Testimony of Ef Gardner Responding to 800306 Order CLI-80-5, Issue 2,Antinuclear Group Representing York Contention 4, Sholly Contention 14(b),Aamodt Contention 2 & Chesapeake Energy Alliance Contention 13ML19340D682 |
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Three Mile Island |
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12/22/1980 |
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Gardner E METROPOLITAN EDISON CO. |
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ML19340D679 |
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ISSUANCES-SP, NUDOCS 8101050098 |
Download: ML19340D682 (18) |
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Category:LEGAL TRANSCRIPTS & ORDERS & PLEADINGS
MONTHYEARML20210B8491999-07-21021 July 1999 Exemption from Certain Requirements of 10CFR50.54(w),for Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 2 to Reduce Amount of Insurance for Unit to $50 Million for Onsite Property Damage Coverage ML20206D4141999-04-20020 April 1999 Exemption from Requirements of 10CFR50,App R,Section III.G.2 Re Enclosure of Cable & Equipment & Associated non-safety Related Circuits of One Redundant Train in Fire Barrier Having 1-hour Rating ML20206T7211999-02-11011 February 1999 Memorandum & Order (CLI-99-02).* Denies C George Request for Intervention & Dismisses Subpart M License Transfer Proceeding.With Certificate of Svc.Served on 990211 ML20198A5111998-12-11011 December 1998 Comment Opposing Proposed Rule 10CFR50.65 Re Requirements for Monitoring Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants.Proposed Rulemaking Details Collaborative Efforts in That Rule Interjects Change ML20154G2941998-09-17017 September 1998 Transcript of 980917 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re License Transfer of TMI-1 from Gpu Nuclear,Inc to Amergen. Pp 1-41 ML20199J0121997-11-20020 November 1997 Comment on Pr 10CFR50 Re Financial Assurance Requirements for Decommisioning Nuclear Power Reactors.Three Mile Island Alert Invokes Comments of P Bradford,Former NRC Member ML20148R7581997-06-30030 June 1997 Comment on NRC Proposed Bulletin 96-001,suppl 1, Control Rod Insertion Problems. Licensee References Proposed Generic Communication, Control Rod Insertion, & Ltrs & 961022 from B&W Owners Group ML20078H0431995-02-0101 February 1995 Comment Opposing Proposed Rule 10CFR50 Re Shutdown & Lowpower Operations for Nuclear Reactors ML20077E8231994-12-0808 December 1994 Comment Supporting Proposed Rules 10CFR2,51 & 54 Re Rev to NRC NPP License Renewal Rule ML20149E2021994-04-20020 April 1994 R Gary Statement Re 10 Mile Rule Under Director'S Decision DD-94-03,dtd 940331 for Tmi.Urges Commissioners to Engage in Reconsideration of Author Petition ML20065Q0671994-04-0707 April 1994 Principal Deficiencies in Director'S Decision 94-03 Re Pica Request Under 10CFR2.206 ML20058A5491993-11-17017 November 1993 Exemption from Requirements in 10CFR50.120 to Establish, Implement & Maintain Training Programs,Using Sys Approach to Training,For Catorgories of Personnel Listed in 10CFR50.120 ML20059J5171993-09-30030 September 1993 Transcript of 930923 Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-130.Related Documentation Encl ML20065J3461992-12-30030 December 1992 Responds to Petition of R Gary Alleging Discrepancies in RERP for Dauphin County,Pa ML20065J3731992-12-18018 December 1992 Affidavit of Gj Giangi Responding to of R Gary Requesting Action by NRC Per 10CFR2.206 ML20198E5581992-12-0101 December 1992 Transcript of Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel on 921201 in Rockville,Md ML20210D7291992-06-15015 June 1992 Exemption from Requirements of 10CFR70.24 Re Criticality Accident Requirements for SNM Storage Areas at Facility Containing U Enriched to Less than 3% in U-235 Isotope ML20079E2181991-09-30030 September 1991 Submits Comments on NRC Proposed Resolution of Generic Issue 23, Reactor Coolant Pump Seal Failure. Informs That Util Endorses Comments Submitted by NUMARC ML20066J3031991-01-28028 January 1991 Comment Supporting SECY-90-347, Regulatory Impact Survey Rept ML20059P0531990-10-15015 October 1990 Comment Opposing Proposed Rules 10CFR2,50 & 54 Re Nuclear Power Plant License Renewal ML20059N5941990-10-0404 October 1990 Transcript of 900928 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Studies of Cancer in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities, Including TMI ML20055F4411990-06-28028 June 1990 Comment Supporting Petition for Rulemaking PRM-50-55 Re Revs to FSAR ML20248J1891989-10-0606 October 1989 Order.* Grants Intervenors 891004 Motion for Permission for Opportunity to Respond to Staff Correspondence.Response Requested No Later That 891020.W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 891006 ML20248J1881989-10-0303 October 1989 Motion for Permission for Opportunity to Respond to Staff Correspondence in Response to Board Order of 890913.* Svc List Encl ML20248J0301989-09-29029 September 1989 NRC Staff Response to Appeal Board Order.* Matters Evaluated in Environ Assessment Involved Subjs Known by Parties During Proceeding & Appear in Hearing Record & Reflect Board Final Initial Decision LBP-89-7.W/Certificate of Svc ML20247E9181989-09-13013 September 1989 Order.* Requests NRC to Explain Purpose of 890911 Fr Notice on Proposed Amend to Applicant License,Revising Tech Specs Re Disposal of Accident Generated Water & Effects on ASLB Findings,By 890929.W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 890913 ML20247G0361989-07-26026 July 1989 Transcript of Oral Argument on 890726 in Bethesda,Md Re Disposal of accident-generated Water.Pp 1-65.Supporting Info Encl ML20247B7781989-07-18018 July 1989 Certificate of Svc.* Certifies Svc of Encl Gpu 890607 & 0628 Ltrs to NRC & Commonwealth of Pa,Respectively.W/Svc List ML20245D3651989-06-20020 June 1989 Notice of Oral Argument.* Oral Argument on Appeal of Susquehanna Valley Alliance & TMI Alert from ASLB 890202 Initial Decision Authorizing OL Amend,Will Be Heard on 890726 in Bethesda,Md.W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 890620 ML20245A5621989-06-14014 June 1989 Order.* Advises That Oral Argument on Appeal of Susquehanna Valley Alliance & TMI Alert from Board 890202 Initial Decision LBP-89-07 Authorizing OL Amend Will Be Heard on 890726 in Bethesda,Md.W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 890614 ML20247F3151989-05-22022 May 1989 NRC Staff Response to Appeal by Joint Intervenors Susquehanna Valley Alliance/Tmi Alert.* Appeal Should Be Denied Based on Failure to Identify Errors in Fact & Law Subj to Appeal.W/Certificate of Svc ML20246Q2971989-05-15015 May 1989 Comment Opposing Proposed Rule 10CFR50 Re Ensuring Effectiveness of Maint Programs for Nuclear Power Plants ML20246J6081989-05-12012 May 1989 Licensee Brief in Reply to Joint Intervenors Appeal from Final Initial Decision.* ASLB 890203 Final Initial Decision LBP-89-07 Re Deleting Prohibition on Disposal of accident- Generated Water Should Be Affirmed.W/Certificate of Svc ML20247D2761989-04-20020 April 1989 Transcript of 890420 Briefing in Rockville,Md on Status of TMI-2 Cleanup Activities.Pp 1-51.Related Info Encl ML20244C0361989-04-13013 April 1989 Order.* Commission Finds That ASLB Decision Resolving All Relevant Matters in Favor of Licensee & Granting Application for OL Amend,Should Become Effective Immediately.Certificate of Svc Encl.Served on 890413 ML20245A8381989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 890413 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-79.Supporting Info Encl ML20245A2961989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of 890413 Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Affirmation/Discussion & Vote ML20248H1811989-04-0606 April 1989 Valley Alliance/Tmi Alert Motion for Leave to File Appeal Brief out-of-time.* W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 890411.Granted for Aslab on 890410 ML20248G0151989-04-0606 April 1989 Valley Alliance/Tmi Alert Motion for Leave to File Appeal Brief out-of-time.* Requests to File Appeal Brief 1 Day Late Due to Person Typing Document Having Schedule Problems ML20248G0261989-04-0606 April 1989 Susguehanna Valley Alliance/Tmi Alert Brief in Support of Notification to File Appeal & Request for Oral Argument Re Appeal.* Certificate of Svc Encl ML20248D7211989-04-0404 April 1989 Memorandum & Order.* Intervenors Application for Stay Denied Due to Failure to Lack of Demonstrated Irreparable Injury & Any Showing of Certainty That Intervenors Will Prevail on Merits of Appeal.W/Certificate of Svc.Served on 890404 ML20247A4671989-03-23023 March 1989 Correction Notice.* Advises That Date of 891203 Appearing in Text of Commission 890322 Order Incorrect.Date Should Be 871203.Certificate of Svc Encl.Served on 890323 ML20246M2611989-03-22022 March 1989 Order.* Advises That Commission Currently Considering Question of Effectiveness,Pending Appellate Review of Final Initial Decision in Case Issued by ASLB in LBP-89-07. Certificate of Svc Encl.Served on 890322 ML20236D3821989-03-16016 March 1989 Valley Alliance & TMI Alert Motion for Extension of Time to File Brief in Support of Request for Appeal in Matter of 2.3 Million Gallons Of....* Certificate of Svc Encl.Served on 890316.Granted for Aslab on 890316 ML20236D3121989-03-15015 March 1989 Licensee Answer to Joint Intervenors Motion for Extension of Time to File Brief on Appeal.* Motion Opposed Based on Failure to Demonstrate Good Cause.W/Certificate of Svc ML20236D2901989-03-11011 March 1989 Valley Alliance/Tmi Alert Motion for Extension of Time to File Brief in Support of Request for Appeal in Matter of Disposal of 2.3 Million Gallons of Radioactive Water at Tmi,Unit 2.* Svc List Encl ML20236A3761989-03-0808 March 1989 Licensee Answer Opposing Joint Intervenors Motion for Stay.* Stay of Licensing Board Decision Pending Appeal Unwarranted Under NRC Stds.Stay Could Delay Safe,Expeditious Cleanup of Facility.Certificate of Svc Encl ML20236C2441989-03-0808 March 1989 NRC Staff Response in Opposition to Application for Stay Filed by Joint Intervenors.* Application for Stay of Effectiveness of Final Initial Decision LBP-89-07,dtd 890202 Should Be Denied.W/Certificate of Svc ML20235V2641989-03-0202 March 1989 Notice of Aslab Reconstitution.* TS Moore,Chairman,Cn Kohl & Ha Wilber,Members.Served on 890303.W/Certificate of Svc ML20235V2161989-02-25025 February 1989 Changes & Corrections to Susquehanna Valley Alliance/Three Mile Island Alert Documents Submitted on 890221.* Certificate of Svc Encl 1999-07-21
[Table view] Category:TRANSCRIPTS
MONTHYEARML20154G2941998-09-17017 September 1998 Transcript of 980917 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re License Transfer of TMI-1 from Gpu Nuclear,Inc to Amergen. Pp 1-41 ML20059J5171993-09-30030 September 1993 Transcript of 930923 Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-130.Related Documentation Encl ML20198E5581992-12-0101 December 1992 Transcript of Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel on 921201 in Rockville,Md ML20059N5941990-10-0404 October 1990 Transcript of 900928 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Studies of Cancer in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities, Including TMI ML20247G0361989-07-26026 July 1989 Transcript of Oral Argument on 890726 in Bethesda,Md Re Disposal of accident-generated Water.Pp 1-65.Supporting Info Encl ML20247D2761989-04-20020 April 1989 Transcript of 890420 Briefing in Rockville,Md on Status of TMI-2 Cleanup Activities.Pp 1-51.Related Info Encl ML20245A2961989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of 890413 Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Affirmation/Discussion & Vote ML20245A8381989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 890413 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-79.Supporting Info Encl ML20235N2161989-02-17017 February 1989 Follow-up Testimony Clarifying Position on Question of Disposition of Over 2 Million Gallons of Accident Generated Water.Related Documentation & Certificate of Svc Encl ML20235S9911989-02-16016 February 1989 Transcript of 890216 Public Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-119. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20206C9391988-11-0707 November 1988 Transcript of 881107 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa.Pp 1,122- 1,417.Witnesses:JA Auxier,Ji Fabrikant,Skolnik & Mather ML20235M7601988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Public Hearing in Lancaster,Pa for Presentation of Limited Appearance Statements.Pp 998-1,121 ML20206C2801988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 859-997.Witnesses:JA Martin, SS Yaniv,F Skolnik,S Lewis & a Bhattacharyya ML20205Q6581988-11-0202 November 1988 Transcript of 881102 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 573-858.Supporting Documentation Encl.Witnesses:Gg Baker,Wj Cooper & L Munson ML20205Q6441988-11-0101 November 1988 Transcript of 881101 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 288-572.Supporting Info Encl. Witnesses:K Hofstetter,Kl Harner,L Thomas & M Masnik ML20205N5791988-10-31031 October 1988 Transcript of ASLB 881031 Meeting in Lancaster,Pa Re License Amend Application.Pp 87-287 ML20205P0451988-10-25025 October 1988 Transcript of 881025 Periodic Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel in Rockville,Md.Pp 1-30 ML20205G1851988-10-25025 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Supporting Documentation Encl.Related Correspondence ML20205E5021988-10-24024 October 1988 Licensee Rebuttal Testimony of Ji Fabrikant on Health Effects of Tritium (Contention 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1751988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1531988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ww Weaver on Accident Risks (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1901988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ja Auxier & Ji Fabrikant on Effects of Tritium (Contentions 3 & 5d).* Supporting Info Encl.Related Correpondence ML20155H1661988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Kl Harner & Kj Hofstetter on Sampling & Analysis of accident-generated Water (Contentions 3 & 4b).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1401988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Je Tarpinian on Occupational Dose Assessments (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1281988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Dr Buchanan on Evaporation Proposal & Joint Intervenors Alternative (Contentions 2 & 3).* Related Correspondence ML20155H4751988-10-10010 October 1988 Testimony.* Discusses Environ Impact of Force Evaporation of 2.3 Million Gallons of accident-generated Water by Licensee. W/Certificate of Svc.Related Correspondence ML20155H4711988-10-10010 October 1988 Affidavit of Cw Huver (Contention 5):further Considerations of Biological Effects & Health Hazards of Tritium.* Copyrighted Matl Encl.Related Correspondence ML20154D5201988-09-0707 September 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880907 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-109.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20151G6951988-07-14014 July 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880714 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-140.Related Documentation Encl ML20196B6041988-05-26026 May 1988 Transcript of 880526 Advisory Panel Meeting in Harrisburg, PA to Discuss Decontamination of TMI-2.Pp 1-117.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20154N4101988-04-14014 April 1988 Transcript of 880414 Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 Public Meeting in Lancaster,Pa.Related Info Encl. Pp 1-100 ML20148F2351988-03-17017 March 1988 Transcript of 880317 Briefing in Washington,Dc Re Status of TMI-2.Pp 1-51.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20236Y1061987-12-0808 December 1987 Transcript of Special Prehearing Conference on 871208 in Harrisburg,Pa Re Disposal of accident-generated Water. Pp 1-86 ML20238C6981987-10-0505 October 1987 Deposition of a Beach.* Transcript of 871005 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re R Parks Allegations.Pp 1-244.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20235J7071987-09-30030 September 1987 Transcript of 870930 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md. Pp 225-343 ML20238D4641987-09-0909 September 1987 Transcript of 870909 Oral Argument in Bethesda,Md.Pp 1-57 ML20238C7531987-08-20020 August 1987 Vol II to Transcript of Hl Hofmann 870820 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 208-471 & 489-494. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7891987-08-18018 August 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol IV to Transcript of 870818 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 551-818. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7651987-06-25025 June 1987 Deposition of Hl Hofmann.* Transcript of 870625 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-206 ML20238C8041987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol III to Transcript of 870624 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp III-1 - III-89 ML20235J1271987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vols II & III of Transcript of Rd Parks 870624 Deposition.Related Correspondence ML20238C7981987-06-23023 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol II to Transcript of 870623 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp II-1 - II-263.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7941987-06-22022 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol I to Transcript of 870622 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-199. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C5921987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Transcript of 870616 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Allegations of Harassment Against R Parks. Pp 1-198.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C6171987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Corrected Title Page of 870616 Deposition ML20215L2731987-05-0808 May 1987 Transcript of 870508 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md.Pp 19-224.In Camera Session (Pp 101-138) Bound Separately ML20238C7331987-04-24024 April 1987 Deposition of Rc Arnold.* Transcript of 870424 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-224.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q9801987-04-16016 April 1987 Transcript of 870416 Periodic Meeting W/Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Washington,Dc.Pp 1-50.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q8021987-04-15015 April 1987 Transcript of 870415 Briefing by DOE in Washington,Dc Re TMI-2 Core Exam Program.Pp 1-64.Viewgraphs Encl ML20238C6521987-04-10010 April 1987 Deposition of Bk Kanga.* Transcript of 870410 Deposition in Gaithersburg,Md Re R Parks.Pp 1-151.Supporting Documentation Encl 1998-09-17
[Table view] Category:DEPOSITIONS
MONTHYEARML20154G2941998-09-17017 September 1998 Transcript of 980917 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re License Transfer of TMI-1 from Gpu Nuclear,Inc to Amergen. Pp 1-41 ML20059J5171993-09-30030 September 1993 Transcript of 930923 Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-130.Related Documentation Encl ML20198E5581992-12-0101 December 1992 Transcript of Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel on 921201 in Rockville,Md ML20059N5941990-10-0404 October 1990 Transcript of 900928 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Studies of Cancer in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities, Including TMI ML20247G0361989-07-26026 July 1989 Transcript of Oral Argument on 890726 in Bethesda,Md Re Disposal of accident-generated Water.Pp 1-65.Supporting Info Encl ML20247D2761989-04-20020 April 1989 Transcript of 890420 Briefing in Rockville,Md on Status of TMI-2 Cleanup Activities.Pp 1-51.Related Info Encl ML20245A2961989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of 890413 Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Affirmation/Discussion & Vote ML20245A8381989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 890413 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-79.Supporting Info Encl ML20235N2161989-02-17017 February 1989 Follow-up Testimony Clarifying Position on Question of Disposition of Over 2 Million Gallons of Accident Generated Water.Related Documentation & Certificate of Svc Encl ML20235S9911989-02-16016 February 1989 Transcript of 890216 Public Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-119. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20206C9391988-11-0707 November 1988 Transcript of 881107 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa.Pp 1,122- 1,417.Witnesses:JA Auxier,Ji Fabrikant,Skolnik & Mather ML20235M7601988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Public Hearing in Lancaster,Pa for Presentation of Limited Appearance Statements.Pp 998-1,121 ML20206C2801988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 859-997.Witnesses:JA Martin, SS Yaniv,F Skolnik,S Lewis & a Bhattacharyya ML20205Q6581988-11-0202 November 1988 Transcript of 881102 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 573-858.Supporting Documentation Encl.Witnesses:Gg Baker,Wj Cooper & L Munson ML20205Q6441988-11-0101 November 1988 Transcript of 881101 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 288-572.Supporting Info Encl. Witnesses:K Hofstetter,Kl Harner,L Thomas & M Masnik ML20205N5791988-10-31031 October 1988 Transcript of ASLB 881031 Meeting in Lancaster,Pa Re License Amend Application.Pp 87-287 ML20205P0451988-10-25025 October 1988 Transcript of 881025 Periodic Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel in Rockville,Md.Pp 1-30 ML20205G1851988-10-25025 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Supporting Documentation Encl.Related Correspondence ML20205E5021988-10-24024 October 1988 Licensee Rebuttal Testimony of Ji Fabrikant on Health Effects of Tritium (Contention 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1751988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1531988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ww Weaver on Accident Risks (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1901988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ja Auxier & Ji Fabrikant on Effects of Tritium (Contentions 3 & 5d).* Supporting Info Encl.Related Correpondence ML20155H1661988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Kl Harner & Kj Hofstetter on Sampling & Analysis of accident-generated Water (Contentions 3 & 4b).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1401988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Je Tarpinian on Occupational Dose Assessments (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1281988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Dr Buchanan on Evaporation Proposal & Joint Intervenors Alternative (Contentions 2 & 3).* Related Correspondence ML20155H4751988-10-10010 October 1988 Testimony.* Discusses Environ Impact of Force Evaporation of 2.3 Million Gallons of accident-generated Water by Licensee. W/Certificate of Svc.Related Correspondence ML20155H4711988-10-10010 October 1988 Affidavit of Cw Huver (Contention 5):further Considerations of Biological Effects & Health Hazards of Tritium.* Copyrighted Matl Encl.Related Correspondence ML20154D5201988-09-0707 September 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880907 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-109.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20151G6951988-07-14014 July 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880714 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-140.Related Documentation Encl ML20196B6041988-05-26026 May 1988 Transcript of 880526 Advisory Panel Meeting in Harrisburg, PA to Discuss Decontamination of TMI-2.Pp 1-117.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20154N4101988-04-14014 April 1988 Transcript of 880414 Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 Public Meeting in Lancaster,Pa.Related Info Encl. Pp 1-100 ML20148F2351988-03-17017 March 1988 Transcript of 880317 Briefing in Washington,Dc Re Status of TMI-2.Pp 1-51.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20236Y1061987-12-0808 December 1987 Transcript of Special Prehearing Conference on 871208 in Harrisburg,Pa Re Disposal of accident-generated Water. Pp 1-86 ML20238C6981987-10-0505 October 1987 Deposition of a Beach.* Transcript of 871005 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re R Parks Allegations.Pp 1-244.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20235J7071987-09-30030 September 1987 Transcript of 870930 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md. Pp 225-343 ML20238D4641987-09-0909 September 1987 Transcript of 870909 Oral Argument in Bethesda,Md.Pp 1-57 ML20238C7531987-08-20020 August 1987 Vol II to Transcript of Hl Hofmann 870820 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 208-471 & 489-494. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7891987-08-18018 August 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol IV to Transcript of 870818 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 551-818. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7651987-06-25025 June 1987 Deposition of Hl Hofmann.* Transcript of 870625 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-206 ML20238C8041987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol III to Transcript of 870624 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp III-1 - III-89 ML20235J1271987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vols II & III of Transcript of Rd Parks 870624 Deposition.Related Correspondence ML20238C7981987-06-23023 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol II to Transcript of 870623 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp II-1 - II-263.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7941987-06-22022 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol I to Transcript of 870622 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-199. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C5921987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Transcript of 870616 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Allegations of Harassment Against R Parks. Pp 1-198.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C6171987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Corrected Title Page of 870616 Deposition ML20215L2731987-05-0808 May 1987 Transcript of 870508 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md.Pp 19-224.In Camera Session (Pp 101-138) Bound Separately ML20238C7331987-04-24024 April 1987 Deposition of Rc Arnold.* Transcript of 870424 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-224.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q9801987-04-16016 April 1987 Transcript of 870416 Periodic Meeting W/Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Washington,Dc.Pp 1-50.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q8021987-04-15015 April 1987 Transcript of 870415 Briefing by DOE in Washington,Dc Re TMI-2 Core Exam Program.Pp 1-64.Viewgraphs Encl ML20238C6521987-04-10010 April 1987 Deposition of Bk Kanga.* Transcript of 870410 Deposition in Gaithersburg,Md Re R Parks.Pp 1-151.Supporting Documentation Encl 1998-09-17
[Table view] Category:NARRATIVE TESTIMONY
MONTHYEARML20154G2941998-09-17017 September 1998 Transcript of 980917 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re License Transfer of TMI-1 from Gpu Nuclear,Inc to Amergen. Pp 1-41 ML20059J5171993-09-30030 September 1993 Transcript of 930923 Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-130.Related Documentation Encl ML20198E5581992-12-0101 December 1992 Transcript of Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel on 921201 in Rockville,Md ML20059N5941990-10-0404 October 1990 Transcript of 900928 Public Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Studies of Cancer in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities, Including TMI ML20247G0361989-07-26026 July 1989 Transcript of Oral Argument on 890726 in Bethesda,Md Re Disposal of accident-generated Water.Pp 1-65.Supporting Info Encl ML20247D2761989-04-20020 April 1989 Transcript of 890420 Briefing in Rockville,Md on Status of TMI-2 Cleanup Activities.Pp 1-51.Related Info Encl ML20245A2961989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of 890413 Meeting in Rockville,Md Re Affirmation/Discussion & Vote ML20245A8381989-04-13013 April 1989 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 890413 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-79.Supporting Info Encl ML20235N2161989-02-17017 February 1989 Follow-up Testimony Clarifying Position on Question of Disposition of Over 2 Million Gallons of Accident Generated Water.Related Documentation & Certificate of Svc Encl ML20235S9911989-02-16016 February 1989 Transcript of 890216 Public Meeting of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-119. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20206C9391988-11-0707 November 1988 Transcript of 881107 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa.Pp 1,122- 1,417.Witnesses:JA Auxier,Ji Fabrikant,Skolnik & Mather ML20235M7601988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Public Hearing in Lancaster,Pa for Presentation of Limited Appearance Statements.Pp 998-1,121 ML20206C2801988-11-0303 November 1988 Transcript of 881103 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 859-997.Witnesses:JA Martin, SS Yaniv,F Skolnik,S Lewis & a Bhattacharyya ML20205Q6581988-11-0202 November 1988 Transcript of 881102 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 573-858.Supporting Documentation Encl.Witnesses:Gg Baker,Wj Cooper & L Munson ML20205Q6441988-11-0101 November 1988 Transcript of 881101 Hearing in Lancaster,Pa Re TMI-2 License Amend Application.Pp 288-572.Supporting Info Encl. Witnesses:K Hofstetter,Kl Harner,L Thomas & M Masnik ML20205N5791988-10-31031 October 1988 Transcript of ASLB 881031 Meeting in Lancaster,Pa Re License Amend Application.Pp 87-287 ML20205P0451988-10-25025 October 1988 Transcript of 881025 Periodic Briefing by TMI-2 Advisory Panel in Rockville,Md.Pp 1-30 ML20205G1851988-10-25025 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Supporting Documentation Encl.Related Correspondence ML20205E5021988-10-24024 October 1988 Licensee Rebuttal Testimony of Ji Fabrikant on Health Effects of Tritium (Contention 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1751988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of GG Baker & Wj Cooper on Dose Assessments & Microorganisms (Contentions 2,3 & 5d).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1531988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ww Weaver on Accident Risks (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1901988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Ja Auxier & Ji Fabrikant on Effects of Tritium (Contentions 3 & 5d).* Supporting Info Encl.Related Correpondence ML20155H1661988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Kl Harner & Kj Hofstetter on Sampling & Analysis of accident-generated Water (Contentions 3 & 4b).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1401988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Je Tarpinian on Occupational Dose Assessments (Contention 2).* Related Correspondence ML20155H1281988-10-11011 October 1988 Licensee Testimony of Dr Buchanan on Evaporation Proposal & Joint Intervenors Alternative (Contentions 2 & 3).* Related Correspondence ML20155H4751988-10-10010 October 1988 Testimony.* Discusses Environ Impact of Force Evaporation of 2.3 Million Gallons of accident-generated Water by Licensee. W/Certificate of Svc.Related Correspondence ML20155H4711988-10-10010 October 1988 Affidavit of Cw Huver (Contention 5):further Considerations of Biological Effects & Health Hazards of Tritium.* Copyrighted Matl Encl.Related Correspondence ML20154D5201988-09-0707 September 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880907 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-109.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20151G6951988-07-14014 July 1988 Transcript of Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 880714 Meeting in Harrisburg,Pa.Pp 1-140.Related Documentation Encl ML20196B6041988-05-26026 May 1988 Transcript of 880526 Advisory Panel Meeting in Harrisburg, PA to Discuss Decontamination of TMI-2.Pp 1-117.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20154N4101988-04-14014 April 1988 Transcript of 880414 Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 Public Meeting in Lancaster,Pa.Related Info Encl. Pp 1-100 ML20148F2351988-03-17017 March 1988 Transcript of 880317 Briefing in Washington,Dc Re Status of TMI-2.Pp 1-51.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20236Y1061987-12-0808 December 1987 Transcript of Special Prehearing Conference on 871208 in Harrisburg,Pa Re Disposal of accident-generated Water. Pp 1-86 ML20238C6981987-10-0505 October 1987 Deposition of a Beach.* Transcript of 871005 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re R Parks Allegations.Pp 1-244.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20235J7071987-09-30030 September 1987 Transcript of 870930 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md. Pp 225-343 ML20238D4641987-09-0909 September 1987 Transcript of 870909 Oral Argument in Bethesda,Md.Pp 1-57 ML20238C7531987-08-20020 August 1987 Vol II to Transcript of Hl Hofmann 870820 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 208-471 & 489-494. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7891987-08-18018 August 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol IV to Transcript of 870818 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 551-818. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7651987-06-25025 June 1987 Deposition of Hl Hofmann.* Transcript of 870625 Deposition in San Francisco,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-206 ML20238C8041987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol III to Transcript of 870624 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp III-1 - III-89 ML20235J1271987-06-24024 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vols II & III of Transcript of Rd Parks 870624 Deposition.Related Correspondence ML20238C7981987-06-23023 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol II to Transcript of 870623 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp II-1 - II-263.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C7941987-06-22022 June 1987 Deposition of Rd Parks.* Vol I to Transcript of 870622 Deposition in Newport Beach,Ca Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-199. Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C5921987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Transcript of 870616 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Allegations of Harassment Against R Parks. Pp 1-198.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20238C6171987-06-16016 June 1987 Deposition of R Meeks.* Corrected Title Page of 870616 Deposition ML20215L2731987-05-0808 May 1987 Transcript of 870508 Prehearing Conference in Bethesda,Md.Pp 19-224.In Camera Session (Pp 101-138) Bound Separately ML20238C7331987-04-24024 April 1987 Deposition of Rc Arnold.* Transcript of 870424 Deposition in Washington,Dc Re Civil Penalty.Pp 1-224.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q9801987-04-16016 April 1987 Transcript of 870416 Periodic Meeting W/Advisory Panel for Decontamination of TMI-2 in Washington,Dc.Pp 1-50.Supporting Documentation Encl ML20212Q8021987-04-15015 April 1987 Transcript of 870415 Briefing by DOE in Washington,Dc Re TMI-2 Core Exam Program.Pp 1-64.Viewgraphs Encl ML20238C6521987-04-10010 April 1987 Deposition of Bk Kanga.* Transcript of 870410 Deposition in Gaithersburg,Md Re R Parks.Pp 1-151.Supporting Documentation Encl 1998-09-17
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I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '
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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION ~
SEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICE 53ING BOARD In the Matter of )
)
METROPOLITAN EDISON CCMPANY ) Docket No. 50-289 SP
) (Restart)
(Three Mile Island Nuclear )
Station, Unit No. 1) )
i LICENSEE'S TESTIMONY OF DR. ERIC F. GARDNER IN RESPONSE TO CLI-80-5, ISSUE (2), ANGRY CONTENTION NO. IV, SHOLLY CONTENTION 14 (b) , AAMODT CONTENTION NO. 2 AND CEA
! CONTENTION NO. 13 (OPERATOR TRAINING) g ,
OUTLINE The purpose of this testimony, by Dr. Eric F. Gardner, is to respond to the questions raised in CLI-80-5, Issue (2), ANGRY Contention No. IV, Sholly Contention 14 (b) , Aamodt Contention No. 2, and CEA Contention No. 13, insofar as they pertain to the training program established at TMI-l for NRC-licensed nuclear reactor operators. Dr. Gardner is an educational psy-chologist with special expertise in educational and psychological measurement, psychemetrics, test construction, and curriculum and program evaluation. As a member of the TMI-l Operator Accelerated Retraining Program (OARP) Review Committee, Dr.
Gardner had the opportunity to evaluate in detail the OARP and to insure that adequate attention was given to the educa-tional and psychological aspects of the training program.
Dr. Gardner concludes that the CARP for retraining TMI-l nuclear reactor operators was carefully developed and imple-nented to be consistent with effective educational and psycho-logical principles. This conclusion is based on a number of aspects of the CARP, including the fact that careful planning preceded the initiation of the program; the OARP was imple-mented in accordance with this preplanning; the oral exams administered by the Company's cchtsultant, Mr. Frank Kelly, 4
were fully satisfactory (in spitp of Dr. Gardner's initial f
bias against the single oral exzjiiner technique); the re-4 cuired minimum scores on cuizzes,and final written exam
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I administered to operators during the OARP assured satisfactory ,
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l levels of knowledge; and, finally, that the Company took into i
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account the issue of operator "mindset" or " response-set" in j the development of its program of training and education for l TMI-1 operators. -
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INDEX Issues Addressed............................................ 1 Gardner Background.......................................... 2 CARP Review Committee....................................... 4 Gardner's Views of OARP..................................... 5 Stress...................................................... 7 Test Performance of 100%.................................... 8 l
- Mi nd s e t o r Re s po n s e ce t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Conclusion.................................................. 14 l
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This tee- (mony, by Dr. Eric F. Gardner, professor Emeritus at Syracuse Jniversity and educational and psychological consultant, addresses the following questions and contentions:
CLI-80-5, ISSUE (2)
Whether the operations and technical staff of Unit 1 is qualified to operate Unit 1 safely (the adequacy of
( the facility's maintenance program should be among the l matters considered by the Board) .
ANGRY CONTENTION NO. IV l
The Licensee lacks the management capability to operate a Nuclear Generating Station without endangering 1 the public health and safety.
t SHOLLY CONTENTION 14 (b)
The Licensee's management capability, in terms of organizational, staffing, and technical capabilities, is not sufficient. Specifically, the following defi-ciencies in Licensee's management capability are contended:
(b) Licensee's operations and technical staffs are not sufficiently qualified to safely operate TMI-1. ;
AAMODT CONTENTION NO. 2 It is contended that TMI-l should not open until the performance of licensee technicians and management can be demonstrated to be upgraded as certified by an independent engineering firm.
This upgrading should include 100% test perfor-mance of job description with provision for retraining and retest, or discharge of these who cannot consistently and confidently master all i necessary information for safe conduct of their job descriptions under all anticipated critical
! situations as well as routine situations.
i
CEA CONTENTION NO. 13 CEA contends that there is a specific need for the establis' ment of training for operators that addresses ' ae problem of a 'mindset' that denies informatisa indicative of serious problems.
I+ Eric F. Gardner, an educational psychologist with special expertise in educational and psychological measurement, psychometrics, test construction, and curriculum and program evaluation. As professor of education and psychology and later the Margaret O. Slocum Professor of Education a' ; Psychology at Syracuse University, I taught graduate courses on evaluation, educational and psychological measurement and on test construc-tion and test use in the School of Education and the Psychology Department of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1947. to 1978.
During my career at Syracuse University, I was Director of the Division of Advanced Studies in the School of Education f rom 1952 to 1961, unaitaan of the Psychology Department of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1961 to 1976, and Director of the Psychological Servicer Center from 1961 to 1976. During these periods, I was called upon to participate as a member (and occasionally as chairman) of evaluation committees set up by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, Middle States, Southeastern States and other accrediting agencies to examine and/or accredit the educational programs in various colleges and universities. Among the institutions visited as a member of such committees were the University of Pennsylvania, the Callege of William and Mary, the University of Buffalo, Cornell University and Indiana State College.
1 I am the author or co-author of three books including a textbook in educational psychology, over twenty tests published by Earcourt Brace Jovanovich, ten chapters in technical books, and about fifty articles published in professional journa's.
- I have been an active participant in the professional organizations in my field and have served as a member of the 4
executive committees of the American Psychological Association
, Divisions of Educational Psychology and Evaluation and "
Measurement, and also as President of the Division of j Evaluation and Measurenent and President of the National Council on Measurement in Education. I am a Fellow in the American Psychological Association and a Certified Psychologist
in New York State.
I have served on a number of national, state and private institution committees. Included are memberships on the National Research Council Committee on Aviation Psychology l (1951 to 1958), College Entrance Examination Board Committee on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (1956 to 1966), U.S. Office of Education Cooperative Research Committee (Chairman, 1956 to 1959), the New York State Committee on Proficiency Examinations and the New York Regents' External Degree Program Advisory Committee (1974 to the present).
I am currently the Margaret O. Slocum Professor Emeritts at Syracuse University and am an educational and psychologica1 consultant.
I have been asked by GPU to provide my views on the training program established at TMI-l for NRC-licensed nuclear reactor operators, particularly in light of my participation in the TMI-l Operator Accelerated Retraining Program (OARP) Review Committee. The members of the TMI-l OARP Review Committee were selected specifically to include individuals with the various kinds of backgrounds, training, and experience needed to mcke an effective evaluation of a training program for nuclear reactor operators. Included among the various kinds of individuals required for the task was a person with background and experience in curriculum and program evaluation, knowledge and experience in the psychology of teaching and learning, measurement and testing devices, and enough engineering background to be able to communicate with the members of the Committee who had technical expertise in nuclear energy and power generation. I was recommended by the Psychological Corporation and was selected by the Training Department of Three Mile Island to perform this specific role as a member of the review team.
My duties as a member of the Review Committee were to participate in all Committee discussion to insure that adequate attention was given to the educational and psychological aspects of the training program and to personally make the
necessary observations of the various aspects of the program including those associated with teaching-learning situations.
Although all aspects of the final report were discussed by the Committee as a whole, my particular responsibility was to write Chapter Six, Evaluation of the Operator Accelerated Retraining Program, and the section in Chapter Ten on educational and training processes.
Careful planning preceded the initiatien of the OARP. The
" Primary and Backup Instructor Handbook," developed to provide a blueprint for the organization and administration of the OARP, presented information regarding goals, program format, rationale, instructional procedures, evaluation procedures of both students and instructors, and program schedule. The traini:rg program was implemented by instructors selected for their knowledge of a particular content area. Training materials were developed .ccording to guidance given in the Handbook.
A careful examination of the Handbook as a descriptor of the proposed retraining program indicated that considerable thought and care were involved in planning the CARP. It
- provided the instructors with a valuable guide for lesson plan l
l development, and a detailed description of their duties. It also directed them to be concerned about effective ways of presenting material, the use of references, the necessity for review and reinforcement, the integration of theory and oractice, and evaluation of bota students and their own i
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performance as instructors. While time constraints prevented this guide for the development of materials from always being strictly followed, the identified administrative deficiencies did not significantly detract from the quality of the program.
Data was gathered by the Review Committee to determine the extent to which the preplanning described in the Handbook had been implemented and to evaluate the adequacy of the program in terms of its content and the educational and psychological characteristic of the procedures used. An analysis of the accumulated data indicated that the OARP for retraining nuclear reactor operators for Three Mile Island - Unit One had been carefully developed and implemented to be consistent with effective educational and psychological principles.
A study of the various examinations, their interpretation and characteristics, was considered especially important by the Committee. Since one-on-one oral examinations are known to have a number of psychometric weaknesses, the Committee was expecially concerned with the effectiveness of oral examina-tions for reactor operator licensing in general, and the effectiveness of the oral examinations of OARP trainees administered by the Company's consultant, Mr. Frank Kelly, in particular. Both oral examinations by a board and a single examiner can fail to achieve their objectives.
To become better acquainted with the oral examining procedure of the Kelly organization and to evaluate its effectiveness, I attended the auditor-administered oral examinations of two individuals which were administered by two different auditors. At the conclusion of each extmination, the examiner and examinee discussed weak and stong areas of the examinee disclosed by the examination. I also conferred with both examiners af ter the examinations had taken place and discussed their effectiveness as examiners.
In spite of my initial bias against the single oral examiner technique, I was convinced that the examinations given by the Kelly team were effective and had achieved their major purpose. The examiners used a previously prepared set if topics to be covered, probed to determine depth of unde..-
standing, and used questions which required knowledge of important concepts in both theory and practice. Special emphasis was placed on safe operation, the safety devices built into the system, and the kind of action and diagnosis needed during transients.
Another important topic related to the safe operation of the nuclear plant and to which the Review Committee gave attention was the effect of the psychological variable, stress.
1 1
People vary substantially in their ability to tolerate stress i
aad to function effectively in a stressful situation.
1 Psychological screening can eliminate candidates who have a low tolerance for stress and the examination situations of the retraining program themselves can provide enough stress to l identify others. In addition to eliminating candidates who are 1
identified as having low tolerance for stress, the training on
! i
the simulator, which includes unannounced abnormal and emergency plant occurrences, is designed to reduce the stress-fulness of transients and promote effective responses. These measures should give adequate protection in mos't situations.
However, no psychological test ;ists nor is there any psy-chologist who can certify that any specific individual will behave in a stable fashion in all stressful situations. In addition to providing the best individual screening possible and the best training under stressful conditions, the final step is to provide checks and back-up elements among the personnel in the control room and, in addition, to provide them with access to other knowledgesble personnel outside the control room.
Two questions have been raised specifically about the retraining program of the TMI-1 operators. One maintains that the upgrading should require test performance of 100% of all examinees, and the other that there is need for specific training of operators that addresses the problem of "mindset."
A score of 100% on a number of cognitive tasks, especially when measured by some form of test -- either written or oral --
is relatively meaningless without some frame of reference for interpretation. The meaning of any score including a score of 100% is related to the difficulty of the task or test. For a very difficult test, a score of 50% could represent a higher j level of knowledge than 100% on a much easier one. The tests used in the CARP were not designed to require scores of 100% to l
l
represent satisfactory performance. However, in the opinion of the Review Committee the required minimum scores of 80% on quizzes and 80% on the Kelly exam do assure satisfactory levels of knowledge.
Mindset is a term often used in general conversation to indicate a person's general feelings about a situation or issue. Since it is impossible to measure or determine directly the specific physiological activity taking place with.a the brain that causes observable behavior (either mental or physical), knowledge about mental functioning (including the measurement of intelligence) must be inferred from observable responses related to specific stimuli presented to the person.
Hence the term " response set" rather than "mindset" is a term usually used by psychologists when the discussion involves training or educating. Response set may be related to a variety of stimuli and the resulting desirable behavior is the aim of either training or education.
The safe and effective operation of the pla'tt by nuclear reactor operators requires them to respond to a variety of stimuli to which the appropriate response varies from an immediate S-R (Stimulus-Response) response to a delayed l
l response based on higher level cognitive processes. A satis-factory training program requires a combination of training in the narrow sense and education as preparation for more complex situations. This issue was discussed in detail in the report of the OARP Review Committee for Three Mile Island, pages
_g_
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115-117. Briefly, training emphasizes mastery of specific tasks through drill and practice. Education, on the other t hand, involves an open set of operations, eventualities which
, cannot be entirely anticipated, and possibilities too numerous to Le learned individually. Emphs is is upon the transfer of i
knowledge to new situations through an understanding of concepts, and an acquiring of skills, attitudes and values.
! Soth of these training processes were utilized during the CARP.
If the concern which was expressed ir. the query as to '
whether or not retraining undergone by the nuclear reactor operators in the Operator Accelerated Retraining Program focused on the kinds of behaviors and expected behaviors that the operator would perform when confronted by unexpected situations in the control room, the concern is an important and legitimate one. Some of the functions of the nuclear reactor operator in the control room necessitates training which l
requires a specific immediate response to the stimulus when it is presented. For example, when an automatic reactor trip occurs the operator is required to immediately activate the manual trip. Similarly, if high pressure injection occurs the operator is required to immediately trip the reactor coolant p umps . A third example would be phoning a supervisor to inform him of certain types of occurrences.
Other types of response sets require detailed analyses involving the immediate collection of dat.a relevant to some unexpected transient. Associated with this latter situation
would ce the response set that, in an unusual situation an immediate response would not be forthcoming, but that data would be gathered and analyzed before attempting a correction.
With respect to the safe operation of the reactor, a number of response sets need to be established so that the action by the control rocm operators will ensure safety of operation under all conditions. Among these are: 1) immediate reaction by the nuclear reactor operator according to operating procedures when the stimuli present the usual and familiar situations; 2) knowledge of prior transients and the appropri-ate response in the event similar situations should arise; 3) adequate knowledge of the reactor and its theory so that appropriate data will be collected, analyzed and a conclusion reached for unusual situations which have not occurred before; and 4) provision for the possibility of irrational behavior should there be a psychological breakdown by the individual reactor operator.
The kinds of issues specified in the previous paragraph were considered and discussed in detail by members of the Review Committee when they considered the adequacy of the OARP.
I will comment on each one in sequence.
- 1. Immediate reaction by the nuclear reactor operator according to operatir.g procedures when the stimuli present the usus) and familiar situations. There seems to be little complaint about this aspect of the training of nuclear reactor operators. However, there is a serious danger that is related to the training and education of the nuclear control room operator. There is evidence that a person can be too highly educated or trained for a particular job. For some jobs, boredom and lack of attention may result if the occupant is too highly educated. An extreme example would be the relatively poor performance expected from an academician on an assembly line. The nuclear reactor operator needs enough training and education to successfully and safely perform his own specific job and to function as a member of the team in the control room.
- 2. Knowledge of prior transients and the appropriate response in the event similar situations should arise. Nuclear reactor operator training programs should include information
about the recognition and remedial steps taken during prior transients. The inclusion of " Lessons Learned" in the OARP i
curriculum was an important step to provide for the appropriate i
response set associated with such situations.
- 3. Adecuate knowledge of the reactor and its theory so that appropriate data will be collected, analyzed and a
- conclusion reached for unusual situations which have not occurred before. To provide for the safe operation of the control room during new, unusual, critical situations, the OARP Training Program provided additional theoretical training reinforced with simulator training on appropriate responses to hypothetical transients. Special emphasis was placed on the importance of accumulating and analyzing data before taking i
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action. In addition, a one-week program on Decision Analysis j
training to supplement the OARP was taken by SRO's and STA's.
i The results were reported as impressive by the Committee Chairman, Dr. Uhrig, who participated in the program. He
, observed that during the training exercises, the senior reactor
! licensees and shift technical advisors dealt with problems that l actually occurred in nuclear power plants and made " good" decisions. This type of training provides procedures to assist l the control room team in handling unusual conditions and the
I Committee agreed it should be included in the training of the senior personnel in the control room. The control room team j has been strengthened further by the addition of a Shift Technical Advisor (a degreed engineer) whose responsibility is i
not to focus on the routine operation but to be alert to unusual situations and to serve as a consultant to the shift 4
supervisor and nuclear reactor operators.
- 4. Provision for the possibility of irrational behavior
, should there be a psychological breakdown by the ind ividual reactor operator. Provision to assure safety in the control l room during a possible breakdown due to psychological causes l
l has been discussed in this testimony on pages 7 and 8. In addition, to assure that the necessary elements to protect against all hazards '-- psychclegical and otherwise -- a needs and task analysis of the duties of all control room personnel has been undertaken. Specific responsibilities and back-up responsibilities to protect against unforseen emergencies are being defined and designated.
i -
In conclusion, the OARP for retraining nuclear reactor operators for Three Mile Island-Unit One has been carefully developed and implemented to be consistent with effective educational and psychological principles. I agree with the
- other members of the Review Committee that the completed Operator Accelerated Retraining Program for TMI-l operational personnel and the addition to the shift operating staff of Shif t Cechnical Advisors, who are degreed engineers, provide a blend of training and education that should result in the safe, reliable operation of TMI-1.
l