ML17290A200
| ML17290A200 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Columbia  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1992 |
| From: | Bell J WASHINGTON PUBLIC POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM |
| To: | Zeller J WASHINGTON, STATE OF |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9304190216 | |
| Download: ML17290A200 (292) | |
Text
ACGELERAT .D DOCUMENT DIST 'TION SYSTEM REGULAT INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION YSTEM (RIDS)
DOCKET FACIL:50-397 WPPSS Nuclear Project, Unit 2, Washington Public Powe 05000397 AUTH. NAME AUTHOR AFFILIATION BELL,J.C. Washington Public Power Supply System RECIP.NAME RECIPIENT AFFILIATION ZELLERSJ.J. Washington, State of
SUBJECT:
"Operational Ecologic oring Program for Nuclear Plant 2,1992 Annual Rept W/930415 ltr.
DISTRIBUTION CODE: IE25D COPIES RECEIVED:LTR TITLE: Environmental Monitoring Rept (per Tech Specs) J 3 ENCL SIZE:
NOTES:
RECIPIENT COPIES RECIPIENT COPIES ID CODE/NAME LTTR ENCL ID CODE/NAME LTTR ENCL ONDD LA 3 3 ONDD PD 1 1 CLIFFORDPJ 1 1 INTERNAL'CRS "1 1 NRR/DRSS/PRPB11 2 2
~RE~G~ 0 I 1 1 RGN5 DRSS/RPB 1 1 1 1 EXTERNAL: EG&G SIMPSONPF 2 2 NRC PDR NOTE TO ALL"RIDS" RECIPIENTS:
PLEASE HELP US TO REDUCE WASTE! CONTACI'IIE DOCUMEN'I'ONTROL DI>I .
ROOM Pl-37 (EXT. 504-2065) TO ELIMINATEYOUR NAME FROM Dlb I'RIBUTION LISTS FOR DOCUMENTS YOU DON'T NEED!
TOTAL NUMBER OF COPIES REQUIRED: LTTR 14 ENCL 14
0 FILE COPY INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION: W ENCLOSURES:
BA Anderson (1025) LS Schleder (1020)
JC Bell (1025) DC Singleton (1025)
TA Borak (1025) RE Welch (1025)
JP Chasse (280) WNP-2 Files (964Y)
LG Garvin (280) WNP-2 Library (165)
JS Hale (1025) WNP-2 Records (927A) (DIG 1316. 7)
WA Kiel (280) Document Files (PE21)
TE Northstrom (1025) DCS/lb (wo/encl)
JE Powers (927S) JCB/lb (wo/encl)
April 15, 1993 Mr. Jason J. Zeller, Manager Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council Mail Stop FA-11 Olympia, WA 98501'-1211
Dear Mr. Zeller:
SUBJECT:
TRANSMITTAL OF OPERATIONAL ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM NUCLEAR PLANT 2 ANNUAL REPORT Enclosed are five (5) copies of the subject report.
Sincerely,
.C. Bell Manager Plant Services JCB:jc Enclosures (5)
\
cc: (w/enclosures) document-,Control Desk., NRC7 W.M. Dean, Project Manager, NRC J. Witczak, Department of Ecology R.K. Woodruff, Battelle P.L. Jackson, Department of Geosciences, OSU
<i'uthor:
For Si nature of:
Section:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 11 TABLES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ill
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F IGURES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V
.1 .0 I~NTR D N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1.1 ~RK R UND.......................................I-I 1 .2 T~TB ITE.................................. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1.3 3~UN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 14 2.0 TABLE ENVIR ENTAL B ERVATI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2.1 I~IN D N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ew 4 2 .2 ME~IEMD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 1
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2.3 REQ~LT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ee 3.0 A UATIC BI ASSAYS... ~..................,..............3-1 3.0.1 I~NTR D N ................................3-1 3.1 HYALELLABI A AY .................................3-1 3.1.1 ~IRIDO 0 ON ................................3-1 3.1.2 METH D AND MATERIA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3.1.3 R LT AND DIS I N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3.1.4 ~RU R .....................................3A 3.2 DAPHNIA BIOA AY ..................................3-9 3.2.1 INTR D TI N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ oe 3.2.2 METH D AND MATERIA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3.2.3 ULT AND DI I N . ~..................... 3-10 3.2.4 ~RN 33 ................................. 3-13 4.0 W~AA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
4.1 ~INllt D N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 1 4.2 MATERIA AND METHOD ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4 1
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5.2 MATERIA D
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.5-1 5-1 5.2.1 Her aceou n over.................,........ . 5-1 5.2.2 H r a Ph mass . 5-2 5 .2.3 ~h n v r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 5-3 5 .2.4 hrub Den i .5-3 5 .2.5 5.2.4 ~ih'I t
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V 5.3.5 ................................ 5-7 5.4 MMARYAND N L SI N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 v 5.5 3~EN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 8 6.0 INTAKE TR EF IN VEY ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 1 7.0 AERIAL PH T RAPHY PR RAM .......... ~ .. ~.............7-1 7 .I IJDDN TI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 1 7.2 MATERIA AND METHODS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 7.3 VI AL ANALY I ....................................7-2 7.3.1 Flightline ¹1....................................7-2 7.3.2 Flightline ¹2 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 73 7.3.3 Flightline ¹3 . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 74 7.3.4 Flightline ¹4..............................-......7-4 7.3.5 Flightline ¹5......'..............................7-5 7.4 IMA E PRO ESSING..............,....................7-6 7 .5 D33NNL I N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E 77 3.3 ~DI I N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 1
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EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
During 1992 there were no unusual events which resulted in significant environmental impacts from the operation of WNP-2.
There were no unanticipated or emergency discharges of water or wastewater during the reporting period.
Two ~Da huia ttttlex aud four ~H.~lell ~eca bioassays were successfully completed with a survival rate criterion of greater than 80%.
With respect to all of the measured parameters sampled under the operating conditions prevailing during 1992, WNP-2 cooling water discharge had little effect upon Columbia River water quality.
Total herbaceous cover decreased slightly in 1992. A corresponding decrease in herbaceous phytomass was also observed. Soil and vegetation analyte concentrations were generally within the ranges observed in previous years. Changes in vegetation cover and density recorded in 1992 appear to be directly related to the growing season precipitation and temperature, Calendar year 1992 was the warmest year on record, and the seventh consecutive year with above-normal average annual temperature.
Color infrared aerial photographs along 5 flightlines were taken in May 1992. Interpretation of the color infrared photographs were done by Oregon State University, Geo Sciences Department. A comparison of 1992 photographs with those taken in 1991 shows that there has been little or no change in shrub health and density.
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A KN WLEDGEMENT This annual report, prepared by Washington Public Power Supply System, describes the
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aquatic, terrestrial and water quality programs for Nuclear Project No. 2 (WNP-2).
Pr ecT m Terry E. Northstrom Supervisor, Environmental Sciences Barbara A. Anderson Environmental Scientist I Deborah C. Singleton Environmental Scientist I Richard E, Welch Environmental Scientist I Todd A. Borak Environmental Scientist II Lana S. Schleder Environmental Scientist II Stacey Butler Summer Intern 11
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List of Tables N~um er T~il Summary of Historical and Long Term Environmental Monitoring Programs for WNP-2 1-7 3-1-1 Bioassay Test Conditions for ~H~lell ~ ~az ec ~
3-5 3-1-2 Summary of Bioassay Parameters and Associated EPA Methods 3-6 3-1-3 Mortalities and Percent Survival of ~H~lll ate~ in Control and Effluent Solutions 3-6 3-1-4 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements 3-7 3-1-5 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Control and Effluent Solutions at the Beginning of Each Test 3-8 3-1-6 Reference Toxicant Test with ~H~lell ~zan in Cadmium Chloride Solution 3-8 3-2-1 Test Conditions for ~Da hnia ttulex 3-12 3-2-2 Summary of Bioassay Parameters and Associated EPA Methods 3-13 d
3-2-3 Mortalities and Percent Survival of ~Da hniz - ttulex in Control and Effluent solutions 3-13
~ 3 2 4 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Control and Effluent Solutions at the Beginning of Each Test 3-14 3-2-5 Reference Toxicant Test with ~Da hni ttulex in Cadmium Chloride Solution 3-14 4-1 Summary of Water Quality Parameters, Stations, and Sampling Frequencies, 1992 4-8 4-2 Summary of Water Quality Parameters, EPA and ASTM Method Number 4-9 4-3 Summary of Temperature Measurements for 1992 4-10 4-4 Summary of Dissolved Oxygen Measurements for 1992. 4-10 4-5 Summary of pH Measurements for 1992 4-11 4-6 Summary of Alkalinity Measurements for 1992. 4-11 4-7 Summary of Total Hardness Measurements for 1992 4-12 4-8 Summary of Conductivity Measurements for 1992 4-12 4-9 Summary of Turbidity Measurements for 1992 4-13 4-10 Summary of Total Residual Chlorine Measurements for 1992 4-13 Summary of Copper Measurements for 1992 4-14 111
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~~~Lif I (C ') Ram 4-12 Summary of Nickel Measurements for 1992 4-14 4-13 Summary of Zinc Measurements for 1992 4-15 4-14 Summary of Iron Measurements for 19924-15 4-15 Summary of Lead Measurements for 1992 4-16 4-16 Summary of Cadmium Measurements for 1992. 4-16 4-17 Summary of Chromium Measurements for 1992 4-17 4-18 Summary of Ammonia Measurements for 1992 4-17 4-19 Summary of Nitrate-Nitrogen Measurements for 1992 4-18 4-20 Summary of Oil and Grease Measurements for 1992 4-18 4-21 Summary of Total Phosphorus Measurements for 1992 4-19 4-22 Summary of Orthophosphate Measurements for 1992. 4-19 4-23 Summary of Sulfate Measurements for 1992 4-20 4-24 Summary of Total Dissolved and Total Suspended Solids Measurements for 1992. 4-21 Vascular Plants Observed During 1992 Field Work 5-9
~ 5-2 Vascular Plants Observed During 1975-1992 Field Work 5-13 5-3 Herbaceous Cover for Fifteen Sampling Stations-1992 5-17 5-4 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 5-18 5-5 Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species for Each Sampling Station - 1992 5-20 5-6 Mean Terrestrial Phytomass for 1992 5-21 5-7 Comparison of Herbaceous Phytomass (g/m') for 1975 through 1992 5-23 5-8 Summary of Shrub Density for 1992 5-24 5-9 Summary of Shrub Cover (%) at Five Stations for 1992 5-25 5-10 Summary of Soil Chemistry for 1992 5-26 5-11 Summary of Vegetation Chemistry for 1992 5-27
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<<Nmber ~Ti 1 WNP-2 Gross Thermal Production for 1992 1-9 1-2 WNP-2 Days Per Month Discharging and Mean Monthly Discharge 1-10 1-3 WNP-2 Location Map 1-11 1-4 Columbia River Mean Monthly Flow for 1992 1-12 2-1 WNP-2 Property Boundary 2-3 4-1 Location of Sampling Stations in the Columbia River 4-22 4-2 Sampling Station Locations for Water Chemistry 4-23 4-3 Columbia River and WNP-2 Discharge Temperature Measurements During 19924-24 4-4 Columbia River Dissolved Oxygen Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-25 4-5 Columbia River pH Measurements at Six Stations During 1992 4-26 4-6 Columbia River Total Alkalinity Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-27 4-7 Columbia River Total Hardness Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-28 4-8 Columbia River Conductivity Measurements at Six Stations During 1992 4-29 4-9 Columbia River Turbidity Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-30 4-10 Columbia River and WNP-2 Discharge Total Iron Measurements During 1992 4-31 4-11 Columbia River Nitrate - Nitrogen Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-32 4-12 Columbia River Total Phosphorus Measurements at Four Station During 1992 4-33 4-13 Columbia River Total Sulfate Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-34 4-14 Columbia River Total Dissolved Solids Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-35 4-15 Columbia River Total Suspended Solids Measurements at Four Stations During 1992 4-36 5-1 Soil and Vegetation Sampling Location Map 5-28 5-2 Layout of Vegetation and Soil Sampling Plots 5-29 5-3 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 5-30 5-4 Mean Herbaceous Cover, Mean Dry Weight (g/m'), Total Precipitation, and Mean Temperature from 1982 through 1992 5-31 5-5 Mean Herbaceous Phytomass at Grassland and Shrub Stations for 1975 through 1992 5-32
List f Fi res (Continued)
~Nimller ~Ti I 5-6 Mean Herbaceous Cover and Phytomass for Stations GO1 to GO4 for 1980 through 1992 5-7 Mean Herbaceous Cover and Phytomass for Stations GO5 to GO8 for 1980 through 1992 5-8 Mean Herbaceous Cover and Phytomass for Stations SO1 to SO4 for 1980 through 1992 5-9 Mean Herbaceous Cover and Phytomass for Stations SO5 to SO7 for 1989 through 1992 5-10 Shrub Density at Five Stations for 1975 through 1992 5-11 Mean Total Shrub Cover for 1975 through 1992 5-12 Shrub Cover and Density for Five Stations for 1992 5-13 Soil pH and Conductivity for 1980 through 1992 5-14 Soil Sulfate and Chloride for 1980 through 1992 5-15 Soil Bicarbonate and Copper for 1980 through 1992 0 5-16 Soil Lead and ¹ickel for 1980 through 1992 5-17 Soil Cadmium and Zinc for 1980 through 1992 5-18 Soil Chromium and Sodium for 1980 through 1992 5-19 Soil Potassium and Calcium for 1980 through 1992 5-20 Soil Magnesium for 1980 through 1992 5-21 Copper Concentrations (pg/g) in ~Phl x JtLngifolig and ~Brom teetotum by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-22 Copper Concentrations (pg/g) in ~Artemi i tride~ntg and
~Pi~rhi ~rid~en < by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-23 Copper Concentrations 0tg/g) in $ i.~mrium ~alibi imum and
~P ~ndber ii by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-24 Chloride Concentrations (%) in Boom ~ec rum and Phlox
~ion i~fli by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-25 Chloride Concentrations (%) in ~Art mi i Lri~den lg and
~Pr~hi t ~ridentdtlgt by Station for 1980 through 1992
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Lis of Fi ure (Continued):
ggrn~r ~Ti le 5-26 Chloride Concentrations (%) in Poa ~ndber ii and ~Sts mbrium
~li ~im im by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-53 5-27 Sulfate Concentrations (%) in Phlox ~In s~ifoli and
~tmbrium gl~i<~im tm by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-54 5-28 Sulfate Concentrations (%) in Arlemm~ii ~ridenttI@ and
~Pur hi ~ridenta by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-55 5-29 Sulfate Concentrations (%) in P~o ~ndber ii and ~Br >~my
~ecto m by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-56 5-30 ~
Total Vegetation Copper, Chloride and Sulfate for 1992 5-57 7-1 Aerial Photography Flightlines 7-6 7-2 Location of Digitized Test Sites 7-8 NDVI (Normal Difference Vegetation Index) 7-9 Composite Special Signatures for Sand and Four Vegetation Types Identified at Sites A, B, L, and E. 7-10
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l.l ~BA K OUNU Washington Public Power Supply System (Supply System) began site preparation for Nuclear Plant Number 2 (WNP-2) near Richland, Washington, in March 1973. WNP-2 loaded fuel in December 1983, reached approximately 75 percent thermal load in November 1984, and began commercial operation in December 1984.
The Site Certification Agreement (SCA) for WNP-2, executed on May 17, 1972, between the State of Washington and the Supply System requires that ecological monitoring be conducted during the preoperational and operational phases of site development and use. The Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) approved a change in 1978 to the technical scope of environmental monitoring required by the SCA (EFSEC Resolution No. 132, January 23, 1978). In 1980, the aquatic water quality portions of the preoperational monitoring program were terminated (EFSEC Resolution No. 166, March 24, 1980). The following year the preoperational and operational terrestrial monitoring program
. scope for WNP-2 was modified (EFSEC Resolution No. 193, May 26, 1981). Prior to operation, the council reviewed the preoperational aquatic monitoring data and approved the operational monitoring program (EFSEC Resolution No. 214, November 8, 1982).
The Supply System in 1974 retained Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (BNW) to conduct the preoperational aquatic monitoring for WNP-2. The results of aquatic studies performed from September 1974 through August 1978 are presented in various reports (Battelle 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979a and 1979b). From August 1978 through March 1980 the aquatic studies were performed by Beak Consultants, Inc. (Beak 1980). In 1982 the Supply System analyzed the 1974-1980 aquatic data and presented the results and a recommended operational monitoring program to EFSEC (Mudge et. al., 1982). The operational program was accepted with minor modifications and initiated in March 1983. Due to operational conditions, the plant did not consistently discharge liquid effluents until th'e fall of 1984.
Figures 1-1 and 1-2 present summaries of electrical generation and monthly discharges for 1992.
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Terrestrial monitoring was initiated in 1974 and was conducted by BNW until 1979 (Rickard and Gano, 1976, 1977, 1979a, 1979b). Beak Consultants, Inc. performed the vegetation monitoring program from 1980-1982 (Beak 1981, 1982a, 1982b). Since 1983, Supply System scientists have been responsible for the vegetation aspects of the program (Northstrom et.al. 1984; Supply System 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991).
During 1981, the animal studies program was taken over by Supply System scientists and results were reported annually (Schleder 1982, 1983, 1984; Supply System 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989). The first comprehensive operational environmental report was prepared by Supply System scientists in 1984 (Supply System 1985).
During their regular meeting of September 14, 1987, the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council approved Resolution No. 239, which adopted a long-term environmental monitoring program for WNP-2. This decision was based upon the council's examination of the document titled Review f he Envir nmen 1Moni rin Pro ram f r WNP-2 with Recomm n i n for De i n f Con in in tudi (Davis and Northstrom, 1987).
This report presents the results of the Ecological Monitoring Program (EMP) for the period January 1992 through December 1992.
1.2 ~THE ITE The WNP-2 plant site is located 19 km (12 miles) north of Richland, Washington in Benton County (Figure 1-3). The Supply System has leased 441 hectares (1089 acres) from the U.S.
Department of Energy's Hanford Site for WNP-2.
WNP-2 lies within the boundaries of the Columbia Basin, an extensive area south of the Columbia River between the Cascade Range and Blue Mountains in Oregon and approximately two thirds of the area lying east of the Cascades in Washington. The plant communities within the region are described as shrub-steppe communities consisting of various layers of perennial grasses overlayed by a discontinuous layer of shrubs. In general, moisture relations do not support arborescent species except along streambanks.
Approximately 5 km (3.25 miles) to the east, the site is bounded by the Columbia River. In 1-2
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August of 1984 a range fire destroyed much of the shrub cover which occupied the site and temporarily modified the shrub-steppe associations which were formerly present.
The water quality sampling stations are located near the west bank of the Columbia River at mile 352. Sampling was limited to the main channel on the Benton County side which, near the site, averages 370 meters (1200 feet) wide at a river elevation of 105 meters (345 feet) above sea level and ranges to 7.3 meters (24 feet) deep. Sampling stations have been established in the river both upstream and downstream from the plant intake and discharge structures. The river-level in this area fluctuates considerably diurnally and from day-to-day in response to release patterns at the Priest Rapids Dam (River Mile 397). These fluctuations cause large areas of river bottom to be alternately exposed and covered. The river bottom within the study area varies from exposed Ringold conglomerate to boulders, cobble, gravel, and sand. River velocities at the surface average approximately 2 meters (5 to 6 feet) per second in this area of the river, and water temperature varies from approximately 0 to 22'C.
The flow of the Columbia River at WNP-2 is controlled by releases from Priest Rapids Dam.
The minimum flow for 1992, measured at the USGS stream-quality station located at river mile 388.1, near the Vernita Bridge, was 35,300 cfs (cubic feet per second), while average and maximum flows in 1992 were 100,840 and 261,000 cfs, respectively (Figure 1-4).
The terrestrial sampling locations are all within an 8 km (5 mile) radius from WNP-2. The topography is flat to gently rolling, gradually increasing from an elevation of 114 meters (375 feet) at the riparian sampling locations to approximately 152 meters (500 feet) at more distant shrubgrass sample stations.
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Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1976. Aquatic ecological studies conducted near WNP-1, 2, and 4, September 1974 through September 1975. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 2. Richland, WA.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1977. Aquatic ecological studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, October 1975 through February 1976. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 3. Richland, WA.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1978. Aquatic ecological studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, March through December 1976. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 4. Richland, WA.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1979a. Aquatic ecological studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, March through December 1977. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 5. Richland, WA.
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, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. 1979b. Aquatic ecological studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, January through August 1978. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 6. Richland, WA.
Beak Consultants, Inc. 1980. Aquatic ecological studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, August 1978 through March 1980. Supply System Columbia River ecology studies Vol. 7.
Portland, OR.
Beak Consultants, Inc. 1981. Terrestrial monitoring studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, May through December 1980. Portland, OR.
Beak Consultants, Inc. 1982a. Terrestrial monitoring studies near WNP-l, 2, and 4, May through December 1981. Portland, OR.
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Beak Consultants, Inc. 1982b. Preoperational terrestrial monitoring studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4, May through August 1982. Portland, OR.
Davis, W. III and T.E. Northstrom. 1987. Review of the environmental monitoring program for WNP-2 with recommendations for design of continuing studies. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
Mudge, J.E., T.B. Stables and W. Davis III. 1982. Technical review of the aquatic monitoring program of WNP-2. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
Northstrom, T.E., J.L. Hickam and T.B. Stables. 1984. Terrestrial monitoring studies for 1983. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
Rickard, W.H, and K.A. Gano. 1976. Terrestrial ecology studies in the vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress report for the period July 1974 to June 1975, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
0 Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1977. Terrestrial ecology studies in the vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress report for 1976. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1979a. Terrestrial ecology studies in the vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress report for 1977. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1979b. Terrestrial ecology studies in the vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress report for 1978. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
Schleder, L.S. 1982. Preoperational animal studies near WNP-1,2, and 4. Annual report 0
for 1981. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
1-5
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0,
Schleder, L.S. 1983. Preoperational animal studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4. Annual report for 1982. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
Schleder, L.S. 1984. Preoperational animal studies near WNP-1, 2, and 4. Annual report for 1983. Washington Public Power Supply System, Richland, WA.
Washington Public Power Supply System. Operational ecological monitoring program for Nuclear Plant 2. Annual reports for 1985-1991. Richland, WA.
1-6
O.
Table l-l. Summary of Historical and Long Term Environmental Monitoring Programs for WNP-2 ecific Pr ms istorical Pro ram Pr sed Pr ram Asiatic clam Inspections in response to an Regulatory commitment has NRC information bulletin. been completed. No further studies are proposed; however, incidental observations will be made when maintenance inspections of the condenser water boxes are conducted.
Water Quality Program Samples are collected at 4 Continue annual program.
stations; an upstream control, a near field discharge, located in the center of the mixing zone, 91 meters downstream from the discharge, representing the extremity of the mixing zone and 568 meters downstream from the discharge.
Terrestrial Animal Program Deer and Rabbits - Six plots Terminated in 1987 were reduced to three as the result of fire.
Birds - Spring and fall Terminated in 1987; surveys are conducted. however, weekly ground surveys are conducted to document the occurrence of unusual species.
Terrestrial Soil and Vegetation and soil samples Continue with slight Vegetation are collected each spring at modifications to the number eight grassland and 7 of soil replicates and shrubland sites. vegetation samples taken at each station.
Aerial Photography Five flightlines covering the .Continue annual program to areas of greatest deposition assess changes in vegetation.
according to the drift model constructed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.
1-7
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Table 1-1. Summary of Historical and Long Term Environmental Monitoring Programs for WNP-2 (Cont) ific Pr 'm Hi ri I Pr m Pr Pr m Cooling Tower Drift The pattern and chemistry Terminated in 1991.
of the cooling tower drift model.
Transformer Yard Drift Measure the levels of Continue only with those airborne salt deposition sampling stations located originating from the WNP-2 within the WNP-2 tower steam condensate Transformer Yard.
plume.
Aquatic Biology Program Originally, four static Further testing will be done bioassays were required by utilizing two species.
EFSEC for the fish Fish Flow - through and bioassays. Fish flow- Daphnia static bioassays through bioassays, in (two tests/species) will be conjunction with D~ahni performed on an annual and ~H~lell static assays, basis with respect to WNP-2 are currently being done in maintenance and referral compliance with special schedules.
condition S4 of the WNP-2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Waste Discharge Permit.
Impingement studies. Regulatory commitment has been completed. No further studies are proposed; however incidental observations will be made when maintenance inspections of the intakes are conducted.
1-8
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Month
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~ DAYS KB GPD FIGURE 1-2 WNP-2 DAYS PER MONTH DISCHARGING AND MEAN MONTE%,Y DISCHARGE 1-10
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FLOW (KCFS) 330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 30 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MONTH I MAX/MIN ~ MEAN
0-220 NOTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL B ERVATI N 2.1 I~NIRQo CTI N Any occurrence of an unusual or notable event that indicates or could result in a significant environmental impact causally related to plant operation shall be recorded and reported to the NRC within 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> followed by a written report. The following are examples: excessive bird impaction events, onsite plant or animal disease outbreaks, mortality or unusual occurrence of any species protected by the Endangered Species Act of 1973, fish kills, increase in nuisance organisms or conditions, and a significant, unanticipated or emergency discharge of waste water or chemical substances.
2.2 ~METHOD Weekly ground surveys were conducted from January 1st through December 31st to document the occurrence of unusual species or events within the property boundary of WNP-2 (Figure 2. 1). Additional information was supplied by security and environmental personnel, 2.3 REQ~LT There were no unusual or notable events which resulted in significant environmental impacts from the operation of WNP-2.
There were, however, some general observations worth noting.
Several porcupines, E~rethiz n ~dor atam, were observed at various times in and around the trees near the WNP-2 river pumphouse.
The long-billed curlew (Numentus ~americanus continues to be a common resident during spring periods, with several nesting pairs sighted in the shrub-steppe communities surrounding WNP-2.
2-1
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The burrowing owl, ~hen g~ni~cul ~ri t, is also a springtime resident of the Hanford Reservation, with several sightings being reported from locations within WNP-2's site area boundary.
A pair of great horned owis (Bubo ~vir inianus were observed at different times around the WNP-2 river pumphouse. Again this year, several flocks of the American white pelican ee Hylhhhh 1 M &~ U j U f h WtlP-2 pumphouse.
There were no unanticipated or emergency discharges of water or wastewater during the reporting period.
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ASHE SUBSTATION ROAD SECURITY FIRING RANGE ROAD H.J. ASHE RANGE SUBSTATION I I
r rrrrr rr rrrrrr aa I4r r rrrrrr r r r WNPr2 RlVEA PUMP.HOUS 0 rrrrrrr PUMP HOUSE ROAD PUMP- HOUSE ROAD O<~
OO NNP-2 PROPERTY LlNE
~0 SANITARYQC WASTE FACILITY WNP-1 r rr rrrrrrrrrrr r rrrrrrrrrr rrrrrrrrrrr rr r rrr BENTON EMERGENCY RESPQNSEI, SWITCHING PLANTSUPPORT FACILITY STATION O
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FIGURE 2-I WNP-2 PROPERTY BOUNDARY
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3.0 A ATI BIOA AYS 3.0.1 INTR D TI N Special condition S4 of the WNP-2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit (NPDES Permit No. WA-002515-1) requires acute biomonitoring studies on plant effluent.
Specifically, the permit requires 96-hour testing in 0% (control) and 100% effluent concentrations. An 80% or greater survival rate in 100% effluent is specified as the successful test criteria. The results of bioassay tests on ~H~lell ~ztec and ~a~hni culex are reported in section 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.
3.1 HYALELLABI A AY P.l.l P~N Four bioassays of WNP-2 cooling tower effluent were conducted during February and March 1992 on the amphipod H~aletl gzteca using a static test format. Dates for Tests 1 through 4 were February 8-12, 19-23, 25-29, and March 23-27, respectively.
3.1.2 METH DS AND MATERIALS The bioassays followed the guidance set forth in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publications Methods for Measurin the Acute Toxicit of Effluents to Freshwater and
~M' tBPA,M 839833 d ll
- ldll f Bl1 T~estin (SPA, August 1978). Specific methodology was provided in the publication ~serif the Am hi d Crustacean 0 al lla a te a in Freshwater and Estuarine Sedimen Toxicit
~Te ts (Nebeker, 1988).
Effluent used for the tests was collected (by grab sample) from the discharge sample line located at the fish bioassay facility. Control water for Tests 1 through 3 was untreated Columbia River water collected from the fish bioassay facility. Control water for Test 4 was 3-1
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prepared using the same procedure for moderately hard water as utilized in performance of the D~ahni bioassays.
Juvenile ~Halell were exposed to 100% effluent and 100% control water for a 96-hour period. Mortality checks were made one hour after the beginning of the test and daily thereafter. See Table 3-1-1 for a complete summary of test conditions.
The H~atett used in the tests were from a stock culture obtained from the EPA Regional Laboratory, Manchester, Washington on January 15, 1992. The Supply System Environmental Laboratory maintains a breeding population of this organism. The stock cultures used in Tests 1 through 3 were maintained in Columbia River water. The stock culture used for Test 4 was maintained in the usa hni " culture water for 21 days prior to the start of the test.
Reference toxicant tests using cadmium chloride were performed in conjunction with Tests 2 and 4. The cadmium chloride was received from the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured in control and effluent containers at the start of each test and daily thereafter. pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness were measured in control and effluent solutions at the beginning of each test.
Temperature measurements were made with a I isher-NIST traceable thermometer. pH measurements were made with an Orion Model 701-A meter and Ross Model 8102 electrode.
Dissolved oxygen measurements were made using a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) Model 57 meter. Conductivity measurements were made with a YSI Model 33 meter.
Sample holding times and analytical methods (listed in Table 3-1-2) were consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency guidance (EPA, 1983).
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3.1.3 R
~ ~ T AND DIS I All three tests were successfully completed with respect to a survival rate criterion of 80% or greater. The number of mortalities and corresponding percent survival for control and effluent solutions from each test are presented in Table 3-1-3.
Temperature and dissolved oxygen measurements for control and effluent solutions remained fairly constant throughout the tests (Table 3-1-4). Measurements of physical and chemical parameters for control and effluent solutions at the beginning of each test are presented in Table 3-1-5.
The initial reference toxicant test was a range-finding test and indicated a 96-hour LC>> of less than 8 pg/1 cadmium chloride. The second reference test (conducted in conjunction with Test 4) was more specific and indicated a 96-hour LC>> of 4.00 pg/1 for cadmium chloride.
This result is somewhat lower than the results reported by the EPA Laboratory at Manchester which ranged from 7.7 to 12.1 pg/1 (Stinson, 1992). The LC>> was determined using a computer based Trimmed Spearman Karber method. See Table 3-1-6 for a complete summary including concentrations used and resulting mortalities.
3-3
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3.1.4 R~ERERE
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Environmental Protection Agency, March 1985. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, EPA/600/4-85/013.
Environmental Protection Agency, August 1978. Quality Assurance Guidelines for Biological Testing, EPA/600/4-78/043.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA/600/4-79/020.
Hamilton, M.A., R.C. Russo, and R.V. Thurston, 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method For Estimating Median Lethal Concentrations in Toxicity Bioassays. Environ. Sci. Technol.
11(7): 714-719; Correction 12(4): 417 (1978).
Nebeker, A.V. and Clifford E. Miller, 1988. Use of the Amphipod Crustacean H~atetl
~zKa in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediment Toxicity Tests, Environ. Tocica, Chem, 7:1027-1033.
Washington Department of Ecology, February 1992. Personal communication between R.E. Welch, Supply System, and M. Stinson, D.O.E.
3-4
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Table 3-1-1. Bioassay Test Conditions for ~H~lell ~ Qzeg Temperature: 2022'C Photoperiod: 16 h light/24 h Size of test vessel: 1000 ml beaker Volume of test solution: 1000 ml Age of test animals: Juveniles No. animals/test vessel: 10 No. of replicate test vessels per concentration:
Total no. organisms per concentration: 20 Feeding regime: Not fed for test duration Aeration: 2-3 bubbles/sec Dilution water: Columbia River (Tests 1-3)
Moderately hard (Test 4)
Test Duration: 96 hours0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> Effect measured: Mortality - 80% survival in effluent 3-5
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Table 3-1-2. Summary of Bioassay Parameters and Associated EPA Methods.
~Pmeter EPA Me hod Number Water Temperature ('C) 170.1 Conductivity (pS/cm) at 25 'C 120.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 360.1 360.2 pH (su) 150.1 Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO,) 310.1 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO,) 130.2
- Calcium 243.1
- Magnesium 215.1 Table 3-1-3. Mortalities and Percent Survival of ~Htella azteca in Control and Effluent Solutions.
Test of Mortalities 'ercent'umber Survival No. D~ae /intr I E~fflu n Q~nr 1 ~Effluen 2/8-2/12 90, 95 2 2/19-2/23 95 95 3 2/25-2/29 90 100 4 3/23-3/27 2 2 90 90 3-6
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Table 3-1-4 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements of ~H~1~11
~eca in Control and Effluent Solutions.
Tme ure
'verage Range Test Date Control Effluent Control Effluent No.
1 2/8-2/12 21.4 21.4 20.6-21.8 20.6-21.8 2 2/19-2/23 21.5 21.5 20.7-22.0 20.7-21.8 3 2/25-2/29 21.7 21.7 21.5-22.0 21.5-22.0 4 3/23-3/27 21.8 21.8 21.7-21.9 21.7-21.9 Dissolved Ox en m /L Test Date Average Range No.
Control Effluent Control Effluent 2/8-2/12 7.9 7.8 7.8-7.9 7.7-7.8 2/19-2/23 8.0 7.7 7.8-8.6 7.3-8.1 2/25-2/29 7.9 7.7 7.5-8.9 7.4-8.6 3/23-3/27 7.9 7.8 7.6-8.2 7.4-8.0 3-7
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Table 3-1-5 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Control and Effluent Solutions at the Beginning of Each Test Test Temp. D.O. Cond. Hard. Alk.
No. Sample ('C) pH (mg/L) (uS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L) 1 Control 20.6 7.18 7.9 147 64 61 Effluent 20.6 7.81 7.8 681 468 131 2 Control 20.7 7.75 8.6 147 61 61 Effluent 20.7 8.15 8.1 798 566 193 3 Control 21.9 7.53 8.8 149 58 61 Effluent 21.9 8.07 8.6 544 348 130 4 Control 21.8 8.16 7.6 308 74 60 Effluent 21.8 8,45 7.5 629 453 182 Table 3-1-6 Reference Toxicant Test with ~H;~lell <zeg in Cadmium Chloride Solution Concentration (pg/L): 2.00 4.00 8.00 16.0 32.0 Number Exposed: 20 20 20 20 20 Mortalities (at 96 h): 7 9 17 20 20 Spearman-Karber Estimates: LC: 4.00 p,g/L 95% Lower Confidence: 2.39 95% Upper Confidence: 6.69 Test performed March 23-27, 1992 3-8
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3.2 DAPHNIA BI AS AY 3.2.1~INm o Two bioassays of WNP-2 cooling tower effluent were performed March 25-29 and March 26-30, 1992, on the common water flea ~a)~hni culex using a static test format.
3.2.2 METH D AND MATERIA The bioassays followed the guidance set forth in EPA Publications Meth ds for Measurin he Acute T xicit f Effluent Freshw er and M rine r anism (EPA, March 1985) and ali A su nce uideline for Bi lo ical Te tin (EPA, August 1978).
The effluent used for the test was collected (by grab sample) from the discharge sample line located at the fish bioassay facility. Control (dilution) water was prepared using the procedure for moderately hard water outlined in EPA, March 1985.
Test temperature (20'I- 2'C) was maintained by a Revco model RI-50-555 incubator.
Less than 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> old D~ahni (neonates) were exposed to 100% effluent (test) and 100%
dilution water (control) for a 96 hour0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br /> period. Mortality checks were made at one, two, four, and eight hours after the beginning of the test and daily thereafter. See Table 3-2-1 for a complete summary of test conditions. Table 3-2-2 lists a summary of the bioassay parameters and the associated EPA methods.
The D~ahnt gulex used in the test were originally obtained from a stock culture from the EPA Regional Laboratory, Manchester, WA. in July, 1991. The WNP-2 Environmental Laboratory now maintains a breeding population of this organism.
A reference toxicant test using cadmium chloride was performed in conjunction with Test No. 1. The cadmium, chloride was received from the EPA Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
3-9
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~.
Temperature was measured in control and test containers at the start of the test and daily thereafter in representative containers. Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, alkalinity, and hardness were measured in control and test solutions at the beginning of the test.
Temperature measurements were made with a Fisher-NIST traceable thermometer. pH measurements were made with an Orion model 701-A meter and Ross model 8102 electrode.
Dissolved oxygen measurements were made using a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) model 57 meter. Conductivity measurements were made with a YSI Model 33 meter. Sample holding times and analytical methods were consistent with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Guidance (EPA, 1983).
3.2.3 R LTS AND DIS I N The tests were successfully completed with respect to the survival rate criterion of 80% or greater. The number of mortalities and corresponding percent survival for control and effluent solutions from each test are presented in Table 3-2-3.
Temperature measurements in the control and test containers averaged 21.0'C and 20.6'C for Tests 1 and 2, respectively. Measurements of physical and chemical parameters for control and effluent solutions at the beginning of each test are presented in Table 3-2-4.
The results for the reference toxicant cadmium chloride indicate a 24-hour LC>> of 0.22 mg/L. This is within the expected range of 0.14 to 0.70 mg/L for D~ahni gnlex (per EPA, which provided the reference toxicant). The LC>> was determined using a computer based Trimmed Spearman Karber method. See Table 3-2-5 for a complete summary including concentrations used and resulting mortalities.
3-10
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~ ~ R~N Environmental Protection Agency, March 1985. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluent's to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, EPA/600/4-85/013.
Environmental Protection Agency, August 1978. Quality Assurance Guidelines for Biological Testing, EPA/600/4-78/043.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA/600/4-79/020.
Hamilton, M.A., R.C. Russo, and R.V. Thurston, 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method For Estimating Median Lethal Concentrations in Toxicity Bioassays. Environ. Sci. Technol.
11(7): 714-719; Correction 12(4): 417 (1978).
3-11
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Table 3-2-1. Test Conditions for ~Dani culex
- 1. Temperature ('C): 20 +/-2'C
- 2. Photoperiod: 16 h light/24 h 3.. Size of test vessel: 30 mL beaker
- 4. Volume of test solution: 25 mL
- 5. Age of test animals 1-24 h (neonates)
- 6. No. animals/test vessel:
- 7. No: of replicate test vessels per concentration:
- 8. Total no. organisms per concentration: 20
- 9. Feeding regime: Not fed first 48 h. Fed daily thereafter
- 10. Aeration: None
- 11. Dilution water: Moderately hard
- 12. Test duration: 96 hours0.00111 days <br />0.0267 hours <br />1.587302e-4 weeks <br />3.6528e-5 months <br />
- 13. Effect measured Mortality - 80% survival in effluent.
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Table 3-2-2. Summary of Bioassay Parameters and Associated EPA Methods Parameter EPA Method Num er Water Temperature (C) 170.1 Conductivity (uS/cm) at 25C . 120.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 360.1 pH (su) 150.1 Total Alkalinity (mg/L as Calcium carbonate) 310.1 Total Hardness (mg/L as Calcium carbonate) 130.2 Total Calcium 200.7 Total Magnesium 200.7 Table 3-2-3 Mortalities and Percent Survival of ~Da bni ttulex in Control and Effluent Solutions Test Number of Moralities Percent Survival No. Date ontrol ~Effiuen gttnnrol P~ffluen 1 3/25-3/29 95 95 2 3/26-3/30 2. 1 90 95 3-13
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Table 3-2-4 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Control and Effluent Solutions at the Beginning of Each Test Test Temp. D.O. Cond. Hard. Alk.
No. Sample ('C) pH (mg/L) (pS/cm) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Control 21.7 8.33 8.1 303 73 60 Effluent 21.7 8.42 8.3 797 560 160 Control 21.8 8.31 7.9 312 73 60 Effluent 21.8 8.52 7.8 694 491 156 Table 3-2-5 Reference Toxicant Test with ~Dl~hni gglex in Cadmium Chloride Solution Concentration (mg/L) 0.01 0.10 0.50 1.00 2.00 Number Exposed: 20 20 20 20 20 Mortalities (at 24 h): 0 0 20 20 20 Spearman-Karber Estimates: LCso = 0.22 mg/1 Test performed March 25, 1992 3-14
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4.4 WHIRR ARITY 4.1 I~NTR Tl N The water quality monitoring program documents the chemical character of the Columbia River in the vicinity of the WNP-2 discharge. The monitoring data is used to assess if chemical changes in the Columbia River result from WNP-2 cooling tower blowdown. The program is performed to comply with EFSEC Resolution No. 239.
4.2 MATERIALS AND METH DS Columbia River surface water was sampled monthly from January 1992 through December 1992. Samples were collected near River Mile 352 from four stations numbered 1, 7, 11, and 8 (Figures 4-1, 4-2). Station 1 is upstream of the WNP-2 intake and discharge and represents the control. Station 7 is in the center of the mixing zone approximately 45 meters (150 feet) downstream of the discharge and provides a measure of nearfield discharge effects.
Station 11, at 91 meters (300 feet) downstream from the discharge, represents the extremity of the mixing zone allowed by WNP-2's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Substations 11M and 11B sample water from middle and bottom depths, respectively. Station 8 is approximately 568 meters (1870 feet) downstream from the discharge and represents a location where the discharge is well mixed in the Columbia River.
Plant discharge water was sampled monthly during 1992. Samples were collected from the discharge pipe, at a sample point located in the WNP-2 makeup water pumphouse, immediately prior to its entering the Columbia River.
With the exception of substations 11M and 11B, Columbia River samples were analyzed for temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, turbidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, filterable residue (total dissolved solids), nonfilterable residue (total suspended solids), ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphorus, sulfate, oil 4-1
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a nd grease, total residual chlorine, total copper, total iron, total zinc, total nickel, total lead, total cadmium and total chromium.
Substations 11M and 11B were analyzed for temperature and total copper.
Discharge samples were analyzed for temperature, total copper, total iron, total zinc, total nickel, total lead, total cadmium and total chromium.
A summary of water quality parameters, stations and sample frequencies is presented in Table 4-1.
4.2.1 Sam le C llecti n Columbia River samples were collected by boat approximately 300 feet from the Benton County shore. Temperature is determined in-situ with portable instruments. Water for total metal, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, sulfate, orthophosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, turbidity, total alkalinity and total hardness analyses was collected in 3.8 liter polypropylene cubitainers and stored in a cooler until delivered to the Supply System's Environmental Programs Laboratory (EPL). Water for total copper analysis from stations 11M and 11B were collected in one-liter polypropylene cubitainers with an All-Teflon pump and Tygon tubing. In the laboratory the metals samples were acidified to 0.5% with concentrated nitric acid.
Determinations for filterable residue, non-filterable residue, total phosphorus, and total residual chlorine were made on water samples collected in two 500 mL plastic, one 250 mL plastic, and one 250 mL colored glass, containers, respectively. Water for oil and grease analysis was skimmed from the surface into solvent rinsed borosilicate glass bottles.
Discharge samples were collected in one-liter polypropylene cubitainers and stored in a cooler until delivered to the EPL for analysis.
4-2
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During the annual plant maintenance outage (April through June) only station 1 (control) samples were collected.
4.2.2 Field i ment and Measurements Surface temperature measurements were made using a Fisher - NIST traceable thermometer.
Temperature was recorded to within 0.1'C after the probe had been allowed to equilibrate in the river for a minimum of one minute.
4.2.3 Laborato M u rem ents Total metals, sulfate, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, orthophosphorus, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, turbidity, total alkalinity and total hardness were determined by Supply System Environmental Programs personnel. The remaining analyses were performed by an offsite laboratory. Sample holding times followed those recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1983). Analyses were performed per USEPA (1983) and ASTM approved methods (Table 4-2).
4.3 ~RESULT 4.3.1 Columbia River temperatures varied seasonally with a minimum temperature of 4.6'C at all surface stations on January 16th and a maximum of 19.5'C at station 11M on August 31 (Table 4-3). River temperatures measured in 1992 are presented graphically in Figure 4-3.
432 i olv x en DO measurements for each sample station are presented in Table 4-4. Columbia River DO concentrations ranged from 9.2 mg/L at stations 11 and 8 in August and September to 15.5 mg/L at station 8 in March.
4-3
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DO concentrations were inversely related to river temperature as would be expected from solubility laws. DO levels were never below the 8 mg/1 water quality standard for Class A waters (WDOE 1992) indicating good water quality with respect to dissolved oxygen throughout the year. Dissolved oxygen measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-4.
4.3.3 3HHAlk ~ 3 4 Columbia River pH values ranged from 7.35 at station 1 in October to 8.28 at station 8 in March (Table 4-5), The variation in pH between sample stations is small. The largest difference of 0.23 standard units occurred between station 1 (pH 7.76) and station 7 (pH 7,53) in September.
The pH water quality standard for Class A waters is from 6.5 to 8.5 (WDOE 1992). pH measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-5.
Columbia River alkalinities ranged from 49.0 to 61.0 mg/L as calcium carbonate (Table 4-6). The alkalinity measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-6.
4.3.4 Hardness Hardness ranged from 61.8 to 73.8 mg/L as calcium carbonate (Table 4-7). The hardness measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-7.
4.3.3 Columbia River conductivity measurements ranged from 125.0 pS/cm at 25'C at station 1 in June to 150.0 pS/cm at 25'C at station 7, 11, and 8 in January (Table 4-8). The measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-8.
4-4
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4.3.6 Tgrb~idi
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In the Columbia River, measured turbidities were low and ranged from 0.5 nephelometric M
turbidity units (NTU) to 1.8 NTU (Table 4-9). Turbidity data is presented graphically in'igure 4-9.
4.3.7 T tal Re idu 1 Chl rine R Total residual chlorine (TRC) measurements for 1992 were less than the measured detection limit of 1.0 mg/L (Table 4-10).
4.3.8 M~1 Columbia River nickel, lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were below respective detection limits for all stations during all periods. Copper concentrations ranged from
< 1.2 pg/L to 7.5 pg/L. Zinc measurements were below the detection limit (6.0 pg/L) for nearly all periods except. at stations 7 and 11 in March, and at station 1 in April and November. In comparing the station 1 results in November with the results from the other river stations during that month the 10.8 pg/L value is inconsistent and may represent a contaminated sample. Iron concentrations ranged from 17.8 pg/1 to 90.9 pg/L.
Total metals results are listed in Tables 4-11 through 4-17. Total Iron measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-10.
4.3.9 Ammoni -Nitr en and Nitra e-Ni r en Ammonia concentrations ranged from < 0.010 to 0.064 mg-N/L (Table 4-18). Nitrate concentrations ranged from <0.001 to 0.18 mg-N/L. The nitrate measurements are summarized in Table 4-19. The nitrate measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-11.
4-5
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4.3.1 ~
~ ~ IXII 4
Oil and grease values were below the detection limit of 1.0 mg/L for all stations and periods except during January and at station 11 in August. Oil and grease measurements are summarized in Table 4-20.
4.3.11 T 1 Ph h s and rth h h Measured total phosphorus concentrations ranged from (0.005 to 0.170 mg-P/L and are summarized. Orthophosphorus concentrations were below 0.13 mg/L for all stations and periods except station 8 in October. Total orthophosphorus measurements are summarized in Table 4-22. Total phosphorus measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-12.
4.3.12 gulf Le 0 Individual sulfate measurements ranged from 8.1 to 10.7 mg/L (Table 4-23). Total sulfate measurements are presented graphically in Figure 4-13.
4.3.13 To 1 Di solved olid To 1 end olid The total dissolved solids (TDS) measured in the Columbia River ranged from 24.0 mg/L to 380.0 mg/L (Table 4-24). The 24.0 mg/L (recorded at station 1 in August) is uncharacteristically low with respect to other stations and historical data. Water quality program data from 1985 through 1991 indicates TDS values for station 1 averaged 83.2 mg/l. A minimum reading of 46.0 mg/L was recorded in December, 1991.
Total suspended solids concentrations were generally low and varied from (1.0 to 14.0 mg/L (Table 4-24).
0 Total dissolved solids and total suspended solids are presented graphically in Figures 4-14 and 4-15.
4-6
0 0
0" 0
4.4 ~4E E N Plant discharge data basically demonstrates the increase in certain constituents of the blowdown due mainly to concentrating the circulating cooling water (Columbia River water).
In comparing river and plant discharge data, it is evident that the impact on the Columbia River is minimal with no significant interstation differences being detected.
Overall, it appears that, with respect to all the measured parameters sampled under the operating conditions prevailing during 1992, WNP-2 cooling water discharge had little effect upon Columbia River water quality.
4.5 R~ERERE Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH.
tandard Meth d for Examination of Water and Waste Wa er, 16th Edition, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Washington, D.C., 1985.
Washington Department of Ecology. 1992. Water Quality Standards for Surface Waters of the State of Washington. Water Quality Planning Officeof Water Programs. Olympia, WA.
Washington Public Power Supply System, 1987. Operational Ecological Monitoring Program for Nuclear Plant 2. Annual Reports for 1986-1991. Richland, WA.
4-7
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Table 4-1. Summary of Water Quality Parameters, Stations, and Sampling Frequencies, 1992 Parameter 1 7++ 11++ 11M 8c 8++ P.H.
11B++ DIS.++
Temperature M M M M Dissolved Oxygen M M M M pH M M M M Turbidity M M M M Total Alkalinity M M M M Filterable Residue (Total Dissolved Solid) M M Nonfilterable Residue (Suspended Solids) M M M M Conductivity M M M M Iron (Total) M M M M M Copper (Total) M M M M M Nickel (Total) M M M M M Zinc (Total) M M M M M Lead (Total) M M M M M Cadmium (Total) M M M M M Chromium (Total) M M M M M Sulfate M M M M Ammonia Nitrogen M M M M Nitrate Nitrogen M M M M Orthophosphorus M M M M Total Phosphorus M M M M Oil and Grease M M M M Chlorine, Total Residual M M M M Hardness M M M M m 1Ke M = Monthly
++ Samples collected only if the plant is operating.
4-8
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Table 4-2. Summary of Water Quality Parameters, EPA and ASTM Method Number EPA Method ASTM Method 0 ~P~mler Water Temperature ('C) 170.1 Turbidity (NTU) 180.1 Conductivity (us/cm) at 25'C 120.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) probe 360.1 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Modified Winkler 360.2 pH (Standard Unit) 150.1 Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO,) 310.1 Total Hardness (mg/L as CaCO,) 130.2, 6010 Oil and Grease (mg/L) 413.2 Ammonia-Nitrogen, Total (mg/L as N) 350.3 Nitrate Nitrogen, Total (mg/L as N) 352.1 D4327-88 Total Phosphorus (mg/L as P) 365.2 Ortho Phosphorus (mg/L as P) 365.2 D4327-88 Sulfate (mg/L as SO4) 375.4 D4327-88 Total Copper (pg/L as Cu) 220.1, 220.2, 200.7 Total Iron (pg/L as Fe) 236.1, 236.2, 200.7 Total Nickel (pg/L as Ni) 249.1, 249.2 Total Zinc (pg/L as Zn) 289.1, 289.2, 200.7 Total Lead (pg/L as pb) 239.1, 239.2 Total Cadmium (pg/L as Cd) 213.1, 213.2 Total Chromium (pg/L as Cr) 218,1, 218.2 Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L) 409A Filterable Residue: Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 160.1 Non-Filterable Residue: Total Suspended Solids (mg/L) 160.2 4-9
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Table 4-3. Summary of Temperature Measurements for 1992 Temperature'('C)
Sample Date 1 11 11M 11B 8 PLANT DISCHRG 01/29/92 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.9 4.6 19.6 02/27/92 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.1 03/31/92 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.7 7.6 7.3 21.3 04/29/92 10.7 05/29/92 13.6 06/18/92 15.1 07/29/92 19.0 18.9 19.0 19.3 19.3 19.0 29.3 08/31/92 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.5 19.4 19.3 25.4 09/23/92 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.7 17.6 27.7 10/27/92 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.2 14.3 14.5 22.7 11/30/92 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.3 19.6 12/16/92 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.8 7.0 7.1 17.8 Table 4-4. Summary of Dissolved Oxygen Measurements for 1992.
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 14.6 14.7 14.7 14.4 02/27/92 15.1 15.2 15.1 15.2 03/31/92 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.5 04/29/92 12.0 05/29/92 11.7 06/18/92 07/29/92 9.5 9.4 9.5 9.3 08/31/92 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.2 09/23/92 9.3 9.3 9.2 9.3 10/27/92 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.5 11/30/92 10.7 10.8 10.7 10.7 12/16/92 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.4 4-10
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Table 4-5. Summary of pH Measurements for 1992 pH Sample Date 01/29/92 7.48 7.63 7.55 7.56 02/27/92 7.69 7.75 7.77 7.83 03/31/92 8.27 8.26 8.18 8.28 04/29/92 8.19 05/29/92 7.99 06/18/92 7.93 07/29/92 7.85 7.93 7.82 7.85 08/31/92 7.84 7.80'.53 7.84 7.91 09/23/92 7.76 7.62 7.71 10/27/92 7.35 7.37 7.41 7.37 11/30/92 7.61 7.45 7.66 7.61 12/16/92 7.54 7.58 7.52 7.64 Table 4-6. Summary of Alkalinity Measurements for 1992.
Total Alkalinity (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 61.0 61.0 61.0 60.0 02/27/92 59.5 60.0 61.0 61.0 03/31/92 60.0 61.0 61.0 61.0 04/29/92 60.0 05/29/92 57.0 06/18/92 49.0 07/29/92 53.0 54.0 53.0 53.0 08/31/92 56.0 57.0 57.0 56.0 09/23/92 57.0 57.0 58.0 57.0 10/27/92 53.0 55.0 ~
55.5 55.5 11/30/92 59.0 59.0 60.0 60.0 12/16/92 59.0 60.0 61.0 61.0 4-11
0 i
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Table 4-7. Summary of Total Hardness Measurements for 1992 Total Hardness (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 73.6 73.4 73.8 73.2 02/27/92 72.0 71.0 71.7 70.3 03/31/92 70.8 69.8 71.7 69.7 04/29/92 66.8 05/29/92 66.8 06/18/92 62.6 07/29/92 63.4 64.2 68.5 66.6 08/31/92 63.0 65.3 65.3 64.0 09/23/92 64.5 62.9 62.1 61.8 10/27/92 67.9 67.1 66.0 65.4 11/30/92 70.3 71.1 71.9 69.5 12/16/92 70.0- 69.3 72.4 70.5 Table 4-8. Summary of Conductivity Measurements for 1992 Conductivity at 25'C (pS/cm)
Sample Date 01/29/92 149.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 02/27/92 146.0 145.0 145.0 146.0 03/31/92 148.0 146.0 147.0 146.0 04/29/92 145.0 05/29/92 139.0 06/18/92 125.0 07/29/92 126.0 125.0 126.0 126.0 08/31/92 130.0 131.0 131.0 131.0 09/23/92 131.0 132.0 132.0 131.0 10/27/92 131.0 133.0 133.0 133.0 11/30/92 137.0 137.0 138.0 137.0 12/16/92 143.0 142.0 143.0 143.0 4-12
0 t 0
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Table 4-9. Summary of Turbidity Measurements for 1992 Turbidity (NTU)
Sample Date 01/29/92 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 02/27/92 0.7 0.8 0,5 0.6 03/31/92 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.8 04/29/92 0.4 05/29/92 1.2 06/18/92 1.3 07/29/92 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.6 08/31/92 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 09/23/92 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 10/27/92 1.0 1.3 1.2 0.9 11/30/92 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 12/16/92 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7 Table 4-10. Summary of Total Residual Chlorine Measurements for 1992 Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 02/27/92 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 <1.0 03/31/92 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 04/29/92 <1.0 05/29/92 <1.0 06/18/92 <1.0 07/29/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 08/31/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 09/23/92 <1.0 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 10/27/92 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 11/30/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 12/16/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 4-13
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r Table 4-11. Summary of Copper Measurements for 1992 Copper (pg/L)
Sample Date 1 11 11M 11B 8 PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 1.7 2.0 102.0 02/27/92 1.8 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.4 2.2 03/31/92 <1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 105.5 04/29/92 < 1.2 05/29/92 7.5 06/18/92 2.7 07/29/92 3.1 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 348.0 08/31/92 5.7 < 1.2 1.6 < 1.2 < 1.2 < 1.2 323.0 09/23/92 2.7 3.1 2.1 < 1.2 2.1 1.7 177.0 10/27/92 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.8 134.0 11/30/92 1.8 3.1 3.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 119.8 12/16/92 2.5 '.3 2.9 1.7 1.8 2.7 93.4 Table 4-12. Summary of Nickel Measurements for 1992 Nickel (pg/L)
Sample Date PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 02/27/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 03/31/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 25.5 04/29/92 <2.6 05/29/92 <2.6 06/18/92 <2.6 07/29/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 6.5 08/31/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 3.2 09/23/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 < 2.6 4.2 10/27/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 2.6 11/30/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 12/16/92 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 <2.6 4-14
Table 4-13. Summary of Zinc Measurements for 1992 Zinc (pg/L)
Sample Date PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 82.1 02/27/92 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 03/31/92 < 6.0 6.7 6.7 <6,0 64.4 04/29/92 7.8 05/29/92 06/18/92 <6.0 07/29/92 <6.0 <6.0 < 6.0 <6.0 160.8 08/31/92 <6,0 <6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 171.0 09/23/92 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 < 6.0 94.4 10/27/92 < 6.0 < 6.0 <6.0 <6.0 119.0 11/30/92 10.8 <6.0 <6.0 < 6.0 56.0 12/16/92 < 6.0 < 6.0 <6.0 < 6.0 141.0 Table 4-14. Summary of Iron Measurements for 1992 Iron (pg/L)
Sample Date 1 PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 25.2 26.6 27.8 25.5 376,3 02/27/92 17.8 24.4 33.3 36.6 03/31/92 44.4 44.4 35.5 204.2 04/29/92 37.7 05/29/92 67.7 06/18/92 62.3 07/29/92 62.6 57.9 72.3 48.8 206.5 08/31/92 61.5 46.3 37.2 36.9 326.0 09/23/92 68.0 67.0 58.1 50.2 491.0 10/27/92 77.8 87.7 90.9 86.3 1454.0 11/30/92 50.7 51.8 59.5 51.2 527.0 12/16/92 48.0 48.6 54.3 43.5 292.0 4-15
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Table 4-15. Summary of Lead Measurements for 1992 Lead (pg/L)
Sample Date PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 < 1.9 < 1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 02/27/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 03/31/92 <1,9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 2.9
,04/29/92 <1.9 05/29/92 <1.9 06/18/92 <1.9 07/29/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 2.7 08/31/92 <1.9 < 1.9 <1.9 <1.9 14.0 09/23/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 6.2 10/27/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 2.8 11/30/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 5.8 12/16/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 2.7 Table 4-16. Summary of Cadmium Measurements for 1992.
Cadmium (pg/L)
Sample Date 1 PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 02/27/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 03/31/92 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 04/29/92 <0.5 05/29/92 <0.5 06/18/92 < 0.5 07/29/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.6 08/31/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.8 09/23/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 10/27/92 < 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 11/30/92 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 12/16/92 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 4-16
0 e
Table 4-17. Summary of Chromium Measurements for 1992 Chromium (pg/L)
Sample Date PLANT DSCHRG 01/29/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 02/27/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 03/31/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 04/29/92 <1.9 05/29/92 <1.9 06/18/92 <1.9 07/29/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 3.3 08/31/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 09/23/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 < 1.9 2.5 10/27/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 11/30/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 < 1.9 <1.9 12/16/92 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 <1.9 Table 4-18. Summary of Ammonia Measurements for 1992 Ammonia (mg NH, - N/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 02/27/92 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 03/31/92 0.022 0.020 0.017 0.014 04/29/92 0.011 05/29/92 0.012 06/18/92 0.018 07/29/92 0.018 0.018 0.016 0.022 08/31/92 0.011 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 09/23/92 0.025 0.023 0.017 0.017 10/27/92 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.013 11/30/92 0.052 0.060 0.059 0.064 12/16/92 0.017 0.023 0.017 0.018 4-17
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Table 4-19. Summary of Nitrate-Nitrogen Measurements for 1992 Nitrate-Nitrogen (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 0.180 0.170 0.170 0.170 02/27/92 0.170 0.160 0.170 0.160 03/31/92 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120 04/29/92 0.060 05/29/92 <0.001 06/18/92 0.050 07/29/92 0.080 0.070 0.080 0.070 08/31/92 0.008 0,010 0.006 0.008 09/23/92 0.002 0.004 <0.001 0.001 10/27/92 0.088 0.089 0.090 0.091 11/30/92 0.156 0.156 0.150 0.148 12/16/92 0.146 0.150 0.151 0.149 Table 4-20. Summary of Oil and Grease Measurements for 1992.
Oil & Grease (mg/L)
Sample Date 1 01/29/92 3.1 3.4 1.5 2.1 02/27/92 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 03/31/92 < 1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 <1.0 04/29/92 < 1.0 05/29/92 < 1.0 06/18/92 < 1.0 07/29/92 < 1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 <1.0 08/31/92 < 1.0 < 1.0 1.8 09/23/92 < 1.0 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 10/27/92 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 11/30/92 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 12/16/92 < 1.0 <1.0 <1.0. <1.0 4-18
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Table 4-21. Summary of Total Phosphorus Measurements for 1992 Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 0.037 0.007 0.027 0.029 02/27/92 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.007 03/31/92 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 04/29/92 0.017 05/29/92 0.016 06/18/92 0.022 07/29/92 0.011 0.017 0.016 0.014 08/31/92 0.015 0.008 0.011 0.013 09/23/92 <0.005 0.018 <0.005 <0.005 10/27/92 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.019 11/30/92 0.007 0.009 0.012 <0.005 12/16/92 0.160 0;160 0.150 0.170 Table 4-22. Summary of Orthophosphate Measurements for 1992.
Orthophosphate (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 02/27/92 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 03/31/92 <0.13 <0,13 <0.13 <0.13 04/29/92 <0.13 05/29/92 <0.13 06/18/92 <0.13 07/29/92 ~
<0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0. 13 08/31/92 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 09/23/92 <0.13 < 0.13 <0.13 <0.13 10/27/92 <0.13 < 0.13 <0.13 0.15 11/30/92 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 12/16/92 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 <0.13 4-19
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Table 4-23. Summary of Sulfate Measurements for 1992 Sulfate (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.3 02/27/92 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.5 03/31/92 10.4 10.4 10.5 10.4 04/29/92 10.7 05/29/92 9.5 06/18/92 8.1 07/29/92 9.0 9.0 9.4 9.0 08/31/92 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 09/23/92 9.6 10.3 10.4 9.7 10/27/92 9.7 9.7 9.8 9.7 11/30/92 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4 12/16/92 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.5 4-20
0' 0,
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Table 4-24. Summary of Total Dissolved and Total Suspended Solids Measurements for 1992.
Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 62.0 70.0 74.0 70.0 02/27/92 64.0 62.0 60.0 54.0 03/31/92 80.0 72.0 66.0 68.0 04/29/92 70.0 05/29/92 70.0 06/18/92 64.0 07/29/92 96.0 82.0 86.0 72.0 08/31/92 24.0 110.0 92.0 56.0 09/23/92 120.0 120.0 110.0 120.0 10/27/92 98.0 90.0 110.0 100.0 11/30/92 380.0 260.0 340.0 340.0 12/16/92 78.0 96.0 94.0 94.0 Total Suspended Solids (mg/L)
Sample Date 01/29/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 02/27/92 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 03/31/92 3.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 04/29/92 1.0 05/29/92 6.0 06/18/92 6.0 07/29/92 14.0 3.0 1.0 5.0 08/31/92 < 1.0 <1.0 < 1.0 1.0 09/23/92 1.0 <1.0 4.0 3.0 10/27/92 <1.0 3.0 <1.0 9.0 11/30/92 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 1.0 12/16/92 2.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 4-21
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Plow sland Mesquit Island VfNP-2 Discharge River Mile-362
~8 Power Lines Figure 4-1. Location of Sampling Stations in the Columbia River 4-22
0 0,
River Station t Flow N
555m
{1822 feet)
VfNP-2 intake Stmctures To Plant NNP-2 Olscharge 45m (158 feet)
Station 7 91m (388 feet)
Station 11, %1M, 11B 5S8m (1878 feet) 477m (1578 feet)
(Not to scale)
Figure 4-2. Sampling Station Locations for Water Chemistry 4-23
0 O.
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TEMPERATURE (DEGREES C.)
35 QQ 1 30 mr K3 11M 25 11B
% 8 E3 PH DlS 20 15 10 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OGT NOY DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-3 Columbia River and WNP-2 Discharge Temperature Measurements During 1992
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN MILLIGRAMS/LITER 16 14 12 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-4 Columbia River Dissolved Oxygen Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
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8.5 7.5 6.5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-5 Columbia River pH Measurements at Six Stations During 1992
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TOTAL ALKALINITY (MG/LITER AS CaCO3) 80 70 50 40 30 20 10 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-6 Columbia River Total Alkalinity Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
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TOTAL HARDNESS (MG/LITER AS CaCO3) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OGT NOV DEG 1992 FIGURE 4-7 Columbia River Total Hardness Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
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CONDUCTIVITY (AT 25 C} uSiCM 170 I1 ER 7 160 C3 11 W 6 150 140 130 120 100 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-8 Columbia River Conductivity Measurements at Six Stations During 1992
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TURBIDITY (NTU)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OGT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-9 Columbia River Turbidity Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
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TOTAL IRON (MICROGRAMS/ LITER) 160 0 1400 I
II 1
7 8
1200 PH DiS 1000 800 600 400 200 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-10 Columbia River and %NP-2 Discharge Total Iron Measurements and Plant Discharge During 1992
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NITRATE-NITROGEN MG/LITER AS N 0.2 I
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7 8
- 0. 15 0.1
- 0. 05 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OGT NOV DEG 1992 FIGURE 4-11 Columbia River Nitrate-Nitrogen Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
~.
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TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (MG/L) 0.2
- 0. 19 RB 1
- 0. 18 ER 7 0.17 C3 11
- 0. 16
- 0. 15 W 8 0.14 0,13
- 0. 12 0.11 0.1
- 0. 09
- 0. 08
- 0. 07
- 0. 06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02
- 0. 01 0
JAN FE8 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEO 1992 FIGURE 4-12 Columbia River Total Phosphorus Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
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TOTAL SULFATE MG/LITER 15 10 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OGT NOV DEG 1992 FIGURE 4-13 Columbia River Total Sulfate Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
~ 0 i
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O.
0
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOI IDS MG/LITER 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-14 Columbia River Total Dissolved Solids Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
0 0
~.
4 f 0
0 0
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS MG/LITER 15 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1992 FIGURE 4-15 Columbia River Total Suspended Solids Measurements at Four Stations During 1992
~.
0 0
5.0 LTN T WER DRIFT 5.1 ~NTRQ U TI N The cooling tower drift studies were designed to identify any impact of cooling tower operation upon the surrounding plant communities, as well as any edaphic impacts. The program includes the measurement of herbaceous and shrub canopy cover, shrub density, herbaceous phytomass, vegetation chemistry and soil chemistry. Soil chemical parameters measured include pH, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, and conductivity. Vegetation chemistry includes extractable sulfate, chloride and total copper. This study provides operational data for comparison with preoperational data and meets the requirements of Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) Resolution 239, dated September 14, 1987.
In past years, sampling was conducted in May at each of nine permanent stations, four grassland Stations G01-G04 and five shrub Stations S01-S05. In 1988, preliminary data was obtained for six additional stations. In 1989, the additional six stations were added to the sampling program, four grassland sites, G05, G06, G07 and G08, and 2 shrub Stations, S06 and S07. Two of these Stations, S06 and S07, are on the east side of the Columbia River in Franklin County. Figure 5-1 shows the location of each station. The orientation of the various components including transects and productivity plots within each community are depicted in Figure 5-2.
5.2 MATERIALS AND METH DS 5.2.1 Her ceous ano ver Fifty microplots (20 cm x 50 cm) were placed at 1-m intervals on alternate sides of the herbaceous transect (Figure 5-2). Canopy cover was estimated for each species occurring 5-1
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within a microplot using Daubenmire's (1968) cover classes. Data were recorded on a standard data sheet.
Quality assurance was accomplished by twice sampling three randomly selected microplots on each herbaceous transect, The entire transect was resampled if cover estimates for any major species (>50 percent frequency) differed by more than one cover class.
All vegetation studies including cover, density, productivity, and chemistry were sampled, as in previous years, at the peak of the cheatgrass growth cycle known as the purple stage (Klemmedson and Smith 1964).
5.2.2 H~h Phytomass sampling was conducted concurrently with cover sampling. Phytomass sampling plots were randomly located within an area adjacent to the permanent transects or plots (Figure 5-2). At each station, all live herbaceous vegetation rooted in five randomly located microplots (20 x 50 cm) was clipped to ground level and placed in paper bags. Each bag was stapled shut and labeled with station code, plot number, date and personnel.
J'ample bags were transported to the laboratory, opened, and placed in a drying oven until a consistent weight was obtained. Following drying, the bags were removed singly from the oven and their contents immediately weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. Laboratory quality assurance consisted of independently reworking 10 percent of the phytomass samples to .
assess data validity and reliability.
5-2
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Five 50-m lines were used to measure shrub canopy cover in each of the seven shrub plots (Figure 5-2). Whenever a shrub was crossed by a tape stretched between the end posts, its species and the distance (cm) at which it intercepted the line were recorded. For each shrub plot, intercept distances of each species along all five lines were summed to give a total intercept distance. From this, a shrub canopy cover value (percent) was obtained by dividing total intercept distance by total line length.
Quality assurance procedures consisted of twice sampling one major species along a randomly selected shrub transect. Resampling was conducted if intercept lengths differed by more than 10 percent.
5.2.4 5~2D Individual live shrubs were counted and recorded by species within each of the four strips delineated by shrub intercept transects (Figure 5-2). Number of shrubs per strip were summed to obtain shrub density by species for the entire 1000 m~ plot. Sampling was concurrent with cover sampling.
Quality assurance consisted of resampling one randomly selected species within one strip.
Resampling was conducted if the count difference exceeded one individual.
5.2.5 ~il h At each of the fifteen grassland and shrub stations, two soil samples were collected from the top 15 cm of soil with a clean stainless steel trowel. The samples were placed in 250 ml sterile plastic cups with lids, labeled and refrigerated at 4'C. Sixteen parameters were analyzed in each sample including pH, bicarbonate, carbonate, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, lead, chromium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Samples were analyzed for pH, bicarbonate, carbonate, sulfate, chloride and 5-3
0
~. l
~
conductivity according to M h d f il An l i (1965). Samples for chromium, cadmium and lead were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy according to eth fr hemical Anal sis f Wa er and W te (USEPA 1983). The remaining elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy, ICPES (EPA 1983). Aliquots of soil for trace metal analyses were digested according to Gilman (1989). Preservation times and conditions, when utilized, were according to EPA (1983).
Laboratory quality control comprised 10% - 20% of the sample analysis load. Routine quality control samples included internal laboratory check standards, reagent blanks, and prepared EPA or NIST controls.
5.2.6 ~ih Samples of ~Br mus ~tec orum, Poa ~sand er ii, ~Artemisi tridentata and ~Pur hi tride~n were collected at each station. Two species were substituted at some of the stations due to absence of one or more of those listed above. Substitute species were ~Phl x QLngi~fli and
~Sis mbrium gtttjimum. Samples were collected as close to the soil sampling station as possible. Sufficient quantities of leafy material of each species were collected to yield at least five grams of dry weight. The clipped material was sealed in a plastic bag, labeled and refrigerated at 4'C until sample preparation.
In the laboratory, the clipped plant tissue was oven dried to a constant weight, ground in a Wiley mill and digested according to Gilman (1989). Sulfate was analyzed by nephelometry and chloride by mercuric chloride titration according to USEPA (1983). Copper was analyzed by ICPES according to USEPA (1983).
5-4
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5.3 R T AND DI During the 1992 season, 59 plant taxa were observed in the study area. These are presented in Table 5-1. Table 5-2 lists by year the species of vascular plants observed during field activities from 1975-1992. Many of the graphs will depict,a preoperational, operational and 1992 status. The preoperational data is that which was collected annually prior to WNP-2 becoming fully operational (1980-1984). Operational data is that which was collected after 1984 but not including the current year (1992), which is listed separately.
5.5.1 H~b Herbaceous cover data for 1992 are summarized in Tables 5-3 and 5-4.. Figures 5-3 and 5-4 provide a comparison of shrub and grassland sites (annual grasses - AG, perennial grasses-PG, annual forbs - AF, and perennial forbs - PF) with the data of previous years. There is a noticeable trend of the herbaceous cover reverting back to its original state prior to the fire of 1984.
Total herbaceous cover averaged 72.94% in 1992 which represents a slight decrease of 3.16% from 1991 (75.32%). As in previous years, the dominant annual grass was ~Bromu tectorum with 43.88% cover, a 33.74% increase over last year. Poa ~sandber ii was the dominant perennial grass at ten of the fifteen stations. ~Ar it~ra ~sicatum averaged 0.23%
cover, a 35.29% increase over last year (0.17%).
There was a 19.1% decrease in total annual forb cover for 1992. ~Si yml~ri im;~li .~im im was the dominant species with 4.05% followed by Hotb~etm ~um ell turn (2.85%).
~De curainia gine~a (.82%) increased 46% over last year (.56%).
Perennial forb cover for 1992 was 3.41%. The perennial forb cover continues to increase as demonstrated by a 74.87% increase over 1991 (1.95%). The dominant species continued to b 0~ LJ&Jhi [100%911% HbyQ h 9 lllb: (095%9 lh than 130% increase in cover from 1991 (0.41%).
5-5
Species frequency values (%) continue to increase for annual forbs (Table 5-5). The annual forbs with the highest frequency values were Holosteum umbellatum with 96% at station G06 and ~Drab v~ern at station S03 with 92%. The greatest diversity of species was observed at station S02 (18). The most significant change in total species per site was observed at station G01. Eleven species were observed in 1992, an increase of 6 species over 1991(5). No significant decreases in species were observed at the individual stations.
Growing season (August - March) precipitation increased 23.66% from 1991 (8.03 cm vs 9.93 cm). The total precipitation for the year was 20.07 cm. Calendar year snowfall totaled 23.4 inches, 21.0 inches of which fell in December, the snowiest on record. Mean temperature during the growing season was 10.8'C with the average temperature for the year being 13.38'C.
5.3.2 Beer;aceous ~Ph ~m Mean production of herbaceous phytomass in 1992 was 96.9 g/m~, a 31.7% decrease from the previous (141.95 g/m~). At grassland and shrub stations the phytomass production averaged 84.2 g/m~ and 109.6 g/m~ respectively. Mean herbaceous phytomass production at grassland stations and at shrub stations for 1975 through 1992 is shown graphically in Figure 5-5 (Stations G05, G06, G07, G08, S06 and S07 were not added until 1989) and is summarized in Table 5-6. Table 5-7 presents mean phytomass values for each station in year since 1975. Mean herbaceous phytomass and percent herbaceous cover for each
'ach station from 1980 through 1992 are presented graphically in Figures 5-6 through 5-9.
5.3.3 h vr ndDnit There are four shrub species in the study area: ~Attemisi ~tridenta, ~pt~rhht ~triden ta,
- ghhhm, and Qgy~ni ~ot d~hh lULfl . E'lg '
bh b) cantha (a cactus) are also present, however, they are not included in the cover data. During a 1984 August range fire, all viable shrubs were completely destroyed at 5-6
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Stations SO2 and SO4, while the only individuals surviving at Station SO1 were isolated I
clumps of low growing ~Eri,~n>m ~nive m.
Shrub density and cover data continue to reflect recovery from the 1984 fire. Percent cover measurements taken in 1992 show a 42.36% increase over 1991 (2.05% versus 1.44%).
Shrub density increased at all five of the representative stations. Shrub density data for 1992 is summarized in Table 5-8, while shrub density data at each station from 1980 through 1992 is presented in Figure 5-10. Shrub cover data for 1992 is summarized in Table 5-9, while Figure 5-11 presents mean shrub cover values measured from 1975 through 1992. Shrub cover and density for 1992 at the five original shrub stations are presented graphically in Figure 5-12.
5.3.4 Millhi z The results of the 1992 soil chemical analyses are presented in Table 5-10 and are shown
~ ~
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graphically in Figures 5-13 through 5-20.
Most metallic element concentrations were within the ranges observed in previous years.
Calcium, magnesium and potassium concentrations at station S07 are slightly higher than those observed at other stations.
Bicarbonate was similar to that observed in past data. Conductivity was generally within previous ranges at all stations. There is no concentration of carbonate, due to the pH level of the samples (( 8.3). The pH value has to be above 8.3 in order for carbonate to be present. There was no significant change in pH at any of the stations. Chloride and sulfate concentrations were within their expected ranges.
5.3.5 Ve etati n Chemist The results of the 1992 vegetation chemical analyses are presented in Table 5-11 and shown graphically in Figures 5-21 through 5-30.
5-7
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Total vegetation copper, extractable chloride and extractable sulfate concentrations were generally within the ranges previously observed in all of the species examined.
5.4
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS Calendar year 1992 was the warmest year on record. The average temperature was 13.5'C (56.4'F), 1.73'C above normal (53.3'F). A slight decrease in herbaceous phytomass was observed at 10 of the 15 stations. Mean Frequency vales for each of the sampling station's were not significantly affected by the decrease in phytomass The remaining analyses were generally within the ranges previously observed. Changes in vegetation cover and density recorded in 1992 appear to be climatically (average growing season temperature 6.1'C and total precipitation 8.03 cm) induced with no sign of adverse impacts from the operation of WNP-2 cooling towers evident.
No adverse trends or impacts upon soil or vegetation chemistry are apparent from the eight N years of operation.
E.E E~EE N Daubenmire, R. 1968. Plant communities. Harper and Row, New York, NY.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH.
Gilman, Lee B. 1989. Microwave Sample Preparation. CEM Corporation.
Klemmedson, J. O. and J. G. Smith, 1964. Cheat Grass (Bro~mu tectorum ~L Bot. Rev.
30; 226-262. ~
5-8
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Table 5-1. Vascular Plants Observed During 1992 Field Work I
mm nNm APIACEAE Parsley Family C&&~~ig gl
~IN k.) k.&G.
hl Turpentine cymopterus I ll .)C I &II Large-fruit lomatium ASTERACEAE Aster Family
~Ah~ill mille~fli >rg L. Yarrow
~Antenn ri dim~>~h (Nutt.) T&G Low pussy-toes Bl Chhh hl ~'
ArrA~mi i ~ trident~ Nutt.
I IB II.) B" Big sagebrush Carey's balsamroot Chh& "I I lllfl, gl k.) N Gray rabbitbrush Green rabbitbrush
~r~i
~La i
~IN htrabarba
~ln i~ulo g Heller k
(Hook.) H&A Slender hawksbeard Bur ragweed White daisy tidytips Trgggggggn ~dig Scop. Yellow salsify
~Aer ~cnesc n (Pursh) Hoary Aster BORAGINACEAE Borage Family
~Amain ki ~tco soides Lehm. Tarweed fiddleneck C~BB I gi&A) I h Matted cryptantha Qrg) tan~h ger~c'~g (Torr.) Greene Winged cryptantha BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family Descurainia pinnate (Walt.) Britt. Western tansymustard D~rab ~vem L. Spring draba Hrrtmum ~as etgtm (Nutt.) DC. Prairie rocket
~iyml~ri im ~al i<~im >rid L. Tumblemustard CACTACEAE Cactus Family
~Omni ~ g~lac~an h t Haw. Starvation cactus 5-9
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Table 5-1. (Continued) omm nNme CARYOPHYLLACEAE Pink Family
~Arenari franklinii Dougi var. franklinii Franklin's sandwort H~oloste m ~m>~elt tttm L. Jagged chickweed CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopod Family Q~~i g~in ~
$ als~ol ~kli L. Russian thistle FABACEAE Pea Family
~Argg~l>Z yur~hii Dougl. Wooly-pod milk-vetch ggeg~~ ~~ D g Stalked-pod milk-vetch
~Pgraleg ~ln e~lfg, Pursh Lance-leaf scurf-pea HYDROPHYLLACEAE Waterleaf Family P~hceli ~hgigtg Dougl. Whiteleaf phacelia
~Ph ~li ~in ,.<ris (Pursh) Holz. Threadleaf phacelia LILIACEAE Lily Family
~Br F~ri g~
ill ri
~D
~i~ gl~i~la ii Wats.
pit~die DL (Pursh) Spreng.
Douglas'rodiaea Sego lily Chocolate lily LOASACEAE Blazing-star Family
~Mentzeti ~atbicauli Dougl. White-stemmed mentzelia MALVACEAE Mallow Family Qphae~lceg mu~nr gn;t (Dougl.) Spach White-stemmed globe-mallow ONAGRACEAE Evening-primrose Family 5-10
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Table 5-1. (Continued) mmn m g~n;hery g~lli lg Lindl. var. yi~lli White-stemmed evening-primrose PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family P~lanta o P~ata ~oui g Jacq. Indian-wheat POACEAE Grass Family
~Ar A~Qxx
~rn ~ris
~Ar yarn
~h" g)~ica QIm (L.) Gaertn.
tH k.l s im (Pursh) Scribn.
b
& Smith Crested wheatgrass Thick-spiked wheatgrass Bluebunch wheatgrass B~rm s ~tact rum L. Cheatgrass
~Fgy~c ggf~flrg Walt. Six-weeks fescue Koeleria ~cri t~ Pers. Prairie Junegrass Qryzxt~st ~hmen ide (R&S) Ricker Indian ricegrass Pttg ~and er ii Vasey Sandberg's bluegrass
~igni n ~h~rix (Nutt.) Smith Bottlebrush squirreltail
~ti ~corn fg Trin & Rupr. Needle-and-thread POLEMONIACEAE Phlox Family chili ~min ~ifl rgBenth. Gilia
~Gili ~in g Dougl. Shy gilia
~Micr eri gr~cili (Hook.) Greene var. ~hmttt r (Hook.) Cronq. Pink microsteris
~Phl x ~ln y~ifoli'l Long-leaf phlox POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family
~Eri onum niveum Dougl. Snow buckwheat amex venttatts Pursh Wild begonia RANUNCULACEAE Buttercup Family
~IM mg IIII' . Wdp Larkspur ROSACEAE Rose Family
~Pur hia ~tri I~natu (Pursh) DC. Antelope bitterbrush 5-11
O. l Table 5-1. (Continued) mmn m SANTALACEAE Sandalwood Family
/~man l~ ~m~ella g (L.) Nutt. Bastard toad-flax SAXIFRAGACEAE Ribes gee im Pursh Golden current SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family
~Pens em n geem~in igg Dnngl. Sand-dune penstemon VALERIANACEAE Valerian Family
~PI ~triti ~ma racer~ T&G Longhorn plectritis 5-12
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0 0
~
~s
~lorn
~roll X X X X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
~ sp.
~
Perennial Cresses X X X X X X X X X X X X 1Lsesr~sh nl X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~le a~era X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~sis ~imidg X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ ~ndhe X X X X X X X X X X X X
~si 1'ato X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~orna X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ri ~nrhe 's X
~nse 'esrsh X X X X
~nr 's ~de e~s X X X X X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
~nni kis~i
~
X X
~
Qsr~hm&mhzl~m X X X X
~rsha X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~inn~ac ssa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~seo inia ~r X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Table 5-2. Vascular Plants Observed During 1975-1992 Field Work
~.
Table 5-2. Vascular Plants Observed During 1975-1992 Field Work II J222 JZk JKQ J222 JK?2 J28 l2!l J28 J222 J222 J222 J2tItJ J221 LB J222 J22tt JI J J28
~~a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ayjllr~1 ggjiig
~o1i
~
ijfimtlfg X X X X X X X X X
X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
~
~ti giiaata X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ca ~l ~ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~t~1$ lrra lash ~li X X X X X X X X X X X X X tlhitrcCS ~tbi aa X X X X X X X X X X X Himemmsi1h X X X X X' X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ab sacs' X X X X Ii ~aaa X X X X X X X X X X X X
~c~rea X X X X X X X X X X X X X
'p.
~era
~ti JralSma~l
~ X X X X X X X X X
X, X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
~a ~a! X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~S'~a ~aiti d X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~~S9 arabia X X X X X X X X X X X X
~
~i ~c dr'nng X X X X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Table 5-2. (Cont'd)
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Table 5-2. Vascular Plants Observed During 1975-1992 Field Work f222 f222 le f212 J28 128 128 f221 J28 J2Q LS f222 L>B f222 J25 J22J J2B
~na ~ran't nl vsr.
n'kllnr X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ ~siren
~eens Qfoehse~rsnrh X X X X X X X X X X
~ab ~sir
~ab ISMJ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X sln re~le X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~ab sp. X f4~ass rhlaa ~a ~ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~sea ~leal X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~is ~i
~shmbm mzrSSaaa X X X X X
~nd ~n X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~nrha ~a X X X X X *X
~gg~ ~e~nrhlnn X X X X X X X X X X X X X I IP X X X X X X X X X X X'
~Yil s 'd'rb X X X X X X X X X
~I~a X X
~
X X X X X X X X X X X
~rln
~BM X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Table 5-2. (Cont'd
0
~,
Table 5-2. Vascular Plants Observed During 1975-1992 Field Work JJ2J J22tt J227 J23 J222 J2B J2B J29 JRQ ~a JKQ le JSJ1 le,J2J2 J22tt J2EJ
~at sp. X ta X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~lc ~anc a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Erma t~t X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~clsss ~n X X X X X X X X X X Shntha, atththtaha, cacti
~it ~ata ch~h~ntt ~
Qtrsesttaat~~ vjtjMMgeu X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X'
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
~vn X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Qamaimhu X X
~~atrtait ~un X X
~tat ~es a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X i X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
~l a~It 0 X X X X X X X X Table 5-2. (Cont'd
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Table 5-3 Herbaceous Cover for Fifteen Sampling Stations - 1992 Oroau tectaaa 4L70 642$ 5LIS S424 ISA>> 4M% 601$ 55.'1$ 3430 34?0 ILN 5SAO Sld>>
Fceteca octeaers LCO 000 040 am Llo 41$ 0A>> LN am 040 IU>> 43$ IU>>
Tots?Asses?OrwCwcr 4170 442S 521$ 3424 0U>> Il¹0 641$ $ 51f 3030 3020 4260 $ 1955?AO 2190 1520 4195 50N 4213 ekil Pcrcaacal Orwa Apeyytea eyicstea Lm al>> am IU>> LN 440 040 2,70 LN LCO L19 tLN Lm 076 am 074 439 ycyseyst lyesoi4cs am 040 LCO Cd>> IkCO 400 IL00 ~ 430 Lco ON IU>>, OA>> al>> 40? LN ILC6 LQ Pas aslacrcii am IIAtf 1440 IA>> 19$ 043 225 I ldkf I lrio fAO Lm 2070 SLN 11.17 14S9 434 l434 Ssits coasts CA>> 202$ 040 030 000 L40 am IA>> 0A>> 040 Ido IAO 040 2,10 SN acl Total tcreea4l Orue Cesar 21tO ?ON LN 3220 ILIO 1020 SAO Lm 225 3545 I IAO SrtO 239 Sl JO 3110 1491 104$ 742 ILSS Asaesl Fores AariacUa ycpcl4ee 410 tde am 0.10 09$ CA>> 7AO 010 3.70 alf aco 046 460 LCO L05 1.10 04S L70 044 aesoyellea leyaetlylha 0A>> IU>> LC0 Ikoo LN IU>> 4N IU>> IU>> LCO 040 LN LN 040 040 al>> LN LOI 041 Ctyytutla rircsaeciw LN CA>> LCO 440 405 LIS am am alf IU>> LN 0A>> 005000 LCO 4CO 040 LN 04?
Dceceral sls picasso LN Lm Loo Lm ILN 0A>> IkN am aco 00$ am LIS ILCO 005 12.10 LN Ikoo acl aco Drsla wrac 2A>> IA>> 120 23f 23$ 2,75 130 060 18$ 1.70 lAS IDS IAS Lm Loo IAS lAil Xlc IAti ixeciea riatMlea LN OA>> 040 LN 0A>> OA>> tkN 040 am ILN Cd>> Cd>> Cd5 LCO al>> Lm 040 LOI 041 Frsseerie aces>>scacya Lco 400 5.10 ON 405 L$5 alo alo 0?>> 040 am 04$ alf Lm am RI6 124 020 Lyl Oiiis a?sstlctecs 040 am LN LCO 400 Ikco 440 040 am al>> Lm LI>> Lco 440 am LN 040 Lm am Htdatcea aalccsstaa 295 43$ LIO IA>> 24$ L6$ SA $ 945 SAS L70 ?AO 2A>> 430 am LC0 24$ 2A>> 2,73 231 la?to Stol@lees am am aco IU>> Lm 040 am am a of aco am Lm am am 040 000 CA>> ILOI 001 Mcatxeliia aliia elis Lm IU>> cd>> Lm am am 420 040 ON 0A>> OA>> am OA>> OA>> 400 441 al>> 440 400 341ctecccrie orsa?it alO a40 acf LN LIO 430 04$ 43$ 045 LIS 1.1$ IAS L50 LCO Lm 034 024 L74 LI9 Plsccl'a Lsesrie 440 000 IU>> OA>> 400 0A>> 40$ aoo aio 095 ON 040 400 ILN IU>> 0Aty IU>> IL21 411 Ptssts p Pate Coaica 225 435 ILC0 240 IUO IU>> am L$$ 0lo am Ll0 am a75 Id>> 447 125 477 IAII L40 110 LN am 420 455 am cde aof aio Lm 405 420 000 040 419 043 LCC 41$
Sieyaarioa atcieriasa 12$ 49S 4$ 0 I A>> 1.75025 LIS IA4 030 IA>> ILIS 125 4N IL70 40$ LI>> 1$ 0 171 ToCsIAaasal toceCwer ILIS 4,15 1540 71$ 7AS ?020 LN 1725 94$ LSS II¹5 1440 09$ 44$ 2345 11.19 loll IILSI llkyl Pcrcasisl Faces Aclioea aioriobea Ilo LCO cga am 0N ON Llo 0A>> 000 040 Cd>> 040 0,16 LCO 044 024 Ac tet csscsceee Lcf am am Lm 060 alo als aco 145 Ll0 al>> 320 a co LN 040 026 Lcl 0550?4 Astra ptu tersQ 440 am OA>> am 040 040 LCO Lco 040 040 Lm 400 aoo aco cd>> Lm 040 OA>>
Astraplss sdcreartu am am am Lm am ?2$ IU>> 005 400 CA>> 0A>> IU5 IU>> 040 am ale 040 LOI LCI Bstaaorlla carcyssa am 040 0.00 145 am am 400 am 440 295 Lm Lco 43$ am 046 Ikyf Coaaalrs ealcasta 44o aoo ON 43$ Cd>> LCO 040 0 Co Ikl>> LN 01>> Cd>> am aco 042 ILCO 040 Lm Cretic atrslataa 400 am am ILCO RN ILCO aco am ayo Lm aof am aco am aco all 047 'm Mottctea tcrcti?stile u am am am 040 am 040 am 590 aco 00$ am CA>> 040 IA>> 1.19 061 Ocaotlcrs Psoi4s 000 aoo 43$ 035 04$ IAtf 7AO 230 040 4SO 040 IU>> 095 a14 242 IA0 Mox loeciless aoo alf aoo aco am 060 IU>> 1$ 5 ILCO 040 465 LN 439 Ikl~ LO 4?S ltaacx eceoeoe am 40$ Llo Lm 040 400 am 040 040 040 OA>> LN LN LCO 0A>> 041 Ikoo 0¹l Teal tcteaaial Fore Cover LI0 425430 47$ IAtf 1255 IDS L4$ 9df 1070 225425 l¹f 465 LCO L24 43$ 544 242 Tool Hcreaceou Cwer FVf 9245 4050 74S4 '7420 yl 75 422$ 4545 $ 155 4110 4420 0?A>> 4599 6450 7?A>> 7134 N74 4$ 77 5-17
0'.
0 0
II r
, j t
~
Table 54 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 X GO)A.
SO I $ 02 $ 05 $ 01.5 $06 XS GO I GO2 GOING GOT GOC Xa SOI.S AG 1975 49.N )5.)0 4)AO 4).00 4).90 4LOO 43AS 4).ll 4).ll FG AP 197$ 0.60 14.60 2,00 11.70 4'
I.TO 2.)7 $ .70 5AO 1).00 4AO 21.25
).26 16.10 ILNI 1975 12.67 29.50 PP 1975 4.)0 0.90 IAO 2.)) 1.50 LIO IAO 2.12 2.12 AIL 1975 69AO 49.90 dIAO 6L)7 7CAO 6LN '7 1.10 AG 1976 40.90 S4.)0 41.97 '71.20 $ 1.60 dlAO 49.74 49.74 FG 1976 0.40 IOAO IOAO 7.07 4AO ).IO ).75 5.74 5.74 AP 1976 SAO SAO 7.20 11.90 10.20 TAC 7.61 PF 1976 O.CO OAO 0.20 0.2) 0.00 0.10 O. Il O.ll AIL 1976 57.20 $ 2.00 55.27 $ 780 75A$ 6) A4 AG 1977 185 0.65 1.90 I.)0 5.20 IAS )A) 2.11 2.11 FG 1977 0.)5 I!DO L2$ 3.25 ).0$ 5.22 SAI AP 197) 0.2$ ICOS 0.90 OAO 2AO 935 5.1$ 259 2,59 7F 1977 OA5 0.60 IA2 OAS 4.30 ).IC 1.7$ I.TC AIL 1977 LSO 12.N IL50 9.20 10.90 20.00 1$ AS II.TO 11.70 AG 19)l 51.00 67.00 51.00 56.)) 6LOO 42.00 $$ .N 5$ .10 55AO FG 19)l 3.00 ILOO 11.00 10.67 LOO 7.00 TAO 9AO 9AO AP 191$ 3L00 10.00 33.00 27.00 2LOO 25.00 25AO 2)AO
)F 197$ $ .00 5.00 4.3) 2.N S.00 L)0 )AO SAO AIL I SIC 100.00 95.00 10O.N 9LS) 101.00 77.00 19.00 1979 29.00 9.00 21.00 31.00 10.00 20AO 1979 1.00 ILOO 11.00 10.00 7.00 5.00 L40 19T9 4.00 IILN SD) 4LOO )LOO )LOS ICAO IL40 1979 11.00 0.00 4AT 0.00 )AO 4.20 420 1979 39.00 51.00 S).00 41.00 $ 1.00 55.00 6LN 5 IAO 51AO AG I)CO 51.10 24.)0 56.20 SL40 4)A2 4).l2 64AO 7)AO IL)0 57.05 STAS 51.92 $ 1.92 1910 1.00 7.20 2)AO 10.90 0.10 $ .$ 0 L50 2$ .)0 ILI0 2460 2L75 29.75 17.94 17.94 AF I)CO 7AO 4.20 2L50 )AO 14.10 IOAd 1036 TAO 5.00 2LTO 4.90 11.4$ II AC IOA6 10.16 PP 1910 L70 4AO IAO ).10 3.10 OAO 0.00 0.00 4AO 1.2$ 1.2$ 2.21 2.2$
AIL 1910 dl.20 74.$ 0 75.10 72AO 49.7$ 69.7$ INAO 146.10 102AO 4CAO 99,5) 998) C).00 1911 74AO 54,60 66AO 49AO 76.20 64JC 6I.SC 41AO 74AC 74.6$ 6L96 6L96 1911 0.10 L70 14.)0 5AO 0.00 4.9C L91 19AO 2$ .90 0.00 S6.70 20A) 20AS 11.90 11.90 19l I 5.10 )JO ILTO 1.20 ILSO 'l.ld L14 15.90 )1.90 ITAO 5.90 12AO 12.N 10.21 ION I 19$ 1 0.00 ),20 0.70 ~ .90 0.50 1.$ 6 IA6 0.20 1.90 LS) ILS) '1.27 1.27 1911 61.70 $ 9.20 7936 7996 I PL I 0 I)IAO 105.90 9)AO IOL55 IOLS 9LS) 9L)3 5
AG 19)2 51.$ 0 2)AO )L40 SLTO 33.32 S).)2 42.20 4)AO 51.00 2L90 40AO )6AT 36AT PG 19$ 2 OAO d.40 17.90 4AO 5.96 .5.96 11.20 IIAO 0.10 )L30 13,55 I)85 9A) 95)
AF 1912 4AO 4.20 7.50 1.60 17.30 7.04 7.04 9.70 4AO 4AO 4.10 5.75 $ .'1$ 6A I 6.47 PF 1932 0.20 430 0.70 6.20 1.00 2.41 SAC 0.)0 ILN IAO SAO 135 IDS 1.9$ L91 AIL 1932 40.70 62.70 S9.10 4CAO 4LCO 61.70 57.00 62.10 6L05 dlAS $ 4.24 54.24 Table 5-4 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992
~
~ i 0
~,
O.
0
Table 5-4 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 (Continued)
X COI+
SO I.S XS OIL G02 GO) OILS ON XO XSO %44 AO Itt) S).IO 3)AO 33A5 N.75 ) I.I5 )L73 3$ .7l 4980 398$ d2.7S LTAS 4L)5 4L)4 40A) 40.3)
PO l9)3 2.IS 7.70 NAS dAO I.29 6AO 6AO 2.)0 15.75 0.00 25AO 30.$ 4 IL4 L37 AF Ltt) 7.35 )LSS )AS 22.)S ILII IOAI ILTO t.l5 IA5 6AS L0.7I ILTI IO.II IO.II PF l9tl 0.70 S.IO I.OS 4AO ).93 2.24 OA5 0.0$ 2.IO 4.00 I.TO '.70 2.00 2.00 ALL l933 56.25 dl.70 5I.OO 57.44 $ L2$ SL2$ 70.9$ 73AO 5).'IO 45.59 4569 6I.SI dl JL AO I 9)4 4 I DO 32.7f 39.35 )630 ) 6.50 37.2$ 37.2$ Tlat 9AO 50.65 43.22 4).22 PO )9N 1.$ 5 I.IO ILSS IAS OAO 6.23 l.20 4A5 )0.22 )0.22 4.$ 7 7.7)
AF l9$ 4 IL)$ LI0 ) LIO ~ .00 l)AO 9.79 979 9.70 l9AS 7.95 IIAI l4.44 I IA6 I IA4 PF 19$ 4 L30 4.00 0.75 685 0.65 2AS L45 0.70 0.20 L.LO L.25 OAL 0.'ll 3.72 1.72 ALL ltN 54,00 5)A5 62.75 55AO 50.95 55.7$ 55.75 IL40 45AS II.40 4).IO 7)A6 7).54 6).67 d).dT 193$ %10 2.)5 LIAO 4.95 27.05 IO.IT LO.IT I,OO I.LO ILSO 7.25 LOAI LOAI l0.2$ It.tt l9$ 5 I.05 L70 ITA5 2AO LA5 SAT 5.57 9.20 )7.95 OAO I).90 )0.26 30.26 7.66 TA6 l 935 I.)5 9AO L$0 4.'Tf LTO IL20 LIS TAS 3.05 9.24 9.24 Lld 4.)d
)9t5 0.00 I.)5 I. IS ).00 0.25 L.I5 LAS 0.$ 0 O. IO .L)5 0.90 I.OL !.04 I.IO LLO 1915 SAS 935 4)AO ltA5 33.90 2L59 20.59 36.20 3430 2L20 25.)0 30.9$ 25.I9 25.39 AO l934 37.45 IA5 7.20 I IA5 IL05 L0.22 I0.22 9AO 4A5 I).25 78$ I.dd 9.53 L53 PO l914 I0.75 L).25 9A$ LAO 4.27 It.lf )L45 0.00 2l.l3 2).1) LL9I I).9$
AP 1914 25AO LIAS )LLO )0.25 I L70 2IA2 2LA2 2)AS )4.)5 2$ AS LTO 2).99 2L99 2LS6 22.$ 4 PF l916 L.L5 5.$ 5 L)0 9.I5 1.25 ).I4 )A4 I.IO 3.9$ 0.05 L55 I.59 IA9 2AI LII ALL I)Id 46.20 )4.'70 64.tf 4ILTO $ 2.)0 4).75 4).75 5$ .70 ) I.TS 5536 SSA6 43.91 4L9l AO l9tT 2$ .90 9.95 TAO L9.05 $ 3AO l942 L9.42 2).tf 9AS 51.65 4.65 20.97 20.97 PO l 937 3AO 2I.90 ~ 2.65 l9AS 2.30 ILOO ILOO 32Af 5L79 45.95 )4AI 34.) I 25.25 25.25 AP l 937 LLN IOAO 655 I IAO 9.96 9.96 LL)0 I LA) I4.00 325 9.72 9.7l 9.25 LI5 PP Itl) 5.00 LOAO l.75 5.03 fAO 0.90 !.90 O.I5 LAS L.l) I.l) 3.29 3.29 AIL Ltl) 50.06 4L)5 SOS 4LI$ 52.tl $ tAI ITALO IIA4 45.45 55.40 6745 6785 59.)6 $ 9.)6 AO l9LI l3AO 5.05 I.LO L)AO IO. I5 LO.II LOAO l2.24 l0.$ l 22.95 LO.IO I6.75 4AO l)AS Ll.95 I9.20 I5.$ 5 IOAO !4AO Lt 32 L).72 PO )9)l I.TS II.95 9AO )AS 6.97 !6.$ 5 IT.SO 9.$ 9 I)AS 2I.TO OA5 )0.20 LTA5 930 l2.05 IOA5 14.30 LIAL IL)4 LL63 AP IIII d.N 5.25 S.60 LI0 4.00 4AI LOS'.00 3.20 630 I6.)5 TAS IAO 7.95 I.20 IA5 IL)5 d.l2 d.dl S.ld 5.91 PP L9lt I l.55 l5.75 2.IO 4.I5 )AS TAO O.IO 557 0.20 2.00 0.00 4.40 IA5 )5.25 L70 2AS 4A4 4A4 4.79 4.90 ALL Ltll 33.LI 34A$ 2S.TS ) I.LS 20.75 29.06 2T.)$ 2L96 47AO 49.95 24.3$ 4).20 37.90 4L40 4I.IO )L52 )9AT 34AO AO l 939 2IAS l2.50 llAS IO.')S 32.90 I7.99 If.00 4)AS 2LAO I).20 OLIS LOS tlk l5 2L)f 35.)0 )LOS )2.05 %.52 24.05 2I.6l PO 1939 L)0 29.55 l3.00 !.25 2).22 )L)S 3780 26.2$ SL40 59.60 0.05 49.5$ 42AO 36.75 16.20 )2.05 41.9f 37.94 )L54 ) I.74 AF lt)9 LL50 d.95 I).05 dA5 I I.IO LO.OL 0.$ 5 5.I5 I.OL ltAS 5.90 4%20 LIS 3$ .9$ IAS L)85 I).05 LL95 II.I5 I l,43 I2.45 PF l9$ 9 4.45 LIAO 4AO LTO 0.55 6A2 O.LO 0.00 4.60 3.$ 5 L.LO 0.05 3.00 2.00 L45 IOAO L2.90 IOAO 6.04 S.l) 4A6 ALL l9)9 47.LO d).50 37.90 4$ .10 S7.64 4L)0 90AO 60.69 99AO IOLIS $ IAf $ 450 74.40 75.2S 96.05 4$ .55 $ 4.46 7) Jl 70AT SICKO AO 1990 34.$ 0 LLIO 37.50 )2.40 5).)5 S I.)7 )2.90 5AS 25.0l IIAO 7.75 dIAS l)AS 25.39 2).IO 35.45 365 5 I9.75 27.0 I 26.06 2LTI PO l990 SAO l2A5 IL35 l2.70 0.05 9A5 LIAO I)AS I I.I9 ILTO 0.00 0.00 30.00 I2.LI I l.90 LO.TO 9.30 It.lt I IA9 I I.73 IL66 AP 3990 7.9$ 2AO Llf 4.55 L90 6A) O.LO 0.00 4.4L 7.'TS L)f 1$ .70 )AS 7.290. 2.75 6.90 L95 7.00 6.4 f40 4.IL PP l 990 OAO 9AS I.75 3.90 0.05 )DL3 LOO L24 0.00 O.OS 0.05 ).20 )A5 L55 0.05 0.20 I.Td I.93 L.tl ALL )990 4IAS 4 IAO 4$ AO 5L55 62.)S 50.29 ~ ) IAO 4).69 4f A5 LO.I5 TTAO 4L20 45.lt 42.40 dlAO 5LI$ )9.0S 47,20 4)A6 4IA2 AO l99l 40.25 )5.25 40.05 SI.55 4LI$ 35.35 I)AS 5.90 2$ .L4 26.) f 20AO 45.55 ll.90 32.$ 5 N.95 S7.25 4L)0 )L25 N.52 )).'ll 34A2 PO lt)l TAO )LOS 24.)5 LIAS 2.)0 Il.ld )IAO 2S.96 4 I AS $ 0.55 L.)5 3$ .70 29A9 2)45 12.$ 0 Iktt 2LIS 2).94 26.14 II.)2 AF l99l N.25 I5.00 I6.7S 3780 l LAO 24.29 4.15 7.)0 )9A4 0.25 4.20 L).)5 LI5 4.92 4.75 L)0 )5.I) I6.4$ LO.) I L4.77 LL26 PF )99l 4A5 4.S5 I.9f LSS 0.30 3.03 OAO 0.00 2,24 0.00 O.LO OAO 0.90 0.25 )AS IL20 0.05 I.TO 'L2$ I.tt ALL l99l IL55 43.45 $ 5.IO 19A5 TL)5 7446 CIAO 76N dl.l5 7$ .65 SUS dd.l I 6L60 6L55 t)AI 79A5 7LI9 TIL97 6LTI AO )992 )OAO 30.20 42.40 5$ .95 5IAO 42.)3 23.90 I5.20 35.47 4LTO 64.2$ $ ).lf )L24 50.09 4tk00 41.10 OLIS 55.15 5LLI 4).95 45AT PO l 992 S.25 I5.d5 I I.40 5.40 tft 7.62 )IAO l4.74 25AO 0.00 )L20 l9A5 IIAO )0.20 5.95 I.IO )5.)7 !4.'97 I2.3$
AF l992 9.$ 5 $ .55 I l.95 )6AO 1.95 IOA4 4A5 2).05 I I AI I).3$ LI5 35.05 T.lf IO.IT TA5 l0.20 IAO I7.25 I0.9l I I.)9 IOA9 PF l992 9.35 IO.TO 2.25 4.25 L05 SAI 0.65 d.00 4.0I O.IO 0.25 0.30 0.75 0.35 3.95 Itf5 I.35 S.tf 2.64 ).2$ L20 ALL L)92 SLSS 62.)0 dL20 $ 2.00 65.77 60.50 65.90 $ 7.55 92AS 6IAO 74.34 10.76 74.20 74.75 12.2$ IS.OS 79.92 7)A9 7L44 Table 5-4 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 (continued)
0 0,
Table 5-5 Mean Frequency Ualues (%) by Species for Each Sampling Station - 1992 Bronurs teetotum 100 100 100 100 9S 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 100 SS 9$
16 S 14 2 Agropyron spkatum 14 Gryzopis hymenoidcs Poa aandbcrgH 96 96 92 64 S 26 36 22 46 72 34 6394 Sdpa comate 72 30 6 10 Amdnthia lycopsmdes 66 4 32 16 2 30 2 2 CbenopodiumkptophyHum 2 6 Crypranths cheumscissa Cryptanrhs pteloesrya Dcscuraink pinnate 2 2 2 2 6$
Drabs vcma $0 40 2$ 64 '74 60 52 24 7$ 4392 52 66 Franseria scanthacarpa 4 4 S 14 Gilia sharata liolostcum umbelktum 60 4 72 30 56 96 7$ S4 $2 4$ 74 40 $2 Leyia gknduhrsa Menrzclk albkauHs b&rosrcris graciHs 4 16 lg 16 12 2 14 lg 6 26 4320 PhaccHa Hnearis 2 4 3$
Pkntago patcgonica 50 14 52 12 30 Satseda RaH 24 44 Sisymbrium ahisshnum 76 $4 36 12 30 10 4$ 60 46 30 12 7$ 20 40 54 Trsgopogon dubius
~rare~4 AchHka ndHcfoHum 10 Aster cancerous 4 $ 12 4 10 6 Astragalus purshll AN gslmmt~~
Msamoddza careyana 4 12 4 Brodiaea dougiasB Comsndra umbeHata Crcpis atrabarba Cynoptems terebindunus 2 2 26 16 Oemabcra paliida 2 4 2 4 6 2330 16 Mox hurgifoHa 6 2 2 2 S 4 Rumex venostN Total Species Pcr Sita 1 1 10 7 10 1$ 17 13 13 16 139 14 16 $ 6 5-20
0'
~,
Table 5-6 Mean Terrestrial Phytomass for 1992 RbXR 8K MK RbZE SIX HdZ HKEE 0$ /05 GOL 4-7 18.3 183 A 05N4 G02 47 9.8 983 05/OS GO3 4-1 10.$ 10$ .1 0$ N$ GO I S.2 W 81.8 OS/IN G02 $ -2 6.7 dl.l OSN$ GO3 $ .2 $ .1 51.2 OS/OS GOL 124 253 2$ 2.7 OS/04 G02 I24 1$ .7 1$ 7.2 05/OS GO3 124 I I.l 1163 OSNS GOI 20.9 10.$ 10$ .0 05/04 G02 20.9 145 14S.L OSNS GOI 209 9.1 91.1 0$ /05 GOI 366 Ld 0$ /Ol G02 364 4.9 49.2 OSN$ G03 36.5 47 46 A AVO 14.2 142A AVO 10.9 109 A AVO SD 82.7 STD 6A STD S.l SO.'7 STD 2.9 2$ .$
~l 263X SK PIC ~l OS/OS CAN 4-7 4D 42 A OSNS GOS 4.7 2.7 27,1 5.6 $ 6.4 OSIOS G04 $ .2 7d 14.S OS/OS GO$ $ 02 5A $ 43 OS/06 G06 S-2 $3 S4.9 0$ /05 G04 126 1A 74.0 0$ /08 GO$ 124 10.1 100.6 OS/06 G06 124 3S 3SA OS/OS C04 20-9 I8 17.9 05/08 GO$ 20.9 4$ .1 0$ /06 G06 200 4.2 42.2 0$ /OS G04 36.5 9.1 90.7 0$ /0$ GOS 36.S 41.9 OS/06 G06 36.$ 2.$ 282 AVO 6.0 60.0 AVO 5A 54A AVG 4.9 . 49A 2.6 262 24.$ 2.0 ~ 20.0
~l ~A KX ZUK 2bXE QK RUE ~l OSN7 G07 47 LOS 10$ .1 OS/OS GOS 47 OS/07 SOI 4.7 2A 24.0 OSN7 G07 $ -2 I LA 116A OSN$ GOS $ -2 6$ A 0$ /07 SO I $ -2 7.2 OSN7 GOl 124 12.8 1283 OSIOS GOS 124 5$ .2 OSN7 501 124 6.1 67.1 05/07 G07 20-9 9.6 96.1 0$ /0$ COS 204I OS/07 SOI 20.9 2.6 OS/07 G07 36-5 6.1 61.1 OS/0$ G0$ 36 S 83.6 05/07 SO I 364 S.l 51.1 AVO 10.1 10 I A AVO 148 AVO 4.9 492 STD 23 22.9 10.$ STD 2.1 20.6 5-21
0 0
~
J 1
0
Table 5-6 Mean Terrestrial Phytomass for 1992 (continued)
Rb1E SIX RUE Rh3X QK ZJdZC HKEE 06/14 S02 4.7 6.9 d9A 05/07 $ 03 4.7 42 41.9 05/0$ $ 04 47 113 113.0 05/14 $ 02 $ -2 29.6 295.9 05/07 S03 $ -2 48 05/0$ $ 04 S-2 58 54.7 44'.1 05/14 $02 124 3A 33.7 05N7 $ 03 124 60.$ 05/08 $ 04 124 2.9 2$ .6 05/14 S02 209 ~ 11.9 119 A 05/07 $ 03 20-9 14.9 148.7 05/0$ $ 04 20.9 143 143 A 05/14 $02 364 21.9 2199 05/07 $ 03 36.5 I5 8 157'5/0$ $ 04 364 d.2 61.6 hVO 14.$ 1478 hva 9.1 90.7 hVO $ .0 9.7 5.1 518 STD 4.2 41.$
AXE kGX RUE REISE ZK ZldK ~/
05/12 $ 05 4.7 62 61.$ 05/06 $ 06 47 2d 25A 05/06 $ 07 47 22.1 220.$
05/12 $05 $ -2 78 75.1 05N6 S06 $ -2 4.0 39.7 05N6 $ 07 $ .2 1$ .0 180.0 05/12 $ 05 126 9A 93S 05/06 124 S06 1$ .7 I$73 05/06 $ 07 124 I I.S 11$ .3 05/12 $ 05 20-9 23.2 232.1 05/06 S06 20 9 20.1 200.6 05N6 $ 07 20.9 242 242.1 05/12 $ 05 364 9D 91.7 05/06 $ 05 36.5 5.4 OSN6 $ 07 3IW 178 175.1 53'1.1 hVO 110.$ hVO 10.1 1013 hVO 1$ .7 I$7D 6D d1.7 7.6 763 STD 43 42 A MEAN G01-G08 84.2 Glams/sq. meter MEAN S01-S07 109.6 Grams/sq. meter 5-22
0, 0
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~ I ~ ~ ~ ~
,~i. 555gggg/ggglgggggg@gf5555+gg%fgE5g555~~gl@g5$
R585RSR555RSRSR5RSRSRERHRHR5RSRRIR5%5R5 R55RHRSR555%5%5R5RSRSRIRSR5%5RHKSRSK5E5 N5M~~~MRSRSN5%5RSN5%5R5%5555R5NE)R5
~ 55MM~~MR555RSR5%5RSRERSR5RSR5%5R5
,EBM~~~M~~~~M~~~~KHE5RRR5 555MM~~M~~~~~~~~~RR5R5REIR5 R5~~~~M~~~~~~~~~RSR5Rf5E5'N585RSMR5R5R585%5RHR5~%5%5%5REtR5RSR5 N585%5~85R5R5R5%5R5R5M5R5N5%5%5N5RE)R55 N5R5R5~R5%5%5MIR5RHRSRSR5%5NSR55N5Rx5R5
,R5~~~~MR5R5%5%5R5%5R585%5REPR5RSR5
'K5MM~~MRRRSR5RSRER5%5%5%5%5RHREIE55 K5M~~~M~~~~~~~~MRKR5REIE5 KSMM~~M~~~~~~~M~REIRHK5E5
~ I
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Table 5-8 Summary of Shrub Density for 1992
~tat Rmhx ~ta Spl +~cia ~td ta 5 50 20
~
g~atttiLaai~u g~dgtaia
~a~g gJgyg~han~u ~v'di ttm8 0
0 4
0 0
40 90 0
0 16 36
~l S02 ~gglsia ~dtata
~a~la gy 1~aueeoatg 0
0 0 I 0, 0
0 0 0 10 0
4 0
Qitx1~ta ~u~v'idi
~~d tits
.0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
10
~ta ~l S03 QnStttlsh ~dta 9 16 17 50 500 200
~i ~dta~
QttxsQLlLaaMER gLBzttsug 2 1 2 7 70 28 Qhrrs~ta ~Lddihms 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 570 RZa 2a S04 ~pi'ttla ~data 0 1 1 4 6 60 24
~
Qmiti&atzm 1~~~
g~~ttLaat~v
~dta
~v'd'~ Sus 0 0
0 0
0 0
O 0
0 0
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Table 5-9 Summary of Shrub Cover (%) at Five Stations for 1992 Shrub Cover (%)
S01 S03 SOS Qrtemisia tridentata 0.00 6.24 7.01 6.02 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.00 1.24 OA6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.62 Purshia tridentata 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 Total Shrub Cover 0.61 0.24 8.09 6.02 1.36 2.05 Table 5-9 Summary of Shrub Cover (%) at Five Stations for 1992
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5-28
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Shrub Community 50m Herbaceous transect Shrub nterceot transect Shrub interceot transect Shrub interceot transect 20m Shrub interceot transect Shrub interceot transect Phytomass samOling Otot 10m Herbaceous Community 50m Herbaceous tr nsect i tom t'hytomass samoling olot I
Figure 5-2 Layout of Vegetation and Soil Sampling Plots 5-29
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~ AG-G, I OPERATIONAL PG-G CQ AF-G 1992 ERR PF-G MEAN % COVER 40 30 20 10 PREOP ERATIONAL W AG-S I OP E R ATI ONAL PG-S KQ'-."." AF-S I 1992 PF-S Figure 5-3 Mean Herbaceous Cover for 1975 through 1992 5-30
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PREOPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL 1002 SAMPLE PERIOD CDGRASSLAND EBSNRUBS DRY WEIGHT (G/M2) 250 200 176
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~ 420424ATIONAL O424ATIONAL 1002 SAMPLE PERIOD CDOOY WQT. E3% COYtll Figure 5-9 Mean Herbaceous Cover, and Phytomass for Stations SOS for 1980 through 1992 and Stations SO6 and SO7 for 1989 through 1992
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601 602 G03 604 605 605 607 608 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 SOS S07 STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL CZ1992 CHLORIDE MICROGRAMS/GRAM 20 15 10 601 G02 GOS G04 605 600 607 608 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 SOO S07 STATION EKI PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL C'31992 Figure 5-14 Soil Sulfate and Chloride for 1980 through 1992 5-41
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G01 G02 G03 G04 G06 G08 G07 G08 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S08 S07 STATION IK9PREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL %31992 COPPER MICROGRAMS/GRAM 26 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9
8 7 4 C.
8 eo1 eo2 Goo eo4 eo6 Goo Go7 eos S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S08 S07 STATION EE3PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E31992 Figure 5-15 Soil Bicarbonate and Copper for 1980 through 1992 5-42
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LEAD MlCROGRAMS/GRAM 12 10 0
GOI 602 603 604 605 608 GOT GOS SOI S02 S03 S04 S05 SOS SOT STATION K3PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E31992 NICKEL MICROGRAMS/GRAM 20 15 10 0
601 G02 603 604 G05 608 GOT 608 301 S02 SOS S04 S05 SOS SOT STATION EBPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL EZ 1992 Figure 5-16 Soil Lead and Nickel for 1980 through 1992 5-43
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ZINC MICROGRAMS/GRAM 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 GOI G02 603 604 605 605 607 GOS S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S05 S07 I PREOPERATIONAL STATION
~ OPERATIONAL C'3 1992 CADMIUM MICROGRAMS/GRAM 0.5 0.5 0,4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
601 602 603 604 G05 605 607 GOB SOI S02 S03 S04 S05 S05 S07 STATION EZI PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E3 1992 Figure 5-17 Soil Cadmium and Zinc for 1980 through 1992 5-44
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SODIUM WEIGHT PERCENT
- 0. 10 0.08 0.08 0.04
- 0. 02 0.00 G01 G02 603 604 605 608 G07 608 SOI S02 S03 S04 S05 S08 S07 STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL E31992 CHROMIUM MICROGRAMS/GRAM 20 14 12 10 0
601 G02 603 604 G05 G08 607 GOB SOI 802 S03 S04 805 S08 807 STATION I4ZIPREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL C31992 Figure 5-18 Soil Chromium and Sodium for 1980 through 1992 5-45
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- 0. 300 0.250 0.200 0,160
- 0. 100 0.050 0.000 GOI G02 G03 G04 G05 GOS G07 GOB SOI 802 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 STATION KB PREQPERATIQNAL ~ QPERATIQNAL C3 1992 CALCIUM WEIGHT PERCENT
- 1. 00
- 0. 80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 GOI G02 G03 G04 G05 GOS G07 GOS SOI S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 STATION EZIPREQPERATIQNAL ~ QPERATIQNAL ~ 1992 Figure 5-19 Soil Potassium and Calcium for 1980 through 1992 5-46
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MAGNESIUM WEIGHT PERCENT 1.00 0.80 0.40 'A t
1 0.20 C'.00 G01 G02 G03 G04 G05 G06 G07 GOB S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 S TAT ION HPREOPERATIONAL W OPERATIONAL E31992 Figure 5-20 Soil Magnesium for 1980 through 1992
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VEGETATION COPPER (mIcrograms/gram) PhlOx lOnpltolle 10 0
601 602 603 604 605 G08 607 608 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S08 S07 STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL MOPERATIONAL C31992 VEGETATION COPPER (mlcrograms/gram) eromus leclorum 12 0
601 602 603 604 605 G08 607 608 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S08 807 STATION EiKB PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E31992 Figure 5-21 Copper Concentrations (ug/g) in ~Phl x Jgnni~fli and ~rm~u ~fgrgm by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-48
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VEGETATION COPPER (mlcrogramslgram) Artemtsla trldentata 16 10 I
I G01 G02 G03 G04 God GOB GOT GOB S01 S02 SOS 604 Sod SOS Sol STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL C3 1992 VEGETATION COPPER (mIcrograms/gram) 10 Go1 Go2 eo3 eo4 eod God GOT GoB so1 s02 s03 s04 sod s06 soT I PREOPERATIOHAL STATION
~ OPERATIONAL CD 1992 Figure 5-22 Copper Concentrations (ug/g) in grtt mi~~i gr~ii~ntgg and Pgrrhig <~ggtg by Station for 1980 through 1992 549
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GO1 GO2 GO3 604 605 608 Gor 608 SO1 SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOS SOT STATION EBPREOPERATIONAL MOPERATIONAL E31992 VEGETATION COPPER (mlcrograms/gram) Poe sendsefpll 10 eo1 eo2 eos eo4 Gos eos eor eos so1 so2 sos so4 so5 sos sor I PREOPERATlONAL STATION
~ OPERATIONA1. E3 1992 Figure 5-23 Copper Concentrations (ug/g) in
$ iism~ri i~ ~lig~igm and Qg ~i~d~rii by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-50
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EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) 8romus teotorum 0.48
- 0. 42 0.36
- 0. 30 0.24 0.18'.12 0.06 0.00 GO1 GO2 GOS GO4 GO6 GOS GO'7 GOS SO1 $ 02 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOS SO7 STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL 231992 EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) Phlox lonpllolle 0.200 0.150 0.100 0.050 0.000 GO1 GO2 GO3 G04 GO5 GOS GO7 GOS SOl SO2 SO3 $ 04 SO5 SOS SO7 STATION EK} PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E31992 Figure 5-24 Chloride Concentrations (%) in 33~rm~
>~~~ and ~Phl x ~naif li ~ by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-51
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EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) Purshle trldontete 0.200
- 0. 150
- 0. 100 0.050 0.000 GOI 602 603 GO4 605 GOS 607 GOS SOI SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOS 807 STATION ER PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL M1192 EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) Artomlste trldontete 1.00
- 0. 75 0.50 0.25
- 0. 00 601 GO2 603 604 GO5 GOS GO7 608 SO1 802 SO3 SO4 805 SOS SO7 STATION EZIPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL %31192 Figure 5-25 Chloride Concentrations (%) in Arrei~ii ~i~en @ and Pp~rhi pion@ by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-52
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EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) POS Sendberpll 0.40
- 0. 30 0.20
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- 0. 00 GOI G02 G03 G04 G06 GOS G07 008 801 802 603 604 805 806 807 STATION RZ3PREOPERATIONAL M OPERATIONAL E31992 EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) Slsymbrltrm elf lsslmom 1.00 0.60
- 0. 40 G01 G02 G03 004 006 006 007 GOS SOI S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 STATION ItvtZI PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL E3 1992 Figure 5-26 Chloride Concentrations (%) in Qg
~aandber ii and ~iytttiLrtttm allia~im tm by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-53
EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (%) pnlox lonplfolls O.OBB 0.044 0.022 0.000 601 GO2 GO3 604 605 GOB 607 GOB 801 802 803 804 805 SOB 807 STATION EZIPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL Ei31992 EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (%) Slsymorlum sltlsslmum 0.80 0.80 0,40 0.20 0.00 601 GO2 603 604 GO5 GOB GO7 608 SOI SO2 803 SO4 SO5 SOB SO7 STATION EB PREOPERATIONAL W OPERATIONAL C'31992 Figure 5-27 Sulfate Concentrations (%) in Lhhlx
~ion i~fli and ~i~m~riu +i~jimmgm by Station for 1980 through 1992 5-54
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- 0. 100 0.080 o.oeo 0.040 0.020 0.000 GOI GO2 GO3 GO4 GO5 GOS GO7 GO8 SOI SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOS SO7 STATION EKI PREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL 231992 EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (%) Purshts irldentsts 0.08 0.08 0.04 0,02 0.00 GO1 GO2 GO3 GO4 605 GOS GO7 GOS SOI 802 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOS SO7 STATION EZIPREOPERATIONAL ~OPERATIONAL C71992 Figure 5-28 Sulfate Concentrations (%) in ~t mi~i
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Bromtrs teotorum EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (%)
- 0. 100 0.080 0.080 0.040
- 0. 020 1
- 0. 000 607 608 SOI SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 SOC SO7 GOI 602 603 604 605 GOC STATION EKIPREOPERATIONAL ~ OPERATIONAL 231992 EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (g) Poe sendoerplt 0.08 0,08 0.04
- 0. 02 r
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~nQggrrij and ~r~mip >~~i~ by Station for
~
1980 through 1992 5-56
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EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDE (%) EXTRACTABLE SULFATE (%)
- 0. ~
E9 POSA BATE O.OS 0EB POSA BATE O.OZ C3 81AL SIAL ERI 1HLo KKR PHLO C3 PUTA 0.08 C3 outa
~ AATA O.OS C3 AATA 0.0a 008 0.1 0.02 001 0.0 0.00 001 002 008 odl 008 odd OOZ 008 S01 802 808 801 Sod SOS SOT 001 002 008 00 ~ 008 008 OOZ OOS 801 S02 SOS 804 Sdd SOS SOT STATION STATION VEGETATION COPPER MICROGRAMS/GRAM 10 A POSA II Eg CD BATE 81AL PHLO CI PUTA AATA 001 002 008 004 OOS 008 OOZ 008 $ 01 802 808 S04 808 808 SOT STATION Figure 5-30 Total Vegetation Copper Chloride and Sulfate for 1992
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6.0 I AKE TR EF LIN VEY The regulatory commitment for this study has been satisfied and no further studies are planned. No fish were found impinged during any of the inspections and algal growth was moderate. Incidental observations are made when maintenance insp'ections of the intakes are conducted.
6-1
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7.0 ERIAL PH T RAPHY PR RAM 7.1 INTR D TI The aerial photography program began in June of 1988 to monitor the vegetation surrounding WNP-2 for impact due to cooling tower operation. Aerial photographs taken with color infrared (CIR) film allow large areas to be monitored and provide the opportunity to detect signs of possible stress before it becomes visible to the human eye. In addition to examination for stress, the photographs are compared with those taken in previous years to look for changes in vegetation patterns and evidence of cumulative damage. This program is performed to comply with Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) Resolution No. 239, dated September 14, 1987.
7.2 MATERIA AND METHOD This program was developed using guidelines published in NUREG/CR-1231 (Shipley, et.al.,
1980), which outlines the basic requirements for an aerial monitoring program and suggested types of film, photograph scales, frequency of photograph acquisition and the size of prints.
Five flightlines (Figure 7.1) were planned to cover the areas of greatest deposition according to the drift model constructed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (Droppo et.al.,
1976). Two flightlines, each approximately 7 miles (11,2 km) in length, run in a general north-south direction. These flightlines run between the two areas of greatest deposition according to the model. The other three flightlines of approximately 5 miles (8.1 km) in length, each run in an east-west direction and were placed to cross gradients of deposition.
The five flightlines were flown at an altitude of 1,550 feet (477m) above mean sea level.
The flightline coordinates are stored in the long-range navigation (LORAN) system in the contractors airplane. This allows the same lines to be photographed in following years.
7-1
i 1
The photographs were taken with Kodak Aerochrome 2443 color infrared film in a Hasselblad ELM 70mm camera by Photography Plus Inc. A Planar lens with a 80mm focal length was used with a number 12 Wratten filter attached. The scale is 1:6,000 in a 70mm x 70mm format. The relatively large scale of 1:6,000 was chosen as being large enough the types of shrubs in the areas surrounding WNP-2. The 70mm size was to'ifferentiate chosen over the larger nine inch by nine inch format for ease of handling and the storage of the nearly 300 photographs.
The photos were initially evaluated for flightline alignment and film quality. A visual analysis was performed to determine vegetation health and vigor, identify vegetative communities, compare upwind and downwind sites, and compare the 1992 film to the 1991 film. Selected scenes were converted to digital format and computer enhanced for further analysis. A map of the vegetation plots and flightlines shows the location of digitized test sites (Figure 7-2). This map was constructed from field notes, global position surveys, and the USGS Wooded Island Quadrangle. Interpretation of photographs and visual analysis is done by Oregon State University, Department of GeoSciences.
3.3 ~NA The film quality was judged to be good. The color balance and contrast were sufficient for interpretation of plant health and vigor.
Based on the flightline map supplied by the photography contractor, the 1992 aerial coverage of each flightline appears to be within acceptable limits. One camera problem was experienced resulting in a short re-flight of a portion of flightline one. There was no loss of coverage.
7.3.1 Flightline ¹1 7-2
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'0 The borrow pits on the south side of Hwy SO 4 showed strong PSA. This is typical of most disturbed sites, such as the mounds of soil found near the borrow pits.
Despite the difficulty in interpreting the film from 1991, the vegetative patterns appear to be unchanged in the past year. However, the PSA appears to be much stronger in 1992. Nearly all areas of disturbed soil exhibit moderate to strong PSA.
Within the compound, the vegetation near the metal quonset hut, located near the southwest corner of the cooling water towers, exhibits PSA equal to that expected from a well-watered lawn. The grass appears to be growing on a mound of soil and is not in a location which would suggest purposeful watering. A northeast wind would be required to blow water from the coolers to this location, Outside the compound, near the northwest corner, is an area of disturbed soil that exhibits rows of PSA. This is obviously human induced, but the reason is not clear.
The spacing of the rows is too wide for a crop and the area does not appear to be tended.
In addition to disturbed soil sites, PSA is commonly found bordering old roads and .
trails in the rangeland. It is most often found on the east side of the roads and trails, a condition likely related to the prevailing westerly winds.
7.3.2 Flightline ¹2 The greatest accumulation of tumble weed, (5 ~l~l ~kli, was noted on the east side of the sand fence which lies adjacent to the railroad tracks. This accumulation presumably occurs during the winter months when the winds come from the east.
7-3
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Large shrubs, P~ur hi, were quite visible due to the large scale of the photography; however, no photosynthetic activity was detected (these shrubs rarely show CIR reflectance).
The vegetation and PSA noted along this flightline were consistently found to the east of the roads, railroad tracks, and trails. One of the largest accumulations of PSA was found to the east of the sand fence adjacent to the railroad tracks.
Northwest of South Power Plant Loop Road was a large, dense area of vegetation which showed strong PSA. This signature could be that of small grasses.
An increased density of PSA was found near the rock pile north of the railroad tracks southeast of 603 ¹3, near the edge of nearly all sand dunes, and near the base of most power poles.
7.3.3 Flightline ¹3 The alignment of Flightline 3 differs from that of the 1991 season, in that it is further to the south.
Again, the majority of the dense PSA was found to the east of the roads and trails.
However, east of the power substation there'is less roadside vegetation than in the majority of the photo coverage.
7.3.4 Flightline ¹4 The light colored Phlox, blooming vegetation visible as white spots on this and most of the other flightlines, can be seen in the 1991 photography as well.
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PSA was noted within the compound of Flightline 4. Small patches of low-density PSA were most common.
Patches of PSA were found near the sand dunes west of the power lines in both tlie 1991 and 1992 films. Very few correlation such as this were found between the 1991 and 1992 films.
The banding of the riparian vegetation near the river can be seen in both years; however, the PSA is much stronger in the 1992 film despite the vegetation being further away from the water.
7.3.5 Flightline ¹5 At the beginning of Flightline 5, a large patch of the light colored blooming vegetation was noted near the highway where the powerline crosses.
The majority of PSA was again noted to the east of all roads, railroad tracks, and trails.
A small, rectangular pattern of very strong PSA wa noted between the railroad tracks and the river. This patch appears on both the 1991 and 1992 films.
The road which parallels the river exhibited the widest band of PSA of all roads in this overflight. Again, the PSA was found on the east side of the road.
The widest banding of PSA within the riparian vegetation was noted at the end of Flightline 5.
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7.4 IMA EPR Airphotos of selected ground sites (Figure 7-2) were scanned using the Eikonix Digital Scanner. Each frame was scanned with a red, blue, and green filter to extract multispect'ral information. The film used for the aerial photography was color infrared. With this film, most images in the original scene are shown on the film in a false color; greens appear blue, reds appear green, and photosynthesizing vegetation (which has a high reflectance of near infrared energy) appears red (white sand appears white, black asphalt appears black).
Using the near infrared and red reflectance information, we created a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Image. Actively photosynthetic vegetation strongly reflects near infrared light and absorbs red light. Higher NDVI values indicate greater photosynthetic activity and a greater mass of photosynthetic vegetation. An NDVI Image of Site A can be seen in Figure 7-3. This image clearly shows the location and extent of increased photosynthetic activity in shades of yellow (highest activity) and red. In this semi-arid d~i'ii,qikty environment, opportunistic vegetation, such as cheat grass (B~romu ~tectorum and tumble 1 i* lydia<<b& . A in Figure 7-3, these two species exhibit much higher NDVI values than the surrounding b
range vegetation.
Using field data from an on-site inspection, April 17, 1992, multiple training sites for each image were selected and digitized. These training sites represent visually identifiable areas of specific homogenous ground cover. Training sites were located on several different scanned images. The spectral information for each training site was extracted, and an individual response signature was developed for each class of ground cover. A comparison and explanation of these spectral signatures is shown in Figure 7-4.
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7.5 CQNNL We have been able to identify distinctive range vegetation and analyze their photosynthetic reflectance characteristics at this time of the year. From our comparison of 1991 to 1992 films, no clear distinctions could be made due to the poor quality of the 1991 films, A comparison of 1992 training sites revealed that no significant differences in vegetative cover characteristics exist among monitored sites. Our interpretation shows no significant vegetative health differences between sites located upwind and downwind from the cooling towers of Power Generator Number 2.
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I Photograph 4. NDVI (Normal Difference Vegetation Index) classified image of Site A. This classification highlights photosynthetic activity relative to CIR reflectance values. Note the relative high value of tumble mustard (yellov) and lesser values of cheat grass (red) .
Figure 7-3. NDVI (Normal Difference Vegetation Index) 7-10
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Figure 7-4. Composite spectral signatures for sand and four vegetation types identified at sites A, B, C, and E. These signatures statistically characterize vegetation and background according to average reflectance values across three spectral bands. Y axis values refer to reflectance; X axis values refer to red, green and blue. 1) sand, high value reflectance in all three bands; 2) tumble mustard, very high red reflectance; 3,4) cheat grass from Sites A and E, parallel in character but slightly different in reflectance values from site to site; 5) general range vegetation, mixture of common vegetation types; 6,7)
~Ptr~hi t ~rident t from sites B and C, parallel in character bnt slightly different in reflectance values from site to site.
7-11
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8D ~D8 N em J.C. Bell, Manager Plant Services Mail Drop 1025 J.P. Chasse Senior Env. Licensing Engineer Mail Drop 280 L.J. Garvin III, Manager Programs and Audit (QA)
Mail Drop 280 W.A. Kiel Senior State Liaison Mail Drop 280 J.E. Powers Special NP Administrator Mail Drop 927S WNP-2 Files Mail Drop 964Y WNP-2 Records DIC 1316.7 Mail Drop 927A Offsite S. Butler 25045 Rachel Rd.
Kennewick, WA, 99337 W.M. Dean, Nuclear Reactor Regulation Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555 8-1
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DI TRIB Document Control Desk Nuclear Regulatory'ommission Mail Station P1-137 Washington, DC 20555 P.L. Jackson Department of Geosciences Oregon State University Wilkinson Hall 104 Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5506 J. Witczak Department of Ecology P.O. Box 47600 Olympia, WA 98504-7600 R.K. Woodruff Battelle Northwest Laboratories P.O. Box 999 Richland, WA 99320 (5) J,J. Zeller, Manager Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council Mail Stop FA-11 Olympia, WA 98504-1211 8-2
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