival; i.e. , lower survival estimates were related to higher discharge temperatures.
Initial entrainment survival of bay anchovy eggs, pooled by sample event, '
exhibited maxima during events when minimal delta-T existed (Events ll, 16, and 17). Thus, in the absence of thermal ef fect, one must conc lude that the derived mortalities (range, 16.6-22.1 percent) for these events were caused solely by nonthermal, plant-passage ef fects (e.g. , pressure differentials, abrasion). The mean mortality ascribable to these effects was 18.8 percent. This value can only be assumed to be representative over a discharge temperature range of 25.9-27.0 C (with a delta-T <3.7 C)
(Table 8-1).
8.1. 2 Latent Su rvival Latent survival (hatch success) wcs de termined f or 23,341 bay anchovy eggs--13,334 were collected f rom the intake and 10,007 from the dis-charge. Ratch success at the intake ranged from 19.2 to 100 percent; hatch success at the discharge ranged from 0.0 to 96.3 percent (Table 8-3). The minimum value at the intake occurred during sample Event 6.
The incubation system during that event proved to be inadequate for holding in that the system clogged and overflowed, resulting in a sub- g-stantial loss of test specimens. For this reason, la te n t survival cal- W culations for total entrainment do not include values obtained during 1
8-2 i
-, ~~ . . .- - - - . . - - - - - . - .. - . - . - _ -
sample Event 6. Excluding these suspect values, intake hatch success ranged from 45.4 to 100 percent and discharge values range from 0 to 96.3 percent.
Figure 8-1 presents inf ormation for intake and discharge hatch success.
Regression analyses revealed that intake hatch rate was highly correlated to intake temperature at the time of collection (r = 0.872, p < 0.01)
(Table 8-4). The distribution of data points in Figure 8-1 suggests that an optimum temperature existed between 26 and 27 C, when the mean hatch rate was 92.2 percent. Intake temperatures of 22.4-24.2 C yielded a mean haech rate of 59.8 percent. The lower hatch rate at lower temperatures may reflect naturally reduced hatching success of bay anchovy eggs earlier in the spawning season.
Discharge hatch survival was shown to be highly correlated to the maximum exposure temperature encountered throughout the collection and holding period (r = -0.935, p < 0.01) and to the discharge temperature at the time of collection (r = -0.870, p < 0.0) . Figure 8-1 reveals that latent survival af ter plant passage is quite high when the maximum exposure temperature is between 26 and 27 C (mean hatch rate = 95.7 percent).
Hatch rate declined for temperatures in the range of 31-37 C and reached zero at temperatures of 38 C and above.
Entrainment latent survival (discharge hatch success / intake hatch suc-cess) values range from 0 :.o 113.2 percent (Table 8-1). In two cases, discharge hatch success exceeded intake hatch success. This situation probably occurred as a result of weak specimens at the discharge being killed immediately af ter plant passage (as measured by initial survival).
Weaker specimens at the intake did not experience plant passage and thennal shock ef fects but succumbed during the ensuing incubation period.
Entrainment latent survival regression analyses revealed a relatively high correlation coefficient (r = -0.821, p < 0.01) relative to discharge collection temperature.
8.1.3 Total Survival Total entrainment survival of bay anchovy eggs is derived as the product of initial entrainment survival and entrainment hatch success. Total survival values ranged from 0 to 93.3 percent (Table 8-1). Regression analyses of total entrainment survival related to discharge collection temperature yielded a high correlation coef ficient ( r = -0 . 8 93 ,
p < 0.01). Based on the linear equation derived from this analysis (Table 8-2) - total entrainent ef fects range from 100 percent survival at discharge temperatures of about 24 C. 50 percent at 31 C, and zero survival at about 38 C (Figure 8-2). With -the exception of one sample event, the regression line generated in this fashion appears to be explainable, given that temperature appears to be the primary force af fecting survival of bay ancho'ry eggs during the entrainment process.
However, because of the low level of mortality ascribable to physical ef fects of plant passage (discussed above) when delta-T is high, the portion of the regression line in Figure 8-2 that is below 27 C is unrealistic. The extension of the line to 100 percent survival at 24 C is due to an anomalously (i.e. , >100 percent) high latent survival during 8-3
sample Event 11 which, in turn, brought total entrainment survival to 93.3 percent (Table 8-1). Because average mor tslity due to physical ef fects is approximately 19 percent, the curve should be considered to g be level at about 80 percent survival between 44 and 27 C.
The one anomalous data point on the total entrainment-survival regression line (Figure 8-2) was due to data obtained during sample Event 8. Review of the uurvival components for this sample event shows that initial entrainmer.t survival appeared higher than expected for the discharge tem-peratures encountered and that the latent entrainment survival at the intake was lower than expected. These two components in unison served to drive the total entrainment-survi~ .1 valae upward. Factors unique to sample Event 8 that may have af fected the initial and latent survival values are
1. The ambient intake temperature dropped 3 C and subse-quently recovered during the 3-day sampling period; this constituted the lowest temperatures at which bay anchovy eggs were collected at the intake.
2. The percentage of bay anchovy eggs that were unaccounted for during latent effects testing was 21.2; this was the greatest unaccounted-for egg loss for intake collection eggs except for Event 6 (Table 8-3) .
Thus, it is possible that Event 8 results were subjected to a wide range of physical conditions during the sampling week and an unusually high g latent effects testing uncertainty (due to egg loss at the intake) . W 8.2 BAY ANCHOVY LARVAE Bay anchovy larval survival was determined by criteria expressed in Section 2.6. Larvat were held for up to 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months or until they were determined to be dead at regular inspection times. The percent latent "
survival is determ aed as the proportion of live and stunned larvae that appear at a given observation time relative to the number of larvae stocked at the beginning of the teot pe riod .
8.2.1 Initial Survival A total of 6,870 bay anchovy larvae were inspected for initial condition during the sampling ef fort--3,396 from the OCNGS intake and 3,474 from the discharge. Table 8-5 summarizes bay anchovy larvae initial survival by sample event (one week) . Also included on this table are various thermal parameters related to OCNGS operation that were encountered during the sampling period. Figure 8-3 depicts initial survival at the two collection stations as a function of collection temperature. The derived values ot initial entrainment survival are also included as a function of discharge collection temperature.
The existence of a critical te=perature is readily observable in Figure 8-3; discharge temperatures encountered when collection temperatures were 35.8 C and above resulted in minimal or no initial survival of bay anchovy larvae. At t empe ra ture s of 3 5 C or le s s , initial entrainment e-4
survival ranged f rom $2.2 to 99.9 percent, and the weighted mean was 70.6 percent. The' dif ference between this mean initial entrainment survival below 35.8 C and 100 percent' survival represents an immediate mortality of about 30 percent that is ascribable to the mechanical ef fects of pump and condenser passage.
8.2.2 Latent Survival A total of 3,599 bay anchovy larvae were stocked for latent survival determina tions--2,357 from the intake and 1,242 from the discharge.
Latent survival studies of bay anchovy larvae were nat successful in that only a _very small proportion of the larvae tested survived to 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months af ter collection. Comparison of irtake and discharge latent survival values determined for all specimens pooled over all sas:ple events revealed no difference between the intake and discharge collec-tion stations (Table 8-6) . This situation may be the result of holding system ef fects. Bay anchovy larvae are fragile and very mobile forms, and are difficult to maintain in any artificial environment.
The possibility that holding container size and .nfiguration was a causal factor in the low survivals was considered during the study effort. Two dif ferent types of holding containers were used--open-type (i.e. , screened) PVC containers that allowed water to circulate through the container and closed-type glass jars. Table 8-7 provides survival information far post-yolk-sac larvae held in each type of container.
A dramatic difference in latent survival was noticeable over the first 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months of holding; survival for larvae -held in the closed-type containers h was much greater than larval survival in open-type containers (Figure 8-4). Clearly, some unknown factor (s) associated with the open contain-era contributed to higher mortality through 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months . Latent survival af ter 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months fell to very low levels regardless of the type of holding container used. This suggests that other holding system ef fects may have excrted delayed mortal ef fects on larval survival (e.g. , feeding schedule and concentration of feed). These are considerations for future work that may involve bay anchovy larvae.
8.3 WIhTER FLOUNDER LARVAE Winter flounder larval survival was determined by criteria expressed in Sectior; 2.6. Percent initial survival was derived as the sum of the live and stunned larvae sorted- at time _of collection divided by the total num-ber sorted for viability. Sample error due to unsorted larvae is dis-cussed in Section 8.4. Latent survival is determined as 'the proportion of ~ live and stunned larvae that appear at an observation time relative to the number of larvae stocked at the beginning of the test period.
8.3.1 Initial Survival
(
j A total of 6,934 winter flounder larvae were inspected for initial condi-tion during the sampling ef fort--3,935 from the OCNGS intake and 2,999 from the' discharge. Table 8-8 summarizes initial survival by sample event. Various thermal parameters are in-luded on this table that are related to OCNGS operation during the sampling ef forts. Figure 8-5 8-5
1 depicts the relationship of initial entrainment survival of winter floun-der larvae with delta-T encountered at the OCNGS condenser discharge.
Initial intake survival ranges from 76.7 to 95. 8 percent with an arith- ll me tic mean of 83.6 percent. Initial discharge surviv al ranged f rom 31. 8 to 92.0 percent; the mean survival was 64.4 percent. Initial entrainment survival displayed a range of 3 6 . 0 - 96 . 0 percent with an arithmetic mean of 77.4 percent.
Inliial entrainment survival was high and stable for events with a mean delta-T of 9.3 C or less (average 93.1 percent) . Sample events with a mean delta-T of 10.6 or greater display a lower initial entrainment sur-vival with greater variability (average 53.9 percent survival) . Thus, there appears to be a 7 percent mortality attributable to OCNGS condenser passage with low ( 9.3 C or less) delta-T and approximately a 46 percent mortality associated with condenser passage with a high delta-T (10.6 C or more). m
~~8. 3 . 2 Latent Survival s~~
A total of 5,000 winter flounder larvae was stocked for latent survival testing--3,094 from the intake and 1,906 f rom the discharge. !!olding system f ailure during sample Event 2 resulted in acquisition of latent survival data for 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months only. Latent survival results, pooled by sample event, are displayed in Table 8-9. Latent survival at the intake af ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ranged from 56.6 to 67.5 percent; mean latent survival at the intake was 61.9 percent. Latent survival at the discharge af ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ranged from 5.6 to 65.7 percent; the mean was 2 8.4 percent. Unlike gg intake survival rates, which were relatively uniform, discharge latent survival appeared highly variable. Entrainment latent survival, derived as the quotient of discharge latent survival divided by intake latent survival, ranged f rom 9.6 to 97.3 percent (Table 8-10) .
Figure 8-6 depicts entrainment survival curves for three situations-- '
delta-T at the time of collection of 3.5 C (sample event 5), delta-T of
5. 8 C (Event 2 through 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months ) , and delta-T of 9.3-11.1 C (Events 1, 3, and 4). Latent entrainment survival for collections with a delta-T of 3.5 C was essentially 100 percent af ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months ; there was little or no effect on the latent survival of winter flounder larvae that pass through the OCNGS condenser system. Latent entrainment survival of winter flounder larvae that were collected when delta-T wtc 5.8 C is about E4 percent; survival of larvae that were collected during events with a del ta-T of 9.3-11.1 C was 20-30 percent. Tha shape of the curves for the latter condition revealed that the forces exerting delayed mortality manifest themselves within the first 12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months . Other, more delayed ef fects are visible between 72 and 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months , but the magnitude of these ef fects is small compared to ef fects of the first 12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months .
The contribution of delta-T to intake, discharge, and entrainment latent aurvival was investigated using linear regression analyses. Table 8-11 displays the relevant findings. As expected from the above discussion, latent entrainment survival was highly correlated (r = -0.977, p < 0.01) to delta-T at the time of collection.
lll B-6
83.3 Total Survival
() Total entrainment survival of winter flounder is the product of initial entrainment survival and latent entrainment survival. Total entrainment survival values for vinter flounder larvae ranged from 3.5 to 93.4 per-cent (Table 8-12) . Regression analysis revealed that total entrainment survival was highly correlated (r = -0.922, p < 0.01) to delta-T (Table 8-13), Figure 8-7 illustrates the data set and regression line. Based on this display, vinter flounder survival would virtually be 100 percent at or below delta-T of 3.2 C. Predicted zero survival would occur at a delta-T of 12.0 C; 50 percent survival was predicted to occur at a delta-T of 7.6 C.
8.4 FACTORS AFFECTING Tile UTILITY OF ENTRAINMENT-SURVIVAL DATA 8.4.1 Sortine-Uncertainty Consid era tionA The initial survival estimates discussed above were based on the propor-tions of live and dead organisus determined in the field immediately after sample collection. As is typical of studies of this type, the small size of the organisms, the short period of time allotted for sorting, and the heavy detrital content of the samples precluded the sorting of all organisms from a given sample, After initial sorting was completed, the remainder of each sample was preserved and subsequently examined microscopically in the laboratory, The number of eggs and/or larvae of the target species in the sample (i.e. , the ones missed during the initial " live" sort) were recorded. These missed eggs or larvae represent " sorting error" or " sorting uncertainty."
Because of the different nature of live and dead organisms, there is potential for selective bias in sorting either live or dead specimens during the initial field sort. For example, dead, nonmoving larvae may be more likely missed than live larvae, or, conversely , live, transparent larvae may more likely be missed than dead opaque larvae. Any bias in -
the initial sorting, therefore, confounds the live-dead categorization of the specimens remaining in the preserved sample. In an extreme case, if all missed specimens had been alive when preserved, actual initial survival was higher than reported (best case). Conversely, if all missed specimens had been dead when preserved, actual initial survival was lower than reported (worst case). Because this " sorting uncertainty" has implications not only in the initial survival determinations, but also in the calculation of f atal entrainment survival, it was necessary to evaluate the influence of the uncertainty on survival estimates.
There was no sorting uncertainty issue with regard to bay anchovy eggs.
Characteristics of live and dead eggs (described in Chapter 2) are readily discernible under a microscope. Thus, any eggs missed in 'an initial sort could subsequently be correctly apportioned between live and dead categories.
Winter flounder larvae data are presented by sample event in Table 8-14.
Sorting uncertainty is calculated as the number of larvae missed divided O,
g, by the total number of larvae (initial sort plus number missed) . With the exception of the discharge sample of Event 1, sorting uncertainty was 8-7.
I l
quite low; the weighted mean sorting uncertainty, excluding the Event I discharge sample, was 8 percent. As a result of the low sorting uncer-tai n ty , the uncorrected initial survival is tightly bracketed by the g
best- and worst-case survival estimates for each sample. The Event 1 discharge sample dif fered in that there was a large sorting uncertainty
( 5 8 percent) and low initial (uncorrected) survival of 0.318. The fact that this l ow survival is so much lower than all others, including those for Event 3 with similar thermal conditions, leads to the belief that initial sorting was biased for dead specimens, and that the actual initial survival may have been closer to the best case. How eve r , any uncertainty associated with this sample event was minimal given that Sample Event I represented only 8 percent of the winter flounder larvae database.
Upon examina tion of the corresponding data f or bay anchovy la rvae (Table 8-15) , it is immediately evident that sorting uncertainty was higher than that for winter flounder larvae. Sorting uncertainty for bay anchovy ranged f rom 0.275 to 1.0 and the weighted mean was 0.51 8 (51. 8 percent).
This higher sorting uncertainty was attributed to the smaller size of bay anchovy larvae and concomitant dif ficulty of seeing and picking ind ivid -
ual larvae from the samples. Because it proved impossible to hold bay anchovy larvae for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months in either ambient or heated water (Section 8.2) , latent survival could not be calculated. Thus, the relatively high sorting uncertainty had no impact on total entrainment estimates (which could not be made in any case). None th ele s s , it was important to know the ef fect of sorting uncertainty on initial survival estimates because of inferences drawn from the latter regarding short-term mechanical and g thermal effects of entrainment.
Based on discussions in Section 8.2, no initial survival occurred when collection temperatures reached or exceeded 35. 8 C. In these cases (representing approximately 31 percent of larvae tested), uncorrected it.itial survival and worst-case survival were essentially the same--
at or near zero. Sorting uncertainty had no ef fect on these estimates.
When collection temperatures were at or below 3 5 C, no thermal ef fect was evident (Figure 8-3) and the mean uncorrected initial entrainment survival at these lower temperatures was 70.6 percent. The resulting 30 percent mortality was ascribed to the mechanical ef fects of pump and condenser pressure. For these same temperatures, the weighted mean w or s t-c a s e survival due to sorting uncertainty would be 33 percent, and the consequent mortality due to mechanical ef fects would be nearly 70 percent.
Thus, for bay anchovy , while mechani al ef fects of entreinment are identifiable, the relatively large sorting uncertainties precludes quantifying these ef fects with any confidence. Thermal effects on initial entrainment survival are evident above 35 C and are not af fec ted by sor ting uncertainty.
8.4.2 Artificiality o f Th e rm n 1 Te s t Recigg The results obtained for bay anchovy eggs and larvae and winter flounder larvae are based on tests which exposed the test organisms to discharge lll temperature water for the entirr 96-hour holding period. In reality, 8- 8
entrained organisms are only exposed to full-strength discharge thermal conditions for a much shorter time (as ambient dilution water mixes with
) condenser discharge water and eventually mixes with Barnegat Bay receiv-ing waters). Therefore, the survival values obtained by this study are probably more conservative (worst case) than what may exist in Oyster Creek and Barnegat Bay. The thermal factors found to be highly corre-lated to total entrainment survival of bay anchovy eggs and winter fim2n-der larvae were thertw1 conditions encountered during collection, i.e.,
delta-T and dischatge collection temperature. However, collection-con-ditions (thermal) were also highly correlated with holding conditions; this was to be expected because the objective was to keep holding-thermal conditions identical to collection-thermal conditions. Beccuse of this situation, there is no way to ascribe, at least- statistically, cause of mortality to either collection- or holding-temperature conditions.
Intuitively, the holding-system thermal regir.e was artificial and unreal-istically harsh. Examination of the survival data strongly suggestt th a t a holding-system thermal regime that mimicked natural temperature decay in Oyster Creek would-have reduced mortality. Consequently, future studies. of this type should incorporate a holding regime that includes a more realistic simulation of the thermal conditions encount ed by organisms af ter condenser-system passage.
8.5 IMPACT OF CONDENSER PASSAGE The objective of this portior. of the program was to apply the survival ,
data derived from the present study to previous annual estimates of con-
-_ denser passage. The results sought are "trua" astimates of the total
\ number of key forms killed by plant passaga. Based-on the discussion in the previous secticn regarding the artificiality of the thermal-holding regime, EA believes these mortality estimates are overestimates. As such they represent a very conservative assessment of tra ef fect of condenser passage. Calculation methodologies are described in Chapter 2.
For both bay anchovy eggs and winter flounder larvae, the proportion estimated to have been killed in a given year was quite variable (Table 8-16). Depending on the year, 21-88 percent of winter flounder larvae were projected killed by condenser passage. Fcr bay anchovy *ggs , the range . was 13-83 percent. These year-to-year dif ferences for bay anchovy eggs may be. attributed to dif fering taermal conditions among 'the years.
That is, naturally warmer years with higher ambient temperatures result-in higher discharge temperatures and, thus, higher mortality. Winter
~~i. flounder larval mortality appears more directly related to delta-T.~~
As described earlier in this chapter, few bay anchovy larvae survived holding, whether from the intake or the discharge. Unknown deficiencies Din the holding systen were implicated. In lieu of complete-survival tests 100 percent mortality was assumed (Table 8-16). It should be noted that survival of bay ' anchovy larvae in tne closed-container expe-riments was just under 50 percent at 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months . Substantial survival may, in fact, occur. under mot e na tural conditions.
O 8-9
8.6
~~SUMMARY~~
Post-impingenent latent ef fects studies were conducted on bay anchovy eggs and larvae 2nd winter flounder larvae between February and August 1985. The sampling protocol involved collecting target organisms from both the intake and discharge, and holding and observing them in both ambient und heated (discharge) water for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months . Counts of live ar.d dead organisms were used to calculate estimates of initial, latent, and tetal entrainment surv ival . The effect of sample-sorting uncertainty on these estima tes was evalua ted. The survival data was used in conjunction with organism abundance data and cooling-water flow data for the period August - September 1981 to estimate the annual number of organisms killed by passage through the condensers at OCNGS.
Over 45,000 bay anchovy eggs were collected and inspected for initial c ond i tion, and over 23,000 ot these were held for latent survival obser-vacions. Initial survival decreased with increasing discharge temper-a tur e . When delta-T was low, initial survival was about 81 pe rcent; the corresponding 19 percent mortality was ascribed to the mechanical effects of plant passage. Latent survival (measured by hatch success of bay anchovy eggs) was also highly correlated to discharge collection tempe r a tures . Total entrainment survival, the multiplication product of initial and latent survival, was primarily influenced by collection t empe ra ture. Regression of total survival proportions on discharge col-1ection temperature revealed a strong relationship characterized by:
high survival below 27 C (probably about 81 pe rc ent , given the 19 percent mortality due to mechanical ef fects); about 50 percent aurvival at 31 C; and zero survival at 38 C. Sorting uncertainty war not a tactor because accurate live-dead determina tions could be made f or ooth live and pre-served eggs. Estimates of the number of bay anchovy eggs killed by entrainment ranged from 60 million in 1979-1980 to 11.7 billion in 1975-1976. The proportion killed of the total number entrained ranged f rom 11 percent in 197 9-1980 to 45 percent in 197 5-1976.
Collections of bay anchovy larvae yielded nearly 6.900 specimens for examination of initial condition; about 3,600 of these were held for latent survival observations. Initial survival was dependent on dis-charge tempe ra ture s . Below 35 C initial survival averaged 71 percent; at 35.8 C and above, initial survival was es sentially zero. The 71 percent survival below 3 5 C, when sub tracted f rom 100 percent, yielded about 29 percent mortality that was attributed to the mechanical ef fects of condenser passage. Latent survival could not be calculated because few larvae survived f or 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months in either heated or ambient holding co ndicions . This was attributed to holding-system ef fects on these f ragile larvae. Sorting uncertainty , due to the inability to accurately apportion preserved larvae (micsed during initial sorts) into live and dead categories, averaged 52 percent. This rendered uncertain the estimates of initial survival. Consequently , the true mortality due to mechanical ef fects (stated as 29 percent above) could have been anywhere f rom 20 to 67 percent. Because latent mortality could not be calculated l
for bay anchovy larvce, 100 percent mortality was assumed in the esti-l mates of annual numbers killed by entrainment. These values ranged from
! 144 million in 197 9-1980 to 1.3 billien in 1978-1979.
8-10
. .._.._____._______.-___._._.___.___m--__._ -
Uearly' 7,000 winter flounder larvae were collected and inspected
for initial condition; 5,000 of these were held for latent survival-ob s e rv a ti ons. Initia11 survival was a-function of delta-T. Below-a delta-T of 9.3 C, initial entrainment survival averaged over 90 per-cent. For two sampline events when-delta-T exceeded 10.6 C, initial survival dropped to about 54-percent. : Latent survival-efter-96 hours was exemined relative to dif ferent delta-T values. At a delta-T cf 3.5 C, . latent survival was essentially 100 percent.
At a delta-T of 15.8 c, : latent survival was 84- percent. Latent survival dropped to 20-30 percent when delta-T was be tween 9.3. and 11.1 C. Total entrain-ment survival of winter flout. der larvae proved highly correlated to delta-T. Regression l analysis revealud that total entrainment survival >
would be ' virtually.100 pe rcent at or below- a delta-T of 3.2 C. Zero survival'vas predicted to occur at a delta-T of- 12 C. Fifty percent total survival was associated with a delta-T ot 7.6 C. Sorting uncer-tainties for winter flounder larvae were low and thus survival estimates were not af fected. - Estimates of the number of winter flounder larvae '
killed by entrainment ranged from zero in 1979-1980 (plant was shut down) to 586.million in 1978-1979. The highest proportion of entrained larvae killed was 17 percent in 1977-197 8.
O:
LO 8-11
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Figure 8-1. Proportion of bay anchovy eggs that hatch collected from the intake ar d discharge of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Ger.erating Station, May - August 1385.
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Figure 8-3. Initial survival of bay anchovy larvae collected at the Oyster Creek riuclear Generating Station intake and discharge as i function of cdlection temperatures. (Initial eritsainment survival as a function of discharge collection temperature.)
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Figure 8-5. Initial entriinment survival of winter flounder larvae as a function of delta T at the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station for studies conducted from February - March 1985.
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O O .O' TABLE 8-1 "DIERMAL FACTORS AND POST ENTRAINMENT LATENT EFFECTS SURVIV/l VALUES FOR BAY ANCHOVY EGG SWDIES CONDUCTED AT OCNGS. MAY THROUGH AUGUST 1985 i
Temperature (C)
Sample Intake Discharge Mean Maximum Survival (Novortion)- 'l
' Collection Collection . Hold Exposure Delta-T Initial- Latent Total Event 6 23.1 33.5 29.1 33.5 10.4 0.521 (a) (a) 7 23.1 32 28.5 .32 8.9 0.506 0.7E7 0.398 8 22.2 33.4. 29.9 33.4 11.2 0.6 % 1.11 8 0.779 9 22.8 34.9 32.5 35.2' 12.1 0.431' O .6 85 0.295 23.5 34.8 30.5 34.8 11.3 0.477 0.045 0.021 10 11 22.5 26.2 26.6 31.5 3.7 0 . 82 4 1.132 0.933 12 24.2 35.9 32.5 36.6 11.7 0 .2 84 0.210 0.060 23.4 34.7 32.8 34.7 11.3 0.465 0.420 0.195:
13 26.8 38.1 33.6 38.1 11.3 0.209 0 0 15 16 26.9 27 25.2 27' O.1 0.779 1.000 0.779 26.1 25.9 25.5 26.3 -0.2 0 . 83 4 0 .913 0.762 17 18 26.9 35.8' 33.6 36.4 8. 9 0.4 '% 0.140 0.068-38 35.1 38 11.2 0.27 0 0 20 26.8 (a) Entrainment latent and total survival not determined because of holding system failure.
Note: Sample Events 1-5 ' yielded few or no eggs for testing.
4
TABLE 8-2 RESULTS OF LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSES PERFORMED ON VARIOUS MEASURES OF SURVIVAL OF PAY ANCIIOVY ECCS SUBJECTED TO ENTRAINMENT AT OCNGS. MAY THROUGH AUGUST 1985 Correlation (c) Matr ix Mean efaximum Initial Latent Intake Discharge llolding Exposure Temo Temo Temo Temp Delta-T Ent Sur Ent Sur i i
l Discharge Temp 0.112 Mean Holding Temp 0.137 0.959 Maximum Exposure Temp 0.006 0 .91 4 0.952 Delta-T -0.314 0.908 0.859 0.897
-0.199 -0.930 -0 .890 -0 .887 0.80 5 Initial Ent Sur
-0.431 -0.821 -0.804 -0.777 -0.603 0.860 Latent Ent Sur 0 .964 Total Ent Sur -0.281 -0 893 -0.864 -0.825 -0.735 0.925 l
Initial Entrainment Survival (S )
(Sf) = 2.047 - 0.046 (Discharge Collection Temperature) r 2 = 0.866 Latent Entrainment Survival (S )
(S*) = 3.329 - 0.084 (Discharge Collection Temperature) r 2 = 0.674 Total Entrainroent Survival (S{}
= 2.7 84 - 0.07: (Discharge Collection Temperature)
( S*T) r 2 = 0.798 Note: Correlation coef ficients (r absolute value), greater than 0.532 and r2 values greater than 0.283 are significant at a = 0 05. The corresponding val for u = 0.01 are 0.661 and 0.437, respectively
O. O O TABLE 8-3 THERMAL FACTORS AED LATENT SURVIVAL VALUES FOR B AT ANC110VY EGGS COLLECTEI, AT THE INTAKE A*:D DJSCHARI'E OF OCNCS. MAY THRCUGH AUGUST 1985 l
' Temperature (C) Survival Pro m tion Senple Intake Discharge Maximurn Intake Discharge Entrainment F toss Event Co11ec tE2n Collection Delta-T Ewoesure Hatch Hatch Latent .i.fo t ek g
{ 6 23.1 33.5 10.4 33.5 0 .1 92 0.372 1 . 93 8 0.273 i 7 23.1 32 8.9 32 'O.656 0.516 0 .7 87 0.1 94
) 8 22. 2 33.4 11.2 33.4 0.509 0.569 1.118 0.212 i 9 22.8 34.9 12.1 35.2 0.681 0.46 8 0 .6 85 0.098 10 21.5 34.8 11.3 34.6 0.603 0.027 0.045 0.066 11 22.5 26.2 3.7 31.5 0.454 0.514 1.132 0.172 12 24.2 35.9 11.7 36.6 0.624 0.131 0.21 0.101 13 23.4 34.7 11.3 34.7 0.66 0.277 0.421 0.141
15 26.8 38.1 11.3 38.1 1 0 0 0.067 l' 16 26.9 27 0.1 27 0.%3 0.%3 1 0.138 l 17 26.1 25.9 -0.2 26.3 0 .97 8 0 . 8 93 0 .91 3 0.047 l 18 26.9 35.8 8.9 36.4 0.78 0.109 0.14 0.145 20 26.8 38 11.2 38 0 . 8 91 0 0 0.144 3
i
} Note: Sample Events 1-5 yielded few or no eggs for testing.
1 i
TABLE 8-4 RESULTS CF LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSES FERFoiMED CN LATENT SURVIVAL OF B AY ANCHOVY ECGS SUBJECTED TO ENTRAINMENT AT OCNGS. MAY THRCWJGil AUGUST 1985 Correlation (r) Matrix Maximum antake Discharge Exposure Intake Discharge
_Tero Teen Delta-T Teen Hatch Hatch Discharge Tc5np 0.109 Delta-T -0.272 0.925 Maximum Exposure Temp -0.005 0.941 0.89?
Intake Hatch 0.872 0.031 -0.295 -0.147 Discharge Hatch -0.087 -0.870 -0 .7 93 -0.935 0.104 Entrainment Hatch -0.408 -0.821 -0.636 -0.777 -0.285 0.8N Intake Latent Survival (S )
(S*) = -1.325 + 0.084 (Intake Collection Temperature) r2 = 0.760 Discharge Latent Survival (S )
d (S;) = 2.579 - 0.067 (Discharge Collection Temperature) r 2.= 0.756 Entrainment Latent Survival ( S")
,{} = 3.329 - 0.084 (Discharge Collection Temperature) r2 = 0.674 5)ote: See Table 8-2 for critical values of r and r2 at a = 0.05 and a = 0.01.
@ O O
TA;LE 8-4 TilERMAL FACTORS AND INITI AL SURVIVAL VALUES FOR BAY ANC110VY p LARVAE COLLECTED AT THE INTAKE AND DISCllARCE OF OCNOS. MAY V,V _- T11RottCil_21!quT 1985 _
Temnerature (C)
Sample Intake Discharge Initial Survival
-Event- Collection Collection hita-T latah Dighang Entrainment 12 23.3 35.0 11.7 0 .90 5 0.4 87 0 .53 8 13 23.4 34.7 11.3 (a) 0.500 0.500(b) 14 26.2 30.2 4.0 0.717 0.710 0 .9 90 15 27.9 38.8 10.9 0.779 0 -0 16 26.8 27.2 0.4 0 . 6 9.' O.532 0.768 17 26.1 25 9 -0.2 0.719 0.426 0.5 92 18 27.6 37.6 10.0 0.756 0.005 0.007 19 28.8 39.3 10 5 0.378 0 0 20 25.5 35.8 10 3 0 789 0 0 21 27 3 38.6 11.3 0.616 0 0
~~5) No larvae collected at intake.~~
(b) Assumes intake survival = 1.0.
O k
O
TABLE 8-6
~~SUMMARY~~
OF NUMESR OF BAY ANCll0VY LARVAE STOCKED, NUMBER SURVIVING AT EAC11 OBSERVATION PERIOD, AND WEIGHTED MEAN g PROPORTION SURVIVING AT EACll OBSERVATION PERIOD l'OR TESTS W
_ CONDUCTED AT OCEGS. MW THROUGH AUCUST 1985 Sample .Mmber . Hours After Cc11ection Event. Stocked 3 6_ 1 JL _A B _ 72 91_
inLallt it 47 27 26 19 15 0 0 0 l' O O O O O O O O
.4 83 58 56 53 6 1 0 0 15 399 149 98 77 10 0 0 0 16 960 372 252 176 26 3 2 2 17 3 96 261 1 87 167 71 19 8 4 18 98 87 76 61 19 0 0 0 19 14 14 14 12 5 0 0 0 20 243 200 161 136 100 22 4 1 21 117 92 79 64 49 4 1 1 Total 2.357 1,260 949 765 301 49 15 8 Weighted mean 0.53 5 0.403 0.325 0.128 0.021 0.006 6.003 O
Discharce 12 22 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 12 9 6 6 0 0 0 0 14 49 37 29 25 1 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 703 315 255 1 97 25 2 2 2 17 455 264 221 1 82 73 15 4 4 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1,242 630 514 410 99 18 6 6 Weighted mean 0.507 0.414 0.330 0.079 0.014 0.005 0.005 l
l e l'
l l
TABLE 8-7
~~SUMMARY~~
OF NUMBER OF BAY ANC110VY POST-YOLK-SAC LARVAE STOCKED, NUMBER SURV!VING AT EACll OBSERVATION PERIOD, O AND WEIGilTED MEAN PROPORTION SURVIVING AT EACl!
OBSERVATION PERIOD FOR TESTS COMPARING Tile EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT 110LDING CONTAINERS FOR TESTS CONDUCTED AT OCNRS. MAY TilROUGH AUGUST 1985 Sa:nple Number _
Hours After Colleetion LY.cnL ELQt.ted 3 6 ,,,_12, 24 48 1 96 Intake--Onen Contalnen 12 47 27 26 19 15 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 26 6 5 3 3 1 0 0 15 219 57 25 13 4 0 0 0 16 645 106 24 11 3 3 2 2 17 109 55 16 10 8 3 5 4 Total 1.046 251 96 56 33 9 7 6 Weighted mean 0.239 0.094- 0.054 0.022 0.009 0.007 0.003-Intake--Closed Cont ainers 17 85 63 53 49 40 11 3 0 18 58 53 42 34 16 0 0 0 19 14 14 14 12 5 0 0 0 20 147 136 111 95 77 17 3 1 21 97 S1 70 56 44 4 1 1 Total 401 -347 2 90 246 1 82 32 7 2 We ighted mean 0.865 0 723 0.613 0.454 0 080 0.017 0.005 L
O
TABL!' 8-7 (Cent.)
O Sample Number Hours A[ter Collec tion IdtnL 11Elid 'i 6 12 24- 6.fL 72 9L Dischttge--Ocen Containen 12 22 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 325 55 24 8 4 2 2 2 17 122 23 14 7 6 6 3 3 Total 473 84 42 16 11 9 5 5 Weir,hted mean 0.17 8 0.089 0.034 0.023 0.019 0.011 0.011 Qi,3charta--Closed Containers ,,
17 167 116 103 91 61 9 1 1 18 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 21 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 g
Total 168 116 103 91 61 9 1 1 Weir,hted mean 0 .6 90 0.613 0.542 0.363 0.054 0.006 0.006 _
.a f.4 I
9
L O O O .
t 4
i TABLE 8-8 TTiERMAL FACTORS AND INITIAL SU3VIVAL VALUES FOR WINTER FLOUNDER LARVAE COLLECTED
~
AT THE OCNGS. FEBRUARY THROUGH MARCH 1985 '
t t l
Total Total !"
Sample Collection Temperature (C) Initial Servival Intake Discharge Total l Event In t ak e Discharre Delta-T Intake Dischstre Entrainment No. W. No. j 1 9.7 20.3 10.6 0 . 8 84 0.318 0.36 112 233 345 l 2 7.7 13.5 5.8 0.768 0.704 0 .91 7 1 ,2 89 1.066 2,355 3 7.2 18.3 11.1 0. E02 0.576 0.718 1,4_2 953 2,375 ;
i 4 9.7 19 9.3 0.767 0.703 0 .917 9 93 634 I.627 !
j 5 11.3 14.3 3.5 0.95 8 4.92 0.% 119 113 232 [
O p
+
t
, t l
e. I 4- [
t l l i
l l i 1
i -
c i
4 4 !
l 4 ;
I
~~. . - - .I~~
TABLE 8-9 !JUMllER STOCKED AND LATENT SURVIV AL BY OBSP,RVATION 110UR OF WINTER 110UNDER LARVAE COLLECTED AT OCNGS. ITBRUARY THF000H MAKOH 1985 g
Mean Senple Number __ L a t e n t_Eutritti (by hour) Delta-T L1tnL S tc:kc1 3 6 12 _3 ,_!.tl. 2.2 J_ (Ci lalalic 1 91 0 . 8 90 0.868 0.846 0 813 0.6 92 0.626 0.582 2 207 0.947 0.90 8 0.884 0.7 92 0.700 0.609 ND 3 1.139 0.903 0.975 0 952 0.90 9 0 . 80 2 0.717 0.651 4 761 0.976 0.961 0 924 0.854 0.699 0.607 0.566 5 114 0.974 0.974 0.947 0.851 0 746 U.702 0.675 Dischatte 1 73 0.507 0.408 0 338 0.286 0.211 0.141 0.0 56 10.6 2 252 0.841 0.774 0.754 0.675 0.583 0.488 0.405 5.8 3 548 0.564 0.471 0.431 0.400 0.354 0.2 83 0.148 11.1 4 446 U .4 57 0.247 0.1 86 0.175 0.159 0.155 0.152 9.3 5 102 0.990 0.922 0.863 0.824 0.804 0.765 0.6 57 3.5 Entrainment 1 164 0.570 0.470 0.400 0.352 0.305 0.225 0.096 10.6 2 459 0.888 0.852 0.853 0.852 0.833 0.801 ND 5.8 3 1 .6 87 0 574 0.4 83 0.453 0.440 0.441 0.395 0.227 11.1 4 1.207 0.468 0.257 0.201 0.205 0.227 0.255 0.269 9.3 5 216 1.016 0.947 0.911 0.96 8 1.078 1.090 0.973 3.5 Note: ND = no da ta.
O
TABLE 8-10 THERMAL FACTORS AND LATENT SURVIVAL VALUES FOR k' INTER FLOUNDER LARVAE COLLECTED AT OCNGS.
FEBRUARY 'nlROU0il MARCll 1985 Satuple .. Colle.ttien Temperature (C) talant Sarvital('}
tvent- lataki - D.11 charge LitLta-I intake Disehetga DLLuimDcat I_ 97 20.3 10.6 0.582 0.056 0.096 2 7.7 13.5 5.8 0.609 0.488 0 .801 3 72 18 3 11.1 0.651 0.148 0.227 ,
4 9.7 19 9.3 0.566 0.152 0.269 i 5 11.3 14.8 3.5 0.675 0 .6 57 0 973 !
e (a) After 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months except Event 2 (72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months ). I i
.O ;
i 1
1 LO
TABLE 8-11 RESULTS OF LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSES PERFORMED ON LATENT SURVIVAL OF WINTER TLOUNDER LARVAE g SUBJECTED TO ENTRAINMENT AT OCNGS. FEBRUARY W THliG.1GH MARCH 1085 Correlation (r) Matrix Intake Discharge Lt.t en t Latent
--Temo _
Temn Delta-T t,u r-I n t Sur-Dis Discharge Tetup 0.039 Delta-T -0.474 0.862 Latent Sur-Int 0.074 -0.513 -0 .4 90 Latent Sur-Dis 0.334 -0.916 -0.977 0.635 Latent Sur-Ent 0.294 -0.940 -0.977 0.585 0 .9 97 Discharge Latent Survival (S )
d (S ) = 0.920 - 0.077 (Delta-T degrees C) g r 2 = 0.955 Enttoinment Latent Survival (S') g
( S*g) = 1.404 - 0.115 (Delta-T degrees C) r 2 = 0.955 Note: Cor regation coef ficients (r, absolute value) greater than 0.811 and r values greater than 0.658 are significant at a = 0.05 The corresponding values for a = 0.01 are 0.917 and 0.841, re s pe c t ively .
O
TABLE 8.-12 THERMAL FACTORS AND ENTRAIN 1 TENT SURVIVAL VALUES FOR WINTER FLOUNDER LARVAE COLLECTED AT OCNGS. FEBRUARY
~~n1ROUC11 MARCH I 985~~
' Sample Collection Ternerature (C) .Jatrainment Surv! val d'
Event In t ak e Discharee Delta-T Ig1Liti Latent Intal 1 97 20.3 10.6 0.36 0.096 0.035 2 77 13 5 5.8 0 .91 7 0.801 0 735 3 7.2 18.3 11.1 0.718 0.227 0.163 4 9.7 19 9.3 0.017 0.269 0.247 5 11.3 14.8 3.5 0 960 0 . 97 3 0 .934
' (a) Late $t survival af ter 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months except Event 2 (72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months ).
O 4 0
pe ww y V gW- b g- e h-t7W 4% M4e -*r evT evMe e$==J MSNW%*WP' *
~~1 TABLE 8-13 RESULTS OF LINEAR RECRESSION ANALYSES PERFORMED ON TOTAL SURVIVAL OF WINTER FLOUNDER LARVAE SUDJECTED g TO EEIBAINMENT AT OCNGS. TEERUARY THROUGH MARCH 1985 W l~~
l Correlation (r) Matrix )
Intake Discharge Initial Latent
,1c.gr.,_ Temo De1ta-1 Sur-EnL Sur-EnL Discharge Temp 0.039 )
Delta-T -0.474 0.862 Initial Sur-Ent 0.0 92 -0.713 -0.675 Latent Sur-Ent 0.294 +0.940 -0.977 0.723 Total Sur-Ent 0.32'4 -0.928 -0.982 0.743 0.999 Entrainment Total Survival (S')
(S{} = 1.363 - 0.117 (Delat-T degrees C) r 2 = 0.965 Note See Table 8-11 for critical vclues of r and r2 at a = 0.05 and a = 0.01. h l
9
r O- O- O-i i 4.
TABLE 8-14 INVESTIGATION OF UNCERTAINIT ASSOCIATED WITH INITIAL SURVIVAL OF
VINTER FLOUNDER LARVAE AT OCNGS. FEBRUART THROUGH MARCH 1966 i Total l Initial Initial Initial Initial Nucaber l Sample- Uncor rec ted Number Vorst-Case Best-Case Sorting of Delta-T-
}' Event Survival - Larvse. Survival Survival Uncertainty Larvae -(C) .
i l I
1 I(a)- '
0.884 112 0.762- 0.9 0.138 130 D(b) 0.318 233 0.135 0 717- 0.582 562
. E(c) 0.360 345 0.177 0.7 97 5 92 10.6 l 21 0.768 1,289 0.704 0.787 0 .0 83 1,406 :
i D 0.704 1.066 0.649 0.727 0.078 1 ,1 56 j E 0.917 2,355- 0.922 0.926 2,562 5.8 3I 0 .80 2 1 ,422 0.788 0.844 0.057 1,508 i
! D 0.516 9%3 0.504 0.e. 9 0.126 I 0 90 E 0.718 2.373 0 . 6 '* 0.74! 2,598 11.1
, . r 41 0.if7 9 93 0.71 0.785 0.075 1,073 l
< P 0.703 634 0 .6 81 0.754 0.073 664 l' E. 0.917 1,627 0.959 0 .96 1 1,757- 9.3 51 0.958 119 0 .91 2 0.% 0.048- 125 ;
D 0.92 113 0-874 0.924 0.05 119- j E 0.% 232 0.9!8 0.963 244 3.5 t i
l (a) I = Intake.
j (b) D = Discharge. . [
j (c) E = Entrainment Effects (D/I).
1 3
4
TABLE 8-15 INVESTICATION OF UNCERTAINTY ASSOCI ATED WITH INITIAL SURVIVAL OF BAY ANCi!OVY LABVAE AT OCNGS. MAY. THFC83G!! AUGUST 1985 Total Initial Initial Initial Initial Nemuer Collection Sample Unc orrec ted No. Worst-Case Best-Case Sorting of Temoe ra tu re Event Survival _ La rva e Survival Survival _ Uncertainty Larvae (C) Delta-T 12 i(a) 0.905 63 0.416 0 .9 56 0.54 137 23.3 D(b) 0.4n7 76 0.157 0.835 0.678 236 35.0 E(c} 0.53 3 13" 0.377 0.873 373 11.7 13 I NLId) 0 NL 1.000 1.000 23 23.4 D 0.500 24 0.245 0.755 0.51 49 34.7 E 0.500(*) 24 0.245(e) 0.755 72 11.3 14 I 0.735 113 0.459 0.834 0.376 1 81 26.2 D 0.710 69 0.434 0.823 0.389 113 30.2 E 0.96 6 1 82 0.945 0.987 294 4.0 !
15 1 0.779 512 0.247 0.930 0.683 1,613 27.9 D 0 145 0 0.869 0.869 1,105 38.8 E O 657 0 0.934 2,718 10.9 16 I 0.693 1,392 0.433 0.808 0.375 2,228 26.8 D 0.532 1,329 0.2 93 0.742 0.449 2,411 27.2 E 0.768 2,/21 0.677 0.91 8 4.639 0.4 17 I 0.721 5 96 0.453 0.825 0.373 950 25.8 0 0.449 1,039 0.325 0.600 0.275 1,433 26.1 E 0.622 1,635 0.718 0.727 2 .3 83 0.3 (o) I = Intake.
(b) D = Dischstge.
(c) E - En t ra inmen t e f fec t s (D/I).
(d) NL = No larvae.
(e) Assumes discharge value (vorst-case) .
O O O
. _ .. . . _ . . m i _
~~OL O O-S' TABLE 8-15 (Cont.)~~
i i i
{ Total .
Initial Initial Initial. Initial Number Collection .
{ Sataple Uncorrec; ul No. Worst-Case Best-Case Sorting of Temperature
!- Event Survi n - Larvae . Survival Survival UncertainII Larvae fC) Delta-T ;
I t
! 18'.I ,0.756 I60 0.318 0.898 .0.580 3 81 27.6 l D O.005 202- 0.003 0 .4 83 0.481 389 37.6'
} E' O.007 362 0.008 0.538 770 10.0 i f
l 19 I 0.389 36 0.079 0.876 0.800 1 80 28.8 i D 0 115 0 0.477 0.477 220 39.3 l E O I51 0 0.545 400 10.5 i
20 I 0.789 318 0.532 0.858 0.326 472 25.5 D 0 326 0 0.4 80 0 .4 80 627 35.8 E O .644. 0 0.560 1.099 10.3 j 21 I 0.615 203 0.180 0.888 0.708 696 27.3 D 0 94 0 0.863 0.863 687 38.6 i E O 297 0 0.972 I .3 83 11.3 i J i
~~f I~~
c-i -:
i i
TABLE 8-16 TOTAL ESTIMATED NUM3ER 97 SELEs TED ICHTITYOPLANKTON TAXA ENTRAINED THR(81GH THE CONDENSTR-COOLIM SYSTEM AND ESTIMATD NUMBER KILP ' AT OCNGS. 1975-1981 Winter Flounder Tav Anchovy Eres Bay Anchovy Larvae Total Estima t ed Total Es ti ma t ed Total Estima t ed Nu=ber(s) Killed (a) Nurb er( 8)_ K illed ( a) Nupbe r( s) Killed (a)
SEP 1975 - AUG 1976 1.16 0.24 141.36 116.85 11.52 11.52 SEP 1976 - AUG 1977 8.51 5.27 1.97 1.44 4.57 4.57 SEP 1977 - AUG 1978 5.98 5.28 19.95 12.17 4.97 4.97 SEP 1978 - AUG 1979 10.77 5. 86 30.29 20.44 12.70 12.70 SEP 1979 - AUG 1980 0.00 0.00 4.75 0.60 1.44 1.44 SEP 1980 - AUG 1981 1.26 0.80 38.19 26.03 3.14 3.14 (a) x 10 8.
t Note: Estimated number killed was based on entrainment survival equations in Table B-2 (bay anchovy eggs) and Table 8-11 (winter flounder). Total mortality was assumed for bay anchovy larvae.
O O 9
- - ~ . .. - .~ . - - - _ .~. - .. - --- - - - - . . . - - - - --
REFERENCES O Boyle H.F. 197 8a. ilorth e rn king fish, in Ecological Studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1976 - August 1977. Vol.1. Fin- and Shellfish (T.R. Tatham, ,
D.J. Danila, and D.L. Thomas , and As socia tes , eds . ) , pp. 202-204.
Ichthyological Associates Inc. , Ithaca, N.Y. ,
Boyle. H.F. 197 8b. Striped bass, in Ecological Studies for the Oyster ,
Creek Cenerating Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1976 - August 1977. Vol.1. Fin- and Shellfish (T.R, Tatham, ,
D.J. Danil a, and D.L. . Thomas , and Associa tes , eds . ) , pp. 182-184. '
Ichthyological Associates, Inc. , Ithaca, N.Y.
Danila. D.J. , C.B. Milstein, and Associates, eds. 1979. Ecological Studies fer thu Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1977 - August 1978. Ichthyological Associates.
Inc . , Ithac a , N.Y.
Ecological Analysts Inc. 1981. Ecological Studies at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Progress Report, September 1979 - August l o BO . E/.. Sparks , Md .
Ecological Analysts. Inc. 1982. Ecological Stsdies at Oyster Creek
!;uclear Generating Station, Progress Report, September 1980 - August 1981. EA, Sparks , Md. '
O - Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1983. Ecological Studies at Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Ststion, Progress Report. September 1981 - August 19 C2. EA, Sparka ,' Md.
Fay , C.W. , R.J. Neves , and G. Pardue.
. 1983. Species Profilest- I
-Lif e Histories and -Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic). Atlantic Silverside. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va. 14 pp.
Hall, L.W. , Jr. , D.T. Burton, and P.R. Abell. 1982. Thermal response of Atlantic silversides (Venidia menidia) acclimated to constant and assymetric fluctuating temperatures. Arch. liydrobiol. 94:318-325.
lilldebrand , S.F. and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay.
U.S. Bur. Fish., Bull. 43. 366 pp.
Hof f, J.G. and J. R. Wes tman. 1966. The temperature tolerance of three -
species of marine fishes. J.1 Mar. Res. 24( 2) t 131-140. !
Ichthyological Associates. 1977. Ecologieri Studies for the Oyster i Creek Generating Station, Progress Report for the Period September 1975 - August 1976 (T.R. Tatham D.J. Danila, and D.L. Thomas, eds.) .
IA, Ithaca, N.Y.
O
..m ., y r-,y.%-y,y-re,---y,yy,,m.y.-- ,..-,y n. , . - , py.,w _.,wms rw y 5ir- m-, m y .. .ev.ww,. --ye- m m- c . wmce w w w ee.-m3-
Ichthyological Associates. 1978. Ecological Sttidies for the Oyster Creek Generating Station. Progress Report for the Period September g 1976 - August 197 7 ( T. R. Ta th am , D.J. Danil a , and D.L. Thomas , ed s . ) .
I f. , I th ac a , N.Y.
Ichthyological Associates, 1979. Ecological Studies for the Oyster Creek Generat i ng Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1977 - August 197 8 (T.R. Tatham D.J. Danila, and D.L. Thomas, eds.).
IA. Ithaca, N.Y.
Jersey Central Power & Light Company. 1978. 316( a) and (b) demon-stration for the Oyster Creek and Forked River Nuclear Generating Stations. JCP&L Mor rist own, N.J.
Kurtz, R.J. 1978. Atlantic menhaden, in Ecological Studies for the Oyster Creek Generating Statiota. Progress Report for the Period Sepcember 1976 August 197 7 , Vol . 1. Fin- and Shellfish (T.R. Tatham, D.J. Danila, and D.L. Thoma s , ed s . ) , pp. 144-156. Ichthyological Astecistas, Inc . . I th aca , N.Y.
Me tzger , F. , Jr. 1979. Life history studies, in Ecological Studies for the Dyuter Creek Generating Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1977 - August 197 8 (D.J. Danila and C.B. Mil s t ein , eds.),
pt. 60 S7. Tehthyological Associates. Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.
Moore, 9.W. 1978. Sand shrimp, in Ecological Studies for the Oyster Oteek Generating Station. Progress Report for the Period September 1976 - August 1977 (T.R. Ta tham, D.J. Danila , and D.L. Thoma s , ed s . ) ,
jg pp. 242-250. Ietthyological Associates, Inc., Ithaca, N.Y.
Siegel, S. 1956. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences.
McGraw-Hil l, N.Y. 136 pp.
Sprsque, J.B. 1969. Measurement of pollutant .oxicity to fish.
I. Bioassay me thods for acute toxicity. Wa ti e Re s . (3):793-821.
Ternin, K.M., M.C. Wilie, and E.R. Holmstrom. 1977. Tempe ra tur e ptuference, avoidance, shock, and swim speed studies with marine and estuarine organisms from New Jersey. Ichthyological Associates. Inc.,
Ithaca, N.Y. Bull. No. 17. 86 pp.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 1974. Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.
Washington.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 1978. Dyster Creek Nuclear Cenerating Station Techilcal Specifications. Appendix "B" to License No. DPR-16. Washington.
Vouglitois, J.J. 1986. GPU Nuclear Corporation. Personal communication.
O
_. - _ _ - ~ - . . -
Scientific Nsee Common Nggg Qhaetoden ggg11grat Spotfin butterflyfish lautoca 2nitis Tautog Tautocolabrus 11gpa;Igni Cunner Mugil eenhalus 6:riped mullet Nucil curema White mullet Enhy.reena borealis Northern sennet Astrosconus cultatus Northern stargazer Chasmodes hosoulaggg Striped blenny Pholis, runne11ut Rock gunnel 6En21YLag Am1I.iLan21 Ameriean sand 1ance Gobiosoma bosei Naked goby Cobiosoma cinsburei Seaboard goby Peorilus triacanthus Butterfish Erionotus carolinus Northern searobin Erionotus evolans Striped searobin i Hvoxoceohalus aenaeus G rubby l
-Etronus microstomus Smallmout.h flounder Paraliebthys dentatus Summer flounder Sconhthalmus gauosus Windowpane Eieudooleuronee,1gg americanus Winter flounder l Trinectes macul81gg Hogchoker ;
hintgrgt schoeofi, Orange filefish !
Monoesnihyt hinoidus Planehead filefish kJIf 3ohrys cuadricornia Scrawled cowfish Sohoeroidet esculgigt Northern puffer
(#) Chilomveterus schoeoff Striped burrfish Aeouorea spp. Many-ribbed hydrom?.dusa Octorna yn1raris ' Atlantic shore octopus Lollieuncula brevis Brief squid Phylum Nemertea Ribbon vorm Palaemongigt vulcaris Grass shrimp Crancon septemsninosa Sand shrimp Souilla erpusa Mantis shrimp !
Penseus ggrecus Brown shrimp Limulus volveherus Horseshoe crab Pseutun loncie n rous Hentit crab Libinia dubia Spider crab Cancer irroratus Rock crab Callinectes sanidus Blue crab Callineetes similis Le.:t blue crab Carcinus moenat Green crab Dvalices ocellatut Lady crab ;
Portunus cibbesi Portunus cibbesi (crab) i Rhithrovanopeus harrisii Mud crab l Class Holothuroidea Sea cucumber l Egna clamitans Green frog Bufo fowleri Fowler's toad Malaclemys terracin Diamond-back terrapin 1
Scientifie Namt, Cencon Nsme Petromvton marinus Elons Lagrat Sea lamprey Lady f ish lll Aneuilla rostrata American eel Concer Seeanicus Conger eel Al21g aestivalis Blueback herring Alosa eseudohareneus Alewife Alosa sanidissima American shad Brevoortip ;vrannus Atlantic menhaden Clueea harenegt hareneus Atlantic herring Dorosoma ceoedianum Gizzard shad Anchen heosetus Striped anchovy Anchoa mitchilli Bay anchovy Umbra ovemaea Eastern mudminnow E12E razer Chain pickerel Synodus foetens Inshore lizardfish Dosanus igg Oyster toadfish Merluccing bilinenris Silver hake Urochvcis ehuss Red hake Urophycis tenuis White hake Urophycis rezia Spotted hake Ophid.(2n marcinatum Striped cusk-eel Hvoorhamohus unifallialgi Hal fbeak Strontvlura marina Atlantic needlefish Tylosurus stum Agujon Cverinod2a laIjeratos Sheepshead ninnow Fundulus dischanus Banded killifish llh Fundulut hgleroclitus Mummichog Fundulus naislie Striped killifish Lucania rary.a Rainwater killifish Membras martinica Rough silverside Menidia meoidia Atlantic silverside Menidia bervilina Inland silverside doeltes oundracon. Fourspine stickleback Casterosteus acui otus Threespine stickleback Hiococamous erectus Lined seahorse Synenathus fuscus Northern pipefish Morong americana White perch Centrooristis striata Black sea bass Enneacanthus obesus Banded sunfish Pomatomus saltatrix 31uefish Eachycentron g,ingd.ng Cobia Caranx hivoos Crevalle j ack Selene vomer Lookdown Trachinotus falcatus Permit Lutianus criseus Gray snapper Eucinostomus areenteus Spotfin mojarra Stenotomus chrysops Scup Bairdiella chrysoura Silver perch l
Cynoscion recalis Weakfish Leios tomut xanthurus Spot Menticirrhus saxatilis Northern kingfish Micrococonias undulatus Atlantic croaker 1
1 L
l l
O i
L APPEND 7% A LIST OF SCIENTIFIC AND COMON NAMES OF ORGANISMS COLLECTED IN IMPINGEMENT AlID ENTRAIN!!ENT SAMPLES, OYSTER-CREEK NUCLEAR GPWERATING STATION, 1984-1985 0 .
L 3
_.m.

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