ML17345B058

Annual Nonradiological Environ Monitoring Rept,1982

ML17345B058
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	12/31/1982
From:	FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT CO.
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FLORIDA POLJER Jnt LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT ANNUAL NON-RADIOLOGICAL ENY IRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT 1982 830427024l0 83033i PDR ADOCK 05000250 R PDR

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Abiotic Monitoring II.A.l-l A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1) II.A.1-1 B. Che mical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2) II.B.1-1 Biotic Monitoring A. Aquatic Environment

1. Plankton (ETS 4.1.1.1.1) a0 Zooplankton

1) Physical data III.A.1-1

2) Nutrient data III.A.1-5

3) Organisms III.A.1-12

b. Phytoplankton III.A.1-28 (1) ChlorophyTl-a, Biomass, and III.A.1-28 Prim ary Productivity (2) Organisms III.A.1-39

2. Fish (ETS 4.1.1.1.2) III.A.2-1

3. Benthos (ETS 4.1.1.1.3) . III.A.3-1

a. Characteristics of the sediments III.A.3-1

b. Benthic organis m s III.A.3-31

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal III.A.4-1 Discharge Area (ETS 4.1.1.1.4)

5. Grasses and M acrophyton Invasion/ III.A.5-1 Revegetation (ETS 4.2.2.2)

6. Groundwater Progra m III.A.6-1 (E TS 4.1.1.2)

B. Terrestrial Environment III.B.l-l

1. Revegetation of the Cooling III.B.1-1 Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.1)

'ao N atural Revegetation III.8.1-1

b. Soil Chemistry III.B.1-19 C. Soil Erosion 111.B.1-28

d. Faunal Survey III.8.1-33

2. Sampling of Soil 5 Vegetation III.B.2-1 West and South of the Cooling Canal Syste m (ETS 4.2.2.3)

a. Soil Study III.8.2-1

b. Vegetation Study III.B.2-7

3. Annual Aerial Photograph IILB.3-1 Analysis (ETS 4.2.2.1)

IV. Literature Cited IV. A-1 V. Changes in Survey Procedures (ETS 5.4.1(3)) V. A-1 A. Ther m al (ETS 3.1.1) V.A-1

l. Equip ment Change V. A-1 B. Che mical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2) V.A-1

1. Equipment Change V. A-1 VI. Studies not required by the ETS VI. A-1 (ETS 5.4.1.(4))

A. A merican Crocodile Studies- VI. A-1 Population Studies B. Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation Studies VI.A-1 C. Aquatic Weed Control VI. A-1

VII. Violation of the ETS (ETS 5.4.1(5))

VIII. Unusual Events, Changes to ETS, Permits or VIII.A-1 Certificates (ETS 5.0)

A. N ational Pollutant Oischarge Elimination System (NP OES) Permit B. Industrial Wastewater Treatment System Permit

I. INTRODUCTION Thi s report is t submi ted in accordance wi th Sect i on 5.4.1 of Appendix B to Operating License DPR-31 and DPR-41. It constitutes the Annual Non-Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Number 16 for the period of January 1, 1982 through December 31, 1982.

I I. A8IOTIC MONITORING A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1)

Introduction This monitoring provides Turkey Point Power Plant intake and discharge cooling water temperature data Materials and Methods Oata were collected continuously at both stations by an array of three resistance type temperature sensors and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax 2SO Chart Recorder. On July 24, 1982 the Leeds and Northrup equipment was replaced with two Hydrolab 2000 series submersible thermogr aphs, recording four times every hour, at each station. The intake temperature monitoring system is located at the intake canal of Units 3 and 4. The discharge temperature monitoring system is located at the outlet end of the Lake Marren basin (Figure 1). Oata were summarized hourly.

Results and Discussion The summaries of the Units 3 and 4 intake and discharge mean cooling water temperatures for 1982 are presented in Tables 1 - 12.

The monthly maximum intake and discharge temperatures from 1977-1982 are presented in Table 13. A comparison of modal temperatures for intake and discharge appears in Figure 2 and demonstrates the most frequent cooling water temperature difference ( A t ) across the plant condensers.

Conclusion Examination of the temperature data obtained during 1982 reveals nothing unusual nor do the results differ notably from previous years.

I I.A. 1-2

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METERS 0 900 t BOO 0 3000 6 000 FEET Figure 1. Temperature monitoring stations for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

II.A.1-3

110 105 100 95 M

90 85 I-80 75 70 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOY DEC TIME (months)

Figure 2. Modal temperatures for intake (s) and discharge (4) monitoring stations by month, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1932.

Tabl e 1. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, January 1982.

UNITS 3 8 4 INTAKE LAKE ldARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number T'Ime of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours (0F) 0 82 0.0 0 98 0.0 14 81 1.9 ll 97 1.5 50 80 8.6 21 96 4.3 47 79 14.9 56 95 11.8 95 78 27.7 62 94 20.2 103 77 41.6 50 93 26.9 60 76 49.7 47 92 33.2 27 75 53.3 46 91 39.4 35 74 58.0 72 90 49.1 13 73 59.8 36 89 54.0 45 72 65.8 45 88 60.0 46 71 72. 0 29 87 63.9 29 70 75.0 31 86 68.1 38 69 81.0 27 85 71.7 35 68 85.7 36 84 76.6 22 67 88.7 39 83 81.8 27 66 92.3 25 82 85.2 9 65 93.5 21 81 88.0 17 64 95.8 27 80 91.7 17 63 98.1 37 79 96.6 5 62 98.8 15 78 98.7 8 61 99.9 2 77 98.9 1 60 100.0 2 76 99.2 3 75 99.6 3 74 100.0

Table 2. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, February 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE colours Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated (oF) Hours ('F) (~)

0 84 0.0 0 99 0.0 6 83 0.9 9 98 1.3 18 82 3.6 15 97 3.6 26 81 7.5 10 96 5.1 88 80 20.6 34 95 10.1 135 79 40.7 57 94 18.7 147 78 62.7 78 93 30.3 110 77 79.1 51 92 37.9 63 76 88.5 47 91 44.9 20 75 91.5 55 90 53.1 12 74 93.3 49 89 60.4 25 73 97.0 28 88 64.6 5 72 97.8 41 87 70. 7 4 71 98.4 52 86 78.5 7 70 99.4 37 85 84.0 4 69 100.0 28 84 88.2 18 83 90.9 27 82 94.9 21 81 98.1 6 80 99.0 7 79 100.0

Table 3. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, March 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (x) Hours (oF) 0 87 0.0 0 103 0.0 18 86 2.4 14 102 1.9 23 85 5.5 7 101 2.8 77 84 15. 9 68 100 12 '

96 83 28.8 59 99 19.9 120 82 44.9 60 98 28.0 71'7 81 54.4 63 97 36.4 80 60.8 79 96 47.0 15 79 62.8 50 95 53.8 44 78 68.7 33 94 58.2 55 77 76.1 43 93 64.0 35 76 80.8 43 92 69.8 39 75 86.0 42 91 75.4 40 74 91.4 35 90 80.1 31 73 95.6 51 89 87.0 25 72 98.9 35 88 91.7 8 71 100.0 31 87 95.8 17 86 98.1 7 85 99.1 84 99.6 0 83 99.6 1 82 99 '

1 81 99.9 1 80 100 '

Table 4. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, April 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) Hours ('F) (x) 0 91 0.0 0 109 0.0 24 90 3.3 5 108 0.7 38 89 8.6 16 107 3.0 38 88 13.9 26 106 6.6 54 87 21.4 28 105 10.6 51 86 28.5 29 104 14.7 I

70 85 38.2 28 103 18.6 CO 69 84 47.8 32 102 23.2 51 83 54.9 58 101 31.4 46 82 61.3 23 100 34.6 66 81 70.5 27 99 38.4 75 80 80.9 18 98 41.0 85 79 92 ' 39 97 46.5 29 78 96.8 91 96 59.3 19 77 99.4 63 95 68.2 4 76 100.0 53 94 75.7 52 93 83.1 45 92 89.4 28 91 93.4 19 90 96.0 14 89 98.0 6 88 98.9 2 87 99.2 5 86 99.9 1 85 100.0

Table 5. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, May 1982.

UNITS 3 a 4 INTAKE LAKE 1NRREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours ('F) 0 91 0.0 0 109 0.0 12 90 1.6 1 108 0.1 55 89 9.0 2 107 0' 77 88 19.3 29 106 4.3 44 87 25.2 38 105 9.4 61 86 33.4 21 104 12.2 35 85 38.1 44 103 18.1 68 84 47.2 63 102 26.6 99 83 60.5 46 101 32.8 58 82 68.3 76 100 43.0 92 81 80.7 80 99 53.8 76 80 90.9 84 98 65.2 44 79 96.8 84 97 76.6 16 78 99.0 73 96 86.4 7 77 100.0 34 95 91.0 37 94 96.0 13 93 98.0 ll 92 99.3 1 91 99.4 1 90 99.5 1 89 99.6 1 88 99.7 2 87 100.0

Table 6. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, June 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE MARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (~) Hours ('F) (~)

0 97 0.0 0 113 0.0 1 - 96 0.1 13 112 1.8 37 41 95 5.2 10.9 29 ill 5.8 94 55 110 13.4 45 93 17.2 59 109 21.6 75 92 27.6 59 108 29.8 70 91 37.3 34 107 34 '

90 90 49.8 28 106 38.4 73 89 60.0 9 105 39.7 68 88 - 69.5 17 104 42.3 39 87 74. 9 43 103 48.3 39 86 80. 3 49 102 55.1 25 85 83.7 48 101 61.8 20 84 86.5 50 100 68.7 49 83 93.3 83 99 80.2 33 82 97.9 54 98 87.7 15 81 100.0 32 97 92.1 35 96 97.0 14 95 98.8 2 94 99.1 5 93 99.7 2 92 100.0

Table 7. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, July 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE l<ARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours (oF) 0 97 0.0 0 112 0.0 5 96 0.7 5 111 0.7 38 95 5.9 61 110 9.5 75 94 16.1 49 109 16.5 134 93 34.3 22 108 19.7 204 92 61.8 16 107 22.0 136 91 80.3 38 106 27.5 124 90 97.2 24 105 30.9 21 89 100.0 86 104 43.2 65 103 52.5 88 102 65.1 56 101 73.1 67 100 82.8 18 99 85.4 16 98 87.7 30 97 92.0 17 96 94.4 13 95 96.3 14 94 98 '

12 93 100.0

Table 8. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, August 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE l<ARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (~) Hours (oF) (~)

0 97 0.0 0 113 0.0 26 96 3.5 14 112 1.9 99 95 16.8 39 111 7.1 69 94 26.1 56 110 14.6 95 93 38.9 84 109 25.9 59 92 46.8 62 108 34.2 102 91 60.5 74 107 44.1 122 90 76.9 56 106 51.6 98 89 90.1 64 105 60.2 42 88 95.7 82 104 71.2 7 87 96.6 62 103 79.5 15 86 98.6 45 102 85.5 10 85 100.0 24 101 88.7 27 100 92.3 18 99 94.7 12 98 96.3 18 97 98.7 4 96 99.4 3 95 100.0

Table 9. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, September 1982 UNITS 3 g( 4 INTAKE 'umber LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (~) Hours (oF) (x) 0 95 0.0 2.5 0 ill 0.0 18 94 5 110 0.7 81 93 13.8 29 109 4.7 119 92 30.3 56 108 12.5 144 91 50.3 106 107 27.2 110 90 65.6 94 106 40.3 72 89 75.6 62 105 48.9 73 88 85.7 91 104 61.5 39 87 91.1 66 103 70.7 26 86 94.7 91 102 83.3 15 85 96.8 47 101 89.8 18 84 99.3 30 100 94.0 5 83 100.0 26 99 97.6 12 98 99.3 4 97 99.9 1 96 100.0

Table 10. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, October 1982.

UNITS 3 8 4 INTAKF. LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF (X) Hours (oF) 0 92 0.0 0 107 0.0 33 91 4 4 2 106 0.3 74 90 14. 3 28 105 4 '

108 89 28.8 42 104 9.9 20 88 31.5 16 103 12.1 8 87 32.6 43 102 18 '

47 86 38.9 44 101 24.0 40 85 44.3 25 100 27.4 31 84 48.5 54 99 34.8 40 83 53.9 43 98 40.7 44 82 59.8 27 97 44.4 58 81 67.6 29 96 48.4 61 80 75.8 31 95 52.7 50 79 82.5 54 94 60.1 45 78 88.5 51 93 67.1 13 77 90.2 46 92 73.4 13 76 91.9 31 91 77.7 35 75 96.6 36 90 82.6 23 74 99.7 35 89 87.4

Table 10. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser (Cont'd) cooling water, October 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours ('F) (~)

73 100.0 16 88 89.6 5 87 90.3 13 86 92.1 9 85 93.3 1 84 93.4 14 83 95.3 9 82 96.5 10 81 97.9 14 80 100.0

Table 11. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, November 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE lNRREN DISCINRGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours (oF) (~) Hours ('F) (~)

0 87 0.0 0 101 0.0 12 86 1.7 6 100 0.9 26 85 5.3 31 99 5.3 30 84 9.5 22 98 8.4 22 83 12.6 36 97 13.5 52 82 19.8 49 96 20.5 67 81 29.1 71 95 30.6 78 80 39.9 59 94 39.0 69 79 49.5 52 93 46.4 50 78 56.4 30 92 50.7 163 77 79.0 36 91 55.8 74 76 89.3 43 90 61.9 23 75 92.5 17 89 64.3 12 74 94.2 23 88 67.6 24 73 97. 5 21 87 70.6 16 72 100. 0 19 86 73.3 39 85 78.8 53 84 86.3 31 83 90.7 18 82 93.3 12 81 95.0 15 80 97.1 14 79 99.1 7 78 100.0

Table 12. Time durations and temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant condenser cooling water, December 1982.

UNITS 3 5 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE Number Time Number Time of Temperature Accumulated of Temperature Accumulated Hours ('F) (~) Hour s (oF) 0 82 0.0 0 98 0.0 10 81 l.3. 16 97 2.2 48 80 7.8 31 96 6.4 194 79 33.9 108 95 20.9 62 '78 42.2 57 94 28.6 52 77 49.2 43 93 34.4 43 76 55.0 44 92 40.3 56 75 62.5 49 91 46.9 42 74 6&.1 69 90 56.2 32 73 72.4 29 89 60.1 35 72 77.1 41 88 65.6 48 71 83.6 27 87 69 '

58 70 91.4 40 86 74.6 20 69 94.1 53 85 81.7 26 68 97.6 32 84 86.0 5 67 98.3 38 83 91.1 5 66 99.0 39 82 96.3 8 65 100.0 10 81 97.6 80 98.1 ll 79 99.6 3 78 100.0

Table 13. Intake and Discharge condenser cooling water temperatures for Turkey Point Power Plant from 1977 through 1982.

MAXIHUN 'INTAKE TEHPEPATURE F NAXINUH DISCkWRCiE TEH RA UR ( Q NONTH 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 75 78 78 80 79 81 90 91 90 95 94 97 January 82 77 82 84 81 83 99 90 93 100 96 98 February 85 86 81 . 88 81 86 103 101 94 103 96 102 Harch 89 87 90 100 101 102 105 101 108 April 84 87 87 91 92 89 89 89 90 105 108 103 105 104 108 Nay June 94 95 92 94 92 96 109 111 108 110 109 112 96 94 96 110 111 112 111 109 111 July 93 96 96 August 94 94 95 95 93 96 111 108 112 110 110 112 September 95 92 91 93 91 94 110 106 107 108 108 110 October 92 91 91 92 89 94 108 104 108 108 106 110 t/ovember 84 87 88 87 81 86 100 100 103 101 91 100 84 86 83 78 83 81 97 99 95 93 99 97 December

B. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2)

Introduction This monitoring provides data for the determination of Turkey Point Canal water quality characteristics and their relative changes as a result of power plant operation.

Materials and Methods Monthly water samples were taken at the discharge side of the plant in Lake Warren (Figure 1) and analyzed for copper, zinc and chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D.). Copper and zinc were analyzed using a Perkin-Elmer Model 306 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer through March. After March a Perkin-Elmer Model 5000 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used. The C.O.D. was analyzed using the Hach Microdigestion Procedure.

Weekly water samples were taken at the same location and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and salinity. Instrumentation utilized included an Orion Model 401 Ion Analyzer, a Yellow Springs Instrument Polarographic Probe/Oxygen Meter and an American Optical T/C Refractometer respectively.

Results The results of the 1982 chemical monitoring program for copper, zinc, C.O.D., pH, D.O. and salinity are given in Table 1.

The quantities of bulk chemicals used in the operation of Units 3 and 4 are reported in Tables 2 and 3.

Oiscussion The values for copper have remained below the 0.02 mg/1 detection limit since June 1976. The values for zinc have remained below detection limits since September 1980 with the exception of one questionable value in September 1982 (Figure 2). Comparisons demonstrate that no unusual high levels of copper or zinc were observed during 1982. The C.O.O. data for 1979 through 1982 are presented in Figure 3. Values reported for 1982 were elevated compared to 1981.

These elevated results are due to a change in analytical methodology and do not necessarily reflect an actual change in C.O.O. values.

The 1982 pH values ranged from 8.0 - 8.2 with an average value of 8.1. The average pH value for 1982 was the same as that for 1981. The cooling system pH appears to be stabilizing. Oissolved oxygen continued to fluctuate inversely with power plant loading (i.e. electrical generation per unit time). The yearly average salinity decreased from 38.6 o/oo in 1981 to 37.5 o/oo in 1982. This was due primarily to the heavy rainfall during 1982. This rainfall not only lowered the year's average salinity but prevented the system's complete recovery from the unusually low salinity caused by heavy rainfall in August and September of 1981.

II.B.1-2

The chemical quantities listed in Tables 2 and 3 are based on power plant bulk chemical usage. Most of the chemicals were used for water treatment processes necessary to produce high quality water for steam production. Only estimates of chemical quantities discharged to the canal system can be made since treatment processes of sedimentation, neutralization and precipitation are carried out before the water is discharged.

Conclusions Copper levels continue to be below detectable limits. All zinc levels with the exception of September 1982, are below detectable limits. Elevated C.0.0. values for 1982 are the result of a change in analytical procedure as opposed to an actual increase in C.O.D.

values over the historical range.

Although in lesser quantities than from Units 3 and 4, two adjacent fossil fueled electric generating units also discharged similar water treatment related chemicals to the canal system. Any chemicals from the plant ultimately reaching the cooling water during plant operations have had no measurable effect on cooling system water qual i ty.

II.B.1-3

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I I .B. 1-4

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Fiaure 2. Monthly zinc values at the outlet oi'ake klarren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1978-1982 II.B.1-5

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Figure 3. Monthly C.0.0. values at the outlet of Lake Warren, Turkey Point Power Plant 1979-1982.

I I.B. 1-6

'Table 1. Values of selected chemical parameters monitored at the outlet of Lake Marren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1982 MONTHLY MEEKLY C 0 D. Cu Zn 'pH (std. D.O. Salinity Date (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/l) Date units) (mg/1) (o/oo)

Jan. 347 <0.02 <0.005 01/07 8.1 4' 34.0 01/14 8.1 5.4 35.0 01/21 8.2 6.0 33.0 01/28 8.1 5.4 35.0 Feb. 931 <0.02 <0.005 02/04 8.1 4.8 36.0 02/11 8.1 4.4 35.0 02/18 8.1 4.3 36.0 02/25 8.1 4.7 36.0 Mar. 335 <0.02 <0.005 03/04 8.1 4.8 37.0 03/11 8.1 5.4 38.0 03/18 8.1 4.7 40.0 03/25 8.0 2.9 40.0 Apr. 299 <0.02 <0.005 04/01 8.1 4.5 38.0 04/08 8.1 4.6 38.0 04/15 8.1 4.0 38.U 04/22 8.1 3.8 40.0 04/29 8.1 4.5 34.0 Nay 665 <0.02 <0.005 05/06 8.1 5.0 36.0 05/13 8.2 4.4 38.0 05/20 8.2 4.2 40.0 05/27 8.0 4.1 40.0 Jun. 455 <0.02 <0.005 06/03 8.0 4.5 32.0 06/10 8.1 4.3 34.0 06/21 8.0 4.9 35.0 06/25 8.1 3.7 36.0 Jul. 642 <0.02 <0.005 07/01 8.1 3.2 38.0 07/08 8.1 4.5 39.0 07/15 8.1 3.8 39.0 07/22 8.1 3.8 40.0 07/29 8.1 3.8 40.0 Aug. 438 <0.02 <0.005 08/05 8.1 3.9 42.0 08/12 8.1 4.2 40.0 08/19 8.1 4.1 38.0 08/26 8.1 3.8 38.0 Sep. 584 <0.02 0.025 09/03 8.0 4.4 40.0 09/09 8.0 4.2 41.0 II.B.1-7

Table 1. Values of selected chemical parameters monitored (Cont'd) at the outlet of Lake Marren, Turkey Point Power Plant, 1982.

MONTHLY ilEfKLY C.O.O. Cu Zn pH (std. 0.0. Salinity Oate (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/l) Oate units) (mg/l) (o/oo) 09/16 8.1 3.8 42.0 09/23 8.0 3.7 42;-0 09/30 8.0 3.6 40.0 Oct, 584 <0.02 <0.005 10/07 8.0 4.3 36.0 10/14 8.1 4.0 38.0 10/21 8.1 4.2 38.0 10/28 8.0 5.2 38.0 Nov. 642 <0. 02 <0. 005 11/04 8.0 4.2 40.0 11/11 8.1 4.4 35.0 11/18 8.0 4.8 34.0 11/24 8.2 4.9 36.0 Dec. 362 <0. 02 <0. 005 12/02 8.0 5.0 36.0 12/09 8.0 4.8 36.0 12/16 8.0 5.4 38.0 12/23 8.0 5.8 38.0 12/30 8.1 4.2 38.0 Ij.B.1-8

Table 2. Chemical usage during operations of the Turkey Point Power Plant Units 3 8 4 for January through June, 1982.

CHEHC IALS JANUARY FEBRUARY APRIL HAY JUNE Amerfloc 275 17 14 19 12 0 77 ammonium Hydroxide (5GX) 14 113 136 0 0 0 Bentonite Clay 963 583 1015 1361 1801 1305 Boric Acid 1094 5787 4645 8340 2678 8732 Coagulant Aid 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chlorine 0 0 0 0 0 0 Concentrated Sodium Hydroxide (50K) 39 888 21 705 41 023 84 777 71 494 78 599 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid (93K) 61 898 43 235 66 369 88 645 115 192 82 536 b

Orewfloc 2270 0 0 0 0 87 0 Hydrated Lime 15 272 948 15 558 20 825 26 942 19 539 llydrazine (35$ ) 99 750 250 0 0 0 Potassium Chromate 50 50 50 0 50 0 Potassium Dichromate 28 30 5 24 10 0 Sodium Hexametaphosphate 0 25 0 5 5 9 a

bAll values in pounds.

Trade name for a coagulant aid.

Table 3. Chemical usage during operations of the Turkey Point Power Plant Units 3 8 4 for July through December, 1982.

CHEMICALS JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEfiBER Amerfloc 275 65 50 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 18 0 Ammonium Hydroxide (58K)

Bentonite Clay 1259 1562 1368 1168 1100 1058 Boric Acid 9591 12 209 7354 7927 10 155 6947 0 0 56 63 55 54 Coagulant Aid 0 0 0 0 0 Chlorine 0 Concentrated Sodium Hydroxide (50$ ) 67 998 01 792 64 119 60 Oll 41 189 64 106 Concentrated Sulfuric 07 083 100 801 89 564 94 983 61 454 57 152 Acid (93K) b 0 0 0 0 0 0 Drewfloc 2270 10 050 25 213 10 852 19 121 16 429 17 298 Hydrated Lime Hydrazine (35K) 66 0 0 66 99 0 25 50 0 0 0 0 Potassium Chromate 25 9 29 9 40 16 Potassium Dichromate Sodium Hexametaphosphate ll ll 10 6 17 16 bAll values in pounds.

Trade name for a coagulant aid.

III. BIOTIC MONITORING A. AQUATIC ENV IRONNENT

1. Plankton (ETS 4.1.1.1.1)

a. Zooplankton (1) physical data Introduction This section serves "to compare the physical parameters of the water in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) and to determine the ability of the cooling canal system to support biological life" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materials and Methods Physical data were collected quarterly during plankton sampling at various stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Mater temperature was measured using a Yellow Springs Instruments (Y.S. I. ) Telethermometer with an accuracy of + 0.15 C and a readability of 0.2 C. Salinities were determined using an American Optical T/C Refractometer with an accuracy of 0.10 o/oo and a readability of 0.5 o/oo. Oissolved oxygen (0.0.) was measured using a Y.S. I.

Polarographic Probe and Oxygen Meter. The accuracy of this instrument was 0.20 mg/1 with a readability of 0.1 mg/l. All instruments were

calibrated before sampling and all measurements were'made in the top meter of the water column.

Results Results of the physical data for 1982 can be found in Table 1 (canal system) and Table 2 (bay) at the end of the Zooplankton Organism Section.

The water temperatures during plankton monitoring in the canal system for 1982 ranged from 37.8 to 24.0 C with a mean of 28.3 C. The maximum reading was recorded at Station F.l nearest the power plant discharge. Temperatures during plankton monitoring in the bay for 1982 ranged from 30.5 to 21.0 C with a mean of 24.8 C. The mean temperature

~

for the canal system was 3.5 C higher than the bay temperature.

The salinity during plankton monitoring in the canal system for 1982 ranged from 41.0 to 36.0 o/oo with a mean of 37.8 o/oo. There was an average decrease of 2.1 o/oo in salinity in the canal system from 1981 to 1982. The salinity during plankton monitoring in the bay for 1982 ranged from 36.0 to 9.0 o/oo, with a mean of 31.3 o/oo. This was a 2.2 o/oo decrease from the 1981 mean bay salinity. The lowest salinity in the bay occurred at a near shore station following a week of heavy rainfall in November. The average salinity in the canal system was 6.5 o/oo higher than in the bay.

III.A.1-2

The 0.0. during plankton monitoring in the canal system for 1982 ranged from 9.2 to 3.3 mg/1 with a mean of 5.6 mg/1. In the bay, during plankton monitoring, 0.0. ranged from 8.6 to 4.7 mg/1 with a mean of 6.9 mg/l.

Discussion Mater temperatures in both the canal system and the bay were within ranges observed for previous years (Tables 1 and 2). The maximum bay temperature was typical of the deeper waters of the bay area but did not reflect the higher temperatures known to occur on the tidal flats due to solar heating.

The decrease of 2.1'/oo.in mean salinity of belie .canal system..from 1981 to 1982 was due to the s'ystem's slow recovery from heavy rainfall atypical to a decade of near drought conditions. In addition two of the four plankton samplings occurred just after periods of heavy rainfall. Salinities in the.bay were also lower than noted in previous years. This was attributed to the aforementioned precipitation and subsequent heavy discharge from the South Florida Mater Management District's Flood Control Canals which drain large upland areas into the bay.

Dissolved oxygen levels in the canal system were generally lower than those in the bay (Tables 1 and 2). This was due to the higher water temperature and salinity in the canal system as compared to the III.A.1-3

bay and reflects the principle that oxygen solubility decreases with increases in temperature and salinity. The level of dissolved oxygen in the water column is of fundamental impor tance to the biota.

Responses of individual species or a group of species to dissolved oxygen may be highly vari able (Perkins, 1974). Although lower than the bay levels, the D.O. levels in the canal system were sufficient to support the established biota.

There was no notable difference between physical data for the bay obtained during 1982 and that obtained during baseline monitoring in the bay (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Conclusions Temperature and dissolved oxygen levels in both canal and bay are not noticably different from previous years. The variation in the mean salinity from that previously observed is the result of heavy rainfall to the past decade' I'typical near drought conditions.

The physical data do not indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system with the exception of the condenser water discharge area. The discharge area is species selective as a result of elevated and fluctuating temperatures.

No significant changes in physical parameters were observed in the bay as a result of power plant operation.

a. Zooplankton (2) nutrient data Introduction This section compares the nutrient parameters of the water in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) to determine the ability of the cooling system to support biological life (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materi al s and Methods Samples were collected quarterly in the top meter of the water column at 12 sample locations within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and five control locations in southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

Acid washed, clear glass containers with ground glass stoppers were used for the ammonia samples, with 5 ml of phenol/ethanol solution added as the preservative. Acid washed, dark glass containers with ground glass stoppers were used for the other nutrient samples with 0.5 ml of 0.2N mercuric chloride added as the preservative.

All analyses were performed with either a Beckman OU-2 Spectrophotometer or a Technicon (CS-M-6) Autoanalyzer. Nitrite, nitrate and inorganic phosphate were determined by Technicon Methodology as modified by Klaus Grasshoff. Ammonia was determined III.A.1-5

using the Phenol-Hypochlorite Method and total phosphate was measured using the Ascorbic Acid Method.

Results Results of nutrient data for 1982 can be found in Table 1 (canal system), Table 2 (bay) and Table 5 (canal system and bay by quarter) at the end of the Zooplankton Organism Section.

Ammoni a Armonia (NH3) values in the canal system ranged from 0.142 to 0.021 mg/1 with a mean of 0.058 mg/1. At the bay control stations the maximum value was 0.074 mg/1 and the minimum value was 0.018 mg/1 with an average value of 0.033 mg/1. The highest ammonia values in the canal system were found at Stations rlF.2, while those in the bay occurred at Stations R-3.

Nitrite Nitrite (NO ) values in the canal system ranged from 0.083 to 0.003 mg/1 with a mean of 0.040 mg/l. At the bay control stations values ranged from 0.037 to 0.000 mg/1 with a mean of 0.020 mg/1. The average canal value was twice the average bay control value. The highest nitrite values for the canal system were found at Stations F.l while the maximum values for the bay were found at Station 28.

Nitrate Nitrate (NO ) values in the canal system ranged from 2.120 to 0.014 mg/l. Yalues at the bay control stations ranged from 1.184 to 0.006 mg/1. The average values for the canal system and the bay were 0.732 mg/1 and 0.203 mg/1, respectively. Highest values occurred at Station F. 1 in the canal system and Station R-3 in the bay.

~Inor anic ~Phos hate Inorganic phosphate ( IP04) values in the canal system ranged from 0.019 to 0.005 mg/1. The values for the bay control stations ranged from 0.010 to 0.005 mg/1. The mean value for the canal system was 0.010 mg/1; the mean value for the bay 0.008 mg/1. Highest values of inorganic phosphate in the canal system occurred at Station MF.2, while inorganic phosphate in the bay system occurred at Stations R-3, Y-Z, X-3, 12, and 28.

Total ~phos hate Total phosphate (TP04) values in the canal system ranged from 0.068 to 0.012 mg/1 with a mean of 0.045 mg/1. The values for the bay control stations ranged from 0.062 to 0.001 mg/1 with a mean of 0.036 mg/1. The highest values occurred at Stations RC.1 and RC.O in the canal system and station X-3 in the bay.

II.A.1-7

Discussion The mean ammonia values for 1982 in both the canal system and the bay were similar to those values noted for 1979-1980, but were less than the values for 1981. The results for 1981 were considered atypical due to high run off into the system and bay.,

Nitrite and nitrate mean values in both the canal system and the bay increased notably during 1982 compared to historical data (Table 1 and 2).

Inorganic and total phosphate values for 1982 remained similar to historical values in both the canal system and the bay.

The mean nutrient values for most parameters are elevated, because the fourth quarter samples were taken after a week of heavy rain (5.5 inches), which resulted in increased area runoff (Table 5).

Nutrient values for both the bay and the canal system were similar to values obtained in Card Sound during the baseline studies (Bader, 1969; Tabb 5 Roessler, 1970; Bader E Roessler, 1971; Bader & Roessler, 1972; Segar, 1971).

Conclusions Generally, nutrient levels in the canal system are higher than levels in the bay. However, no long term trends are apparent in the I I I .A. 1-8

individual nutrient parameters monitored. The nutrient data does not indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system.

III.A.1-9

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0 3000 6 000 Figure 1. Physical, nutrient and zooplankton FEET sample stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982 III.A.1-10

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A. Zooplankton (3) organisms Introduction This section qualitatively and quantitatively assesses the major groups of zooplankton organisms pr esent in the cooling canal system and the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) in order "to follow biological succession and determine the biological stability of the system" (ETS 4.1.1.1).

Materi al and Methods Plankton samples were col 1 ected quarterly at stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and southern Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures I and 2). A 5 inch diameter Clarke-Bumpus apparatus with a number 10 mesh (158 pm) net and bucket was used to sample zooplankters.

Plankton tows were performed in the top meter of the water column at speeds of 1 to 3 knots. Each tow lasted 5 minutes in the canal system and 3 minutes in the bay. Zooplankton densities were determined using the Lackey Orop Method (APHA, 1980) and the volume of water sampled.

Zooplankton organisms were divided into the following six categories: Copepods, Gastropods, Bivalve Larvae, Copepod Nauplii, Cirriped Nauplii, and Other Plankton.

III.A.1-12

Biological stability of the canal system was assessed by comparing r

the annual mean percent (1977-1982) of the combined Gastropod and Copepod fractions of the canal system to that of the bay. These two groups were used because they have historically comprised over 80% of all zooplankton collected. Means were computed separately for the canal system and bay using the following equations:

FY GY CY Z

= E XT XFY Y=l X

F

=

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X Y= the percent of total plankton represented by Gastropods in a specific year X = the percent of total plankton represented by Copepods in a specific year XFY- the percent of total plankton represented by both Copepods and Gastropods (Copepod/Gastropod fraction) in a specific year number of years in data base XT

= sum of all XFY in data base XF

= the mean percent of total plankton represented by the Copepod/Gastropod fraction over all'ears in the data base.

Biomass was determined using a volume displacement technique (UNESCO, 1974; Yentsch and Hebard, 1957) and was expressed in terms of volume of water displaced. The method proved acceptable for bay III.A.1-13

samples, however, it was not sensitive enough to measure the very low biomass .known to occur in the canal system and was subject to interference due to particulate matter.

Results Zooplankton organism densities for 1977 through 1982 can be found in Table 3 (canal system) and Table 4 (bay). The percent of the total plankton each group represents can be found in Table 5 (canal system) and Table 6 (bay).

The gastropod/copepod fr action over time was used as an index of stability. The canal system compared favorably to the bay. The mean gastropod/copepod fraction for the canal system was 88.2 with a standard deviation of 2.8 while that for the bay was 88.7 with a standard deviation 5.0.

The zooplankton biomass in the canal system for 1982 could not be measured due to interferences mentioned previously. The annual mean zooplankton biomass value of bay samples was 0.53 X 10 ml/1 for 1982.

Hiomass values for the four quarters were 0.54 X 10 ml/1, 0.70 X 10 ml/1, 0.61 X 10 ml/1, and 0.28 X 10 ml/1, respectively.

III.A.1-14

Oiscussion Oue to the frequency of sampling, relative abundance is thought to be a better indicator for trend analysis than densities.

8ased on the relative abundance of major constituents of the plankton populations i.e. copepods and gastropods (Table 5) there appears to be a decrease in gastropods in the canal system.

Since biological stability is gauged on the relative abundance of the major constituents of the total plankton, and since in these cases over 80 percent of the "total plankton" are found in only 2 groups it therefore follows that copepods show some degree of long term increase in the canal system.

An inadequate adult base population is the most likely cause for the low mean density of bivalve larvae in the canal system. The concentrations have not exceeded 3 percent, of the total canal system plankton population over the past 6 years.

The 1982 bivalve densities in the bay remained relatively the same as those in 1981. This group was the second least abundant zooplankter sampled and has continued to comprise only 1.0 - 2.0 percent of the total bay zooplankton since 1977.

III.A.1-15

Copepod nauplii were found in the canal system during the first and second quarters of 1982. The occurrences of this group were sporadic and their densities low. Copepod nauplii continued to be collected in very low concentrations in the bay. Copepod nauplii densities and percentages in both the canal system and the bay have not changed notably in 6 years.

Cirriped nauplii were found only once in the canal system in 1982.

This supported the data from previous years in which cirriped nauplii wer'e observed in low and sporadic density levels. Cirriped nauplii.

'ere collected in very low concentrations in the bay as they have been in the past.

Both cirriped and copepod nauplii are too small to be adequately sampled by a 810 mesh (158 um ) net, therefore the concentrations reported may not be representative of actual population densities.

The group "other plankton" includes the fish larvae, zoea and megalops of various crustaceans, cladocerans, ostracods, chaetognaths, tunicate larvae, polychaete larvae, echinopluteii, bipinnaria, and medusae.

The difference in "other plankton" densities between the bay and canal system was considerably less during 1982. The bay density was 20 times higher than the canal system density for 1981 and was 16 times III.A.1-16

higher for 1982. This was due primarily to greater increases in the percent of "other plankton" in the canal system.

Oensities of "other plankton" in the canal system started decreasing in 1976. Their densities now appear to have leveled off.

This is a reflection of the absence of all the aforementioned "other plankton" with the exception of polychaete larvae.

Zooplankton concentrations in the canal system were consistently lower than those found in the bay. The total plankton density in the bay decreased 20 percent from that in 1981 but was still 40 times higher than that in the canal system. Total plankton density in the canal system decreased 18 percent from that in 1981. The difference in plankton densities between bay and canal system continued to increase.

Oata for 1982 were not comparable to the pre-operational data because of the different methods of collection and quanitification that were employed i.e. different plankton net sizes, equipment types, and taxonomic categories.

III.A.1-17

Conclusions The canal system zooplankton populations show limited variations and have densities and diversities similar to previous reporting periods. Percent composition of the major constituents of the canal zooplankton indicate biological stability of the canal system relative to those major constituents.

III.A.1-18

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0 3000 6 000 Figure 1. Physical, nutrient and zooplankton FEET sample stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982 III.A.1-19

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III.A.1-20

Table 1. Composite physical and nutrient data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

PARAMETERS 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981, 1982 Max. 40.0 42.5 44.0 42.7 42. 0 37.8 Temperature - Mean 29.2 29.2 29.8 29.7 29.2 28.3

('c) Min. 19. 2 18.0 24.0 21.5 24.0 24.0 Max. 41.5 5 46.0 45. 0 46. 0 41.0 Sal ini ty - Mean '7.7 28.5'3. 37.3 40.8 41.7 39. 9 37.8 (o/oo) Min. 29.5 36.5 38.0 26.0 36.0 Dissolved Max. 7.4 6.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 9.2 Oxygen - Mean 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.3 5.6 (mg/1) Min. .2.6 3.3 2.2 3.0 2.2 3.3 Max. 0.284 . 0.208 0.169 0.104 0.218 0.142 NH - Mean 0.093 0.049 0.068 0.047 0.089 0.058 (kg/l) Min. 0.015 . 0.008 0.011 0.000 0.044 0.021 Max. 0.055 0.041 0.029 0.023 0.041 0.083 N02 - Mean 0.025 0.019 0.016 0.013 0.010 0.040 (mg/l) Min. 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.003 Max. 0.769 1.373 1.649 0.596 1.612 2.120 N03 - Mean 0.287 0.476 0.553 0.217 0.547 0.732 (mg/1) Min. 0.007 0.040 0.009 0.002 0.016 0.014 Max. 0.143 0. 033 0. 019 0. 017 0.024 0.019 IP04 - Mean 0.021 0. 017 0.008 0. 010 0.010 0.010 (mg/1) Min. 0.010 0.007 0.000 0. 002 0.008 0.005 Max. 0.098 0.072 0.064 0. 079 0. 057 0.068 TP04 - Mean 0.049 0.048 0.036 0.043 0.029 0.045 (mg/1) Min. 0.011 0.029 0.009 0. 010 0.004 0.012 Note: Zeros indicate values below detection limits.

III.A.1-21

Table 2. Composite physical and nutrient data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all plankton stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

PARAMETERS 1977 1978 '979 1980 1981'982 Max. 32.1 31. 9 32.7 32. 0 32.5 30.5 Temperature - Mean 26.2 25.7 25.7 26.2 26.2 24.8 (oC) Min. 18.7 15.5 19.9 19.5 21.0 21.0 Max. 38.0 38.5 41.5 38:0 41. 0 36.0 Salinity - Mean 33.5 33.7 34.3 33.6 33.5 31.3 (o/oo) Min. 28.0 24.0 21.5 25.0 19.5 9.0 Oissolved Max. 8.3 7.8 9.2 7.5 8.1 8.6 Oxygen - Mean 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.9 6.8 6.9 (mg/1) Min. 3.3 3.6 4.4 4.1 5.2 4.7 Max. 0.098 0.134 0. 059 0.061 0.074 0.074 NH3 - Mean 0.032 0.028 0.025 0.034 0.045 0.033 (mg/1) Min. 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.014 0.005 0.018 Max. 0.009 0.023 0. 018 0.012 0.009 0.037 N02 - Mean 0.003 0.004 0.007 0 005 F 0.004 0.020 (mg/1) Min. 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.112 0. 527 0.237 0.233 0.322 l. 184 N03 - Mean 0.034 0.085 0.103 0.057 0.098 0.203 (mg/1) Min. 0.001 0.009 0.002 0.003 0.012 0.006 Max. 0.019 0.011 0.025 0. 024 0.028 0.010 IP04 - Mean 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.008 (mg/1) Min. 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 Max. 0.151 0.021 0.066 0.091 0.050 0.062 TP04 - Mean 0.017 0.012 0.027 0.032 0.025 0.036 (mg/1) Min. 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.002 0.006 0.001 Note: Zeros indicate values below detection limits.

III.A.1-22

Table 3. Composite zooplankton data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal system ORGANISMS 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Max. 0. 440 0. 682 0.560 0.533 0.626 0.620 Copepods -Mean 0.096 0.148 0.136 0.095 0.187 0.151 Min. 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 Max. 3.380 0.325 6.550 0.827 0.580 0.345 Gastropods -Mean 0.153 0. 036 0.302 0.076 0.065 0.046 Hin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.040 0.010 0.022 0.026 0.103 0.054 Bivalves -Mean 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.007 0.003 Hin. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000. 0.000 Max.. 0.220 0.060 0.011 0.026 0.118 0.009 Copepod -Mean 0.007 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.009 0.001 Nauplii Hin.. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.020 0. 030 0. 010 0.009 0. 000 0.007 Cirriped -Mean 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.000 0. 000 0.000 Nauplii Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.620 0.120 0. 240 0. 086 0.335 0. 248 Other -Mean 0.036 0.017 0. 027 0. 018 0.022 0.036 Plankton Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 3.490 0.844 6.990 0.943 0.738 0.879 Total -Mean 0.291 0.210 0.472 0.194 0.281 0.231 Plankton Hin. 0.010 0.008 0.000 0.012 0.031 0.007 All values in organisms per liter.

III.A.1-23

Table 4. Composite zooplankton data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the maximum, minimum and mean for all stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

ORGANISMS 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Max. 17.090 27.360 18.320 11.890 23.396 22.951 Copepods -Mean 3.799 5.341 7.200 5.269 6.392 6.156 Min. 0.050 0.026 0.060 0.288 0.263 0.615 Max. 10.540 7.029 17.890 3.500 74.208 50.544 Gastropods -Mean 0.576 0.849 1.569 0.682 4.551 2.362 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 1. 670 2. 667 0. 045 1.316 1.649 4. 170 Bivalves -Mean 0. 074 0. 129 0.102 0.087 0.218 0.175 Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 0.083 1.500 0.217 0.862 0.967 0.804 Copepod -Mean 0. 111 0.139 0.067 0. 097 0.131 0. 075 Nauplii Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 000 Max. 0.490 0.264 0.240 0. 234 0.532 0.321 Cirriped -Mean 0.046 0.016 . 0.027 0.011 0.034 0.018 Nauplii Min. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Max. 5. 190 2.584 4.800 2. 145 1.393 2.438 Other -Mean 0. 409 0.309 0.849 0. 509 0. 445 0.581 Plankton -Min 0.000 0.000 0.000 0. 012 0.000 0.000 Max. 24.350 35. 280 41.630 16.680 86.998 73.986 Total -Mean 5.030 6.727 9.808 6.655 11.744 9.348 Plankton Min. 0.150 0. 039 0.080 0.418 0.405 0.720 a

All values in organisms per liter'.

III.A.1-24

Table 5. Average quarterly nutrient values for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER UUT IUIIT NH3 (mg/l) 0. 059 0. 025 0. 052 0. 028 0. 038 0. 031 0. 085 0. 047 NO, (mg/l) 0.044 0.002 0.050 0.014 0.012 0.004 0.055 0.028 N03 (mg/1) 0.164 0.024 0.769 0.025 0.141 0.073 1.852 0.702 IP04 (mg/1) 0.011 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.010 TP04 (mg/1) 0.045 0.024 0.061 0.051 0.031 0.030 0.042 0.039 III.A.1-25

Table 6. Composite zooplankton data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the percent of total plankton for all stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

ORGANISMS 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Copepods 33. 0 70.5 28.8 49.0 66.5 65.4 Gastropods 52.6 17.1 64.0 39.1 23.1 19.9 Bivalves 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.0 2.5 1.3 Copepod 2.4 2.9 0.2 1.0 3.2 0.4 Nauplii Cirriped 0.7 2.4 0. 2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nauplii Other 12.4 8.1 5.7 9.2 8.0 15.6 Plankton III.A.1-26

Table 7. Composite zooplankton data for years 1977 through 1982 showing the percent of total plankton for all stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound.

ORGANISMS 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Copepods 77.5 79.4 73.4 79.2 54.4 65.9 Gastropods 11.5 12.6 16.0 10.2 38.8 25.3 Bivalves 1.5 1.9 . 1.0 1.3 1.9 1.9 Copepod 2.2 2.1 0.7 1.5 0.8 Hauplii Cirriped 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 Hauplii Other 8.1 4.6 8.7 7.6 3.8 6.2 Plankton III.A.1-27

b. Phytoplankton (I) Chlorophyll a, biomass and primary productivity.

Introduction This section compares phytoplankton chlorophyll a, biomass and primary productivity values measured in the cooling canal system with those in the adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/Card Sound) to determine the cooling canal system's ability to support biological life (ETS 4.1.1.1). Chlorophyll a is used to estimate biomass and primary productivity values.

Materials and Methods Chlorophyll a, biomass, and primary productivity were determined quarterly at 13 stations. Eight of these stations were located in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and five were located in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively (Figures 1 and 2).

~Ch1 h Chlorophyll a determinations were made using the Trichromatic Method (APHA, 1980). Grab samples, taken in the top meter of- the water column at each of the 13 stations were cooled and concentrated.

Pigments were extracted from the concentrated samples by homogenizing the impinged sample with a tissue grinder, steeping in an aqueous acetone solution, and decanting the supernatant. Optical III.A.1-28

density of the extracts were determined using a Beckman 25 UV-Visible Light Spectrophotometer with a 5 cm path length.

Biomass "Chlorophyll a constitutes approximately 1 to 2 percent of the dry weight of organic material in all planktonic algae and is therefore the preferred indicator for algal biomass estimates. By assuming that chlorophyll a constitutes, on the average, 1.5 percent of the dry weight of organic matter (ashfree weight) of the algae, one can estimate the algal biomass by multiplying the chlorophyll a content by a factor of 67", (APHA, 1980).

Primary productivity was estimated by using chlorophyll a values, surface solar radiation values and extinction coefficients in equations derived by Ryther and Yentsch (1957). Surface radiation values were taken at a nearby coastal meteorological facility. A table by Ryther and Yentsch (1957) showed the relationship between total daily surface radiation and daily relative photosynthesis beneath a unit of sea surface. Extinction coefficients were calculated in the canal system using Secchi Disc measurements. However, due to the shallowness and water clarity, it was not possible to obtain Secchi Oisc readings at sample stations in the bay. Consequently, an estimated extinction coefficient of 0.15/m was used (Ryther and Yentsch, 1957).

III.A.1-29

Resu1ts The mean chlorophyll a values, biomass, and primary productivity for the canal system and the bay for 1982 are shown in Table 1.

Oiscussion "The chlorophyll of the euphotic zone fluctuates as a function of available nutrients, predation, and conditions favoring high turnover rates" (Odum, 1975).

~Ch1 1 11 The mean chlorophyll a value in the canal system was 0.43 mg/m 3 in 3 3 3 1979, 0.63 mg/m in 1980, 0.53 mg/m in 1981 and 0.37 mg/m in 1982.

The mean chlorophyll a value in the bay was 0.16 mg/m in 1979 and 3 3 1980, 0.47 mg/m in 1981 and 0.18 mg/m in 1982 (Figure 3).

The highest values for chlorophyll a occurred in the canal system during quarters with long photoperiods and occurred in the bay during quarters with long photoperiods and/or high nutrient values. Bader and Roessler (1972) observed that rain causes nutrient rich run-off to enter the bay. The resultant nutrient loading causes a buildup of phytoplankton and benthic flora. This in turn leads to increases in chlorophyll a levels in the receiving. waters. The elevated chlorophyll a values in the canal system were attributed to its high phytoplankton level, which in turns correspond to its relatively high stable nutrient levels.

III.A.1-30

The 1982 chlorophyll a values for both the canal system and the bay fell within the (0.05-5.0 mg/m ) range of baseline values for Biscayne Bay as reported by Bader and Roessler (1972).

Biomass 3

The average annual biomass in the canal system was 28.81 mg/m in 1979, 42.21 mg/m 3

in 1980, 35.51

~

mg/m 3

in 1981 and 24.79 mg/m 3 in 1982.

Annual biomass in the bay was 10.73 mg/m 3

in 1979 and 1980, 31.49 mg/m 3 3

in 1981 and 12.06 mg/m in 1982 (Figure 4).

Biomass values were higher in the canal system than the bay. This was expected since biomass values are a function of the chlorophyll a.

Since different analytical methods were employed these data cannot be (

validly compared with the Bader and Roessler (1972) baseline biomass data.

~Pi ~d The annual mean primary productivity for the canal system was

2. 2.

0.057 gC/(m 2.'day) in 1979, 0.063 gC/(m 'day) in 1980, 0.048 gC/(m 'day) in 1981 and 0.030 gC/(m 2.'day) in 1982. The annual-mean primary productivity for the bay was 0.084 gC/(m 'day) in 1979, 2.

0.082 gC/(m 2.'day) in 1980, 0.242 gC/(m 'day) in 1981 and 0.050 gC/(m 'day) in 1982 (Figure 5).

III.A.1-31

Primary productivity estimates have remained consistently greater in the bay than in the canal system. Higher productivity estimates in the bay were attributed to greater light penetration. Greater light attenuation in the canal system waters was thought to be the result of high tannin and lignin concentrations which produced color, and organic debris which in turn increased turbidity. The lowest primary produc-tivity estimates were recorded in the canal system at stations where water velocities caused increased turbidity. The highest primary pro-ductivity estimates during 1982 for the canal system and the bay occurred in the first and fourth quarters respectively. No comparisons between the baseline and present primary productivity estimates could be made because of the differences in the methodologies employed.

Conclusions Chlorophyll a and biomass values are higher in the cooling canals than the bay. This is attributed to the higher nutrient levels in the cooling canal system. The primary productivity values of the bay are greater than those of the cooling canal system. This difference is caused by the disparity in light penetrations between the two systems, i.e. primary productivity includes a light extinction coefficient in its equation. These data do not indicate conditions restrictive to biological life in the canal system.

III.A.1-32

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III.A.1-33

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III.A.1-34

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Card Sound, 1979-1982 III.A.1-37

Table 1. Mean chlorophyll a, biomass and primary productivity values for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound for 1982.

PRIMARY DATA CHLOROPH(LL a BIOMASS PRODUCTIVITY PERIOD m m~ . m m3 [ C m2.da )]

Canals Bay Canals Bay Canals Bay First quarter 0.42 , 0.10 28.60 6.68 0.046 0.052 (February)

Second quarter 0.61 0.10 41-04 6.64 0.037 0.051 (May)

Third quarter 0.22 0.27 14.54 17.78 0.020 0.118 (August)

Fourth quarter 0.24 0.26 16.05 17.13 0.016 0.133 (november)

Yearly Mean 0.37 0.18 25.06 12.05 0.030 0.050 III.A.1-38

b. Phytoplankton (2) organisms Introduction This report compares phytoplankton populations occurring in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and adjacent lagoon (Biscayne Bay/

Card Sound) with those of previous reports (FPL, 1973-1981) in order to follow biological succession and determine the biological stability of the cooling canal system.

Material and Methods Samples were collected quarterly (February, May, August and November) in the top meter of the water column at 12 stations in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and 13 stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay respectively, (Figures 1 and 2). These samples were sedimented, reduced in volume, preserved in 5X formalin and examined for species and abundance of organisms. Procedures were as reported in previous reports (FPL, 1977).

Because the traditional method of preserving samples (5X formalin) is known to cause erroneous identification of diatoms at the species level, many diatoms were identified only to genus. This is based upon the understanding, widely accepted by aquatic biologists, that relatively few diatoms can be determined to species level without clearing. Since the methods employed did not permit clearing, only I

III.A.1-39

those diatoms with distinctive outline features could be accurately identified.

Results A total of '133 organisms were identified in the canal system, including 28 considered common and relatively abundant, and 39 of sporadic occurrence. A total of 160 organisms were identified in the bay including 40 common and relatively abundant species, and 46 others of sporadic occurrence. Most of these organisms were recorded in pre-vious studies in comparable numbers. Counts of the principal,. organisms appear in Tables 1 and 2 for the canal system and bay respectively.

The diversity of the phytoplankton populations (Table 3) was expressed as the number of different organisms identified for selected groups. A su+vary of organisms by priricipa3 taxonomic groups per quarter for both the canal system and bay are listed in Table 4. The table also gives total counts for the year by group, and total counts by quarters.

Oiatoms represented the largest component of the phytoplankton in both the canal system and the bay. Oiatoms continue to be generally twice as abundant in the canal system as in the bay.

III.A.1-40

Oiscussion Considerable fluctuations in populations occurred seasonally in both the canal system and the bay. Most organisms or groups of or gan-isms have appeared in previous years and have often been represented by large populations. The most conspicuous canal system population peaks h 1 hd .1 f,~gf 11 . d 1 lid diatoms in May, and Flagellates (incertae sedis) in February and November. Lesser population peaks occurred in the bay i.e. Ceratium sp. in May and Cocconeis sp. in February. Such "blooms" have been previously observed, especially in the canals, which because of their linear nature and temperature gradient, constitute a series of microhabitats imperfectly isolated from other parts of the same system.

There was no evidence fr'om these population build-ups that any significant environmental changes have occurred.

The total count of organisms in specific groups in the canal system was slightly higher in 1982 than in 1981 (Table 4), but does not indicate that there was an overall increase in phytoplankton populations. The high May count for diatoms in the canals was largely d 1 g1 g,~gf 11 . hi h 1 d greater than 20,000 per 0.5 liter at Stations F.l, RC.O, RC.2, W6.2, W12.2 and W24.2. If it were not for this dense population, limited chiefly to the six stations mentioned, the yearly total for 1982 would have been much lower than in 1981.

III.A.1-41

The species diversity was also greater in 1982 than in previous

,.years. This was most likely due to increased familiarity with study area biota making subtle species differences more readily apparent.

Conclusion 1

The majority of the,phytoplankton organisms and groups show no major changes in numbers or diversity and hence suggest evidence 'for biological stability of the canal system. i<lost of the organisms observed were found in previous. study years. The fact that certain organisms present in the bay do not regularly occur in the canal system has been documented in previous annual reports. This is to be expected in view of the lack of recruitment and higher temperatures of the canal system. Thus, the phytoplankton populations do not suggest any marked changes from conditions existing in the canal system prior to this report period.

C The proportion existing between the different taxonomic groupings of phytoplankton is comparable for both canal system and bay. The canal system populations parallel those observed in previous reports (FPL, 1973-1981) and represent populations which are apparently normal for the canal system.

No marked changes were observed during 1982, when compared to previous sampling periods.

III.A.1-42

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III.A.1-44

Table 1. Counts of'the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

ORGANISMS aE FEBRUARY a

AUGUST b

NOVEMBER a b Sulfur organisms

~Be iatoa sp. (2-5 m) 1 30 2 60 6 219 1 30

~Be iatoa sp. (10 m) 4 60 3 99 6 99 6 120 BepeBiatoa sp. (14 m) 4 75 4 42

~Be iatoa sp. (20-22 m) 4 42 2 18

~Be iatoa sp. (28-42 m) 5 69 1 6 tlacromonas sp. 2 60 3 123 1 30

~TP 11 p. 3 120 Blue-green algae Anabaena sp. 4 240 7 450 8 255 5 360

~Anac stis sp. 4 420 1 60

~pp 4 930 2 90

~AP I p. 2 120

~II I 1 30 1 30 1 30 Chroococcos ~i antea 1 3 4 123 1 6 Chroococcus sp. 2 33 1 60 4 270 2 45

'p. 1 30 1 15

~pl I I I e 1 3 3 120 1 . 6

Table 1 ~ Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b 'aaa AUGUST aa NOVEMBER Blue-green algae (Cont'd)

Johannesba tistia sp. 4 93 1 60 3 54 1 30 1 24

~Ln(Lbba sp.

~di dd p. 2 33 Oscillator ia sp. (1-2pm) 3 87 6 1191 4 186 Oscillatoria sp. (3-4pm) 5 420 9 1313 Osci 1 1 atori a sp. (6-10pm) 2 63 3 15 10 721 8 417 Oscillatoria sp. (11-14pm) 2 15 5 159 Oscillatoria sp. (15-16pm) 1 6 2 60 Osci llatoria sp. (20-50pm) 12 2 15 4 123 3 12 Schizothrix sp. 60 5 450 7 810 2 180

~Sirulina armor 48 3 273 4 153 2 183 Green algae

~Ch1 d p. 5 1050 3 570 8 4080 u d p. 4 1830 9 5550 10 3350 Euglenoids

~Eutre tia hirudoidea 1 30 E. viridis 6 197 11 720 1 30 12 759

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b a AUGUST b aa)

NOVEMBER Euglenoids (Cont'd)

Unidentified Euglenoids 4 266 1 60 Cryptomonads

~C d 4 1570

~C d. 11 2360 ll 4950 10 450 10 5970 Rhodomonas (elongate form) 1 30 Rhodomonas (short form) 12 24 440 ~ 9 1740 6 420 ll 3432 Oi no f agel l ates 1

~lk kidd l kl ll 1 30

~kk lidi l d. 4 180 9 2250 & 750 10 1680 Ceratium furca 1 3 5 180 Exuviael la bal tica 1 30 2 90 3 130 E. marina 2 6 E. ~oblon a 8 786 12 615 4 264 12 348

~Gon aulax ~di itale 1 120 G. tamarense 5 390 1 30

~Gon aulax sp. 1 60

~8d l 7 780 4 210 '80

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

FEBRUARY HAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Dinoflagel lates (Cont'd)

~ddi 1 1 1 60 G. foliaceum 2 330 1 30 4 483 5 255 G. ~el endens 1 3 G. ~vitella o 2 240 2 90 8 930

~G" d'"1 'pp. 12 7860 12 5580 10 1380 12 7860

~d '" d'"'" 'pp. (( " 'P 8 660 9 2400 8 1290 10 2400

~ddh 1 ~(p 1 60 Peridinium achromaticum 3 510 1 30 P. ~brevi es 1 30 P. ~diver ens P. Graui 2 120 P. hirobis 10 522 P. nudus( 2 120 P. ~tri ueta 1 60 P. trochoideum 3 240 5 500 1 30 10 1140 Peridinium sp. 9 2220 5 570 5 630 7 234

~d d 2 63 Prorocentrum micans

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

FEBRUARY t1AY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b b E a b Dinoflagellates (Cont'd)

Protoceratium reti col a turn 1 3

'P. 1 3 1 30 3 12

~PP d hh 1 3 8 54 Unidentified Dinoflagellates 8 1410 10 1200 -

11 2694 10 1330 Other Flagellates Chr sochromulina sp. 5 660

~Phd h P.. 2 60 7 720 8 330 6 450 Flagellates (incertae sedis) ll 16440 12 7560 12 2390 12 21390 Diatoms

~hhi 4 330 5 540 6 360 4 183 A. minuta 8 1140 10 2220 7 363 1 120 A. 2aludosa 2 120 4 480 3 960

~4hi P. 1 60 1 60 4 270 9 990

~Am hara alata 1 30 3 183 4 180 4 240 A. oval is 1 90 4 750 A. commutata 1 30 A. inflexa 1 60 60

I Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

ORGAN I SNS fEBRUARY NAY AUGUST HOVENBER a b a b a b Diatoms (Cont'd)

~Am bora sp. 3 300 3 330 11 3360 11 3080 1111f 1 3 1 30 P

Bacteriastrum sp. 1 60 1 3

~111f 1 60 9 2700 5 390 2 33 5 108 ll 1891 8 60 Chaetoceras sp. 1 3 2 90 4 273 Cocconeis hustedti 6 900 8 1650 6 690 11 1380 C. P1 3 150 Cocconeis sp. 5 390 7 2370 7 840 2 120

~C1 11 11 10 2530 ll 3322 P. 12 13650 12 191 500 2 90 12 7764

~Fi1 1 11 Pf 2 270 2 90

~Fi1 1 P. 4 510 10 6420 6 270 7 465 Gyyrosi ma balticum 2 6 4 18 1 3

~Li 1 2 120 L. flabellata 6 174 6 228 8 147 5 51 L. Grandis 1 30 1 60

~Li 1 p. 2 81 1 30

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY aap NAY a

AUGUST b

NOVEHBER Diatoms (Cont'd)

Navicula ~am hibola 1 60 2 78 3 93 Uni denti fi ed Navi cul o id s 12 20 850 12 67 020 12 21 390 12 8030 Nitzschia acicularis 11 6110 8 2010 3 90 7 450

'N. closterium 5 930 5 1390 2 90 4 270 N. incurva 1 120 N. lon<Oa 2 60 1 30 1 30 1 3 N.

II. ~df

~1 Nitzschia sp.

12 7

5 12 186 480 670 10 7

4080 840 11 1620 2

10 4

63 1665 180

~Pi 4 36 8 10& 11 1673 P. brebissonii 2 120 6 1230 5 333 P. ~elan atom 5 45 3 34 5 114 4 36 P. lineare 1 180 P. tenuissima

~PI I. 2 33 2 63 Striatella sp. 1 30 Surirella sp. 2 90 6 363 2 33

~S nedra acicularis 4 1533

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a a b a b Diatoms (Cont'd)

~S nedra actinastroides 1 60 1 210 1 3 S. ~11'.

5 483 fulcuens 1 30 1 180 8 1680 1 60 S. ~hd i 3 84 9 462 S. ~el chal la 3 210 S. ~su erba 1 180 3,,150 8 1890 S. undulata 1 60

~Snedra sp. 2 240 1 60 6 495 Skeletonema sp. 1 30 1 3 Thalassiosira sp. 3 120 1 60 8 825

'P. 1 30 Unidentified Diatoms 9 1920 10 1260 6 270 8 1140 Ciliates Askenasia sp. 1 3 1 30 3 57

~As idisca sp. 1 3

,~Dsteria sp. 2 33 F 5 27 1 30

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Ciliates (Cont'd)

Favella sp. 2 6 t1. vitreoides 4 27 Strobi 1 idium sp. 10 1965 Strombidium conicum 2 210

~ii i i<<bl id 1 60 2 210 9 161

p. 5 270 Unidentified Ciliates ll 816 8 660 7 660 9 351 Rhizopods Amoeba sp. 1 60 1 30 Metazoa Nematodes 6 63 9 51 Cercariae 2 63 Rotifers 1 30 Polychaeta 3 12 Gastropods Bivalves 4 18 6

4 111 15 60 3'1 15

Table 1. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in the Turkey Point Cooling (Cont'd) Canal System, 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b aEHAY .

a AUGUST b

NOVEMBER a b Metazoa (Cont'd)

Copepods 8 72 8 108 7 60 9 144 Unidentified Larvae 2 12 3 12 3 12 Eggs 3 75 5 195 3 33 3 12 Cells (incertae sedis) 12 5340 12 6160 10 1860 10 1680 bNumber of stations at which it occurred.

Total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

Includes Silicoflagellates and Flagellates (incertae sedis).

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1982.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Sulfur organisms

~Be iatoa sp. (2nm) 1 30

~Be iatoa sp. (7um) 1 12

~Be iatoa sp. (10am) 1 30 2 39 4 351 5 450

~Be iatoa sp. (14am) 3 66 2 395

~Be iatoa sp. (20-42am) 2 66 Chlorochromatium sp. 1 60 Macromonas sp. 2 60 1 60

- Blue-green algae Anabaena sp. 1 30 1 60 5 102 7 1446

~Anac stis sp. 4 210 BAAL' p. 1 30 3 78

~AA 2 -78 5 216 Chroococcus ~i antea 1 12 3 150 Chroococcus sp.. 3 120 3 72 5 210

~pp 1. 36 1 99 180 27 2 33 Johannesba ti stia sp. 33 75 69 5 210 1 p. 30 30 3 93

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Blue-green algae (Cont'd)

Oscillatoria sp. (3-4pm) 1 60 1 3 9 660 Oscillatoria sp. (6-14im) 1 21 Oscillatoria sp. (ll-14pm) 6 862 7 600 Oscillatoria sp. (15-16pm) 1 30 1 30 3 93 Oscillatoria sp. (20-50@m) 4 99 -6 30 Schizothrix sp. 3 150 3 120

~Sirulina nIinor 1 12 1 30 Green algae

~Ch1 P p. 3 90 6 870 5 210 3 210

p. 6 240 10 1320 11 4110 12 3030 Scenedesmus sp. 2 123 Tetraedron sp. 1 60 Euglenoids

~C1i P p. 1 60 1 240

~Eutre tia hirudoidea 3 90 E. VI I"Idle 1 9 3 63 2 75 1 30 Unidentified Euglenoids 2 60 4 180 5 640 7 720

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b MAY E aa)

AUGUST NOVEMBER a b Cryptomonads

p. 2 60 7 285 11 1110 9 4560

~C Rhodomonas (elongate form) 2 2070 4 3000 Rhodomonas (short form) 10 3510 10 7335 12 6425 13 75 144 Dinof1 agel 1 ates

~Ahi 1 1 11 1 1 3 180 1 60 A. Ahh 2 60 2040

~AAP 1 p. 9 755 12 1140 13 2295 12 Ceratium furca 8 114 12 2739 11 159 13 321 C. fusus 1 3 2 6 1 3 Cochlodinium sp. 3 120 h p. 1 5 2 21 2 63

~tl 1 1 p. 1 30 1 120

~th Exuviaella baltica 6 363 10 1323 11 1230 12 2946 E. marina 3 18 3 36 2 42 2 6 E. ~oblo'n a 8 261 ll 495 8 603 8 246 aulax dicii tale 4 153 2 33

~Gon G. tamarense 3 390

Table 2 . Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1902.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Oinoflagellates (Cont'd)

~Gon aulax sp. 2 75

~Bdi 1 ~ 11 1 2 120 2 90 4 240 G. breve 2 60 G. foliaceum 1 30 4 135 2 90 G. ~sl endens 4 36 G. ~vitella o 8 450 5 360 8 1080 I

CJl

~GG'"'Gp. 13 3545 11 6730 13 7162 13 8468 CO

~G"" 'G "1 (1 "1 6 180 6 316 4 147 8 840 pp

"'ux 1 30 5 450 9 612 G. ~lacbr aa Peridinium achromaticum 1 30 2 90 P. ~brevi es 1 90 1 60

p. ~de ressum 8 63 P. ~diver ens 1 30 P. Globulus 1 30 P. Graui 30 2 18 hirobi s 33 3 90 4 123 2 60 P.

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 19S2.

FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Dinoflagellates (Cont'd)

Peri dinium nudum 1 30 2 90 P. ~tri ueta 1 270 1 20 P. trochoideum 6 300 7 630 8 750 4 270

~d d<<d Peridinium sp.

~>"ie"" "'d.

ll 2

1215 120 ll 4

1140 150 7

4 780 15 8

3 1

660 12 30 Prorocentrum diracile 2 6 5 60 2 9 2 120 P. micans 5 138 ll 288 4 36 8 103 Protoceratium reticulatum 8 96 8 207 9 336 7 123

d. 5 105 4 21 10 366 12 216

~dd hh 6 175 10 738 11 771 7 102 Unidentified Dinoflagellates 8 675 ll 2244 ll 3300 10 810 Other Flagellates Bodo sp. 2 90 3 180 Chr sochromulina sp. 1 30

~Rh hd h d. 1 60 1 60 3 150 2 123

~Dict ocha sp. 3 150 2 60 1 15

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982-ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b a AUGUST b aa)

NOVEMBER Other Fl agell ates (Cont'd)

Flagellates (incertae sedis) 13 6330 12 10005 13 14520 13 15300 Diatoms Achnanthes coactata 2 360 1 3 3 81 2 60 A. minuta 3 195 4 219 4 150

~4h p. 1 60

~Am hora alaaa 2 45 5 228 1 48 5 390 A. ovalis 2 90 3 63 1 30 1 30 A. inf1 exa 2 90 3 66 3 150 7 195

~Am hora sp. 7 243 7 258 11 573 9 1050 Bacteriastrum sp. 1 30 3 180

~b11if 290 2 180 1 3 5 45 1 9 Chaetoceras sp. 3 120 2 63 6 5010 2 420 Cocconeis hustedti 4 960 6 650 8 510 10 3510

. 01 1 120 3 90 2 160 6 390 Cocconeis sp. 5 3075 6 225 4 180 2 180

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b HAY aaaAUGUST NOVEMBER a b Diatoms (Cont'd)

Coscinodiscus sp. 1 9 3 63 2 18 1 12 5 300 6 555 .10 2160 9 660

~C

~C1 11 p. 10 945 12 1635 5 630 11 1920 e ' 'p. 1 3

~Di loneis sp. 2 60 2 18

~pip 1 11 dl 3 1008

~pl 1 p. 1 30 3 120 3 120 1 60

~LFi d 1 p. 2 30

~Li 1 111111 6 78 5 111 6 246 4 126 L. Nrandis 4 18 4 72 6 186 1 p. 1 30 3 213 4 183 6 159 Navicula ~aia hibola 3 150 2 18 8 393 9 414 N. pandura 2 39 2 144 1 3 tl. ~F 12 1

5295 3

13 1

7483 3

13 1 30 960 Unidentified Naviduloids 13 2520 Nitzschia acicularis 3 165 3 111 11 2870 4 186 6 198 3 120 N. closterium 3 90

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

ORGANISMS FEBRUARY a b AUGUST aas NOVEMBER Diatoms (Cont'd)

Nitzschia incurva 4 123 2 90 3 93 1 3 N. ~ion a tl. 6 306 7 266 2 60 ll

~1 Il.d d I 8 435 12 2055 10 750 3300 N. ~si ma 2 60 N. ~si moidea 1 3 Nitzschia sp. 2 45 2 63 1 60 1 180 2 6 P. brebissonii 6 102 3 10& 3 72 6 141 P. ~elon atum P ~ fasciola 1 60 P. macilento 1 60 P. tenuissima

~di di d. 1 30 Skeletonema sp. 150 Striatella 75 132 4 476 129 sp.

Surirella 18 15 1 15 93 sp.

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGAN ISMS a b a b a b Di atoms (Cont'd) nedra acicularis 2 90

~S S. actinastroides 6 663 6 156 2 27 1 39 S. fulcuens 1 6 1 60 S. Sallionii 1 120

. ~hd i 1 3 S. undulata 1 30 2 6 1 3

~Snedra sp. 4 240 3 420 10 1350 8 780 Thalassiosira sp. 3 150 1 60 3 45 1 30 Unidentified Diatoms 6 510 11 798 6 600 7 630 Ciliates Askenasia sp. 5 210 Coxliella sp. 1 12 Craterella sp. 1 270 3 153

~Dsteria sp. 1 3 Favella sp. 5 84

~Metac lis corbula 8 180

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Ciliates (Cont'd) 4 57 6 72 2 24 4 39 Strobilidium sp. 1 30 Strombidium conicum 4 165 10 252 1 100 7 402 S. strobilus 3 63 2 24 30 Strombidium sp. 3 93 6 126 7 258 8 498 Tintinnus ~a ertus T. yrocu'rus Tintinnus sp.'Ti 1 1 b Td 1 60

~Ti 1 1 ~dd T. lobienkoi T. tubulosa 4 39 T. tubulosoides 60 4 96 9 195 T. urnula T. wailesi 33 162 6 54 7 48

p. 1 90 3

~d11 1 p. 30

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982.

FEBRUARY MAY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b Ciliates (Cont'd)

~X11 i<<p. 1 30 Unidentified Ciliates 8 669 12 1266 12 1989 13 6630 Rhizopods Anoeba sp. 3 60 Metazoa Nematodes 2 6 2 39 4 12 Cercariae 3 12 1 30 2 21 7 86 Rotifers 1 3 2 12 Polychaetes Gastropods 5 51 3 21 10 186 7 24 Bivalves Copepods 6'4 4 42 2 10 33 366 6

10 30 129 1

10 138 3

3 Ostracods 1 Ophiopluteus 1 3 1 6 Unidentified Larvae 29 48 4 12 7 66 Eggs 171 72 3 48 5 33

Table 2. Counts of the principal plankton organisms found in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, (Cont'd) 1982,.

FEBRUARY AUGUST NOVEMBER ORGANISMS a b a b a b Cells (incertae sedis) 13 4845 13 7985 13 4848 10 15240 bNumber of stations at which it occurred.

Total number of organisms or colonies per 0.5 liter.

Includes Silicoflagellates and Flagellates (incertae sedis).

Table 3. Diversity of the respective groups of plankton found in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1979-1982.

1979 1980 1981 1982 GROUPS Canals Bay Canal s Bay Canals Bay Canals Bay Sulfur organisms 2 1 1 1 5 2 7 7 Blue-green algae 25 18 18 17 15 18 20 17 Green algae 4 5 3 3 3 5 2 4 Euglenoids 5 4 4 5 6 8 2 3 Cryptophytes 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 Dinoflagellates 16 33 23 40 22 34 29 39 Other Fl agel l ates 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 5 Diatoms 59 60 48 58 40 45 54 57 Ciliates 6 23 11 23 14 22 11 '4 Rhizopoda 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 Total 122 149 113 152 109 139 133 160 Includes Silicoflagellates and Flagellates (incertae sedis)

Table 4. Counts by taxonomic group of planktonic organisms monitored in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and Blscayne Bay/Card Sound, 1982.

FEB. HAY AUG. IIOV. SUB-TOTALS TOTAL Blue-green algae 720, 582 1752 396 6915 1465 1623 4101 ii 010 6S44 i7 SS4 Dlnoflagellates 14 592 9098 14 906 19 021 8257 19 924 17 311 19 893 55 066 67 936 123 002 b

Flagellates 16440 6330 7560 10005 2390 14 520 21 390 15 300 47 780 46 155 93 935 Dlatoms 62676 11541 286450 14473 43 317 26 646 35 636 17 586 428079 70246 498325 Cl 1 la tes 2877 1500 1170 2247 723 2521 812 8364 5582 14 632 20 214 Sub-totals 97305'9051 311838 46142 61602 65076 76772 65244 547517 205513 Totals 126 356 357 980 126 670 142 016 753 030 (Grand Total)

I a

I crt bPopulatlon totals are expressed ln terms of organisms per 0.5 liters.

CO incertae sedls ayynnnt i ~enate anti Bay enealned.

2. Fish (ETS 4.1.1.1.2)

Introduction Populations of fish within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System were isolated from Biscayne Bay/Card Sound habitats, hereafter referred to as the canal system and the bay, respectively when the canal system was closed off from the bay in February 1973.

The ongoing monitoring program characterizes and documents popula-tion changes that occur in the fish fauna within the canal system and compares them to that of the bay as reported by Nugent in 1970.

Material and Methods Fish were collected monthly at ten stations in the canal system to determine the species present, their relative abundance, life history deredd stages, weight, and size. Species that demonstrated a variety of life history stages were considered to be established and reproducing in the canal system, while those represented only by adults were not consi-to be reproducing and are expected to be lost through natural attrition.

Stations 1 and 8 were relatively deepwater (6 m) areas located II near the plant intake and discharge, respectively (Figure 1). Water depth at Stations 2 and 4 ranged from 1 to 6 m. Mater depth at Stations 3, 5, 6, and 7 averaged less than 1 m. Stations 9 and 10 were in a backwater area and small pond, respectively, adjacent to the I I I .A. 2-1

r canal system proper. Mater depth at these two stations was less than 0.6 m.

Collections were made by nylon gi 11 nets and minnow traps. Each gill net was 30 m in length by 1.8 m in depth and consisted of three 10 m panels of 25, 38, and 51 mm mesh sewn end to end. The gill nets were set perpendicular to shore in water depths of 1 to 2.5 m. The minnow traps were of the double funnel type and measured 406 mm long by 2

229 am in diameter. These traps were constructed of 6.4 mm galvanized mesh. The traps were baited with mullet and set near the edges of the canals at water depths of from 39 to 50 cm.

The sampling method at each station was determined primarily by the water depth at the sampling site. Gill nets were set at Stations 1, 2, 4 and 8; the minnow traps were set at Stations 1 through 10. One gill net and/or two minnow traps were fished for one 24-hour period per station per month.

All specimens collected were identified to species whenever possible, counted, measured to the nearest millimeter, and weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram. Fish were measured from the tip of the snout to the caudal peduncle (standard length). Fish nomenclature was in accordance with the AFS List (1980).

III.A.2-2

Resu1ts A total of 16 species represented by 4305 individuals was collected in the canal system during 1982 (Table 1). The majority of these individuals were small forage fish collected by minnow traps.

The killifish family (Cyprinodontidae) comprised 89.1 percent of the total number of fish collected in 1982. The goldspotted killifish and sheepshead minnow were the predominant species found with 2228 and 1562 individuals respectively (Table 1). All members of the killifish family were generally less than 68 mm in length, and because of their small size, made up only 9.4 percent of the total weight of the fish collected.

The livebearer family (Poeci liidae) was represented by the sai lfin molly and pike ki llifish. Livebearers comprised 6.8 percent of the total number of fish collected during 1982 and, due to their 'small size, made up only 1 percent of the total fish weight (Table 1).

The balance of the fish collected in 1982 comprised only 4.1 per-cent of the total number but accounted'or 89.6 percent of the total t

weight. The, collection of relatively few large individuals such as bonefish, barracuda, crevalle jack, mojarra and snapper accounted for the majority of the weight (Table 1).

I I I .A.2-3

Oiscussion Actively reproducing populations of ki llifish and livebearers within the canal system were evidenced by the occurrence of juveniles as well as adults (Table 1) and their continued abundance (Table 2).

Crested gobies and gulf toadfish, although not as abundant as the killifish, were also collected as juveniles and adults and are consi-dered established in the canal system.

Redfin needlefish were frequently observed in the canal system and are considered established, however, they were generally not collected because of the sampling methods employed. Needlefish were a prominent predator in the canal system as populations of nonreproducing predatory species at e reduced by natural attrition.

The remainder of the species found did not appear to be repro-ducing in the closed canal system as indicated by both an absence of juveniles and a decline in number collected (Table 2). The species that were not reproducing within the canal system generally spawn at sea. These fish (e.g. barracuda, bonefish, and crevelle jack) have pelagic eggs and larvae which develop offshore. Confinement to the closed canal system does not appear to be conducive to spawning nor the subsequent development of eggs and larvae.

III.A.2-4

Changes which occurred in fish populations in the canal system were reflected in the data when plotted as catch per unit effort (C.P.U.E.). The minnow trap C.P.U.E., is indicative of populations of'he small for age species. After an initial increase in minnow trap C.P.U.E. from 1975 through 1977 (FPL, 1978), C.P.U.E. has stabilized to a range normal to the canal system (Figure 2). The large expanse of generally shallow water. provided an ideal habitat for forage fish.

This fact and the decrease in the number of predatory species is consi-dered the cause for their established populations. The gill net C.P.U.E., indicative of populations of larger fish, decreased substan-tially from 1975 through 1976 and has continued a slow decline through 1982 (FPL 1973-1982).

Eighty species of fish were collected by trawling in southern Biscayne Bay and Card Sound during the baseline survey for the Turkey Point Plant (Bader and Roessler, 1971). This can be compared to 42 species collected \in the canal system for 1974 through 1978 and 45 species collected from 1979-1982 (Table 3). Although the different collection methods between the baseline survey and later surveys may have accounted for some of the difference in the number of species, it appears that many species found in the bay simply did not enter the canal system during the period the canal system was open to the bay.

III.A.2-5

The surveys conducted by Nugent (1970) with gill nets and large fish traps in the immediate vicinity of the power plant resulted in the collection of 52 species of fish. These studies were conducted in tidal creeks and other nearshore areas so that the species found were highly representative of those collected in the canal system (Table 3).

i In general, studies conducted since 1974 have shown that the fish which became isolated in the canals represented primarily the common, and often abundant species found by Nugent outside the canal system.

The few species collected in the canal system, which were not found by Nugent (Table 3), were mainly small fish collected by minnow traps, a method which Nugent did not use.

Conclusion Populations of fish within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System became isolated from Biscayne Bay/Card Sound, when the canal system was closed off in February 1973. Certain species, particularly forage fish in the killifish and livebearer fami lies, have adapted well in the canal system. Other fish, such as snappers, jacks and barracuda, are not able to reproduce within the canals and their numbers have been reduced through natural attrition. This reduction in predator species and the favorable habitat account for the continued abundance of the forage fish.

III.A.2-6

Study comparisons indicate that several species found in Biscayne 8ay and Card Sound adjacent to the canal system did not enter when the canal system was open. All fish found within the canals are members of species which were common or abundant outside the canal system in adjacent waters.

III.A.2-7

POWER PLANT

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~ 5 METERS 900 18O 0 Plankton station numbers in association 3000 6 000 with fish stations are indicated by ( ). FE ET Figure 1. Fish sampling station locations, Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

III.A.2-8

80 70 Fish/. (Traptday) 60 Fish/ (Net.day)

~ 50 D

~ 40

~m 30 20 10 1978 ~

1979 1980 1 81 TINE (months)

Figure 2. Hinnow trap and gill net catch per unit effort in Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

Table 1. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

NUMBER RANGE OF TOTAL X COMPOSITION

~

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OF LENGTHS HEIGHT BY INDIVIDUALS (mm) (g) NO. W.

Goldspotted Killifish ~F1 ddd h h d

~i 2228.

562 20-68 16-48.

4181.7 1467.7 51.8 36.3 6.5 2.3 Sheepshead Minnow Sailfin Molly Poeci1 in ~lati irma 286 19-64 568.7 6.6 0.9 a 0.7 Crested Goby ~Lh 55 ed i id 92 32-80 424.2 2.1 Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta 39 24-240 1132.6 0.9 1.8 a

Gul f Killifish Fundulus ~randis 23 68-115 395.0 0.5 0.6 Rainwater Killifish Lucania parve 21 21-38 15.8 0.5 <0.1 Yel lowfin Mojarra Gerres cinereus 15 180-265 3917.1 0.4 6.1 Gray Snapper ~Lut'anus griseus 14 290-584 17 218.1 0.3 26.7 Pike Killifish Belonesox belizanus 8 54-100 54.5 0.2 0.1 Bonefish Albuia ~vul es 4 526-580 1149.5 0.1 17.8 Great Barracuda ~Sh raena barracuda 688-820 8705.4 0.1 13.5 Redfin Needlefish 5555 a 218-295 88.1 0.1 <0.1 Crevalle Jack Caranx ~hi os 2 720-756 14 857.6 <0.1 23.0 a

Marsh Killifish Fundulus conf luentus 2 32-48 3;3 <0.1 <0.1 Tidewater Silverside ddd 1 0.9 <0.1 <0.1 Species presumed to be reproducing because of the presence of juveniles.

Table 2. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1978-1982.

NUMBER OF INDIVIOUALS PER YEAR COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Goldspotted Killifish ~F1 ddd h h 3233 1984 3153 3579 2228 d

Sheepshead Minnow ~Ci d 1212 1091 4672 2521 1562 Sailfin Molly Poecilia ~lati irma 173 48 228 153 286 Crested Goby ~Lh hd ud i id 73 154 204 81 92 Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta 6 13 23 26 39 d

Gulf Killifish Fundulus ~randis 2 0 7 13 23 d

Rainwater Killifish Lucania ~arva 13 10 6 16 21 Yellowfin Mojarra Gerres cinereus 29 58 87 34 15 Gray Snapper ~Lut anus griseus 4 9 8 3 14 d

Pike Killifish Belonesox belizanus 15 0 0 4 8 Great Barracuda ~Sh raena barracuda 6 8 7 1 4 Bonefish Albula ~vul es 8 6 3 4 Redfin Needlefish 2 0 0 0 d

Marsh Killifish Fundulus conf 1uentus 4 1 1 0 2 Crevalle Jack Caranx ~hi os 1 1 0 0 2 Tidewater Silverside M Fdd d "'" 1 3 0 7 1 Silver Jenny Eucinostomus ~ula 21 44 8 2 0 Sea Catfish Arius fel i s 0 0 0 0 Atlantic Needlefish dddd 0 0 1 1 0

0 Table 2. Fish collected within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1978-1982.

(Cont'd)

NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER YEAR COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Ladyfish ~Elo s saurus 0 Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis 0 Spotfin Mojarra Eucinostomus ~ar enteus 13 Drum SCIAENI DAE 0 Striped Mojarra ~Dig terus plumieri 1 Schoolmaster Lutjanus ~a odus Sharksucker Echeneis naucrates 0 Bluestriped Grunt Haemulon sciurus 2 Sailors Choice Haemu'ion ~arrai 0 e

Atlantic Spadefish- Chaetodioterus faber 0 Snook d Pinfish ~La odon rhomboides 1 Total fishes 4829 3443 8412 6443 4305 bRanked from most abundant to least abundant, based on 1982 collections.

FPL, 1973-1978 dFPL, 1979-1982 Species which are reproducing.

Observed, but not collected during 1982.

r

]

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal creeks and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU THRU "f JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1982 Atlantic Needlefish ~db" Atlantic Spadefi sh ~hdi f b Bandtail Puffer h d Banner Goby ~fh bf Barbfi sh ~Scor acne brasiliensis Black Drum ~Po onias cromis Bonefish Albula ~vul es Blue Runner Caranx ~cr sos Bluestriped Grunt Haemulon sciurus Bull Shark Carcharhinus 1 eucas Checkered Puffer ~Sh fd <<<<

Crested Goby ~Lh bf mr i id Crevalle Jack Caranx ~hi os Fantail Mullet ~lou il trichodon Fat Sleeper Dormi tator macul atus Fat Snook Goby Gobionellus sp.

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1982 Goldspotted Ki 1 1 if i sh ~F1 111 h h Gray (Mangrove) Snapper ~Lut'anus 9riseus Gray Triggerfish Balistes ~ca riscus Great Barracuda ~Sh raena barracuda Gulf Flounder ~PF h h ~1b Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis Gulf Kingfish Menticirrhus littoralis Gulf Toadfish ~0sanus beta Hardhead Silverside Atherinomorus ~sti es Jewfish ~Ei" h 1 Ladyf i sh ~Elo s saurus Lane Snapper ~Lut'anus svvna ris Lemon Shark ~he a rien brevirostris Lined Seahorse Lookdown Selene vomer Margate Haemulon album Marsh Killi fish Fundulus confluentus

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1982 Mosquitofish Gambusia affinis Mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus Nurse Shark Permi t Trachinotus flacatus Pike Killifish Belonesox belizanus Pinfish ~ta odon rbomboides Pipefish ~E"" h p.

Rainwater Killifish Lucania ~arva Redfin Needlefish ~st Remora Remora remora Sailfin Molly Poecilia ~lati irma Sailors Choice Ilaemuion ~arrai Sargussumfish Histrio histrio Scrawled Cowfish ~Lh e d "i Schoolmaster ~Lut'anus ~andes Sea Catfish Aries fe1is Sharksucker Echeneis naucrates . X

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU THRU Sheepshead-Sheepshead Minnow

~Ah C

<< ~bh d

1 JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1982 Shortnose Gar ~L Silver Eucinostomus gula Snook Jenny Southern Stingray

~C<<d

~Das atis americana Spot Leiostomus xanthurus Spotfin Mojarra Eucinostomus ~ar enteus Spotted Seatrout ~C noscion nebulosus Striped Mojarra ~Dia terus Dlumieri Striped Mullet Nucui1 ~ce halus Tarpon ~me alo s atlantica Tarpon Snook Tidewater Silverside ie Tri pl e tail Lobotes surinamensis White Mullet ~Mu il curema

Table 3. Species of fish collected in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, tidal (Cont'd) creeks, and near shore areas around the Turkey Point Power Plant.

NUGENT A.B. I. FPL/LU AUG. 1968 DEC. 1974 JAN. 1979 COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME THRU THRU THRU JAN. 1970 DEC. 1978 DEC. 1982 Yellowfin Mojarra Gerres cinereus bFPL, 1974-1978 FPL, 1979-1982

3. Benthos (ETS 4.1.1.1.3)-

a. Characteristics of the Sediments Introduction This study of the characteristics of the sediments is designed to determine the pH, salinity and temperature and to monitor selected nutrients in the interstitial (pore) water and sediments of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, hereafter referred to as the canal system.

To assess potential biological changes resulting from operation of the Turkey Point Plant, results of sediment analysis from samples collected in the canal system are compared with data from samples collected at three control areas in adjacent Biscayne Bay, hereafter referred to as the bay (Figure 1).

From September 1970 through Hay 1971, preoperational chemical data were collected in the bay and Card Sound (RSMAS, 1971, 1972). These studies differed from the existing operational monitoring program in many aspects (Table 1). Nevertheless, operational monitoring data can be com-'ared with relevant preoperational data to evaluate the long term impact of the Turkey Point Plant on the water and sediments in the canal system.

Water and sediments in the canal system are potentially oxygen poor for several reasons related to system design and location. The canals are a closed system used for heat dissipation. Heated water from the power plant discharge does not mix with water outside the system but is circulated through the canals and then re-enters the plant.

Additionally, the canal system is located in the subtropics that are characterized by the high production of organic material. Evidence of anoxic conditions, if present, would be observed first in the intersti-tial water of the sediment-water interface.

Various chemicals used in Turkey Point Plant operations (Section II.B - Table 2 and 3) are considered in evaluating the results of the chemistry program (Tables 2 through 12).

Materials and Methods Samples containing a combination of water and sediment were collected monthly at eight canal stations and three bay stations (Figure 1). Sediment and.interstitial water samples were collected in cylindrical polypropylene cores approximately 5 cm in diameter and 45 cm in length. All samples were placed in an ice chest and kept at 4'C until analyzed. Samples were then homogenized, filtered and analyzed for the following soluble nutrients: sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and orthophosphate. Standard analytical methods (Table 13) were used to per-form all chemical analyses. . Sediment from the core samples collected at canal and bay stations also was analyzed for insoluble sulfide content.

A portion of each of these samples was acidified to convert insoluble sulfide to hydrogen sulfide, which was then distilled into a trapping solution of zinc acetate and analyzed spectrophotometrically.

Water samples to be analyzed for the presence of sulfite and sulfide were collected in 250-ml screwcap polyethylene bottles containing 0.5 ml III.A.3-2

of zinc acetate (2N). Because these ions are susceptible to oxidation, the bottles were filled to overflowing to avoid excessive exposure to oxygen that would be contained in an airspace. To prevent the dele-terious effects of oxygenation, these samples were kept at O'C and ana-1yzed without fi 1 t rat i on.

The pH of the sediment samples was measured with a standard Corning Model 10 pH meter. Salinity was measured with a Yellow Springs I

Instrument (YSI ) Model 33 salinity-conductivity-temperature (S-C-T) meter. Temperature was measured in the field using a YSI Model 42 single channel temperature meter.

Remi.ts The results of analyses of sediment samples collected monthly from canal and bay stations are presented in Tables 2 through 12. The following physical and chemical parameters were measured: pH, salinity, temperature, soluble sulfate, soluble sulfite, soluble sulfide, insoluble sulfide, solu'ble nitrate, soluble nitrite, soluble ammonium and soluble orthophosphate. The ranges of selected parameters measured in 1982 are presented in Table

\

14.'o values were appreciably outside the historic range measured in past studies. Each parameter is discussed in light of changes from 1981 to 1982 and differences between canal and bay station values.

III.A.3-3

The pH of marine and estuarine waters is a measure of the acid-base equilibrium of dissolved components. pH is important in aquatic chemical and biological systems because 1) changes in pH affect dissociation of weak acids and bases, 2) the degree of dissociation affects the toxicity of many compounds, 3) pH affects the solubility of metals from suspended solids and bottom sediments, and 4) changes in pH directly influence physiological changes in marine organisms.

The pH values of the cooling canal system sediments ranged from 6.5 to 8.4. Measurements for Biscayne Bay stations ranged from 7.0 to 8.8 (Tables 2 and 14). These values are close to the narrow range of 6.8 to 8.2 found for most marine porewaters (Goldberg, 1974). Comparison of 1982 average values (Table 15) shows very small variati ons among canal stations (7.5 to 7. 9) and Biscayne Bay stations (8.0 to 8.2).

~~K~a.~Ui~

Salinity is a measure of the salt content of water. Marine organ-isms vary in their ability to tolerate salinity changes. In deep water and open sea where salinity ranges from only 34 to 36 ppt, animals are sensitive to relatively small salinity changes. In the coastal ~egions and estuaries where wide salinity variations may occur, organisms adapted to these habitats are more tolerant of salinity changes.

III.A.3-4

During 1982, the-.salinity of the sediments ranged from 20.0 to 35.0 ppt in the canal system and from 10.0 to 30.0 ppt at bay stations (Tables 3 and 16). In 1981, these ranges were from 18.0 to 46.0 ppt for the canal system and from 1.5 to 40.0 ppt for the bay stations (Table 16).

The average yearly sediment salinity in the canal system was 30.4 ppt in 1978, 29.3 ppt in 1979, 31.3 ppt in 1980, 30.5 ppt in 1981, and 29.0 ppt in 1982 {Table 17). The average yearly sediment salinity at the adjacent bay sampling stations was 22.2 ppt in 1978, 22.5 ppt in 1979, 23.9 ppt in 1980, 23.4 ppt in 1981, and 22.8 ppt in,1982. Because the bay stations are located at the end of a relatively large drainage area which receives freshwater runoff, the lower salinity here is not surprising.

There was no increase in sediment salinity from 1981 to 1982 in the canal system, although values were higher in the canals than at control stations in the bay. Seasonal variations in salinity were also noted with high values generally occurring in May and low salinity values occurring in November or December (Table 3). It is likely that the low salinity in November and December resulted from seasonal rainfall in the Turkey Point area.

n Temperature is important to biological systems because high tem-peratures decrease dissolved oxygen levels, increase the rates of chemi-cal reactions, and give false temperature cues to aquatic life. If temperatures are high enough, lethal temperature limits may be exceeded.

These factors affect not only the fish, benthic organisms and aquatic plants but also the bacterial populations living in the sediment.

III.A.3-5

Temperatures in the Turkey Point Canal System reflected the thermal discharge from the power plant and solar heating of the canals.

Temperatures ranged from 16.9 to 42.0'C in the canal system and from 19.4 to 30.0'C at control stations in the bay (Tables 4, and 16). In 1981, temperatures ranged from 12.4 to 42.5'C in the canal system and from 11.1 to 29.6'C in the bay stations (Table 16). Canal system stations had higher yearly average temperatures than bay stations (Table 17). The highest average temperature (36.3'C) was recorded at canal Station 8, lower temperatures were found at Stations 5, 6, and 7 (29.9 to 30.9'C),

and the lowest readings were at Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 (26.6 to 29.1'C; Table 15). This gradient followed the path of the water in the canal system. Warm water discharged from the plant enters the canal system close to Station 8, moves through the canal system in a circular fashion, and re-enters the plant near Station 1. Temperatures observed at Station 8 were in a range that could exclude some biota occurring in the other parts of the canal system (Roessler and Tabb, 1974).

Sulfur occurs in a number of forms in marine water but only sulfate I

and sulfide are of major importance. Both forms are present in the waters of anoxic sediments, with sulfate usually the most abundant.

Bacteria can reduce sulfate to sulfide. This reduction can take place in the water column if oxygen is not available, but more frequently, sulfate reduction occurs in the underlying sediment. Dissolved sulfides are to a large extent precipitated to form sulfide minerals. Sulfite can also be present in the marine environment where the redox process (sulfate-sul-III.A.3-6

fide conversion) is active. Because the Turkey Point canal network is a closed system, there is potential for anoxic conditions to exist in which sulfide could build up within the sediment through depletion of available sul fate.

During 1982, the sulfate concentration ranged from 1681 to 4625 ppm in the canal system and from 620 to 3591 ppm at the bay stations (Table 16). In 1981, these values ranged from 1569'to 4841 ppm in the cooling canals and from 887 to 3519 ppm at the bay stations (Table 16). The average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters was about 25 percent higher than in the bay samples (2243 ppm; Table 17). The average yearly sulfate concentration in the canal waters decreased from 3018 ppm in 1981 to 2807 ppm in 1982. In the bay, sulfate concentrations increased slightly from 2212 ppm in 1981 to 2243 ppm in 1982.

Soluble sulfite values in 1982 ranged from <2.0 to 5.0 ppm in the canal system and from <2.0 to 3.0 ppm at the bay stations (Table 6). In 1981, sulfite levels ranged from <2.0 to 23.0 ppm in the canal system and from <2.0 to 15.0 ppm in the bay (FPL, 1982).

During 1982, levels of soluble sulfide (Table 7) were generally below the detectable limit of 0.05 ppm for the analytical method used.

Similarly low levels were observed in 1981.

Insoluble sulfide values in the canal system ranged from <0.05 to 14.62 pg/g wet weight of soil and in the bay from <0.05 to 3.07 pg/g wet I I I.A.3-7

weight of soil (Table 8). The yearly average value of insoluble sulfide at canal stations was 1.72 pg/g in 1982 as compared to 1.49 pg/g wet weight of soil in 1981. At the bay stations, the yearly average value was 0.88 pg/g in 1982 as compared to 0.94 yg/g wet weight of soil in 1981. The levels of sulfur (including sulfate, sulfite, soluble and insoluble sulfide) detected in canal system samples indicate that these sediments are not anoxic.

Kiter n Nitrogen occurs in a number of different forms in marine waters.

The principal ones are'N03 (nitrate), NO2 (nitrite), N2 (dissolved nitro-gen gas) and NH4+ (ammonium). Under the conditions existing in the interstitial waters of anoxic marine sediments, the principal species are NZ and NH4. (Thorstenson, 1970). A lack of nitrate and nitrite is caused by rapid bacterial reduction to N2 and NH4+. Nitrate, nitrite and ammo-nium were analyzed in the interstitial water of canal system samples.

During 1982, nitrate concentrations ranged from <0.001 to 33.337 ppm in the canal system and from 0.002 to 22.716 ppm at the bay stations (Tables 9 and 16). In 1981, these ranges were: 0.014 to 0.914 ppm in the cooling canals and <0.001 to 0.367 ppm for the bay stations (Table 16). The range of values in 1982 was greater than in past years pri-marily because of a few high values measured in January 1982 (Table 9).

The average nitrate concentration at canal system stations in 1982 was 0.584 ppm as compared with a 1981 average value of 0.109 ppm (Table 17).

At the bay stations, the average nitrate concentration was 0.715 ppm in III.A.3-8

0 1982 and 0.083 ppm in 1981. The higher average nitrate values measured in 1982 in canal as well as bay stations resulted from a few high values measured in January 1982. The overall moderate increase in nitrate values during 1982 shows that there was no depletion of nitrate that mi ght indi cate anoxi c condi ti ons in the cool ing canals.

During 1982, nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.163 ppm in the canal system and from 0.001 to 0.013 ppm for the bay stations (Tables 10 and 16). In 1981, these ranges were similar, 0.002 to 0.046 in the canal system and 0.002 to 0.033 ppm for the bay stations. The yearly average value for canal stations was 0.010 ppm and.0.006 ppm for the bay stations (Table 17). This constancy in nitrite concentrations indicates that during 1982 there was no depletion of nitrite in the canal system due to anoxic conditions.

Ammonium concentrations measured in the canal system during 1982 ranged from 0.16 to 4.08 ppm (Tables 11 and 16). These values were simi-lar to control station values, which ranged from 0.11 to 7.51 ppm. In 1981, the range of ammonium values in the canal system (<0.01 to 6.66 ppm) was higher than the range of values at the bay stations (0.28 to 10.0 ppm). The 1982 yearly average value was 1.08 ppm for the canal sta-tions and 1.16 ppm for the bay stations (Table 17). Yearly average values were 1.18 ppm ammonium at the canal stations and 2. 25 ppm at the centrationss bay stations in 1981. Comparison with the bay stations and 1981 values indicates that during 1982 there was no increase in ammonium con-that might i ndicate anoxic conditions in the cooling canals.

III.A.3-9

The most stable and dominant form of dissolved phosphorus in marine sediments is orthophosphate (Kester and Pytkowicz, 1967). Dissolved orthophosphate levels in oxygen-containing sediments are similar to values for. the overlying water. By contrast, phosphate levels increase in anoxic sediments (Brooks et al., 1968) with ammonium and, to a lesser extent, sulfide.

During 1982, orthophosphate values in interstitial waters ranged from <0.01 to 0.11 ppm in the cooling canals (Tables 12 and 16) and from

<0.01 to 0.05 ppm at the control stations in Biscayne Bay. In 1981, orthophosphate values ranged from <0.01 to 0.55 ppm in the canal system and from <0.01 to 0.10 ppm for the bay stations. Yearly average values in 1982 were less than the detection limit of 0.01 ppm at. canal system and bay stations (Table 17). From 1981 to 1982, there was no increase in orthophosphate concentrations in the interstitial waters of the cooling canals, thereby indicati ng that the sediments were not anoxic.

G. bison.M.th J'dna.l .9wta Parameters monitored, analytical methods and sampling locations dif-fered between the preoperational studies (RSMAS, 1971, 1972) and the operational study (Table 1). However, the values for the same parameters

~

generally were in similar ranges. The pH range of 7.0 to 7.8 found in Card Sound sediments in 1970-71 is lower than the pH range found during 1982 (7.0-8.8; Table 16). The salinity of Biscayne Bay/Card Sound water III.A.3-10

during the 1970-71 sampling was slightly higher (27.3 to 44.4 ppt) than that of sediments in Biscayne Bay control stations in 1982 (10.0 to 30.0.

ppt). Differences in pH and salinity probably resulted from differences in amounts of rainfall and from differences in station locations between the preoperati onal and present operational studies. The range of nitrate values (<0.001 to 0.023 ppm) found during the preoperational study was lower than that found in 1982 (0.002 to 22. 716). Differences in preser-vation and analysis methods used in these studies could account for this discrepancy. Nitrite and orthophosphate values were in the same range during the 1970-71 and 1982 monitoring.

C.anclus.ion In the canal system, salinity, temperature and sulfate values of sediment samples are higher than in the bay. Temperatures of the cooling canal sediments are influenced by plant operations as shown by the decrease in temperature at stations farther from the plant discharge.

Salinity and sulfate values are influenced by outside factors such as water evaporation and rainfall.

Anoxic conditions result when ammonium, sulfide and phosphate con-centrations increase'. In the canal system, average ammonium values in 1982 are slightly lower than in 1981, ammonium values in the bay also decreased since last year (Table 17). These results suggest that environmental conditions such as drought, which may have caused high con-centrations in 1981 were temporary and no longer are of concern in 1982.

Sulfate and orthophosphate values are similar to those of previous years III.A.3-11

at canal and bay stations. The high nitrate values in the canal system show that there is no depletion of nitrate due to anoxic conditions. All other parameters are in the same range as values from control stations.

III.A.3-12

N 911 912 13 POWER PLANT BISCA YNE I BAY d

d d

d INTERCEPTOR d d

OITCH d d

d 7 d d

d UQv nlrb 5

SEA OAOE CANAL caro SOLANO 1,000 2,000 SCALE IN METERS Figure 1. Chemistry sampling locations, Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

III.A.3-13

Table 1. Parameters measured during the preoperational studies and 1982 operational study at the Turkey Point Plant Site.

PREOPERATIONAL STUDIES OPERATIONAL STUDY PARAMETER 1970-1971 1982 Interstitial Mater Sediment water Water Sediment A1 k a 1 i ni ty Ammonium Dissolved inorganic carbon Dissolved organic carbon Dissolved oxygen Nitrate X Nitrite X pH Orthophosphate Radi oacti vi ty Salini ty li Si ca f

Sul ate Sulfide Sulfite Temper ature Tr ace metals RSHAS, 1971, 1972.

Table 2. pH of sediments at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 3 4 12 13 Jan. 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.8 8.6 8.1 Feb. 7.7 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.9 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.2 Mar. 7.6 7.8 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.0 8.7 8.4 8.6 Apr. 7.5 7.5 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.4 May 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.8 8.0 Jun. 7.5 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.0 Jul. 7.9 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.8 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.2 8.3 8.4 Aug. 7.6 7.5 7.8 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 7.6 Sep. 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.7 8.6 7.5 7.0 Oct. 8.0 8.2 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.3 8.8 Nov. 6.5 6.8 6.5 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.8 6.8 8.0 8.0 8.0 Oec. 7.1 7.2 7.1 7.3 7.7 7.2 7.0 7.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 TPl BTABLE2

Table 3. Salin'ity (ppt) of sediments 'at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 12 13 Jan. 26.0 26.0 29.0 29.0 ,

25.0 29.0 28.0 29.0 23.0 26.0 25.0 Feb. 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 31.0 31.0 28.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 Mar. 31.0 31.0 33.0 31.0 28.0 32.0 30. 0 31.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Apr. 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 31.0 31.0 28.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 May 35.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 33.0 34.0 34.0 33.0 20.0 19.0 19.0 Jun. 28.0 28.0 29.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 23.0 22.0 23.0 Jul. 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 27.0 28.0 25.0 23.0 19.0 24.0 Aug. 20.0 24.5 24.9. 26.6 27.2 27.5 25.7 22.8 23.6 23.8 23.2 Sep. 24.9 26.0 27.2 26.8 24.8 26.7 27.1 27.3 21.2 21.8 21.6 Oct. 29.2 30.4 32.8 31.8 33.2 29.3 34.1 34.2 27.8 25.5 29.0 Noy. 32.2 33.5 32.3 34.0 32.2 30.8 33. 2 31.5 10.4 10.3 10.0 Oec. 24.0 25.1 24.0 24.5 23.5 24.2 25.0 25.1 16.0 16.7 17.0

Table 4. Temperature ('C) of sediment surface at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 3 4 11 12 13 Jan. 26.2 25.7 24.0 25.8 27.8 27.5 27.2 32.0 23.3 23.3 23.5 Feb. 22.0 21.0 16.9 19.2 23.0 21.5 21. 5 29.9 20.0 19.5 19.4 Mar. 28.4 28.8 26.3 26.8 28.2 28.5 29.0 37.2 25.0 25.3 25.8 Apr. 25.8 25.6 25.2 26.1 30.9 29.8 30.0 34.5 25.8 25.0 25.0 Nay 28.4 28.3 26.5 28.4 31.5 30.8 31.2 36.9 24.3 24.7 24.7 Jun. 32.9 32.6 31.8 32.8 - 35.2 34.2 34.8 40.5 29.1 29.2 29.8 Jul. 33.4 32.7 30.2 31.7 34.0 32.6 33.6 38.3 28.8 28.8 28.9 32.2 31.0 29.1 30.9 34.7 32.8 33.2 40.0 27.3 27.4 27.7 Aug'ep.

34.0 32.9 30.2 32.8 34.6 33.8 34.7 42.0 29.3 29.2 29.5 Oct. 31.1 30.0 30.0 31.1 34.8 33.0 33.7 39.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 Nov. 24.2 24.7 24.7 25.0 28.1 27.3 27.8 31.5 23.0 22.9 23.0 Dec. 26.0 25.4 24.8 25.8 28.5 27.2 27.8 34.3 23.3, 23.5 23.5

Table 5. Analysis of soluble sulfate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBfR Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 13 Jan. 1866 2322 . 2358 2531 2157 2300 2174 2433 2034 2098 2011 Feb. 2692 2866 2694 1943 2392 2660 2652 2620 2345 2120 2416 Mar . -

2838 2766 2766 2451 2651 2786 2807 2807 2885 2967 2810 Apr. 2642 2899 2944 3014 3048 3118 3113 2814 2840 2976 2274 May 2881 2975 2393 2558 2918 3270 2905 2823 1760 1545 1431 M

Jun. 2721 2777 2666 2908 2791 2851. 2976 2856 2357 2399 2378 GO I

CO Jul. 2566 2738 2711 2632 2356 2759 2893 2641 2468 2393 2318 Aug. 3254 3373 3246 3552 4366 4625 4088 2958 3234 3591 3354 Sep. 3046 3151 3094 3236 2810 3190 3200 2987 2286 2561 2487 Oct. 2757 2715 2755 2814 2745 2819 2814 2753 2428 2417 2397 Nov. 2592 2546 2507 2901 1681 2744 2627 2439 620 883 827 Oec. 2837 2749 2828 2761 2791 2781 2777 2877 1677 1567 1597

Table 6. Analysis of soluble sulfite (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 12 13 Jan. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 Feb. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 Mar. <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Apr. <2.0 <2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 May <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Jun. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0, <2.0 2.0 <2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Jul. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Aug, <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2,0 Sep. <2.0 5.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Oct. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2,0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Nov. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 Dec. <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2,0 <2.0 Detection l i mi t is 2.0 ppm.

Table 7. Analysis of soluble sulfide (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUNBfR Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 J an. <O.OS <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <O.OS 0.09 F eb. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Ha r. <0. 05 <0. 05 0. 16 <0.05 <0. 05 <0.05 <0.05 <0. 05 <0.05 <0. 05 <0.05 Ap r. <0.05 <0.05 <0. 05 <0.05 <0. 05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 Hay <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Jun. <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 <0 05 0 06 Jul . <0.05 0.13 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.0S <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Aug. <0.05 0.08 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.10 <0.05 0.06 <0.05 0.10 Sep. <0.05 0. 90 <0. 05 <0.05 <0.05 <0. 05 010 <0 05 <005 <0 05 <0 05 Oct. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Nov. <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS <O.OS Dec. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.07 <0.05 Detection limit is 0.05 ppm.

Table 8. Analysis of insoluble sulfide (pg/9 wet weight sediment) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ll 12 13 Jan. 0.10 0.23 0.33 6.05 0.14 0.46 0.20 2.20 0.05 0.79 2.18 Feb. 9.59 3.58 1.26 2.70 0;19 0.05 0.08 0.17 0.94 3.07 2.99 Mar. 2.16 0.51 2.90 0.08 1.25 <0.05 1.42 0.39 0.05 0.07 1.30 Apr. 0.08 0.04 0.23 6.02 0.32 0.31 0.09 0.43 0.06 0.06 0.02 Nay 12.52 14.62 14.2S 9.01 1.73 0.07 1.56 <0.05 0.30 0.08 1.80 Jun. 1.20 2.94 0.16 2.61 1,95 2.15 0.48 0.14 0.46 1.58 2.84 Jul. 1.31 1.15 11.48 1.59 0.14 0.44 0.26 0.21 0.12 0.75 2.17 Aug. 1.63 4.49 0.14 4.62 1.74 <0.05 <0.05 0.18 0.86 1.47 1.71 Sep. 3.15 0.10 3.50 0.84 0.52 0.67 0.11 0.19 0.08 0.08 0.21 Oct. 0.16 0.09 0.29 0.24 0.12 0.10 0.45 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.04 Nov. 0.14 <0.05 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.09 0.48 0.82 0.46 0.05 <0.05 Dec. 2.28 0.42 6.14 2.69 0.23 0.20 0.53 1.81 1.71 0.69 2.37 Detection limit is 0.05 ppm.

Table 9. Analysis of soluble nitrate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION ANO NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 33.337 0.268 4.104 0 343 0 671 0 443 269 349a 0 063 0 293 0 084 22 716 Feb. 0.051 0.052 0.055 0.356 0.242 0.074 0.091 0.080 0.068 0.074 0.119 Mar. 0.043 0.016 0.011 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.141 0.009 0.010 Apr. 1.810 0.068 0.109 0.027 0.035 0.113 0.075 0.042 0.027 0.016 0.034 May <0.001 b 0.023 <0.001 0.033 <0.001 6.662 0.020 0.002 0.002 0.009 0.105 Jun. 0.097 0.056 0.093 0.050 0.099 0.095 0.087 0.114 0.138 0.077 0.067 Jul. 0.063 0.058 0.084 0.057 0.105 0.501 0.176 0.117 0.068 0.077 0.151 Aug. 0.014 0.222 0.077 0.023 0.040 0.098 0.026 0.032 0.004 0.026 0.035 Sep. 0.058 0.044 0.046 0.421 0.041 0.030 0.057 0.056 0,199 0.042 0.049 Oct. 0.138 0.220 0.039 0.040 0.081 0.023 0.021 0.038 0.053 0.086 0.085 Nov. 0.047 0.023 0.176 0.072 0.095 0.148 0.081 0.140 0.067 0.159 0.148 Oec. 0.312 0.287 0.254 0.256 0.235 0.266 0.246 0.253 0.181 0.164 0.173 This unusually high value was excluded from calculations of averages.

b Detection limit is 0.001 ppm.

Table 10. Analysis of soluble nitrite (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 Jan. 0.010 0.017 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.025 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.013 Feb. 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.016 0.010 0.007 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.007 Mar. 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 Apr. 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.003 0,006 0.006 0.007 0.004 0.003 0,003 0.004 May 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.013 0.008 0.080 0.016 0.011 0.009 0.008 0.012 Jun. 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.003 0.003 Jul . 0.008 0.006 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.008 Aug. 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.005 0.006 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.004 0.006 0.006 Sep. 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.005 0.005 Oct. 0.005 0.163 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.004 Nov. 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.011 0.005 Dec. 0.004 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.002 0.002

Table 11. Analysis of soluble ammonium (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

HONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUHBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 1 2 3 4 12 13 Jan. 2.37 1.40 1.62 1,27 1.02 1.46 1.37 1.05 1.40 1.14 1.84 Feb. 2.26 0.72 0.95 0.65 0.27 0.44 0.24 0.54 0.52 1.15 3.40 Har. 1.09 1.08 1.26 2.04 0.52 0,72 0.22 0.66 0.67 0.11 0.47 Apr. 1.87 0.20 0.18 0. 64 0.34 0.16 0.30 0.26 0.44 0.96 1.37 Hay 0.79 1.15 4.08 0.75 0.39 0.44 0.64 0.40 0.48 0.39 2.38 Jun. 1.02 1.46 1.00 0.67 0.77 0.75 0.58 0.90 0.75 1.02 1.01 Jul . 2.62 1. 87 1.07 0.42 0.69 0.45 0.36 0.65 0.74 0.24 7.51 Aug. 4.04 2.36 1.04 2.66 1.09 1.00 0. 75 1.61 0.54 1.29 1.94 Sep. 2.08 0.59 0.38 0.58 1.00 1.03 0.52 0.63 0.55 0.40 2.07 Oct. 4.06 0.90 0.86 1.05 0.86 0.73 0.91 2.61 0.58 1.02 0.91 Nov. 1.99 1. 50 2.05 1.34 0.40 0.60 0.46 .1.73 1.04 0.50 1.49 Dec. 1.49 0.84 1.78 0.73 0.43 0.78 0.66 0.85 0.72 0.20 0.64

Table 12. Analysis of soluble orthophosphate (ppm) at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

MONTHS STATION LOCATION AND NUMBER Turke Point Canal S stem Bisca ne Ba 12 13 J an. 0. 02 <0.01 0. Ol <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <0,01 <0.01 <0.01 Feb. 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 Mar. <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Apr. <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 May 0.01 0.01 0. 01 <0.01 <0. 01 <0. 01 <0,01 <0. 01 <0. 01 <0. 01 0. 01 Jun. 0.03 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Jul . 0.04 0.03 0..01 <0.01 <0;01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

<0.01'ug.

0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Sep. 0.03 <0.01 <0,01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 Oct. 0.11 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.05 Nov. <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Dec. 0.06 <0.01 <0.01 <0,01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Detection limit is 0.01 ppm.

Table 13. Methods for chemical analysis of sediment and interstitial water at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

PARAMETER METHOD REFERENCE f

Sul ate turbi dimetri c APHA, 15th edition, (barium sul fate) 1980, p. 439 Sul fite titr imetric APHA, 15th edi ti on, (i odi de-i odate) 1980, p. 451 f

Sul i de spect rophotomet ri c Stri ckl and and Parsons,

{p-phenyl enedi ami ne) 1972, p. 41 Nitrate nitrogen automated cadmium APHA, 15th edition, reduction method 1980, p. 376 Nitrite nitrogen automated di azot i zat i on APHA, 15th edition, method 1980, p. 376 Ammonia nitrogen automated phenate method APHA, 15th edition, 1980, p. 363 Orthophosphate spectrophotometric APHA, 15th edition, (ascorbic acid) 1980, p. 420 III.A.3-26

I Table 14. Ranges of selected physical and chemical parameters at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

STATION pH SALINITY TEMPERATURE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE (PPt) (C') SULFATE NITRATE NITRITE AMMONIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE m m m m 6.5-8.0 20.0-35.0 22.0-34.0 1866-3254 <0.001-33.337 0.003-0.012 0.79-4.06 <0.01-0.11 6.8-8.2 24.5-34.0 21.0-32.7 2322-3373 0.016-0.287 0.002-0.163 0.20-2.36 <0.01-0.03 6.5-8.1 24.0-34.0 16.9-31.8 2358-3246 <0.001-4.104 0.001-0.014 0.18-4.08 <0.01-0.01 7.3-8.1 24.5-34.0 19.2-32.8 2451-3552 0.007-0.421 0.001-0.016 0.42-2.66 <0.01-0.04 6.7-8.3 23.5-33.2 23.0-35.2 1681-4366 <0.001-0.671 0.002-0.013 0.27-1.09 <0.01-<0.01 6.9-8.4 24.2-34.0 21.5-34.2 2300-4625 0.006-6.662 0.002-0.080 0.16-1.46 <0.01-0.01 6.8-8.3 25.0-34.1 21.5-34.8 2174-4088 0.009-0.246 0.003-0.025 0.22-1.37 <0.01-0.01 6.8-8.3 22.8-34.2 29.9-42.0 2433-2987 0.002-0.253 0.002-0.011 0.26-1.73 <0.01-0.01 7.0-8.8 10.4-30.0 20.0-30.0 620-3234 0.002-0.293 0.003-0.009 0.44-1.40 <0.01-0.05 7.0-8.8 10.3-30.0 19.5-30.0 883-3591 0.009-0.164 0.001-0.011 0.11-1.29 (0.01-(0.01 12 13 7.0-8.8 10.0-30.0 19.4-30.0 827-3354 0.010-22.716 0.002-0.013 0.47-7.51 <0.01-0.05

~

Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System; Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

Table 15. Yearly average values for selected physical and chemical parameters at stations in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1982.

STATION pH SALINITY TEMPERATURE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE SOLUBLE (ppt) (C') SULFATE NITRATE NITRITE AMMONIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE m m m m 7.5 28.3 28.7 2724 2.998 0.007 2.14 0.03 7,6 29.0 29.1 2823 0.111 0.021 1.17 0.01 7.7 29.6 26.6 2747 0,007 1.36 <0.01 0.421'.140 7.7 29.6 28.0 2775 0.007 1.07 <0.01 7.9 28.6 30.9 2726 0.138 0.007 0.65 <0.01 7.8 29.2 29.9 2992 0.705 0.012 0.71 <0.01 7.7 29.6 30.4 2919 0.081 0.009 - 0.58 <0.01 7.8 28.6 36.3 2751 0.079 0.007 0.99 <0.01 8.2 22.8 25.8 2245 0.103 0.005 0.70 0.01 12 8.2 22.5 25.7 2293 0.069 0.006 0.70 <0.01 13 8.0 23.2 25.9 2192 1.974 0.006 2.09 0.01 Stations 1-8 are in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System', Stations 11-13 are in Biscayne Bay.

To calculate yearly means for orthophosphate, the value <0.01 ppm was considered equal to 0.

Table 16. Ranges for selected parameters recorded at stations in Biscayne Bay/Card Sound (Preoperational Studies) and in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay (Operational Monitoring Studies).

PREOPERATIONAL PARAMETER STUDIES OPERATIONAL STUDY 1970-1971 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 pH (pH uni ts ) 7.0-7.8 7.2-8.7 7.6-8.9 7.0-8.3 7.2-8.6 6.5-8.4 (7.4-8.4) (7.8-8.9) (7.2-8.3) (7.7-9.4) (7.0-8.8)

Salinity (ppt) 27.3-44.4 22.0-43.1 (11.6-37.7) 18.3-48.0 (14.0-31.5) 21.0-39.0 (8.2-35.8) 18.0-46.0 (1.5-40.0) 20.0-35.0 (10.0-30.0~

~

Temperature (C') 15.8-39.5 17.5-44.0 13.0-43.0 12.4-42.5 16.9-42.0 (18.5-33.9) (10.0-37.0) (10.2-30.3) (11.1-29.6) (19,4-30.0)

Soluble sulfate (ppm) 360-3950 2399-3450 2115-3611 1569-4841 1681-4625 (180-3100) (1521-3120) (959-3215) (887-3519) (620-3591)

Soluble nitrate (ppm) <0.001-0.023 0.002-0.346 <0.001-2.712 <0.003-0.746 0.014-0.914 <0.001-33.337 (0.005-0.253) (<0.001-0.341) (0.004-0.404) (<0.001-0.367) (0.002-22.716)

Soluble nitrite (ppm) <0.001-0.003 <0.001-0.024 <0.001-0.028 <0.001-0.084 0.002-0.046 0.001-0,163

(<0.001-0.012) (<0.001-0.014) (<0.001-0.070) (0.002-0.033) (0.001-0.013)

Soluble ammonium (ppm) <0.01-1.91 0.02-0.97 0.10-6.02 <0.01-6.66 0.16-4.08 Soluble orthophosphate <0.01-0.10 (0.24-1.78)

<0.01-0.24 (0.09-1.00)

<0.01-0.90 (0.08-1.74)

<0.01-0.15 (0.28-10.00)

<0.01-0.55 (0.11-7.51

<0.01-0.11 g

(<0.01-0.17) (<0.01-0.24) (<0.01-0.08) (<0.01-0.10) (<0.01-0.05)

RSMAS, 1971, 1972.

FPL, 1979-1982.

Biscayne Bay values in parentheses.

No adequate data.

Table 17. Annual average values for selected physical and chemical parameters in the Turkey Point Canals and Biscayne Bay, 1978-1982.

PARAMETER 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 pH (pH units) 7.9 8.3d 7.7 7.9 7.7 (8.0) (8.5) (7.9) (8.4) (8.1)

Salinity (ppt) 30.4 29.3 31.3 30.5 29.0 (22.2) (22.5) (23.9) (23.4) (22.8)

Temperature (C') 28.8 29.2 29.4 27.6 30.0 (25.3) (23.9) (23.4) (23.4) (25. 8)

Soluble sulfate 2528 3000 3095 3018 2807 (ppm) (1898) (2467) (2311) (2212) (2243)

Soluble nitrate 0.089 0.503 0.104 0.109 0.584 (ppm) (0.036) (0.065) (0.087) (0.083) (0.715)

Soluble nitrite 0.004 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.010 (ppm) (0.003) (0.005) (0.010) (0.008) (0.006)

Soluble ammonium 0.44 0.37 0.74 1.18 1.08 (ppm) (0.54) (0.36) (0.54) (2.25) (1.16)

Solubl e orthophos- 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.02 <0.01 phate '(0.01) (0.05) (0.01) (0'.01) (<0.01)

FPL, 1979-1982.

Because pH is a logarithmic scale, arithmetic mean values are inac-curate but are used here for comparative purposes only.

Biscayne Bay values are in parentheses.

Mean of 10 months sampled in 1979.

If high values from Stations 1 and 13 in January 1982 are excluded from averages, mean nitrate concentrations for the canal system and the bay are 0.239 and 0.087 ppm, respectively.

III.A.3-30

b. Benthic Organisms Introduction This report documents trends in the benthic macroi nvertebrate popu-lations of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. This unique marine habitat was analyzed to determine the benthic species present and their relative abundance. A further objective of the study was to assess the impact of power plant operation on the cooling canal system environ-ment since operation began and to compare the canal habitat to the adja-cent lagoonal (Biscayne Bay) ecosystem, which was monitored during 3 years of baseline study (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595-mm mesh; EPA, 1973). They live at least part of their life cycles within or upon suitable substrata. Benthic macroinvertebrates are sensitive to external stresses due to their limited mobility and relatively long life span. As a result, benthic communities exhibit characteristics that are a function of envi ronmental conditions in the recent past. Benthic com-munities reflect the effects of temperature, salinity, depth, current, substrate, and chemical and organic pollutants. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates are important members of the food web as prey for many species of the water column (EPA, 1973).

I I I.A.3-31

Materials and Methods Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed using methods and materials recommended by Holme and McIntyre (1971), EPA (1973), NESP (1975) and APHA (1980).

Turkey Point Cooling Canal= System substrates were sampled semi-annually with an Ekman grab. The sample was washed through a No. 30 mesh sieve to remove fine sediment and detritus. All material retgined on the was preserved in a 1:1 mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet l'ieve stains in a 1:1000 concentration with 5-percent formalin (Williams, 1974). Preserved samples were placed in labeled containers and taken to the laboratory where they were hand sorted and the specimens identified to the lowest practicable taxon. Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen measurements were made concurrently with each biotic sampling.

Three replicate grab samples were taken in May and October of 1982 at each of 11 sampling stations (Figure 1). In addition to the eight sampling stations in the canal system that have been sampled for nine years, three control stations were established in 1979 in Biscayne Bay north of the plant site. Control Station 1 is located on shallow flats just offshore. Control Station 2 is at the mouth of a small creek, and Control Station 3 is some distance up this same creek.

Biomass analyses of the samples were made on an ash-free dry weight basis (EPA, 1973). Biomass per square meter and density per square meter were calculated by taking the sum of the results of the three replicate III.A.3-32

2 samples and dividing the sum by 0.0696 m, the area sampled by three Ekman grabs.'he Shannon-Wiener index of diversity and the equitability component were also computed from the data. Species diversity has two components:

the number of species. (species richness) and the distribution of indivi-duals among the species (species evenness). The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index relatively independent of sample si ze.

The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (d; Lloyd et al., 1968) calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA (1973):

d = C N

(N 1 og10N-En; 1 og10n; )

where: C = 3.321928 (converts base 10 log to base 2),

N = Total number of individuals, n; = Total number of individuals of the ith species.

Mean diversity, as previously calculated above, is affected by both species richness and evenness and can range from 0 to 3.321928 log N.

Equitability, the distribution of individuals among the species present, is computed by:

I I I .A.3-33

s I

s where: Number of taxa in the sample, s Hypothetical maximum number of taxa in the sample based on a table devised by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964).

The structure of the macroinvertebrate comoanities at each station was compared using Sorensen's (1948) index of similarity:

2C Similarity (5) = x 100 a+b where: Number of species common to the two stations being compared, Number of speci es at the fi rst station, Number of species at the second station.

Results Benthic macroinvertebrates collected in the Turkey Point Plant area were representatives of four main groups: polychaete worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves), crustaceans and a miscellaneous group of diverse organisms that were present irregularly and in small numbers (Tables 1 through 11). Benthic macroinvertebrate density, biomass and diversity at the Turkey Point Canal stations were generally lower than in 1980 and 1981, but were well within the ranges of values encountered since 1975 (Figures 2, 3 and 4). No significant changes in the benthic fauna of the canal system were indicated. The slight downward trend in benthic den-sity, biomass, and diversity noted in 1982 after peaks in 1980-1981 are probably the result of annual cyclic variation superimposed upon the III.A.3-34

usual seasonal cyclic variation. Benthic density at the control stations was generally higher than at most of the canal stations (with the excep-tion of stations on the east side of the system). Biomass and diversity were also generally higher at the control stations than at the canal sta-tions.

The canals were characterized by generally higher temperatures and salinities than were the control areas (Table 12). These environmental factors and differing substrates combine to make community, structure at the control stations much different from that of the canal stations.

Oiscussion Canal Stations In 1982, the density of macroi nvertebrates sampled in the'anals varied considerably from station to station, ranging from 230 indivi-duals/m2 (Station F.l in Hay and October; Table 8) to 11,092 individuals/m2 (Station RF.3 in October; Table 4). Hacrobenthos density was higher in October than in Hay, just the reverse of a fairly regular pattern of high Hay density/low October density noted over the past years (Figure 2). The mean density of all canal stations combined was 3613 2

individuals/m 2 in Hay and 4727 individuals/m in October (Figure 2). The Hay 1982 mean density figure was among the lowest of Hay values recorded in the canals since 1975. This low value, following a record high mean density in Hay 1981 (FPL, 1982), illustrates the highly variable nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the canal system. The October mean density figure was lower than in recent years but was moderate when compared to October means from all previous years (Figure 2).

III.A.3-36

Mean biomass in the canals was 2.159 g/m 2 in May and 5.044 g/m 2 in October (Figure 3). The May 1982 value was the lowest May mean biomass ever recorded in the canals while the October 1982 value was the second highest ever recorded in October. Again, the highly variable nature of the canal benthic fauna is well illustrated by the seasonal and annual variations in these means (Figure 3). As with the mean density values, mean biomass was higher in October than in May, which is the reverse of the general trend observed in previous monitoring studies. Biomass 2 to values ranged from 0.057 g/m (Station W18.2 in May; Table 6) 27.546 g/m (Station RF.3 in October; Table 4). Most of the wide variation in biomass was caused by the chance occurrence of larger specimens, such as brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and molluscs. Generally, however, the benthic fauna was composed'of individuals of small size which, in turn, caused biomass values at the canal stations to be low when compared to those of natural habitats elsewhere in Florida (Bader and Roessler, 1972; Young and Young, 1977; Gore, et al., 1981).

The mean index of diversity in the canals was 3.11 in May and 2.43 in October, thus conforming to the trend of higher spring diversity which has been observed in previous years of monitoring. Both means were slightly higher than the means reported in any previous year except 1981 (Figure 4). Diversity indices ranged from 0.00 (Station F.l in October; Table 8) to 4.32 (Station RC.1 in May; Table 2). The 0.00 index of diversity has only occurred once prior to 1982 (October, 1980) when it also occurred at Station F.l, the plant discharge. The 4.32 index of diversity was one of the highest indices calculated for a canal station.

III.A.3-36

Diversity values over 3.5 are typically reported for natural marine habi-tats (Holme and McIntyre, 1971; Bader and Roessler, 1971 and 1972). Only six of the 16 indices calculated for canal stations in 1982 exceeded 3.5 (Tables 1 through 8).

Control Stations.

Control station density was also highly variable, ranging from 2759 individuals/m 2 (Control Station 3 in October; Table 11) to 12,816 individuals/m 2 (Control Station 1 in October; Table 9). Overall mean densities were 7126 individuals/m in May and 7529 individuals/m in 2

October (Figure 2). The annual mean density of 7328 individuals/m at the control stations was much higher than the annual mean of 4170 individuals/m at the canal stations (Table 13). Control station density was considerably lower in 1982 than in 1980-1981 (Figure 2).

2 Biomass values at the control stations ranged from 1.621 g/m 2

(Control Station 3 in May; Table 11) to 2.287 g/m (Control Station 2

2 in October; Table 10). Mean biomass was 1.71 g/m in May and 1.92 2 mean biomass at the control g/m in October (Figure 3). The 1982 annual stations was 1.80 g/m while the mean biomass for the canal stations was twice that figure, 3.60 g/m . A similar circumstance occurred in 1979 (FPL, 1980). This was followed by 1980 when 'the means were approximately equal and 1981 when the control station mean was twice that of the canal station mean (FPL, 1980, 1981, 1982). Much of the wide variation in biomass values can be attributed to the irregular occurrence of larger specimens of molluscs or echinoderms.

III.A.3-37

Control station diversity ranged from 1.68 (Control Station 1 'in October; Table 9) to 4.49 (Control Station 2 in October; Table 10). Mean control station diversity varied very little, from 3.04 in May to 3.09 in October (Table 13). While annual mean diversity for the control stations was higher than that of the canal stations, diversity was much lower in 1982 than in any previous year in which the control stations have been monitored (FPL, 1980, 1981, 1982).

In previous years, there has been a trend for biomass, density and diversity to be higher in May than October. Just the reverse was true in 1982, as were many of the usual trends at the canal stations. These trend reversals are not viewed as being significant because they occurred at both canal and control stations and because monitoring takes place only semi-annually in a highly vari able ecosystem.

Com arison of Station Grou s In previous reports (FPL, 1980, 1981, 1982), trellis diagrams resulting from the use of Sorensen's (1948) index have identified four groups of stations based on community. species similarity (Figure 5).

These groups are the control group (Control Stations 1, 2 and 3); the east group (Stations RC.O, RC.1, E3.2 and RF.3); the west group (Stations WF.2, W18.2 and W6.2); and the discharge group (Station F.1). The annual mean density, biomass, and di versity of these groups were compared sta-tistically using t-tests at the P=0.05 level. Analysis of the data showed that the east and control groups had significantly higher density I I I.A.3-38

than either the west or discharge groups (Figure 6). In addition, the west group was significantly more densely populated than the discharge.

The east and control groups were not significantly different from one another as were the west and discharge groups. A comparison of the group means illustrates the general counter-clockwise increase in density from a low point at the discharge (Figure 1), through the west group, to the east group, and then to the control group (Table 14). The trend of increasing mean density with distance from the plant discharge coincides with a trend of decreasing mean water temperature with distance from the discharge (Table 14).

When tested statistically by use of correlation coefficients, this inverse relationship of density to temperature was not statistically significant in 1982 (Table 15). The correlation has been significant in some previous years (FPL, 1980-1982). In sub-tropical habitats, tem-perature is frequently a major determinant of benthic community well-being. Many researchers have stated that the faunas of tropical or subtropical areas can thrive at or near their upper incipient lethal tem-peratures (Mayer, 1914; Gunter, 1957; Haylor, 1965; Bader and Roessler, 1972). No significant correlations of density with either salinity or dissolved o>magen concentration were found (Tables 14 and 15).

When biomass was. compared in the same manner, the only significant difference found was that the control group had greater biomass than the discharge group (Figure 6). Ho other group comparisons had significant differences. 8iomass was similar to density in that it increased in a III.A.3-39

general counter-clockwise direction within the canal system accompanied by a coincident decrease in temperature (Table 14). However, this rela-tionship was not statistically significant in 1982 (Table 15). No corre-lation of biomass with salinity was significant; however, a significant negative correlation of biomass with dissolved oxygen concentration occurred in October. This correlation was strongly influenced by outlying extreme values on either end of the wide range of biomass values

• encountered at the canal stations. Therefore, this relationship is believed to be a statistical artifact with no biological significance.

Diversity also was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen con-centration in October; but, again, no biological significance was indi-cated.

Mean diversity values followed a similar counter-clockwise trend shown by mean biomass values (Table 14). The negative correlation be>>

tween diversity and temperature was strong in May and statistically significant in October (Table 15). No correlation with salinity was found, but a significant positive correlation with dissolved oxygen con-centration existed in May. When compared statistically, the control group had significantly greater diversity than the discharge group while the east group was significantly more diverse than either west or discharge groups (Figure 6).

From the preceding data it may be seen that environmental conditions and benthic community well-being improve with distance from the plant discharge. A rough comparison of mean data showed that control stations III.A.3-40

had generally greater density, lower biomass, and greater diversity than the canal stations. The relatively low control station biomass of 1982 was an unusual occurrence not found in previous monitoring (FPL, 1980, 1981 and 1982).

Communit Com osition As in the past years of monitoring, the canal stations were domi-nated by polychaetes (Figure 7). Other groups composed relatively small proportions of the canal station benthic fauna. The numerically impor-tant species of polychaetes are limited to a few types, specifically

~pi l P P IT,T~TTi pp.,l l 1 l d Naineris spp. (Tables 1 through 11). All are burrowing, deposit feeders/omnivores (Fauchald and Jumars, 1978). The bottom substrate of the canals, which is composed of fibrous peat and rmd mixed with shell debris (except Station F.l), is an envi ronment to which these worms are well adapted.

Polychaetes are known to be more tolerant of .wide variations in environmental conditions than are most other marine organisms. Several studies have shown that polychaetes are among the only organisms able to survive the effects of thermal outfalls (Markowski, 1960; Marinner and Brehmer, 1965, 1966). Studies in southern California. have reported polychaetes surviving in heavily polluted areas with restricted cir-culation (Reish, 1956, 1959). Bandy et al., (1965) reported that polychaetes outnumbered other groups 8 to 1 at an ocean sewage outfall.

From the preceding studies, polychaetes appear to be the group of orga-

nisms most tolerant of elevated temperature and salinity regimes, restricted circulation, and highly organic substrates that are charac-teristic of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Compared to the canal stations, the control stations showed higher proportions of molluscs and arthropods (Figure 7). All three control stations were, in fact, dominated by arthropods, the degree of dominance ranging from 49.1 to 65.9 percent. This contrasts sharply with the canal stations where polychaetes comprised 62.3 to 94.6 percent of the benthic fauna. An exception to the polychaete dominance at the canal stations was Station F.1 where molluscs dominated and polychaetes were of secon-dary importance. The prime reason for this difference was the substrate at Station F.l. These substrates are continually swept by discharge currents, therefore, there is no accumulation of mud or peat. The substrate is primarily sand and shell debris. The quality of substrates are a known determinant of benthic community structure (Rhoads and Young, 1970).

Comparison of the community structure of the station groups also.

showed the influence of substrate quality on the benthic fauna. The east and west groups had very similar structures (Figure 8) as both station groups have soft, mud and peat substrates. The discharge an'd control groups reflect the presence of their sandy substrates through dominance of their benthic faunas by molluscs and arthopods, respectively.

III.A.3-42

Com arison with Previous Studies Some species found in both baseline and operational studies were recruited originally from the adjacent Biscayne Bay and Card Sound estuarine ecosystems. In studies of these adjacent ecosystems, 266 spe-cies of epifaunal macroinvertebrates, including molluscs, large crusta-ceans, sponges and echinoderms, were sampled by trawling (Bader, 1969; Tabb and Roessler, 1970; Bader and Roessler, 1971 and 1972). This large number of species does not include infaunal organisms such as polychaete worms and small crustaceans that comprise the bulk of the species in the canal system. Many more species could be found in Biscayne Bay or in Card Sound if these infaunal forms were included in faunal surveys.

Differing sampling methodologies, thermal regimes and substrates limited the applicability of these studies to the present monitoring study.

Conclusion During 1982, no significant changes in the macroinvertebrate fauna of the Turkey Point Canal system were observed. Although 1982 benthic density, biomass and diversity were generally lower than in recent years (1980-1981), the means of these community parameters fell within ranges established by previous studies. Some long-standing seasonal trends of higher density, biomass and diversity in the spring were reversed during 1982; however, these trends were also reversed at the control stations so no particular significance was attached to this reversal.

III.A.3-43

Density, biomass and diversity in the canal system generally increase with distance from the plant discharge. However, density, biomass and diversity at the canal stations are usually lo~er than at the control stations. Probable causes of this difference are the generally higher temper ature and salinity of the canal system and a lack of means of recruitment of new species to the canal system. The benthic fauna of the canal stations is dominated by polychaetes while the control stations are dominated by -arthropods. This difference is related to substrate quality as well as the differences in environmental quality stated above.

III.A.3-44

~CONTROL 2 CONTROL 3 O

F.l I POWER PLANT RC.O RC.1 8/SCA YNE I

8AY 0

o INTERCEPTOR DITCH W6.2 E3.2 0

o Pl 4 v W18.2 e~

ooggIIIIo~e WF.2 RF.3 SEA DADE CANAL CARO SOLANO 1,000 2,000 SCALE IN METERS Figure 1. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling station locations, Turkey Point site, 1982.

III.A.3-45

38 36 22 p

7 20 CANAL STATIONS /

18 W /

CD CD 0 CONTROL STATIONS /

CD 16 0<

E 14 I/) P

'12 /

'r /

I 4h r 10 /

Ch C /

I

/

/

I MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT MAY OCT MAY OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Figure 2. Mean number of benthic macroinvertebrates per square meter (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-'l982.

13

//

12 e o CANAL STAT ION S CONTROL STATIONS

/

/

e-e M

CU

/

/

/

C/l O

]P~

CQ

/ CI

/ ~~0 l~

MAY DEC MAY NOV APR NOV APR OCT MAY OCT APR OCT MAY OCT MAY OCT 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Figure 3. I<can benthic macroinvertebrate biomass per square meter (all sampling stations combined), Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1982.

l 5.0 CANAL STAT ION S 4.5 I 0--W CONTROL STATIONS cx 4.0 O ~-0 3.5 C) x LLJ 30 C) 2.5 c CY UJ 2.0 Q) I C) 1.0 0.5 MAY 1975 DEC MAY 1976 NOV APR 1977 NOV APR 1978 OCT MAY 1979 OCT APR 1980 OCT 1981

,, ~

1982 Figure 4. I1ean benthic macroinvertebrate species diversity (all sampling stations combined),

Turkey Point Plant, 1975-1982.

CV O OJ (e) CO CV

~

0IX: F$ U Station UJ K RC.O 3).0 600 233 12.0 )5.7 I'L5 4.7 25.6 22.0 24.2 RC.1 38.2 3)L6 I5.8 2Q5 33.3 12.9 333 21.1 370 E3.2 38.0 16.7 23.0 35.5 11.3 27.3 34.5 36.8 RF.3 II 163 24.0 314 4.8 33.8 270 WF.2 5)h 438 26.1 276 11,1 13.0 W18.2 54.6 )6.7 20.4 16,6 W6.2 la $ )

16.0 0.0 )5.1 )23 F1 11.8 7.3 5.1 C1 %mmmm 415' 297 C2 33.8 C3 mLN 76-)00% STRONG SIMILARITY TURKEY POINT STATION SIMILARITY MAY 1981 5)-75/a MODERATE SIMILARITY gg 26-50% FAIR SIMILARITY O

U D 0- 25% WEAK SIMILARITY Station K RC.O 20.3 17.5 17.1 5.9 7.7 11.4 6.0 21 I

~

RC1 4Q8 55.0 0.0 12.5 12.8 5.1 )23 20.0 235 E3.2 383 16.0 25.0 )25 0.0 3.5 7.1 RF.3 8.9 17.4 13.3 0.0 ) 3A) 25.6 2Q4 WF.2 522 453 14.3 43.5 14.6 54 W18.2 435 0.0 25.0 7.1 7.4 W6.2 14.3 73 )54 F1 )33 4.3 0.0 28.6 22.2 C2 30.5 C3 TURKEY POINT STATION SIMILARITY OCTOBER 1981 Figure 5. Trellis diagrams showing percentages of species similarity between sampling stations, Turkey Point Plant, 1981.

III.A.3-49

station Group C F Q( D C E Vf D C E  % D 0.414 3.622 2.897 -1.133 0.491 4.783 -1.162 1.157 3.311 CONTROL EAST -3 495 2.952 1.176 0.864 2542 5.003 WEST 2.357 1.401 2.304 DISCHARGE DENS lTY BlOMASS D l VERS lTY No Significant Significant Difference Difference Figure 6. Trellis diagrams showing the results of statistical testing of mean macroinvertebrate density, biomass and diversity by station group.

Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

100 90 80 70'0 50 40 30 20 10 RC.O RC.1 E3.2 RF.3 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 W F.2 W18.2 W6.2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 '0 10 0

F.1 100 90 80 70 D POLYCHAETES MOLLUSCS 60 50 ART HROPODS 40 30 OTHERS 20 10 CONTROL 1 CONTROL 2 CONTROL 3 Figure 7. Structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community by station, Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

III.A.3-51

CON TROL STATION GROUP o POLYCHAETES MOLLUSCS ART HROPODS OTHERS DISCHARGE PLANT EAST STATION GROUP 50 30 ~~

20u 10 a.

0 COOLING WEST CANAL STATION SYSTEM GROUP Figure 8. Comparison of mean percentage composition of the benthic fauna among the station groups, Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

III.A.3-52

Table 1. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RC.O at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ~ta 1 ori Armandia maculata h 20

~hl

~Ca itella ~ca Caulleriella alata Cirratulus sp.

Cirriformia filipiera itata 4

8

~Exo one arenosa 8 E. ~dis ar 16 E. ~veru ea 4

~bbhh 8 Fabricia sp. 36 Flabelligeridae sp. A 16 12 20

~Lh

~H

~b 8

20

~Mar h sa ~san uinea 4 20 Mediomastus californiensis 8 Naineris setosa Nematonereis sp. A 8 Paraonides ~l ra 132 12

~pi i h b hb 8 P seudovermi 1 i a occi dental is 8 4 332 H

H ~ ~ib Salmacina sp.

h 8 4

~hi 1 ~d1 4 Spionidae sp. 4 bio sp.

~~Sides verri1 1 i 8

12 Terebella ~la idaria '8

~Thar x annulosus '16 Tubificidae sp. 16

~1111 p. A ~

8

\ 12

p. B T. ~hal ina 8 12 Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Codaki a orbi cul ata Class Crustacea (ostracods)

Sarsiella sp. A Sarsiella sp. B III.A.3-53

Table 1. Results of benthic macr oinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station RC.O at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Ophiuroidea {brittle stars) unidentified specimen Class Anthozoa (sea anemones) unidentified specimen Phylum Porifera (sponges)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Phylum Nematoda (nematodes)

Total individuals 416 544 Total biomass (g) 0.197 0.114 Density (no.(m ) 5977 7816 Biomass (g/m ) 2.833 1.638 Index of diversity 4.05 2.58 Equitability 0.71 0.39 III:A.3-54

Table 2. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RC.1 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Arabella mutans 4 Armandia maculata Brania clavata 4 hh

~Ca itella ~ca itata 48 Cirrifermi a

~Exp one ~veru

~fbi Ceratonerei s mirabi1 i s ea era 8

4 Fabricia sp. 8 8 Laeonerei s cul veri Naineris ~laevi ata 8 20 N. setosa Parson>aces ~lra 8 Pista cristata Prionos io heterobranchia texana 40 8

h h.

~hh

~ih h T

h. h 24 12 8

T os llis sp. A 40 64

~11

~T

h. h 84 40 20 Tubificidae sp. 80 80 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Balcis conoidea Bulla striata 8 Cerithium muscarum Eul imidae sp. 4 Haminoea antillarum H. succinea Modulus modulus 4 Prunum ~a icinum

~hi h 4 Turveria sp. A unidentified gastropod (damaged) 12 Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

Gemma ~emna Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Achelia ~sawa i Ammothella sp.

~Cihh TT h III.A.3-55

I Table 2. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station RC.I at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Crustacea (isopods, amphipods, insects) d

~Ba atus sp. 96

~Cmodoce faxoni 4

~Cmadusa sp. 44

~Elasmo us sp. 4 E. ~ra ax 44 16 Grandidi erel 1 a bonni eroi des 16 Melita sp. 4 Collembola sp.

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

SvVna>tule sp.

d. ~dd ii

~Th encl 1 a ~emmata Class Anthozoa (sea anemone) unidentified specimen Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)

~di i d Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 12 Phylum Nematoda (nematodes) 32.

Total individuals 640 420 Total biomass (g) 0.388 0.354 Density (no.]m2 ) 9195 6034 Biomass (g/m ) 5.575 5.086 Index of diversity 4.32 3.87 Index of equitability 0.75 0.82 III.A.3-56

Table 3. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Arabella mutans Aricidea hilbinae Armandva macu ata 12

~Ca itella ~ca itata 16 Ceratonerei s mirabi1 i s 8 one ~veru ea ~ \ 8

~Exo Fabricia sp. 8 8 Na loscolo los foIiosus 16 20 Laeonereis cu very 4

~Nar h sa ~sin uinea 4 Neanthes acuminata 20 Naineris ~~aevi ata 136 140 Paraonides ~lra 4

~B T

~T1 os b

llis

~t1 sp.

b.

b A

B b

A bi 108 12 36 76 68 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla striata Prunum ~a icinum Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

~C111 11 1 Class Crustacea (copepods and amphipods)

Copepoda sp. 12

~Elasmo us levis 20 Grandidiereee a bonnieroides

~tt Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) 1 ~bb

~Th encl la ~emmata if 40 Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish)

~Ci 1 1 8 III.A.3-57

Table 3. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station E3.2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Total individuals 420 408 Total biomass (g) 0.110 0.060 Oensity (no.gmZ) 6034 5862 Biomass (g/m~) 1.586 0.865 Index of diversity 3.07 2.89 Equitability 0.66 0.65 III.A.3-58

Table 4. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGAN I SMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Armandia maculata h 72 Ceratonerei s mirabi 1 i s

~Exo one ~veru ea 20 Fabricia sp. 28

~Lh Lanicides tobo uille Laeonereis cu veri Nematonereis sp. A P

~Pi i hi 164

~if h h 68 24 Trichohranchus ~lacialis T ~ A 16 100

~T11i PP P B 8 68 8

T. annularis Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla striate 12 Cerithium lutosum C. muscarum 4 Modulus modulus 16 Prunum ~a icinum Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)

Amothel1 a ~ru ul usa 24 Ammothella sp. 28 Pycnogonida sp.

Class Crustacea (isopods, amphipods, shrimp)

~Cmadoce faxoni

~Cmadusa sp. 32 4

~Elasmo

~G Maera sp.

~t us sp.

Cart<ace sp. (damaged)

Collembola sp. (insect)

Cl ass Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

~S1 ~hd ii

~Th encl la ~emmata III.A.3-59

Table 4. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Station RF.3 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGAN I SMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Scyphozoa (jelly fish)

~Ci i h Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 40 Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Total individuals 76 772 Total biomass (g) 0.180 1.917 2 1092 11,092 Density (no.)m )

8iomass (g/m ) 2.586 27.546 Index of diversity 3.62 3.93 Equitability 1.26 0.74 III.A.3-60

Table 5. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station WF.2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ~hi'Ibinae 24 Ca itella ca itata 4 Ha losco o os sp.

Laeonereis cu veri 160 196

~Mar h sa ~san uinea 12 h hd t 12 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Cerithium lutosum 52

~Clih 11 11 1t ~0 Class Pelycypoda (bivalves)

~L onsia floridana

~P1 1 Tivela floridana Class Anthozoa (sea anemones) unidentified specimen Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Total individuals 232 260 Total biomass (g) 0.094 0.192 Density (no.$ m ) 3333 '736 Biomass (g/m ) 1.351 2.753 Index of diversity 1.80 1.05 Equitability 0.41 0.50 TP1 BENTABLE5 III.A.3-61

Table 6. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station M18.2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Arabella mutans Aricidea 2hi ihinae 12 16 Ceratonerei s mirabi1 i s Laeonereis cu1veri 20 40

~T11i p. A 16 20 Class Gastropoda (snails)

~C Class Pelycypoda (bival ves)

~L onsia fioridana Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 12 Total individuals 64 96 Total biomass (g) 0.004 0.032 Density (no.gm2) 920 1379 Biomass (g/m4) 0.057 0.460 Index of diversity 2.35 2.19 Equitability 1.15 1.01 III.A.3-62

Table 7. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Station Q6.2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ghilblnae Armandi a macul ata Sranchiomma ni romaculata 8 Ceratonereis mirabi is 20

~H1 1 1 p.

h 8 h hl 8 4

~5h 1 11 p. B Terebel idae

~Till 1 T. annularis sp.

p. A 20 4

20 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Blauneria heteroclita Bulla striata Cerith~idae damaged)

Cerithium lutosum 44

~C

~C11 h Oxynoidae sp.

Gastropoda (damaged) 12 Class Pelycypoda (bivalves)

~Lonsia floridana d

Tivela floridana Pynogonida (sea spiders)

'lass

~dh d Class Crustacea (ostracods, amphipods)

Haplocytheridea sp. A 8

~Cmadusa sp. 12 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Total individuals 148 112 Total biomass (g) 0.216 0.112 Oensity (no.)m2) 2126 1609 Biomass (g/m~) 3.098 1.609 Index of diversity 4.13 2.92 Equitability 1.22 0.88 III.A.3-63

Table 8. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at

'tation F.l at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

Laeonereis culveri

~Mar h sa ~san uinea Class Gastropoda (snails)

Batillaria minima 16 Class Crustacea (shrimp)

~A1 heus sp.

Total indi vidual s 16 16 Total biomass (g) 0.013 0.028 Density (no.gm2) 230 230 Biomass (g/m~) 0.184 0.402 Index of diversity 1e50 0.00 Equitability 1.19 1.00 III.A.3-64

Table 9. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 1 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Cl ass P olychaeta (worms)

Aricidea ~hiIbinae 8 ~%

Ca itella ~ca itata 40 P. 20 H. foliosus 48 H. ~fra ilia 4 ~W Paraoni des ~lra 4

~~Pd 4 88 f

Tubi i ci dae 12 Class Pelycypoda (bivalves)

Gemma d(emna Lucina ~ectinata 164

~Sa ella crosseana

~Ta eius ~~ebius Class Crustacea (tanaids, amphipods, shrimp, insects)

Harcaeria ~ra ax 96 636 Gammarus mucronatus 40 ~0 Grandidierella bonnieroides 12 Caridea sp. immature 8 Chironomidae sp. 8 8 Diptera sp. 52 4 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms)

Phylum Nematoda (nematodes)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

Total individuals 420 892 Total biomass (g) 0.126 0.082 2 6034 12,816 Density (no.$ m )

Biomass (g/m ) 1.810 1.184 Index of diversity 2.63 1.68 Equitability 0.61 0.29 III.A.3-65

Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES S ecies Ma October Class Polychaeta Aricidea ~hilbinae

~Ca hl ~i1 itella ~ca itata (worms) 1 12 8

Ceratonerei s mirabi 1 i s 16 C. ~i 4 F abri ci a sp. 24 Ha loscolo los foliosus 8 H. ~fra i is 20

~ll 1 1 1 p. 16 1 8 1 d ~h 12 4

Parahesi one 1uteol a

~Pi 1 h hl

~Sirorbis sp. 48 Tubificidae sp. 12 8

~T11i p. A 40

~T11i p. h 4 Class Gastropoda (snails)

Batillaria minima 12 C At~pl Cerithidea costata 12 4

Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Anomalocardia auberiana Brachidontes sp.

Parastarte ~tri uetra 8

~P1 d 20 T 111 4 Class Crustacea (barnacles, tanaids, isopods, amphipods)

Balanus sp. 8

~Aseudes sp. A

~Aseudes sp. B 80 ~0

~Har eria ~ra ax 140 28

~Cmodoce faxoni 20

~Cmadusa sp. 24

~Cmadusa ~com ta 8

~Elasmo us levis 16 Eri chsonel1 a filiformi mucronatus s

16 Gamoarus

~G

~0 12 Grandidierella bonnieroides 144 64 W p. 52 12 H. ~clou ata III.A.3-66

I Table 10. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at (cont'd) Control Station 2 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SUM OF 3 REPLICATES S ecies Ma October Class Crustacea (cont'd)

Sphaeromatidae sp. 4 unidentified Amphipoda 12 Chironomidae sp.

Phylum Nematoda (nematodes) 4 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) 32 20 Total indi vi dual s 584 488 Total biomass (g) 0.118 0.159 Density (no.gm ) 8391 7011 Biomass (g/&) 1.690 2.287 Index of diversity 3.32 4.49 Equitability 0.65 0.98 III.A.3-67

Table 11. Results of benthic macroinvertebrate sampling at Control Station 3 at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

ORGANISMS SVM OF 3 REPLICATES Ma October Class Polychaeta (worms)

~Ca itella ~ca itata 24 16 C. jonesi Fabricia sp. 16 ~0

p. 12 4 Hvy>aniola florida Laeonereis culveri 32 20

~Nar h sa ~san uinea 8

~S1 1 i des sp. 8

~Thar x annulosus 4 Tubificidae sp. 124 16 Tubificoides sp. 4 ~0 Class Gastropoda (snails)

~C

~Man elia stel1ata.

Class Pelecypoda (bival ves)

Nacoma constricta 12 Class Crustacea (tanaids, mysids, amphipods, insects)

~Aseudes sp. A ~0 20

~Aseudes sp. B 8 28 Harrleria ~ra ax 140

~Th i b

.Grandidierel 1 a bonnieroides 56 60 Chironomidae sp. 8 Collembola sp. (insect) ~&

4 Phylum Nemertinea (proboscis worms) ~

8 Phylum Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

Total individuals 484 192 Total biomass (g) 0.113 0.158 Density (no.jm 2 ) 6954 2759 Biomass (g/m ) 1.621 2.276 Index of diversity 3.17 3.10 Equitability 0.64 0.93 III.A.3-68

Table 12. Physical data recorded during benthic sampling at the Turkey P oint Plant, 1982..

STATION MONTH TEMPERATURE SALINITY D I SSOLVED OXYGEN C t m 1982 . 1982 1982 RC.O May 27.2 36.0 7.0 October 28.1 38.0 4' RC.1 May 26.0 36.0 7.8 October 29.0 38.0 3.9 E3.2 May 27.8 36.0 7.2 October 28.9 38.0 4.8 RF.3 May 28.0 36.0 6.4 October 29.2 38.0 3.5 WF.2 May 28.5 36.0 5.9 October 32.0 38.0 4.5 W18.2 May 28.0 36.0 6.3 October 31.8 38.0 4.9 W6.2 May 30.1 36.0 7.6 October 31.7 38.0 4.7 F.l May 34.5 36.0 6.2 October 37.1 38.0 5.0 Control 1 May 22.2 15.5 7.3 October 29.0 19.0 7.3 Control 2 May 22.2 15.5 7.7 October 27.8 18.0 4' Control 3 May 22. 9 17.5 5.7 October 28.0 17.0 2.6 III.A.3-69

Table 13. Comparison of mean macroinvertebrate density, biomass and diversity at the Turkey Point Canal and Control Stations, 1982.

PARAMETER STATION OCTOBER ANNUAL Density Canal 3613 4727 4170 (no./4) Control 7126 7529 7328 Biomass Canal '.16 5.04 3.60 (g/mZ) Control 1.71 1.92 1.80 Diversity Canal 3.11 2.43 2.77 Control 3.04 3.09 3.07 III.A,.3-70

Table 14. Annual means of density, biomass, diversity, and physical data for the macroin-vertebrate station groups at the Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

STATION GROUP DENSITY DIVERSITY BIOMASS TEMPERATURE SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN no./m 2

/m C '/ ~ ~ m Control 7328 3.07 1.811 25.35 17.08 5.83 (C-1,C-2,C-3)

East 6638 3.54 5.964 28.03 37.00 5.63 (RC.O,RC.1,RF.3,E3.2)

West 2194 2.41 1.555 30.38 37.00 5.65 (WF.2,W6.2,W18.2)

'5.80 Discharge 230 0.75 0.291 37.00 5.60 (F.1)

Table 15. Correlation coefficients of density, diversity and b'iomass vs. temperature, salinity and- dissolved oxygen for benthic macroinvertebrates at the Turkey Point Canal Stations, 1982.

PARAMETERS MONTH TEMPERATURE SALINITY DISSOLVED OXYGEN C t m Density May -0.68 0.00 0.68 (no./m2) October -0.28 0.00 -0.73 Diversity May -0.61 0.00 0.84*

October -0.85* 0.00 -0.84*

Biomass May -0.57 0.00 0.78 (g/m2) October -0.31 0.00 -0.84*

• Statistically significant correlation at the P=0.05 levels.

III.A.3-72

4. Recovery in the Grand Canal Discharge Area (ETS 4.1.1.1.4)

Introduction This study documents the recovery of the marine flora in the Grand Canal Discharge Area. Grand Canal discharged into Biscayne Bay from 1967 to 1973. Discharge perturbations were a result of thermal, "scouring,. and turbidity effects of the effluent.

Materials and Methods A qualitative and quantitative study, of the revegetation of the Grand Canal Discharge Area (Figure 1) was conducted on a semi-annual basis.

This study employed three methods to map and evaluate the recovery of seagrasses and macroalgae. A combination of aerial and plane table surveys, in situ density determinations, and in situ transect surveys constituted the study.

aiethnd 1 - Aerial and Plane Tabie ~Serve s The revegetation of the affected Grand Canal Discharge Area was assessed using aerial photographs taken from an altitude of 2000 feet. The scale of the photograph was determined by measuring known reference points on Turtle Point. Tracings of the different floral populations were made from the photographs. A plane table survey was made using a Keuffel and Esser paragon conventional expedition alidade and a fiberglass Philadelphia rod to determine the affected area (Figure 2) and compare it to the baseline data of Thorhaug (Bader and Roessler, 1972).

III.AD 4-1

Method 2 - Quadrat Stations guantitative measurements of seagrass and algal densities were made by counting and identifying the vegetation at six permanent stations of one square meter each (Figures 3 and 4).

Method 3 - Transects Three east-west transects and two north-south transects, represented by dotted lines in Figures 3 and 4, were surveyed to determine the different floral zones in the affected area. Relative abundance, sediment depths, general conditions, and macroalgae present were also determined during this survey.. The surveys primarily served to "ground truth" the aerial photographs.

Results June 1982 The analysis of the aerial photograph and transect survey indicated four community zones in the previously affected area (Figure 2). Listed in order from west to east was a macroalgal dominant zone consisting mainly of ~Cauler a ~s., a Thalassia testudinum and Halodule ~wri htii mixed dominance zone, a H. wricrhtii and macroalgae mixed dominance zone consisting of ~Cauler a ~s. and Laurencia ~s., and a T. testudinum dominant zone.

The results of the quadrat density analysis are suranarized in Table 1. Halodule ~wri htii was the dominate seagrass at III.A.4-2

Stations X-l, X-Z, X-2N, and X-2S. Thalassia testudinum was dominant at Stations X-3 and X-4.'hese resu its corresponded roughly to the seagrass zones determined from the transect 'survey and the aerial photograph.

November 1982 The November transect survey and aerial photograph analysis indicated three marine flora'l communities. Listed in order from west to east were zone of macroalgal dominance, a T. testudinum and H. ~wri htii mixed dominance zone, and a T. testudinum zone.

The results of the November quadrat analysis are summarized in Table 2. Halodule ~wr i htii was dominant at Stations X-2, X-2N and X-2S.

Thalassia testudinum was the dominant seagrass at Stations X-l, X-3, and X-4. The results corresponded roughly to the transect survey and aerial photograph data.

Annual The alidade analysis revealed a total affected area of Oa62 acres (Figure 4) as compared to 0.21 acres for 1981. The survey of the affected area roughly corresponded to the velocity scarp (canal drop off) visible in the aerial photographs.

I I I.A.4-3

Discussion June 1982 The benthic area around the canal drop off was composed of rocks and two to three inches of fine, easily disturbed sediments. This area supported a macroalgal zone made up of species of ~Cauler aP,enicillus, and Halimeda.

The sediment from Station X-1 to Station X-3 was twelve inches thick and composed of packed calcium carbonate particles, Thalassia and mangrove leaf litter, and animal remains (crustacean cuticle, molluscan shells, etc.). This area supported a patchy Thalassia/Halodule mixed dominance zone with species of Laurencia, Pencil lus, and ~Sar assum present.

The sediment from Stations X-3 to X-4 was sixteen inches or greater and was of the same composition as listed above. This ar ea supported a 1, flllf A

h~Si 1

1 1

1 1

were also present.

1 1 f,~i1, df 11 d, b

d The sediment characteristics at Stations X-2N, and X-2S were of the same depth and composition as Stations X-3 to X-4 and supported a H. ~wri htii and macroalgal mixed dominance zone. This zone uas composed f 1 fA b 1 1, ill,~hi 1, 11 d, d Ha 1 odul e.

I I I .A. 4-4

November 1982 The sediment characteristics of the study area were the same as described for the June 1982 analysis .

The area in the vicinity of X-1 was dominated by ~Cauler a Brolifera although H. wriqhtii and T. testudinum were present as were species of Acetabuleria and ~Bata hors.

The area between Station X-1 and Station X-2 showed a transition from macroalgal dominance to a Thalassia/Halodule dominant zone. Species of Acetabulari a, Halimeda, and Penici llus were also present.

Thalassia was the dominant seagrass from Station X-2 to Station X-4 with species of Sargassum,Acetabularia, Laurencia, Penici llus, and

~5i d l1if Station X-4.

The areas around Stations X-2N and X-2S were sparsely vegetated by a Thalassia/Halodule mixed dominance community with species of Acetabularia, Batoohora, Pencillus, Laurencia, Halimeda, Saroassum, and ~Cauler a present.

Thorhaug (Bader E Roessler, 1972) reported that areas of decreased sediment depth were unable to sustain large populations of T. testudinum due to its extensive root and rhizome system, but major macroalgae III.A.4-5

flourished under these conditions. This might explain the dense macroalgal populations and lack of seagrasses at the immediate mouth of the Grand Canal Discharge.

The ipcrease of 0.41 acres of affected area over last year's survey is not significant when compared to the originally damaged area of 23 acres. The area directly in front of the canal will fluctuate with changing environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, turbidity, or water velocities due to wind forces. The fine sediments of decreased depth in this area wi 11 not support a stable population of seagrasses when combined with conditions of environmental stress.

In gener al, all stations exhibited a seasonal fluctuation of grass and macroalgal densities with lower densities occurring during the summer months. The densities at all stations except X-I appeared essentially the same as those found in the baseline studies (Bader & Roessler, 1982).

However, they were not directly comparable since the units of enumeration used in these studies differed. The present study uses fasicles (sheathes of blades) per square meter while the baseline study used blades per square meter as an indication of density.

Conclusions The previously affected area has revegetated and supports a seagrass and macroalgal community very similar to the community described in baseline studies (Bader & Roessler, 1972). The nonrecovered area III.A.4-6

I I

(0.62 acres) at the mouth of the former discharge canal will continue to recover at a slow rate and will not support a seagrass community of densities similar to adjacent areas unti 1 a stable sediment base becomes establ i shed.

III.A.4-7

POWER PLANT

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III.A.4-8

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0 300 600 Figure 2. Comparison of plane table surveys of previously affected Turkey Point Power Plant Grand Canal Discharge Area after Thorhaug, October 1971 (dotted line) and Florida Power &

Light, June 1982. (blackened area)

III.A.4-9

~ X-4 I q

'Thalassia Dominance i I I I l I I i

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III.A.4-10

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III.A.4-11

Table 1. quadrat Study of the marine fl ora at the Turkey Point Plant Grand Canal Discharge, June 1982.

UADRATS FLORA X-3 X-4 X- N X- S ANGIOSPERMS:

Halodule ~vri htii a 492

~ ~

284 444 308 180 564 a 116 Thai assia testudinum 124 448 612 d 64 CHLOROPHYTA:

b b b Acetabularia sp.

A~d Avrainvillea ~ni ricans b

~Bate hera oerstedi d b

~Cauler a sp.

b Hal imeda sp.

b Penicillus sp.

~di I Udotea sp.

PHAEOPHYTA:

~Dict ota sp.

RHODOPHYTA:

c b b b Didienia sp.

b b b Laurencia sp. R OTHERS:

c

~RI I* R a

bNumber of fasicles/m 2 .

Present d

Present in previous years Dominant III.A.4-12

Table 2. quadrat Study of the marine flora at the Turkey Point Plant Grand Canal Discharge, November 1982.

OUADRATS FLORA X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S ANGIOSPERMS:

Halodule ~wri htii 288 48 16 688 992 Thai assi a testudinum 68 84 512 528 212 112 a

~di dd 44 48 CHLOROPHYTA:

b b Acetabul aria sp.

c b

~Ad Avrainvillea ~ni ricans b

~Bato hera oerstedi

~Cauler a sp.

b Halimeda sp.

b Penicillus sp.

A R PHAEOPHYTA:

c

~Dict ota sp.

RHODOPHYTA:

Didienia sp.

c b Laurencia sp.

OTHERS:

c

~Rhi* R a

bNumber of fasicles/m 2 .

Present dPresent in previous years Dominant III.A.4-13

5. Grasses and'Macrophyton Invasion/Revegetation (KTS 4.2.2.2)

Introduction Grasses and macrophyton can have potentially detrimental effects on the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, hereafter referred to as the canal system. This study qualitatively assesses the diversity and extent of seagr asses and macroalgae within the canal system in order to monitor changes in populations which might affect power plant operations.

Materials and Methods Identification of seagrasses and macrophyton was made during an annual survey and periodically in conjunction with other monitoring programs in the canal system.

Results Forty-six species in 30 genera of seagr asses and macroalgae were identified in the canal system during 1982 (Table 1) as compared to 41 species in 1981, fifteen in 1980, and 11 reported during the baseline study (Sader and Roessler, 1972). Populations of these marine plants were scattered throughout the canal system with the most dense assemblages in the southwest corner and the eastern canals (Figure 1).

III.A.5-1

Oiscussion Various Rhodophyta (Red), Chlorophyta (Green), and Phaeophyta (Brown) algae continued to be found along the rocky shoreline of most canals (Table 1). The only plants that appeared to be able to adapt to the thermal conditions of the first three sections (Figure 1) were

~Bato hera orstedii, Acetabulbaria crenulata, A. farlowii, Acanthoohora d>>., d~li . d 1 1 ld

~Oas a grew predominantly in the winter months on rocks and seemed to be associated with lotic environments. Laurencia spp., Centroceros sp'.,

~C1>>., b d 1 1 1 f the canals.

Th f 1 1 ~ill d 1 b 1 b return canals as reported previously. Although this plant is typified by long flowing strands bouyed to the surface by bladders, the low population densities do not affect the flow characteristics of the return canals.

The Chlorophyta were well represented in the canal system with substantial growth on a variety of substrates. Algae of the order Siphonales have delicately fibrous bases adapted to growth on soft bottoms (Taylor 1960). These algae grew successfully in the fine sediment base of the canals and were represented by species of b b 1, 1 iTT,~Rhi 1, dbd . h algae seemed to be limited to the cooler waters of section five and the III.A.5-2

eastern return canals. Stunted species of Halimeda seemed to be the only Siphonales found in the first three sections.

The Rhodophyta are well established throughout the canal systems.

The dominant red alga seems to be Laurencia sp., which forms large dense mats in the southern sections and eastern return canals.

P All five genera of marine phanerogams found in the tropics were observed in the canal system in 1982. The seagrasses T 1 i <<di, ~5i di filif, ~dhi1 were observed only in the northernmost sections of the eastern return canals. This is most likely due to thermal and sediment base requirements of these angiosperms. These seagrasses showed no increase in density or range since last year and posed no immediate threat to hydraulic conditions in the canal system.

~Ru oia maritima continued to be the seagrass of primary importance in the canal system although densities are reduced from last year (FPL, 1979-1982). It is no longer confined to the southwest canals in section five and was observed in very heavy concentrations in the eastern return canals and in the southern end of section four. This

=

grass grew to lengths of four to eight feet in flowing strands and seasonally became encrusted with heavy epiphytic growth. The length III.A.5-3

of the grass and the epiphytic encrustations combined to severely impede water flow in the affected canals.

Halodule ~wri htii was particularly well represented by dense stands on both the east and west sides of the canal system. Oue to the finite growth habit of its fascicles, this species was thought to be of little consequence in restricting water movement. However, in dense populations, this plant's rhizomes, which are normally attached to the substrate by holdfasts, overlapped each other in such a way that the holdfasts did not penetrate or reach the substrate. This resulted in long floating strands that obstructed water flow in a manner similar to H maritima. Halodule ~wri htii dominates the canal system in the winter and R. maritima dominates the canal system in the summer.

Nineteen genera of seagrasses and macroalgae were identified in the canal system that were not reported in the baseline study (Bader &

Roessler, 1972; Table 1). The apparently large increase of macroalgal species over previous years reflected an increased effort to collect and identify rarely occurring or less visible specimens and to identify to species those genera found in the baseline report. The baseline report does not seem to be representative of the present floral community of either the canal system or Biscayne Bay/ Card Sound.

rlr,A.S-4

Conclusions The growth habits, densities, and morphologies of the macroalgae are such that they do not threaten flow characteristics in the canal system. ~Ru oia. maritima and H. ~wri htii continue to dominate the southwest corner of the canal system on alternating seasonal cycles .

They will continue to spread into the cooler portions of the canal system until an effective method is found to control them. The continuing spread and concentration of these seagrasses will increasingly reduce thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the canal system.

III.A.5-5

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hh ETE RS 0 900 l800 0 3000 6 000 FE ET Fi gure 1. Grasses and macrophyton ori entati on in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

III.A.5-6

I Table 1. Comparison of macrophyton and seagrasses identified during the baseline study with those in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal system, 1980-1982.

BASELINE SCIENTIFIC NAME 1981 1982 1972 1980 ANGIOSPERMS Halodule

..b htii

~wri X

~E X

~Ru ia mari tima X

~Ki dh 1111 X Thalassia testudinum ux CHLOROPHYTA Acetabularia sp.

A. crenulata A. far lowii

~Bate hera oerstedi

~Cauler a spp.

C. ~h C. mexicana C. Brolifera

~hhd 1

~C1d h Derbesia vaucheriaeformi s

~E" h d.

Halimeda sp.

H. incrassata H. tuna c

Penicillus spp.

P. ~ca itatus P. dumetosus P. lamourouxii

~Rhea h 1 Rl III.A.5-7

I Table 1. Comparison of macrophyton and seagrasses (Cont'd) identified during the baseline study with those in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1980-1982.

BASEL IiiE SCIENTIFIC NAME 1972 1980 1981 1982 CHLOROPHYTA (Cont'd) d U. flabellum PHAEOPHYTA

~Dict ota sp.

c

~Sar assum sp.

d. ~ill d RHODOPHYTA

~Ah h ld A. spicifera Centroceras clavulatum

~Cham ia ~arvula

~Das a sp.

Il.

ed'i<ienia

~sim 1 ex Jania rubens c

Laurencia spp.

L. intricata L. ~ail lose L. goitei

~LI I h I hl

~P1 I h I hill

~Sridia filamentosa bBader 8 Roessler, 1972 c

1 Ay~Oil h ~ih I Refer to paragraph eight of discussion III.A.5-8

I

6. Groundwater Program (ETS 4.1.1.2)

Florida Power and Light Company has submitted summaries of the monitoring data required by the Turkey Point Environmental Technical Specifications to the NRC for ten years. At the present time, FPL and the South Florida Water Management District are in discussions, the result of which could significantly alter the groundwater monitoring program. Once these discussions are complete, a summary report will be submitted reflecting any program revision.

III,A.6-1

B. TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

1. Revegetation of Cooling Canal Banks (ETS 4.2.1)

a. Natural Revegetation Introduction This study measures d

the density of the floristic species and their rate of recolonization on the spoil berms created by constructing the cooling canals.

Materi al s and Methods Oata were gathered semiannually (May and November) from six stations located within the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System (Figure 1). One 10 meter by 10 meter quadrat was permanently staked out at each station on the canal system spoil berms. One 10 meter by 2 meter quadrat, which was established along the shoreline at each of the aforementioned stations, was monitored to estimate

~Ri* R f R d f f <<. f 1 d d presented as number of individuals per quadrat for two species C f ~iifff R~C . Cf f ffd greater than 3 feet (C.equisetifolia) or greater than 1 foot (C. erectus) were reported.

Results Changes in the number of individuals of all species observed at the six stations since 1977 are listed in Tables 1-6.

I The common and scientific names of all species identified since the start of the natural revegetation program in 1975 can be found in Table 8.

Discussion Land elevation is one of the primary factors which determines the composition and distribution of plant communities. The present site of the cooling canal system was originally dominated by saline mangrove l

swamps, brackish grasslands and hammock communities. The higher elevation caused by berm construction has allowed sufficient edaphic changes to permit non-mangrove communities to progressively invade the spoil berms of the cooling canal system. Soil type historically has been an overt factor determining vegetation density. The peat and muck of old tidal creeks and hammock areas were dominated by C. equisetifoli a and C. erectus, while the marl barrens were vegetated by Oisticbilis ~sicata and Cladium jamaicensis.

A vegetation control program has been underway for over three years. This program was designed to control vegetation over 3 feet in height which inhibits wind flow across the water surface thereby reducing cooling canal efficiency. The decrease in the large tree species has had a dramatic affect on most small species. Noticable D. ei, ~d Aster tenuifolius, and numerous other species have been observed since III.B.1-2

1980. The increases in previously declining species can be attributed primarily to the vegetation control program which employed herbicide combinations selective for woody species of the canopy. In areas of larger woody species where airboat or aerial applications were utilized, little or no herbicide reached the ground. The larger species in these ar eas died while the smaller understory plants were relatively unaffected. The small plants, previously shaded by the larger species, received increased light and nutrient resources and have'roliferated accordingly.

Casuarina equisetifolia and Schinus terebinthifolius are two of the primary target species of the vegetation control program. Both of these trees are undesirable exotic species which have invaded and out competed the indigenous vegetation throughout much of South Florida including the plant site area. At three of the six stations the C. equisetifolia populations substantially decreased during 1982.

decrease from the 1979 population level.

adult population decreased at all stations due to the vegetation control program. Seedlings were too numerous to count at Stations 505N, 323S, and 105S.

III.B.1-3

Changes in the adult R. ~man le population occurred at two of the six shoreline quadrate (Table 7). Rhizoohorous manole at Station 408M increased by one adult while this species at Station 505H decreased by three adults. The adult population remained unchanged at the other four stations.

The R. mangle seedling population of Station 204N increased considerably since 1981. The populations at Stations 408M and 505H increased slightly while all others remained unchanged.

Distichilis ~sicata remained the primary ground cover on the western berms and was found throughout the system. This grass grew well even on marl soils and should serve as excellent erosion protection for the berms. Increases in the species occurred at h C.ui if Alh ghC.~ii I I I I still considered an important ground cover and erosion inhibitor because of its observed system wide distribution.

Comparison with available pre-operational vegetation data was inappropri ate since construction of the canal system has disrupted the indigenous topography and vegetative communities in areas within the system. Areas south and west II of the system are dealt with in another section of this report (Section III.B.2).

III.B.1-4

Conclusions The increased elevations resulting from berm construction have allowed upland species to invade the western areas of the canal system.

Soil type continues to be the apparent factor determining vegetation density. Casuarina equisetifolia and C. erectus dominate the peat and muck soils of the old tidal creeks and hammock areas, uhile 0. ~Sicata dC.~ii, 1 1 . '1 g<<l effective in substantially decreasing the dominance of program has been C.mi<<iflf hl 1 <<11 df C. ~ii diversity.

continue as The increased d

long as a h

revegetation rates of 0. ~Sicata, 11 d vegetation control program is in use.

~Ill "~1 h ld f 1 df g h h 11 gl of the spoi 1 berms.

III.B.1-5

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METERS Hestern Berms 0 g00 t80 0 32 1 0 3000 6 000 FEET Figure 1. ttatural revegetation stations at the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

III.B.1-6

I I

Table 1. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 105S in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SC I fNT IF IC NANf C 9 C r C a

0.

s O

5 CL O n9 0 0 ni 0 e 0 n9 o an$

cC CD n$

% K K n9 5 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 3 2 6 5 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 7 7 8 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 2 3 Distichilis ~s icata 9 9 18 15 20 22 30 35 35 35 46 40 35 70 80 95 100 Juncus roemerianus 19 30 47 30 33 25 15 5 5 5 6 5 4 2 2 3 3 Solanum donianum 1 1 2 2 2 15 14 20 10 14 17 43 frechtites hieracifolia 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baccharis halimifolia 1 3 3 3 4 12 12 ll 15

~Ei ~i11if 1i 3 3 3 2 2 0 84 27 20 18 Schinus terebinthi fol ius 2 3 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 6 19 26 Hikania scandens 1 3 1 b b b

~

c m <<if1 1 2 1 1 1 Borrichia frutescens 3 0 0 0 Melethria 8endela 1 4 10 Ficus citrifolia 1 2

bl)enotes coverage ln m .

Too numerous to count.

Table 2. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at'Station 204N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME e 0 rO 0 itS Z0 e 0 Z

Baccharis hal imi folia 0 11 18 23 42 35 40 40 50 50 13 8 0 1 1 1 0 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 ii ii 10 13 31 31 32 30 30 36 37 40 37 38 24 9 8 1 1 Acrostichum danaei fol ium 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~ii iii ii 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Borrichia frutescens 21 43 43 45 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b

Rhabdadenia bi flora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 Sonchus oleraceus 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ii 1

2 1 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solanum donianum 1 4 1 1 10 10 10 2 2 2 2 1 9 29 32 35 23

~Ch 1 0 0 6 4 1 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 mesembr anthemi fol i a Pluchea rosea 29 25 40 50 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Sarcostemma clausa 1 1 1 2 3 10 15 15 90 90 2 1 0 0 b Hikania scandens 2 2 2 25 50 50 40 40 3 0 95 87 95 95 95

~Ph salis ancnulata 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster tenuifolius 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 204N in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME C a +) g )a ) ) )o Ze

~

S

~ o e Zo e Zo 0 0o 6e 4 6 0 6ca Z Z Z Zca p

~h 4 5 7 9 1 1 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 Erechtites hieracifolia 5 30 25 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 Schinus terebinthifolius 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Helethria ~endula 3 6 50 50 35 50 70 Lantana camara 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 Passiflora suberosa 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 a 2 bDenotes coverage in m .

Too numerous to count.

Table 3. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 310N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIEHTI F IC NAtlE C 5- s- s C

0. 0 0 lg I5 0 0 e 0 ca 0 n5 O

45 CL C) Zet) K

~hi h 9 8 10 11 12 13 13 13 13 13 10 10 6 0 0 0 0

<<ii hi 37 39 42 44 46 48 43 43 43 45 45 58 25 19 8 2 0 di 620 600 ga 12a 14 15 14 15 15 15 13 15 35 41 16 21 16 Distichlis ~s icata 4 4 8 8 12 12 12 10 9 9 1 1 8 8 8 7 8 Baccharis halomifolia 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 4 0 2 0 4 6 5 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 1 1 1 0 0 Rhabdadenia bi flora 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 0

~L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrostichum danaeifolium 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pteris vittata 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 20 Schinus terebinthifolius 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Solanum donianum 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0

~ih 1 a

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aster tenuifolius 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 t1ikania scandens 12 20 5 13 2

~dd 1 1 3 2

~dh 1 a 2 Denotes coverage in m .

Table 4. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 323S in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC WANE n.

cC

~

0 0u Q eg a ~v 4o 5

c( Q 0 Q C

as Ze Zo Ze Zo e o n5 0 18 19 18 19 22 23 23 24 24 24 20 26 '20 20 30 13 8 ii ii 12 18 17 18 19 19 19 19 19 33 37 55 65 65 23 11 10 ii ii 376 35 35 50 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 25 15 116 Juncus roemerianus 82 102 74 65 32 39 20 14 14 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b b b Solanum doniaum 40 9 38 61 73 89 89 104 107 163 160 149 169 87

~lomoea ~sa ittata 0 ll 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pluchea rosea 0 57 3 8 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

~i 6 0 4 9 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 Aster tenuifolius 8 19 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Sabatia stellaris 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Schinus terebinthifolia 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 1 2 Acrostichum danaeifolium 18 13 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 5 Baccharis helimifolia 20 17 15 19 24 20 22 22 22 23 4 3 1 1 0 1 Passiflora suberosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 4 3 3 0 1 17 ll 1 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trema floridana 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 Nikania scandens 5 0 1 0 1 10 10 Borrichia frutescens 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 4. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 323S in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME C S- a- C 5- C e

Ze Z0 e 0 Ze Z0 Ze 0 a

e 0.

O 0 e CL O C) calais ~laevi asa 1 4 Pteris vittata 4 1

a 2 bOenotes coverage in m .

Too numerous to count.

Table 5. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 408M in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME +J C S s C n5 CL O

O a$ C1 O C) a$ e 0 Ze ~0 Ze 0 2- Ze 0 5 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 12 8 3 2 2 2 1 a if 1 32 85 79 130 139 140 140 140 145 150 155 162 ll 3 3 9 7 dd dd>>~i 3 16 10 11 14 13 12 12 12 12 10 7 5 5 6 7 33 Distichilis icata

~s 2 4 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 12 12 12 6 1 Sabatia stellaris 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 1 21 0 0 0 Pteris vittata 33 47 40 42 50 40 30 20 18 16 4 0 32 85 b b

~dd 9 6 7 6 8 7 4 4 -

4 4 2 9 24 14 12 18 12 Baccharis halimifolia 1 2 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 5 4 3 5 Solanum donianum 2 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 57 37 48 54 Acrostichum danaeifolium 6 5 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 40 26 11 10 12 Sonchus oleraceus 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~idd f 1 3 3 4 6 4 6 6 0 0 ll b b b b

~dd 8 6 0 14 50 50 50 b b b b 2 1 8 Pluchea rosea 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 43 10 0 0 0 Salix caroliniana 3. 1 1 0 0 Aster tenuifol ius 1 0 3 1 0 Vali esia antil lang 1 0 0 0 0 Trema floridana 7 6 6 6

Table 5. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 408M in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 ~

1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME a- C r eC eC S-0 Ze Z0 Z0 Ze Z0 e 5

0.

O 0 e cL O C) Ze Mikania scandens 8 8 24 13 a 2 bOenotes coverage in m .

Too numerous to count.

I I

I

Table 6. Number of individuals per 10 x 10m revegetation quadrat at Station 505N in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 SCIENTIFIC NAME g P C: s 0

Z0 Z0 Za Z0 S

9 4CL 9D 00 g

00 s

D ns C CL a$

64t$

ZaS Z(ted 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4

'5 b b Borrichia frutescens 5 5 5 7 8 12 13 13 13 40 38 47 128 82 Distichilis ~sicata 5 3 5 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 10 25 16 25 50

.1 1 1 0 0 0 2 6 8 b b Aster tenuifolius 39 84 120 32 Oaccharis halimifolia 3 1 8 3 3 ll 13

~A"d" dd 1 1 10 23 36 50 b

Sabattia stellaris 1 0 0 Mikania scandens 10 7 6 11 Rhabdadenia bi flora 1 1 1 0 Schinus terebinthi fol ius 1 2 Pteris vittata 1 0 Ficus citrifolia 4 Solanum donianum 1 a 2 bDenotes coverage in m .

Too numerous to count.

7. II b ~Rhi* h ~1 stations in the Turkey Point Cooling 1 10 d Canal System,

, 1979-1982.

1979 1980 1981 1982 STAT IONS MAY NOV. MAY NOV. MAY NOV. MAY NOV.

105S Mature 2 Seedlings 7 204N Mature 1 1 1 0 0 0 Seedlings 12 16 14 3 106 47 310N Mature Seedlings 323S Mature .0 Seedlings 0 408M Mature 10 10 14 Seedlings 48 53 27 50SN Mature 7 14 15 16 15 15 12 Seedlings 11 5 4 0 0 1 2 bNo data taken Adults, woody trunk and prop roots, greater than 1 foot in height.

No prop roots, green radicle, less than 1 foot in height.

III.B.1-16

Table 8. Historical list of species identified in the Turkey Point Natural Revegetation Program, 1975-1982.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Acrosti chum danaei fol ium Leather Fern (Mangrove Fern)

~Ad Beard Grass Aster tenuifolius Saltmarsh Aster Baccharis

~iaaf halimifolia Saltbush (Groundsel)

Borrichia frutescens Sea Oxeye (Oxeye Oaisy, Sea Oaisies)

C 1 11 Australian Pine Celtis ~laevi ata Hackberry (Sugarberry)

~CA 1 h if 1! Spurge Ci di j Sawgrass Buttonwood Distichilis ~s icata Saltgrass Echites sp. Oevi 1's Potatoe Eleocharis sp. Club Rush (Spike Rush)

Erechtites hieracifolia Fireweed (Burnweed)

~Ei ~11if 1 1 Dog Fennel Ficus citrifolia Wild Banyan Tree Fuirena sp. Umbrella Grass

~lomoea ~sa ittata Glades Morning Glory Juncus roemeri anus Black Rush (Needle Rush)

~L White Mangrove Lantana camara Lantana Melanthera ~as era Rohrb fhlelothria ~endu1a Creeping Cucumber Mikania scandens Climbing Hempweed (Hempvine)

Passiflora suberosa Corky-stemmed Passion Flower

~Ph salis anclulata Ground Cherries

~h1 ~lid Pokeweed (Inkberry)

Pluchea rosea Marsh Fleabane III.B.1-17

Table 8. Historical list of species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Natural Revegetation Program, 1975-1982.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME Pteris vittata Brake Fern Rhabdadenia biflora Mangrove Rubber Vine 1 Red Mangrove Sabatia stel lari s Marsh Pink Salix caroliniana Coastal Plains Willow Sarcostemma clausa Mhite Vine Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian Pepper Purslane ddt 1 Sea 111 Mallow Family Sol anum doni anum Blodgett's Potatoe Black-Nightshade

~Solida o stricta Golden Rod Sonchus oleraceus Sow Thistle a d T Virginia Dropseed

~Th 1 Schmidel Trema floridana Florida Trema (Nettle Tree)

Vallesia anti liana Oleander Nomenclature according to Long 5 Lakela, 1971.

III.B.1-18

I I

b. Soil Chemistry (ETS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction This progr am monitors selected chemical parameters and their changes over time for three elevations of the spoil banks (berms) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Materials and Methods Samples were collected semiannually (wet and dry seasons) at 53 sites that represented all major soil types and vegetation densities through out the canal system (Figure 1). Samples were taken at each site from three berm levels at a depth of 12 inches using a JMC Backsaver Coring Oevice. They were placed in "Whirl Paks" for transportation to the laboratory. Samples were separated and mixed to form composite samples representing the various soil and vegetation types by elevations (Table 1). East side samples were mixed according to elevation only i.e. "ET" equals all east side top elevations.

Composite samples were analyzed for pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, chloride, and conductivity (Tables 1 and 2). The pH was measured using a glass electrode; potassium and calcium were determined using a Beckman OU-2 Flame Photometer. Nitrogen was determined using the Brucine Method. Phosphorus was determined using the Stannous Chloride Method. Chloride was determined using a silver nitrate titration. Conductivity was determined using a modified III.B.1-19

Wheatstone Bridge. All analytical methods were according to A.P.H.A.,

1975. The resulting data were analyzed statistically using the P70 Program of U.C.L.A. Biomedical Program, Series P.

Results Oata for all sample types for May (dry season) and Novem-ber (wet season) are listed in Tables 1 and 2. The ranges of the parameter values and the sample types having the highest values can be found in Table 3.

Oiscussion The pH exhibited significant variance (a=0.01) within successive years and sample types. It was lowest at stations with organic substrates and at middle elevations. The high pH values were found in the clay substrates, areas with grass vegetation, and low elevations.

The average pH for all western samples (WT,WM,and WL) was 7.89 for both May and November. The highest value occurred during May in sample 4 WT and during November in Samples 5WL, 6WL, 8WL, and 9WL (Table 3). The pH values were more alkaline than the range cited as optimal for plant growth (Hartmann & Kester, 1975).

Nitrogen values also exhibited highly significant variance (a=0.01) within sample types. Values ranged from 7.0 - 180.0 mg/kg.

This was similar to the 1981 range of 2.0 - 180 mg/kg (FPL, 1981).

Historically, nitrogen values were increasing until 1980. In 1980 III.B.1-20

I average nitrogen value dropped by two-thirds. Since 1981 there has been a slow recovery trend.

Phosphorus concentrations in soils declined from 1975 through 1979. In 1980, concentrations increased markedly. Average values for 1982 were the highest recorded. Phosphorus values exhibited a highly significant difference (a=0.01) by year but no significant difference by sample type. The yearly variations are apparent in the following ranges 0.1-8.0 mg/kg, 1982; 0.1-10.0 mg/kg, 1981 and 0.1-6.0 mg/kg, 1980. Soil phosphorus concentrations were generally higher. at middle elevations. The highest recorded phosphorus value occurred during November in Samples 1 MM and EL (Table 3). Although the 1982 values were high for the study area, relative to other areas of Florida they are very low. Phosphorus values in this area are thought to remain- low due to the very high calcium levels (Black, 1968).,

Ouring 1982 potassium values correlated well with both chloride and conductivity values having correlation coefficients (r) of 0.83 and 0.95 respectively. However, the historical correlations (using all data points 1975-1982) were only fair between potassium and chloride (r=0.83) and between potassium and conductivity (r=0.74). The highest I

potassium value was noted in November in Sample 1ML (Table 3). The levels of potassium for the berms were within the historical ranges for this geographic area (Black, 1968).

III.B.1-21

Calcium concentrations exhibited highly significant variance (a=0.01) within successive years and sample types. In May the highest value was observed in Sample 2WM while in November the highest value was noted in 6WM and lWL (Table 3).

Chloride concentrations showed significant variance by year (a=0.05), but no significant difference by sample type. Generally, the higher chloride levels were observed at the lowest elevations (Tables 1 and 2) which were in contact with the water.

Conductivity followed chloride concentrations very closely in terms of yearly and sample type comparisons. Again the general pattern was for higher conductivities at the lowest elevations.

Conclusions The pH, chloride and conductivity values vary significantly from year to year (FPL, 1975-1982). When the vegetation control program was initiated in 1979, mean nitrogen values dropped considerably, but are now slowly recovering. Average phosphorus values gradually decreased from 1975 to 1979. In 1980 a marked increase in phosphorus was noticed III.B.1-22

I vary significantly by sample type. Generally, the values for all parameters except phosphorus decreased during the wet season and increased in the dry season.

III.B.1-23

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'~lestern Berm East rn Berm DIETERS 32-1 1 0 O 900 1ao0 0 3000 6 000 FE ET Figure 1. Soil Chemistry samples sites (a) in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

III.B.1-24

Table 1. Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during May 1982.

SAMPLE pH I')03 P K Ca Cl Cond.

TYPES MT 7.6 85 0.5 13 850 1100 187 HM 7.8 140 3.0 25 800 2450 153 ML 7.? 100 <0.1 164 1000 5500 450 3tlT 7.8 125 <0.1 15 1000 1000 143 MM 7.7 145 2.0 37 1100 2200 178 ML 7.7 38 <0.1 103 550 4400 360 WT 7.9 115 <0.1 107 650 3750 360 WM 7.9 49 4.0 120 1000 5250 360 HL 7.8 24 <0.1 348 750 9500 900 8.0 180 0. 5 170 1050 4500 500 WM 7.9 115 0.2 155 700 7000 430 ML 7.9 49 <0.1 220 500 8000 750 WT 8.1 105 <0.1 45 500 2500 200 MM 7.9 110 2.0 95 1000 4500 260 HL 8.0 16 1 ' 210 750 7000 680 MT 7.7 115 1.0 15 700 3500 130 WM 7.8 115 1.0 27 600 2600 200 WL 7.9 7 1.0 332 750 10 000 700 HT 7.9 39 <F 1 8 400 3000 120 MM 7.9 110 3.0 22 700 2000 160 WL 8.0 14 0.3 200 500 7500= 650 HT 8.0 85 <0.1 49 650 1500 230 MM 7.8 160 4. 0 95 800 3600 290 ML 8.0 15 <0.1 292 850 11 000 630 WT 8.0 49 <O.l 30 300 900 125 MM 8.1 43 1.0 22 250 2000 130 ML 8.2 12 <0.1 225 550 7000 630 ET 7.7 50 3.0 35 450 4000 170 EM 7.7 55 0.5 62 650 10 000 330 EL 7.6 14 1.0 332 1000 3200 850 a

1-4, sample type based on composition'.e. black organic, organic, mucky-marl and marl r espectively.

5-9, sample type based on vegt. density i.e. none, heavy, medium, light and areas initially covered by grass.

"H" and "E", samples taken on the west and east sides of system respectively.

"T", "M", and "L", samples taken at three levels, top, middle and one foot above water level.

b All values in mg/kg.

Conductivity in MHOS X 10 S.

I I I . B, 1-25

Table 2. Chemical summary of soils for Turkey Point Cooling Canal System berms during November 1982.

SAMPLE Cond.

pH N03 P C Cl TYPES 1 MT 7.5 130 <0.1 18 600 '400 135 WM 7.4 170 8.0 60 1100 3600 280 WL 7.9 82 <0.1 440 1400 11 000 1320 2 7.5 70 <0.1 30 1200 1500 195 HM 7.3 140 <0.1 18 1100 1150 140 WL 8.0 16 2.0 180 800 6500 740 3 WT 8.0 98 <0.1 64 300 3500 225 HM 7.8 32 8.0 98 400 4250 360 WL 8.1 36 <0.1 260 1300 8000 980 4 MT 8.0 290 <0.1 150 1100 7500 680 WM 8.0 32 8.0 98 400 4250 360 WL 8.1 78 4.0 172 1100 7000 660 5 WT 7.9 110 <0.1 34 700 3000 300 HM 8.0 80 4.0 44 500 3000 190

'HL 8.2 12 <0.1 122 700 5500 440 6 MT 7.7 48 <0.1 22 900 1000 130 HM 7.8 50 <0.1 12 1400 1500 133 WL 8.2 27 <0.1 122 700 5000 380 7 WT 7.7 26 <0.1 22 700 700 88 WM 7.5 110 6.0 60 700 1250 90 WL 8.2 26 4.0 70 400 3900 300 8 WT 7.8 120 <0.1 60 1100 4000 230 MM 7.9 110 <0.1 54 600 3200 220 HL 8.2 16 2.0 164 700 5000 580 9 WT 8.1 14 0.1 10 100 750 57 HM 8.0 25 <0.1 10 400 750 54 WL 8.2 4 <0.1 136 700 5500 560 ET 7.7 54 <0.1 30 1100 1500 260 EM 7.4 90 <0.1 106 500 2900 280 EL 7,6 37 8.0 296 1100 8500 770 a

1-4, sample type based on composition i.e. black organic, organic, mucky-marl and marl respectively.

5-9, sample type based on vegt. density i.e. none, heavy, medium, light and areas initially covered by grass.

"H"*and "E", samples taken on the west and east sides of system respectively.

"T", "M", and "L", samples taken at three levels, top, middle and one foot above water level.

b All values in mg/kg.

Conductivity in MHOS X 10 III.B.1-26

Table 3. The ranges of soil parameter values and the sample type with the highest value for the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1982.

NOVEIIGER SAMPLE TYPE SAMPLE TYPE PARAIIETER RANGE WITH PARAMETER RANGE WITH HIGHEST VALUE IIIGHEST VALUE pH 7.6-8.2 9WL pH 7.3-8. 2 5WL, 6WL, 7WL, GWL, 9WL Nitrate 7 '-180 4WT Nitrate 4. 0-290 4WT a

Phosphorus <0.1-4. 0 3WM, GWM Phosphorus <0.1-8.0 EL, 1WM, 3WM Potassium 8-348 3WL Potassium 10-440 1WL Calcium 250-1100 2WM .Calcium 100-1400 6WM, 1WL Chloride 900-11 000 GWL Chloride 3000-11 000 1WL Values in mg/kg.

c. Soil Erosion (ETS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction Soil erosion measurements are made to determine canal bank erosion rates resulting from oxidation, precipitation, and wind.

"Erosion, in its physical aspects, is simply the accomplishment of a certain amount of work in tearing apart and transporting soil material" (Stallings, 1957). =

It is important since it can, cause sedimentation in the cooling canals thus reducing the thermal and hydraulic efficiency of the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System.

Materi al and Methods Soil erosion measurements were made semiannually at two stations in the canal system (Figure 1). Stations 502N and 530N are both located in the southern part of the, canal system. The most common soil type in the canal system is mucky-marl, therefore, both stations were placed in areas with that predominant edaphic characteristic. At each station, four pipes were driven vertically through the berms and into the under lying rock to serve as permanent reference points. A stainless steel "averaging cross" was placed horizontally on each of the pipes. It was aligned to magnetic north and the distance from the tips of the cross to the berm surface was measured. Comparing these measurements over time yields the berm erosion rates.

I I I . B. 1-28

Results An average berm erosion rate of 0.023 feet occurred during the dry season and 0.000 feet during the wet season for a total average erosion of 0.023 feet in 1982. Rainfall for the dry season and wet season was 10.43 inches and 17.00 inches respectively (Table 1).

Oiscussion In 1982, deposition or little erosion occurred during the wet season while relatively high erosion r ates occurred during the dry season. This is a seasonal pattern reversal similar to that which

.occurred in 1978 and 1979 (Table 1).

Rainfall during 1982 generally occurred in frequent small amounts rather than large amounts over short periods of time. This pattern tends to result in the soils actually developing cohesive characteristics which inhibit erosion. There was a poor correlation between rainfall and soi l erosion. It therefore appears that other factors such as wind gustiness, duration of critical wind velocities, soil densities, soil moisture content, rainfall frequency and rainfall intensity act in concert to erode the berms.

No comparison to baseline data can be made since preoperational studies were not performed.

I I I .B. 1-29

Conclusions The 1982 cooling canal berm erosion rate does not differ significantly from historical data (1976-1981). The general pattern reversals which occurred in 1978, 1979 and 1982 should not be considered uncommon and were manifestations of changes in the patterns or magnitudes of eroding agents other than rainfall. No increase in erosion rate can be expected to occur other than that due to the intrinsic seasonal fluctuation apparent in the historical data.

III.B.1-30

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I I I .B. 1-31

Table 1. Rainfall, erosion and erosion rate in the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System, 1977-1982.

EROSION PER YEAR QUARTER RAINFALL EROSION INCH OF RAINFALL (inches) (feeta) [(feet) 10-4]

1977 1 4.81 +0.00lb 2 22. 16 +0.057b 3 23.56 -0.093 4 12. 66 -0.016 Total 63.19 -0.0 1 -8. 07 1978 1 10.20 -0.008 2 12.92 -0.007 3 24.42 -0.'014

-0.018 Total 4.11 52.65 ~V -8. 93 1979 1 2 10.62 -0.034 3

22.75 -0.012 Total 33.37 -0.046 -13. 78 1980 1 2 12.44 +0.008 3

4 30.84 -0.042 Total 43.28 -0. 034 -7.85 1981 1 2 7.49 -0.010 3

4 28.78 -0.017 Total 36.27 -0.037 -10. 20 1982 1 2 10.43 -0.023 3

4 17.00 0.000 Total 27.43 -0.023 -8.38 bErosion is denoted by (-), and deposition by (+).

An error was made in the 1977, 2nd quarter measurements indicating relatively high deposition. The 3rd quarter measurements were correct, but compensated for the 2nd quarter by indicating greater than normal erosion. The yearly average follows the norm The monitoring frequency was changed to semi-annually in 1979.

I I I . B. 1-32

I

d. Faunal Survey (ETS 4.2.1.1)

Introduction This section furnishes a qualitative assessment of the fauna (birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians) found in association with the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System and compares it with the fauna of the surrounding area (ABI, 1978b). The study area encompasses 6,800 acres of land utilized for the cooling canal system, selected coastline, associated canals, and 28 acres for plant site (Figure 1).

Materials and Methods Most faunal estimates were made by visual observations during routine monitoring. Some non-destructive sampling was carried out with captured organisms being released after identification. Mammal abundance was estimated from visual observations, road kills and natural deaths. Oue to the opportunistic nature of the program, it is quite likely that some species inhabiting the study area were not observed and therefore the data constitute a conservative estimate of faunal populations.

Results One hundred one avian species (Table 1), 19 reptilian species (Table 2), three amphibian species (Table 2) and seven mammalian species (Table 3) were observed in the study area during 1982.

Particularly important among the observed species were the: bald eagle, wood stork, American crocodile, eastern indigo snake, and manatee.

I I I .B. 1-33

Sixty one avian species, 11 species of reptiles and amphibians and six species of mammals were common to both the surrounding area (ABI, 1978b) and the study area (Tables 4, 5, and 6).

The 1982 population estimate for crocodiles observed in the study area was 18 to 21 individuals. No active nest sites or hatchlings were discovered during 1982.

Discussion Table 1 is a list of 101 avian species sighted in the study area during 1982. A total of 105 avian species was sighted during 1981. The birds occurred either as permanent residents, regular or casual visitors, or visitors that appeared only during migration.

The common nighthawk and the least tern were common during the months of April through August. As in previous years, these species found the spoil banks a suitable nesting ground. The common star ling, the common flicker and the mockingbird were also observed nesting during 1982.

A total of 19 reptiles and three amphibians were observed in the study area (Table 2) as compared to 18 reptiles and five amphibians observed in 1981 and 10 reptiles and one amphibian in 1980 . All repti les and amphibians were considered permanent residents of the study area.

III.B.1-34

The 1982 crocodile population estimate of 18 to 21 individuals, remained unchanged from the population estimate of 1981.

Nocturnal observations indicated that the marsh rabbit and racoon were quite common. A total of seven species of mammals (Table 3) were identified in 1982, compared to six in 1981 and seven in 1980.

Species lists for the surrounding area (ABI, 1978b) were compared to the list of fauna sighted in the study area (Tables 4, 5, and 6). A total of 76 species of birds, 18 species of reptiles and amphibians, and 10 species of mammals wer e observed in the surrounding area in 1978 (ABI, 1978b). During 1982, sixty one species of birds, 11 species of reptiles and amphibians, and six species of mammals were common to both areas.

Conclusions Any changes in the individual or total number of faunal species sighted from 1981-1982 is not .considered significant. It is primarily due to the transient nature of avian species and the opportunistic nature of the program.

III.B.1-35

POWER PLANT

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III.B.1-36

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

RELATIVEb SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE American Bi ttern Very Rare Transient American Coot Fulica americana Uncommon Permanent American Kestrel Corinon Winter Anhinga ~hnhin a ~anhin a Rare Permanent Bald Eagle 1 1 1 << ~1h 1 Uncommon Permanent Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Uncorinon Winter Belted Kingfisher Common Winter Black-bellied Plover Pl Fairly Common Winter Black-crowned Night Heron Rare Permanent Black-necked Stilt Rare Summer Black Skimmer Ryyncho>s ~ni er Common Winter Black Vulture Corar~)s atratus Fairly Common Permanent Black Whiskered Vireo Very Rare Transient Blue-gray Gnatcatcher ~P1 Rare Permanent Blue Jay ~d Rare Permanent Blue-winged Teal Anas discors Rare Winter Boat-tailed Grackle guiscalus ~ma or Fairly Common Permanent Bonapartes Gull ~hi1 d 1 Very Rare Winter Broad-winged Hawk B Very Rare Summer

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 19S2.

(Cont'd)

RELATIVEb SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater Rare Winter Brown Pelican Pelecanus occidentalis Common Permanent Cardinal Cardinal is cardinalis Uncommon Permanent Caspian Tern Sterna ~cas ia Common Hinter Cat Bird Dumetella carolinensis Very Rare Winter Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Common Permanent Common Crow h Uncommon Permanent Common Egret Casmerodius albus Common Permanent Common Flicker ~Cola tes auratus Fairly Common Permanent Common Grackle guiscalus guiscula Fairly Common Permanent Common Loon Gavia immer Uncommon Winter Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor Common Summer Common Snipe ~Ca ella ~allina o Rare Winter Common Starling Sturnus ~vul gris Common Permanent Common Yellowthroat ~Bh1 i h Very Rare Permanent Doubl e-crested Cormor ant Phal acrocorax auri tus Common Permanent Downy Woodpecker Picoides pubescens Very Rare Permanent Dunlin Calidris ~al ina Uncommon Hinter Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella ~ma na Rare Permanent

Table 1. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

(Cont'd)

RELATIVEb SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Eastern Phoebe ~Sa arnis phoebe Rare Winter Gray Kingbird ~T rannus dominicensis Very Rare Summer Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Common Permanent Great Crested Flycatcher ~Niarchus crinitus Rare Permanent Great White fleron Ardea occidentalis Uncommon Permanent Green Heron Butorides striatus Common Permanent Ground Dove Columbine ~asserina Common Permanent Herring Gull d Uncommon llinter Hooded Merganser ~hd Uncommon Winter House Sparrow Passer domesticus Common Permanent Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Fairly Common Winter Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Fairly Common Permanent Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla Rare Winter Least Tern Sterna albifrons Common Summer Lesser Yellowlegs ~Twin a ~flavi es Uncommon Winter Little Blue Heron Florida caerulea Common Permanent Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus Very Rare Permanent Long-billed Dowitcher d Very Rare Winter Louisiana Heron ~tl d Common Permanent

I Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 19S2.

(Cont'd)

COHMON NAME SCrENT1F1C r AHE'ELATIVEb ABUNDANCE SEASON OF OCCURRENCE Hagnificent Frigatebird ~F" ' m"<'""'ircus Rare Permanent Harsh Hawk ~c aneus Rare Hinter Herlin (Pigeon Hawk) Falco columbarius Very Rare Transient Hockingbird hl Common Permanent Hottled Duck Anas ~fulvi ula Co+non Permanent Osprey Pandion haliaetus Common Permanent Palm Warbler Dendroica galmarum Fairly Common Winter Peregrine Falcon F 1 Rare Winter Pied-billed Grebe ~Pd i1 b addi Common Winter Pine Warbler Dendroica ~ines Uncommon Permanent Piping Plover Charadrius mel odus Rare Hinter Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor Rare Permanent Purple Hartin ~Pro ne subis Rare Transient Red-bellied Woodpecker Uncommon Permanent Red-brested Herganser ~Her us serrator Common Winter Reddish Egret Dishromanassa rufescens Common Summer Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus Uncomnon Permanent Red-tailed flawk Buteo jamaicensis Very Rare Peroe nent Red-winged Blackbird ~hl 1 dh Common Permanent

I I

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

(Cont'd)

RELAT I VEb SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE Ring-bi 1 led Gul 1 Larus delawarensis Co+eon Hinter Robin T d Rare Hinter Rock Dove Columba livia Uncommon Permanent Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ~aja a Fairly Common Hinter Royal Tern Sterna maxima Common Hinter Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria ~inter res Common Permanent Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Very Rare Hinter Semipalmated Plover Common Hinter Semipalmated Sandpiper Calidris ~usilla Fairly Common Transient Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus ~riseus Fiarly Cocoon Hinter Short-tailed Hawk 8 ~bh Very Rare Permanent Smooth-billed Ani Rare Permanent Snowy Egret ~Eretta thule Common Permanent Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia Rare Hinter Swamp Sparrow ~Melos iza ~eor iana Uncommon Hinter Tree Swallow ~id bi Uncommon Winter Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Common Permanent llhimbrel Mumenius ~haeo us Rare Hinter White Ibis Eudocimus albus Common Permanent

Table l. A list of birds observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

(Cont'd)

RELATIVEb SEASON OF COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ABUNDANCE OCCURRENCE White Pelican Ph

~hh<<<<hh

~ht h Very Rare Rare Winter Winter Willet Wilson's Plover Charadrius wilsonia Uncommon Permanent Wood Stork ~Mcteria aa>eri cane Fairly Common Winter Yellow-bellied Sapsucker J55h5 Very Rare Hinter Yellow-crowned Night Heron a Uncommon Permanent bBinomial Nomenclature by American Ornithologist Union, 1982.

Very rare = 1 sighting; Rare = 2-5 sightings; Uncommon = 6-20 sightings; Fairly Common = 21-50 sightings; Common = 51 and more sightings.

Table 2. A list of reptiles and amphibians observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PREFERRED HABITAT Reptiles American Alligator ~AI I i Fresh or brackish water American Crocodile ~dd I Salt or brackish water Blue-striped Garter Snake ~h" hi Marshes and coastal lowlands Brown Anole Anolis ~sa rei On ground near shrubs Corn Snake ~El a he ~uttata ~et tata Rocky hillsides Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus Dry thickets Eastern Garter Snake ~TI hd Marshes, woodlands and drainage ditches Eastern Indigo Snake Hear thickets of dense vegetation Florida Box Turtle ~Terra ene carolina bauri Woodlands Florida Brown Snake Storeria ~deka i victa Bogs, marshes and ponds Florida Mud Turtle Kinosternon subrubrum Drainage ditches, marshes 8 steindachneri other small bodies of water Florida Red-bellied Turtle ~Chr sem s nelsoni Fresh or brackish water Florida Softshell Turtle ~Trine x ferox Fresh water Green Anole Anolis carol inensis carol inensis Shrubs and vines Indo-pacific Gecko Mangrove Water Snake

~d II 1 I I ~id Associated with man Salt or brackish water

I Table 2. A list of reptiles and amphibians observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for (Cont'd) 1982.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAt<E PREFERRED HABITAT Reptiles (Cont'd)

Peninsula Ribbon Snake Turtle

~th d

1 l<<k Ponds, bogs and swamps Fresh or brackish water Snapping ~CI 1 1 1 11 -11 d kkl 1 On spoil banks Amphibians Green Tree Frog ala cinera Swamps, borders of lakes and streams Little Grass Frog Limnaoedus ocul ari s Low vegetation, borders of ponds Southern Leopard Frog Rang utricularia Fresh or brackish water Binomial nomenclature by Conant, 197S.

I Table 3. A list of mammals observed in the Turkey Point Study Area for 1982.

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME PREFERRED HABITAT Black Rat Rattus rattus Associated with man Domestic Cat Felis domestica Associated with man Domestic Dog Canis familiaris Associated with man Marsh Rabbit ~51 Berms, swamps and hammocks Manatee Trichechus manatus Shallow and protected coastal waters Opossum ~Wd 1 hi lloodland and along streams Raccoon ~proc on lotor Along berms a

Binomial nomenclature by Burt, et al., 1976.

I Table 4. A comparison of the bird spectes identified in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNO ING COMMON NAt 1E 1980 1981 1982 AREA American Bittern American Coot American Goldfinch American Kestrel American Redstart Anhinga Bald Eagle Barn Swallow Belted Kingfisher Black-bellied Plover Black-crowned Night. Heron Black Ouck Black-necked Stilt Black Scoter Black Skimmer Black Vulture Black-poll Warbler Black-whiskered Vireo Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Blue Jay Blue-winged Teal Boat-tailed Grackle Bobolink Bobwhite Bonapartes Gull Broad-winged Hawk Brown-headed Cowbird Brown Pelican III.B.1-46

Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa Cape May Warbler Cardinal Caspian Tern Cat Bird Cattle Egret Cedar Waxwing Chuck-will's Widow Clapper Rail Common Crow Common Egret Common Flicker Common Gal inul e 1

Common Grackle Common Loon Common Nighthawk Common Snipe Common Starling Common Tern Common Yellowthroat Double-crested Cormorant Downy Woodpecker <<X Dunlin Eastern Kingbird Eastern Meadowlark X Eastern Phoebe X Glossy Ibis X Gray Kingbird X Great Blue Heron X III.B.1-47

Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa Great Crested Flycatcher Great White Heron Green Heron Ground Dove Gull-billed Tern Herring Gull Hooded Merganser House Sparrow House klren Killdeer Laughing Gull Least Flycatcher Least Sandpiper Least Tern Lesser Yellowlegs Little Slue Heron , X Loggerhead Shrike Long-billed Curlew Long-billed Dowitcher Louisana Heron Magnificent Frigatebird Mallard Duck Marsh Hawk Meri in Mockingbird Mottled Duck Mourning Dove Northern Waterthrush 111.8.1-48

Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREA>

Osprey Painted Bunting Palm Warbler Peregrine Falcon Pied-billed Grebe ,X Pi leated Woodpecker Pine Warbler X Piping Plover X Prairie Warbler Purple Martin Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-breasted Merganser Reddish Egret Red-headed Woodpecker Red Knot Red-shouldered Hawk Red-tailed Hawk Red-winged Blackbird Ring-billed Gull Robin Rock Dove Roseate Spoonbill Royal Tern Ruddy Turnstone Rufous-sided Towhee Sanderling Savannah Sparrow Screech Owl III.B.1-49

Table 4'. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNO ING CO/SON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa Scrub Jay Semipalmated Plover Semipalmated Sandpiper Sharp-shinned Hawk Short-billed Oowitcher Short-tailed Hawk Smooth-billed Ani Snowy Egret Solitary Sandpiper Sooty Tern Spotted Sandpiper Summer Tanager Swallow-tailed Kite Swamp Sparrow Tree Swallow Turkey Vulture Mhimbrel White-crowned Pigeon White-eyed Vireo White Ibis 'X White Pelican Millet Wilson's Plover Mood Ouck Wood Stork Murdemann's Heron X'X Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Yellow-crowned Night Heron III.B.1-50

Table 4. A comparison of the bird species identified in the (Cont'd) Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNOING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa Yel 1 ow-rumped Warbl er Yellow-throated Vireo Yellow Harbler ABI, 1978b III.B.1-51

Table 5. A comparison of the amphibian and reptilian species in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa American All i gator American Crocodile Atlantic Loggerhead 'Turtle Bahaman Bark Anole Blue-striped Garter Snake Brown Anole Corn Snake Cuban Tree Frog Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Eastern Garter Snake Eastern Indigo Snake Everglades Racer Snake r

Florida Box Turtle Florida Brown Snake Florida Cricket Frog Florida Mud Turtle Florida Red-bellied Turtle Florida Softshell Turtle Florida Water Snake Green Anole Green House Frog Green Tree Frog Indo-pacific Gecko Key West Anole Little Grass Frog Mangrove Water Snake Mediterranean Gecko Mud Snake I I I .B. 1-52

I I

I

Table 5. A comparison of the amphibian and reptilian (Cont'd) species in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNO ING COMMON NAME 1980 1981 1982 AREAa Peninsula Ribbon Snake Pig Frog Reef Gecko Snapping Turtle Southeastern Five-lined Skink Southern Black Racer Southern Leopard Frog Southern Toad Striped Swamp Snake ABI, 1978b I I I .B. 1-53

Table 6. A comparison of the mammalian species in the Turkey Point Study Area, 1980-1982, to those of the Surrounding Area.

SURROUNDING COMMON NAME AREAa 1980 1981 1982 Black Rat Bobcat Cotton Rat Dolphin Domestic Cat Domestic Dog House Mouse Manatee Marsh Rabbit Opossum X ~

Raccoon Rice Rat Whitetail Deer ABI, 1978b III.B.1-54

I I

2. Sampling of Soil and Vegetation West and South of the

.Cooling Canal System (ETS 4.2.2.3)

a. Soi l Study Intraductinn The soil study is conducted to measure nitrite and nitrate levels in soils to the west and south of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System. These data define soil nitrogen levels in areas of natural vegetation relatively unaffected by the Turkey Point Plant and canals.

Materi a.ls..and..Met.h.ods Soil samples were taken from the midpoint of Transects 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 (Figure 1). A small core of several grams was taken after removal of the top 3 cm of soil. A second sample was taken 30 cm below the first. All samples were preserved on ice and sent to the laboratory. An acidified sodium chloride extraction procedure was used for nitrite and nitrate. analyses (Jackson, 1958). Nitrate was reduced to nitrite in a cadmium column and the nitrite was analyzed using the diazotization method (APHA, 1980).

Nitrite and nitrate values were reported as nitrogen in micrograms per gram of dry wei ght of sample (Table 1).

Res.ul.ts.

Nitrite levels in 1982 are similar to levels in 1981 (Table 2).

The range of nitrite at different sampling points is 0.18 to 4.17 I I I .B. 2-1

I pg/g dry soil in 1982 (Table 1) as compared with a range of 0.38 to 6.11 pg/g dry soil in 1981 (FPL, 1982). The highest nitrite value is present at a depth of 33 cm in the middle of Transect 7. Nitrate levels range from 0.67 to 61.96 yg/g dry soil in 1982 as compared with a range of 1.56 to 10.93 gg/g dry soil in 1981. Nitrate con-centration is highest in the top 3 cm of soil at Transect 1.

D lcm.s.ion Host soil nitrogen is found in organic matter that is decomposed by soil microorganisms into ammonium compounds. This nitrogen is .

first oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate. The two oxidation changes are called nitrification. These microbiological transfor-mations are influenced profoundly by soil conditions. When soil is cold, waterlogged, or excessively acid, nitrification progresses slowly. The most favorable conditions for nitrification are 1) ade-quate soil aeration, 2) temperatures from 27 to 32'C, 3) moderate soil moisture, and 4) an abundance of exchangeable bases (Brady, 1974).

The major soil type found west and south of the Turkey Point cooling canal system is highly organic peat. Organic soils are characterized by a high calcium oxide content and, therefore, an abundance of exchangeable bases even though the soils are often aci-dic. In the presence of a high hydrogen ion concentration, more nitrate accumulation takes place than in mineral soils.

Consequently, the nitrite and nitrate values found in the 1982 soil

I samples probably reflect this accumulation. As in previous years, nitrite and nitrate values generally are greater at a depth of 33 cm than nearer the surface. The exception is the high nitrate value at 3 cm depth at Transect 1. This may reflect a patch of decomposing organic material which happened to be sampled. Overall, the higher nitrogen concentrations in deeper soils result from nitrate accumula-ti on.

C.onclus,Qm The combi nati on of edaphi c characteri sti cs and envi ronmenta1 factors that .influence the nitrification process accounts for the variability found in soil nitrite and nitrate concentrations. No evidence suggests that this natural variability is affected by opera-tion of the Turkey Point Plant.

III.B.2-3

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+~<"+o 1,000 2,000 SCALE IN METERS Figure l. Vegetation transects, Turkey Point Plant, 1982. Soil samples were collected from Transects 1,3,5,7 and 9.

III.B.2-4

Table 1. Laboratory analysis of 10 soil samples from the Turkey Point Site, 1982.

TRANSECT SOIL DEPTH NITRITE NITROGEN NITRATE NITROGEN number cm / dr soil / dr soil 3 0.18 61.96 33 0.91 1.71 3 1.18 1.12 33 2.02 13.60 3 1.93 0.67 33 1.91 4.57 3 0.95 0.70 33 4.17 7.63 3 0.70 6.91 33 0.76 6.24 III.B.2-5

I I

I I

Table 2. Ranges of soil nitrite and nitrate measured at depths of 3 centimeters and 33 centimeters (in parentheses) at Transects 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in the Turkey Point Canal System.

PARAMETER UNITS OPERATIONAL STUDIES 1979 1980 1981 1982 Nitrite nitrogen pg/g dry soil 0.16-0.42 0.61-6.83 0.51-1.11 0.18-1.93 (0.16-0.35) (0.31-4.50) (0.38-6.11) (0.76-4.17)

Nitrate nitrogen pg/g dry soil <0.01-0.18 7.09-103.17 1.74-3.28 0.67-61.96

( <0.01-0.44) (5.17-61.37) (1.56-10.93) (1.71-13.60)

FPL, 1980-1982

I

b. '\

Vegetation Study (ETS 4.2.2.3)

Introduction The salinity regime resulting from land elevation is a major factor that determines the composition and distribution of plant communities along southeast Florida's coast. The interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff from rain creates a salinity gradient that ranges from salt water along the coast to fresh water inland. Following this gradient, the mangrove swamps that fringe shallow marine bays give way to buttonwood tree islands, salt marshes and eventually inland freshwater wetlands dominated by saw grass.

The climate and topography of this area strongly influence the interaction of tidal waters and freshwater runoff that produce the salinity gradient. Runoff varies seasonally with rainfall. About 152 cm of rain falls in the area annually, primarily from Nay through November. During this wet season, groundwater is near the surface. During the dry season (December through April), when groundwater levels are low, infiltration of surface water is greater and freshwater runoff is reduced. The slight slope of the land, approximately 1.8 cm per 100 m, used to cause fresh water from inland regions to drain southeastward into Card Sound (Figure III.B.2-7

The natural equilibrium between freshwater runoff and tidal waters has been altered in recent years by the construction of Canal L-31 west of the Turkey Point Plant and the Sea Dade and Model Land Canals south of the site. The natural southeasterly flow of runoff and groundwater from inland regions has been diverted towards these canals and away from the plant communities located south and west of the Turkey Point system (Figure 1). The purpose of this continuing study is to identify the long-term operational impacts of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System on vegetation located south and west of the system.

Materials and Methods Stud Desi n The vegetation near the cooling canal system was classified into three plant community types for sampling and data analysis.

These categories were 1) the saline mangrove swamp south of the system, 2) the brackish grassland of saw grass, needle rush and salt grass to the west, and 3) mangrove and buttonwood tree islands within the grasslands. Each of these communities was I

sampled to identify potential impacts of the canal system on vege-i tation composition and biomass.

The specific location of sampling stations within each com-munity was determined by the interpretation of aerial photos.

Sampling transects were chosen to provide equal sampling in each of the major vegetation communities on the site.

The study design assumes that impacts on vegetation attribu-table to the cooling canal system will decrease with distance from the system. Sample quadrat locations were selected along transects that originated adjacent to the cooling canal and extended into the surrounding vegetation west and south of the system. Thus, by com-paring the composition and biomass of vegetation adjacent to and farther away from the canal system, changes attributable to opera-tion of the Turkey Point Plant Cooling Canal System can be observed.

Field Methods guantitative data have been collected along nine transects once during each dry season since 1975. The 1982 sampling was con-ducted in late October.

Transects 1 through 6 run east to west perpendicular to and west of the cooling canals (Figure 1). These transects were selected so that three intersect tree islands and three intersect grasslands. Transects 7 through 9 run north-south perpendicular to the southern border of the canal system and intersect mangrove com-munities.

Four sampling points were established at predetermined inter-vals along each transect to identify canal system effects on vege-tation with increasing distance from the canal system. At each 2

sampling point, two 5 x 5-m (25-m ) quadrats were located on oppo-III.B.2-9

site sides of the transect line as shown in the insert of Figure l.

Thus, for the grassland community (Transects 1, 3 and 5), quadrats A and A'epresent vegetation adjacent to the canal system and quadrats D and D'epresent vegetation farthest away from the system. For each community sampled this design yields six repli-cate quadrats for each of the four transect interval distances.

Statistical Methods The statistical approach used to detect impacts of cooling canal system operation on the vegetation attempts to answer the following questions:

l. Is there a change in composition and/or biomass of vege-tation communities that is greater adjacent to the canal system and less farther away from the system,

2. Is the change greater this year than in previous years'f the answer to either of these questions is affirmative, it may be concluded that canal system impact has occurred. If the asso-ciated null hypotheses are accepted according to the data, no effects can be attributed to the canal system.

Composition was estimated by frequency. Frequency is defined as the number of quadrats in which a species occurred divided by the total number of quadrats sampled. The resulting values esti-mate the probability of finding at least one individual of the spe-cies in one quadrat, Analysis of frequencies with z as the test criterion (Zar, 1974) was used to detect changes in species com-positi on.

III.B.2-10

I Biomass was estimated by a volume-density index developed for this study. This index estimates the volume (height x radius ) and weighs it by the density of individuals within the volume (Figure 2). This method is analagous to traditional measures of yield and was derived from Goodall's vector space approach to community anal-yses (Greig-Smith, 1964). It shares the advantage of the traditional measures in that it can be determined easily in the field and has the further advantage of allowing comparisons of spe-cies with different growth forms. Analysis of variance with the F-ratio as the test criterion was used to detect changes in biomass (Sokal and Rohlf, 1969).

Whenever the hypotheses tested were proven to be true with 95 percent confidence (P=0.05), the results were designated as

"(statistically) significant". The independent variables for the analyses are 1) distance from the cooling canal system and 2) calendar year in which the data were collected. The dependent variables are 1) frequencies of each species and 2) volume density index for each common species.

The critical tests of the hypotheses determined not only sta-tistical significance, as defined above, but also the ecological significance to the ecosystem (Collier et al., 1973). The indices were chosen because they allow an examination of the individual species'ontributions to overall community effects, If a signifi-cant effect was detected, then each individual species was examined III.B.2-11

to identify the ecological significance of the change in the com-munity.

Although the statistical design was constructed to detect changes attributable to the canal system, the study design can also detect impacts from other events. Correct interpretation of the data requires identification of the manner in which vegetation would be affected by different causes.

Com arison With Baseline Data The data collected in this continuing study were compared with Turkey Point baseline data collected east of the present study area prior to cooling canal construction in 1972 (ABI, 1978a).

Additional baseline data were collected from the South Dade site, southeast of the present study area, in 1974 (ABI, 1978b).

Results Plant S ecies at Turke Point A total of 187 plant species (Table 1) have been observed in the Turkey Point and South Dade studies. Fifteen species were pre-sent in all studies and in 1982, 13 species had frequencies greater than or equal to 10 percent. In the 1982 study, 62 species were observed. This value is not significantly different from the average (64 species) for all studies.

III.B.2-12

Jjv

I I

Communit Com osition Overall community composition is presented as frequency data for each individual species in Table 1. The baseline period 1972-1974 and the five year operational period 1978-1982 are reported here. Frequency data for the most common plant species are presented in Table 2. Common, species are defined as those present in 1982 at frequencies greater than 10 percent. Of these 13 common species, eight showed significant differences in fre-quency in 1982 from 1972-1974.

Biomass Vegetation volume-density indices by transect for 1982 are presented in Tables 3 through 5. Biomass data from 1982 then were combined with data from the previous four years for species whose frequencies were 10 percent or greater in 1982 (two common species of vines were excluded from biomass analyses because their volume-density could not be measured in the field). These data are pre-sented as an analysis of variance over years and with increasing distance from the canal system (Table 6).

Discussion Plant S ecies at Turke Point An overall trend of decreasing number of new species observed each year at the Turkey Point site is evident (Figure 3). In a III.B.2-13

stable plant community this phenomenon would be expected since a smaller number of the uncommon species would be discovered with each year's sampling effort. In agreement with this phenomenon only one new species was observed in 1982. Exceptions to this trend occurred in 1977 and 1981 because of plant community distur-bances, first from a severe freeze and then from a natural fire event.

Communit Com osition .

The frequency data in Table 1 show the establishment of a stable vegetation community at the study area over the past five years since the freeze of January 1977. The disparity in frequency r

observations for pre-freeze years as compared to post-freeze years has been thoroughly documented (FPL, 1979-1982) and will not be reexamined in this report. Differences in values for plant opera-tional years as compared to baseline studies have been observed previously and occur again in 1982 data.

Variation for ecologically important plant associations is characterized through the presentation of frequency data for the most common plant species (Table 2). Six species (aster., sawgrass, buttonwood, clubrush, glades morning glory and climbing hempvine) have significantly increased in frequency, and two (salt grass and red mangrove) have significantly decreased since baseline sampling.

III.B.2-14

1 It should be noted that the two species with decreasing fre-quency, red mangrove and salt grass, are those adapted to highly saline environments. The species showing increases in frequency are those with brackish to fresh water affinities. The probable reason for this is the more westward siting of the operational monitoring vegetation transects relative to the initial baseline sampling. This baseline sampling was nearer the coastline and, therefore, in a more sali'ne environment. A different plant com-munity is being sampled at present and variations in community structure are to be expected. In any event, the observed changes in vegetation community composition are not those which would be expected if salinity elevation caused by the canal system were taking place.

During the past seven years in the sampling transects south and west of the canal system, an essentially stable plant community has been observed. Species frequencies measured in 1982 for the most common plants are in agreement with this since no significant differences relative to 1981 frequencies are found and only two species, aster and climbing hempvine, show significant increases relative to the 1975-1980 sampling period. Such variation may be attributable to succession or natural cyclic growth patterns.

Leather fern is one species which had previously been found at fre-quencies greater than 10 percent and in 1982 occurs at only a 6.9 percent frequency level. This is a plant species which was strongly impacted by the January 1977 freeze and is continuing its I I I.B.2-15

drop in frequency, perhaps suffering competition from species which were provided an opportunity for expansion after the freeze event.

Description of the ecological setting and dominant vegetation associations observed during monitoring at Turkey Point would pro-vide a context for the ongoing sampling efforts. To the west of the canal system lies a freshwater to brackish wetland prairie where sawgrass and buttonwood are the dominant plant species. In such open areas, aster, glades morning glory, clubrush and needlerush are very commonly associated species, although they would not be considered as domi nants because of their less robust growth form.

In certain saline wetland areas south of the canal system, very dense thickets or somewhat broken growth of red mangrove and buttonwood create a habitat different from the open grass prairies.

An important associated species in such areas is white mangrove which occurs in tree and shrub form. Nightshade is a less robust woody species which also occurs in these thickets. Red mangrove favors more saline environments and is found in fewer numbers at

/

inland locations. In areas of elevated salinity (such as south of the Sea Dade and Model Land Canals) the dominance of sawgrass gives way and salt grass is found as the most important grass cover spe-cies. Black mangroves (which possess a specific metabolism for crystalized salt excretion) are found exclusively in such areas along with other mangrove species and buttonwoods.

III.B.2-16

The behavior of salt tolerant species is of particular interest in this study because the expansion of such a species into previously unsuitable brackish or freshwater areas would signal the possible modification of the environmental salinity gradient by the cooling canal system. No such salt tolerant invader species has expanded its range as a result of cooling canal operation in this case.

Hammocks or tree islands are the most vegetatively complex habitats at the Turkey Point site and occur where the wetlands give way to drier areas of differing size and elevation. They are bota-nically more diverse since they are hospitable envi ronments rela-tive to the sawgrass prairie and mangrove swamp and provide biological niche space to a variety of plant life (Craighead, 1971). In contrast, the wetlands are rigorous habitats in which only a particular assemblage of specifically adapted plant life can succeed. A variety of tree species dominate the hammock sites, including Australian pine, saw palmetto, mahogany, poisonwood and buttonwood. A wide variety of shrubs, vines, ferns and herbaceous plants are found in these areas with both exclusively terrestrial plants and facultative wetland species among them. This ecotone effect contributes to the species richness of these sites.

Biomass Biomasses of the 11 common species were examined to detect changes occurring over time and changes occurring with distance I I I.B. 2-17

from the cooling canal system. If the biomass of a species dif-fered significantly with time or distance, the overall biomass for that year or quadrat was examined. Analysis of variance results for long-term biomass changes from 1978-1982 reveal that none of the 11 most common species occurring at the Turkey Point Plant have significant differences among years (Table 6). This evidence suggests that the cooling canal system has had no significant impact on vegetation biomass over time. Prior to the period 1978-1982, the freeze of January 1977 and differing original base-line study siting had contributed to significant yearly biomass vari ance.

Biomass of four of the common species showed significant dif-ferences with distance from the canal system (Table 6). These spe-cies were Australian pine, clubrush, needlerush and red mangrove.

Such variance with distance reflects the non-homogenous distribu-tion of each species and may be explained in most cases by environ-mental or ecological factors.

Australian pine biomass is highest at quadrats adjacent to the .

canals (guadrats A and B; Figure 1). The particular quadrats where this elevated growth occurs are hammock areas which provide drier ground substrate required by this species. Australian pine is an exotic species that has established itself in south Florida, being well suited to areas such as disturbed spoil berms and hammock islands. It cannot tolerate wetlands or mangrove communities and is thus found at large biomass on drier hammock sites.

I I I.B. 2-18

The distribution of clubrush with respect to canal system proximity shows no apparent pattern with highest values recorded at A Quadrats, while C and D Quadrats have notable but somewhat lower biomass values. It should be noted that clubrush occurs most fre-quently and with greatest biomass along Transect 1, the northern-most sampling area, and that this may simply reflect natural vegetative clumping. Needlerush biomass is highest at Quadrats A and C with its bulk occurring at Transect 8 located south of the canal system, again suggesting a natural clumping phenomenon. Red mangrove is the only one of these four species that displays a con-sistent gradient of biomass values relative to the cooling canal system. Biomass for this species is highest at the A Quadrats close to the canal system and lower at the distant D Quadrats.

A consistent increase or decrease in biomass with distance from the cooling canal system would indicate an impact on vegeta-tion. No ecologically consistent pattern is evident, however. For example, biomass of salt-tolerant species is not always greater adjacent to the cooling canals, nor is biomass of freshwater spe-cies always greater 'away from the system. Therefore, evidence suggests that no impact on the biomass of vegetation can be attri-buted to the Turkey Point canals.

Conclusion A total of 187 plant species have been observed in all of the Turkey Point (FPL, 1976-1982) and South Dade Studies (ABI, 1978a, III.B.2-19

r i

I I

1978b). Examination of the number of species observed for the first time each year revealed that there have been no major changes in the species list since the change that occurred between December 1976 and December 1977, following the freeze of January 1977.

Community composition in the 1982 operational monitoring study was different from both the 1972 Turkey Point baseline data (ABI, 1978a) and from the 1974 South Dade baseline data (ABI, 1978b).

Baseline data showed higher frequencies for salt-tolerant species and lower frequencies for salt-intolerant species than did the operational monitoring data. Differences in sampling locations in the studies probably accounted for the observed variations.

No canal system impact upon plant biomass was apparent, either in terms of canal proximity effect or cumulative annual effect.

The significant quadrat variance in vegetation biomass had no clear pattern that would indicate a cooling canal system impact upon surrounding plant life.

III.B.2-20

POWER PL'IJIINT Qi OI 8/SCA YNE 8AY d

d d

INTERCEPTOR d d

DITCH d d

d d

d d

d wttaAPTOR 0 DITOi d ~0 Qd OUACRAT tdf NTIFICATION SYSTEII Os CARD SCIUN D SEA OAOE CANAL O~ 04 QI c cc

"+~<"+o 0 1,000 2,000 SCALE IN METERS Figure 1. Location of vegetation sampling transects, Turkey Point site, 1982.

III.B.2-21

1e 1. grass (c1adium sp.)

~Exam Saw ezadxnm index "-

NEER~

A "where: A = Area of sample in meters N = Number of graminoid samples H = Average height of grass blades in cm R = Radius of clumps in cm (gathered,'compressed, and measured at widest point).

sampl e values A=1.0 N = 240 H = 142.2 R = 1.6; R2 2.56 Cladium 240 142. 2 2. 52 -

Index 87 367 68 1.0

~Exam le 2. Moody shrub (conocarpus) conocarpus index = N-H.R2 where: N = Number of shrubs of similar dimensions (seedlings measured separately)

H = Shrub height in cm R = Maximum radius of trunk sample values N =1.0 H = 365.8 R = 6.5; R2 = 42.25 Index ~ (1.0)(365.8)(42.25) = 15,455.05 Figure 2. Examples of volume-density index calculations of a graminoid and woody plant species, Turkey Point Plant, 1982.

III.B.2-22

I I

o o TOTAL SPECIES 08SERVED SPECIES OBSERVED FOR 150 THE FIRST TIME

~100 LLI CO R 50 0

72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 YEARS Figure 3. Number of plant species observed, Turkey Point Plant, 1972-1982.

III.B.2-23

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during baseline and 1978-1982 operational monitoring.

COHMON HAHE FRE UENCY 'S SPECIES BaselIne 0 erational iiean 1972 1974 1972 - 1974 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 - 1982 AcrostIchum aurela Leather fern 15.9 10.0 13.0 12.5 11.1 12.5 BB3 6.9 10.3

~~oa s sp False foxglove 2.4 1.2 Aavcania teres Toothcup 2.8 0.5 Annona 9Taa>ra Pond apple 3.7 3.3 3.5 1.4 0.3 Ardissa escallonoides Harlberry

~hs t tas sp. Hilkweed 3.7 0.5 2.1 Aster sp. Aster 0.5 0.3 29.2 27.8 29.2 30.6 40.3 31.4 Aster tenu follus v. Aster h s Avicennia erminans Black mangrove 5.2 2.6 2.8 2.8 2BB 2.8 2.2

~si Bat~ha s sa sp.

\tc )

Groundsel, saltbush 4.2 1.4 1.1 B. ~sttf tta False <<Illow 1.2 7.1 4.2 5.6 4.2 5.6 4.2 1.4 4.2 B. dioica Groundsel 1.4 0.3 B. ~omeruiiflora Groundsel tree 4.2 4.2 2.8 5.6 2.8 3.9 B. ha mi o a Groundsel 12.2 6.2 9.2 2.8 8.3 4.2 1.4 3.3

~Baco a monnserI Hater hyssop 2.8 0.6 Batis maritima Saltwort 4.3 2p2 Blechnum serrulatum Blechnum fern 9.8 5.2 7.5 8.3 5.6 9.7 9.2 Gorrichfa arborescens Sea oxeye daisy 1.4 0.7 .'1,4 0.3 B. frutescens Sea daisy 6.1 16.2 11.2 12,5 9.7 12.5 8.3 9 ~7 10.5 c

Bucida ~sinosa Spiny bucida

~Bu bo~st lis steno h lla (no coaren name) 1.4 0.3

~Cak ~eusiform s Sea rockets Calo o on sp. Grass pink 0.5 0.3

~ct sashes Batteos tha filiformis Pale 1ldf lower Love vine, dodder 2.8 5.6 1.4 4.2 3.5 Caress Cas t a ~tse tfotta Australian pine 12.2 5.7 9.0 12.5 9.7 9.7 11.1 11.1 10.8 Celt s ~tae at Hackberry

~cotta th s occtde taste Buttonbush 4.8 2.4 1.4 0.3

~ch C SP Spurge 1.4 0.3 Chiococca alba Snowberry 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.6 1.4 4.2 2.8 2.8

~ch tt sp. Finger grass 0.5 0.3 Chr sobalanus Icaco Coco palm 1.2 1.9 lo6 4.2 0,8 C adytum amaiCens1S Saw grass 74.4 44.3 59.4 86.1 84.7 83.3 84.7 81.9 84.1

~Hariscus amaicensl )

Cote thrl a*

nucifera

~tata Sliver palm Coconut palm 1.2 0.6 Cocos

~cb m ~eW ttc Hakedwood 2.4 1.2

~to h 1 ta~ed1 acta ata Buttonwood 65.9 30.5 48.2 77.8 70.8 69.4 72.2 72.8

~Coc s Crinum americanum String lily 2.4 1.2 1.4'3.6 0.3 Zuscuta sp. Oodder 1.2 2.4 1.8 Cuscuta americana Oodder 0.5 0.3

~Ch ~~st YIne milkweed 2.4 1.2

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during baseline and 1978-1982 (cont'd). operational monitoring.

SPECIES COItqON NAME FRE UENCY Baseline Hean 0 erational Mean 1972 1974 1972 - 1974 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 - 1982 CYPERACEAE Sedge 1.4 0,3 Oalber la amerimnon (no cocvoon name) 1.4 0.7

~pa be a~b~ oAI

~I~

D. ecasto h llum" no cofnfon name) oa a sp. no cocron name) 1.4 1.4 0.6 Orch eaa flo ideasls no common name) 1.4 1.4 0.6

~ot ~ ts saTfceoa Bustle 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.4 2.8 2.0 bpst chtl s ~s teat Salt grass 20.7 49.0 34.9 18.1 19.4 18.0 18.1 18.1 18.3

~fe cha s sp. Clubrush, splkerush 1.2 1.0 1.1 Ef ocba I c ll loss Clubrush, spikerush 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.5 12.5 13.9 15.3 16.7 13.9 rile si dice Yard grass

~~fc c a ~ta e sls Butterfly orchid 2.8 0.8

~E sp. (no co~n name) 1.4 I 1 ari s Mhite stopper 2.4 1.2 t.f. ~cs~td Ironpfood Stopper 2.8 2oB 0.6 0.6

f. tcldea Spanish stopper 2.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 4.2 1.4 Y~flo hl a ta o Mild coco

~eatori a llllfolleo Dog fennel 7.1 3.6 5.6 1.4 2.8 2.0 Ftc s Strangler fig F. citrrrfo ia Wild banyon tree 3.7 3.8 3.8 Ptm~lst is sp. Sedge F averia sp. (no cooupon name) 1.4 0.6 Fo stiera ~se e ata Florida privet 1.4 1,4 1.4 0.8 a sp Umbrella grass 1.2 0.5 0.9 FF. ~sot oi de a Umbrella grass 1.2 3~3 2.3 1.4 0.3 cellos ~his ld lh Bedstraw 1.4 G. obtusum Bedstrau 1.4 2o8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 Habenar>a sp.

~hd ocot I c sp

~ lists Orchid liarsh pennypfort St. John's wort 3.3 1.7 6.9 2.8 6.9 4.2 4.2 l lex cass inc Dahoon holly 6.1 5.2 5.7 1.4 1.4 4.2 2.8 5.6 3.1

~lomoea sp. Horning glory 2.4 1.2 I. ~sa Ittata Glades morning glory 4.3 2e2 20.8 1.4 9.7 20.8 15.3 13,6 Jac uemontia curtissii (no coorfon name} 2.8 2.8 4.2 2.8 2.5 J. rec inata (no ccmon name) 4.2 0.8 Juncos roemerianus Rush 15.9 17.6 16.8 19.4 22.2 19.4 19.4 26.4 21.4 vost~el e~tra ~rica caroliniana Salt marsh uillou Red root 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Lachnanthes

~ta c a c ossa Mhite mangrove 9,8 34.8 22.3 33 ' 29.2 29.2 33.3 27.8 30.6 Lantana nvolucrata Lantana 0.5 0.3 2.8 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.7

~~tt. ~a~ebs Lantana 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1

~ti ia nodiflora Capeueed 1.0 0.5 Ludbfs ia Sp. (no cofnoon name) 1.4 5.6 4.2 4o2 3.1

t. ~cree ~ a Mater purslane

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during baseline and 1978-1982 (cont'd). operational monitoring, COHHON NAME PRE UENCY SPECIES Baseline Hean 0 erational Hean 1972 1974 1972 - 1974 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 - 1982

t. p r Ula a Primrose willow 1.0 0.5 5.6 4.2 4.2 1.4 3.1 L. ~re ens Mater purslane

~Lcium carol inianum Christmas berry

~aa t Loosestrife 1.4 1.4 6.9 2.8 2.5 no la~I ~ la a Sweet bay, swamp bay 3.8 1.9 1.4 1.4 2.8 2.8 1.7

~ka Ha tenus h l anthoides Holina I 2.8 0.6 t

• Poisonwood 4,9 1.9 3.4 8.3 8.3 9.7 8.3 9.7 8.9

~klO 1.4 slits la b ttattfo T Hemp vine 5.6 1.4 H. scandens Climbing hempvine 4.9 4.8 4.9 1.4 1.4 6.9 12.5 12.5 6.9 ac fe Wax myrtle 4.9 5.2 5.1 6.9 5.6 6.9 8.3 9.7 7.5 sts Hyrsine 4,9 5.7 5.3 8.3 6.9 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 M

~na I

Nectandra ea ~atsl a

coriacea Lancewood

~hh *le 1555 t Boston fern

h. alt Boston fern 0.5 0.3 tfs U a a Royal fern 0.5 0.3

0. ~elis p. ~seetab1l le Royal fern 2.4 1.2 Panicum sp. Panic grass Pa lcm harb o Ice se Panic grass 1.4 0.3 P. dichotomum Panic grass 1.4 0.3 Parthenocissus Virginia creeper 4.9 4.8 4.9 1.4 0.3 Inleola 3.3 1.7 Pas a um sp. (no confon name)

Passl I a s b osa Corky-stemaed passion 1.4 0.3 flower peltana a ~vi ~ llllca (no cocron name) 2.4 1.2 Penstcmon sp. Beardtongue 0.5 0,3 Persea borbonia Red bay 4,9 2.5 1.4 1.4 4.2 6.9 1.4 3.1 P. ~ah~st ~ s Swamp bay 3U3 1.7 1.4 0.3 Phlebodium sp. Golden polypody 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 P. aureum Golden polypody 4.9 2.5 Ph Tlanthus (no conoon name) 1.4 1.4 2.8 1.1 P n u cola (Lumila Butterwort 1.4 1.4 0.6 P son a sp. Cockspur P. acuTeata Oevi 1's claw 2,8 0.6 P. discolor Blolly, beef tree 1.2 0.6 4,2 1.4 2.8 4.2 1.4 2.8 fI his ~lan I falls Plt~hcc lablll ~hUls catt Catclaw 1.2 0.6

~ashen mu rance s Camphorweed 2.4 1.2 F. rosea Harsh fleabane 6.2 3,1 1.4 8.3 5.6 3.1

~pol~ga a sp. Hilkwort 0.5 0.3

~RV aU e cl ta lHlkwort

p. I tant o Hilkwort 1.4 0.7

~l'ol o Un sp. Knotweed, smartweed loO 0.5

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during baseline and 1978-1982 (cont'd). operational monitoring.

SPECIES COHHON NAHE FRE UENCY Baseline Hean 0 erational Hean 1972 1974 1972 - 1974 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1978 - 1982 Pontederia lanceolata P 1 ckerelweed 0.5 0.3 aca sp. Hermaid weed 4.2 2.8 1.4 p~roser P. passe 5 Swamp mermaid 4 ~3 2.2 1.4 4.2 5.6 2.2 Psilotum nudum Whisk fern 4.2 0.8

~ps chat i~a~lstrffotfa wild coffee 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.1 Pteris vittata Brake fern 1.4 1.4 0.6 Rand>a ~acu cata White Indigoberry 0.5 0.3 4.2 2.8 2.8 5.6 4.2 3.9 Headow beauty 1.2 0.5 0.9 Headow beauty 1.4 1.4 0.6 27.8 31.9 32 '

~Rhi so h a ~ale Red mangrove 50.0 46.2 48.1 31.9 1.4 33.3 37.5 2.8 0.8 Rhus sp. Sumac Rn nchos ora sp. Beak rush 13.4 4.3 17.7 9.7 8.3 8.3 6.9 6.9 8.0 5 ba p I etta Cabbage palm Sabatia sp. Harsh pink 4.9 1.0 3.0 randiflora Harsh pink 1.4 1.4 0.6 tice a ~thfca Perennial glasswort 8.6 4.3 2.8 2.8 1.4 2.8 2.8 2.5 M

S T5S t~tc o ta ~ets Coastal plain willow 2.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 M 5 o 1 lace Sd~Tus ebract~eatu Water pimpernel Sarcosteffnfa clausa White vine txs ~5ch s t eb thTfol1 os Brazilian pepper 6.1 5.7 5.9 5.6 6.9 6.9 8.3 8.3 7.2 5 ho 5 ~st ca 5 (no cannon name) 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.1 6.9 8.3 8.3 12.5 9.7 9.1 I Serenoa ~re ens Saw palmetto

~Sesuv um maritimuxc Sea purslane S. ortulacastrum Sea purslane 1.2 6.2 3.7 set a Re c ata 1.4 0.3 Foxtail grass Setaria sp. Foxtail grass 0.5 0.3 S~SSax sp. Briar 3.7 1.9 S. auriculata Earleaf briar briar 0.5 0.3 S. ~lo S. bona-nox solaa~bao t

ttl1 Green Bamboo Nightshade vine 1.4 0.7 20.8 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.6 S. eriantnum Potato tree 13.4 8.1 10.8 (Solanum verbascifolium)

~slfea o t~cc ha a Goldenrod 1.4 0.3 S. tortifo ia Goldenrod

~So hora tomentosa Necklace pod 0.5 0.3

~S0 bol 5 ~IKte 5 Brown dropseed 0.6 1.4 1.4 0.6 Stenandrium sp. (no cocnon name) 1.2 Suriana maritima Bay cedar 0.5 0.3

~sc 1 moose I West indian cmhogany 1.2 0.5 0.9 2,8. 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2,8

~lt e sp Flame flo~ers Flame flower 2.4 le2 1.4 0,3 an culatum 7~he 5 sp (no cofmxon name) 1.2 0.6 2.8 2.8 2.8 lo4 1.4 2.2

I I

Table 1. Plant species observed and frequency of occurrence at the Turkey Point Plant during baseline and 1978-1982 (cont'd). operational aonltorlng.

SPECIES CO%ON NAHE FRE UENC'Y Baseline Hean 0 eratlonal Hean 1972 1974 1972 - 1914 1918 1979 1980 1981 1982 1918 - 1982 T. au escens (no coanon nano) ill a cela oalolsla a Air plant Air plant 0.5 0.3 4.2 1.4 2.8 1.4 2.0

7. Tease c ates Air plant T. Tlc os Twisted air plant 4.2 0.8 T. ~a<c ata Air plant 2.4 1.2 1.4 0.3 T. ~ae t class Soft-leaf air plant 2.8 0.6 Toxicodendron radlcans Poison ivy 6.1 7.1 6.6 2.8 1.4 2.8 4.2 2o2 aa>> a Nest Indian trena 7.3 2.9 5.1 1.4 2.8 2.8 1.4 2.0 c toa Florida trena 4.9 2.9 3.9 1.4 7~ha sp. Cattail 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 T. doain inensls Southern cattail 0.5 0.3 Utricu aria sp. Bladderuort 1.4 0.3 Scentless vanilla 0.5 0.3 Verbena bonarsensis Vervain 1.9 1.0 vs>>is vitta otitoa

~sa i ata Huscadlne grass Shoestring fern 2.4 3.7 5.7 4.1 1.9 4.2 1.4 2.8 4.2 1.4 5.6 1.4 2.8 1.4 3.9 1.1

~xs sp, Yellou-eyed grass lo4 1.4 2.8 1.1 X. brevlfolla Yellou-eyed grass 4.2 1.4 2.8 1.7 CQ T~amtoe ~Fa Nl Id I i cpa 0.5 Oo3 I

TOTAL NUHBER OF SPECIES 56 88 66 67 66 67 62 CO OBSERVED ANNUALLY CUHULATIVE NUHBER OF 56 105 167 177 179 186 187 SPECIES OBSERVED a1972 is Turkey point site prior to construction of the cooling canal systen (ABI, 1978a); 1972 ls South Dade site adjacent to the cooling canal systepa (ABI ~ 1978b.)

Turkey Point site, annual operational conltorlng (FPL, 1919, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983).

Species found during 1975-1977 (FPL, 1976, 1977, 1918).

Neu species found In 1982.

Table 2. Comparisons of the 1982 frequency of occurrence of common plant species with species frequencies in previous years at the Turkey Point Plant.

SPECIES COMMON NAME 1972-1974 1975-1980 1981 1982

'f1' Aster sp.

Blechnum serrulatum C

aster blechnum t li p'1.6 fern 0

7.5 9.0 3* 19.7* 30.6 11.1 11.1 40.3 11.1 11.1 C1 di j saw grass 59.4* 83.3 84.7 81.9 buttonwood 48.2* 74.5 69.4 72.2 Distichilis ~s icata salt grass 34.9* 13.9 18.1 18.1 Eleocharis cellulosa clubrush 0.6* 9.3 15.3 16.7

~Iomoea ~sa ittata glades morning glory 2.2* 7.6 20.8 15.3 Juncus roemerianus rush 16.8 18.5 19.4 26.4 white mangrove 22.3 31.3 33.3 27.8 Mikania scandens climbing hempvine 4 9* 1 ~ 9* 12.5 12.5

~Rhi* red mangrove 48.1* 36.3 27.8 31.9 Solanum sp. nightshade 10.8 18.5 18.1 18.1

• Indicates significant difference from 1982 frequency (z-test, a<0.05).

III.B.2-29

Table 3. Volume-density index of grassland transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 Dl ,D2 Aster sp. 2 0 <1 3 2 1 16 32 13

~Cess tha filifermi s 0 0

<1 C1 di j 101 7,929 955 5,692 1,677 1,744 2,112 0 2,064 2,805 1,346 3,416 6,007 4,607 8,289 5,225 2,581 5,098 5,020 2,825 1,422 2,242 8,798 6,700 0 183 20 44 964 304 51 0 179 188 0 142 0 0 264 2,246 863 84 0 200 0 Distichilis ~s icata 1 25 3 0 5 0 Eleocharis cellulosa 1 612 129 10 67 215 47 56 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 16 87

~Heri sum sp.

'3 1 0 0 0 0

<1 0

~I omoea ~sa ittata 0 0

<1

Table 3. Volume-density index of grassland transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT uadrats Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Juncus roemerianus 87 81 90 39 48 2 0 0 0 0 12 22 0 0 0 0 0 0

~Rhi* h 0 0 109 0 0 0 0 . 0 0

~T)ha sp. 0 0 655 51 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

I I

I I

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, 1982.

• SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 Acrostichum aureum 2 0 0 0 4 0 14 12 6 3,252 0 0 Ammania teres <1 0

0 Aster sp. 0 0

0 Baccharis sp. 0 0 152 20 0 0

~Baco a monnieni Blechnum serrulatum 0 0 0 0 0 28 0 535 372 2,484 2,500 1,239 5 106 0 C i ~iaaf 1i 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 338 0 132,300 0 61,396 -0 22

~Ch1 h 0 occidentalis 240 0

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Chiococca alba 0 0

104 C1 Ch 9,180 8,659 4,806 14,070 4,651 21,354 9,430 17,817 1,089 4,126 9,422 22,881 3,637 45,034 10,984 3,434 18,326 9,291 6,341 4,595 1,090 0 5,519 4,940 1,627 43,685 1,793 6,938 10 $ 411 2,599 4,867 11,708 324 1,767 5,931 12,563 926 16,908 3,790 4,086 0 0 4,481 35 0 1,138 4,889 34

~Di holis saliciEolia 0 0 0 0 0 12,150

~Eu eoia sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 577 Galium obtusum Habenaria sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 0' 0

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2

~Heri curn sp. <1 0

0 Ilex cassine 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 383 0 4,225 <1 0 0

~I omoea ~sa ittata <1 0 <1 0 0 <1 0 0 0 0 0 Juncus roemerianus 60 0 395 15,224 8,101 68 0 0 0 4,180 2,222 0 0 409 0 0 0 0 Lantana involucrata 0 0

200 i ~h1 0 0

12

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the, Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A2 Bl B2 Cl C2 Dl D2

~Ludwi ia sp. 0 0 0 3 0 '0 0 0 0 0 470 1132

~Neto ium toxiferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

<1 <1 <1 639 4,653 12,603 36,777 Hikani a scandens <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0 <1 <1 <1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 <1

~Nrica cerifera 0 0 0 0 130 <1 131 0 10,252 112 674 1,575

~M 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,894 675 161 4,258 800 2 tt 2 ~if ll 2 0 0

<1 Persea borbonia 0

<1 0

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2 Phlebodium sp. 0 0

0 Pisonia aculeata 0 0 0 0 25 13 Pisonia discolor 0 0 0 0 0 1,494 Pluchea rosea 34 0 0 0 30 ,37 0 15 0

~fi Pi ti 0 0 <1 0 0 38 0 0 0

~ffif ~fi i if if ~

0 0

0 0

0 21,175 Randia aculeata 0 0 0 0

0. 0 0 0 0 123 96 79

~Rti P 0 0 0 14,480 20 339 152 1,980 0 0 0 0 0 7,655 6 0 0 0

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 C1 C2 Dl 02 Rhus sp. 0

<1

<1 Sabal ~almetto 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 118,300 192,200 6 46,288 54,150 0 25,270 Sal ix caroliniana 0 0 0' 900 0

Schinus terebinthi folius 0 0 0 4 680 231 S I ~bl d tti i 0 0 0 30 0 0 14 0 284 223 2,944 359 0 7,097 8 19 50 102

~5b 1 0 0 0 36 0 0 0 0 0 Swietenia ~maha oni 0 0 0 0 34,846 1,158 llhi T i P. 0 0

0

Table 4. Volume-density index of tree island transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 Trema micrantha 0 0

60 Vitis rotundifolia 0 0

<1 Vittaria lineata 0 0

<1 CV ~Xris brevifolia 0 0 0 0 I 355 34 GO CO

I Table 5. Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UAORATS Al Bl B2 C1 C2 01 02 Acrostichum aureum 0 0 0 318 54,546 0 Aster sp. <1 <1 31

<1 0 0 0 0 0 Avicennia ~erminans 0 0 0

-0 261 360 0 0 0 Borrichia frutescens 0 0 0 13 31 0 0 0 1 0 22 50 15 0 0

~Cass tha filiformis 0 0

<1 <1 0 0 c i ~iaaf 1i 0 6,032 171,875 0

121,275 0

0 0 0 C1Ch j 5,309 13,730 1,595 3,030 4,727 5,255 3,601 9,288 2,184 1,625 7,748 4,155 92 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 5. Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 D1 7 0 1,269 0 3,488 924 1,563 476 408 8 303 2 332 20,155 3,040 2,091 2,704 0 0 9 6,300 0 39 0 . 819 333 0 0 Distichilis ~s icata 0 0 <1 0 0 437 148 0 0 0 0 0 163 180 35 35 2 14 12 47 81 Eleocharis cellulosa 7 52 16 8 0 0 9 0 0

~Hericom sp. 0 <1 0 0 0 0

~I omoea ~sa ittata <1 0 <1 <1

<1 <1 0 <1 0 0 0 0 Juncus roemeri anus 0 0 <1 4 0 346 199 17 643 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 53 788 0 0 253 6,991 6,443 3,484 1,582 101 828 0 0 42 1,500 183

Table 5. Volume-density index of mangrove transects at the Turkey Point Canal System, (cont'd) 1982.

SPECIES TRANSECT UADRATS Al A2 Bl B2 C1 C2 Dl D2

~L thrium alatum 0 0

<1 <1 0 0 Mikania scandens 0 0 0 0

<1 <1 0 0 0 0 0 0

~RRR h 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 25 5,211 63 0 1,085 345 1,581 9 57,671 3,769 4,899 5,350 4,444 10,071 5,556 4,579 Salicornia ~vir inica 0 0 109 18 0 0 Schinus terebinthifolius Schoenus ni<iricans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 194 26 42 19 257 192 R 1 ~RR 1 1111 0 0 50 165 0 0

Table 6. Analysis of variance for long-term changes in biomass of common species at the Turkey Point Plant during 1978-1982.

SPECIES COMMON NAME F-RATIO YEARS DISTANCE Aster sp. aster 0.77 0.70 Blechnum serrulatum blechnum fern 0.86 1.96 C I ~i* tlf 11 A t 11 dl 0.31 5.24*

Cl dl d saw grass 1.50 0.47

~C t buttonwood 1.36 1.34 Distichiiis ~s icata salt grass 1.56 1.80 Eleocharis cellulosa clubrush 0.99 2.98*

Juncus roemerianus rush 1.21 4.70*

~L white mangrove 1.25 0.64

~RI I A red mangrove 0.23 4.09*

dl ~tl d t nightshade 1.09 0.77 A significant value (*) indicates a change in biomass from 1978 to 1982.

A significant value (*) indicates a change in biomass between vegetation adjacent to the canal system and that farther away from the system.

III.B.2-42

3. Annual Aerial Photograph Analyses (ETS 4.2.2.1)

The 1982 Turkey Point study aerial photograph taken in February 1983 shows continued healthy vegetation growth to the east, south and west of the canal system. Since the aerial photograph of last year (taken in November 1982), no change was apparent in the cover and vigor of either mangrove swamps to the east and south of the canal system or the fresh-water saw grass marshes to the west.

Reflectance for most of the canal system spoil banks continued to be low. This results from the herbicide control of the exotic Australian pine which colonizes the canal spoil berms. Those areas of canal bank system which do show healthy vegetative reflectance are remnants of tree island hammocks . These remnants within the canal bank system show up on the aerial photograph as clumps and strips of vegetation similar to those tree island groupings found in undisturbed marsh areas. No significant changes were evident in canal embankment vegetation between 1981 and 1982.

Besides these natural differences within the canal system, no major changes were noted in vegetative growth or cover in the area adjacent to the canal system. In general, neither the growth condition of the saw grass marshes nor the distribution of growing woody vegetation has changed between. 1981 and 1982.

I I I .B. 3-1

IV. LITERATURE CITED Albertson, H.D. A comparison of the upper lethal temperatures of animals of fifty common species from Biscayne Bay. Miami, Florida: Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida; 1973.

APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 1975.

APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

15th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association; 1980.

Applied Biology, Inc. Evaluation of ecological studies conducted at Turkey Point and the South Dade study area. Atlanta, Georgia; 1978a.

Applied Biology, Inc. Baseline ecological study of a subtropical terrestrial biome in southern Dade County, Florida. Atlanta, Georgia; 1978b.

ASTM Committee D-19 on water. 1980 annual book of ASTM standards part 31-water. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials; 1980.

Bader, R.G. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point. Miami, Florida: Institute of tiarine Sciences, Univ, of Miami; 1969.

Bader, R.G.; Roessler, M.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1971.

Bader, R.G.; Roessler, N.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Niami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1972.

Bandy, O.L.; Ingle, J.C.; Resig,'J .M. Modification of foraminiferal distribution. by the Orange County outfall, California: Ocean Sci. Ocean Engr.; 1965; 1:54-76.

Black, C.A. Soil-plant relationships. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1968.

Bohlke, J.E.; Chaplin, C.C.G. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters: Academy of Natural Sciences; 1968.

IV.A-1

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

Brady, N.C. The nature and properties of soil. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company; 1974.

Brooks, R.R.; Presley, B.J.; Kaplan, I.R. Trace elements in the interstitial waters of marine sediments.: Geochim. Cosmochim.

Acta. 1968; 32:397-414.

Burt, W.H.; Grossengerder, R.P. A field guide to the mammals, field marks of all North American species found north of Mexico.

Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1976.

Collier, B.D.; Cox, G.W.; Johnson, A.W.; Miller, P.C. Dynamic eco-logy. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1973.

Conant, R. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and Central North American. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Houston Mifflin Co.; 1975.

Conover, J. Seasonal growth of benthic marine plants as related to environmental factors in an estuary. Port arkansas, Texas:

Institute of Marine Science, Univ. of Texas; 1958.

Craighead, F.C. The trees of South Florida, Vol.1. The natural environments and their succession. Coral Gables, Florida:

Univ. of Miami Press; 1971.

Dawes, C.J. Marine algae of the West Coast of Florida'. Coral Gables, Florida: University of Miami, Press; 1974.

Dahlberg, M.D. A guide to coastal fishes of Georgia and nearby states. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press; 1975.

Eddys, S, The freshwater fishes. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: WM. C.

Brown Co.; 1969.

E.P.A. Office of Research and Development. Weber, C. I., editor.

Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents: Cincinnati, Ohio:

EPA; 1973.

E.P.A. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Cincinnati, Ohio:

EPA; 1979.

Fauchald, K., Jumars, T.A. A diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review; 1979 17:193-284.

IV.A-2

I L TERATURE CITED (continued)

Florida Power & Light Co. Turkey Point Units 3 5 4 semi-annual environmental monitoring report nos . 1 -12. Miami, Florida:

1973-1978.

Florida Power 6 Light Co. Turkey Point Units 3 5 4 annual environmental monitoring report no. 12. Miami, Florida:

1978.

Florida Power 8 Light Co. Turkey Point Plant annual non-radiological moni toring report nos . 13-15 . Miami, Florida: 1979-1982 .

Goldberg, E.D., editor. The sea. Vol. 5. New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons; 1974.

Gore, R.H.; Gallaher, E.E.; Scotto, L.E.; Wilson, K.A. Studies of decapod crustacea- from the Indian River region of Florida, XI.

Community composition, structure, biomass and species-areal relationships of seagrass and drift aloae-associated macrocrustaceans; Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science; 1981,"

12(4):485.

Greig-Smith, P. quantitative plant ecology. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y.:

Plenum Pres.s; 1964.

Gunter, G. Temperature. Treatise on Marine Ecology And" Palaeoecoloqy.: Geological Society of America Memoir; 1957; 1:587-608, Hal tman, H.; Kester, D.: Plant propagation principles and practices.

3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.;

1975.

Hoese, H.D.,'Moore, R.H. Fishes of the Gul f of Mexico, Texas, Louisiana and adjacent waters. College station, Texas:

Texas ASM University Press: 1977.

Holme, N.A.; McIntyre,A.D. Methods for the study of marine benthos; IBP Handbook. no. 16: Blackwell's Oxford: 1971.

Jackson, M.L. Soil chemistry analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1958.

Kale, H., editor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, birds, Vol.

2. Gainesvi lie, Florida: University Presses of Florida; 1978.

Kester, D.R.; Pytkowicz, R.M. Determination of the apparent disso-ciation constants of phosphoric acid in seawater: Linnol. and Oceang.; 1967; 12:243-252.

Layne, J ~ , edi tor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, mammals, Vol. 1. Gainesville, Florida: University Presses of Florida; 1978.

IV.A-3

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

Lloyd, M.; R.J. Ghelardi. A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity: J. Anim. Ecol.; 1964;33:217-.225.

Lloyd, M.; Zar, J.H.: Karr, J.R. On the calculation of information theoretical measures qf diversity: Amer. Mid. Natur.: 1968; 79(2):257-272.

Long, R.W.; Lakela, 0. A flora of tropical Florida. Coral Gables, Florida: Univ. of Miami Press; 1971.

Markowski, S. Observations on the response of some benthonic organ-isms to power station cooling water: J . Anim. Ecol.;

196O'9(2):249-357.

Mayer, A.G. The effects of temperature upon tropical marine

.animals.: Papers of the Tortugas Laboratory; 1914; 6(1): 1-24.

McDiarmid, R., editor. Rare and endangered biota of Florida, amphi-bians, 5 reptiles, Vol. 3. Gainesville, Florida: Univ. Presses of Florida; 1978.

Naylor, E. Effects of heated effluents upon marine and estuarine organisms.: Advances in Marine Biology; 1965; III:63-103.

NESP. National environmental studies. Environmental impact moni-toring of nuclear power plants: Source book of monitoring methods. Columbus, Ohio: Battelle Laboratories; 1975.

Newell, G.E.; Newell, R.C. Marine Plankton a Pratical Guide.

London, England: Hutchinson Educational; 1963.

Nugent, R.S., Jr. The effects of thermal effluent on some of the macrogauna of a subtropical estuary. Miami, Florida: Sea Grant Tech. Bull. No. 1 Univ. of Miami; 1970.

Pearson, E.S.; Hartley, H.O., edi tors. Biometrika tables for statisticians., Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA.: Cambridge Univ. Press; 1966.

Perkins, E.J. The biology of estuaries and coastal waters. London, England: Academic Press; 1974.

Peterson, R. A field guide to the birds. 2nd revised ed. Boston, MA:

Houghton Mifflin Co.; 1980.

Reish, D.J. An ecological study of lower San Gabriel River, California, with special reference to pollution: Calif. Fish Game; 1956 43:53-61.

Reish, D.J. An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles-Long Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Occ. Paper 22;1959.

IV.A-4

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

Rhoads, D.C.; Young, D.K. The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure. Journal of Marine Research; 1970; 28(2):150-178.

Robbins, C.S.; Bruun, B.; Zin, H.A. A guide to field identification, birds of North American. New York: Golden Press.; 1966.

Robins, C.R.; Baily, R.M.; Bond, C.E,; Brooker, J R.; ~

Lachner, E.A.; Lea, R.N.; Scott, W.B. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Bethesda, Maryland: American Fisheries Society; 1980.

Roessler, M.A.; Tabb, D.C. Studies of effects of thermal pollution in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Washington, D.C.: USEPA, Office of Research and Development; 1974; EPA-660/3-74-1003.

RSMAS. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power and LIght Company; 1971.

RSMAS. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound chemistry appendices. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and Florida Power and Light Company; 1972.

Ryther, J.H.; Yentsch, C.S. The estimation of phytoplankton pro-duction in the ocean from chlorophyll and light data: Limnol.

and Oceanogr.; 1957; 2:281-286.

Segar, D.A.; Gerchakov, S,M.; Johnson, T.S. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, chemistry appendices.

Miami, Florida: Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1971.

Sokal, R.R.; Rohlf, F.J. Biometry. San Francisco, California:

W. H. Freeman and Company; 1969.

Sorensen, T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant society based on similarity of species content: K. Danske Vidensk. Selsk; 1948; 5:134.

Stallings, J.H. Soil conservation. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:

Prenti ce-Hal 1,'nc.; 1957.

Strickland, J.D.; Parsons, J,D. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Ottawa, Canada.: Fish Res. Bd. Bulletin no. 167; 1972, IV.A-5

I I

LITERATURE CITED (continued)

Tabb, D.C.; Roessler, M.A. An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point, Miami, Florida: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univ. of Miami; 1970.

Taylor, W.R. Marine algae of the Eastern Tropical and subtropical coasts of the Americas. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Univ. of Michigan Press; 1979.

Thorstenson, D.C. Equilibrium distribution of small organic mole-cules in natural waters: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.; 1970; 34:745-700.

UCLA. Biomedical data programs, p series. Berkeley, California:

Univ. of California Press; 1977.

UNESCO. Zooplankton fixation and preservation. Paris, France: The UNESCO Press; 1976.

I Warinner, J.E.; Brehmer, M.L. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organi sms. Lafayette, Indi ana: Proc. 19th Indus trial Waste Conf. Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser.; 1965; 117:479-492.

Warinner, J.E.; Brehmer, M.L. The effects of thermal efflbents on marine organisms: Air Water Poll. Int. J.; 1966; 10:277-289.

Williams, G.E., III. New techniques to facilitate handpicking macro-benthos. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc.; 1974; 93(3):220-226.

Yentsch, C.S.; Hebard. A gauge for determining plankton volume by the Mercury Immersion Method: Journal du Consiel, Vol. XXII, No. 2; 1957.

D.K.; Young, M.W., editors. Community structure of the macro-

'oung, benthos associated with seagrass of the Indian River Estuary, Florida. Ecology of Marine Benthos. Columbia, South Carol ina:

University of South Carolina Press; 1977.

Zar, J.H. Biostatistical analysis. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey; Prentice-Hall, Inc.; 1974.

IV.A-6

Y. CHANGES IN SURYEY PROCEDURES A. Thermal (ETS 3.1.1)

On July 24, 1982 the Leeds and Northrup Speedometer 250 Temperature Recording Equipment was replaced by Hydrolab 2000 Series Submersible Thermographs.

B. Chemical Concentrations (ETS 3.1.2)

The Per kin-Elmer i41odel 306 Atomic Absorption Spectrophoto-meter used to analyze for copper and zinc was replaced in March 1982 with a Perkin-Elmer Model 5000 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.

V.A-1

VI. STUDIES NOT REQUIRED BY THE ETS (5.4.1. (4))

A. AMERICAN CROCODILES POPULATION STUDY

~Cd) <<h There was a continuing study of the American Crocodile, P P1 ji -A 1R January 1983.

B. HEAVY METALS BIOACCUMULATION STUDIES A repor t entitled "Metal Concentrations in Fish and Snails from the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System" was completed in September 1982 .

C. AQUATIC MEED CONTROL In 1982 an experimental aquatic herbicide program was carried out in the southwestern par t of the cooling canal system. Since the herbicide treatment program was experimental, treatment of affected areas was confined to a number of one acre test plots and did not noticeably affect the total population of seagrasses within the canal

system,

I I

VII. VIOLATiONS OF THE ETS (ETS 5.4.1(5))

No Violations of the ETS occurred during 1982 at the Turkey Point Plant relative to the cooling canal system operation.

VII.A-1

l VIII. UNUSUAL EVENTS CHANGES TO ~ETS PERMITS OR CERTIFICATES IETS .0)

A. A National Pollutant Oischarge Elimination System (NPOES)

Permit Application filed April 3, 1980 was amended April 28, 1981.

Final permit not issued as of Oecember 31, 1982.

B. An Industrial Wastewater Treatment System Permit, IO-13'-

57079, was issued by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation for the Turkey Point Plant on October 15, 1982.

VIII.A-1

Vill. UNUSUAL EVENTS CHANGES TO ETS PERMITS OR CERTIFICATES (ETS S.O)

A National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit Application filed April 3, l 980 was amended. April 28, l98l.

UIII.A-l

'ANAG.

=.EN <

i3 TIME i URNED Ti

. ARCHIVE<

l'5 C3.

PLEA.

'UMENTS Cl-i

] THE MAIL GE(S) FROM (EPROD(ICTIC.