L-2016-198, Redacted Turkey Point, Units 3 & 4, Updated Final Safety Analysis Report, Chapter 2, Site and Environment
Text
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 2 SITE AND ENVIRONMENT 2.1-1
2.1 Summary 2.1-1 2.1.1 Design Criteria 2.1-4 Performance Standards 2.1-4
2.2 Location 2.2-1
2.3 Topography 2.3-1
2.4 Population Distribution 2.4-1 2.4.1 Population Within 10 Miles 2.4-1 Cities, Towns and Settlements 2.4-1 Population by Annular Sectors 2.4-2 Population by Annuli 2.4-2 Population by Sectors 2.4-3 Projected Future Population 2.4-3 2.4.2 Population Within 50 Miles 2.4-4 Cities, Towns and Settlements 2.4-4 Population by Annular Sectors 2.4-4 Population by Annuli 2.4-5 Population by Sectors 2.4-5 Projected Future Population 2.4-5 2.4.3 Transient Population for Years 1990 and 1995 2.4-6 Tourists and Seasonal Visitors 2.4-6 Major Attractions and Events 2.4-7 Population at Major Industrial Facilities 2.4-8 Population at Major Colleges 2.4-8 2.4.4 Low Population Zone 2.4-8 2.4.5 Population Center 2.4-9 2.4.6 Population Density 2.4-9 2.4.7 Methodology for Estimating the 1990/1995 Resident Population 2.4-9 2.4.8 Methodology for Estimating the 1990/1995 Transient Population 2.4-11 Overnight Population 2.4-11 Transient Population at Recreational Attractions and Events 2.4-12 Transient Population at Major Employment 2.4-12 Facilities Transient Population at Major Colleges 2.4-13
2-i Revised 04/17/2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Title Page 2.4.9 Population Projections for Years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 2.4-13 Methodology for Projecting the Population 2.4-13 2.4.10 References 2.4-15
2.5 Land Use 2.5-1 2.5.1 Regional Land Use 2.5-1 Dade County 2.5-1 Broward County 2.5-7 Monroe County 2.5-9 2.5.2 Local Land Use 2.5-10
2.6 Meteorology 2.6-1
2.7 Hydrology (Surface Water) 2.7-1 2.7.1 Introduction 2.7-1 2.7.2 Area 2.7-1 2.7.3 Site 2.7-2 2.7.4 Site Flooding 2.7-2 2.7.5 Flood Control 2.7-3 2.7.6 Summary 2.7-4 2.8 Oceanography 2.8-1 2.9 Geology 2.9-1 2.9.1 Introduction 2.9-1 2.9.2 Regional Geology 2.9-1 2.9.3 Local Geology 2.9-3 2.9.4 Subsurface Investigation for the Unit 4 EDG Building 2.9-6 2.9.4.1 Properties of Subsurface Materials 2.9-6 Exploration 2.9-7 Limerock Fill Material 2.9-7 Rock Cores (Miami Oolite) 2.9-7 2.9.4.2 Geophysical Surveys 2.9-8 2.9.4.3 Excavations and Backfill 2.9-8 2.9.4.4 Response of Soil and Rock to Dynamic
Loading 2.9-8 2.9.4.5 Liquefaction Potential 2.9-9
2-ii Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section Title Page 2.9.4.6 Earthquake Design Basis 2.9-10 2.9.4.7 Static Stability 2.9-10 Bearing Capacity 2.9-10 Settlement 2.9-11 2.9.4.8 Design Criteria 2.9-11 2.9.4.9 Techniques to Improve Subsurface Conditions 2.9-12 2.9.5 References 2.9-13
2.10 Ground Water 2.10-1 2.10.1 Introduction 2.10-1 2.10.2 Regional 2.10-1 2.10.3 Local 2.10-3 2.10.4 Site Conceptual Model 2.10-4 2.11 Seismology 2.11-1 2.11.1 Introduction 2.11-1 2.11.2 Earthquakes 2.11-1
2.12 Environmental Monitoring 2.12-1 2.12.1 General 2.12-1 2.12.2 Air Environment 2.12-2 2.12.3 Water Environment 2.12-3 2.12.4 Land Environment 2.12-5
2.13 Exclusion Zone-Low Population Zone 2.13-1 2.13.1 Exclusion Zone 2.13-1 2.13.2 Low Population Zone 2.13-1 2.14 Site and Location Related External Events 2.14-1 2.14.1 Natural Gas Pipeline 2.14-1 2.14.2 Unit 5 Aqueous Ammonia 2.14-1 2.14.3 Homestead Air Force Base 2.14-2 References 2.14-2
2-iii Revised 08/17/2016 C28 APPENDICES Appendix 2A Deleted Appendix 2B Deleted
Appendix 2C Oceanography
Appendix 2D Deleted Appendix 2E Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion for the Exclusion Area Boundary and Low Population Zone Appendix 2F Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion for the Control Room and Onsite Locations
2-iv Revised 04/17/2013 C26C26 LIST OF TABLES Table Title 2.4-1 Resident Population Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-2 DELETED
2.4-3 1990 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-4 1995 Projected Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-5 1990 Peak Seasonal and Daily Visitors Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-6 1995 Projected Peak Seasonal and Daily Visitors Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-7 Visitors to Recreational Facilities Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-8 Visitors to Major Special Events Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-9 Major Employment Facilities Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-10 DELETED
2.4-11 Cumulative Population Density by Annular Sector Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-12 Cumulative Population Density by Annular Sector Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-13 2000 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-14 2005 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-15 2010 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-16 2013 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.5-1 Nonagricultural Employment, Dade County, Florida 1967 Annual Average 2.5-2 Manufacturing Firms by Industrial Group, Dade County, Florida
1954-1966
2.5-3 Land Use Summary, Dade County, Florida 1960
2.5-4 Land Use Summary, Area Subject to Development Dade County, Florida, 1960
2.5-5 Nonagricultural Employment, Broward County, Florida 1967 Annual Average 2.5-6 Nonagricultural Employment, Monroe County, Florida March 1967
2-v Revised 04/17/2013 LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table Title 2.6-1 DELETED 2.6-2 DELETED 2.6-3 DELETED 2.6-4 DELETED 2.6-5 DELETED
2-vi Revised 04/17/2013 C26 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title 2.2-1 General Location Map
2.2-2 Aerial Photo of Site
2.2-3 General Site Features
2.2-4 Site Area Map
2.4-1 1997 Resident Population Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-2 DELETED
2.4-3 1990 Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-4 1995 Projected Resident Population Within 50 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-5 1990 Peak Seasonal and Daily Visitors Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.4-6 1995 Projected Peak Seasonal and Daily Visitors Within 10 Miles of Turkey Point Plant
2.5-1 Existing Generalized Land Use Pattern
2.5-2 Generalized Land Use Pattern Projected to 1985
2.6-1 DELETED 2.6-2 DELETED 2.6-3 DELETED 2.6-4 DELETED 2.6-5 DELETED 2.6-6 DELETED 2.6-7 DELETED 2.6-8 DELETED 2.6-9 DELETED 2.6-10 DELETED 2.6-11 DELETED 2.6-12 DELETED 2.6-13 DELETED
2.12-1 Preoperational Radiological Surveillance Program
2c-1 Cooling Canal System Layout
2F-1 Turkey Point Onsite Release - Receptor Location Sketch
2-vii Revised 04/17/2013 C26C26 2.1
SUMMARY
Data are presented in this section which provide a basis for the selection of
design criteria for hurricane, tornado, flood and earthquake protection, and
to state the adequacy of concepts for controlling routine and accidental
release of radioactive liquids and gases to the environment. Field programs
to investigate geology, seismology, hydrology, have been completed. A
meteorological field program was in effect until mid 1970. A modified
program will continue throughout the nuclear unit operation. Additional
information on site characteristics and meteorology is provided in licensing
correspondence concerning Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 compliance with 10 CFR
Part 50 Appendix I.
(1) (2)
The site is on the shore of Biscayne Bay, about 25 miles south of Miami,
Florida. The area immediately surrounding the site is low and swampy, very
sparsely populated and unsuited for construction without raising the
elevation with fill. The nearest farming area lies in the northwest quarter
of a five
mile arc from the site.
The immediate area surrounding the nuclear units is flat and rises very
gently from sea level at the shoreline of Biscayne Bay to an elevation of
about 10 ft. above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at a point some 8 to 10 miles west of
the site. To the east, 5 to 8 miles across Biscayne Bay, is a series of
offshore islands running in a northeast-southwest direction between the Bay
and the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of which is Elliott Key. These islands
are undeveloped with the exception of a few part time residents scattered
throughout the Keys. A Dade County public park is located eight tenths of a
mile north of the northern containment (Unit 3) and is occupied on a day time
transient basis.
(1) Letter L-76-212, "Appendix I Evaluation", dated June 4, 1976 from R.E.
Uhrig of Florida Power and Light to D. R. Muller of the USNRC.
(2) Letter L-76-358, "Appendix I Additional Information", dated October
14, 1976 from R. E. Uhrig of Florida Power and Light to G. Lear of
USNRC Branch No. 3.
2.1-1 Rev. 16 10/99 Air movement at the site prevails almost 100 per cent of the time.
Prevailing winds are out of the southeast. The atmosphere in the area is
generally unstable with diurnal inversions occurring fairly frequently.
Inversions are almost invariably accompanied by continually shifting wind
directions most of which are from the off-shore quadrants.
The Miami area has experienced winds of hurricane force periodically, and the
plant may be subjected to flood tides of varying heights. External flood
protection is described in Appendix 5G.
Circulating water and intake cooling water discharged from Units 1, 2, 3 and
4 flows to a closed cooling system as described in Section 2.3.3 of the
Environmental Report Supplement submitted to the AEC on November 8, 1971, with interim flow to Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, in accordance with the
Final Judgement, Civil Action No. 70-328-CA in the United States District Court for
the Southern District of Florida of September 10, 1971 (Appendix 6 in the
Environmental Report Supplement).
The normal direction of natural drainage of surface and ground water in the
area of the site is to the east and south toward Biscayne Bay and will not
affect off-site wells. The Pre-Operational Surveillance Plan, which is a
radiological background study of the Turkey Point area, was initiated prior
to initial startup of Unit 3. Samples of air, soil, water, marine life, vegetation, etc. in the area were collected and studied.
The site has underlying limestone bedrock on which has been placed compacted
limestone rock fill to elevation + 18 MLW. The major structures have been
founded on this fill. The bedrock beneath is competent with respect to
2.1-2 Rev 8 7/90
foundation conditions for the nuclear units. The area is in a seismologically quiet region, as all of Florida is classified Zone 0 (the
zone of least probability of damage) by the Uniform Building Code, published
by International Conference of Building Officials. Despite the lack of any
substantiating earthquake history, the units have been designed for an
earthquake of .05g and all safety features have been checked to determine
that no loss of function will occur in case of an earthquake of .15g
horizontal ground acceleration.
The following specialists in environmental sciences have participated in
developing site information:
First Research Corporation of Miami, Fla. Population and Land Use
(Sections 2.4 and 2.5)
Professor Homer W. Hiser Climatology
Mr. Harold P. Gerrish Section 2.6
Professor Harry V. Senn
All from Radar Meteorological Laboratory,
University of Miami, Institute of
Marine Science
Mr. Richard O. Eaton, P.E., Hydraulic Engineer Hurricane Flooding and
Mr. Theodore E. Haeussner, Hydraulic Engineer Wave Run Up
U. S. Corps of Engineers Section 2.6 and Appendix 2B
Mr. J. W. Johnson, University of California
Mr. Lester A. Cohen Meteorology, On Site and
Mr. John A. Frizzola Diffusion
Meteorologists, Brookhaven National Section 2.6 and Appendix 2A
Laboratory
Dames & Moore, Atlanta, Georgia Hydrology, Geology, Professor John A. Stevens, Associate Professor Seismology and Foundations
Civil Engineering, University of Miami Sections 2.7, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11
Dr. William S. Richardson, Associate Professor Hydrology, Biscayne Bay
of Oceanography, University of Miami and Oceanography
Institute of Marine Science Sections 2.7, 2.8 and
Dr. Donald W. Pritchard and Appendix 2C
Dr. James Carpenter, both of
Johns Hopkins University,
Chesapeake Bay Institute
Dr. Robert Dean
University of Florida
Marine Acoustical Services,
Oceanographers of Miami
Dr. George W. Housner, Consultant Earthquakes
California Institute of Technology Section 2.11
2.1-3
Dr. James B. Lackey, Professor Emeritus, Ecology: University of Florida Plankton Dr. Charles B. Wurtz, LaSalle College Invertebrates Dr. Joseph Davis, University of Florida Marine botany Dr. Edwin S. Iverson Vegetation (bay)
Dr. C. P. Idyll Fish & food chain Dr. Durbin Tabb Dr. E. J. Ferguson Wood
Mr. Richard Nugent All of the University of Miami, Institute of Marine Science
Dr. Roger Yorton, University of Florida Chemistry, Bay Water
Bechtel Associates, Gaithersburg, Md.
General Bechtel Corporation, Various U.S. offices
Southern Nuclear Engineering, Inc.
Dunedin, Florida; Washington, D.C.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation Atomic Power Division, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Ebasco Services Incorporated, New York, NY Subsurface Conditions
Section 2.9.4 Conestoga-Rovers & Associates Site Conceptual Model US Headquarters in Niagara Falls, NY (Ref: Report No. 051293-2)
Section 2.10
2.1.1 DESIGN CRITERIA
Performance Standards
Criterion: Those systems and components of reactor facilities which are essential to the prevention or to the mitigation of the consequences of nuclear accidents which could cause undue risk
to the health and safety of the public shall be designed, fabricated, and erected to performance standards that will
enable such systems and components to withstand, without undue
risk to the health and safety of the public the forces that
might reasonably, be imposed by the occurrence of an
extraordinary natural phenomenon such as earthquake, tornado, flooding condition, high wind or heavy ice. The design bases so
established shall reflect: (a) appropriate consideration of the
most severe of these natural phenomena that have been officially
recorded for the site and the surrounding area and (b) an
appropriate margin for withstanding forces greater than those
recorded to reflect uncertainties about the historical data and
their suitability as a basis for design. (GDC 2)
The forces that might be imposed by postulated extraordinary natural phenomenon such as earthquakes, storms and flooding have been analyzed and
used in the design as discussed in detail in Section 5.
2.1-4 Revised 06/15/2010 C25 2.2 LOCATION
The site lies on the west shore of Biscayne Bay, in Sections 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 and 34, Township 57 South, Range 40 East, Dade County, Florida, at
latitude 25 o-26'-04" North and longitude 80 o-19'-52" West. This location is approximately 25 miles south of Miami, eight miles east of Florida City, and
nine miles southeast of Homestead, Florida. Its location is shown on Figures
2.2-1, and 2.2-2 with the site plan shown on Figure 2.2-3.
The site comprises 3300 acres, more or less, owned by Florida Power & Light
Company. The only access road is completely controlled by Florida Power &
Light Company. The site has been developed to accommodate both nuclear and
fossil-fired units.
2.2-1 Rev. 16 10/99
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.2-3
REFER TO ENGINEERING DRAWING 5610-C-2
REV. 16 (10/99)
FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 GENERAL SITE FEATURES FIGURE 2.2-3
2.3 TOPOGRAPHY
The surface of the land in the Turkey Point area is flat and slopes very gently from an elevation of sea level at the shoreline up to an elevation of
about 10 ft at a point some eight to nine miles inland.
The entire Dade County, Florida area is quite flat with the highest level on a ridge in the Miami area which parallels the shoreline. This ridge reaches an
elevation of about 20 ft at its high point.
The land in and around the site comprises mangrove swamps from along the shoreline, extending inland three to four miles. Open fields extend westward
from the edge of the swamp.
2.3-1 2.4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION This section presents updated population estimates for the area surrounding
the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant. The population estimates for the 10
mile area surrounding the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant is based on
information from the state of Florida Radiological Emergency Management Plan
and is based on 1997 data. The 1990 population estimates for the 50 mile
area surrounding the Turkey Point nuclear units is based on 1990 US Census
figures. The 1995 population estimates are based on population changes from
the 1980 Census and 1985 Dade County Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) data, and
projections to 1995.
2.4.1 POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES
In 1997 the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant, located in Dade County, Florida, has an estimated 139,833 people who reside within 10 miles of the
plant. Figure 2.4-1 and Table 2.4-1 show the sector distribution of the
resident population within 10 miles. All of the resident population within
10 miles of Turkey Point live between 5 and 10 miles.
(1,3)
Cities, Towns and Settlements
Most of the area within 10 miles of the plant is in Dade County. A small
portion of the 10-mile area, south and southeast of the plant, is in Monroe
County. The largest population center within 10 miles is the city of
Homestead in Dade County. The city of Homestead lies west, west-northwest
and northwest of the plant. Most of its area is located between 5 and 10
miles of the plant, except for a small portion which extends beyond 10 miles
from the plant.
2.4-1 Rev. 16 10/99 Florida City lies immediately south of Homestead. Approximately 90% of Florida City's land area is within 10 miles of the plant.
2.4-1a Rev. 16 10/99 The remainder of Turkey Point's 10-mile area is unincorporated. Most of the area south and southwest of the plant consists primarily of marshland and
glades, and contains no resident population. The area west and northwest
within 5 miles of Turkey Point consists mainly of agricultural land.
Homestead Bayfront Park and the Biscayne National Park Headquarters are
located approximately two miles north-northwest of the plant. There are no
permanent residents within 5 miles of the plant. Northwest of the plant
between 5 and 10 miles is the Homestead Air Reserve Base. Most of the Base
is located in sector NW 5-10.
All of the residential development within 10 miles has occurred in sectors W
5-10 through N 5-10. The population in these sectors is concentrated on
either side of US Highway 1, from Homestead/Florida City to the southern
Miami suburbs.
That portion of Monroe County within Turkey Point's 10-mile radius includes
the northern tip of Key Largo. Virtually all of the residents in this area
can be found at the Ocean Reef Club. The Ocean Reef Club is a
privately-owned community, used both as year-round and seasonal residences.
The distinction between a year-round and seasonal residence is not clear, since many people may reside at the Club for six months out of the year.
About 5,500 residents at the Club were estimated to be located within 10
miles of the plant.
Population by Annular Sectors
The most heavily populated annular sector within 10 miles of Turkey Point is
sector WNW 5-10, with an estimated 44,013 residents. This annular sector
includes the majority of Homestead's population, as well as a densely
developed area off U.S. Highway 1 on the outskirts of Homestead, known as
Leisure City.
Population by Annuli
The annuli within 5 miles of the plant contain very few residents. All of
the
2.4-2 Rev. 16 10/99
resident population is situated in the 5- to 10-mile annulus, with a total population of 139,833.
Population by Sectors
Of the six sectors which have resident population, sector WNW has the highest
population, with 44,013 people. The second highest is sector NW, with a
total of 25,346 residents. This sector includes most of the residential
developments at Homestead Air Reserve Base and dense developments off U.S.
Highway 1, primarily along the southeast side of the highway.
Projected Future Population The population within 10 miles of the Turkey Point plant is projected to
increase by a little more than 4% over the next 5 years.
Growth in the vicinity of Homestead is expected to increase at a slightly
faster rate than the 10-mile area as a whole. These projections are based on
1980 Census, 1985 TAZ, and 1990 Census figures.
(1,12,13,19)
There are several new and expanding residential developments in the 10-mile
area which may account for a portion of the area's moderate growth in the
past and its projected growth in the future. The largest new development
identified during a 1988 field study was Keys Gate at the Villages of
Homestead, where 6,200 units are planned over a 12-year period.
(33) This residential development is located in sector WNW 5-10. Sector NNW 5-10
includes the Cutler Landings and Hartford Square developments with a combined
total of approximately 1,600 units. Another new development in sector N 5-10
is Lakes by the Bay, off of Old Cutler Road.
(41) Sectors S, SSW, SW, and WSW out to 10 miles are not projected to be developed. This area includes
primarily swamp land.
2.4-3 Rev. 16 10/99 2.4.2 POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES
The 1990 Census information estimated that approximately 2,613,535 people
reside within 50 miles of the plant.
(1) Figure 2.4-3 and Table 2.4-3 show the sector distribution of the resident population within 50 miles, in rose and
tabular form, respectively.
Cities, Towns and Settlements
Four counties fall within 50 miles of the plant: Dade, Monroe, Broward and
Collier. Dade County is entirely within the 50-mile boundary. A large
majority of Monroe and Broward Counties also lie within the area, while only
a small portion of Collier County falls in the 50-mile area. The largest
population center within 50 miles of the plant is the City of Miami in Dade
County. It extends out over the northern, northwestern, and northeastern
sectors. The 1990 resident population in the City of Miami was 358,548.
(1) The city experienced a population growth of about 3% over its 1980 population
of 346,865.
(13) A more substantial growth occurred in the area of Key Largo, in Monroe County, located in the southern and southwestern sectors. The
population of Key Largo in 1990 was estimated at 11,336.
(1) This is a 52%
growth over the 1980 population of 7,447.
(13) The largest city in Broward County, with a population of 143,444 (1) in 1990, located within 50 miles of the plant is Fort Lauderdale. The population in this city experienced a 6%
decrease over the 1980 population of 153,279 based on Census information.
(13) Collier County contains no population within 50 miles of the plant.
Most of the area west and southwest of the plant between 10 and 50 miles
consists primarily of marshland and glades, and contains little population.
The eastern, southeastern, and northeastern sectors consist primarily of
Atlantic Ocean. Aside from boaters and park visitors, there is no resident
population in these sectors.
Population by Annular Sectors
The most heavily populated annular sector within 50 miles of Turkey Point is
sector N 20-30, with an estimated 430,335 residents in 1990. This annular
sector includes the majority of Miami's population, and Miami Beach.
2.4-4 Rev. 16 10/99 Population by Annuli The 20- to 30-mile annulus contains the largest population, with 902,461
residents. The second highest annulus with a population of 707,175 is from
30 to 40 miles. Again, this is due primarily to the intensive development
north of the plant in the area of Miami and its suburbs.
Population by Sectors
Of the 11 sectors which have resident population, sector N has the highest
population, with 1,330,570. The second highest is sector NNE, with a total
of 972,816 residents. These sectors contain all of Miami's residents.
Projected Future Population The population between 10 and 50 miles of the Turkey Point plant is projected
to increase by approximately 11% over the next five years. The Census
population from 1980 and 1990 as well as the percent growth rate for the four
counties located within 50 miles is presented below.
County 1980 Census Data 1990 Census Data % Growth (10 Years)
Broward 1,018,257 1,255,488 +23.3 Collier 85,971 152,099 +76.92 Dade 1,625,724 1,937,094 +19.15 Monroe 63,188 78,024 +23.48 TOTAL 2,793,140 3,422,705 + 22 Average
Collier County does not contribute any population in the 50 mile area and, therefore, its growth rate does not affect these projections.
2.4-5 Rev. 16 10/99 2.4.3 TRANSIENT POPULATION FOR YEARS 1990 AND 1995
The transient population includes both seasonal visitors staying at overnight
accommodations and daily transients. Daily visitors may include persons
attending special events and visiting local attractions. Persons attending
colleges and major employment facilities constitute daily transients as well.
However, many of the daily visitors are also residents in the area, and it is
difficult to determine how many of these visitors are also residents.
The population figures presented in this report are based on the estimates
from known events in the EPZ. The estimated peak 1990 number of transients
expected within 10 miles of Turkey Point was about 21,019. This is presented
in Figure 2.4-5 and Table 2.4-5, in rose and tabular form, respectively. The
resultant 1995 transient population within 10 miles is presented in Figure
2.4-6 and Table 2.4-6. The transient population in the 50-mile area was not
determined in this study. The transient population components are listed
below.
Tourists and Seasonal Visitors
The Turkey Point 10-mile area does not experience a significant influx of
transient visitors during the winter months. The area does not particularly
cater to tourists, since the lack of usable shoreline (i.e., sandy beaches)
has prevented the development of major resort facilities. The largest influx
of seasonal residents can be found at the Ocean Reef Club in Key Largo. The
Ocean Reef Club is a private resort located on the northern tip of Key Largo
in Monroe County. It is in annular sector SSE 5-10. The resort has about
1,200 single-family, multi-family, and tourist accommodations.
(12,23) In 1988, the Ocean Reef Club was the only resort within 10 miles of Turkey Point.
2.4-6 Rev. 16 10/99 There are a number of hotel/motel accommodations within 10 miles of Turkey
Point in Dade County, most of these being in the Homestead/Florida City area.
There are also several campgrounds in the area for visitors using
recreational vehicles. The number of seasonal visitors staying at private
residences in the 10-mile area was estimated based on the percentage of
seasonal units as published in the 1980 U.S. Census of Housing.
(14) Since the nature of the area
2.4-6a Rev. 11 11/93
has not changed significantly in the past few years, this approach was deemed to be appropriate for the Turkey Point area. The total number of overnight
tourist and seasonal visitors within 10 miles of the plant was estimated to
be 7,396 in 1990. In 1995, the number of seasonal visitors was projected to
increase to 8,129. Many of the residents at the Club are accounted for as
permanent residents and are included in Section 2.4.1. The remaining were
considered to be seasonal residents.
Major Attractions and Events
The Homestead Bayfront Park and Biscayne National Park are the two major
recreational parks in the Turkey Point 10-mile area. Both parks, located
adjacent to one another are in annular sectors N 1-2 and NNW 1-2. Homestead
Bayfront Park is a large recreational park south of the North Canal on
Biscayne Bay which also includes a marina. Over 6,000 visitors may attend
this park during one week.
(37) On the northern side of the Canal is the Biscayne National Park Headquarters. Biscayne National Park includes much of
the shoreline from Turkey Point north to Key Biscayne, Biscayne Bay and a
number of outer islands. Elliot Key, one of the park's islands, includes a
recreational area with a visitor center and camping facilities. In 1987, almost 608,000 visitors attended Biscayne National Park.
(36) The Homestead MotorSports Complex, located approximately 5.1 miles west of the plant, currently plans to host at least five major events each year, in addition to
several dozen smaller events throughout the year. The complex has a maximum
capacity of 65,000 people. Table 2.4-7 shows the estimated 1990 and 1995
population associated with the recreational facilities identified within 10
miles of Turkey Point. A ballpark is located approximately 8 miles west of
the plant.
The population associated with major special events is listed in Table 2.4-8.
The largest events are those associated with the Homestead MotorSports
Complex during major events each year. These events attract about 65,000
visitors. In addition, Homestead Frontier Days attracts about 50,000 visitors
during two weeks in January and February. During the two weeks, a number of
special attractions are open to the public including the Homestead Rodeo, BMX
National Bicycle Race and the Antique Car Show.
(18) These individual events
2.4-7 Rev. 16 10/99 attract thousands of visitors to the area. It is difficult to distinguish between those visitors that live inside the 10-mile radius and those that
live outside of it. For the purposes of this study, the peak one-day
attendance associated with the Homestead Rodeo has been included in the daily
transient population, assuming that 50% of the visitors live beyond the
10-mile radius.
2.4-7a Rev. 11 11/93 Population at Major Industrial Facilities Major employment facilities within 10 miles of the plant were identified in
1988 from industrial directories.
(7,8) Facilities with at least 50 employees were included in this population segment. Table 2.4-9 lists the employment
facilities identified. The Homestead Air Reserve Base was the largest
employer in the Turkey Point 10-mile area, employing about 1,900 non-military
personnel in 1988.
(20) This number was substantially reduced following Hurricane Andrew in 1992. It is reasonable to assume that many of the
employees within 10 miles are probably also residents of the area. For this
reason, it was assumed that about half of the employees live beyond the
plant's 10-mile radius and would therefore contribute to the transient
population segment.
Population at Major Colleges
Miami-Dade Community College has a branch within the Turkey Point 10 mile radius. The estimated student population is about 2,100 students. The Homestead Branch also employed about 70 personnel. In addition to Miami-Dade Community College, Florida International University conducts classes at the Homestead Branch. The estimated Student and staff population includes those from Florida International University. As with employees, students attending colleges in the area were included in the transient population segment assuming that 50% of them live beyond the 10-mile area.
2.4.4 LOW POPULATION ZONE
There are no residents within the Turkey Point low population zone (LPZ),
based on 1990 Census data. Homestead Bayfront Park is the closest
recreational area to the plant and is about two miles north of the plant.
About 900 visitors may be present during a peak day at the park. Immediately
north is the Biscayne National Park Headquarters in annular sectors N 1-2 and
NNW 1-2.
2.4-8 Rev. 16 10/99 2.4.5 POPULATION CENTER
The closest population center of 25,000 residents or more, is the city of
Homestead. Homestead has a 1990 population of about 26,866.
(1) Homestead's political boundary is about five miles from the plant at its closest
point.(26) However, no resident population exists at this distance from the plant. The nearest populated area of the city of Homestead lies about 7.0
miles west of the plant.
2.4.6 POPULATION DENSITY
The cumulative population densities within 10 miles and 50 miles of the
Turkey Point plant are presented in Tables 2.4-11 and 2.4-12, respectively.
Sector WNW has the highest cumulative population density with an average of 1,885
persons/square mile in the 10-mile area and sector N in the 50-mile area with
2,711. A large portion of the city of Homestead is located within the WNW
sector in the 10-mile area and a large portion of Miami is in the N sector.
The cumulative population densities presented in Tables 2.4-11 and 2.4-12
show that in 1990, of the six sectors within 10 miles which contain
residents, five annular sectors exceed 500 persons/square mile. Sixteen
annular sectors in the 50-mile area exceed 500 persons/square mile.
2.4.7 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE 1990/1995 RESIDENT POPULATION
The methodology used to estimate the 1990 and project the 1995 resident
population within 10 miles of the Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant are
outlined below:
- 1. 1990 population and 1980 population and housing information was collected from the U.S. Census Bureau, (1,12,13,14) and the State of Florida Division of Population Studies.
(3,4) In addition, the 1985 population by Traffic Analysis Zone was obtained from the Metro-Dade Transit
Agency.(19,25)
- 2. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps (2) and Census Bureau maps (1) were obtained. The site's reactor center was used as the centerpoint for
both the 10- and 50-mile area population estimates.
Computer-generated
2.4-9 Rev. 16 10/99 circles at distances of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 miles from the plant were overlayed onto maps for the 10-mile estimate and at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 miles for the 50-mile estimate. These computer generated
circles were also divided into 22.5 degree sectors representing the 16
cardinal compass points.
- 3. The final 1990 resident population distribution for the 10- and 50-mile areas was estimated and disaggregated to sectors based on 1990
Census tract boundaries for Dade, Monroe, Broward, and Collier
counties. The total population within each Census Tract was
disaggregated to sectors based on the estimated percentage of
population within each sector, as determined through further breakdown
of Census Blocks.
- 4. The 1995 resident population within 10 miles was projected based on the growth trends of the 10-mile area in the past 5 to 10 years. The
1985 Traffic Analysis Zone boundaries falling within each 1990 Census
Tract were examined to estimate the 1985 population within each Census
Tract. The growth rate between 1985 and 1990 was then calculated. An
average growth rate for each sector was then calculated based on the
Census Tracts included within a particular sector. The only exception
to this was a slightly different methodology used for the Western
sector, where TAZ and Census Tract boundaries could not be easily
correlated with each other. In this case, the average growth rate of
the combined populations of Homestead and Florida City, based on the
1980 and 1990 Census, was applied since these two municipalities make
up essentially all of the population within the Western sector.
The 1995 resident population for the 10- to 50-mile area was projected based on the average growth rate of the counties within 50 miles of
the plant, as determined through 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census figures. A
calculated growth rate of 11% was applied to the 1990 estimate, for
developing the 1995 projections. The same distribution used for 1990
was applied to the 1995 projections.
2.4-10 Rev. 10 7/92 2.4.8 METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE 1990/1995 TRANSIENT POPULATION
The transient population within 10 miles of the plant was estimated based on
the number of seasonal overnight visitors and daily visitors. Overnight
visitors include seasonal residents, and persons on vacation staying at
hotels/motels, campgrounds or with friends. Daily visitors may include those
persons attending special events, visiting major attractions, working in the
area, or attending major colleges.
In 1988, a field and telephone survey was conducted for the 10-mile area to
identify facilities and events associated with the transient population. At
that time, the transient population was also projected to 1993 based on the
overall growth rate of the 10-mile area. The 1990 transient population
presented in this report is based on the information collected in 1988. The
1990 figures were interpolated from the 1988 and 1993 estimates. The 1995
projections for the transient population were also based on the 1988 data, and extend the 1993 projections for two additional years. Each component of
the transient population is discussed in more detail below. The
methodologies described below outline the procedures carried out during the
1988 study. Where appropriate, additional explanations are provided based on
1990 data.
Overnight Population
The number of seasonal visitors staying at hotels and motels within 10 miles
of the plant was calculated based on the number of units at each facility and
the specific location of them. The total number of units was multiplied by
an average occupancy rate of 2.0 persons per room to calculate the total
population associated with these overnight accommodations. Sources used to
identify these tourist accommodations included telephone directories, (11) Chamber of Commerce publications, (21,22) and a field survey conducted in 1988.(5)
The number of seasonal visitors at the Ocean Reef Club on Key Largo was
calculated based on the estimated number of units at the Club and using an
average occupancy factor of 2.0 persons per unit. Approximately half of
these residents were counted by the 1990 U.S. Census as permanent residents.
The remaining residents were considered seasonal for the purposes of this
study.
2.4-11 Rev. 10 7/92 Since the 10-mile area within Dade County does not provide much in the way of tourist amenities, the number of visitors staying at private residences was
not considered to be significant. According to the 1980 U.S. Census of
Housing, approximately 0.5% of all housing units in the area were used by
seasonal visitors.
(14) This same percentage was applied to the 1990 resident estimates to calculate the number of seasonal visitors staying at private
residences.
Transient Population at Recreational Attractions and Events
In order to estimate the population at the two major recreational areas
within 10 miles of the plant, Biscayne National Park and Bayfront Park, personnel at each of these facilities were contacted.
(36,37) At Biscayne National Park, the yearly attendance level was divided by 365 days to
estimate a daily attendance at the park. The number of visitors at Elliot
Key was estimated based on the yearly number of persons counted at the
Visitor Center, the maximum capacity of boat tours to the island (42) and the number of campsites available. At Bayfront Park, a weekly visitor total was
divided by seven days to estimate the daily attendance at the park.
The Homestead Motor Sports Complex is located just outside the 5-mile radius of the plant. The capacity of the Homestead MotorSports Complex (HMC) is approximately 65,000 people, and is estimated to hold at least 5 sanctioned events annually.
The capacity of the Homestead Baseball Stadium is approximately 9500.
The highest average daily attendance for a single event (Rodeo) during
Homestead Frontier Days in Homestead was used to calculate the daily
transient population associated with this major recreational event. Since
many of the visitors to this yearly event may also be residents, it was
assumed that 50% of these visitors contribute to the transient population and
the other 50% are already accounted for in the resident or overnight
population.
Transient Population at Major Employment Facilities
The largest employers in the 10-mile area have been listed in Table 2.4-9, along with the number of employees at these facilities as determined during
the 1988 field study.
(7,8) It is reasonable to assume that many of these
2.4-12 Rev. 16 10/99 employees are probably also residents of the area. For this reason, it was assumed that about half of the employees live beyond the plant's 10-mile
radius and would therefore contribute to the transient population segment.
The employee population was allocated to annular sectors based on the
particular location of each facility.
2.4-12a Rev. 11 11/93 Transient Population at Major Colleges The number of students attending colleges within 10 miles of the plant was
obtained by contacting each facility.
(45,46,) Since students attending college may travel some distance, it was assumed that, as with employees, of
the students attending college in the area, 50% of them live beyond the
10-mile area, and therefore, contribute to the total transient population
estimate.
2.4.9 POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR YEARS 2000, 2005, 2010, AND 2013
The 1990 population for the 10- and 50-mile areas surrounding the Turkey
Point Nuclear Power Plant were estimated based on the 1990 US Census figures.
The 1995 population was generally based on the change between 1980 and 1990, and projected to 1995. For long term population estimates, the County-wide
projections for each of the counties within 50 miles of the plant were used
to estimate the population in the years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013. The
methodology used is described below. The results are presented in the Tables
2.4-13 through 2.4-16.
Methodology for Projecting the Population
Population projections were collected from the Dade County Planning
Commission, the Broward County Planning Council and the Monroe County
Planning Office. The projected growth rates were applied using the 1990
Census as a base, rather than the 1995 projections performed previously, since the Census data is a widely accepted standard.
In Dade County, projections were available for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010.
The County population for the year 2013 was projected from the change between
the 2005 and 2010 figures. The County population growth projections were
applied to the Dade County 1990 US Census Tracts within 50 miles of the
plant. The same distribution as 1990 and 1995 was used for the subsequent
years.
In Broward County, projections were available for the years 2000, 2005 and
2010. The change between 2005 and 2010 was used to project the County
population to the year 2013. However, the projections were developed prior
to
2.4-13 Rev. 16 10/99 the 1990 US Census and the County's previously projected population for 1990 was approximately 5% higher than the actual 1990 US Census count. The
Broward County Planning Council is currently in the process of reconciling
this discrepancy. For the purposes of this study, the projections developed
by the County prior to the Census count were reduced by 5%, based on this
difference. The resultant growth projections were applied to the Broward
County 1990 US Census Tracts within 50 miles of the plant. The same
distribution as 1990 and 1995 was used for the future projections.
In Monroe County, projections were available for the years 2000, 2010 and
2020. The 2005 population was interpolated from the 2000 and 2010
populations, and the 2013 population was interpolated from the 2010 and 2020
figures. The County growth projections were applied to the Monroe County
1990 US Census Tracts within 50 miles of the plant. The only exception was
the area of Key Largo within 10 miles of the plant at the Ocean Reef Club.
Key Largo experienced a substantial population increase between 1980 and 1990 (based on the US Census), and the 1995 population projection was based on a
higher growth rate than the County as a whole. Therefore, although the same
methodology was used, the 1995 projected population was used as the starting
point instead of 1990. The same distribution as 1990 and 1995 was used for
the future projections.
2.4-14 Rev. 10 7/92 2.4.10 REFERENCES
- 1. 1990 Census of Population - Census Tract and Maps Block Data, Bureau of the Census; received from Florida State University.
- 2. United States Geological Survey topographic maps; revised 1988.
- 3. "Number of Households and Average Household Size in Florida - April 1, 1986", Population Studies Bulletin No. 79, Stanley K. Smith and Jane
Bucca, February 1987.
- 4. "Counties Population Estimates by Age, Sex and Race - April 1, 1986", Population Studies Bulletin No. 81, Stanley K. Smith and Vachir Ahmed, April 1987.
- 5. Field survey of 10-mile radius around Turkey Point Nuclear Power Plant, February 1988.
- 6. Florida Department of Transportation, Topographic Bureau, aerial photographs of Turkey Point 10-mile area, 1985.
- 7. Directory of Florida Industries 1986-1987 , The Florida Chamber of Commerce Management Corporation, Tallahassee, Florida.
- 11. Telephone Directory for Homestead; Southern Bell, 1987-1988.
- 12. 1980 U.S. Census Population and Housing Counts by Enumeration District, Florida State University Computing Center.
- 13. "1980 Census of Population - General Population Characteristics", Florida PC80-1-B11 Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, issued August 1982.
- 14. "1980 Census of Housing - General Housing Characteristics", Florida, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.
2.4-15 Rev. 10 7/92 2.4.10 REFERENCES (Cont'd)
- 15. "Tourism: Lodging", The Florida Almanac 1986-87
- edited by Del Marth &
Marth. 16. 1987 State Profile - Woods & Poole Economics, May 1987.
- 17. 1986 Florida Statistical Abstract , Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Florida, 1986.
- 18. Florida Media Guide, January-June 1988; Florida Department of Commerce, Division of Tourism, Tallahassee, Florida.
- 19. Information Officer, Metro Dade Planning Commission, Miami, Florida, Personal Communication, December 1987 and February 1988.
- 20. "Recreation-Housing Facts", Greater Homestead Economic Development Corporation, Homestead Chamber of Commerce.
- 21. Homestead/Florida City Chamber of Commerce, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 22. AAA Tour Book - Florida, 1988.
- 23. Club Attendant, Ocean Reef Club, Key Largo, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 24. Ocean Reef Club Properties, Services, Location and Housing Map.
- 25. Metro-Dade Transit Agency, TAZ and district map and letter dated January, 1988.
- 26. Trakker's Map of Miami Area Florida Street Map, Trakker Maps, Inc., 1987 Edition.
- 27. Manager, Grandma Newton's Bed and Breakfast, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 28. Manager, Kent Motel, Homestead, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 29. Manager, Deluxe Inn Motel, Leisure City, Florida, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 30. Manager, Econo-Lodge, Personal Communication, February 1988.
2.4-16 Rev. 10 7/92 2.4.10 REFERENCES (Cont'd)
- 31. Manager, Park Motel, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 32. Manager, Lucy's Motel, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 33. Manager, Keys Gate at the Village of Homestead, Homestead, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 34. Manager, San Remo Townhomes, Homestead, Florida, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 35. Manager, Hartford Square, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 36. Supervisory Park Ranger, Biscayne National Park, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 37. Manager, Homestead Bayfront Park and Marina, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 38. Manager, Royal Colonial Mobile Home Estates, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 39. Manager, Goldcoaster Mobile Home and Travel Trailer Park, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 40. Manager, Cutler Landings, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 41. Manager, Lakes By the Bay, Florida Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 42. Boat Captain, Biscayne Aqua Center, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 43. Management Information Services, Florida Department of Education, Tallahassee, Florida, Personal Communication, February 1988.
- 44. Branch Manager, American Red Cross, Greater Miami Chapter, Personal Communication, March 1988.
- 45. Student Information. Miami Dade Community College, Homestead Branch, Personal Communication, March 1988.
- 46. Student Information, Florida International University, Homestead Branch, Personal Communication, May 1998.
2.4-17 Rev. 16 10/99
[THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK]
2.4-18 Rev. 17 TABLE 2.4-1 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-10 0-10
N 2,635 2,500 0 0 0 25,052 30,187 NNE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 5,500 5,500 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 14,129 14,129 WNW 0 0 0 0 0 44,013 44,013 NW 0 0 0 0 0 25,346 25,346 NNW 0 0 0 0 0 20,658 20,658 TOTAL 2,635 2,500 0 0 0 134,698 139,833
Based on the State of Florida 1997 resident population distribution within 10 miles of Turkey Point (Figure 2.4-1).
Rev. 16 10/99 TABLE 2.4-2 1995 PROJECTED RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
[Deleted]
Rev. 16 10/99 TABLE 2.4-3 1990 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 15,799 213,226 430,335 350,347 320,863 1,330,570 NNE 0 9,746 429,713 349,676 183,681 972,816
NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 1427 0 0 0 0 1,427 S 0 1,223 333 0 0 1,556 SSW 0 726 9,826 6,876 1,591 19,019 SW 0 0 0 0 45 45 WSW 0 0 0 58 190 248
W 10,641 521 0 0 0 11,162 WNW 37,006 15,205 0 0 23 52,234 NW 24,813 8,699 0 0 0 33,512 NNW 15,993 142,481 32,254 218 0 190,946 TOTAL 105,679 391,827 902,461 707,175 506,393 2,613,535
- Based on the 1990 U.S. Census.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-4 1995 PROJECTED RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 16,115 236,681 477,672 388,885 356,158 1,475,511 NNE 0 10,818 476,981 388,140 203,886 1,079,826
NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 1,783 0 0 0 0 1,783 S 0 1,358 370 0 0 1,727 SSW 0 806 10,907 7,632 1,766 21,111 SW 0 0 0 0 50 50 WSW 0 0 0 64 211 275
W 11,812 578 0 0 0 12,390 WNW 38,856 16,878 0 0 26 55,760 NW 24,838 9,656 0 0 0 34,494 NNW 16,633 158,154 35,802 242 0 210,831 TOTAL 110,037 434,929 1,001,732 784,963 562,097 2,893,758
- Based on the growth rate calculated for the 10-mile area, as well as the average growth rate for the counties within 50 miles as determined from 1980
and 1990 Census information for the 10- to 50-mile area.
Rev. 10 7/92
TABLE 2.4-5 1990 PEAK SEASONAL AND DAILY VISITORS WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-10 0-10 N 0 698 0 0 0 85 783 NNE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 284 284 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 1,350 1,350 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 0 0 0 92 92 WSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 3,489 3,489 WNW 0 0 0 0 0 10,609 10,609 NW 0 0 0 0 0 2,690 2,690 NNW 0 1,602 0 0 0 120 1,722 TOTAL 0 2,300 0 0 0 18,719 21,019
Rev. 10 7/92
TABLE 2.4-6 1995 PROJECTED PEAK SEASONAL AND DAILY VISITORS WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-10 0-10 N 0 780 0 0 0 94 874 NNE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 319 319 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 1,350 1,350 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 0 0 0 103 103 WSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 3,916 3,916 WNW 0 0 0 0 0 11,968 11,968 NW 0 0 0 0 0 3,148 3,148 NNW 0 1,795 0 0 0 134 1,929 TOTAL 0 2,575 0 0 0 21,032 23,607
Rev. 10 7/92
TABLE 2.4-7 VISITORS TO RECREATIONAL FACILITIES WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
DAILY VISITORS TO RECREATIONAL AREAS
Facility Name Sector 1988 Study 1990 Estimate (3) 1995 Estimate (3)
Biscayne National N 1-2/ 1,600 (1) 1,680 1,880 Park NNW 1-2/ E 5-10
Homestead Bayfront NNW 1-2 860 904 1,014 Park and Marina
Coral Castle WNW 5-10 100 (2) 105 118
TOTAL 2560 2,689 3,012
NOTES:
- 1. Includes about 270 visitors to Elliot Key Island.
- 2. Since no information was available, the number of visitors has been assumed.
- 3. Estimates based on 1988 and 1993 projection figures determined in the 1988 study.
Rev. 10 7/92
TABLE 2.4-8
VISITORS TO MAJOR SPECIAL EVENTS WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
PEAK ONE DAY ATTENDANCE
1988 1990 1995 Special Event Location Sector Time Study Estimate (1) Estimate (1)
HOMESTEAD:
Homestead Frontier Harris WNW5-10 Jan. 23- 16,500 17,340 19,440 Days Field Feb. 7
- Antique Car Show Harris WNW5-10 Jan. 23-Field Jan. 24
- BMX National BMX WNW5-10 Jan. 30 Bicycle Race Track
- Rodeo Harris WNW5-10 Feb. 5-7 Field
Homestead Motor- HMC WNW 5 Various (2) 65,000 (2) Sports Complex Track (HMC)
NOTES:
- 1. Estimates based on 1988 and 1993 projected figures determined in the 1988 study.
- 2. Maximum capacity of MotorSports Complex for various events scheduled throughout the year.
Rev. 13 10/96 TABLE 2.4-9 MAJOR EMPLOYMENT FACILITIES WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
Homestead Sector 1988 Study Atlantic Fertilizer & Chemical Co.
NW 5-10 65
Coca Cola Bottling Company of Homestead W 5-10 50
Florida Rock & Sand SW 5-10 175
South Dade News Leader WNW 5-10 100
Homestead Reserve Base (Civilian)
NW 5-10 1,900
TOTAL POPULATION 1988 2,290
POPULATION ESTIMATE 1990 2,407 (1)
PROJECTED POPULATION ESTIMATE 1995 2,700 (1)
NOTES:
- 1. Estimates based on 1988 and 1993 projected figures determined in the 1988 study.
Rev. 16 10/99
TABLE 2.4-10 MAJOR COLLEGES WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT
[Deleted]
Rev.
16 10/99 TABLE 2.4-11 CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY BY ANNULAR SECTOR WITHIN 10 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
CUMULATIVE POPULATION 1990 Annulus N SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAL Miles 0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 15,799 1,427 0 0 0 0 10,641 37,006 24,813 15,993 105,679
CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY
PER SQUARE MILE Annular
Annulus N SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Average Miles 0-1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-10 805 73 0 0 0 0 542 1,885 1,264 815 538
CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY COMPARED WITH
A DENSITY OF 500 PERSONS/PER SQUARE MILE Annular
Annulus N SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Average Miles 0-1 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 0-2 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 0-3 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 0-4 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 0-5 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 -500 0-10 +305 -427 -500 -500 -500 -500 +42 +1,385 +764 +315 +38
- Excluding sectors NNE through SE which are in the Atlantic Ocean.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-12 CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY BY ANNULAR SECTOR WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
CUMULATIVE POPULATION 1990 Annular
Annulus N NNE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Total Miles 0-10 15,799 0 1,427 0 0 0 0 10,641 37,006 24,813 15,993 105,679 0-20 229,025 9,746 1,427 1,223 726 0 0 11,162 52,211 33,512 158,474 497,506 0-30 659,360 439,459 1,427 1,556 10,552 0 0 11,162 52,211 33,512 190,728 1,399,967
0-40 1,009,707 789,135 1,427 1,556 17,428 0 58 11,162 52,211 33,512 190,945 2,107,142 0-50 1,330,570 972,816 1,427 1,556 19,019 45 248 11,162 52,234 33,512 190,945 2,613,535
CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY
PER SQUARE MILE Annular
Annulus N NNE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Average Miles 0-10 805 0 73 0 0 0 0 542 1,885 1,264 815 538 0-20 2,916 124 18 16 9 0 0 142 665 427 2,018 576 0-30 3,731 2,487 8 9 60 0 0 63 296 190 1,079 721 0-40 3,214 2,512 5 5 56 0 0 36 166 107 608 610 0-50 2,711 1,982 3 3 39 0 1 23 106 68 389 484
CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY COMPARED WITH
A DENSITY OF 500 PERSONS/PER SQUARE MILE Annular
Annulus N NNE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Average Miles 0-10 +305 -500 -427 -500 -500 -500 -500 +42 +1,385 +764 +315 +38 0-20 +2,416 -376 -482 -484 -491 -500 -500 -358 +165 -73 +1,518 +76 0-30 +3,231 +1,987 -492 -491 -440 -500 -500 -437 -204 -310 +579 +221 0-40 +2,714 +2,012 -495 -500 -445 -500 -500 -464 -334 -393 +108 +110 0-50 +2,211 +1,482 -497 -497 -461 -500 -499 -477 -394 -432 -111 -16
- Excluding sectors NE through SE which are in the Atlantic Ocean.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-13 2000 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 0 18,438 248,834 502,201 410,369 378,939 1,558,781 NNE 0 0 11,374 501,476 408,877 216,927 1,138,654 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 1,890 0 0 0 0 1,890 S 0 0 1,381 376 0 0 1,757 SSW 0 0 819 11,093 7,763 1,796 21,471 SW 0 0 0 0 0 51 51 WSW 0 0 0 0 66 215 281 W 0 12,418 608 0 0 0 13,026 WNW 0 43,186 17,745 0 0 26 60,957 NW 0 28,957 10,152 0 0 0 39,109 NNW 0 18,663 166,275 37,640 254 0 222,832 TOTAL 0 123,552 457,188 1,052,786 827,329 597,954 3,058,809
- Based on county-wide growth projections obtained from the Dade County Planning Commission, the Broward Planning Council and the Monroe County
Planning Office.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-14 2005 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 0 19,673 265,506 535,849 436,459 400,160 1,657,647 NNE 0 0 12,136 535,074 435,525 229,075 1,211,810 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 1,953 0 0 0 0 1,953 S 0 0 1,426 388 0 0 1,814 SSW 0 0 846 11,459 8,019 1,856 22,180 SW 0 0 0 0 0 53 53 WSW 0 0 0 0 68 222 290 W 0 13,250 649 0 0 0 13,899 WNW 0 46,079 18,475 0 0 27 64,581 NW 0 30,897 10,832 0 0 0 41,729 NNW 0 19,914 177,415 40,162 271 0 237,762 TOTAL 0 131,766 487,285 1,122,932 880,342 631,393 3,253,718
- Based on county-wide growth projections obtained from the Dade County Planning Commission, the Broward Planning Council and the Monroe County
Planning Office.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-15 2010 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT NUCLEAR PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 0 20,853 281,437 568,000 460,218 416,784 1,747,292 NNE 0 0 12,864 567,179 460,367 238,696 1,279,106 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 2,015 0 0 0 0 2,015 S 0 0 1,472 401 0 0 1,873 SSW 0 0 873 11,826 8,276 1,915 22,890 SW 0 0 0 0 0 54 54 WSW 0 0 0 0 70 229 299 W 0 14,045 688 0 0 0 14,733 WNW 0 48,844 19,583 0 0 28 68,455 NW 0 32,751 11,482 0 0 0 44,233 NNW 0 21,109 188,060 42,572 287 0 252,028 TOTAL 0 139,617 516,459 1,189,978 929,218 657,706 3,432,978
- Based on county-wide growth projections obtained from the Dade County Planning Commission, the Broward Planning Council and the Monroe County
Planning Office.
Rev. 10 7/92 TABLE 2.4-16 2013 RESIDENT POPULATION WITHIN 50 MILES OF TURKEY POINT PLANT*
DISTANCE (MILES)
TOTAL DIRECTION 0-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 0-50 N 0 21,604 291,568 588,448 475,240 427,391 1,804,251 NNE 0 0 13,327 587,597 476,118 244,664 1,321,706 NE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ENE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 2,082 0 0 0 0 2,082 S 0 0 1,521 414 0 0 1,935 SSW 0 0 902 12,216 8,549 1,915 23,582 SW 0 0 0 0 0 56 56 WSW 0 0 0 0 72 236 308 W 0 14,551 713 0 0 0 15,264 WNW 0 50,602 20,288 0 0 29 70,919 NW 0 33,930 11,895 0 0 0 45,825 NNW 0 21,869 194,830 44,104 298 0 261,101 TOTAL 0 144,638 535,044 1,232,779 960,277 674,291 3,547,029
- Based on county-wide growth projections obtained from the Dade County Planning Commission, the Broward Planning Council and the Monroe County
Planning Office.
Rev. 10 7/92
2.5 LAND USE The information in this section pertains to studies conducted of the land use
of counties adjacent to Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 around the times of
construction. This information is for historical purposes only. Current
land use information is contained within the Turkey Point Radiological
2.5.1 REGIONAL LAND USE
Dade County
An analysis of Dade County's economic base is presented as an introduction to
the discussion of land use patterns. In spite of the continuing divers-
ification of its economic base, Dade County's economy is dominated by
tourism. It is currently estimated that Dade County is visited by a total of
approximately 5 million visitors, on a year-round basis.
Since tourism involves a great number of people making varying expenditures
in a variety of ways, its impact upon the economy of an area is extremely
difficult to measure and analyze statistically. One of the most reliable
methods is to relate total number of lodging units to the ratio of tourist
expenditures per lodging unit. It is estimated that on a statewide basis, an
average of $9,360 per lodging unit was expended annually by Florida tourists
in 1967. Based on these factors, it can be concluded that about $1.7 billion
is currently being spent by tourists in Dade County annually. As Dade
County's wealth increases, and as it constructs new and improved tourist
facilities and services, tourism should remain one of the major foundations
of Dade County's economic structure.
As to the overall industrial growth, one of the most notable characteristics
in Dade County is the continuing development of manufacturing activities.
Table 2.5-1, presents a breakdown of total nonagricultural employment in the
county, by type of industry. As indicated, manufacturing accounted for 15.6
percent of total nonagricultural employment in 1967.
According to the Dade County Development Department, the county is already
the home of 3,233 manufacturing plants (1966 figure). It is of special
2.5-1 Rev. 16 10/99 significance that 1,670 of these plants have moved into the area in the past 12 years. In fact, the number of manufacturing firms has increased by 106.8
percent in 12 years from 1,563 in 1954 to 3,233 in 1966. Manufacturing
employment has increased at an even greater rate during the period.
Dade County manufacturing is essentially of the light industry type. This is
generally the case in young, rapidly growing areas during their early years
of industrial development. Table 2.5-2, lists Dade County's manufacturing
firms by 20 industrial groups as of 1954 and 1966. This table indicates the
concentration of manufacturing and light industries, such as furniture and
fixtures, aluminum products, apparel, and food products.
As is also indicated in Table 2.5-1, those industrial categories which are
most directly influenced by tourism such as trade and services, occupy a
significant position within the overall industrial framework of Dade County.
These two categories (trade and services) combined accounted for 47.9
percent of total nonagricultural employment in Dade County during 1967. The
remainder of nonagricultural employment in the county is allocated to
government (13.0
percent), transportation, communications and public utilities (11.1 percent),
finance, insurance and real estate (6.6 percent), and contract construction
(5.8 percent).
While tourism and manufacturing have enjoyed notable development in Dade
County, it is significant that agriculture's contribution to the county's
economy has also increased. Acreage devoted to agriculture has increased in
recent years in spite of the fact that a phenomenally expanding residential
and commercial consumption of land has transformed dairy farms, truck farms
and avocado groves into residential subdivisions, industrial plants and
shopping centers in an extremely short period of time.
2.5-2 The state of Florida is widely known as an agricultural state through wide publicity of its citrus industry and winter truck farming, while little
recognition is given to the county's agricultural wealth. The agricultural
importance of Dade County, particularly the South Dade or Homestead-Redland
district, which includes over 90 percent of the grove and crop land in the
county, was indicated by the agricultural census of 1964. According to the
latest census, the value of farm products sold in Dade County in 1964 was
$48.2 million. The most important crops are tomatoes, snap beans, potatoes, limes, avocados, mangoes, and pole beans. From 1960 through 1964, value of
farm products sold in Dade County rose from $46.7 million to $48.2 million.
Although the increase was slight, it acquires relevance when compared to the
unrelenting expansion of the urban area at the expense of agricultural land
which has characterized the county's growth.
Consideration must be given to those aspects specifically relating to the
existing and projected pattern of land use in Dade County. The findings of
the "Land Use Inventory and Analysis" by the Metropolitan Dade County
Planning Department in 1960 are summarized in Table 2.5-3. According to the
survey, Dade County's legal boundaries encompass a total area of 2,356 square
miles, of which 1,373 square miles are classified as area not subject to
development. The area not subject to development includes the entire western
half of the county (the Everglades National Park and the Southern Florida
Flood Control District), in addition to territorial waters extending three
miles out into the Atlantic Ocean.
2.5-3 The inland portions of this area not subject to development are uninhabited and do not exhibit any man-made uses other than existing canals and surface
transportation facilities. As it pertains to the coastal waters, they
constitute a center of attraction for boating and fishing enthusiasts,
particularly in the tourist-oriented northern sectors of the county.
Some commercial fishing also takes place in Biscayne Bay and its adjoining
waters. Total commercial fish catch during 1966 in Dade County amounted to
2,193,690 pounds, with a total valuation of $914,310. Relative to the state
as a whole, Dade County's fishing industry is of very little significance, as
denoted by the fact that the figures quoted represent but 1.1 percent and 2.8
percent of the respective state totals. Biscayne Bay is also the
navigational route of access to the Port of Miami facilities in downtown
Miami. During the period October 1966 to September 1967, the port handled
2,168 vessels (both passenger and cargo). Traffic at the Port of Miami is
projected to increase considerably with the deepening of the access channel
and the completion of a new port at Dodge Island.
The survey of land uses by the Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department
in the area subject to development (broken down as urban and non-urban) is
detailed in Table 2.5-4. There are 10 land use categories indicated:
residential; commercial; tourist (which includes hotels and motels);
industrial; institutional; parks and recreation; transportation; vacant or
undeveloped; agricultural; and water areas, such as small lakes, canals and
ponds scattered throughout the total land area. Most of the categories are
self-explanatory. The institutional land is utilized for all public and
semi-public structural uses, such as libraries, government buildings, hospitals, etc.
2.5-4 The largest single land use category in the county is agricultural, which
accounts for a total of approximately 60,000 acres of land. As indicated
previously, an overwhelming portion of the land which is dedicated to
agriculture in the county is found towards the southern portions in the
Homestead-Redland district. The importance of agriculture to the overall
economy of the county has also been outlined in the preceding paragraphs.
Residential is the predominant type of urban land use and, in terms of total
acreage in use, it is surpassed only by agriculture on an overall basis (urban and non-urban areas combined) In the urban and non-urban land areas
combined, 48,646 acres (representing 7.8 percent of the acreage) were used
for residential purposes in 1960. Housing in the Miami area traditionally
followed the narrow ridge of high land which stretches along the Atlantic
Ocean between Biscayne Bay and the Everglades. The post war era brought
about a considerable spread of settlement, not only northward and southward
along this ridge, but also westward, penetrating into the Everglades flat
land. The largest housing additions were absorbed by the urban core around
the City of Miami and on the ocean side north of Miami Beach. During the
last ten years, suburban areas in the far northern and southern parts of the
county have been subject to intensive residential development.
Industrial uses in the county, accounting for 5,051 acres in 1960, centered
in the Hialeah-Miami International Airport area. Other significant
concentrations of industry exist in or near the downtown Miami sector and in
the northeastern sector of the city bordering the Florida East Coast
Railroad tracks. There are scattered industrial concentrations along U. S.
Highway 1 in the southern portions of the county. A major industrial concern (Aerojet General) has established operations in this portion of the
2.5-5 county after completion of the 1960 survey. Including land reserved for future expansion, the entire Aerojet operation occupies 73,000 acres of land
in the area immediately to the west of the Homestead-Florida City urban
complex.
Commercial concentrations are most evident in or near the central core of the
City of Miami. There is also an almost uninterrupted pattern of commercial
strip development along U. S. Highway 1, extending from the northern county
line as far south as Homestead. Although tourist land use categories account
for an insignificant portion of total acreage in the county, it must be
realized that this classification includes only land occupied by hotels, motels, etc. Even if the amount of land in use for public parks and
recreational areas is added, the resultant amount would not be properly
indicative of the true importance of tourism to the overall county's economy.
A substantial portion of the residential, commercial and industrial
development in the county has been motivated by the increased demand
generated by a constant influx of tourists. As a general rule, the majority
of the tourist-oriented facilities in the county are located on the coastal
resort areas of Miami, and in the resort communities of Miami Beach, North
Miami Beach and Key Biscayne.
As shown in Table 2.5-4, in the urban area of 200 square miles or 127,382
acres, 29,815 acres (23.4 percent of the total) were vacant in 1960. An
additional 2,837 acres (2.2 percent of the total urban area) were being
farmed. Most of the vacant and agricultural land in the urban area lies in
the fringe sectors; there is very little land remaining available for
development in the inner sectors of the urban area. Of the total non-urban
2.5-6 land area of 783 square miles, 42.6 percent or 212,977 acres were vacant and undeveloped. The land is largely high pine land which does not involve
expensive draining or filling. An additional 208,455 acres or 41.7 percent
of the non-urban areas' undeveloped land consisted of glades and marsh land.
As the pattern of population and commercial growth in Dade County continues
to expand outward from the inner cores into the unincorporated areas, it is
anticipated that there will be a substantial intensification of land use in
the fringe areas. An analysis of the proposed general land use master plan
for Metropolitan Dade County, presenting the Planning Commission's 1985
estimate of land use distribution in the county, indicates that the pattern
of development during the ensuing 20 years will not bring about any
substantial changes in the existing distribution of uses in the county.
Westerly expansion anticipated to take place in residential construction will
be implemented at the expense of agricultural land. In spite of this, agriculture should continue to be a leading contributor to overall economic
progress in the area. Areas earmarked for future industrial development lie
towards the western portions of the county. Tourist and recreational areas
will prevail in the eastern coastal areas. Future commercial concentrations
will be positioned near major transportation routes so as to maximize
accessibility from surrounding areas.
Broward County
Broward County abuts Dade County to the north. There is much similarity in
the two counties from the standpoint of their economic structures and their
patterns of land use. However, Broward is dependent upon tourism
2.5-7 as a supporting economic activity to a larger extent than Dade. It is estimated that 2.3 million tourists visited Broward County during 1967 and
that these tourists spent approximately $527 million. Most of the county's
tourist-oriented facilities, as is the general rule along the southeastern
coast of Florida, are located towards the eastern coastal areas.
Agriculture is another significant income producing activity in Broward
County. The leading crop is winter vegetables and the Pompano Beach area in
the northern sector of the county has approximately 10,000 acres dedicated to
this type of farming.
Prior to 1950, Broward County was almost wholly dependent upon these two
income producing activities -- agriculture and tourism. Neither of these
activities were able to establish a stable economic base. Since 1950, the
substantial growth of population experienced by the county has, in turn, generated an increasing demand for new housing, services retail and
recreational facilities. Naturally, this was accompanied by a broadening of
the county's industrial base.
Table 2.5-5, contains the Florida Industrial Commission's estimates of
nonagricultural employment in Broward County during 1967 and shows that
nonagricultural employment totaled 125,200 in 1967. Of this total, 88.3
percent were engaged in non-manufacturing activities and 11.7 percent engaged
in manufacturing activities. Broward County is experiencing gains in
manufacturing employment and it is anticipated that manufacturing activities
will become an even more important part of the economy of Broward County in
ensuing years. Currently, the largest concentration of industry, predominantly of the light type, occurs in the
2.5-8 vicinity of Port Everglades (just south of the City of Fort Lauderdale) and in the western portions of the county.
As is the case in Dade County, other important industrial categories, in
terms of employment, are those which are most directly connected to the
tourist
trade. These categories are wholesale and retail trade and services, accounting for a combined total of 50.3 percent of nonagricultural
employment. The remainder of the nonagricultural employment in Broward County
is allocated to the following categories: government, 15.4 percent; contract
construction, 10.9 percent; finance, insurance and real estate, 6.5 percent;
and transportation, communications and public utilities, 5.2 percent.
Monroe County
Monroe County abuts Dade County to the south. Although the bulk of its
territory lies in the western half of the end of the Florida peninsula, this
area forms part of the Everglades National Park and is not subject to
development. The majority of the county's population resides in a series of
small islands -- known as the Keys -- which extend in a southwesterly arc
from the eastern half of the peninsula. The Keys portion of Monroe County
contains beaches and other resort attractions that have promoted extensive
tourist
industries. The largest city in Monroe County, Key West, is located at the
end of the long strip of islands and is the site of a large submarine base
upon which the economy of the county is also heavily reliant.
Although the economy of Monroe County still remains mainly tourist-oriented, it has become somewhat more diversified in recent years. The area has
2.5-9 developed certain light industries, most important of which is the seafood packing industry, established to accommodate the superb fishing (sport and
commercial) which exists on the Keys. Monroe County accounted for
approximately 25 percent ($8.5 million) of the value of the entire Florida
commercial fish catch in 1967. Statistics indicate that more shrimp and
shellfish are landed in Monroe County than in any other county in Florida.
Although the figures quoted above apply to the county as a whole, it must be
remembered that almost all of the income accrues to the Keys, since almost
all of the fishing boats operate from this area.
Table 2.5-6, presents a breakdown of nonagricultural employment in Monroe
County as of March, 1967. As indicated, those industries which are related
to tourist activities (trade and services) account for a substantial portion
of total employment in this area. Government is the largest single
contributor to total employment. Manufacturing occupies a very insignificant
position in the overall economic structure of the county and accounts for
only 3.5 percent of total nonagricultural employment.
2.5.2 LOCAL LAND USE
Figures 2.5-1 and 2.5-2 indicate the generalized existing and projected
(1985) land use pattern within 5 and 10 mile radii of the subject site. This
information is based upon the results of land use studies conducted by the
Metropolitan Dade County Planning Commission.
As shown in Figure 2.5-1, approximately one-half of the total area within the
0 - 5 mile radius is formed by coastal waters in Biscayne Bay. Figure 2.5-1
also indicates that a substantial proportion of the land area in the 0 - 5
mile radius is vacant. Commercial and industrial uses are entirely lacking
2.5-10 in this area and residential uses are limited to three non-urban residential, structures. Two of these structures are located in
Township 57, Range 40, Section 18, and the third one is in Township
57, Range 40, Section 7. There is a distance of 3.8 miles between the
subject site and the nearest residence. (As mentioned previously, these residences are not utilized for permanent occupancy.)
The only significant type of land use in the 0 - 5 mile radius is
agriculture, occupying an area of approximately 5 square miles. All
of the agricultural land is located in the northwestern quarter of
the 0 - 5 mile arc and is mostly used for truck crop farming. This
northwestern quarter also includes a recreational area, the Homestead
Bayfront Park, located approximately one mile directly to the north
of the subject site, and a portion of Homestead Air Force Base. Most
of the land area in the southwestern quarter of the 0 - 5 mile arc
consists of glades and marsh land, and, therefore, is not suitable
for agriculture or any other form of land use.
The initial survey was conducted in 1966, the findings of which were
presented in conjunction with the Preliminary Safety Analysis
Report. These findings were updated in June, 1968 by means of a
second detailed survey of the area within the 0 - 5 mile radius and
the results show no significant deviations in the pattern of land use
from those of the survey two years before. The following uses exist
within the 0 - 5 mile radius:
- 1. Deleted
- 2. Homestead Air Force Base transmitter and water tank installations
in T-57, R-40, S-7.
2.5-11 Rev. 11 11/93
- 3. A total of four machinery houses, one at each of the respective gauging stations in the Military Canal, Mowry Canal, North Canal, and Florida City Canal. (These canals, aligned in an east-west direction, transverse the northwestern quarter of the 0 - 5 mile arc.) 4. A total of five barns, four of which are located in T-57, R-40, S-18, and one in T-57, R-40, S-6. 5. A total of approximately 15 sheds and shacks used for storage of agricultural equipment and tools, and other miscellaneous storage
purposes. These are distributed as follows: 2 in T 57, R-40, S-6; 6 in
T-57, R-40, S-18; 3 in T-57, R-39, S-24; and 4 in T-57, R-40, S-7.
As it is indicated in Figure 2.5-1, the pattern of land use becomes more
diverse in the 5 - 10 mile radius. Nevertheless, there is still a
substantial proportion of vacant and agricultural land in this area. The
Homestead Air
Force Base, as shown in Figure 2.5-1, is situated just outside the 5 mile
radius and occupies a land area of approximately 800 acres. Although not
shown in Figure 2.5-1, there is also a Navy installation in the 5 - 10 mile
radius, located approximately 7 miles southwest of the site in T-58, R-39, S-22. This installation contains no personnel and is currently being used as
a motor pool.
Extensive residential development exists in the peripheral areas of the 10
mile arc. (This area encompasses most of the Homestead-Florida City urban
complex.) Commercial and industrial uses are also evident in this area, particularly alongside U. S. Highway 1. To the east, the 5 - 10
2.5-12 mile radius also encompasses the offshore Elliott Key. Excepting approximately 60 part-time residences scattered throughout the Keys, this
area remains undeveloped.
Based on the projections of the Metropolitan Dade County Planning Commission, and on the most probable future developments, it appears that the area within
the 0 - 5 mile radius will not undergo any residential, commercial or
industrial development during the 20 year projection period. Most certainly, the proportion of land dedicated to agriculture in this area will have
increased by the end of the 20 year projection period, as suburban expansion
continues to absorb good farming land in other sectors of the county.
In the 5 - 10 mile radius, it is anticipated that there will be an
intensification in the expansion of residential uses, sprawling from the
Homestead-Florida City complex. This will naturally come as a result of the
increases in population that will take place in the area. This residential
expansion will be accompanied by additional commercial development and
industrial uses; however, these uses are anticipated to remain concentrated
in the same areas that they occupy at present.
The projected land use map, shown in Figure 2.5-2, reflects the potential
development of the offshore keys into a residential/tourist area (the
Islandia Project). There is now a plan approved by Congress to convert the
key into a National Park area.
2.5-13 TABLE 2.5-1
Nonagricultural Employment*
Dade County, Florida
1967 Annual Average
Number % of Total Total Nonagricultural Employment 409,300 100.0% Manufacturing 63,700 15.6 Contract Construction 23,600 5.8 Transportation, Communication and Utilities, 45,400 11.1 Trade 109,900 26.8 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 27,100 6.6 Services and Miscellaneous 86,500 21.1 Government 53,100 13.0
- Includes only establishments covered by the
Unemployment Compensation Law having four or
more employees.
Source: Florida Industrial Commission
First Research Corporation
Table 2.5-2
Manufacturing Firms By Industrial Group
Dade County, Florida
1954 - 1966
Number of Firms Increase 1954-1966 1954 1966 Absolute Percent
Food Products 183 279 96 52.5%
Tobacco Products 0 8 8 -
Textile Products 9 35 26 288.9 Fabric Products 215 411 196 91.2 Wood Products 67 78 11 16.4 Furniture and Fixtures 169 327 158 93.5 Paper Products 17 49 32 188.2 Printing and Publishing 196 373 177 90.3 Chemical Products 63 157 94 149.2 Petroleum Products 3 17 14 466.7 Rubber Products 0 88 88 -
Leather Type Products 24 55 31 129.2 Glass, Clay and Stone Products 111 212 101 91.0 Primary Metals 10 43 33 330.0 Fabricated Metal Products 218 356 138 63.3 Machinery Products 50 157 107 214.0 Electrical Products 22 112 90 409.1 Transportation Products 40 170 130 325.0
Professional and Scientific Products 21 47 26 123.8 Miscellaneous Products 145 259 114 78.6
____ ____ ____
TOTAL 1,563 3,233 1,670 106.8%
Source: Dade County Development Department First Research Corporation
TABLE 2.5-3
Land Use Summary
Dade County, Florida
1960
Area Not Subject to Development Area in Square Miles
Everglades National Park 650
Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District 368
Biscayne Bay 223
Atlantic Ocean 132
Subtotal 1,373
Area Subject to Development
Urban Area 200
Non-Urban Area 783
Subtotal 983
TOTAL AREA OF DADE COUNTY 2,356
Source: Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department TABLE 2.5-4
Land Use Summary
Area Subject to Development
Dade County, Florida
1960
URBAN AREA NON-URBAN AREA TOTAL
% of % of % of
Acreage Total Acreage Total Acreage Total
Residential 44,248 34.8% 4,398 0.9% 48,646 7.8%
Commercial 4,398 3.5 428 0.1 4,826 0.8
Tourist 870 0.6 33 - 903 0.1
Industry 2,575 2.0 2,476 0.5 5,051 0.8
Institutional 3,835 3.1 918 0.2 4,753 0.8
Parks and Recreation 4,796 3.8 354 0.1 5,150 0.8
Transportation 31,516 24.6 10,714 2.1 42,230 6.7
Agriculture 2,837 2.2 57,453 11.5 60,290 9.6
Undeveloped
Vacant 29,815 23.4 212,977 42.6 242,792 38.7
Glades and Marsh 98 0.1 208,455 41.7 208,553 33.3
Water 2,394 1.9 1,656 0.3 4,050 0.6 TOTAL 127,382 100.0% 499,862 100.0% 627,244 100.0%
Source: Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department TABLE 2.5-5
Nonagricultural Employment*
Broward County, Florida
1967 Annual Average
Number % of Total
Total Nonagricultural Employment 125,200 100.0% Manufacturing 14,700 11.7 Contract Construction 13,600 10.9 Transportation, Communication and Public Utilities 6,500 5.2 Trade 36,800 29.4 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 8,200 6.5 Services and Miscellaneous 26,100 20.9 Government 19,300 15.4
- Includes only establishments covered by the
Unemployment Compensation Law having four or
more employees.
Source: Florida Industrial Commission
First Research Corporation
TABLE 2.5-6
Nonagricultural Employment*
Monroe County, Florida
March 1967
Number % of Total Total Nonagricultural Employment 12,440 100.0% Manufacturing 440 3.5 Contract Construction 660 5.3 Transportation, Communication and Public Utilities 640 5.2 Trade 3,240 26.0 Finance, Insurance and Real Estate 460 3.7 Services and Miscellaneous 2,900 23.3 Government 4,100 33.0
- Includes only establishments covered by the
Unemployment Compensation Law having four or
more employees.
Source: Florida Industrial Commission
First Research Corporation
2.6 METEOROLOGY
The plant utilizes two towers to monitor meteorological conditions. The Land Utilization 10-meter meteorological tower is located just south of the plant and collects 10-meter data including temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and sigma theta values. This data is used primarily to supply plant meteorological conditions in support the Emergency Plan requirements. The South Dade 60-meter meteorological tower is located approximately 5.5 miles southwest of the plant and collects wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature at both 10 meter and 60 meter elevations. The data for the two elevations allows for characterization of both lower and upper meteorological conditions and for calculation of vertical temperature differences that provide the preferred means for determining atmospheric stability classes as they are effective indicators of worst-case stability conditions. This information is used primarily in the plant's radiological dose consequence analyses.
Meteorological data for years 2005-2009 was chosen to be most representative of current site conditions and used to support the performance of the radiological dose consequence analyses with the alternative source term for the plant's design basis accidents. The temperature data was biased to account for instrument drift in the vertical temperature differential measurements that were sometimes in excess of that allowed in Regulatory Guide 1.23, Rev 1, "Meteorological Monitoring Programs for Nuclear Power Plants," March 2007. This data was then used to determine the atmospheric dispersion factors (X/Qs) for both offsite and onsite applications. See Appendix 2E for a description of the offsite application titled "Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion for the Exclusion Area Boundary and Low Population Zone." See Appendix 2F for a description of the onsite application title "Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion for the Control Room and Onsite Locations."
The instrumentation in both meteorological towers has been modified to assure compliance with the requirements of Regulatory Guide 1.23. However, this set of biased meteorological data is not to be used for future licensing activities, i.e., one-time use, and thus is not presented here.
2.6-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE 2.6-1 CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE 2.6-2 CUMULATIVE PER CENT FREQUENCY OF INVERSIONS BASED 0-100 FT AT MIAMI AIRPORT - 1960-1964 INCLUSIVE
DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE 2.6-3 MEAN TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE () IN o F/1000 FT WITHIN INVERSIONS BASED 0-100 FT AT MIAMI AIRPORT 1960-1964 INCLUSIVE
DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE 2.6-4 MEAN INCREASE IN SURFACE TEMPERATURE (A) IN oF TO PRODUCE AN ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE BELOW THE TOPS OF INVERSIONS BASED 0-100 FT AT MIAMI AIRPORT 1960-1964 INCLUSIVE
DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE 2.6-5 MEAN SURFACE TO 1000 MB WIND SPEED SHEAR IN KNOTS (C) AT TIMES WHEN INVERSIONS ARE BASED 0-100 FT AT MIAMI AIRPORT 1960-1964 INCLUSIVE
DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-1 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 WIND DIRECTION ROSES - DURING RAIN OR SHINE, HOMESTEAD AFB FIGURE 2.6-1 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-2 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 WIND DIRECTION ROSES - DURING RAIN OR SHINE, MIAMI AIRPORT FIGURE 2.6-2 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-3 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 WIND DIRECTION ROSES - DURING RAIN, HOMESTEAD AFB FIGURE 2.6-3 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-4 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 WIND DIRECTION ROSES - DURING RAIN, MIAMI AIRPORT FIGURE 2.6-4 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-5 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION PERSISTENCE BY DIRECTION HOMESTEAD AFB FIGURE 2.6-5 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-6 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION PERSISTENCE BY DIRECTION MIAMI AIRPORT FIGURE 2.6-6 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-7 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 FREQUENCY OF WIND SPEEDS BY DIRECTION, HOMESTEAD AFB FIGURE 2.6-7 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-8 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 FREQUENCY OF WIND SPEEDS BY DIRECTION MIAMI AIRPORT FIGURE 2.6-8 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-9 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL FIGURE 2.6-9 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-10 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 TEMPERATURE LASPE, SURFACE - 950 MB, MIAMI AIRPORT 7AM FIGURE 2.6-10 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-11 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 TEMPERATURE LASPE, SURFACE - 950 MB, MIAMI AIRPORT 7PM FIGURE 2.6-11 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-12 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 TROPICAL STORM PATHS 1886 - 1964 FIGURE 2.6-12 C26
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2.6-13 DELETED
Revised 04/17/2013 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 YEARLY EXTREME WATER LEVELS, BISCAYNE BAY, N EAR HOMESTEAD, FLORIDA FIGURE 2.6-13 C26 2.7 HYDROLOGY (SURFACE WATER)
2.
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Studies have been made of the surface drainage characteristics of the site and area. The studies included examination of topographic maps; interpretation of aerial photographs; aerial reconnaissance of the site and vicinity by helicopter; review of reports describing the drainage history of the area, flood control, and drainage projects; and review of storm and flood records.
2.7.2 AREA
The direction of natural drainage of the area is to the east and south toward Biscayne Bay. On the west, the drainage area is essentially limited by the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, a broad low ridge which extends from Miami to southwest of Florida City. The land slopes gradually from the coastal ridge, which is about 5 to 10 ft above MSL at Homestead, southeast toward the site which is at or near sea level. As the geologic history of the Florida Peninsula has been one of slow subsidence, the shallow tidal creeks and broad swales are submerged, and stream flow is extremely sluggish. The permeable limestone bedrock of the area has not allowed development of an integrated surface drainage system, as most of the rainfall is recharged directly to the
ground-water reservoir.
There is no lake or perennial stream within the area. Yearly rainfall averages approximately 60 inches, about 75 percent of which occurs during the period from May through October. Roughly two-thirds of the rainfall is
recharged to the ground-water system. In the absence of well defined
2.7-1 stream channels, run-off occurs in slow sheet-like flows toward the bay during periods of high precipitation. Evidence of the direction of drainage is shown by the curvilinear drainage lines and vegetation features which are apparent from the air, as seen in Figure 2.2-2. Manmade drainage and flood control
canals direct some surface flow away from the site.
2.7.3 SITE
The plant site is located on mangrove-covered tidal flats adjacent to Biscayne Bay. The ground surface elevation is less than 1 foot above MSL. The normal tide range of the bay is about 2 feet, thus the entire site is inundated with sea water during high tide except for that part built up with compacted limestone rock fill. During low tides, brackish water drains sluggishly towards the bay through small, meandering, shallow drainage courses and tidal creeks which traverse the area. However, most of the site area remains under 1 to 3 inches of water, even at low tide. Vegetation consists of brackish water plants such as stunted mangrove and marsh grass. Some pockets of fresh water vegetation are found in circular mounded areas of decayed vegetation known as hammocks. Apart from some fresh water trapped in these areas, all of the surface water and shallow ground water in the vicinity of the site is
highly saline because of tidal inundation and salt water intrusion.
2.7.4 SITE FLOODING
Tidal flooding during hurricanes places more water in a short period of time on the area than does rainfall. Therefore, tidal flooding is the major surface hydrologic feature of the area, and rainfall is the minor surface
hydrologic feature.
2.7-2 The highest tide that has been measured nearest the site was measured at an elevation of 10.1 ft above MSL during Hurricane Betsy in September, 1965.
This station where measurement was made is located 30 ft upstream of the
salinity dam on the Florida City Canal. The site is located 1 mile east and
1 mile south of the salinity dam. It has been reported that debris marks
from the flood tide associated with Hurricane Betsy were seen approximately
10 ft above sea level at the site.
Because of the low flat terrain, tidal floodwaters move inland several miles
and cover large areas. Based on available information, dissipation of
floodwaters by sheet flow and through natural and manmade drainage courses
requires several days. The amount of infiltration of tidal floodwaters into
inland ground-water supplies depends on the amount of water already in the
shallow aquifer prior to inundation, with much greater infiltration occurring
when prestorm water levels are below normal. During the hurricane period of
June through October, the groundwater levels are generally at their highest, the storage capacity of the aquifer is filled, and additional ground-water
recharge is at a minimum.
2.7.5 FLOOD CONTROL
Construction of flood control projects in the area reduced the possibility of
tidal floodwater reaching agricultural and populated areas. Of special
interest is Levee L-31 built by the Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation
with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District. This project
includes a levee with a crest elevation of about 7 ft above MSL,
2.7-3 running in a north-south direction from a point 9 miles north to a point miles southwest of the site. It passes approximately 2 miles west of the
site. The levee and its appurtenant works are designed to provide surface
salinity control and flood protection against most non-hurricane storm tides
and are not designed to prevent flooding from very severe storms. For storms
with extreme high tides of unusually long duration, there would be little
reduction in the extent and depth of flooding. However, for a storm of the
intensity and duration of Hurricane Betsy, 1965, inland movement of tidal
floodwaters would be somewhat reduced, and it is estimated that flooding
would be limited to less than 2 miles west of the levee, i.e., 4 miles west
of the site. Based on published storm tide frequency studies, it is
estimated that a 7 ft tide may occur once every 20 to 25 years.
2.7.6
SUMMARY
Under normal conditions, surface water drains very slowly toward the bay.
Near the shoreline, this drainage is influenced by tidal conditions. During
hurricanes, large inland areas are covered by floodtides. A small part of
such floodwater may reach the ground-water table in the areas of ground-water
use. The amount depends on prestorm ground-water table levels. Flood control
measures substantially reduce the area subject to flood inundation for all
but the most severe storms.
2.7-4 2.8 OCEANOGRAPHY
Card Sound mixing and flushing studies were carried out by the Coastal and
Oceanographic Engineering Department of the University of Florida. These
studies describe the capability of the Card Sound waters in the vicinity of
the cooling water discharge to dilute and disperse the cooling water
effluent. The report is issued as Appendix 2C to this section of the FSAR.
2.8-1
2.9 GEOLOGY
2.
9.1 INTRODUCTION
A geologic program including a regional geologic survey, borings, test
probings, geophysical survey, and other site studies, has been completed.
The geologic characteristics of the site and area have been investigated as
follows:
(1) The regional and local geologic structure was identified, and information on the character and thickness of the formations underlying
the area was developed. This was based on existing geological data, a
study of maps and reports, and discussions with geologists working in
the area.
(2) The subsurface conditions at the site were investigated with 50 test borings, ranging in depth from 10 ft to 1881/2 ft. Rock cores were
ecovered from 17 of these borings. In addition, a series of 62 rock
probings, a geophysical uphole velocity survey, a ground motion survey, and a downhole television camera survey in a special 24-inch
diameter boring were made. Previous to the above work, a series of 206
rock probings had been made in a part of the site. A bedrock surface
contour map was made from the boring and probing data. The subsurface
conditions were further investigated, via test borings, specifically
for the addition of the Unit 4 Emergency Diesel Generator Building.
Refer to Section 2.9.4 for additional information.
(3) Samples of rock core were subjected to laboratory tests to evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the foundation rock.
2.9.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The site lies within the Floridian Plateau, which is the partly submerged
southeastern peninsula of the North American continental shelf.
2.9-1 Rev. 10 7/92 The Plateau, which separates the Atlantic deep from the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, has been described as a large horst which may be bounded by
high-angle fault scarps at the edge of the shelf. In the vicinity of the
site, the edge of the shelf is located some 18 miles offshore to the east.
The peninsula is underlain by a thick series of sedimentary rocks, which in
the southern part of the state consist essentially of gently dipping or
flat-lying limestones and associated formations. Beneath these sedimentary
formations are igneous and metamorphic basement rocks which correspond to
those which underlie most of the eastern North American continent. The
sedimentary rocks overlying the basement complex range from 4,000 ft thick in
the northern part of the state to more than 15,000 ft thick in southern
Florida. The strata range in age from Paleozoic to Recent. Deep borings
indicate that in southern Florida the rock in the uppermost 5,000 ft is
predominantly calcareous and ranges in age from late Cretaceous to
Pleistocene. Mesozoic limestones, chalk and sandstones are underlain by
Paleozoic shales and sandstones and Pre-Cambrian granitic basement.
The region is characterized by very simple geologic structures. The
predominant structure affecting the thickness and attitude of the sedimentary
formations in southern Florida is the Ocala antic line of Tertiary age. This
gentle flexure is some 230 miles long and 70 miles wide. The sedimentary
formations comprising the flanks of the anticline dip gently away from its
crest, the slope becoming less pronounced with successively younger
formations. The most recent Pleistocene formations are nearly horizontal.
Pleistocene shorelines have been traced as far north as New Jersey, with
elevations essentially the same as those in Florida.
2.9-2 It can, therefore, be concluded that no tilting or structural deformation associated with tectonic activity has occurred during the past one-half
million years. The closest geologic structure to the north of the site is a
gentle, low syncline near Fort Lauderdale, some 50 miles away. The great
thickness of Tertiary carbonates indicates that the region has been slowly
subsiding for many millions of years. Faults are not common because the
strata are undeformed. No fault or structural deformation is known or
suspected in the bedrock in the site area.
2.9.3 LOCAL GEOLOGY
The site lies within the coastal lowlands province on the south Florida
shelf. The area is practically flat, with elevations rising from sea level at
the site to 10 ft above MSL in the Homestead area 9 miles to the west. The
predominant surface feature near the site is the Atlantic Coastal Ridge, which represents an area of bedrock outcrop of the Miami oolite. This
Pleistocene formation underlies the site, where it is overlain by organic, mangrove swamp soils which average 4 to 8 ft in thickness. Pockets of silt
and clay are encountered locally, separating the organic soils and the
limestone bedrock.
Local depressions, some of which attain depths as great as 16 feet, are
occasionally encountered in the surface of the limestone bedrock at the site.
Such depressions are not sinkholes associated with collapse above an
underground solution channel, but rather potholes, which are surficial
erosion or solution features. These features probably developed during a
former period of lower sea level when the rock surface was sub-
2.9-3 jected to weathering and the effects of fresh water.
The Miami oolite, a deposit of highly permeable limestone, extends to about
20 ft below sea level. The rock contains random zones of harder and softer
rock and heterogeneously distributed small voids and solution channels, many
of which contain secondary deposits. Recrystallized calcite on the surfaces
of many of the voids and solution channels is indicative of secondary
deposition. This limestone lies unconformably upon the Ft. Thompson
formation, which is a complex sequence of limestones and calcareous
sandstones.
The upper 5 to 10 ft of the limestone beneath the Miami oolite contains much
coral which may represent the Key Largo formation, a coralline reef rock.
This formation is contemporaneous in part with both the Ft. Thompson
formation and the Miami oolite.
Prior to deposition of the Miami oolite, the surface of the Ft. Thompson
formation was subjected to erosion and weathering. The Miami oolite, therefore, fills in irregular depressions in (lies unconformably upon) the
surface of the underlying formation. Much of the Ft. Thompson formation is
riddled with small voids and cavities resulting from solution action, and is, therefore, extremely permeable. The results of solution activity evident in
both the Miami oolite and Ft. Thompson formations are derived from solution
by fresh ground water at a former period of lower sea level.
The Ft. Thompson formation, together with the Miami oolite, comprises the
bulk of the Biscayne aquifer, a hydrogeologic unit described in Section 2.10.
2.9-4 At a depth of about 70 ft. below sea level, the Ft. Thompson formation unconformably overlies the Tamiami formation, a predominantly clayey and calcareous marl, locally indurated to limestone. The Tamiami formation also contains beds of silty and shelly sands, and is relatively impermeable. The Tamiami and underlying Hawthorne and Tampa formations, all of which are Miocene in age, comprise a relatively impermeable hydrogeologic unit called the Floridian aquiclude, which is roughly 500 to 700 ft. thick in southern Florida.
Because of their composition, the soils and the rock in the site area have negligible base exchange capacity and, therefore, will not effect any significant ion exchange.
The bedrock beneath the site is competent with respect to foundation conditions and is capable of supporting heavy loads.
The fossil-fueled unit (Unit 1) and now dual-convertible synchronous condenser/generator (Unit 2) were constructed prior to the nuclear units (Units 3 & 4). During construction of Units 1 & 2, the entire fossil-fueled unit site was demucked and backfilled with crushed limerock fill. The Unit 4 EDG Building is located within the Units 1 & 2 excavation. After demucking, this area was backfilled up to Elevation +5.0 feet above the mean level of water (MLW).
Units 1 and 2 impose heavy loads on limestone and limestone rock fill identical in overall character to that underlying the two nuclear units. The total design load is applied on the foundations of Units 1 and 2 and observed settlements are well below those incorporated for design.
No subsurface conditions were encountered during construction of the nuclear units that materially differed from those presented in the Preliminary Safety Analyses Report. During construction of Units 3 & 4, the building site area was backfilled to the existing grade at elevation 18.0 feet MLW.
2.9-5 Revised 12/07/2015 C28 2.9.4 SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR THE UNIT 4 EDG BUILDING
Foundation engineering investigations were performed to evaluate the
subsurface conditions in order to determine the most satisfactory foundation
system to support the Unit 4 Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) Building. The
investigations consisted of drilling, sampling, field and laboratory testing
and engineering analyses.
The results of field explorations and field and laboratory testing programs
which provide the basis for the engineering analyses are presented in
Reference 1.
This subsection summarizes the results of the subsurface and foundation
investigation (Reference 1) specifically conducted for the construction of
the Unit 4 EDG Building. Conclusions drawn from this investigation
demonstrate the suitability of the site for the safe support of the Unit 4
EDG Building mat foundation.
2.9.4.1 PROPERTIES OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS
The Seismic Category I Unit 4 EDG Building is founded on a reinforced
concrete mat with bottom at Elevation +10.0 feet MLW and supported on
compacted limerock fill extending to limestone bedrock (Miami Oolite).
The subsurface soils at the site consist of a limerock fill, sand and silt
fill layer, underlain by limerock.
Description Elevation, ft MLW Very dense limerock, sand, and silt fill +18 to - 5
Limestone, sand and silt fill - 5 to -10
Fossiliferous limerock (Miami Oolite) -10 to -35
2.9-6 Rev. 10 7/92 The geophysical survey indicated the following two basic units for the subsurface conditions:
Description Elevation, ft MLW Limerock fill +18 to -10
Miami Oolite -10 to -35
Exploration
The foundation soil test boring program was developed by Ebasco Services, Inc. and borings were made by Ardaman & Associates of Miami, Florida. The
initial Standard Penetration Testing (SPT) boring program consisted of five
borings. The site drilling was performed between December 21 and December
29, 1987. A supplementary soil test program consisting of 5 borings was
conducted in April 1988. The purpose of this program was to obtain
additional information regarding the density of existing fill, verify that no
muck exists at the lower levels of the fill, and evaluate the liquefaction
potential of the fill. This program is discussed in Reference 1.
Limerock Fill Material
A grain size distribution of a composite sample of limerock fill material was
made. Standard Penetration Test samples were combined to create a composite
sample. The limerock fill from the samples were classified as light tan
silty sand with gravel mixture, SM designation in accordance with the Unified
Soil Classified System, ASTM D-2487, Reference 2.
Rock Cores (Miami Oolite)
Five samples were trimmed from the rock cores for unconfined compressive
strength determinations. The specific gravity equaled 2.68 and the carbonate
content was 96.6%.
A detailed discussion of the test program and the results for both the
limerock fill material and the Miami Oolite are presented in Reference 1.
See Subsection 2.9.4.4 for in-situ engineering properties including Poisson's
ratio, Young's modulus and shear modulus determined by seismic surveys.
2.9-7 Rev. 10 7/92
2.9.4.2 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
A geophysical testing program was conducted on January 20, 1988. This
program is summarized and the results are presented in Subsection 2.9.4.4.
The program consisted of a down-hole survey. Both compression and shear wave
velocities of the foundation materials were measured at one boring location.
These velocities along with the unit weight values of soil and rock
determined from laboratory tests were used to compute Poisson's Ratio, Young's modulus and shear modulus of the in-situ materials.
2.9.4.3 EXCAVATIONS AND BACKFILL
Field, geophysical and laboratory data show that the soil on the site at the
locations and the depths explored consist, from the ground surface to a depth
ranging from 25 to 27 feet, of tan to light tan limerock fill with sand and
silt. Underlying the fill material, fossiliferous limestone (Miami Oolite)
was encountered to the termination depth of the test borings.
The Unit 4 EDG Building is founded on a reinforced concrete mat with bottom
at Elevation +10.0 feet MLW and is supported by existing crushed compacted
limerock fill. The limerock fill material is crushed rock, shot rock, or a
combination of the two. The static and dynamic engineering properties of
these materials are summarized in Subsections 2.9.4.4 and 2.9.4.7.
2.9.4.4 RESPONSE OF SOIL AND ROCK TO DYNAMIC LOADING
The Seismic Category I Unit 4 EDG Building structure is founded on compacted
limerock fill extending to limestone bedrock. The seismic design of the Unit
4 EDG Building structure is discussed in Subsection 5.3.4.
A downhole seismic velocity survey was completed on January 20, 1988 in one
boring. This seismic survey was carried out to provide information which
could be used to augment data collected during the exploratory boring program
and to provide estimates of the in-situ engineering properties of foundation
materials.
2.9-8 Rev. 10 7/92 Two surveys were completed and checked against each other. The first survey began at a depth of 41 feet (EL -24.6 feet MLW) and arrival times for
compressional and shear waves were recorded at 2-foot intervals up to a depth
of 15 feet. A second survey was carried out at 5-foot intervals from a depth
of 40 feet (EL -23.6 feet MLW) up to a depth of 5 feet. The results of both
surveys were combined to determine the compressional and shear wave
velocities for materials beneath the proposed emergency diesel generator
building.
On the basis of compressional and shear wave velocities established from the
downhole seismic surveys, values for Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and
Shear modulus were determined. These values are presented below.
Material Poisson's Young's Shear
Ratio Modulus Modulus
Limerock Fill 0.256 18.42 x 10 6 psf 7.38 x 10 6 psf Miami Oolite 0.253 46.65 x 10 6 psf 18.62 x 10 6 psf The density of the limerock fill was taken as 125 pcf on the basis of
previous studies conducted at the site by Dames and Moore as stated in their
report of February, 1967 (Reference 9). The density of the Miami Oolite was
taken as 113 pcf on the basis of laboratory tests of samples obtained from
the survey boring. Reference 1 provides details of the geophysical test
results.
See Subsection 5.3.4 for discussions concerning soil and structure
interaction and the design of manholes and ductbanks.
2.9.4.5 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL
Liquefaction analysis is based upon the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data
using conservative, standard procedures. The Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)
used in the analysis has a peak ground acceleration of 0.15g (see Subsection
2.11.2). Using these criteria, the calculated factor of safety against
liquefaction of the fill material is well within safe limits.
A liquefaction analysis was conducted for the area designated for the
location of the Unit 4 EDG Building structure. This analysis was based on
SPT blow
2.9-9 Rev. 10 7/92 count records from the boring logs in accordance with the procedure first outlined by H. B. Seed et al. (1983), and modified by H. B. Seed et al.
(1985) (References 3 and 4).
Liquefaction potential was systematically evaluated for all sand layers below
the ground water table with measured SPT blow count values. This evaluation
was performed for all borings. Details of this analysis are presented in
Reference 1.
The calculated factor of safety against liquefaction of the fill material is
greater than 1.1 which indicated that no potential for liquefaction exists at
the Unit 4 EDG Building location.
2.9.4.6 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN BASIS
The evaluation of the maximum earthquake potential is presented in Section
2.11. Based on this analysis, the design earthquake (Operating Basis
Earthquake, OBE), has been conservatively established as 0.05g horizontal
ground acceleration. The Unit 4 EDG Building, including the diesel oil
storage facility, and manholes and ductbanks have also been designed for a
Safe Shutdown Earthquake, SSE, of 0.15g ground acceleration to assure no loss
of function of this vital system. The maximum vertical earthquake ground
acceleration is taken as two-thirds of the maximum horizontal ground
acceleration.
2.9.4.7 STATIC STABILITY
The Unit 4 EDG Building is founded on a reinforced concrete mat with bottom
at EL +10.0 feet MLW and supported by existing crushed limerock fill. The
maximum static uniform foundation pressure for the foundation mat is 6000
psf. Soil properties used in the foundation evaluations were determined from
the field, geographical and laboratory data.
Bearing Capacity
Bearing capacity is based upon proven and conservative methods using
Terzaghi's equation. The computed ultimate bearing capacity of the mat is
2.9-10 Rev. 10 7/92 70 ksf, which provides a factor of safety of 7.0 for the allowable backfill bearing pressure of 10 ksf. Therefore, the computed allowable capacity was
found to be well above the applied loads. A detailed discussion of this
subject is provided in Reference 1.
Settlement
Settlement determination is based upon direct measurement of soil elastic
modulus obtained by geophysical testing (Swiger Method - Reference 5).
Research indicates that this method yields the most realistic and
comprehensive determination of settlement.
The settlement computed by using the down hole shear wave velocity values at
the Unit 4 EDG Building site is the most accurate representation of the
predicted settlement value.
The computed average settlement of the Unit 4 EDG Building structure due to
static loading is 0.163 inches. The maximum differential settlement across
the mat foundation is about 0.13 inches. In view of the rigid nature of the
Unit 4 EDG Building foundation concrete mat, this settlement is acceptable.
These calculated settlements are within acceptable limits from a safety of
operations standpoint. A detailed discussion of this subject is provided in
Reference 1.
2.9.4.8 DESIGN CRITERIA
Design of mats on elastic foundations require determination of the modulus of
subgrade reaction. Based on the average settlements obtained using the
geophysical properties and the "SETTLG" computer program, the modulus was
calculated from the following equation:
K b = P (Reference 6) Havg where;
K b = Coefficient of subgrade reaction for foundation of width b
P = Contact pressure (stress units)
Havg = Average computed settlement of the mat
The computed value of modulus of subgrade reaction is 185 pci.
2.9-11 Rev. 10 7/92
2.9.4.9 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS
No improvements of subsurface conditions were required for the Unit 4 EDG
Building structure.
2.9-12 Rev. 10 7/92
2.
9.5 REFERENCES
- 1. Ebasco Services Inc. Report No. FLO 53-20E.5009, "Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 EDG Enhancement Geotechnical Investigations and Foundation
Analysis for Diesel Building Addition", Rev. 0, August 1988.
- 2. ASTM Standard D-2487 (1985), "Unified Soil Classification System".
- 3. Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., and Arango, I. (1983), "Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data", J. Geotech. Engg.
Div., ASCE 109(3), 458-482.
- 4. Seed, H.B., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L., and Chung, R.M. (1985), "Influence of SPT Procedures in Soil Liquefaction Resistance
Evaluations", J. Geotech, Engg. Div., ASCE III (12), 1425-1445.
- 5. Swiger, W.F. (1974), "Evaluation of Soil Moduli", Analysis and Design in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Proceeding Vol. II.
- 6. Foundations and Earth Structures (1982). Design Manual DM7, NAVFAC, Department of the Navy, Alexandria, Virginia.
2.9-13 Rev. 10 7/92 2.10 GROUND WATER The information in sections 2.10.1 through 2.10.3 pertains to studies conducted of the ground water and geological features at Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 at the time of construction. This information is for historical
purposes only.
2.
10.1 INTRODUCTION
A study of the ground water hydrology of the site has been completed. This study included review of geology and ground-water reports, review of water level data and historic ground-water conditions, and discussions with ground-water geologists who have worked in the area. Field studies completed
at the site included installation of 5 sets of 3 observation wells, which were cased and cemented at 3 different depths at each location, measurement of water levels and tidal response, a pumping test, and injection of dye to evaluate the depth, direction, and rate of groundwater flow. Laboratory
studies included salinity and conductivity measurements.
2.10.2 REGIONAL
A large part of southeastern Florida is underlain by the Biscayne aquifer, which furnishes the majority of agricultural, industrial, and municipal fresh water supplies. The aquifer is a hydrogeologic unit which occurs at or close to the ground surface and extends to a depth of 70 ft at the site. The highly porous and permeable limestone formations comprising this aquifer are described in more detail in Section 2.9. The rock consists essentially of oolitic, crystalline and sandy, fossiliferous limestone and coral deposits with random hard and soft layers. The high permeability derives primarily from the numerous small voids and solution channels which are heterogeneously distributed through the aquifer. Some of the voids and channels in the rock
are filled with detritus and secondary deposits.
Shallow water table conditions prevail in the area, and the aquifer is unconfined except for a thin (4 to 6 ft) layer of organic soils in the coastal
swamp areas. The Biscayne aquifer is underlain by 500 to 700 ft of less permeable limestone, marl, and sandstone strata which comprise the aquiclude overlying the deeper artesian Floridan aquifer. The artesian head in this deeper aquifer is approximately +20 ft MSL at the site. The deep aquifer is not significant in this study except that the positive artesian pressure prevents downward percolation of shallow ground water from the Biscayne
aquifer.
2.10-1 Revised 06/15/2010 C25 Southeastern Florida is a water conservation area extending south and east from Lake Okeechobee. The conservation area consists of large inland areas divided by dikes constructed for the purpose of storing fresh water which otherwise would be wasted by discharge through numerous drainage canals. The
water control project and the high permeability and infiltration characteristics of the Biscayne aquifer, together with the highly interconnected surface and ground water flow system, allow excellent control
and almost complete management of the water resources of the area.
Ground water levels and the direction and rate of ground water flow in the
Biscayne aquifer are products of the topography, rainfall and recharge,
hydraulic gradients, canals and drainage channels, ground water use and the
hydrologic properties of the aquifer.
Under normal conditions, the water table is near the ground surface, the hydraulic gradient is extremely flat and the ground water moves very slowly (estimated to be about 2,000 ft per year for a hydraulic gradient of 1 ft per mile) toward Biscayne Bay. The flat gradients and directions of ground water flow are consonant with the topography. Most of the water that recharges the Biscayne aquifer is supplied by local rainfall. The amount of annual rainfall varies within relatively short distances. Of the 60 inches of average annual rainfall in the coastal ridge area of Dade County, it is estimated that about 22 inches is discharged by evapotranspiration and surface run off without reaching the water table, and 38 inches reaches the water table. Of this 38 inches, about 20 inches is discharged as ground water flow, and, 18 inches is discharged by evapotranspiration of ground water and by pumping from wells.
The magnitude of ground water fluctuations in Dade County varies from 2 to 8 ft in any one year, depending upon the amount and distribution of rainfall in the area. Because of the thin soil cover and very high permeability of the aquifer, recharge to the shallow ground water table from rainfall is extremely
rapid.
During periods of extended drought, when recharge is not sufficient to balance evapotranspiration losses, the ground water table in inland areas may be locally depressed below sea level, resulting in reverse direction of ground water flow. Records for a well located about 4 miles southwest of Florida City show that in 7 years out of the 14 years that were studied, the water level has for short periods approached, and at times gone below, sea level.
Such conditions, if maintained, would lead to slow inland migration of safe water. However, although the salt water moves inland at depth in the aquifer under low water table conditions, the rate of advance, owing to the extremely low gradient causing encroachment, is so slow that the total advance of the salt water front during 3 or 4 months of extremely low water table conditions
is not likely to exceed several hundred feet.
2.10-2 As the water table rises (a result of recharge from rainfall), the rate of advance is decreased, and if recharge continues, the advance of the salt-water front will be stopped; if high water-table conditions are maintained for
several months, the salt-water front may be flushed seaward beyond its
original position.
Salt-water intrusion has resulted from tidal and storm wave inundation along the coast, leakage from formerly uncontrolled canals which allowed inland migration of salt water, droughts, density variations between salt and fresh ground water, and withdrawal by pumping. At the present time, in the vicinity of the site, the 1,000 ppm isochlor at the base of the Biscayne aquifer is located approximately 4 to 6 miles from the coast. Salinity is generally less in the higher part of the aquifer, suggesting density
stratification.
Water sufficiently fresh for irrigation purposes is available from wells located west and northwest of the site. The nearest of these wells is about 3-1/2 miles from the site. The cities of Homestead, Florida City, and Key West derive their ground-water supplies from well fields in the vicinity of
Homestead and Florida City. Potable water for the plant is obtained through a pipeline from Rex Utilities, Inc., a private concern 9-1/2 miles distant, which also serves Leisure City near Homestead. The water is obtained from the
Biscayne aquifer.
2.10.3 LOCAL
The site is located in an area of shallow, extremely permeable, limestone bedrock, with a very high water table. Because the natural ground elevations at the site are generally less than 1 ft. above MSL and the normal tide range in Biscayne Bay averages 2 ft., the site is subject to tidal inundation. At the site, the Biscayne aquifer is overlain by a shallow deposit, approximately 5 ft. thick, of organic swamp soils. The base of the aquifer is at a depth of approximately 70 ft. below sea level, where it is underlain by less permeable
limestone and sandstone strata.
Because of tidal inundation, the ground water and surface water at and in the
vicinity of the site are highly saline. The water table responds very rapidly to rainfall and tidal fluctuations. Observations of water level fluctuations in selected observation holes and hydrologic holes located approximately 1,300 to 2,900 ft. from the shore, show that the water level rises and falls in accordance with tidal variations, but with an approximate 25 percent to 50
percent head loss and a 2 to 3 hour3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> time delay.
2.10-3 Dye studies to evaluate the rate, direction, and depth of ground water flow at the site indicate that the lateral movement of ground water at the site is very slow. No dye appeared in observation wells within 140 ft. of the injection point even 23 days after injection. Observation of suspended matter by means of a downhole TV camera showed no sign of any lateral movement of ground water
2.10.4 Site Conceptual Model
This section summarizes the Site Conceptual Model for ground water flow and tritium migration at the Turkey Point site as presented in Conestoga-Rovers &
Associates Report No. 051293-2, dated November 2009.
The Turkey Point site employs the use of fossil, nuclear, a dual-convertible synchronous condenser/generator, and combined cycle units for commercial electric power generation. Unit 1 is a fossil-fuel unit, Unit 2 is a dual-convertible synchronous condenser/generator, while Units 3 and 4 are nuclear
reactors. Unit 5 is a combined cycle u nit (employing four natural gas turbines and one heat-recovery steam-powered generator). In addition to the
nuclear and fossil-fuel units, the site features a 5,900 acre system of closed recirculating cooling canals which four of the five units use for heat rejection (Unit 5 does not use the cooling canals).
The site is bounded by a system of artificial intake, discharge, and cooling canals that are hydraulically connected to the surrounding natural water bodies. These canals serve to direct and control the shallow ground water regime in the immediate vicinity of the site. During construction, the native overburden was excavated in order to build the site structures. Some foundations for the site structures extend to a depth of 45 feet below the land surface. Engineering backfill was used around the foundation footprint.
The presence of these structures and the backfill serve to locally alter the direction and rate of groundwater flow where they exist. The underlying rock formations in the Biscayne Aquifer are highly permeable and allow for relatively quick ground water flow and diffusion.
Operation of the site cooling water system through the use of the intake and discharge canals significantly influences ground water flow. Ground water generally flows from west to east in response to the hydraulic heads in the intake and discharge canals. The typical difference between the intake and discharge canals is 1 to 3 feet. A portion of the ground water beneath the site discharges to the intake canal, where it is captured and subsequently used as cooling water prior to discharge to the cooling canals.
2.10-4 Revised 12/07/2015 C28 Shallow and intermediate ground water flow also is affected by surface water tidal fluctuations and subsurface structures that channel or impede ground water flow. Ground water flow direction in the deep wells appears markedly different than the shallow flow, with flow generally in the northerly direction. Ground water flow velocities were calculated to be on the order of several feet per day, primarily due to the high hydraulic conductivities associated with the underlying coral rock. Vertical gradients across the site appear varied geographically. For the monitoring period, the southern portion of the site indicated a positive or upward (deep-to-shallow) potential for ground water flow, while the northern portion of the site indicated a downward gradient potential. The center portion of the site, where the most significant penetration of building structures has occurred, indicated little or no vertical gradient.
Evaluation of daily tidal fluctuations on ground water indicated the greatest influence occurred in those monitoring wells located along the eastern half of the site, near the canals and turning basin. In general, there is a relatively consistent tidal influence of 0.2 to 0.5 feet maximum tidal fluctuation on ground water elevations at the site. Ground water flow directions within the shallow, intermediate, and deep regimes indicated little variability due to tidal influences.
Tritium migrates with ground water flow, and the tritium discharges into the intake canal are captured and used in the cooling water system. After use by the plants, the cooling water is discharged to the discharge canal, and ultimately to the cooling canals. Surface water in the cooling canals is noted as routinely having detectable tritium concentrations. The cooling canals are in direct hydraulic connection to the underlying sediments and coral rock, and a near continuous exchange of surface water in the cooling canals and ground water within the sediments presumably exists. However, the potential for tritium in the ground water at the site due to this exchange is unlikely to present an environmental or health risk either on-site or off-site. Facility personnel are provided a municipal source of drinking water and a surficial aquifer is essentially non-existent. As such, health risks due to human consumption do not appear credible. Restrictions on shoreline access near the plant would also serve to minimize the risks to boaters and recreational fishermen. Therefore, based on the ground water and surface water data provided, none of the potential receptors identified are at a credible risk of exposure to concentrations of tritium.
2.10-5 Revised 06/15/2010 C25 2.11 SEISMOLOGY
2.
11.1 INTRODUCTION
Records of the earthquake history of southeastern United States and Cuba have been used to develop estimates of the maximum expected and maximum hypothetical earthquakes which could affect the site. All recorded earthquakes felt in Florida have been plotted and considered in the analysis.
2.11.2 EARTHQUAKES
Records show that there have been no more than 7 shocks in the past 200 to 250 years with epicenters located in Florida. Two of these had epicentral intensities of no more than VI (Modified Mercali). Neither of these was felt in southern Florida. Five others were exceedingly small and may have been caused by explosions or submarine slides rather than earthquakes. Other
shocks have had epicenters in Cuba. The closest to southern Florida was approximately 250 miles to the south at San Cristobal, Cuba. The largest shock nearest the area was the Charleston, South Carolina earthquake in 1886, with an epicentral intensity of X (Modified Mercali).
On the basis of historical or statistical seismic activity, Turkey Point is located in a seismically inactive area, far from any recorded damaging shocks.
Even though several of the larger historical earthquakes may have been felt in
southern Florida, the amount of ground motion caused by them was not great
enough to cause damage to any moderately well built structure. The Uniform
Building Code (1964 edition, Volume 1, as approved by the International
Conference of Building Officials) designates the area as Zone 0 on the map entitled "Map of the United States Showing Zones of Approximately Equal
Seismic Probability."
2.11-1 Limestone bedrock is at or near the ground surface at the site. The site area is far from any folded or deformed sediments, and surface faults are unknown.
Predicated on history, building codes (which do not require consideration of seismic loading), geologic conditions, and earthquake probability, the design
earthquake has been conservatively established as 0.05 g horizontal ground
acceleration. The nuclear units have also been checked for a 0.15 g ground acceleration to assure no loss of function of the vital systems and structures. Vertical acceleration is taken as 2/3 of the horizontal value and
is considered to act concurrently.
2.11-2 2.12 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
2.12.1 GENERAL
The environmental monitoring program is designed to accomplish two objectives.
The first objective was to determine the existing level of background radioactivity resulting from natural occurrence and global fallout in the Turkey Point Plant environs before radioactive materials are delivered to the site. This preoperational phase began approximately one year before nuclear fuel was received at the site and continued until the first nuclear reactor
went critical.
The type, frequency, and location of samples included in the preoperational environmental monitoring program were selected on the basis of population density and distribution, agricultural practices, sources of public water and food sources, industrial activities, recreational and fishing activities in the area. In addition, the natural features of the environment including meteorology, topography, geology, hydrology, hydrography, pedology, and natural vegetative cover of the area were also considered. Accessibility within the area and the necessity for protecting the sampling equipment from
vandalism limited the choice of available sampling sites.
In the design of the preoperational monitoring program, various factors were studied in the preliminary evaluation of available or possible exposure pathways including: (1) method or mode of radionuclide release, (2) estimated isotopes, (3) activity, (4) chemical and physical form of radionuclides which
may be expected from the operation of the facility.
2.12-1 During the preoperational phase, procedures were established, methods and techniques were developed and a continuing review of the program made to verify the suitability and adequacy of the environmental monitoring program.
See Figure 2.12-1.
The second objective of the environmental monitoring program is to determine
the effect of the operation of the nuclear units on the environment. This
operational phase began with initial criticality, startup and subsequent
operation of units 3 and 4, and is essentially a continuation of the
preoperational program.
Significant quantities of radioactive materials should not be released to the environment during the operation of the nuclear units and the monitoring program is designed to demonstrate this. The sampling and analysis program is described in the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) in accordance with the
plant Technical Specifications.
2.12.2 AIR ENVIRONMENT
The air environmental monitoring program was designed to determine existing natural background radioactivity and to detect changes in radiation levels in
the air environment which may be attributed to the operation of the nuclear
units.
2.12-2 Rev. 15 4/98
2.12.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT
The water environmental monitoring program was designed to determine existing natural background radioactivity and to detect changes in radiation levels
which may be attributed to the operations of the nuclear units.
In the preliminary assessment of exposure pathways in the Water Environmental
Program, it was apparent that drinking water was not the critical exposure pathway because Biscayne Bay water is essentially sea water. Investigation was directed to other pathways that may be steps in the food chain to man
since it is known that certain species of aquatic biota,
2.12-3 Rev. 15 4/98 inherently or by means of aquatic food sources, may concentrate specific radionuclides several times above the equilibrium concentration of radio-
nuclides in the water environment.
2.12-4 Rev. 15 4/98 2.12.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT
In the land environmental monitoring program, as in the water monitoring
program, the program was designed to determine existing natural background radioactivity and to detect changes in radiation levels in the land
environment which may be attributed to the operation of the nuclear units.
In the preliminary assessment of exposure pathways in the land environmental
program, milk was not the critical pathway because there are no dairy herds within 25 miles of the facility. Other exposure pathways which may be steps in the food chain to man were investigated, including fruit and vegetable crops which may be grown in the vicinity of the facility. Radionuclides are present in soil as background radioactivity and may be incorporated into plant
life.
2.12-5 Rev. 15 4/98
2.13 EXCLUSION ZONE - LOW POPULATION ZONE 2.13.1 EXCLUSION ZONE
On the basis of meteorological data and analysis of the consequences of a
postulated release of fission products originally established in 1968 - 1970
in Section 14.3.5 and Appendix 14F, the exclusion zone is included within the
property boundary line. As shown on the property plan, the minimum exclusion
distance is 4164 feet to the north property line. The minimum distance to the
south property line is 5582 feet. The exclusion radius as identified in
Appendix 14F is 4164 feet which is bounded by the exclusion zone. The
exclusion zone is identified as the area within the property boundary line.
Within the exclusion zone there are:
(1) one fossil fuel electric generating unit, one dual-convertible synchronous condenser/generator unit, and one combined cycle unit.
These three units are staffed by approximately 65 FP&L employees.
(2) a picnic area used intermittently, that has been used by as many as 1500 persons (during a local organization's picnic).
2.13.2 LOW POPULATION ZONE
The low population area is enclosed by a circle of 5-mile radius. The area
includes Homestead Bayfront Park and farmland to the north, a portion of
Homestead Air Force Reserve Base to the northwest, the Turkey Point elementary
school, farmland to the west and undeveloped swampland to the southwest and
south (refer to Figure 2.2-2). There are no permanent residents in the area
at the present time (refer to Tables 2.4-1 and 2.4-2). Additionally, population projections through the year 2013, as presented in Tables 2.4-13
through 2.4-16, indicate that this area will remain uninhabited by permanent
residents for the remaining plant operating period authorized in the Turkey
Point Units 3 and 4 Operating Licenses.
It should be noted that the land within this area is low and is periodically
subject to hurricane flooding. Development has traditionally taken place in
the more elevated areas to the west.
2.13-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26C26 While it can be said that there is some pressure to develop areas having Biscayne Bay frontage, two factors are present as a deterrent to such
development. The western boundary of Biscayne National Monument coincides
with the western shore of Biscayne Bay for almost 4 miles south of the plant.
There is strong local sentiment against bayshore development which might
impair the values of the monument or which would deny the bayfront to general
public use. Secondly, land adjoining the bayfront is overlain with a five or
six-foot deep layer of organic peat or "muck" as it is known locally. This
material is unsuitable for the foundation of structures, consequently the
cost of any development is extremely high.
Transient population in the low population zone is principally confined to
visitors to the Homestead Bayfront Park. The maximum number of persons
expected to visit the Park is 10,000 which would be for the 4th of July.
Since the only available estimates are for total daily visitors, the number
present in the Park at any one time would be less than this amount. Likewise
the figure can be compared to the normal weekend day of 5000 visitors and the
normal weekday of 1000 visitors.
Monroe County and Dade County Emergency Response Directors, the State
Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Control, and the State Division of
Emergency Management are responsible for determining and implementing
protective measures in offsite areas. (Turkey Point Radiological Emergency
Plan Section 5.2.1).
The Park is served by two roads, one on each side of North Canal. It is
reasonable to assume that cars can be evacuated at the rate of about 1650
cars per hour. Thus 5000 cars could be evacuated over one road in about
three hours.
The low population zone is served by several hard surfaced roads.
Tallahassee Road and South Allapattah-East Allapattah Road provide access to
the area from the north around the west and east sides of the Homestead Air
Force Reserve Base respectively. Tallahassee Road also provides access to
the south via Card Sound Road and Key Largo. Palm Drive, North Canal Drive
and Mowry Drive all provide access to the area from the west. On the basis
of the paucity of population, the existence of several hard surfaced roads, and the analysis set forth in Section 14.3.5, it is concluded that the
proposed low population zone meets the criteria set forth in 10CFR100.
2.13-2 Revised 04/17/2013 2.14 SITE and LOCATION RELATED EXTERNAL EVENTS The Turkey Point site employs the use of fossil, nuclear, and combined cycle units for commercial electric power generation. Units 1 and 2 are fossil-fuel units, while Units 3 and 4 are nuclear reactors. Unit 5 is a combined cycle unit (employing four natural gas turbines and one heat-recovery steam- powered generator). In addition to the nuclear and fossil-fuel units, the site features a 5,900 acre system of closed recirculating cooling canals which four of the five units use for heat rejection (Unit 5 does not use the cooling canals). 2.14.1 NATURAL GAS PIPELINE The potential hazard impacts of a natural gas line rupture on Units 3 and 4 were not explicitly assessed during the initial licensing of the nuclear units. The potential impacts of the natural gas pipeline, and lower pressure gas lines servicing Units 1 and 2, were subsequently evaluated as an external event to ensure that the consequences of a release of natural gas would not adversely impact Units 3 and 4. The consequence analysis (Reference 1) was performed assuming worst case operating and atmospheric conditions in order to provide a credible upper limit when assessing potential impact areas. The analysis considered the impacts of a torch fire, flash fire (vapor cloud fire) and vapor cloud explosion. The results confirmed that the potential impacts of a natural gas pipeline rupture on Units 3 and 4 are sufficiently low and would not adversely affect the ability of structures, systems, and components to perform their safety related functions.
2.14.2 UNIT 5 AQUEOUS AMMONIA Unit 5 uses aqueous ammonia in their effluent stream to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. The aqueous ammonia storage facility contains two identical 40,000-gallon tanks and a surrounding impoundment basin. Each tank can be filled to 85% capacity (34,000 gallons) with aqueous ammonia. The impoundment basin is designed to accommodate the contents of one tank in the event of a postulated tank failure consistent with 40 CFR 68.25 for a worst-case release scenario.
To ensure that the Control Room operators are not impaired by an ammonia storage tank spill, a layer of floating (special surface blanketing) balls has been installed in the impoundment basin below the ammonia storage tanks. These balls will automatically arrange themselves into a close packed formation if a spill occurs and reduce the release of ammonia to the atmosphere. Consequence modeling (Reference 2) demonstrates that the concentration of ammonia in the control room will remain below the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Levels (OSHA - PEL) without operator action. These levels are significantly less than the limits to which Turkey Point committed in RG 1.78, Assumptions for Evaluating the Habitability of a Nuclear Power Plant Control Room during a Postulated Chemical Hazardous Chemical Release.
2.14-1 Revised 08/17/2016 C28 2.14.3 HOMESTEAD AIR FORCE BASE The Homestead Air Force Base was established in 1955 and was in operation during the initial permitting and licensing of the Turkey Point site. After its destruction by Hurricane Andrew in August 1992, the base was taken off active status with the regular Air Force and rebuilt as an Air Force Reserve facility in 1994. Circa 2000, plans were circulated to convert the reserve base to a commercial airport or a spaceport. The impact of a commercial airport facility or spaceport on Units 3 and 4 was assessed using probabilistic risk assessment methods considering the proposed number of operations, flight paths, and proposed flight mix (i.e., military versus commercial versus general aviation) for single runway operation. Based on projections at the time, a scoping estimate of the aircraft impact frequency (number/year), the conditional core damage probability, the conditional containment failure probability, and the 10 CFR Part 100 exposure exceedance frequency for the critical structures was performed. The risk of exceeding 10 CFR Part 100 exposure guidelines associated with aircraft operations in 1994 (the then current risk of military operations) had been conservatively calculated to be 4.91E-7/year. The expected rate of occurrence of potential exposures in the year 2014 (the projected date of airport operation) in excess of the 10 CFR Part 100 guidelines was conservatively calculated to be 3.63E-7/year, which is less than the significance threshold of 1.0E-6/year specified in Section 2.2.3 of NUREG-0800. (References 3 and 4).
REFERENCES
- 1. Quest Consultants, Inc. Report 7044-CAS01-RevF0, Release and Hazard Calculations for Florida Power and Light's Incoming natural Gas Pipeline, Dated July 12, 2016.
- 2. EC 242200, PCM-06004 Addition of Unit 5 to the Turkey Point Site.
- 3. FPL Letter L-99-251 to NRC, Response to Request for Information Regarding the Impact of a Commercial Airport at Homestead Air Force Base Site on Safety at Turkey Point Unit 3 and 4, dated November 17, 1999.
- 4. NRC Letter to Ms. Barbara Lange, Turkey Point Units 3 and 4 - Homestead Air Force Base Property Disposal, dated July 25, 2000.
2.14-2 Revised 08/17/2016 C28
APPENDIX 2A
MICROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
DELETED IN ITS ENTIRETY
2A-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26
APPENDIX 2B
MAXIMUM PROBABLE HURRICANE PARAMETERS
DELETED IN ITS ENTIRETY
2B-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26
APPENDIX 2C
OCEANOGRAPHY
FINAL SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT FIGURE 2C-1
REFER TO ENGINEERING DRAWING 5610-C-1168, SHEET 1
REV. 16 (10/99)
FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 COOLING CANAL SYSTEM LAYOUT FIGURE 2C-1
APPENDIX 2D
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
DELETED IN ITS ENTIRETY
2D-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26
APPENDIX 2E SHORT - TERM (ACCIDENT) DIFFUSION FOR THE EXCLUSION AREA BOUNDRY AND LOW POPULATION ZONE
2E-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Short - Term (Accident) Diffusion for the Exclusion Area Boundary and Low Population Zone Objective Conservative values of atmospheric diffusion at the site Exclusion Area Boundary (EAB) and the Low Population Zone (LPZ) were calculated for appropriate time periods using meteorological data collected onsite during the time period 2005 through 2009. The offsite maximum X/Q factors for the EAB and LPZ are presented in Table App 2E-2, "Offsite Atmospheric Dispersion Factors (X/Q)." Methodology For offsite release-receptor combinations, the atmospheric dispersion (X/Q) factors are developed using the PAVAN computer code (Reference 2). In accordance with Regulatory Position 4 from Reference 2, the maximum value from all downwind sectors for each time period are compared with the 5% overall site X/Q values for those boundaries, and the larger of the values are used in evaluations. Note that the 0-2 hour EAB atmospheric dispersion factor is applied to all time periods in the analyses.
All of the releases are considered ground level releases because the highest possible release elevation is 200 feet (from the plant stack). From Section 1.3.2 of Reference 1, a release is only considered a stack release if the release point is at a level higher than two and one-half times the height of adjacent solid structures. For the Turkey Point plant, the elevation of the top of the containment structures is given as 186 ft and 4-3/8 in. The highest possible release point is not 2.5 times higher than the adjacent containment building; therefore, all releases are considered ground level releases. As such, the release height is set equal to 10.0 meters as required by Table 3.1 of Reference 2. The building area used for the building wake term is the same as for some of the ARCON96 onsite X/Q cases. The building height entered into PAVAN is the top elevation of the cylindrical portion of the containment building of 170.28 ft less the plant grade elevation of 18 ft.
2E-2 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Meteorological Input Data Meteorological data over a five-year period (2005 through 2009) is used in the development of the new onsite and offsite X/Q factors used in the analysis.
The meteorological data is converted from the raw format into the proper formatting required to create the meteorological data files for the ARCON96 (onsite receptors) runs and PAVAN runs (offsite receptors). Five years worth of meteorological data is used which meets the guidance set forth in Section 3.1 of the Regulatory Guide 1.145 (Reference 1). The raw data for 2005 through 2009 was provided in electronic format. The data from these files was manipulated within a spreadsheet for appropriate formatting for use with ARCON96 and PAVAN.
The meteorological data was screened and validated using a number of quantitative and qualitative tests. The METD (Reference 3) suite of programs was one method used to identify anomalous data or data trends. The raw data was also examined graphically and otherwise to identify and flag bad or missing data. These screening activities ensure that the meteorological data used in the atmospheric dispersion factor determination were of high quality.
ARCON96 analyzes the meteorological data file used and lists the total number of hours of data processed and the number of hours of missing data in the case output. A meteorological data recovery rate may be determined from this information. For the 2005 to 2009 data base, the meteorological data recovery rate is 98.3%. No regulatory guidance is provided in Reference 1 (PAVAN) or Reference 6 (ARCON96) documentation regarding the valid meteorological data recovery rate required for use in determining onsite X/Q values. However, Regulatory Position C.5 of Reg. Guide 1.23 specifies a 90% data recovery threshold for measuring and capturing meteorological data. Clearly, the 98.3%
valid meteorological data rate for the cases in this analysis exceeds the 90%
data recovery limit set forth by Regulatory Guide 1.23. With a data recovery rate of 98.3% and a total of five years worth of data, the contents of the meteorological data file are representative of the long-term meteorological trends at the Turkey Point site.
2E-3 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 The raw meteorological data was also processed into annual and cumulative joint frequency distribution format for 2005 through 2009 for the offsite analysis. The joint frequency distribution file requires the annual meteorological data to be sorted into several classifications. This is accomplished by using three classifications that include wind direction, wind speed, and atmospheric stability class. The format for the file conforms to the format provided in Table 1 of Regulatory Guide 1.23 (Reference 3). The data for all years was sorted into wind speed bins using the guidance provided in RIS 2006-04 (Reference 5), which are slightly different than the Regulatory Guide. The total values for each stability class are then arranged so that the rows correspond to the wind speed bins and the columns correspond to the wind directions. The wind directions are then ordered properly so that the first column corresponds to the north (N) wind direction and the last column corresponds to the North-NorthWest (NNW) direction as required by the PAVAN code. The final ordered numbers are used in the input file for PAVAN.
Based on calibration issues identified with the past temperature instrument accuracy for measuring vertical temperature difference, an additional set of meteorological data was created with a bias applied to the nominal vertical temperature differences to account for additional temperature instrument inaccuracy. Atmospheric dispersion factors (X/Q s) were re-evaluated using the biased vertical temperature difference based stability class binning. For time periods and release-receptor locations where the biased meteorological data yielded atmospheric dispersion factors that were more conservative, these factors were substituted for those based on the nominal vertical temperature differences.
The tower height at which the wind speeds are measured is 11.58 meters above plant grade. There were 83 calm hours in the five year joint frequency data.
This low number of calm hours is likely due to the positioning of the Turkey Point plant and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.
2E-4 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Calculations/PAVAN Computer Code Input Data The Table App 2E-1 lists the boundary distance used in each of the 16 downwind directions from the site. These distance and direction combinations were chosen to be conservative, while taking credit for the different distances to the EAB in the various primary directions. Figure 2.2-4 provides the LPZ boundary distance as a 5 mile radius in all directions. Converting the distance to meters yields a value of 8,045 m.
LPZ Distance = 5 miles x (1,609 m / 1 mile) = 8,045 m All of the releases were considered ground level releases because the highest possible release elevation is from the plant stack at 200 ft. From Section 1.3.2 of Reference 1, a release is only considered a stack release if the release point is at a level higher than two and one-half times the height of adjacent solid structures. For the Turkey Point plant, the elevation of the top of the containment is 186 ft 4-3/8 in. Therefore, the highest possible release point is not 2.5 times higher than the adjacent containment buildings, and thus all releases were considered ground level releases. As such, the release height was set equal to 10.0 meters as required by Table 3.1 of Reference 2. The building area used for the building wake term was 1,254 m
- 2. This area was calculated to be conservatively small in that the height used in the area calculation was from the highest roof elevation of a nearby building to the elevation of the bottom of the containment dome.
The tower height at which the wind speeds were measured is 11.58 m above plant grade. The number of hours of calms from each atmospheric stability class are tabulated from the 2005-2009 joint frequency distribution meteorological data files, and are listed in Table App 2E-1. The relatively low number of calm hours is due to the positioning of the Turkey Point plant and its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean.
The hourly meteorological data files were provided with wind speed units given in miles per hour. For binning into joint frequency data format, the guidance of RIS 2006-04 (Reference 5) made conversion of these mph units to meters per second convenient. Conversion of these Reference 5 bin limits back to mph yielded the non-integer mph binning values which are shown in the Table App 2E-2.
2E-5 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Therefore, given the mph based binning process, the PAVAN input flag was set to convert the input wind speeds to meters per second. The maximum wind speed values are 0.5 (calm), 1.12, 1.68, 2.24, 2.8, 3.36, 4.47, 6.71, 8.95, 11.18, 13.42, 17.9, 22.37, and 58.16 mph. The highest wind speed category is given in References 3 and 5 as "greater than 10 m/sec," however the PAVAN code requires that the maximum speed for each category be input. Therefore, the 58.16 mph (26.0 mps) value was chosen as the upper limit on the fastest wind speed category because the raw meteorological data showed that there were no hours with wind speeds higher than 58.16 mph.
Results PAVAN computer runs for the EAB and LPZ boundary distances were performed using the data discussed previously. Per Section 4 of Reference 1, the maximum X/Q for each distance was determined and compared to the 5% overall site value for the boundary under consideration. In addition, the unbiased X/Q values were compared to the biased meteorological data based X/Q results, and the maximum values were selected on a case by case basis to ensure that a conservative X/Q input would be used for dose analysis calculations. The maximum EAB and LPZ X/Q s that resulted from this comparison are provided in the Table App 2E-2.
2E-6 Revised 04/17/2013 C26
- 1. USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.145, "Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Potential Accident Consequence Assessments at Nuclear Power Plants," Revision 1, November 1982, (Reissued February 1983 to correct page 1.145-7).
- 2. NUREG/CR-2858, "PAVAN: An Atmospheric Dispersion Program for Evaluating Design Basis Accidental Releases of Radioactive Materials from Nuclear Power Stations," November 1982.
- 3. Safety Guide 23/Regulatory Guide 1.23, "Onsite Meteorological Programs," February 17, 1972, and Revision 1 March, 2007.
- 4. RSICC Code Package PSR-197, "METD - Computer Code Systems for Use with Meteorological Data," (including NUREG-0917, "Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff Computer Programs for Use with Meteorological Data, July 1982)," November 1983, Updated, April 1985.
- 5. USNRC, Regulatory Issue Summary (RIS ) 2006-04, "Experience with Implementation of Alternate Source Terms," March 7, 2006.
- 6. NUREG/CR-6331, "Atmospheric Relative Concentrations in Building Wakes," Rev. 1, May 1997 with associated Errata July 1997.
2E-7 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-1 Sheet 1 of 5 Summary of Inputs used in Determination of Offsite X/Q Determination EAB Distances for PAVAN Runs EAB Distance Used (ft) EAB Distance Used (m) Downwind Directions for which Distance is Used 4,164 1,269 NW, NNW, N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE , SE 6,935 2,113 SW, WSW, W, WNW 5,582 1,701 SSE, S, SSW
METEOROLOGICAL DATA USED AS INPUT Number of Hours of Calm (2005-2009) for PAVAN Runs Atmospheric Stability Number of Hours of Calm from A 0 B 0 C 0 D 1 E 12 F 31 G 39
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-1 Sheet 2 of 5 Summary of Inputs used in Determination of Offsite X/Q Determination Turkey Point Biased JFD Meteorological Data (Lower Sensor, 2005-2009)
Class mps mph N NNE N E ENE EESESESSE S SSW S W WSW W WNW N W NNW 0.22 0.50 0 0 0 000000000 0 0000.5 1.12 0 0 0 000000000 0 000 0.75 1.68 1 0 1 000000100 0 000 1.00 2.24 0 0 0 000000010 0 012 1.25 2.80 0 0 0 000010001 0 0131.5 3.36 2 1 1 012024221 4 243 2.00 4.47 15 7 8 95442311888 6 92020 3.00 6.71 31 22 28 133525204947101010 14 233049 4.00 8.95 44 17 63 64708839108794225 9 24 202899 5.00 11.1839 19 109 106159109 69129976939 25 32 92366 6.00 13.4232 20 143 179171149109115728955 1 7 19 102361 8.00 17.90 3 3 13 914109561411 0 4 439 A 10.0022.37 0 0 0 000100000 0 001 0.22 0.50 0 0 1 000000000 0 0010.5 1.12 0 0 0 000000000 0 000 0.75 1.68 0 0 1 000100000 1 000 1.00 2.24 0 0 1 000100000 0 100 1.25 2.80 2 1 0 001000010 1 1001.5 3.36 2 2 1 130120350 0 015 2.00 4.47 11 4 5 861218159625 2 61418 3.00 6.71 17 6 23 2542343452241525 6 6 15 1 4 4.00 8.95 21 14 43 4251796857392366 11 6 12 19 5.00 11.1810 11 55 4374715847272914 8 4 2 6 30 6.00 13.4210 9 42 8398554417162119 8 2 37 27 8.00 17.90 1 0 5 951200333 0 014 B 10.0022.37 0 0 0 000000100 0 000 0.22 0.50 0 0 0 100000000 0 0000.5 1.12 0 0 0 100000000 0 000 0.75 1.68 1 0 0 000000000 1 000 1.00 2.24 0 0 0 010001000 0 110 1.25 2.80 0 1 1 021110010 1 2111.5 3.36 4 5 3 126051120 2 241 2.00 4.47 18 7 24 2014231727131047 7 131716 3.00 6.71 30 16 38 4440664662271659 8 10 16 12 4.00 8.95 19 17 66 731261181048747232010 4 14 5 29 5.00 11.1815 13 71 86971257035353326 8 7 37 17 6.00 13.4213 17 77 120118645516113912 7 3 3 4 27 8.00 17.90 2 1 4 20682110 12 1 0 011
C 10.0022.37 0 0 0 000000020 0 001
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-1 Sheet 3 of 5 Summary of Inputs used in Determination of Offsite X/Q Determination Turkey Point Biased JFD Meteorological Data (Lower Sensor, 2005-2009)
Class mps mph N NNE N E ENE EESESESSE S SSW S W WSW W WNW N W NNW 0.22 0.50 0 0 0 011000000 0 0000.5 1.12 0 0 1 030010000 0 000 0.75 1.68 2 2 2 000113222 1 513 1.00 2.24 8 3 1 274513527 3 537 1.25 2.80 10 3 5 356 1295352 2 3981.5 3.36 22 12 13 203228262517181313 17 192025 2.00 4.47 86 45 99 17616515715012780714145 56 555273 3.00 6.71 112 48 143 343515466254209136836943 71 4744122 4.00 8.95 100 64 207 481712513234166127817546 41 3230136 5.00 11.18 69 43 234 454527334187115576160 2 7 24 1418100 6.00 13.42 27 56 316 45948120113446434369 25 5 58 82 8.00 17.90 1 19 67 48631919 1 10 7 13 4 1 00 11 D 10.0 022.37 0 2 0 3 104710820 0 000 0.22 0.50 0 1 1 030110010 4 2110.5 1.12 4 5 4 457284466 2 575 0.75 1.68 16 10 7 18 818171210111417 17 14 9 19 1.00 2.24 15 17 13 364553292215192430 22 211923 1.25 2.80 25 11 9 274859352419232929 41 3328251.5 3.36 76 32 38 1002111581016571586365 60 697163 2.00 4.47 212 77 143 528792493348203191125 98 82 153 108138232 3.00 6.71 209 54 150 593778490317164136644955 55 5077252 4.00 8.95 81 56 213 495643351224116733629 24 21 1942177 5.00 11.18 29 29 140 26133916711973291420 10 5 31971 6.00 13.42 4 24 126 137180977030142210 4 2 4 9 40 8.00 17.90 0 8 25 116291686512 0 003
E 10.0022.37 0 0 1 312252087010 0 0000.22 0.50 1 1 3 133210020 3 5130.5 1.12 8 6 4 243585437 6 78 120.75 1.68 18 10 6 7 1659 14 7131015 15 1025 2 61.00 2.24 26 19 26 111011151510153028 25 3446471.25 2.80 47 17 15 131823161012193017 39 4446721.5 3.36 112 27 20 315061504132455659 87 791191982.00 4.47 214 33 26 501751341025557647197 8 9 861552813.00 6.71 86 10 12 133220222122141017 7 7 4 81724.00 8.95 9 1 6 4 185636666 1 06 235.00 11.18 1 3 3 114715116 0 0276.00 13.42 0 1 2 101321020 0 0018.00 17.90 2 0 0 000000000 0 000
F 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 000011112 0 0000.22 0.50 1 0 2 010102101 1 4150.5 1.12 4 2 0 010004201 8 3340.75 1.68 8 1 1 313121235 13 16 7 111.00 2.24 22 10 2 2562330 10 9 18 2417201.25 2.80 19 1 7 12104031012 30 3034281.5 3.36 94 13 4 3443411163737 50 68971762.00 4.47 282 14 3 248 1156113532 35 601834853.00 6.71 56 2 1 100231251 0 123694.00 8.95 2 1 2 002010110 0 0035.00 11.18 0 0 0 100001000 1 0006.00 13.42 0 0 0 000100000 0 0008.00 17.90 0 0 0 000000000 0 000
G 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 0000000 0 0 0 000 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-1 Sheet 3 of 5 Summary of Inputs used in Determination of Offsite X/Q Determination Turkey Point Un-Biased JFD Meteorological Data (Lower Sensor, 2005-2009)
Clasmps mph N NNE N E ENE EESESESSE SSSW S W WSW W WNW N W NNW 0.22 0.50 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 0000.5 1.12 0 0 0 000000000 0 0000.75 1.68 0 0 0 000000100 0 0001.00 2.24 0 0 0 000000010 0 0121.25 2.80 0 0 0 000010001 0 012 1.5 3.36 1 1 1 012013421 4 2332.00 4.47 13 5 6 75342011886 5 815213.00 6.71 26 17 18 12231922534188 11 14 21 2 7 444.00 8.95 44 14 57 4551504910465312410 19 1 930975.00 11.18 44 21 98 86131857612087643624 28 1025726.00 13.42 31 24 143 185178160100109727834 9 16 1122578.00 17.90 3 2 10 131899561514 0 4 43 10 A 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 0000.22 0.50 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 001 0.5 1.12 0 0 0 000000000 0 0000.75 1.68 1 0 1 000100000 1 0001.00 2.24 0 0 0 000100000 0 0001.25 2.80 1 0 0 000000000 0 011 1.5 3.36 3 2 2 110111140 0 0342.00 4.47 13 8 7 796121510733 4 817233.00 6.71 22 13 27 933224445231914 8 8 26 1 74.00 8.95 25 22 69 6160898477552978 12 96 255.00 11.18 13 15 79 64831215762513810 5 11 4 8 256.00 13.42 12 16 77 103118606923133821 9 4 2 5 318.00 17.90 3 3 5 1442110073 0 013
B 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 00010010 0 0 0010.22 0.50 0 0 1 00 0 00000 0 0 00 0 0.5 1.12 0 0 0 00 0 000000 0 00 0 0.75 1.68 1 0 1 000000000 1 00 0 1.00 2.24 0 0 1 000001001 0 11 0 1.25 2.80 0 1 2 112210010 2 30 1 1.5 3.36 5 4 2 146051120 3 44 1 2.00 4.47 22 3 22 24 82225281310 4 14 9 121813 3.00 6.71 29 20 49 606084587238141111 9 141022 4.00 8.95 22 25 64 89156171848460262611 8 105 20 5.00 11.18 12 9 66 107135143773422312812 5 36 16 6.00 13.42 11 12 58 12612575601117342814 6 36 25 8.00 17.90 0 0 4 1888401393 0 01 2
C 10.00 22.37 0 1 0 00000002 0 0 00 0 0.22 0.50 0 0 0 11100000 0 0 00 0 0.5 1.12 0 0 1 13001000 0 0 00 0 0.75 1.68 2 2 2 00022422 4 1 41 3 1.00 2.24 7 3 1 27451352 6 3 64 7 1.25 2.80 11 4 4 265 108546 3 2 3 10 9 1.5 3.36 21 12 13 2131292630181714 14 17 202226 2.00 4.47 83 44 106 170175171150131787238 43 53 605275 3.00 6.7 117 49 133 3405164772362041328469 45 66 4343106 4.00 8.95 98 53 191 4656664822251571138472 4 3 42 3236140 5.00 11.18 64 42 241 45849025617093585466 28 22 1117100 6.00 13.42 28 52 314 46446717410142403771 25 4 41180 8.00 17.90 1 23 76 39561922 1 1089 2 1 00 5 D 10.00 22.37 0 1 0 31111710 82 0 0 00 1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-1 Sheet 5 of 5 Summary of Inputs used in Determination of Offsite X/Q Determination Turkey Point Un-Biased JFD Meteorological Data (Lower Sensor, 2005-2009)
Class mps mph N NNE N E ENE EESESESSE SSSW S W WSW W WNW N W NNW0.22 0.50 0 1 1 03021001 0 3 1110.5 1.12 4 8 4 45728446 5 2 5660.75 1.68 1 10 7 19918161091215 15 16 1411181.00 2.24 1 17 14 3644512922151926 33 22 2318231.25 2.80 2 13 9 2748583425192428 29 40 3329241.5 3.36 8 35 36 98212 15410461716360 66 58 6368672.00 4.47 2 81 137 537 783 48634420419112499 80 149 103 132 225 3.00 6.71 2 47 156 596 775 4803101601386546 50 57 5078262 4.00 8.95 7 54 211 495 671 358228112723626 25 20 2140179 5.00 11.18 2 28 125 235 357 20112390261919 11 6 317746.00 13.42 4 22 112 101 160 978239142710 4 1 57448.00 17.90 0 3 19 31829128631 2 0 008
E 10.0 0 22.37 0 0 1 31118208701 0 0 0000.22 0.50 1 1 3 13221002 0 4 6130.5 1.12 8 3 4 23358433 7 6 79 110.75 1.68 1 10 6 6 1558 15 6 12 9 16 16 1023 261.00 2.24 2 20 26 1112141515121528 23 24 3244461.25 2.80 4 15 14 1318241811121733 17 41 444370 1.5 3.36 1 24 22 3349644740324159 57 84 771171952.00 4.47 2 33 27 4617713610153586173 97 9 3 851562783.00 6.71 8 10 10 1535192423211210 18 7 7 4 61694.00 8.95 1 1 6 4 16453656 4 1 06 215.00 11.18 1 3 3 21471611 4 1 0246.00 13.42 0 1 2 00132103 0 0 0018.00 17.90 2 0 0 00000000 0 0 000 F 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 00001111 2 0 0000.22 0.50 1 0 2 01100210 1 1 4150.5 1.12 4 2 0 02000530 2 8 3340.75 1.68 8 1 1 31322223 4 13 17 7 121.00 2.24 2 9 1 2552310 10 11 19 2419211.25 2.80 1 1 8 12203038 11 29 3035301.5 3.36 9 14 4 25436101637 37 54 73991752.00 4.47 2 13 3 247 14461334 33 35 611894903.00 6.71 5 2 2 00013025 1 0 123704.00 8.95 2 1 2 00201011 0 0 0045.00 11.1 0 0 0 00000100 0 0 0006.00 13.42 0 0 0 00010000 0 0 0008.00 17.90 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 000 G 10.00 22.37 0 0 0 00000000 0 0 000
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2E-2 Sheet 1 of 1 Offsite Atmospheric Dispersion X/Q Factors for Analysis Events Time Period EAB X/Q (Sec/m 3) LPZ X/Q (Sec/m 3) 0-2 hours 1.37E-04* 2.73E-05 0-8 hours 7.89E-05 1.23E-05 8-24 hours 6.00E-05 8.24E-06 1-4 days 3.30E-05 3.46E-06 4-30 days 1.40E-05 9.95E-07
- With the exception of the WGDT Rupture, only the 0.2 hour2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> EAB X/Q is used in the event analyses
Revised 04/17/2013 C26
APPENDIX 2F SHORT - TERM (ACCIDENT) DIFFUSION FOR THE CONTROL ROOM & ON SITE LOCATIONS
2F-1 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Short-Term (Accident) Diffusion for Control Room & Onsite Locations Objective Conservative values of atmospheric diffusion to the Control Room and onsite locations were calculated for appropriate time periods using meteorological data collected onsite during the time period 2005 through 2009. The offsite maximum X/Q factors for the list of onsite release-receptor pairs are presented in Table Att 2F-3, "Onsite Atmospheric Dispersion Factors (X/Q)." Methodology For onsite release-receptor combinations, atmospheric dispersion X/Q factors are developed using the ARCON96 computer code (Reference 1). Additionally, guidance contained in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.194 (Reference 3) and Regulatory Issues Summary (RIS) 2006-04 (Reference 5) have been implemented. Reference 5 contains specific guidance on formatting hourly data files, and treatment of missing data fields. Reg. Guide 1.194 contains new guidance that supersedes the Reference 1 recommendations for using certain default parameters as input.
Therefore, the following changes from the default values are made:
- For surface roughness length, m, a value of 0.2 is used in lieu of the default value of 0.1, and
- For averaging sector width constant, a value of 4.3 is used in lieu of the default value of 4.0.
- A number of various release-receptor combinations are considered for the onsite control room atmospheric dispersion factors. These different cases are considered to determine the limiting release-receptor combination for the events.
A building wake term is only applied to releases directly from the containment surface. The building area used for this wake term is 1,254 m
- 2. This value is calculated to be conservatively small in that the height used in the area calculation is from the highest roof elevation of a nearby building to the elevation of the bottom of the containment dome. Section 3.3.2.2 of Regulatory Guide 1.194 allows for the use of an effective X/Q for dual intake arrangements if the two intakes are not located in the same wind direction.
This credit allows for a reduction in the X/Q s to the more limiting intake in proportion to the relative flow rate through the intakes. The control room emergency intakes are being relocated into separate wind sectors for all release points and will be balanced to have equal flow rates. Thus, the dual intake dilution credit enables the X/Q s to the most limiting emergency intake to be reduced by a factor of two in the event analyses.
2F-2 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Meteorological Input Data Meteorological data over a five-year period (2005 through 2009) is used in the development of the new onsite and offsite X/Q factors used in the analysis.
The meteorological data is converted from the raw format into the proper formatting required to create the meteorological data files for the ARCON96 (onsite receptors) runs and PAVAN runs (offsite receptors). Five years worth of meteorological data is used which meets the guidance set forth in Section 3.1 of the Regulatory Guide 1.145 (Reference 1). The raw data for 2005 through 2009 was provided in electronic format. The data from these files was manipulated within a spreadsheet for appropriate formatting for use with ARCON96 and PAVAN.
See Appendix 2E for a discussion about the quality checking and conservative screening of the 2005-2009 meteorological data to ensure that identified issues with calibration of vertical temperature difference instrumentation did not lead to the determination of non- conservative X/Q inputs to the dose analysis calculations.
Calculations/ARCON Computer Code Input Data Figure Fig 2F-1 provides a sketch of the general layout of Turkey Point that has been annotated to highlight the release and receptor point locations described above, among others. All releases are taken as ground releases per guidance provided in Reg. Guide 1.145 (Reference 6).
Table Att 2F-1, "Release-Receptor Combination Parameters for Analysis Events," provides information related to the relative elevations of the release-receptor combinations, the straight-line horizontal distance between the release point and the receptor location, and the direction (azimuth) from the receptor location to the release point. Angles are calculated based on trigonometric layout of release and receptor points in relation to the North-South and East-West axes. Plant North is aligned with True North.
Table Att 2F-2, "Onsite Atmospheric Dispersion Factors (X/Q) for Analysis Events," provides the Control Room X/Q factors for the release-receptor combinations listed above. These factors are not corrected for occupancy.
This table summarizes the X/Q factors for the control room intakes used in the various accident scenarios for onsite control room dose consequence analyses.
Values are presented for the normal intake prior to control room isolation and for the unfavorable emergency intake during control room isolation.
2F-3 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Table Att 2F-3, "Release-Receptor Point Pairs Assumed for Analysis Events," identifies the Release-Receptor pair and associated Control Room X/Q factors from Table Att 2F-2 that are used in the event analyses during each of the modes of control room ventilation.
Five years of meteorological data (2005-2009) were used for the ARCON96 computer code runs. The percentage of valid data over this time period was 98.3% which exceeds the minimum value of 90% data recovery specified in Reference 2.
Results ARCON96 computer runs for the various release points and control room intake locations were performed using the data discussed previously. Per Reference 3, the 95th percentile X/Q values were determined. In addition, the unbiased X/Q values were compared to the biased meteorological data based X/Q results, and the maximum values were selected on a case by case basis to ensure that a conservative X/Q input would be used for dose analysis calculations. The maximum onsite X/Q s that resulted from this comparison are provided in Table Att 2F-3.
2F-4 Revised 04/17/2013 C26
References:
- 1. NUREG/CR-6331 PNL-10521, "[ARCON96] Atmospheric Relative Concentrations in Building Wakes", May 1995, with Errata dated July 1997.
- 2. Safety Guide 23, "Onside Meteorological Programs", February 17, 1972.
- 3. USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.194, "Atmospheric Relative Concentrations for Control Room Radiological Habitability Assessments at Nuclear Power Plants", June 2003.
- 4. RSICC Code Package PSR-197, METD - Computer Code Systems for Use with Meteorological Data," (including NUREG-0917, "Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff Computer Programs for Use with Meteorological Data, July 1982"), November 1983, Updated, April 1985.
- 5. USNRC, Regulatory Issue Summary (RIS ) 2006-04, Experience with Implementation of Alternate Source Terms, March 7, 2006.
- 6. USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.145, "Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Potential Accident Consequence Assessments at Nuclear Power Plants", Revision 1, November 1982, (Reissued February 1983 to correct page 1.145-7).
2F-5 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2F-1 Sheet 1 of 1 Release-Receptor Combination Parameters for Analysis Events Release- Receptor Pair Release Location Receptor Location Release Height (m) Receptor Height (m) Distance(m) Direction(deg) Building Area (m2)A Plant stack Normal 55.5 4.3 46.3 95 0.01 B Plant stack SE emergency55.5 1.83 100.1 330 0.01 C Unit 4 RWST Normal 15.2 4.3 92.9 97 0.01 D Unit 4 RWST SE emergency15.2 1.83 79.3 358 0.01 E Unit 4 Closest MSSV Normal 18.6 4.3 17.0 158 0.01 F Unit 4 Closest MSSV SE emergency18.4 1.83 104.8 302 0.01 G Unit 4 Main Steam Line Closest Point Normal 11.2 4.3 18.5 157 0.01 H Unit 4 Main Steam Line Closest Point SE emergency11.2 1.83 100 305 0.01 I Unit 4 Personnel Hatch Normal 3.3 4.3 23.1 148 1254 J Unit 4 Emergency Escape Lock SE 11.1 1.83 75.4 320 1254 K Unit 4 Spent Fuel Building (NW corner) Normal 4.3 4.3 57.3 118 0.01 L Unit 4 Spent Fuel Building (SE corner) SE emergency1.83 1.83 57.6 333 0.01 M Unit 4 SJAE Normal 7.5 4.3 9.4 331 0.01 N Unit 4 Westernmost Electrical Normal 4.3 4.3 22.7 113 1254 O Auxiliary Building Vent V-10 Normal 4.9 4.3 52.4 86 0.01 P Unit 3 RWST NE 15.2 6.1 71.7 186 0.01 Q Unit 3 Spent Fuel Building (NE corner) NE 6.1 6.1 47.9 220 0.01 R Unit 3 Emergency Escape Lock TSC HVAC Intake 11.1 1.2 115.1 250 1254 S U3 RWST TSC HVAC Intake 15.2 1.2 88.0 226 0.01 Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2F-2 Sheet 1 of 3 Onsite Atmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) Factors for Analysis Events This table summarizes the results for X/Q factors for the control room intakes for the various accident scenarios. Values are presented for the normal air intake prior to intake isolation and the least favorable emergency air intake after Control Room isolation. The same atmospheric dispersion factor is applied to both the makeup flow and unfiltered inleakage for each release- receptor pair. These values are not adjusted for Control Room Occupancy Factors. Note that the letters that indicate the release-receptor pairs do not necessarily correspond with the release identification letters on Figure 2F-1. Release- Receptor Pair Release Point Receptor Point 0-2 hour X/Q 2-8 hour X/Q 8-24 hour X/Q 1-4 days X/Q 4-30 days X/Q A Plant stack Normal intake 1.86E-03 B (1) Plant stack SE emergency intake 7.52E-04 6.22E-04 2.32E-04(5) 1.80E-04 1.34E-04(5) C Unit 4 RWST Normal intake 9.87E-04 D (1) Unit 4 RWST SE emergency intake 1.21E-03(5) (5)9.53E-04 4.25E-04(5) 2.98E-04 2.31E-04(5) E Unit 4 Closest MSSV/ADV(2) Normal intake 1.37E-02(3) F (1) Unit 4 Closest MSSV/ADV(2) SE emergency intake 6.94E-04(3) 4.74E-04(5) 1.82E-04 1.43E-04(5) 1.02E-04(5) G Unit 4 Main Steam Line Closest Point Normal intake 1.59E-02 H (1) Unit 4 Main Steam Line Closest Point SE emergency intake 6.82E-04 4.99E-04(5) 1.95E-04 1.51E-04(5) 1.11E-04(5) I Unit 4 Personnel Hatch Normal intake 1.04E-02 J (1) Unit 4 Emergency Escape Lock SE emergency intake 1.10E-03 8.61E-04 3.15E-04(5) 2.59E-04(5) 2.03E-04(5) Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2F-2 Sheet 2 of 3 Onsite Atmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) Factors for Analysis Events
Revised 04/17/2013 Release- Receptor Pair Release Point Receptor Point 0-2 hour X/Q 2-8 hour X/Q 8-24 hour X/Q 1-4 days X/Q 4-30 days X/Q K Unit 4 Spent Fuel Building (NW corner) Normal intake 2.36E-03 L (1) Unit 4 Spent Fuel Building (SE corner)
SE emergency intake 1.97E-03 1.61E-03(5) 6.18E-04(5) 4.90E-04 3.78E-04 (5)M Unit 4 SJAE Normal intake 5.81E-02 (4) N Unit 4 Westernmost Electrical Penetration Normal intake 1.15E-02 O Auxiliary Building Vent V-10 Normal intake 2.84E-03(5) 2.58E-03(5) 1.28E-03(5) 1.19E-03(5) 8.45E-04(5) P Unit 3 RWST NE emergency intake 1.27E-03 8.89E-04(5) 3.82E-04(5) 2.74E-04(5) 2.13E-04(5) Q Unit 3 Spent Fuel Building (NE corner)
NE emergency intake 2.43E-03(5) 1.52E-03(5) 6.87E-04 4.84E-04(5) 3.04E-04(5) R (6) Unit 3 Emergency Escape Lock TSC HVAC Intake 4.09E-04 2.41E-04 1.12E-04 7.84E-05 4.46E-05 S (6) U3 RWST TSC HVAC Intake 7.86E-04 4.81E-04 2.21E-04 1.59E-04 9.75E-05 C26 TABLE App 2F-2 Sheet 3 of 3 Onsite Atmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) Factors for Analysis Events Table Notes:
(1) This receptor location qualifies for the dual intake credit allowed by Section 3.3.2.2 of Reg. Guide 1.194. This credit is not applied to the values shown in this table; however, these values are reduced by a factor of 2 when applied in the event analyses.
(2) The atmospheric dispersion factor corresponding to the limiting MSSV or ADV is used for each time period. No distinction is made between automatic steam relief from the MSSVs and controlled releases from the ADVs for radiological purposes.
(3) This release location meets the requirements for the plume rise credit described in Section 6 of Reg. Guide 1.194. The 0-2 hour values shown in this table are reduced by a factor of 5 when used in the applicable event analyses.
(4) The distance from the Unit 4 SJAE to the normal intake is 9.4 meters as shown in Table Att 2F-1 Section 3.4 of Reg Guide 1.194 that states ARCON96 should not be used to address situations with distances of less than about 10 m. Therefore, the value in this table was derived using a 1/r 2 relationship referenced to an ARCON96-calculated value at 20 meters. The 1/r 2 approach was demonstrated to calculate conservative atmospheric dispersion factors with respect to values determined directly from ARCON96 at the same distance. For example, the 10-meter X/Q value determined in this manner is 5.68E-02 sec/m 3 compared with the ARCON96 calculated value of 5.02E-02 sec/m 3, a difference of 11.6%. For shorter distances, this approach becomes more conservative. At 9.4 meters, the ARCON96 result is 5.81E-02 sec/m 3, which is 12.1% less than the 6.61E-02 sec/m 3 value used in the analysis.
(5) The atmospheric dispersion factor calculated using the meteorological data that was adjusted to account for temperature measurement uncertainty as described in Appendix 2E was found to be more limiting for this case and has been applied in the dose calculation.
(6) These atmospheric dispersion factors are applicable to the dose analyses performed for the Technical Support Center (TSC).
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 TABLE App 2F-3 Sheet 1 of 1 Control Room & TSC Release-Receptor Point Pairs Assumed for Analysis Events (1) Event Prior to CR Isolation During CR Recirculation TSC - All Phases LOCA: Containment Leakage N J R ECCS Leakage C D, P S RWST Backleakage C B S FHA: Containment Purge I J Not Modeled FHB Release K L, Q Not Modeled MSLB: Break Release G H Not Modeled MSSV/ADV Release E F Not Modeled SGTR M, E (2) F Not Modeled Locked Rotor E F Not Modeled RCCA Ejection: Containment Leakage N J Not Modeled Secondary Side Leakage E F Not Modeled WGDT Rupture O n/a Not Modeled (1) Letters correspond to Release-Receptor pairs listed in Table Att 2F-2.
(2) Prior to reactor trip, the release receptor pair is from the SJAE to the normal intake. The release point changes to the MSSV/ADVs immediately after reactor trip, and the receptor point shifts to the southeast emergency intake following control room isolation.
Revised 04/17/2013 C26 Figure 2F-1 Turkey Point Onsite Release - Receptor Location Sketch C26