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{{#Wiki_filter: | {{#Wiki_filter:United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. | ||
In the Matter of: | |||
ASLBP #:07-858-03-LR-BD01 Docket #:05000247 l 05000286 Exhibit # | (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3) ENT000023 ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Submitted: March 28, 2012 Docket #: 05000247 l 05000286 Exhibit #: ENT000023-00-BD01 Identified: 10/15/2012 NUREG-0099 Admitted: 10/15/2012 Withdrawn: Regulatory Guide 4.2 Rejected: Stricken: Revision 2 Other: | ||
USNRC REGULATORY GUIDE SERIES REGULATORY GUIDE 4.2, REVISION 2 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS JULY 1976 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION | |||
4. | |||
Revision 2 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION July 1976 REGULATORY GUIDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT REGULATORY GUIDE 4.2 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS USNRC REGULATORY GUIDES Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the Commission. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Guides are issued to describe and make available to the public Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C. 20555. Attention: Docketing end methods acceptable to the NRC staff of implementing specific parts of the Service Section. | |||
Commission'%regulations, to delineate techniques used qy the staff in evalu eting specific problems or postulated accidents, or to provide guidance to appli- The guides ere issued in the following ten broad divisions: | |||
cents. Regulatory Guides are not substitutes for regulations, and compliance 1. Power Reactors S. Products with them is not required. Methods and solutions different from those set out in 2 Rmsrchend Test Reactors 7. Transportation the guides will be acceptable it they provide a basis for the findings requisite to 3. Fuels and Materials Facilities 7. Occupational Health the issuance or continuance of a permit or license by the Commission. 4. Environmental and Siting 9. Antitrust Review Comments and suggestions for improvements in these guides are encouraged 5. Materials and Plant Protection 10. General at all times. and guides will be revised, as appropriate, to accommodate com. | |||
monte and to reflect new information or experience. This guide was revised as a Copies of published guides may be obtained by written request indicating the result of substantive comments received from the public and additional staff divisions desired to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington. D.C. | |||
review 25. Attention: Director. Office of Standards Development. | |||
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... v | |||
: 1. National Environmental Goals ..................................................... v | |||
: 2. Federal Water Pollution Control Act ................................................. v | |||
: 3. NRC Implementing Actions Concerning the Environment ................................ v | |||
: 4. Commission Action on Environmental Reports ........................................ vMii | |||
: 5. Cost-Benefit Analysis ................................................... | |||
Refer to the discussion in Section 4.5, as appropriate. | Refer to the discussion in Section 4.5, as appropriate. | ||
Where information from the literature has been used by the applicant, it should be concisely summarized and documented by reference to original data sources.Where the availability of original sources that support impor tant conclusions is limited, the applicant should provide either extensive quotations or references to accessible secondary sources.'In all cases, information derived | If, as permitted by 10 CFR Part 2, §2.101(a), the applicant chooses to make an early separate filing of the Where information from the literature has been used environmental report prior to obtaining and evaluating a. | ||
1Any reports of work (e.g., ecological surveys)supported by the applicant that are of significant value in assessing the environ mental impact of the facility may be included at appendices or supplements to the environmental report if these reports are not otherwise generally available. | by the applicant, it should be concisely summarized and full year's environmental data, particular attention documented by reference to original data sources. Where should be paid to the description of sampling design, the availability of original sources that support impor Ssampling frequency, and statistical methodology and tant conclusions is limited, the applicant should provide validity (including calibration checks and standards) in either extensive quotations or references to accessible order to justify the scope of the proposed program, the secondary sources.' In all cases, information derived timing and scheduling of the data collection, and other from published results should be clearly distinguished technical validation that will assure the review staff that from information derived from the applicant's field sufficient information will be available for the prepara measurements. | ||
6-1 6.1.1 Surface Waters | tion of the Final Environmental Statement. | ||
The pro grams and methods for measuring physical and chemical parameters of surface waters that may be affected by construction or operation of the facility should be described. | 1Any reports of work (e.g., ecological surveys) supported by the This is especially critical if the timing of partial applicant that are of significant value in assessing the environ presentations under the procedure may be related to mental impact of the facility may be included at appendices or seasonal ecological factors such as migration or other supplements to the environmental report if these reports are not otherwise generally available. | ||
The sampling program should be presented in sufficient detail to demonstrate its adequacy with | phases of critical biological activity. | ||
The applicant should describe any computational models and their bases and verification used in predicting effects described in Section 5.2.2.1.6.1.1.2 Ecological Parameters. | 6-1 | ||
The applicant should | |||
The applicant should describe how taxonomic determinations were made and validated. | 6.1.1 Surface Waters Parameters of stress for important species (as defined in Section 2.2) that could be affected by station When a body of surface water may be affected by the discharges should be identified. The methodology for proposed facility or a practicable alternative, the appli determining such parameters should be reviewed with cant should describe the programs by which the back respect to applicability to actual local conditions antici ground condition of the water and the related ecology pated during operation, including interactive effects were determined and reported in Section 2.4. The among multiple effluents and existing constituents of applicant should have sufficient data to permit staff the surface water body concerned. | ||
In this connection, the applicant should discuss its reference collection of voucher specimens or other means whereby consistent identification will be | verification of any predictive computations or models used in the evaluation of environmental effects. 6.1.2 Ground Water 6.1.1.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters. The pro In those cases in which the proposed facility or a grams and methods for measuring physical and chemical practicable design alternative may potentially affect parameters of surface waters that may be affected by local ground watei or in which the ground water construction or operation of the facility should be environment may serve as a pathway to man, either described. The sampling program should be presented in directly or indirectly, the program leading to assessment sufficient detail to demonstrate its adequacy with of potential effects should be described. | ||
If these methods involve indicator organisms, the criteria for their selection should be | respect both to spatial coverage (surface area and depth) and to temporal coverage (duration and sampling fre 6.1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters. The pro quency), giving due consideration to seasonal effects. perties and configuration of the local aquifer, variations This discussion should include a description of the (spatial and temporal) in ground water levels, and techniques used to investigate any condition that might ground water quality data are discussed in sufficient lead to interactions with station discharges, such as how detail in Section 2.4 to permit a reasonable projection of the presence of impurities in a water body may ieact the effects of station operation on the ground water. | ||
The discussion of methods should include estimates of standard error in making reported | synergistically with heated effluent or how the heated The methods used to obtain and reduce the data effluent may restrict mixing and dispersion of radio presented in Section 2.4 should be described, including active effluents. The applicant should describe any instrumentation (suggested criteria will be presented in a computational models and their bases and verification forthcoming regulatory guide on hydrologic data collec used in predicting effects described in Section 5.2.2.1. tion). | ||
The applicant should discuss the basis for its pre dictions of any nonlethal physiological and behavioral | 6.1.1.2 Ecological Parameters. The applicant should 6.1.2.2 Models. Models may be used to predict describe the preoperational program used to determine effects such as changes in ground water levels, dispersion the ecological characteristics presented in Section 2.2. of contaminants, and eventual transport through aqui Those portions of the program concerned with determin fers to surface water bodies. The models should be ing the presence and abundance of important aquatic described and supporting evidence for their reliability and amphibious species (identified in Section 2.2) and validity presented. | ||
should be detailed in terms of frequency, pattern, and duration of observation. The applicant should describe 6.1.3 Air how taxonomic determinations were made and validated. In this connection, the applicant should The applicant should describe the program for obtain discuss its reference collection of voucher specimens or ing information on local air quality and local and other means whereby consistent identification will be regional meteorology. Guidance on an acceptable onsite ensured. meteorological measurement program and on data for mat is presented in Regulatory Guide 1.23 (Safety Guide A description should be provided of the methods 23), "Onsite Meteorological Programs." The description used, or to be used, for observing natural variations of should show the basis for predicting such effects as the ecological parameters. If these methods involve indicator dispersion of gaseous effluents to a distance of 50 organisms, the criteria for their selection should be miles from the station and the alteration of local climate presented. The discussion of methods should include (e.g., fogging, icing, precipitation augmentation, or other estimates of standard error in making reported phenomena) and should present the methodology for determinations. gathering baseline data. | |||
The applicant should discuss the basis for its pre 6.1.3.1 Meteorology. The applicant should identify dictions of any nonlethal physiological and behavioral sources of meteorological data used in the atmospheric responses of important species which may be caused by transport models and reported in Section 2.3. Locations construction or operation of the station. This discussion and elevations of observation stations, instrumentation, should be appropriately correlated with the description and frequency and duration of measurements should be of the monitoring program, including estimates of the specified both for the applicant's measuring activities standard error for each correlation. and for activities of governmental agencies or other 6-2 | |||
organizations on whose information the applicant in 6.1.5 Radiological Monitoring tends to rely. For the applicant's preoperational and operational programs, the applicant should include descriptions of instruments, performance specifications, The preoperational program should be described in calibration and maintenance procedures, data output detail in the Environmental Report-Construction Per and recording systems and locations, and data analysis mit Stage. Specific information should be provided on procedures. (a) the types of samples to be collected, (b) sampling locations clearly shown on a map keyed to a table listing 6.1.3.2 Models. Any models used by the applicant, sampling locations as a function of direction and either to derive estimates of basic meteorological infor distance from the proposed site, (c) analyses to be mation or to estimate the effects of effluent systems, performed on each sample, (d) general types of sample should be described in detail and their validity and collection equipment, (e) sample collection and analysis accuracy discussed. Guidance on acceptable atmospheric frequency, (f) lower limit of detection 2 for each transport and diffusion models is provided in Regulatory analysis, and (g) the approximate starting date and Guide 1.111, "Methods for Estimating Atmospheric duration of the program. The discussion should include Transport and Dispersion for Gaseous Effluents in the justification for the choice of. sampling sites, Routine Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors." analyses, and sampling frequencies. Review of this description will be facilitated if the applicant presents a tabular summary of the 'program. | |||
6.1.4 Land The applicant should also describe how it expects to Data collection and evaluation programs concerning extend the preoperational program into the operational the terrestrial environment of the proposed facility phase and in what manner the results of the preopera should be described and justified with regard to both tional program may be used to effect the design of the scope and methodology. operational program. Guidance for both the preopera tional program and operational program is provided in 6.1.4.1 Geology and Soils. Those geological and soil Regulatory Guide 4.1, "Programs for Monitoring Radio studies designed to determine the environmental impact activity in the Environs of Nuclear Power Plants." | |||
of the construction or operation of the facility should be Additional guidance is provided in Regulatory Guide described. The description should include identification 4.8, "Environmental Technical Specifications for of the sampling pattern and the justification for its Nuclear Power Plants." In addition, EPA report ORP/ | |||
selection, the sampling method, preanalysis treatment, SID 72.2, Environmental Radioactivity Surveilance and analytic techniques. Other geological and soil studies Guide, recommends methods for conducting a minimum (e.g., conducted in support of safety analyses) should be level of environmental radiation surveillance outside the briefly summarized if relevant. station site boundary of light-water-cooled nuclear power facilities. | |||
6.1.4.2 Land Use and Demographic Surveys. The applicant should describe its program for identifying the actual land use in the site environs and for acquiring The applicant should summarize any information demographic data for the region as reported in Section available from the literature regarding background radi 2.1. ological characteristics of the site which were con sidered in designing the program (reference may be made Sources of information should be identified. Methods to Section 6.3 as appropriate).3 used to forecast probable changes in land use and demographic trends should be described. The Environmental Report-Operating License Stage should discuss the preoperational program which 6.1.4.3 Ecological Parameters. In this section, the has gone or will soon go into operation. Any changes in applicant should discuss the program used to assess the the program (relative to the description supplied at the ecological characteristics of the site, with primary construction permit stage) should be discussed and the reference to important terrestrial biota identified in rationale provided for such changes. | |||
6. | Section 2.2. In general, the considerations involved are similar to those suggested in connection with aquatic 2The lower limit of detection (LLD), as defined in HASL-300, biota (Section 6.1.1.2). However, the differences in revised August 1974, should be stated for the 95% confidence habitat, differences in animal physiology, and other level. | ||
pertinent factors will, of necessity, influence the design 3 A report on this subject by the National Council on Radiation of .the assessment program. The applicant should pre Protection and Measurements is available; NaturalBacground sent, as in Section 6.1.1.2, an analysis of the program in Radiation 'n the United States, NCRP Report No. 45. Copies terms of taxonomic validation, rationale for its pre may be obtained from Publications, NCRP, P.O. Box 30175, dictive aspects, and the details of its methodology. Washington, D.C. 20014. | |||
6-3 | |||
6.2 Applicant's Proposed Operational 6.3 Related Envkonmental Measurement Monitoig rgrng ms mnd Monitoring Progiams Operational monitoring programs may not be fully When the applicant's site lies within a region for developed at the time of applying for a construction which environmental measurement or monitoring pro permit. The applicant should, to the extent feasible, grams are carried out by public agencies or other describe the general scope and objectives of its intended agencies not directly supported by the applicant, any programs and provide a tentative listing of parameters such related programs known to the applicant should be that it bel eves should be monitored for detailed identified and discussed. Relevance of such independent evaluation. This listing should include numerical ex findings to the proposed facility's effects should be cerpts from water or air standards against which the described, and plans for exchange of information, if any, proposed monitoring program will be measured as should be presented. Agencies responsible for the pro understood at the time of initial submission of the grams should be identified and, to the extent possible, environmental report. The listing should also include the procedures and methodologies employed should be parameters that are important for the models described briefly described. These agencies may have developed in Sections 5.2-2.1 and 5.2.2.2, as required in Section IV and verified mathematical or physical models that of Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. encompass the site area and the surrounding water environs comparable to those discussed in Sections Regulatory Guide 4.8, "Environmental Technical 5.2.2.1 -and 5.2.2.2. Such models may be used either Specifications for Nuclear Power Plants," describes directly or with minor modifications. When such models information to be submitted with an application for an are used in support of liquid transport analyses of operating license. radionuclide releases, the same data and technical bases as suggsted'in Sections 5.2.2.1 and 5.22.2 should be In the Environmental Report-Construction Permit furnished. | |||
Stage, the operational program need only be discussed to the extent that it is expected to differ (if at all) from the ongoing preoperational program, such as the inclusion of 6.4 Preoperational Enviromnental Radiological a census of dairy cattle and vegetable gardens. If, in the Monitoring Data Environmental Report-Operating license Stage, there are no differences between the preoperational programs Data from the preoperational program may not be (as finally formulated) and the operational programs, the available at the time of submission of the Environmental applicant need only make a statement to that effect and Report-Construction Permit Stage. Accordingly, the provide a commitment to conduct the operational applicant should submit for Section 6.4, as a later program. If there are differences in the operational supplement to the Environmental Report-Operating program, the applicant should describe the reasons for License Stage, 6 to 12 months4 of preoperational the differences. The applicant should also discuss any environmental radiological monitoring data. | |||
plans and rationale for updating the program during station operation. | |||
Final approval of the operational program, as des fThe minimnum amount of preoperational data may be sub cribed completely in the proposed environmental techni mitted if it indudesdata from a crop harvest and a complete grang mason. AR media with a collction frequency less than cal specifications, will be given at the end of the semnammal (e.g., annual or once In 3 years) should be included technical specification review process. in the 6 to 12 months of data ubmitted. | |||
64 | |||
CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS In this chapter, the applicant should discuss the environmental report need only contain a statement that potential environmental effects of accidents inolvoing such environmental risks aem as set forth in Summary the station. Table S-4 of 10 CFR Part 51 (see Appendix A). No further discussion of environmental risks concerning 7.1 Station Accidents Involving Radioactivity the transportation of radioactive materials is needed in the environmental report. | |||
The detailed requirements for analysis of accidents are contained in the proposed Annex to Appendix D of If the transportation of fuel and waste to and from 10 CFR Part 50 (36 FR 22851). Appendix D of 10 CFR nuclear power reactors is not within the scope of Part 50 has been superseded by 10 CFR Part 51; paragraph (g) of §51.20, a full description and detailed however, Part 51 does not affect the status of the analysis of the environmental risk from accidents should proposed Annex to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50. (See be provided. An analysis of the environmental risks from Appendix I of this guide for this Annex.) accidents in the transportation of radioactive materials to and from nuclear power reactors following the Applicants may, for purposes of environmental approach set forth in WASH-1238 is acceptable.' | |||
reports, take the option in the calculation of xJQ values of using either of two meteorological assumptions for all 7.3 Other Accidents accident cases: | |||
In addition to accidents that can release radioactivity | |||
: 1. XJQ values may be determined from onsite to the environs, accidents may occur as a result of meteorological data at the 50% probability level or station operation that, although they do not involve radioactive materials, have consequences that may affect | |||
: 2. xJQ values may be determined at 10% of the levels the environment. Accidents such as chemical explosions, in Regulatory Guide 1.3, "Assumptions Used for Evaluat fires, and leakage or ruptures of vessels containing oil or ing the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of toxic materials can have significant environmental im Coolant Accident for Boiling Water Reactors," or pact. These possible accidents and associated effects Regulatory Guide 1.4, "Assumptions Used for Evaluat should be identified and evaluated (see Section 2.2 of ing the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Regulatory Guide 1.70, "Standard Format and Content Coolant Accident for Pressurized Water Reactors." of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants"). | |||
7.2 Transportation Accidents Involving Radioactivity lAn analysis of the environmentat risks from accidents in the The requirements for analysis of environmental risk transportation of radioactive materials to and from nuclear power reactors is given in WASH-1238, EnvironmentalSurvey from accidents involving the transportation of radio of Tanaportation of Radioactive Materials To and From active materials to and from nuclear power reactors are Nuclear Power Plants, December 1972, and Supplement I to contained in 10 CFR Part 51. If the transportation of WASH-1238, NUREG-75/038, April 1975. Both documents fuel and wastes to and from nuclear power reactors is may be obtained from the National Technical Information within the scope of paragraph (g) of §51.20, the Service, Springfield, Vignia 22161. | |||
7-1 | |||
CHAPTER 8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF STATION CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION This chapter should present the applicant's assess shortages. The benefits in averting these impacts should ment of the economic and socialeffects of the proposed be related to regional experience, if any, with brownouts nuclearfacility. and emergency load-shedding and the applicant's plans or procedures for meeting such emergencies. If benefits There are, of course, limitations on the extent to are claimed for recreational uses of the proposed nuclear which the applicant can evaluate all the social and station site, the effect of any plan to place additional economic benefits and costs of-the construction and generating units at the site at some future time should be operation of a nuclear facility that may have a pro discussed. | |||
ductive life of 30 years or more. The wide variety of benefits and costs are not only difficult to assess, but Other primary benefits of some nuclear electrical many are not amenable to quantification or even to generating facilities may be in the form of sales of steam estimation in commensurable units. Some primary bene or other products or services. Revenues from such sales fits such as the generated electrical energy are, to a should be estimated. The use of waste or reject heat for degree, measurable, as are the capital costs and operating desalination or for other processes could expand the and maintenance costs of the proposed facility. On the benefits of nuclear stations. Such benefits, if claimed, other hand, numerous environmental costs and their should be accompanied by an estimate of the degree of economic and social consequences are not readily certainty of their realization. | |||
quantified.' | |||
There are other social and economic benefits that Second- and higher-order costs or benefits (i.e., affect various political jurisdictions or interests to a impacts flowing from first-order social and economic greater or lesser degree. Some of these reflect transfer impacts) need be discussed by the applicant only where payments or other values which may partially, if not they would significantly modify the aggregate of costs or fully, compensate for certain services, as well as external benefits, thus affecting the overall cost-benefit balance. or environmental costs, and this fact should be reflected in the designation of the benefit. A list of examples 8.1 Benefits follows: | |||
The primary benefits of the proposed nuclear station 9 Tax revenues to be received by local and State are those inherent in the value of the generated governments. | |||
electricity delivered to consumers. The applicant should report, as shown in Table 1, the expected average annual | |||
* Temporary and permanent new jobs created and kilowatt-hours of electrical energy to be generated. payroll. | |||
Further, a breakdown of the expected use of electricity in the applicant's service area should be provided for the | |||
* Incremental increase in regional product (value major classes identified in the Federal Power Commis added concept). | |||
sion publication, NationalPowerSurvey. 2 | |||
* Enhancement of recreational values through The importance of the proposed station in providing making available for public use any parks, artificially adequate reserves of generating capacity to ensure a created cooling lakes, marinas, etc. | |||
reliable supply for the applicant's service area (and associated power pool, if any) is discussed in Section | |||
* Enhancement of esthetic values through any 1.1. The increase in the probabilities of the extent and special design measures as applied to structures, artificial duration of electrical shortages if the proposed station lakes or canals, parks, etc. | |||
(or its equivalent capacity) is not built by the proposed date should be estimated. The applicant should also D Environmental enhancement in support of the appraise the likely social and economic impacts of such propagation or protection of wildlife and the improve ment of wildlife habitats. | |||
IThe estimate of generated electrical energy-should reflect the outages consistent with the applicant's forced outage ratio experience and should include outages induced by natural 9 Creation and improvement of local roads, water phenomena such as floods, droughts, tornadoes, or hurricanes ways, or other transportation facilities. | |||
(see Sections 2.3 and 2.4). | |||
2 Copies may be obtained from the Superintendent of Docu | |||
. Increased knowledge of the environment as a ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. consequence of ecological research and environmental 20402. monitoring activities associated with station operation, 8-1 | |||
and technological improvements from the applicant's report could expedite the staff's review process. Item (6) research program. would permit the staff to compare detailed cost categories to distinguish any significant differences that | |||
* Creation of a source of heated discharge which might exist between the applicant's estimate and the may be used for beneficial purposes (e.g., in aquaculture, CONCEPT model. | |||
in improving commercial and sport fishing, or in industrial, residential, or commercial heating). The environmental report should include the esti mated cost of generating electric energy in mills per | |||
The | * Provision of public educational facilities (e.g., a kilowatt-hour for the proposed nuclear station and for visitors' center). alternative fossil-fueled plants in the detail shown in Table 3. (Alternative energy sources are discussed in | ||
* Annual savings in consumption of imported crude Chapter 9.) It should be stated whether the costs of fuel oil for power generation. and of operation and maintenance are initial costs or levelized costs over some period of operation and, in the The applicant should discuss significant benefits that latter case, what assumptions are made about escalation. | |||
may be realized from the construction and operation of the proposed station. Where the benefits can be ex There are also external costs. Their effects on the pressed in monetary terms, they should be discounted to interests of people should be examined. The applicant present worth. In each instance where a particular should supply, as applicable, an evaluation plus support benefit is discussed, the applicant should indicate, to the ing data and rationale regarding such external social and extent practical, who is likely to be affected and for how economic costs as noted below. 4 For each cost, the long. In the case of esthetic impacts that are difficult to applicant should describe the probable number and quantify, the applicant should provide illustrations of location of the population group adversely affected, the significant station structures or environmental modifica estimated economic and social impact, and any special tions visible to the public in addition to parks or other measures to be taken to alleviate the impact. | |||
recreational facilities on the site which will be available for public use. The details should be drawn from Temporary external costss include: shortages of information presented in Sections 2.6 and 3.1. housing; inflationary rentals or prices; congestion of local streets and highways; noise and temporary es thetic disturbances; overloading of water supply and 8.2 Costs sewage treatment facilities; crowding of local schools, hospitals, or other public facilities; overtaxing of com The economic and social costs resulting from the proposed nuclear station and its operation are likewise munity services; and the disruption of people's lives or complex and should be quantified wherever possible. the local community caused by acquisition of land for the proposed site. | |||
The primary internal costs are (a) the capital costs of land acquisition and improvement; (b) the capital costs Long-term external costs6 include impairment of of facility construction; (c) the incremental capital costs recreational values (e.g., reduced availability of desired species of wildlife and sport fish, restrictions on access of transmission and distribution facilities; (d) fuel costs, to land or water areas preferred for recreational use); | |||
including the cost of spent fuel disposition; (e) other deterioration of esthetic and scenic values; restrictions operating and maintenance costs, including license fees on access to areas of scenic, historic, or cultural interest; and taxes; (f) plant decommissioning costs; and (g) research and development costs associated with potential degradation of areas having historic, cultural, natural, or future improvements of the station and its operation and archeological value; removal of land from present or maintenance. The applicant should discount these costs 3 | |||
to present worth. H. 1. Bowers and I. T. Dudley, Multi-Unit Power Plant Cost Models For the Concept Code, ORNL-TM-4300, July 1974, The applicant should provide the types of information Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 listed in Table 2 for nuclear and alternative power (and references therein). | |||
generation methods. (Alternative power generation 4 For convenience of treatment, the listed cost examples have methods are discussed in detail in Chapter 9.) If the been divided into long-term. (or continuing) costs and the applicant includes a coal-fired plant as a viable alterna temporary costs generally associated with the period of tive to a nuclear power station, information should be construction or the readjustment of the lives of persons whose jobs or homes will have been displaced by the purchase of land provided for both a coal-fired plant with sulfur removal at the proposed site. | |||
equipment and one that burns low-sulfur coal. | |||
SRefer, as appropriate, to the information presented in Chapter In Table 2, items (1) through (5) are necessary to run 4. | |||
the CONCEPT 3 code used by the NRC staff. Inclusion 6 Refer, as appropriate, to the information presented in Chapter of this information in the applicant's environmental 5. | |||
8-2 | |||
contemplatedalternative contemplated alternative uses; creationof uses;creation locally adverse oflocally adverse fishermen fishennen attributable attributable to to environmental environmental degradation; degradation; meteorological conditions meteorological (e.g.. fog conditions (e.g., plumes from and plumes fog and from decrease in decrease values in estate values real estate in real in areas adjacent to areas adjacent to the the cooling towers, cooling towers, cooling cooling lakes Jakes and creation of ponds); creation and ponds); of proposed facility; and proposed facility; increased costs and increased costs toto local local noise. especially noise, | |||
==SUMMARY== | ==SUMMARY== | ||
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS This chapter should demonstrate through a cost benefit analysis of the proposed station why in the applicant's judgment the aggregate benefits outweigh the | COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS This chapter should demonstrate through a cost consistent with the underlying concept of cost-benefit benefit analysis of the proposed station why in the analysis. | ||
applicant's judgment the aggregate benefits outweigh the aggregatecosts. The NRC will independently prepare The following considerations may be helpful to the a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed station in the applicant in preparing the analysis. As indicated above, it Environmental Statement; nevertheless, the applicant is incumbent on the applicant to demonstrate that the shouldperform its own analysis in orderto aid the NRC benefits of the proposed facility are considered to in its evaluation. outweigh the aggregate costs. Beyond this, the degree to which the benefits may outweigh the costs is a factor Although the cost-benefit analysis approach discussed that will be considered in the NRC's Environmental in this guide is conceptually similar to the cost-benefit Statement. In selecting each proposed station system approach classically employed in a purely economic from a set of alternative systems, the cost-effectiveness context, the method recommended differs from it analysis of Chapter 10 will have maximized the net procedurally. This is because the benefits and costs to be benefit (i.e., aggregate of benefits minus the costs). | |||
evaluated will not all be monetized by the applicant. The incommensurable nature of the benefits and costs makes In presenting the cost-benefit analysis, the applicant it virtually impossible to provide a concise assessment of should first consider the benefits identified and de costs versus benefits in classical quantitative terms. Even scribed in Chapters 1 and 8. Second, the applicant though a simple numerical weighing of benefits against should consider generating, environmental, and other costs is clearly not feasible here, the applicant can cost items identified in Chapters 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10; these evaluate the factors on a judgmental basis that is costs should be summarized in tabular form. | |||
11-1 | |||
In selecting each proposed station system from a set of alternative systems, the cost-effectiveness analysis of Chapter 10 will have maximized the net benefit (i.e., aggregate of benefits minus the costs).In presenting the cost-benefit analysis, the applicant should first consider the benefits identified and de scribed in Chapters 1 and 8.Second, the applicant should consider generating, environmental, and other cost items identified in Chapters 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10;these | |||
CHAPTER 12 ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS AND CONSULTATION List and give the status of all licenses, permits, and If a discharge could alter the quality of the water or other approvals of station construction and operations air of another State, indicate the State or States that required by Federal, State, local, and regional authorities may be affected and their applicable limitations, stan for the protection of the environment. dards, or regulations. | |||
list all laws or ordinances applicable to the proposed transmission system and the status of approvals that In view of the effects of the station on the economic must be obtained. Indicate any public hearings held or development of the region in which it is located, the to be held with respect to the proposed transmission applicant should also note the State, local, and regional system. planning authorities contacted or consulted. OMB Circu lar A-95 1 identifies the State, metropolitan, and regional The listing should cite the relevant statutory or other clearinghouses 2 that should be contacted as appropriate. | |||
authority requiring approvals with respect to the con struction and/or operation of the station and should be categorized by the environmental impact to which the Where consumptive water uses involve permits or adjudication, applicants should show evidence of such approval is addressed. These categories could include, for with respect to State, Federal, or Compact or Commis example, air, land, and water use and planning, fish diversion, and construction effects. sion authorities having purview over the proposed diversion. | |||
Discuss the status of efforts to obtain a water quality certification under Section 401 and discharge permits under Section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), as amended. If certification has 'lnquiries concerning this circular may be addressed to the not already been obtained, indicate when it is expected. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, D.C. 20503. | |||
If certification is not required, explain. Any other 2 actions such as a pending request based on Section A listing of the clearinghouses that serve a particular site area 316(a) of Public Law 92-500 (FWPCA) for alternative may be obtained from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis sion, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Division of Site effluent limitations should be explained. Safety and Environmental Analysis, Washington, D.C. 2055,. | |||
12-1 | |||
CHAPTER CHAPTER 13 13 REFERENCES REFERENCES 1be applicant The should provide applicant should bibliography of provide aa bibliography of References should References should be cited by be cited numerical designation by numerical designation sources used sources preparationof in preparation used in environmental report. | |||
the environmental ofthe report. and listed at the end of the to which and listed at the end of the chapter to chapter theyrefer. | |||
which they refer. | |||
13-1 13-1 | |||
TABLES TABLE 1 PRIMARY2 BENEFITS TO BE CONSIDERED IN COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Drect Benefits Expected average annual generation in kWh .............. ............................... | |||
Capacity in kW ................... ............................................ | |||
Proportional distribution of electrical energy (Expected annual delivery in kWh) | |||
Industrial ................... ............................................ | |||
Commercial .................... .......................................... | |||
Residential ....................... .......................................... | |||
Other . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Expected average annual Btu (in millions) of steam sold from the facility .................. | |||
physical units) . ......... | |||
Expected average annual delivery of other beneficial products (appropriate Annual revenues from delivered benefits Electrical energy generated ................. | |||
Steam sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Other products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Indirect Benefits (as appropriate) | |||
S. . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Taxes (local, State, Federal )....... . . . . . . . . . . | |||
S. . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Research ...... . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Regional product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
Environmental enhanceme' | |||
°.. . . . . . .. °. . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . .* . . . . | |||
Recreation .... . . . .° . .* . . . | |||
Navigation . | |||
Air Quality: | |||
SO S.. . . . . . . . . .° | |||
° o . . . . . . .* . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
NO . . . . . . | |||
Particulates.. . . . . . . . . ° o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | |||
o °. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . | |||
Others ....... | |||
Employment ....... . . . .. . . .°* .. . . .o* . . . . .* .. | |||
Education ......... | |||
Others ....... | |||
%wsceectin &I.1 T-1 | |||
TABLE 2 COST INFORMATION FOR NUCLEAR AND ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATION METHODS | |||
and | : 1. Interest during con struction 4. Average site labor | ||
%/year, pay rate (including compound rate fringe benefits) ef fective at month and | |||
: 2. Length of construc year of NSSS order tion workweek hours/week -$S/hour | |||
: 5. Escalation rates | |||
: 3. Estimated site labor Site labor %(year requirement man-hours/kWe Materials - Jyear Composite esca lation rate %/year | |||
: 6. Power Station Costa Direct Costs Unit I Unit 2 Indirect Costs Unit I Unit 2 | |||
: a. Land and land a. Construction rights facilities, equip | |||
: b. Structures and ment, and serv site facilities ices | |||
: c. Reactor (boiler) b. Engineering and plant equipment construction | |||
: d. Turbine plant management equipment not services including heat c. Other costs rejection systems d. Interest during | |||
: e. Heat rejection construction system ((R %1 | |||
: f. Electric plant year) equipment | |||
: g. Miscellaneous Escalation equipment Escalation during | |||
: h. Spare parts al construction lowance | |||
: i. Contingency al year lowance Total Cost Total Station Cost, | |||
@Start of Com Subtotal mercial Operation aCost components of nuclear stations to be included in each cost category listed under direct and indirect costs in Part 6 above are described in "Guide for Economic Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Plant Designs," U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, NUS-531, Appendix B, available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. | |||
Report maximum deposition. | T-2 | ||
TABLE 3 ESTIMATED COSTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION Milh1/Kilowatt-Hour Fixed Chargsa Cost of money Depreciation Interim replacements Taxes Fuel Cycle CoStab For fossil-fueled plants, costs of high-sulfur coal, low-sulfur coal, or oil For nuclear stations: | |||
Cost of U 308 (yellowcake) | |||
Cost of conver sion and enrich ment Cost of conver sion and fabrica tion of fuel ele ments Cost of proces fn spent fuel Carrying charge on fuel Inventory Cost of waste dis posalc Credit for pluto nium or U-233 Costs of Operation and nItensanced Fixed component Variable component Costs Of in ance Property insurance Liability insurance GGive the capacity factor assumed in computing those charges, and sie the total fixed-chape mte as a percentage of station investment bIndude shipping charges as appropriate. Give the heat rate in BtU/lowatt hour. | |||
cif-ao costs are available, the applicant may ue the cost aswmptims as d= in the most recent publication of Nucdw Induriy. - . .. . | |||
separately the fixed component that in dollars per year does not depend on capacity factor and the variable component that in dollarsper yea is proportional to capacity factor. | |||
T-3 | |||
TABLE 4 MONETIZED BASES FOR GENERATING COSTSa Item Symbol Unit Item Description Total outlay required to C, $ All capital outlays including interest expense to be in bring facility to operation vested in completion of the facility compounded to present value as of the scheduled inservice date of operation. | |||
Annual operating cost Ot $ This is the total operating and maintenance cost of sta tion operation in year "t." | |||
Annual fuel cost Ft $ This is the total fuel cost in year "t." | |||
Cost of makeup power pur Pt $ Cost of power purchased or supplied internally in year chased or supplied in year "t" to make up deficiency of power associated with | |||
".It.,, | |||
any alternative that introduces delay~b Discount factor P v= (I + if 1 where i is the applicant's estimated average cost of capital over the life of this station. | |||
30 30 Total generating cost GCp $ GCp = C 1 + A(0t +"Ft) + vtPt present value t=! | |||
Total generating cost $~ (1 + 13 0 present value annualized = GCp X-(1+1)3 1 aFor conventional (nuclear or fossil fuel) steam-electric stations bDelay to be computed from the time of tiling for a construction permit (10 CFR Part 51, | |||
§ 51.20) | |||
T-4 | |||
K K TABLE 5 1 of 16) | |||
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE USED IN COMPARING ALTERNATIVE STATION SYSTEMS (Page Unit of Method of or Computation Primary Primay IImpact Population wAfeter (Speciyoaurals Resources Affected Descrptn Measurea | |||
: 1. NATURAL SURFACE WATER (Specify natural water BODY body affected) 1.1.1 Fishb Juveniles and adults are sub Percent of har Identify all important species as de 1.1 Impingement or entrapment vestable or adult fined in Section 2.2. Estimate the ject to attrition. | |||
by cooling water intake population de annual weight and number of each structure stroyed per year species that will be destroyed. | |||
for each impor (For juveniles destroyed, only the tant species expected population that would have survived naturally need be considered.) Compare with the estimated weight and number of the species population in the water body. | |||
Plankton population (ex Percent changes Field studies are required to esti 1.2 Passage through or reten 1.2.1 Phytoplankton mate (1) the diversity and produc and zooplankton cluding fish) may be changed in production tion in cooling systems rates and species tion rates of readily recognizable due to mechanical, thermal, and chemical effects. diversity groups (e.g., diatoms, green algae, zooplankton) and (2) the mortality of organisms passing through the condenser and pumps. Include in direct effectsc which affect mortality. | |||
to the unit of measure shown in this table. | |||
aApplicant may substitute an alternative unit of measure where convenient. Such a measure should be related quantitatively bFgih as used in this table includes shellfish and other aquatic invertebrates harvested by man. | |||
metabolic rates, hatching of fish out of phase with food cIndirect effects could include increased disease incidence, increased predation, interference with spawning, changed organisms. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 2 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation 1.2.2 Fish All life stages (eggs, larvae, Percent of har Identify all important species as de etc.) that reach the condenspr vestable or adult fined in Section 2.2. Estimate the are subject to attrition. population de annual weight and number of each stroyed per year species that will be destroyed. (For for each impor larvae, eggs, and juveniles destroyed, tant species only the expected population that would have survived naturally need be considered.) Compare with the estimated weight and number of the species population in the water body. | |||
1.3 Discharge area and 1.3.1 Water quality, The rate of dissipation of the Acres and acre Estimate the average heat in Btu's thermal plume excess heat excess heat, primarily to the feet per hour -dissipatedto the receiving atmosphere, will depend on water at full power. Estimate the | |||
-1 both the method of discharge water volume and surface areas and the state of the receiving within differential temperature water (i.e., ambient tempera isotherms of 2, 3, and 5*F under ture and water currents). conditions that would tend, with respect to annual variations, to maximize the extent of the areas and volumes. | |||
1.3.2 Water quality, Dissolved oxygen concentration Acre-feet Estimate volumes of affected waters oxygen avail of receiving waters may be with concentrations below 5, 3, ability modified as a consequence of and 1 ppm under conditions that changes in the water temper would tend to maximize the impact. | |||
ature, the translocation of water of different quality, and aeration. | |||
1.3.3 Fish Fishb.may be affected directly Net effect in Field measurements are required to (nonmigratory) or indirectly because of ad pounds per year establish the average number and verse conditions in the plume. (as harvestable weight (as harvestable or adults) or adult fish by of important species (as defined species of in Section 2.2). Estimate their interest) mortality in the receiving water from direct and indirect effects.c | |||
( | |||
K K TABLE 5 (Page 3 of 16) | |||
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation 1.3.4 Wildlife (in. Suitable habitats (wetland or Acres of defined Determine the areas impaired as water surface) may be habitat or nest habitats because of thermal dis cluding birds charges, including effects on food affected ing area and aquatic and resources. Document estimates of amphibious affected population by species. | |||
mammals and reptiles) 1.3.5 Fish (migratory) A thermal barrier may inhibit Pounds per year Estimate the fraction of the stock migration, both hampering (as adult or that is prevented from reaching spawning and diminishing harvestable fish spawning grounds because of station the survival of returning by species of operation. Prorate this directly fish. interest) to a reduction in current and long-term fishing effort supported by that stock. Justify estimate on basis of local migration patterns, experience at other sites, and, | |||
-J applicable State standards. | |||
TABLE 5 (page 4 of 16) | |||
Primary Impact Population or Resources Unit of Method of Affected DescriptionMeasure Computation 1.4 Chemical effluents 1.4.1 Water quality, Water quality may be Acre-feet, % The volume of water required to chemical impaired. dilute the average daily discharge of each chemical to meet applicable water quality standards should be calculated. Where suitable standards do not exist, use the volume re quired to dilute each chemical to a concentration equivalent to a selected lethal concentration for the most important species (as defined in Section 2.2) in the receiving waters. The ratio of this volume to the annual minimum value of th'e daily net flow, where applicable, of the receiving waters should be ex p-3 pressed as a percentage and the 60 largest such percentage reported. | |||
Include the total solids if this is a limiting factor. Include in this calculation the blowdown from cooling towers and other closed-cycle cooling systems. | |||
1.4.2 Fish Aquatic populations may be Pounds per year Total chemical effect on important affected by toxic levels of (by species of species of aquatic biota should be discharged chemicals or by fish) estimated. Biota exposed within reduced dissolved oxygen the facility, as well as biota in re concentrations. ceiving waters, should be considered. | |||
Supporting documentation should include reference to applicable standards, chemicals discharged, and their toxicity to the aquatic populations affected. | |||
( | |||
K TOLE 5 (Page 5 of 16) | |||
Population 9D Unit of Method of Primry impact ResourcaAffacted Description Measurea Computation 1.4.3 Wildlife Suitable habitats for wildlife Acres Estimate the area of wetland or Q(Oluding may be affected. water surface impaired as a wildlife | |||
)6irds and habitat because of chemical con aquatic and tamination, including effects on amphibious food resources. Document the mammals and estimates of affected population reptiles) by species. | |||
Recreational water uses Lost annual The volume of the net flow to the 1.4.4 People (boating, fishing, swim user days and receiving waters required for dilution ming) may be inhibited. area (acres) or to reach accepted water quality shoreline miles standards must be determined on for dilution the basis of daily discharge and converted to either surface area or miles of shore. Cross-sectional and annual minimum flow character istics should be incorporated where applicable. The annual number of | |||
'0 visitors to the affected area or shoreline must be obtained. This permits estimation of lost user-days on an annual basis. Any possible eutrophication effects should be estimated and included as a de gradation of quality. | |||
1.5 Radionuclides dis .1.5.1 Aquatic organisms Radionuclide discharge may Rad per year Sum dose contributions from introduce a radiation level radionuclides expected to be charged to water released. | |||
body that adds to natural back ground radiation. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 6 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impt Resources Affected Measureg Computation 1.5.2 People, external Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for Sum annual dose contributions introduce a radiation level individual; man from nuclides expected to be re that adds to natural back rem per year for leased. | |||
ground radiation for water estimated popu. | |||
Users. lation at the midpoint of station operation 1.5.3 People, ingestion Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for Estimate biological accumulation introduce a radiation level individuals (whole in foods and intake by individuals that adds to natural back body and organ); and population. Calculate doses ground radiation for in man-rem per year by summing results for expected gested food and water. for population at radionuclides. | |||
the midpoint of station operation 0 | |||
1.6 Consumptive use 1.6.1 People Drinking water supplies Gallons per year Where users withdraw drinking drawn from the water water supplies from the affected body may be diminished. water body, lost water to users should be estimated. Relevant delivered costs of replacement drinking water should be included. | |||
1.6.2 Agriculture Water may be withdrawn Acre-feet per year Where users withdraw irrigation from agricultural usage, water from the affected water and use of remaining water body, the loss should be evalu may be degraded. ated as the sum of two volumes: | |||
the volume of the water lost to agricultural users and the volume of dilution water required to re duce concentrations of dissolved solids in station effluent water to an agriculturally acceptable level. | |||
I ( | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 7 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Primary impact Resources Affected Description Measure' Computation 1.6.3 Industry Water may be withdrawn Gallons per year for industrial use. | |||
1.7.1 Water quality, Turbidity, color, or temper Acre-feet and acres The volume of dilution water re 1.7 Plant construction (in quired to meet applicable water cluding site prepara physical ature of natural water body may be altered. quality standards should be cal tion) culated. The areal extent of the effect should be estimated. | |||
Water quality may be Acre-feet, % To the extent possible, the appli 1.7.2 Water quality, cant should treat problems of spills chemical impaired. | |||
and drainage during construction in the same manner as in Item 1.4.1. | |||
The applicant should describe and 1.8 Other impacts quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant. | |||
Where evidence indicates that the 1.9 Combined or inter combined effect of a number of active effects impacts on a particular population or resource is not adequately indi cated by measures of the separate impacts, the total combined effect should be described. | |||
1.10 Net effects See discussion in Section 5.7. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 8 of 16) | |||
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation | |||
: 2. GROUND WATER 2.1 Raising/lowering of 2.1.1 People Availability or quality of Gallons per year Volume of replacement water for | |||
:ground water levels drinking water may be local wells actually affected decreased, and the func should be estimated. | |||
tioning of existing wells may be impaired. | |||
2.1.2 Vegetation Trees and other deep-rooted Acres Estimate the area in which ground vegetation may be affected. water level change may have an adverse effect on local vegetation. | |||
Report this acreage on a separate schedule by land use. Specify such uses as recreational, agricultural, and residential. | |||
i.l* | |||
2.2 Chemical contamina 2.2.1 People Drinking water of nearby Gallons per year Compute annual loss of potable tion of ground water communities may be water. | |||
(excluding salt) affected. | |||
2.2.2 Vegetation Trees and other deep-rooted Acres Estimate area affected and report vegetation may experience separately by land use. Specify toxic effects. such uses as recreational, agri cultural, and residential. | |||
2.3 Radionuclide con 2.3.1 People Radionuclides that enter Rem per year for Estimate intakes by individuals and tamination of ground water may add to individuals (whole populations. Sum dose contributions ground water natural background radia body and organ); for nuclides expected to be released. | |||
tion level for water and man-rem per year food supplies. for population at the midpoint of station operation | |||
( | |||
K K TABLE 5 (Page9 of 16) | |||
Primary Impact Population or Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 2.3.2 Vegetation and Radionuclides that enter Rad per year Estimate uptake in plants and animals ground water may add to transfer to animals. Sum dose natural background radia contributions for nuclides ex tion level for local plant pected to be released. | |||
forms and animal popu lation. | |||
2.4 Other impacts on The applicant should describe and ground water quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant. | |||
: 3. AIR 3.1 Fogging and icing 3.1.1 Ground transpor Safety hazards may be Vehicle-hours per Compute the number of hours per (caused by evapora tation created in the nearby year year that driving hazards will be tion and drift) regions in all seasons. increased on paved highways by fog and ice due to cooling towers and ponds. Documentation should in clude the visibility criteria used for defining hazardous conditions on the highways actually affected. | |||
3.1.2 Air transportation Safety hazards may be Hours per year, Compute the number of hours per created in the nearby flights delayed year that commercial airports will regions in all seasons. per year be closed to visual (VFR) and in strumental (IFR) air traffic because of fog and ice from cooling towers. | |||
Estimate number of flights delayed per year. | |||
3.1.3 Water transpor Safety hazards may be Hours per year, Compute the number of hours per tation created in the nearby re number of ships year ships will need to reduce speed gions in all seasons. affected per year because of fog from cooling towers or ponds or because of warm water added to the surface of the river, lake, or sea. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 10 of 16) | |||
Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Population or Computation rtReources Affeted Measurem 3.1.4 Vegetation Damage to timber and crops Acres by crop Estimate the acreage of potential may occur through intro plant damage by crop. | |||
duction of adverse conditions. | |||
3.2 Chemical discharge to 3.2.1 Air quality, Pollutant emissions may di %and pounds or The actual concentration of each ambient air chemical minish the quality of the tons pollutant in ppm for maximum local ambient air. daily emission rate should be ex pressed as a percentage of the applicable emission standard. Re. | |||
port weight for expected annual emissions. | |||
3.2.2 Air quality, odor Odor in gaseous discharge Statement A statement must be made as to or from effects on water whether odor originating in station body may be objectionable. isperceptible at any point offsite. | |||
3.3 Radionuclides dis 3.3.1 People, external Radionuclide discharge or Rem per year for Sum dose contributions from p.- | |||
charged to ambient direct radiation may add individuals (whole nuclides expected to be released. | |||
air and direct radia to natural background body and organ); | |||
tion from radioactive radiation level. man-rem per year materials (in plant or for population at being transported) the midpoint of station operation 3.3.2 People, ingestion Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for For radionuclides expected to be add to the natural radioac individuals (whole released, estimate deposit and tivity in vegetation and in body and organ); accumulation in foods. Estimate soil. man-rem per year intakes by individuals and popu for population at lations and sum results for all ex the midpoint of pected radionuclides. | |||
station operation 3.3.3 Vegetation and Radionuclide discharge may Rad per year Estimate deposit of radionuclides animals add to natural background on and uptake in plants and radioactivity of local plant animals. Sum dose contributions and animal life. for radionuclides expected to be released. | |||
t (( | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 11 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impct Resources Affected DMcription easure$ Computation 3.4 Other impacts on air The applicant should describe and quantify any other environ mental effects of the proposed plant that are significant. | |||
: 4. LAND 4.1 Site selection 4.1.1 Land, amount Land will be preempted for Acres State the number of acres preempted construction of nuclear for station, exclusion zone, and power station, station' facil accessory facilities such as cooling ities, and exclusion zone. towers and ponds. By separate schedule, state the type and class of land preempted (e.g., scenic shoreline, wet land, forest land, etc.). | |||
4.2 Construction activities 4.2.1 People (amenities) There will be a loss of desir Total population The disruption of community life U' (including site able qualities in the environ affected, years (or alternatively the degree of preparation) ment due to the noise and community isolation from such movement of men, material, irritations) should be estimated. | |||
and machines. Estimate the number of residences, schools, hospitals, etc., within area of visual and audio impacts. Esti mate the duration of impacts and total population affected. | |||
4.2.2 People (accessi Historical sites may be af Visitors per year Determine historical sites that might bility of historical fected by construction be displaced by generation facilities. | |||
sites) Estimate effect on any other sites in plant environs. Express net impact in terms of annual number of visitors. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 12 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measure' Computation 4.2.3 People (accessi. Construction activity may Qualified opinion Summarize evaluation of impact on bility of archeo impinge upon sites of archeological resources in terms logical sites) archeological value. of remaining potential value of the site. Referenced documentation should include statements from responsible county, State, or Federal agencies, if available. | |||
4.2.4 Wildlife Wildlife may be affected. Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion in cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available, taking into account both beneficial and adverse effects. | |||
4.2.5 Land (erosion) Site preparation and station Cubic yards and Estimate soil displaced by construc construction will involve cut acres tion activity and erosion. Beneficial | |||
'-4 and fill operations with and detrimental effects should be accompanying erosion reported separately. | |||
potential. | |||
4.3 Station operation 4.3.1 People (amenities) Noise may induce stress. Number of resi Use applicable State and local codes dents, school for offaite noise levels foisasessifig populations, impact. If there Isno code, consider hospital beds nearby land use, current zoning, and ambient sound levels in asse~giig impact. The predicted sound level may be compared with the published guidelines of the Environmental Pro tection Agency (EPA), American Industrial Hygiene Association, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). | |||
( | |||
K TABLE 5 (Page 13 of 16) | |||
Primary Impact Population or Description Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 4.3.2 People (esthetics) The local landscape as viewed Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion, in from adjacent residential areas cluding views of cognizant local and neighboring historical, and regional authorities when scenic, and recreational sites available. | |||
may be rendered esthetically objectionable by station structures. | |||
4.3.3 Wildlife 'Wildlife may be affected. Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion, in cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available, taking into account both beneficial and adverse effec* | |||
4.3.4 Land, flood Health and safety near the Reference to Reference should be made to regula control water body may be affected Flood Control tions of cognizant Flood Control by flood control. District approval Agency by use of one of the follow ing terms: Has No Implications for flood control, Complies with flood control regulation. | |||
4.4 Salts discharged 4.4.1 People Intrusion of salts into Pounds per Estimate the amount of salts dis from cooling ground water may affect square foot per charged as drift and particulates. | |||
towers water supply. year Report maximum deposition. | |||
Supporting documentation should include patterns of deposition and projection of possible effect on water supplies. | Supporting documentation should include patterns of deposition and projection of possible effect on water supplies. | ||
TABLE 5 (Page 14 of 16) | |||
Population or Unit of Method of Pimary Impact Resources Affected Description Measurea Computation 4.4.2 Vegetation and Deposition of entrained salts Acres Salt tolerance of vegetation in af animals may be detrimental in some fected area must be determined. | |||
That area, if any, receiving salt deposition in excess of tolerance (after allowance for dilution)must be estimated. | nearby regions. That area, if any, receiving salt deposition in excess of tolerance (after allowance for dilution) must be estimated. Report separately an appropriate tabulation of acreage by land use. Specify such uses as recreational, agricultural, and residential. Where wildlife habitat is affected, identify popula tions. | ||
Report separately an appropriate tabulation of acreage by land use.Specify such uses as recreational, agricultural, | 4.4.3 Property Structures and movable Dollars per year If salt spray impinges upon a local resources property may suffer de community, property damage may gradation from corrosive be estimated by applying to the effects. local value of buildings, machinery, 00 and vehicles a differential in average depreciation rates between this and a comparable seacoast community. | ||
Where wildlife habitat is affected, identify popula tions.If salt spray impinges upon a local community, property damage may be estimated by applying to the local value of buildings, machinery, and vehicles a differential in average depreciation rates between this and a comparable seacoast community. | 4.5 Transmission route 4.5.1 Land, amount Land will be preempted for Miles, acres State total length and area of new selection construction of transmission rights-of-way. Estimate current line systems. market value of land involved. | ||
State total length and area of new rights-of-way. | 4.5.2 Land use and Lines may pass through Miles, acres, Total length of new transmission land value visually sensitive (that is, dollars lines and area of rights-of-way sensitive to presence of through various categories of transmission lines and visually sensitive land. Estimate towers) areas, thus imping minimum loss in current property ing on the present and po values of adjacent areas. | ||
Estimate current market value of land involved.Total length of new transmission lines and area of rights-of-way through various categories | tential use and value of neighboring property. | ||
( | |||
K TABLE 5 (Page 15 of 16) | |||
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measuren computation 4.5.3 People Lines may present visually Number of such Estimate total number of visually undesirable features.. features undesirable features, such as (esthetics) number of major road crossings in vicinity of intersection of inter changes; number of major water way crossings; number of crest, ridge, or other high point crossings; and number of "long views" of transmission lines perpendicular to highways and waterways. | |||
4.6 Transmission 4.6.1 Land adjacent Constructing new roads for Miles Estimate length of new access and facilities to rights-of-way access to rights-of-way may service roads required for alter construction have environmental impact. native routes. | |||
4.6.2 Land, erosion Soil erosion may result from Tons Estimate area with increased erosion | |||
Estimate length of new access and service roads required for alter native routes.Estimate area with increased erosion potential traceable to construction activities. | '0 construction activities. per year potential traceable to construction activities. | ||
Identify important species that may be disturbed (Section 2.2).Estimate percent of rights-of-way for which no multiple-use activities are planned.Annual value of multiple-use activities less cost of improvements. | 4.6.3 Wildlife Wildlife habitat and access Number of im Identify important species that may to habitat may be affected. portant species be disturbed (Section 2.2). | ||
Summarize qualified opinion in cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available. | affected 4.6A Vegetation Vegetation may be affected. | ||
4.7 Transmission line 4.7.1 Land use Land preempted by rights-of %, dollars Estimate percent of rights-of-way operation way may be used for addi for which no multiple-use activities tional beneficial purposes are planned. Annual value of such as orchards, picnic areas, multiple-use activities less cost of nurseries, and hiking and improvements. | |||
Where evidence indicates that the combined effects of a number of impacts on a particular popula tion or resource are not adequately indicated by measures of the separate impacts, the total com bined effect should be described. | riding trails. | ||
4.7.2 Wildlife Modified wildlife habitat may Qualified Summarize qualified opinion in result in changes. opinion cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available. | |||
TABLE 5 (Page 16 of 16) | |||
Primary Impact Population or Description Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 4.8 Other land.impacts The applicant should describe and quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant. | |||
4.9 Combined or Where evidence indicates that the interactive effects combined effects of a number of impacts on a particular popula tion or resource are not adequately indicated by measures of the separate impacts, the total com bined effect should be described. | |||
Both beneficial and adverse inter actions should be indicated. | Both beneficial and adverse inter actions should be indicated. | ||
4.10 Net effects See discussion in Section 5.7. | |||
( | |||
APPENDICES APPENDIX A | |||
§51.20. 10 CFR PART 51, -APPUCANT-S ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT-CONSTRUCTION PERMIT STAGE" (a) Invmmh nta consderatlkw atswards and kequirenents (including. | |||
Bach applicant I for a permit to construct but not limited to. applicable zoning and a production or utilization facility cur Iand-se regulations auO thermal and ered by i 51.5(a shl submit with its Other Water polution limitatlons or re application a separate document. en quiremnt promulgated or imposed Pur titled -Appncnt's Environmental Re mutt to the Federal Water Polluton port- tu Permit Stage:"which ftntrl Act) which have been imposed contains a description of the proposed by derml State, regional, and local action, a statement of its purposer, and a description of the environment af agaeues having responsibility for en fected, and which discusses the follow virnmmtal protection. 7he discussion Ing considerations: ri alternative. In the Report shall In (1) -The probable tmpact of the pro dude a dliscussion wether the alterna posed action on the environment: ttve wm cmnpl with msch ipplicable (2) Any probable adverse environ mental effects which cannot be avoided Menrnmental quality standards and re should the proposal be Implemented; qulrent The envihronental impact (3) Alterma~e to the SZroposed of the facility and alternatives shall be Action; ful cdacumsed with respect to matters (4) 22 relationship between local - 1r such standards and require short-term uses of mup' environment ments irrsectve. of whether a cerU and .ie maintenance and | |||
Latest revision as of 10:55, 6 February 2020
| ML12335A669 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 03/28/2012 |
| From: | Entergy Nuclear Operations |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
| References | |
| RAS 22094, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 | |
| Download: ML12335A669 (101) | |
Text
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.
In the Matter of:
(Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3) ENT000023 ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Submitted: March 28, 2012 Docket #: 05000247 l 05000286 Exhibit #: ENT000023-00-BD01 Identified: 10/15/2012 NUREG-0099 Admitted: 10/15/2012 Withdrawn: Regulatory Guide 4.2 Rejected: Stricken: Revision 2 Other:
USNRC REGULATORY GUIDE SERIES REGULATORY GUIDE 4.2, REVISION 2 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS JULY 1976 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
Revision 2 U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION July 1976 REGULATORY GUIDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT REGULATORY GUIDE 4.2 PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS USNRC REGULATORY GUIDES Comments should be sent to the Secretary of the Commission. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Guides are issued to describe and make available to the public Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C. 20555. Attention: Docketing end methods acceptable to the NRC staff of implementing specific parts of the Service Section.
Commission'%regulations, to delineate techniques used qy the staff in evalu eting specific problems or postulated accidents, or to provide guidance to appli- The guides ere issued in the following ten broad divisions:
cents. Regulatory Guides are not substitutes for regulations, and compliance 1. Power Reactors S. Products with them is not required. Methods and solutions different from those set out in 2 Rmsrchend Test Reactors 7. Transportation the guides will be acceptable it they provide a basis for the findings requisite to 3. Fuels and Materials Facilities 7. Occupational Health the issuance or continuance of a permit or license by the Commission. 4. Environmental and Siting 9. Antitrust Review Comments and suggestions for improvements in these guides are encouraged 5. Materials and Plant Protection 10. General at all times. and guides will be revised, as appropriate, to accommodate com.
monte and to reflect new information or experience. This guide was revised as a Copies of published guides may be obtained by written request indicating the result of substantive comments received from the public and additional staff divisions desired to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington. D.C.
review 25. Attention: Director. Office of Standards Development.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................... v
- 1. National Environmental Goals ..................................................... v
- 2. Federal Water Pollution Control Act ................................................. v
- 3. NRC Implementing Actions Concerning the Environment ................................ v
- 4. Commission Action on Environmental Reports ........................................ vMii
- 5. Cost-Benefit Analysis ............................................................ viii
- 6. Environmental Reports ........................................................... viii
- 7. Preparation of Environmental Reports .............................................. ix B. STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS ..................... 1-1 Chapter 1 Purpose of the Proposed Facility and Associated Transmission ........................ 1-1 1.1 System Demand and Reliability ................................................ 1-1 1.1.1 Load Characteristics ................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 System Capacity ...................................................... 1-2 1.1.3 Reserve Margins ...................................................... 1-2 1.1.4 External Supporting Studies. ............................................ 1-2 1.2 Other Objectives ........................................................... 1-2 1.3 Consequences of Delay ...................................................... 1-2 Chapter 2 The Site and Environmental Interfaces ......................................... .2-1 2.1 Geography and Demography .................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Site Location and Description ....... .................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Population Distribution ................................................. 2-1 2.1.3 Uses of Adjacent Lands and Waters ........................................ 2-2 2.2 Ecology .................................................................. 2-3 2.3 Meteorology .............................................................. 2-4 2.4 Hydrology ................................................................ 2-5 2.5 Geology .................................................................. 2-6 2.6 Regional Historic, Archeological, Architectural, Scenic, Cultural, and Natural Features ..... 2-6 2.7 Noise .................................................................... 2-7 Chapter 3 The Station ................................................................ 3-1 3.1 External Appearance ....................................................... 3-1 3.2 Reactor and Steam-Electric System ............................................. 3-1 3.3 Station Water Use .......................................................... 3-1 3.4 Heat Dissipation System ..................................................... 3-1 3.5 Radwaste Systems and Source Term ............................................ 3-2 3.5.1 Source Term .......................................................... 3-2 3.5.2 Liquid Radwaste Systems ............................................... 3-3 3.5.3 Gaseous Radwaste Systems .............................................. 3-3 3.5.4 Solid Radwaste System ................................................. 3-3 3.5.5 Process and Effluent Monitoring .......................................... 3-4 3.6 Chemical and Biocide Wastes ................................................. 3-4 3.7 Sanitary and Other Waste Systems ............................................. 3-4 i
Page 3.8 Reporting of Radioactive Material Movement ..................................... 3-5 3.9 Transmission Facilities ...................................................... 3-5 Chapter 4 Environmental Effects of Site Preparation, Station Construction, and Transmission Facilities Construction ....................................................... 4-1 4.1 Site Preparation and Station Construction ....................................... 4-1 4.2 Transmission Facilities Construction ............................................ 4-2 4.3 Resources Committed ...................................................... 4-2 4.4 Radioactivity .............................................................. 4-2 4.5 Construction Impact Control Program ........................................... 4-2 Chapter 5 Environmental Effects of Station Operation ...................................... 5-1 5.1 Effects of Operation of Heat Dissipation System .................................. 5-1 5.1.1 Effluent Limitations and Water Quality Standards ............................ 5-1 5.1.2 Physical Effects ....................................................... 5-1 5.1.3 Biological Effects ...................................................... 5-1 5.1.4 Effects of Heat Dissipation Facilities ...................................... 5-2 5.2 Radiological Impact from Routine Operation ..................................... 5-2 5.2.1 Exposure Pathways .................................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Radioactivity in Environment ............................................ 5-3 5.2.3 Dose Rate Estimates for Biota Other Than Man ............................... 5-5 5.2.4 Dose Rate Estimates for Man ............................................. 5-5 5.2.5 Summary of Annual Radiation Doses ...................................... 5-6 5.3 Effects of Chemical and Biocide Discharges ...................................... 5-6 5.4 Effects ofSanitary Waste Discharges ............................................ 5-6 5.5 Effects ofOperation and Maintenance of the Transmission Systems .................... 5-6 5.6 Other Effects ............................................................. 5-7 5.7 Resources Committed ....................................................... 5-7 5.8 Decommissioning and Dismantling ............................................. 5-7 5.9 The Uranium Fuel Cycle ..................................................... 5-7 Chapter 6 Effluent and Environmental Measurements and Monitoring Programs ................... 6-1 6.1 Applicant's Preoperational Environmental Programs ................................ 6-1 6.1.1 Surface Waters ....................................................... 6-2 6.1.2 Ground Water ........................................................ 6-2 6.1.3 Air ................................................................. 6-2 6.1.4 Land ............................................................... 6-3 6.1.5 Radiological Monitoring ................................................ 6-3 6.2 Applicant's Proposed Operational Monitoring Programs ............................. 6-4 6.3 Related Environmental Measurement and Monitoring Programs ....................... 6-4 6.4 Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring Data .......................... 6-4 Chapter 7 Environmental Effects of Accidents ............................................ 7-1 7.1 Station Accidents Involving Radioactivity ........................................ 7-1 7.2 Transportation Accidents Involving Radioactivity .................................. 7-1 7.3 Other Accidents ........................................................... 7-1 ii
Page Chapter 8 Economic and Social Effects of Station Construction and Operation ................... 8-1 8.1 Benefits .................................................................. 8-1 8.2 Costs .................................................................... 8-2 Chapter 9 Alternative Energy Sources and Sites ........................................... 9-1 9.1 Alternatives Not Requiring the Creation of New Generating Capacity ................... 9-1 9.2 Alternatives Requiring the Creation of New Generating Capacity ...................... 9-1 9.2.1 Selection of Candidate Areas ............................................. 9-1 9.2.2 Selection of Candidate Site-Plant Alternatives ................................ 9-3 9.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Candidate Site-Plant Alternatives ....................... 9-3 9.4 Costs of Alternative Power Generation Methods ................................... 9-4 Chapter 10 Station Design Alternatives ................................................... 10-1 10.1 Circulating System ....................................................... 10-3 10.2 Intake System ........................................................... 10-3 10.3 Discharge System ........................................................ 10-3 10.4 Chemical Waste Treatment ................................................. 10-3 10.5 Biocide Treatment ....................................................... 10-3 10.6 Sanitary Waste System .................................................... 10-3 10.7 Liquid Radwaste Systems ................................................. 10-4 10.8 Gaseous Radwaste Systems ................................................. 10-4 10.9 Transmission Facilities .................................................... 10-4 10.10 Other Systems .......................................................... 10-4 Chapter 11 Summary Cost-Benefit Analysis ............................................. 11-1 Chapter 12 Environmental Approvals and Consultation .................................... 124 Chapter 13 References ............................................................. 13-1 iii
LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Primary Benefits to be Considered in Cost-Benefit Analysis ................................... T-1 2 Cost Information for Nuclear and Alternative Power Generation Methods ........................ T-2 3 Estimated Costs of Electrical Energy Generation ............................................ T-3 4 Monetized Bases for Generation Costs ................................................... T-4 5 Environmental Factors to be Used in Comparing Alternative Station Systems ..................... T-5 APPENDICES APPENDIX A § 51.20, IOCFR Part 51, "Applicant's -Environmental Report - Construction Permit Stage" ...... .......................................................... A-I APPENDIX B §51.21, 10CFR Part 51, "Applicant's Environmental Report - Operating License Stage" ................................................................ B-i APPENDIX C Data Retrieval System (Proposed) ........................................... C-1 APPENDIX D Use of U.S. Age Group Population Distribution Data ............................ D-1 APPENDIX E Data Needed for Radioactive Source Term Calculations for Pressurized Water Reactors... E-1 APPENDIX F Data Needed for Radioactive Source Term Calculations for Boiling Water Reactors ...... F-i APPENDIX G Data Needed for Radwaste Treatment System Cost-Benefit Analysis for Light-Water Cooled Nuclear Reactors ................................................... G-1 Table G. 1 Total Direct Cost Estimate Sheet of Radwaste Treatment System for Light Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors ..................................... G-2 Table G.2 Annual Operating and Maintenance Cost Estimate Sheet for Radwaste Treat ment System for Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors .................. G-3 APPENDIX H Examples of Figures Showing Radiation Exposure Pathways ....................... H-i APPENDIX I Proposed Annex to Appendix D, 10 CFR Part 50, "Discussion of Accidents in Appli cants' Environmental Reports: Assumptions" .. ............................... I-1 iv
A. INTRODUCTION
- 1. National Environmental Goals (FWPCA) Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500, 86 Stat. 816). The FWPCA gives the U.S. Environmental The national environmental goals are expressed by Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory authority over the the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of discharge of pollutants to waters in "the United States 1969 (Public Law 91-190, 83 Stat. 852), as follows: from nuclear power stations requiring an NRC license or permit subject to the requirements of 10 CFR Part 51.
"...it is the continuing responsibility of the Fed Section 511 of the FWPCA provides that nothing under eral Government to use all practicable means, NEPA shall be deemed to authorize any Federal agency consistent with other essential considerations of to review any effluent limitation or other requirements national policy, to improve and coordinate Fed established pursuant to the FWPCA, or to impose, as a eral plans, functions, programs, and resources to condition of any license or permit, any effluent limita the end that the Nation may tion other than any such limitation established pursuant to the FWPCA.
"(1) fulfill the responsibilities of each genera tion as trustee of the environment for succeed ing generations; Pursuant to the authority of the FWPCA, EPA requires applicants for discharge permits to submit
"(2) assure for all Americans safe, healthful, information required by EPA in order to establish productive, and esthetically and culturally pleas effluent limitations in permits. Pursuant to the authority ing surroundings; of NEPA, the NRC may require applicants for licenses or permits to submit information required by NRC in order
"(3) attain the widest range of beneficial uses to evaluate and consider the environmental impacts of of the environment without degradation, risk to any actions it may take. Consequently, the informa health or safety, or other undesirable and unin tional needs imposed by the two agencies may be similar tended consequences; in the area of impacts on water quality and biota. In
"(4) preserve important historic, cultural, and addition, the FWPCA requires that EPA comply with natural aspects of national heritage, and main NEPA regarding the issuance of discharge permits for tain, wherever possible, an environment which new sources, as defined in the FWPCA, but not for other supports diversity and variety of individual point sources. The responsibilities of the NRC and EPA choice; under NEPA as affected by the FWPCA are the subject of a memorandum of understanding discussed in Section
"(5) achieve a balance between population and 3.c.(l) of this Introduction.
resource use which will permit high standards of living and a wide sharing of life's amenities; and In cases where the cooling system proposed in an application does not comply with the thermal effluent
"(6) enhance the quality of renewable resources limitations under Sections 301 and 306 of Public Law and approach the maximum attainable recycling 92-500 (FWPCA), a request for alternative thermal of depletable resources." effluent limitations under Section 316(a) may be initiat ed according to the provisions of 40 CFR Part 122. If Prior to the issuance of a construction permit or the request for alternative thermal effluent limitations an operating license for a nuclear power station, the under Section 316(a) is denied, the applicant will be Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is required to required to submit a supplement to the environmental assess the potential environmental effects of that report presenting a description and environmental facility to ensure that issuance of the permit or analysis of the alternative cooling system.
license will be consistent with the national environ mental goals presented above. In order to obtain 3. NRC Implementing Actions Concerning the Environ information essential to this assessment, the NRC ment requires each applicant for a permit or a license to submit a report on the potential environmental impacts a. Licensing and Regulatory Policy and Procedures of the proposed station and associated facilities. The for Environmental Protection (10 CFR Part 51)
Commission's implementation of NEPA is discussed in Section 3 of this Introduction. The Commission's implementation of NEPA 1 is contained in 10 CFR Part 51, "Licensing and Regulatory Policy and Procedures for Environmental Protection."
- 2. Federal Water Pollution Control Act The responsibilities of the NRC under NEPA are ISee also CEQ Guidelines (38 FR 20549) published August 1, affected by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 1973.
v
Other relevant information is contained in a proposed radiation dose to individuals and populations within 50 Annex, "Discussion of Accidents in Applicants' Environ miles (80 kilometers) of the station in order to demon mental Reports: Assumptions," to Appendix D, 10 strate compliance with Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50.
CFR Part 50 (36 FR 22851). These same analytical models can be used to evaluate the radiological impact of the radioactive effluents released
- b. Radiological Impact Assessment (Appendix I to during normal operation on the environment within 50 10 CFR Part 50) miles of the station.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission published The following principles stated by the Commission Appendix I, "Numerical Guides for Design Objectives in its opinion on the Appendix I rulemaking proceed and Limiting Conditions for Operation to Meet the ings, 4 although specifically related to the provisions of Criterion 'As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable' 2 for Appendix I, provide useful guidance for evaluating Radioactive Material in Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear environmental impacts under NEPA.
Power Reactor Effluents," to 10 CFR Part 50 in the Federal Register (40 FR 19437) as an effective rule on (1) An applicant should be free to use as realistica May 5, 1975. This revision of Regulatory Guide 4.2 model for characterizingnaturalphenomena, including includes changes in NRC's information requirements plant performance, as he considers useful. An applicant made necessary by Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. may take into account situations not adequately char acterized by such standardized models as may be On September 4, 1975, the NRC published amend availablewith respectto specific featuresof plantdesign, ments to Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 in the Federal proposed modes of plant operation, or local natural Register (40 FR 40816). These amendments provide environmental features which are not likely to change persons who have filed applications for construction significantlyduring the term of plantoperation.
permits for light-water-cooled nuclear power reactors that were docketed on or after January 2, 1971, and (2) Where selection of data is strictly a matter of prior to June 4, 1976, the option of dispensing with the interpreting experimental evidence, both the applicant cost-benefit analysis required by Paragraph II.D of and the Regulatory staff should use prudent scientific Appendix I if the proposed or installed radwaste systems expertise to select those values which would be expected and equipment satisfy the Guides on Design Objectives to yield estimates nearestthe realcase.
for Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors pro posed in the Concluding Statement of Position of the (3) If approximations implicit in a model can pro AEC Regulatory staff in Docket No. RM-50-2 dated duce a deviation from the true result, the direction of February 20, 1974 (reproduced in the Annex to which is eitheruncertainor would tend to underestimate Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50). dosage, or if available experimental informationleaves a substantial range of uncertainty as to the best estimate The NRC staff intends to employ realistic analyt of some parameter values, or both, data should be ical models for assessing the potential release of radio chosen so as to make it unlikely, with all such deviations active materials to the environment and for estimating and uncertainties taken into account together, that the their pathways and impacts over the operating life of the true dose would be underestimatedsubstantially.
proposed nuclear facility. The models used in determin ing potential radioactive releases should consider all (4) The models used in describing effluent releases potential sources and pathways within the proposed should take into account all realsources and pathways station. within the plant; and the estimated releases should be characteristic of the expected average releases over a The NRC has published a series of regulatory long period of time, with account taken of normal guides' that provide guidance m evaluating the potential operation and anic-ipuiedoperniormd occurrences o.er the lifetime of the plant.
2 (5) The model of the exposed individual and the Amended 40 FR 58847, December 19, 1975.
3 assumed characteristicsof the environs with respect to Regulatory Guide 1.109, "Calculation of Annual Doses to Man known occupancy and to land and water use should be from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Evaluating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix 1;"
Regulatory Guide 1.111, "Methods for Estimating Atmospheric 4 Transport and Dispersion for Gaseous Effluents in Routine From the "Opinion of the Commission," Docket No.
RM-50-2.
Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors;" Regulatory Guide Single copies of this volume may be purchased at a cost of 1.112, "Calculation of Releases of Radioactive Materials in $4.00 fromv the USERDA Technical Information Center, P.O.
Gaseous and Uquid Effluents from Light-Water-Cooled Power Box 62, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830. Copies of the complete Reactors;" and Regulatory Guide 1.113, "Estimating Aquatic opinion are also available for inspection and copying in the Dispersion of Effluents from Accidental and Routine Reactor Commission's Public Document Room, 1717 H Street, NW.,
Releases for the Purpose of Implementing Appendix I." Washington, D.C. 20555.
vi
determined in each case in accordance with the intent Register (38 FR 2713) a first "Memorandum of Under indicatedbelow for each particularcategory of effluent standing Regarding Implementation of Certain Comple for which design-objectiveguidelinesaregiven. mentary Responsibilities" between AEC and EPA under the FWPCA.
(a) Fordesign objectives affected by assumptions as to consumption of water or food (other than milk) To further clarify the respective roles of NRC produced in the environs,one should consider the model and EPA in the decision-making process concerning individual to be that hypothetical individualwho would nuclear power stations and other facilities requiring an be maximally exposed with account taken only of such NRC license or permit, a "Second Memorandum of potential occupancies and usages as could actually be Understanding and Policy Statement Regarding Imple realized during the term of plantoperation. mentation of Certain NRC and EPA Responsibilities" was published in the FederalRegister(40 FR 60115) on (b) For design objectives affected by exposure as December 31, 1975. This Second Memorandum of a direct result of human occupancy (immersion expo Understanding supersedes the January 29, 1973 Memo sure), the model individual should be the hypothetical randum; NRC has adopted the revised Policy Statement individual maximally exposed with account taken only set forth in Appendix A to this Second Memorandum.
of such potential occupancies, including the fraction of The revised Policy Statement will serve as the legal basis time an individual would be exposed, as could actually for NRC decision-making concerning licensing matters be realizedduring the term ofplant operation. covered by NEPA and Section 511 of the FWPCA.
Appropriate changes will be made in future revisions of (c) For design objectives relative to thyroid dose this guide as various implementing actions are developed as affected by consumption ofmilk, the iodine pathway to meet the provisions of the Second Memorandum of through the environs of aplantand the characteristicsof Understanding.
the model receptorshould be essentiallyas they actually exist at the time of licensing.
(2) Memorandum of Understanding Between the
- c. Interagency Memoranda of Understanding NRC and the Corps of Engineers, United States Army The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and other agencies of the Federal government sometimes have Both the Corps of Engineers, United States overlapping responsibilities regarding the issuance of Army, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission have licenses or permits. For the purposes of coordinating and responsibilities for assuring that nuclear power stations implementing certain requirements to ensure effective, on coastal and inland navigable waters and at offshore efficient, and thorough regulation of nuclear power sites are built and operated safely and with minimum stations and to avoid conflicting and unnecessary dupli impact on the environment. For the purpose of coordi cation of effort and standards related to the overall nating and implementing consistent and comprehensive public health and safety and environmental protection, requirements to assure effective, efficient, and thorough the NRC and other Federal agencies have entered into regulation of nuclear power stations and to avoid several memoranda of understanding. conflicting and unnecessary duplication of effort and of standards related to overall public health and safety and (1) Memoranda of Understanding Between the environmental protection, the Corps of Engineers, NRC and the Environmental Protection United States Army, and the NRC have entered into a Agency Memorandum of Understanding (40 FR 37110; August 25, 1975).
For the purpose of implementing NEPA and the FWPCA in a manner consistent with both acts and Under this agreement, the NRC will exercise the public interest, the Atomic Energy Commissions the primary responsibility in conducting environmental (AEC published in the FederalRegister (38 FR 2679) reviews and in preparilig environmental statements for on January 29, 1973, an Interim Statement of Policy nuclear power stations covered by this Memorandum of concerning the effects of Section 511 of the FWPCA Understanding.
upon the AEC's statutory responsibility and authority under NEPA in licensing actions covered by Appendix D The Corps of Engineers will participate with to 10 CFR Part 50 (now superseded by 10 CFR Part the NRC in the preparation of the environmental impact 51). On the same date, the AEC published in the Federal statements to include the drafting of material for the sections that consider and evaluate the following topics, as applicable, and the analysis leading thereto:
SThe Atomic Energy Commission was abolished by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which also created the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and gave it the licensing and related (a) Coastal erosion and other shoreline modi regulatory functions of the AEC. fications, shoaling, and scouring; vii
(b) Siltation and sedimentation processes; on the draft statement received from the various Federal, State, and local agencies and officials, from the (c) Dredging activities and disposal of dredged applicant, and from private organizations and individuals materials; and and prepares a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FES). The final statement is transmitted to the Council (d) Location of structures in or affecting on Environmental Quality and is made available to navigable waters. appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies and State, regional, and metropolitan clearinghouses. A public The Commission is developing specific announcement is made and a notice of availability is guidance concerning the information to be requested published in the FederalRegister.
from applicants in order to meet the provisions of this Memorandum of Understanding. As various implement ing actions are taken, appropriate changes will be made Subsequent hearings and actions as described in Subpart D, "Administrative Action and Authorization; in this guide. Public Hearings and Comment," of 10 CFR Part 51 on the environmental aspects involved in issuance of a
- 4. Commission Action on Environmental Reports construction permit or operating license are based on the applicant's environmental report and on the NRC's Final As noted in § 51.50, "FederalRegister notices; Environmental Impact Statement. The FES takes into distribution of reports; public announcements; public account information from many sources, including the comment," of 10 CFR Part 51, the NRC places a copy applicant's environmental report and its supplements of each applicant's environmental report in the Com and the comments of the various governmental agencies, mission's Public Document Room in Washington, D.C. the applicant, and private organizations and individuals.
and in a local public document room near the proposed site. The report is also made available to the public at the appropriate State, regional, and metropolitan clear 5. Cost-Benefit Analysis inghouses. In addition, a public announcement is made, and a summary notice of the availability of the report is The cost-benefit analysis referred to in paragraph published in the FederalRegister. 51.20(b) of 10 CFR Part 51 should consist of two parts.
In the first part, alternative site-plant combinations The applicant's environmental report and any com (site-plant combinations are defined and discussed in ments received from interested persons are considered Chapter 9) and station systems should be examined in by the NRC staff in preparing a Draft Environmental order to show that the proposed facility is the Impact Statement (DES) concerning the proposed licens cost-effective choice, considering economic, social, and ing action. The NRC staff's draft statement, the appli other environmental factors and any institutional cant's environmental report, and any comments (governmental, etc.) constraints. In the second part of received on the statement or report are provided to the the cost-benefit analysis, the benefits to be created by Council on Environmental Quality. Copies of the draft the proposed facility should be weighed against the statement and the applicant's environmental report will aggregate of environmental, economic, and other costs be provided to (a) those Federal agencies that have to be incurred.
special expertise or jurisdiction by law with respect to any environmental impacts involved and which are 6. Environmental Reports authorized to develop and enforce relevant environ mental standards; (b) the Environmental Protection Sections 51.20 and 51.21 of 10 CFR Part 51 require Agency; and (c) the appropriate State and local agencies the applicant to submit two environmental reports (see authorized to develop and enforce _relevant environ Appendices A and B). The first is the "Applicant's mental standards and the appropriate State, regional, Eiiivironmental Report - Construction Permiit Stage,"
and metropolitan clearinghouses. A reasonable effort which must be submitted in conjunction with the will be made to distribute draft environmental state construction permit application. The second is the ments prepared for licensing actions to all States that "Applicant's Environmental Report - Operating License may be affected and to appropriate national and local Siage," which must be submitted later in conjunction environmental organizations. The draft statement is with the operating license application. The applicant's made available to the general public in the same manner environmental reports are important documents of as is the applicant's environmental report. Comments on public record. Therefore, the applicant is urged to give the applicant's environmental report and the draft full attention to their completeness.
statement are requested within a specified time interval.
These activities are based on § §51.22, 51.24, and 51.25 If the site for a nuclear power station already of 10 CFR Part 51. contains one or more units (i.e., steam-electric plants) in operation, under construction, or for which an applica As described in. detail in §51.26 of 10 CFR Part 51, tion for a construction permit or operating license has the NRC staff considers the comments on the report and been filed, the applicant shovld consider the environ-viii
or changes in surrounding land use, water use, or zoning mental effects of the proposed units (and their inservice classifications.)
schedule) in conjunction with the effects of existing or planned units. Furthermore, if the site contains signif (2) Discuss the results of studies that were not icant sources of environmental impact other than elec completed at the tiqw of preconstruction review and tric power units, the interactions of these sources with that were specified to be completed before the preopera the proposed nuclear unit should be taken into account.
tional review. Indicate how the results of these studies were factored into the design znd proposed operation of Effects between units are considered especially the station.
important as efforts to conserve such resources as water focus on the transfer and reuse of materials within plant (3) Describe the scope of the monitoring programs complexes. In addition, adjacent or contiguous facilities that have been and will be undertaken to determine the involving the potential interchange of radionuclides effects of the operating station on the environment.
should be treated in considerable detail to ensure the Include any monitoring programs being developed or applicant's full knowledge of interrelationships with the carried out in cooperation with Federal and State fish proposed nuclear station. and wildlife services. The result of preoperational moni toring activities should be presented (refer to Chapter 6
- a. Construction Permit Stage of Section B of this guide). A listing of types of measurements, kinds and numbers of samples collected, The applicant should present sufficient informa frequencies, and analyses should be provided and the tion in the environmental report that is submitted with locations described and indicated on a map of the area.
the application for a construction permit to allow staff evaluation of the potential environmental impact of (4) Discuss planned studies, not yet completed, constructing and operating the proposed facility. In all that may yield results relevant to the environmental cases, the site-specific environmental data presented at impact of the station.
the time of filing for a construction permit should (1) document the critical life stages and biologically signif (5) Propose environmental technical specifications.
icant activities (e.g., spawning, nesting, migration) that The recommended format for these specifications is increase the vulnerability of the potentially affected presented in Regulatory Guide 4.8, "Environmental biota at the proposed site and (2) characterize the Technical Specifications for Nuclear Power Plants."
seasonal variations of biota likely to be affected by the Detailed technical specifications may become an appen station. dix to the applicant's "Environmental Report - Operat ing License Stage," but the body of the report need only An applicant wishing to accelerate the start of include the required discussion of general scope des construction by early submittal of the environmental cribed in Section 6.2 of this guide. Interim guidance will report (according to the procedure set forth in paragraph continue to be provided on a case-by-case basis.
50.10(e) of 10 CFR Part 50) may submit an initial evaluation of environmental impact based on an analysis of at least 6 months of field data related to the proposed
- 7. Preparation of Environmental Reports facility and suitable projections of the remaining sea sonal periods if the information called for in item (1) a. Purpose of This Guide above is provided. If this is done, the applicant should also make a commitment to furnish, within 6 months of Section B of this guide identifies the information the time of filing, a final evaluation based on a full year of field data. needed by the staff in its assessment of the potential environmental effects of the proposed nuclear facility
- b. Operating License Stage and establishes a format acceptable to the staff for its presentation. Use of the format of this guide will help The "Applicant's Environmental Report - Operat ensure the completeness of the information provided, will assist the NRC .staff and others in locating the ing License Stage" should, in effect, be an updating of the earlier report and should: information, and will aid in shortening the time needed for the review process. Conformance with this format, however, is not required. An environmental report with (1) Discuss differences between currently pro a different format will be acceptable to the staff if it jected environmental effects of the nuclear power provides an adequate basis for the findings requisite to station (including those that would degrade and those the issuance of a license or permit. However, because it that would enhance environmental conditions) and the may be more difficult to locate needed information, the effects discussed in the environmental report submitted staff review time for such a report may be longer, and at the construction stage. (Differences may result, for there is a greater likelihood that the staff may regard the example, from changes in plans, changes in station report as incomplete.
design, availability of new or more detailed information, ix
The staff plans to provide additional information information (whether in the form of text, tables, or on a data retrieval system (outlined in Appendix C) in a figures) should be incorporated in the environmental future revision of this guide. report where appropriate to avoid duplication of effort.
The presentation in the environmental report of some In developing the implementation policy for Regu information that also appears in the applicant's safety latory Guide 4.2, Revision 2, both the difficulties that analysis report is necessary because these reports are applicants might face unless a suitable transition period responsive to different statutory requirements and was provided and the NRC staff's need for information because each report should be essentially self-contained.
to complete the review of applications for construction permits and operating licenses have been considered. The applicant should strive for clear, concise Therefore, the NRC staff will use Regulatory Guide 4.2, presentations of the information provided in the envi Revision 2, in the evaluation of environmental reports ronmental report. Each subject should be treated in submitted in connection with applications docketed sufficient depth and should be documented 6 to permit a after December 31, 1976. reviewer to evaluate the extent of the environmental impact independently. The length of the environmental If an applicant wishes to use this revision in report will depend on the nature of the station and its developing the environmental report submitted in con environment. Tables, line drawings, and photographs nection with an application docketed on or prior to should be used wherever they contribute to the clarity December 31, 1976, the report will be evaluated on the and brevity of the report. The number of significant basis of pertinent portions of this revision of the guide. figures stated in numerical data should reflect the accuracy of the data.
- b. Scope Pertinent published information relating to the In order to cover a wide variety of anticipated site, the station, and its surroundings should be refer situations, the scope of this guide is comprehensive. In enced. Where published information is essential for some instances, requests for specific information may evaluation of specific environmental effects of the not be applicable to a particular station or site. station construction and operation, it should be in cluded, in summary or verbatim form, in the environ Some of the text of this guide (e.g., Section 7.1) mental report or as an appendix to the report. In has been written with specific reference to light-water particular, water quality standards and regulations rele cooled reactors. For applicants proposing to construct vant to the environmental impact assessment should be and operate other types of reactors, guidelines on the given in an appendix. If the applicant considers the recommended content of these sections will be provided reports of work it supported will contribute to the on a case-by-case basis. Similarly, offshore power environmental impact analysis, these may be included as systems will, in general, require special guidelines for appendices.
each individual case.
- c. Presentation of Infonnation 6Documentation as used in this guide means presentation of information, supporting data, and statements and includes (1) references to published information, (2) citations from the Some of the information to be included in the applicant's experience, and (3) reference to unpublished infor environmental report (e.g., that pertaining to demo mation developed by the applicant or the applicant's consul graphy, meteorology, hydrology) may have already been tants. Statements not supported by documentation are accept prepared by the applicant during consideration of the able provided the applicant identifies them either as information for which documentation is not available or as safety aspects of the proposed facility. In such cases, this expressions of belief or judgment.
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B. STANDARD FORMAT AND CONTENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE OF THE PROPOSED FACILITY AND ASSOCIATED TRANSMISSION In Chapter 1 of its environmental report, the appli the applicant's system, (b) the power pool or area within cant should demonstrate the purpose of, and thus the which the applicant's planning studies are based, and (c) benefits of, the proposed facility with respect to the where available, the regional reliability council or the power requirementsto be satisfied, the system reliability appropriate subregion or area of the reliability council as to be achieved, or any other primaryobjectives of the follows:
facility and how these objectives would be affected by variations in the scheduled operation of the proposed 1.1.1.1 Load Analysis. The past annual peak load station. In this chapter, the term "applicant'ssystem" demands and the annual energy requirements for a includes all existing, committed, andplannedgenerating period beginning at least 10 years prior to the filing of units owned in whole or in partby the applicantandall the environmental report should be reported. In addi large (greaterthan 100 MWe), existing, committed, and tion, the future projected annual peak demand should be planned generatingunits not owned in whole or in part reported from the year of filing of the environmental by the applicant that it plans to rely on for meeting report up to and including, as a minimum, the first 24 demand and reliability requirements to which it is months following start of commercial operation of the committed. last unit with which this report is concerned. To the extent feasible, the applicant should also present future 1.1 System Demand and Reliability demands during the expected life of the facilities under review.
This section should discuss the requirements for the proposed nuclear unit(s) in the applicant's system and in The applicant should present the expected annual the region, considering the overall power supply situa load duration curve for at least 24 months following the tion, past load and projected load, and reserve margins. start of commercial operation of the proposed nuclear In addition, the applicant should consider the impact of station in order to show the relationship of the station applicable energy conservation and other potential load to the short-term system requirements.
affecting programs on its planning effort. Inconsisten cies between the data presented and that furnished to 1.1.1.2 Demand Projections. 'Demand projections the Federal Power Commission (FPC) or the regional should show explicitly any assumptions made about reliability council should be explained. economic and demographic projections involved in the forecasting methodology. Specifically, any changes in The discussion on the applicant's energy conservation the demand projections expected on the basis of program should mention the steps that have been taken alternative assumptions made about household forma and those being planned to encourage energy conserva tion, migration, personal income, industrial and commer tion in connection with such matters as advertising, sales cial construction volume and location, or other factors promotion, consumer education, rate structure, and should be specified. Past and future growth trends efficiency of production and utilization of electricity. should be compared and explanations should be given Evidence of the effects of increasing rates on consump for deviations in trends.
tion of electrical energy and forecasts of future impacts on demand from further rate increases should be Monthly data for both actual and latest forecast peak included in the discussion. load should be provided, as well as both actual and latest forecast total monthly kWh sales from October 1972 A full and clear description of the applicant's system through the most current month. A copy of the reports should be provided, including, for each generating unit supplied to the FPC in accordance with FPC Order 496 or group of units, the extent of ownership by the should also be provided in an appendix to the environ applicant and the commitments involved. Where an mental report.
entire power pool, planning area, reliability council, coordinating agreement, etc., is involved, identification The applicant should describe its forecasting meth should be clear and details should be presented in ods. Where regression equations or elasticity demand separate tables. models are used to estimate projections, all statistical measures of correlation should be provided. If the 1.1.1 Load Characteristics method of correlation forecasting is used, the historic electric loads should be correlated with such variables as In order to portray the relationship of the proposed population, gross national product, consumer income, generating facility to the applicant's system and related Federal Reserve Board Index of Industrial Production, iystems, data should be provided on the following: (a) appliance saturation, or other factors. Wherever possible 1-1
and to the extent that demand projections are based on tool, the results should be stated along with the the accuracy of past demand projections for the appli significant input data utilized, such as the load model cant's system performed on the same or a comparable generating unit characteristics, unit availability, the basis, these past demand projections should be shown duration of periods examined, treatment of interconnec and compared with the past loads. This comparison of tions, and a general description of the methodology the applicant's earlier projections and the actual loads employed.
experienced should be listed in a table along with the percent deviation between the previously forecasted 3. The effect of operation of the proposed nuclear loads and past loads. unit(s) on the applicant's or planning entity's capacity requirements. In addition, the effects of present and 1.1.1.3 Power Exchanges. Past and expected future planned interconnections on the capacity requirements net power exchanges applicable at the time of the should be discussed.
annual peak demands presented above should be shown
- 4. The reserve margin responsibility of participants in as they relate to demand estimates supporting the station capacity under review. the regional coordinating council or power pool.
1.1.2 System Capacity 1.1.4 External Supporting Studies The applicant should briefly discuss power planning Reports should be summarized and referenced or programs and criteria used as they apply (a) to the statements should be included that indicate the power
'requirements in the overall area(s), as determined by applicant's system, (b) to the power pool or area within which the applicant's planning studies are based, and (c) responsible officials in the regional reliability council to the regional reliability council or the appropriate and/or the power pool or planning entity with which the subregion or area of the reliability council. System applicant is associated.
capabilities, both existing and planned, should be tab ulated for the three respective areas to the extent The report or statements should include the following applicable at the time of the annual peak demand for 5 information or a statement that such information is not years preceding filing of the environmental report available:
through at least 2 years beyond the start of commercial operation of the last nuclear unit with which the report 1. Description of the minimum installed reserve is concerned. Each generator with a capacity of 100 criterion for the region and/or subarea; MWe or greater should be listed separately for the initial reporting year, and capability additions thereafter 2. Identification, description, and brief discussion of should be separately tabulated by date, including net studies and/or analyses made to assess the area-wide non-firm-power sales and purchases, retirements or adequacy and expected reliability of power supply for deratings, and upratings. Each generator should be the first full year of commercial operation of the entire categorized as to type (hydroelectric, fossil, nuclear, station covered in this report; and pumped storage, etc.) and as to function (base load, intermediate, peaking, etc.). Estimates of projected 3. The minimum reserve requirement in the region capacity factor ranges for each unit tabulated should be and/or subarea for the first year of operation of the provided. Small peaking units may be lumped into a completed nuclear station.
single category for simplicity.
1.2 Other Objectives 1.1.3 Reserve Margins If other objectives are to be met by the operation of the proposed facility, such as producing process steam The applicant's method of determining system gen for sale or desalting water, a description of these should erating capacity requirements and reserve margins should be given. An analysis of the effect of other objectives on be described including: the station capacity factor or availability of individual units should be given.
- 1. The method employed for the scheduling of outages of individual generating units within the appli 1.3 Consequences of Delay cant's system.
The effects of delays in the proposed project on the
- 2. The method and criterion employed to determine reserve margin of the power supply for the applicant's the minimum system reserve requirement, such as single system, subregion, and region should be discussed for largest unit, probability method, or historical 'data and increments of delay of 1, 2, and 3 years. The effect of judgment. If probabilistic studies are used as a planning no action to increase capacity should also be illustrated.
1-2
CHAPTER 2 THE SITE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERFACES
- 6. A scale that will permit the measurement of This chapter should present the basic relevant infor mation concerningthose physical,biological,andhuman distances with reasonable accuracy.
characteristicsof the area environment that might be
- 7. True north.
affected by the constructionand operationof a nuclear power station on the designated site. To the extent
- 8. Highways, railways, and waterways that traverse possible, the informationpresentedshouldreflect obser vations and measurements made over a period of years. or are adjacent to the site.
2.1.1.3 Boundaries for Establishing Effluent Release 2.1 Geography and Demography Limits. The site description should define the boundary lines of the restricted area (as defined in 10 CFR Part 2.1.1 Site Location and Description 20, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation"). If it is proposed that limits higher than those established by 2.1.1.1 Specification of Location. The site location §20.106(a) (and related as low as is reasonably achiev should be specified by latitude and longitude of the able provisions) be set, the information required by reactor to the nearest second and by Universal Trans §20.106 should be submitted. The site map discussed verse Mercator Coordinates (Zone Number, Northing, above may be used to identify this area, or a separate and Easting, as found on USGS topographical maps) to map of the site may be used. Indicate the location of the the nearest 100 meters. The State and county or other boundary line with respect to the water's edge of nearby political subdivision in which the site is located should rivers and lakes. Distances from the station effluent be identified, as well as the location of the site with release points to the boundary line should be defined respect to prominent natural and man-made features clearly.
such as rivers and lakes.
2.1.2 Population Distribution 2.1.1.2 Site' Area. A map of the site area of suitable scale (with explanatory text as necessary) should be Population data presented should be based on the included; it should clearly show the following: 1970 census data and, where available, more recent census data. The following information should be
- 1. The station property lines. The area of station presented on population distribution.
property in acres should be stated.
2.1.2.1 Population Within. 10 Miles. On a map of
- 2. Location of the site boundary. If the site bound suitable scale that identifies places of significant ary lines are the same as the station property lines, this population grouping, such as cities and towns within a should be stated. 10-mile radius, concentric circles should be drawn, with the reactor at the center point, at distances of 1, 2, 3, 4,
- 3. The location and orientation of principal station 5, and 10 miles. The circles should be divided into structures within the site area. Principal structures 22W-degree sectors with each sector centered on one of should be identified as to function (e.g., reactor build the 16 compass points (with reference to true north, ing, auxiliary building, turbine building). e.g., north-northeast, northeast, etc.). A table appro priately keyed to the map should provide the current
- 4. The location of any industrial, recreational, or residential population within each area of the map residential structures within the site area. formed by the concentric circles and radial lines. The same table or separate tables should provide the pro
- 5. The boundary lines of the plant exclusion area (as jected population within each area for (1) the expected defined in 10 CFR Part 100). If these boundary lines are first year of station operation and (2) by census decade the same as the station property lines, this should be (e.g., 1990) through the projected station life. The tables stated. The minimum distance from each reactor to the should provide population totals for each sector and exclusion area boundary should be shown and specified. annular ring and a total for the 0 to 10 miles enclosed population. The basis for population projections should be described. Fumish the age distribution of the tSite means the contiguous real estate on which nuclear facilities projected population (e.g., 0 to 12 years, 12 to 18 years, are located And for which one or more licensees has the legal > 18 years) for the year corresponding to the midpoint right to control access by individuals and to restrict land use for of the station operating life. The distribution by age of purposes of limiting the potential doses from radiation or radioactive material during normal operation of the facilities.
the U.S. population may be used provided there is no 2-1
knowledge the site has a significantly different distribu 3. Nearest residence (to a distance of 5 miles) tion. Appendix D provides guidance concerning the use of the U.S. age population distribution. 4. Nearest site boundary 2.1.2.2 Population Between 10 and 50 Miles. A map 5. Nearest vegetable garden (greater than 500 ft 2 in of suitable scale and appropriately keyed tables should area; to a distance of 5 miles) be used in the same manner as described above to describe the population and its distribution at 10-mile Indicate which, if any, of the cow and goat locations intervals between the 10- and 50-mile radii from the are dairy operations. Where possible, the applicant reactor. Furnish the age distribution of the projected should provide specific information on the actual usage population (e.g., 0 to 12 years, 12 to 18 years, > 18 of the milk, whether the milk is used raw by infants, years) for the year corresponding to the midpoint of the children, or adults or whether or not the milk goes to a station operating life. The distribution by age of the U.S. dairy. Estimate the dairy dilution factor, and provide the population may be used provided there is no knowledge basis. Determine the fraction of the milk at the dairy the site has a significantly different distribution. Appen that is used to produce dairy products such as butter, dix D provides guidance concerning the use of the U.S. whey, etc.
age population distribution.
Indicate (for the 5-mile-radius area) the nature and 2.1.2.3 Transient Population. Seasonal and daily extent of present and projected land use (e.g., agricul variations in population and population distribution ture, livestock raising; dairies, pasturelands, residences, within 10 miles of the proposed station resulting from wildlife preserves, sanctuaries, hunting areas, industries, land uses such as recreational or industrial should be recreation, transportation) and any recent trends such as generally described and appropriately keyed to the areas abnormal changes in population or industrial patterns. If and population numbers contained on the maps and the area near the station site is zoned for specific uses, tables of Sections 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.2. If the station is the applicant should indicate the zoning restrictions, located in an area where significant population variations both at the site and within 5 miles of the reactor due to transient land use are expected, additional tables building location and any local plans to restrict develop of population distribution should be provided to indi ment to limit population encroachment.
cate peak seasonal and daily populations. The addi tional tables should cover projected as well as current Provide data on annual meat (kg/yr), milk (liters/yr),
populations. Wherever possible, applicants should state and truck farming production (kg/yr) and distribution the expected residence times for the transient popula within a 50-mile radius from the proposed reactor.
tion. Provide the data by sectors in the same manner as indicated in Sections 2.1.2.1 and 2.1.2.2. Furnish 2.1.3 Uses of Adjacent Lands and Waters information on type, quantity (kg/yr), and yield (kg/m 2) of crops grown within a 50-mile radius from the On detailed topographical maps, show the locations proposed reactor. Provide information on grazing season of the station perimeter; exclusion area boundary; utility (give dates), feeding regimes for cattle (such as grazing property; abutting and adjacent properties; water bodies; practices, green chop feeding, corn and grass silage wooded areas; farms; residences; nearby settlements; feeding, and hay feeding), pasture grass density (kg/mi),
commercial areas; industrial plants; parks; dedicated and yield statistics (kg/mi) for harvested forage crops areas; other public facilities; valued historic, scenic, for beef and dairy cattle feeding within a 50-mile radius cultural, recreational, or natural areas; and transporta of the proposed reactor. Agricultural production, crop tion links (e.g., railroads, highways, waterways). Indicate yield, grazing, and feeding data may be obtained from the total acreage owned by the applicant and that part sources such as local and State agricultural agencies, occupied or modified by the station and station facili agricultural agents, and other reliable sources.
ties. Indicate other existing and proposed uses, if any, of applicant's property and the acreage devoted to these Determine and indicate in tabular format the past, uses. Describe any plans for site modifications, such as a present, and projected commercial fish and shellfish visitors center or park. catch (according to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) standard reporting units) from contiguous Provide, in tabular form, the distances from the waters within 50 miles of the station discharge. Report centerline of the first operational nuclear unit proposed the catch by total landings and by principal species, to the following for each of the 16 sectors described in indicating the amounts used as human food. Indicate the Section 2.1.2 above: location of principal fishing areas and ports of landing associated with these contiguous waters, and relate these
- 1. Nearest milk cow (to a distance of 5 miles) locations to harvest by species. Note the amounts consumed locally. Determine and tabulate the present
- 2. Nearest milk goat (to a distance of 5 miles) and projected recreational fish and shellfish harvest from 2-2
these waters in the same format, also indicating principal Data on both present and projected future water use fishing areas and their respective yield by species. As should be summarized and tabulated; users should be above, indicate the amounts consumed locally. Include located on maps of legible scale. Tabulations containing any harvest and use of seaweed, other aquatic life, or information similar to that listed below should be any vegetation used as human food from these waters. provided for water users that may be affected.
Indicate the closest location to the point of discharge 1. Number: Include numbers shown on maps identi that is publicly accessible (from land and from water) fying the location of water users; and influenced by the discharge flow. Provide a qualita tive estimate of the fishing success that a fisherman 2. Distance from Station: Separate intake and dis could have at this location. Identify and describe any fish charge locations should be identified as follows:
farms or similar aquatic activity within the 50-mile area utilizing water that reasonably may be affected by the a. Identify radial distance from station for each power station discharge. Indicate the species and produc water user; tion from each of these facilities and the amounts consumed locally. If hunting occurs within 50 miles of b. Provide distance from station via water route, the station, determine the average annual harvest by or by River Mile, etc.;
species, and indicate the amount of game that will be consumed locally. Fish landings, recreational and com 3. Coordinates: Provide map coordinates, if appropri mercial fin and shellfish harvests, and hunting and game ate; information may be obtained from sources such as Federal, State, and county recreation, conservation, 4. Withdrawal Rate: Provide present and projected game, and fish agencies. Institutional or other authorita withdrawal rate (in cfs or gpm) for each water use; tive sources may also be used. Where adequate data are not available, the applicant should determine the in 5. Return Rates: Provide present and projected formation independently. return rates (in cfs or gpm) if appropriate:
- 6. Type of Water Use: Provide type of water use for The information in this section should be organized each location, e.g., municipal, industrial, irrigation; in a manner that demonstrates coordination of the principal activities of the proposed station with the 7. Source and Projection Dates of Water-Use Esti various uses of land and water outside the station. These mates: Where use rates are anticipated to change over activities should include details of required offsite access the life of the project, indicate periodic projections and corridors such as railroad spurs, rights-of-way for cooling the source of the projection information. Sources for water conveyance, new or future roadways, and other such projections may be available for users or planning cultural features that relate to the principal purpose of agencies at different levels of government.
the facility. The discussion should include reference to the reservation of rights-of-way for any future ex For items 4 and 5 above, if use varies significantly pansions that might be foreseen at the time of the application. seasonally, indicate monthly values. Also, where substan tial holdup or flow changes occur in water use systems, such as in storage ponds or by flow augmentation, On a monthly basis, identify the location, nature, and indicate the character of the changes.
amounts of present and projected surface and ground water use (e.g., water supplies, irrigation, reservoirs, In addition, for ground water users, indicate the types of ground water use, depth of wells, ground water recreation, and transportation) within 50 miles of the elevation, and return rates (if to surface water), and station where the water supplies may be contaminated characterize the use by aquifer.
by station effluents and the present and projected population associated with each use point, where appro priate. In addition, all population centers taking water 2.2 Ecology from waterways between the station and the ocean, or such lesser distance as the applicant can technically In this section, the applicant should describe the flora justify, should be tabulated (distance, uses, amounts, and fauna in the vicinity of the site, their habitats, and and population). Sources that are river bank wells their distribution. This initial inventory will reveal should be tabulated separately with their associated certain organisms which, because of their importance to populations. The effect of present and projected regional the community, should be given specific attention. A consumptive water uses by the station on the supplies or species is "important" (for the purposes of this guide) if vice versa should be identified. Water and sewage a specific causal link can be identified between the treatment processes should be described where water nuclear power station and the species and if one or more suppliers may be affected by station effluents. of the following criteria applies: (a) the species is 2-3
commercially or recreationally valuable, (b) the species with the ecology of the region. Locate and describe any is threatened or endangered, 2 (c) the species affects the ecological or biological studies of the site or its environs well-being of some ivnportant species within criteria (a) currently in progress.
or (b), or (d) the species is critical to the structure and function of the ecological system or is a biological 3
indicator of radionuclides in the environment. 2.3 Meteorology The initial inventory should establish the identity of This section should provide a meteorological descrip the majority of terrestrial and aquatic organisms on or tion of the site and its surrounding area. The description near the site and their relative (qualitative) abundances. should include the use of at least one annual cycle from The applicant should identify the "important" species the onsite meteorological program for a construction from this list and discuss in detail their quantitative permit application and at least two annual cycles abundances. The discussion should include species that (preferably three or more whole years), including the migrate through the area or use it for breeding grounds. most recent 1-year period, for an operating license Special attention should be given to the relative impor application, plus examination of additional regional tance of the station area to the total regional area of the meteorological information. Sufficient data should be living resources (potential or exploited). included to permit independent evaluations and assess ments of atmospheric diffusion characteristics and sta The applicant should provide data on the count and tion impacts on the environment. A discussion of distribution of important domestic fauna, in particular climatology, existing levels of air pollution and their cows and goats, that may be involved in the radiological effects on station operations, the relationship of the exposure of man via the iodine-milk route. A map that meteorological data gathered on a regional basis to local shows the distribution of the principal plant communi data, and the impact of the local terrain and large lakes ties should be provided. and other bodies of water on meteorological conditions in the area should also be included.
The discussion of species-environment relationships should include descriptions of area usage (e.g., habitat, The following data concerning site meteorology, breeding, etc.) for important species; it should include taken from onsite meteorological measurements and life histories of important regional animals and aquatic nearby representative stations, should be presented:
organisms, their normal seasonal population fluctua tions, the density and distribution of their planktonic life stages, and their habitat requirements (e.g., thermal 1. Diurnal and monthly averages and extremes of tolerance ranges); and it should include identification of temperature, dewpoint, and humidity; food chains and other interspecies relationships, particu larly when these are contributory to predictions or 2. Monthly and annual wind speed and direction data evaluations of the impact of the nuclear station on the in joint frequency form at all heights of measurement regional biota. representative of wind characteristics for points of effluent release to, and transport within, the atmos Identify any definable preexisting environmental phere; stresses from sources such as pollutants, as well as pertinent ecological conditions suggestive of such 3. Monthly and annual joint frequencies of wind stresses. The status of ecological succession should be direction and speed by atmospheric stability class at described. Discuss the histories of any infestations, heights and intervals relevant to atmospheric transport epidemics, or catastrophes (caused by natural phenom of effluents; ena) that have had a significant impact on regional biota.
- 4. Total precipitation by month, number of hours The irformation should be presented in two separate with precipitation, rainfall rate distributions, and subsections, the first entitled "Terrestrial Ecology" and monthly precipitation wind roses; the second, "Aquatic Ecology." The sources of informa tion should be identified. As part of this identification, 5. Frequency of occurrence of winds greater than 50 present a list of pertinent published material dealing knots by storm type (e.g., orographic or synoptic flow regimes, tornadoes, and hurricanes).
2 1n the writing and reviewing of environmental reports, specific This information should be fully documented and consideration should be given to possible impact on any species substantiated as to validity of its representation of (or its habitat) that has been determined to be endangered or expected long-term conditions at and near the site.
threatened with endangerment by the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Commerce. New terminology defining 3
"endangered or threatened with endangerment" has been Data for this section may be drawn from information in Section promulgated in Pub. Law 93-205, 87 Stat. 884. 2.3 of the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, as appropriate.
2-4
Guidance on acceptable onsite meteorological measure For assessment of the impact of station operation on ments and data format is presented in Regulatory Guide the environment, data summaries (e.g., moisture deficit, 1.23 (Safety Guide 23), "Onsite Meteorological Pro visibility, solar radiation) should be presented to support grams." the description given in Section 5.1.4 of the frequency and extent of fogging and icing conditions and other impacts on the atmospheric environment due to station Sufficient meteorological information should also be presence and operation.
provided to adequately characterize atmospheric trans port processes (i.e., airflow trajectories, diffusion condi At the time of construction permit application, tions, deposition characteristics) out to a distance of 50 applicants proposing a wet, dry, or wet-dry cooling miles from the nuclear station. The primary source of tower for main condenser cooling or service water meteorological information is the onsite meteorological cooling should furnish appropriate summaries of joint program. Other sources of meteorological information humidity data along with the joint wind speed, stability could include available National Weather Service (NWS) category, and wind direction frequencies for heights stations, meteorological programs that are well main related to the estimation of cooling tower moisture tained and well exposed (e.g., other nuclear facilities, dispersion for at least 6 months and preferably one university, private meteorological programs), and addi annual cycle in order to provide a basis for the tional satellite meteorological facilities established by estimation of the impact of tower operation on the the applicant to characterize relevant conditions at environment. If the applicant does not have the detailed critical onsite and offsite locations. Adequate characteri site-specific meteorological data described above, it may zation of atmospheric transport processes within 50 present information applicable to the general site area miles of the station may include examination of meteoro from the National Weather Service or other authoritative logical data from stations farther than 50 miles from the sources. The detailed site-specific data may be scheduled station when this information can provide additional in accordance with Section 6, "Environmental Reports,"
clarification of the mesoscale atmospheric transport of the Introduction to this guide.
processes. For an assessment of atmospheric transport to distances of 50 miles from the station, the following additional regional meteorological information (based on Hydrology 4 2.4 at least a 1-year period of record) should be presented for as many relevant stations as practicable:
The effects of station construction and operation on adjacent surface and ground waters are of prime impor
- 1. Wind speed and direction data at all heights at tance. The applicant should describe, in quantitative which wind characteristic data are applicable or have terms, the physical, chemical, biological, and hydro been measured; logical characteristics, the typical seasonal ranges and averages, and the historical extremes for surface and
- 2. Atmospheric stability as defined by vertical tem ground water bodies.
perature gradient or other well-documented parameters that have been substantiated by diffusion data; Information should be provided only for those waters that may affect station effluents and water supply or that may be reasonably assumed to be affected by the
- 3. Monthly mixing height data; and construction or operation of the station. For those water bodies and systems that may receive radionuclides from
- 4. Total precipitation by month, number of hours the station, the data should be supplied out to a radius with precipitation, rainfall rate distributions, and of 50 miles from the site.
monthly precipitation wind roses.
Expected seasonal and other temporal variations of important parameters such as flow and currents should All meteorological data should be concurrent for each be described monthly; daily or shorter increments station with the onsite data collection periods, presented should be provided when they are important in deter by hour, and should be available on magnetic tapes. In mining the basis for evaluation of environmental effects.
addition, a map showing the detailed topographic features (as modified by the station) on a large scale The applicant should identify, to the extent possible, within a 5-mile radius of the station, a smaller scale map the source and nature of the background pollutants (e.g.,
showing topography within a 50-mile radius of the chemical species and physical chirac-ceristics such as station, and a plot of maximum elevation versus distance from the center of the station in each of the sixteen 4
221/4-degree compass point sectors (i.e., centered on true Data for this section may be drawn from information in north, northnortheast, northeast, etc.) radiating from Section 2.4 of the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, as the station to a distance of 50 miles should be presented. appropriate.
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color and temperature), the range of concentrations mates, storage coefficients, dispersion and distribution involved, and the time variations in release. Information (sorption) coefficients, descriptions of pertinent geologic relating to water quality characteristics should include formations and soil types, including formation depth measurements made on or in close proximity to the site. throughout the site and to the nearest downgradient well or water body (note that geology is discussed in Section Station construction and operation will affect the 2.5), chemical properties, and time histories of ground hydrologic characteristics in the site area. Information water fluctuations. The applicant should provide data should be provided to establish the bases for estimates of concerning any drawdown of ground water caused by the effects. For systems involving water impoundments, withdrawals from neighboring major industrial and the flow rates (in and out), evaporation, drawdown, municipal wells that may result in the transport of percolation, evapotranspiration, and net volumes should material from the site to these or other wells.
be provided. In addition, provide elevation-area-capacity curves. Furnish sufficient site-specific data to justify the Where features of a proposed station such as founda evaluation of the effects of construction and operation tions, excavations, artificial lakes, and canals create of the station on established ground water tables and artificial conduits for flow of ground water between and usage. among aquifers, the applicant should furnish sufficient site-specific detail to justify its evaluation of the effects Where a stream is to be used by the station in any of construction and operation of the station on estab way, the estimated 7-day, once-in-lO-years low flow lished ground water tables and usage. (Note that water should be presented, in addition to observed instanta use at the site is discussed in Section 2.1.3.)
neous and average daily minimums. Furthermore, the period-of-record drought with the monthly flow In addition to providing the information described sequence identified above, transposed to the station above for the hydrologic environment in the immediate intake and adjusted for existing and projected upstream vicinity of the station, information should also be developments, should be provided. A description of provided for all points that could be affected by station significant tributaries above and below the site, their construction and operation within the 50-mile radius monthly flow sequences (if necessary to identify future where water is withdrawn or where there are significant water use), and the pattern and gradients of drainage in changes in important parameters. All data for parameters the area should be provided. should be adjusted to both present-day conditions and to those that may reasonably be expected to occur over In order to develop a systematic evaluation of the the life of the station. Chemical and biological para interaction of proposed releases with the receiving water, meters of the hydrologic environment should be des and to permit establishment of distributional isopleths cribed in a like manner.
of temperature or chemical and radionuclide concentra tions, as discussed in Chapter 5 of this guide, detailed The amount of information required for evaluation of hydrologic descriptions of the site environment to a radionuclide transport in water should be commensurate radius of 50 miles are necessary. (Note that water use is with the models used in support of the analysis required discussed in Section 2.1.3.) in Appendix I to 10CFR Part 50.
For the surface water environment, site-specific 2.5 Geology hydrologic information should include descriptions of both tidal and nontidal flow patterns. For large lakes A description of the major geological aspects of the and coastal regions, the description of nontidal circula site and its immediate environs should be provided. The tion should include frequency distributions of current level of detail presented should be appropriate to the speed direction and persistence. proposed station design and particularly the heat dissipa tion system planned. For example, if holding or cooling The seasonal cycles of temperature and salinity ponds are to be created, a detailed description of soil structure should be provided. Additionally, information and bedrock types, etc., should be provided. Except for should be included that describes the bottom and those specific features that are relevant to the environ shoreline configuration, sedimentation rates (suspended mental impact assessment, the discussion may be limited and bed load), sediment gradation analysis, and distrib to noting the broad features and general characteristics ution (sorption) coefficients. of the site and environs (topography, stratigraphy, and soil and rock types).
For the ground water environment, the hydrologic information should include descriptions of the major 2.6 Regional Historic, Archeological, Architectural, aquifers in the area, ground water piezometric contour Scenic, Cultural, and Natural Features maps of pre- and postconstruction conditions, hydraulic gradients, permeabilities for representative geologic fea Areas valued for their historic, archeological, architec tures, total and effective porosities, bulk density esti- tural, scenic, cultural, or natural significance may be 2-6
affected. The environmental report should include a and cultural properties (36 CFR Part 800) were pub brief discussion of the historic, scenic, archeological, lished in 39 FR 3366 (January 25, 1974).
architectural, cultural, and natural significance, if any, of the station site and nearby areas with specific attention The environmental report should also indicate to the sites and areas listed in the NationalRegistry of whether or not the site has any archeological significance Natural Landmarks and properties included in or eligible and how this conclusion was reached. Where necessary, for inclusion in the NationalRegister of HistoricPlaces. professional quality assessments should be undertaken by archeologists.. If such significance or value is present, The NationalRegistry of NationalLandmarks appears the applicant's plans to ensure its preservation or plans in 37 FR 1496. The NationalRegisterof HistoricPlaces filed in a public agency for this purpose should be is published annually in the FederalRegister; additions described. The environmental report should contain are published in the Federal Register on the first evidence of any steps taken to recover historical and Tuesday of each month. General guidance on the archeological data affected by station construction or treatment of historic, archeological, architectural, and transmission lines in accordance with the Historic and cultural features can be obtained from the National Park Archeological Preservation Act of 1974 (PL 93-29 1).
Service publication, "Preparation of Environmental Statements: Guidelines for Discussion of Cultural In addition, the applicant should provide an assess (Historic, Archeological, Architectural) Resources," ment of the visual effects of the station and transmission August 1973.5 lines on nearby valued cultural, scenic, historic, park, and recreation areas. The assessment should include The environmental report should identify those prop drawings or modified photographs indicating the station erties included in or eligible for inclusion in the National facilities and their surroundings, if visible from these Register of HistoricPlaceswhich may be affected by the nearby important vantage points, and estimates of the construction or operation of a station or its associated number of people affected.
facilities, including the transmission lines and corridor rights-of-way. Also, the applicant should* discuss its It should be stated whether the proposed transmis consultation with the appropriate State Liaison Officer sion line rights-of-way from the station to the hookup for Historic Preservation concerning the identification of with the existing system (Section 3.9) will pass through properties included in or eligible for inclusion in the or near any area or location of known historic, scenic, National Register of HistoricPlaces. The environmental cultural, natural, or archeological significance.
report should contain evidence of contact with the Historic Preservation Officer for the state involved, 2.7 Noise including a copy of his comments concerning the effect of the undertaking on historic, archeological, and cul Ambient noise levels obtained from the surrounding tural resources. Procedures for the protection of historic biotic communities within 5 miles of the proposed station should be reported. Particular attention should be directed toward obtaining acoustic noise levels where 5
Copies may be obtained from Chief Historian, Room 1226, high voltage transmission lines are located. Federal and National Park Service, 18th and C Streets NW, Washington, D.C. State noise standards should be referenced, where 20240. applicable.
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CHAPTER 3 THE STATION The operating stationand transmissionsystem should input should be described. The anticipated maximum be described in this chapter.Since environmentaleffects and monthly average consumptive use of water by the are of primary concern in the report, the station station should be shown. The above data that quantify effluents and station-relatedsystems that interactwith station water use should be tabulated for various station the environment should be described in particular conditions, including maximum power operation, detail. minimum anticipated power operation, and temporary shutdown, with or without cooling towers and cooling 3.1 External Appearance ponds (if seasonal usage is planned). To avoid excessive detail on the diagrams, refer to other sections (e.g.,
The building layout and station perimeter should be Sections 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, and 3.7) for relevant data.
illustrated and related to the site maps presented in Section 2.1. The station profile should be shown to scale The station usage above should be compared with the by line drawings or other illustrative techniques. A low-flow (drought) periods of record on rivers or recent oblique aerial photograph or graphic representa variable lakes. Based on historical low-flow records, tion of the completed station should be included. provide the estimated frequency and duration of station outages and emergency systems usage resulting from The applicant should describe efforts made in locat insufficient supply of operational cooling water. If ing facilities on the site to use existing terrain and onsite reservoirs are to be created, describe level vegetation to achieve seclusion and sight screening as fluctuations and the consequences of such fluctuations appropriate to the topography. In addition, the architec on such environmental factors as vegetation, aquatic tural design efforts made to integrate the facilities into food chains, and insect breeding.
their environmental setting and to create esthetically pleasing buildings and grounds should be noted. 3.4 Heat Dissipation System The location and elevation of release points for liquid Heat-removal facilities for normal operation should and gaseous wastes should be clearly indicated by a be discussed in detail. Process flow diagrams and scale system of (x,y) coordinates related to the centerline of drawings of intake and outfall structures should be containment of the first nuclear unit covered by this presented. The reasons for providing the particular proposal. facilities (such as water resources limitations or reduc tion of thermal effects) should be noted. The water 3.2 Reactor and Steam-Electric System bodies from which cooling water is withdrawn and to which cooling water is returned should be identified.
The reactor type (e.g.., BWR, PWR, HTGR), manu (Natural temperatures, including monthly changes and facturer, architect-engineer, number of units, and kind stratification, should be described in Section 2.4.)
(make) of turbine generator should be stated. The fuel (cladding, enrichment, etc.) should be described. Rated Topics to be covered include quantity of heat (license level) and design ("stretch" level) electrical and dissipated; quantity of water withdrawn; consumptive thermal power of the reactor, as well as the station's water use, return, design, size, and location of cooling electrical power consumption, should be given. towers, cooling lakes and ponds, canals with spray modules, or spray ponds; air and water flow rates, The relationship of station heat rate to the expected pertinent temperatures, estimates of quantity of drift variation of turbine back pressure for 100%, 80%, and and drizzle (and methods used in making estimates) for 60% unit load should be furnished for design circulator cooling towers and spray systems; blowdown volume, flow, and ranges of operational variation should be rate of discharge, and physical and chemical characteris given. The proposed station operating life (years) should tics for cooling towers, spray systems, and ponds; be indicated. temperature changes, rate of changes, and holdup times in cooling ponds or artificial lakes; and rate of evapora 3.3 Station Water Use tion of water (by months) from towers, ponds, lakes, or other related cooling facilities. Also include information A quantitative water-use diagram for the station on dams or dikes where a cooling reservoir is created to showing anticipated- maximum and monthly average include essential features of the interior flow patterns; flow rates to and from the various station water systems design and location of water intake systems or struc (e.g., heat dissipation system, sanitary system, radwaste tures, including numbers, types, and sizes of screens, and chemical waste systems, process water systems) water depth, and flow and velocity at design conditions should be presented. The sources of the water for each and for any anticipated conditions of reduced circulator 3-1
flow; number and capacity of pumps at intake structure; 3.5.1 Source Term temperature differences between withdrawn and re turned water, including consideration of operational Provide the sources of radioactivity that serve as variation of circulator flow; time of travel across input to the liquid, gaseous, and solid radioactive waste condenser and to the end of contained discharge lines, treatment systems for normal operation and anticipated canals, etc., for different months and flows; point of operational occurrences. Describe the calculational addition and flow rate of any diluent added to the model used to determine the activity of each radio cooling water stream; and details of outfall design, nuclide in the primary and secondary (PWR) coolant.
including discharge flow and velocity and the depth of The fraction of fuel releasing radioactivity into the the discharge structure in the receiving water. Descrip primary coolant or the fission product noble gas release tions should include operational modes of important rate used as a design basis should be consistent with subsystems. Ranges of operating conditions involving operating experience.
special conditions, such as operating with reduced circulator flow, should be described. Provide a complete derivation of the concentrations of activated corrosion products used in the source term Procedures and schedules for removal and disposal of calculations. Provide the bases for all assumptions used blowdown, of slimes and algal growth in the system, and in the derivation. Cite pertinent operating experience of trash collected at the intake structures should be where data are available. The activation of water and described. The methods used to prevent the initial constituents normally found in the reactor coolant accumulation of slime and algae and data on relevant system should also be taken into account. Sources of chemical constituents should be presented in Section isotopes (e.g., N-16, Ar-41), together with the concentra 3.6. tion of each isotope, should be identified.
Seasonal and operational variations in all discharges Identify sources and appearance rate of tritium in the should be described. This should include deicing, back reactor coolant. Describe the management of tritiated flushing, and pump maintenance downtime under liquids during normal operations and anticipated opera worst-case operating conditions. tional occurrences. Identify release points for tritiated liquids and gases and the quantity of tritium (curies)
Include a description of all details supporting the expected to be released annually by each pathway.
claims that any of the exemptions regarding the dis charge of heat in hot side blowdown as permitted by Provide piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) 40 CFR Part 423, Section 423.13(1)(2), is warranted for fuel pool cooling and purification systems and for with respect to the requirement that "there shall be no fuel pool ventilation systems. Provide the volume of the discharge of heat from the main condensers." fuel pool and refueling canal, identify sources of makeup water, and describe the management of water inventories 3.5 Radwaste Systems and Source Term during refueling. Provide an analysis of the concentra This section should describe the liquid, gaseous, and tions of radioactive materials in the fuel pool water solid radioactive waste (radwaste) treatment systems and following refueling, and calculate the releases of radio the instrumentation used to monitor all effluent release active materials in gaseous effluents due to evaporation points. The information should include the origin, from the surface of the fuel pool and refueling canals treatment, and disposal of all liquid, gaseous, and solid during refueling and during normal power operation.
radioactive wastes generated by the station during Provide the bases for the values used and cite pertinent normal operation including anticipated operational operating experience.
occurrences (e.g., refueling, purging, equipment down time, maintenance). For purposes of evaluating the effluents from the various ventilation systems, provide estimates of the Describe in detail the capabilities of the proposed leakage rates from the reactor coolant system and other radwaste treatment systems to maintain releases of fluid systems containing radioactivity into buildings and radioactive materials in effluents to "as low as is areas serviced by the ventilation systems. Identify reasonably achievable" levels in conformance with 10 planned operations and anticipated operational occur CFR Parts 20 and 50 including the cost-benefit analysis rences that may result in release of radioactive materials required by Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. to the environment. Consider leakage rates and concen trations of radioactive materials for both expected and Since the radwaste systems are discussed and shown design conditions. Tabulate the sources of leakage and in detail in the applicant's Preliminary Safety Analysis estimate their contribution to the total quantity. Des Report (PSAR), the applicant may show the radwaste cribe special design features provided to reduce leakage.
treatment systems by block diagrams. References to Provide estimates of the releases of radioactive gases, appropriate sections of the PSAR should be indicated radioactive particulates, and radioiodines (by radio wherever needed. nuclide) from each leakage source, and describe their 3-2
subsequent transport mechanisms and release paths. 3.5.3 Gaseous Radwaste Systems Provide the bases for the values used. Cite previous pertinent experience from operating reactors, dqscribing Describe the gaseous radwaste systems and their capa any changes from previous designs that would affect the bilities to control, collect, process, handle, store, and release of radioactive materials to the environment. dispose of gaseous and particulate radioactive wastes generated as the result of normal operation and antici Regulatory Guide 1.112, "Calculation of Releases of pated operational occurrences. Include building ventila Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents tion systems that exhaust potentially radioactive from Light-Water-Cooled Power Reactors," may be materials to the environment. Indicate systems that referenced, as appropriate, in providing the above incorporate high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters information. and/or charcoal adsorbers in the treatment of building effluents. Provide P&IDs and flow diagrams for all Provide responses to the source term questionnaires gaseous radwaste systems. Reference may be made to the appropriate sections of the PSAR. Show system and and to the cost-benefit analysis questionnaire which appear as Appendices E, F, and G of this guide. component capacities. Provide calculations for gas holdup systems, indicating holdup times, decay factors, and reserve capacity. Identify the normal mode of operation. List estimated quantities and flow rates from 3.5.2 Liquid Radwaste Systems all sources, expected decontamination factors, and holdup times. Estimated quantities should be given in Describe the liquid radwaste systems and their capa terms of cubic feet, total curie content, and aciivity bilities to control, collect, process, handle, store, and concentration in pCi/cc.
dispose of liquid radioactive wastes generated as the result of normal operation and anticipated operational Indicate which systems are used continuously and occurrences. Provide piping and instrumentation dia which are operated only under specific circumstances.
grams and flow diagrams for liquid radwaste systems. Note those systems that are shared with other reactors Reference may be made to the appropriate sections in at the site, those systems that are shared between the PSAR. Show tank capacities, system flow rates, and separate buildings or between units, and also those that design capacities of components. Show all interconnec share a common effluent release point. Identify all tions with other systems and all potential bypass paths. gaseous radioactive effluent release points including Identify the normal mode of operation. Provide esti heights above station grade, temperature, and exit mated quantities and flow rates from all sources, velocity. Provide a summary tabulation of all radio expected decontamination factors, and holdup times.
nuclides that will be discharged with each effluent Estimated quantities should be given in terms ofgallons, stream, and provide the expected annual average release total curie content, and activity concentration in pCi/ml.
rate (Ci/yr per reactor).
Indicate which systems are used separately and which Provide an evaluation showing conformance with the are shared with other units at the site, as appropriate. design objectives specitied in Appendix I to 10 CFR Part Provide a summary tabulation of all radionuclides that 50,Section II, Paragraphs B, C, and D. With regard to will be discharged with each effluent stream, and provide Paragraph D, tabulate the components and the para the expected annual average release rate (Cilyr per meters considered in the cost-benefit analyses along with reactor). the dollar/man-rem reduction. Analyses should be based on a 30-year station operating life. Describe the cost An evaluation should be provided showing confor benefit analysis model in detail sufficient to verify the mance with the design objectives specified in Appendix I tabulated values. Provide the bases for all assumptions to 10 CFR Part 50, Section II, Paragraphs A and D. With and the parameters used in the analyses. Give the design regard to Paragraph D, tabulate the components and the specifications for all equipment involved in the cost parameters considered in the cost-benefit analyses, along benefit analyses. Regulatory Guide 1.110, "Cost-Benefit with dollarlman-rem reduction. Analyses should be Analysis for Radwaste Systems for Light-Water-Cooled based on a 30-year station operating life. Describe the Nuclear Power Reactors," may be referenced, as appro cost-benefit analysis model in sufficient detail that the priate, in providing the above information.
tabulated values can be verified. Provide the bases for all assumptions and parameters used in the analyses. Pro 3.SA Solid Radwaste System vide design specifications for all equipment involved in the cost-benefit analyses. Regulatory Guide 1.110, Describe the solid radwaste system and its capability "Cost-Benefit Analysis for Radwaste Systems for Light to solidify liquid waste concentrates and to handle, Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors," may be refer store, and package for shipment the solid radioactive enced, as appropriate, in providing the above informa wastes generated as a result of normal operation in tion. cluding anticipated operational occurrences. Include any 3-3
tanks designed to receive concentrated liquid wastes, treatment sludge supernatant, filter backwash, steam sludges, or resins prior to processing in the solid generator blowdown; area rainfall runoff from construc radwaste system. Interconnections with liquid radwaste tion activities and materials storage piles; waste streams systems should be described. A description of the or discharges from roof, yard, and other drains; laundry provisions for 'the compaction or baling of dry solid waste streams which may also contain radionuclides; and wastes should also be included. List estimated quantities other waste streams that may enter the local environ from all sources. Estimated quantities should be given in ment as a result of station operation.
terms of cubic feet of solid product (as processed and prepared for shipment), total curie content, and activity Maximum and average concentrations (in mg/liter) of concentration in curies per package, or curies per cubic chemicals and solids in any brines or cooling system foot. Indicate if the solid radwaste system is shared with effluents should be given. The expected average and other units at the site. maximum design discharge concentrations of each pollutant for each permitted station discharge should be Describe provisions for the storage of packaged solid listed in a table along with the chemical concentrations wastes. Estimate the decay time provided in storage in each of the above-mentioned waste source categories, prior to shipment offsite. where applicable, and the chemical concentration of the intake water supply. Each pollutant in the station's Provide P&IDs and flow diagrams showing the origin, cooling system effluent should be compared with appli treatment, storage, and shipment provisions for all solid cable State and Federal (40 CFR Part 423) effluent radwaste generated by the station under consideration. limitations guidelines and reported in the table. All flow Reference should be made to the appropriate sections of rates, frequencies of discharge, and regenerant times for the PSAR. Show system and component capacities, and the waste sources should also be included in the table.
identify the normal mode of operation. Quantities of chemicals discharged with treated or partially treated waste streams not covered by 40 CFR 3.5.5 Process and Effluent Monitoring Part 423 should be specifically listed.
Identify all radioactive effluent release points, and Where discharges of free available chlorine or total indicate which points are continuously monitored. Note residual chlorine are not in compliance with 40 CFR those monitors that automatically terminate effluent Part 423 guidelines, details should be given which discharges upon alarm. Indicate those monitors that, support any conclusion that the proposed unit(s) cannot upon alarm, automatically actuate standby or alternative operate at or below this level of chlorination and thus a treatment systems or that automatically divert streams variance from the effluent limitations of 40 CFR Part to holdup tanks. 423 is warranted (as is currently allowed by 40 CFR Part 423).
3.6 Chemical and Biocide Wastes Ground deposition and airborne concentrations of The applicant should provide a complete list of all chemicals and solids entrained in spray fallout should be chemicals (including scaling and corrosion inhibitors, estimated and the methods and bases for the estimates chemical and biological antifouling agents, and cleaning stated. The discussion should include a description of compounds) to be used at the proposed station. Chemi procedures by which all effluents will be treated, cal names should be given in addition to generic or trade controlled, and discharged to meet State and EPA names wherever possible. The list should describe in effluent limitation guidelines and new source perfor tabular form the use of each chemical agent, the mance standards. Seasonal and operational variations in frequency of use, and the average and maximum discharges should be described as they relate to effluent limitations and standards of performance. A flow dia quantities (pounds) used annually.
gram (which may also be combined with the liquid The applicant should describe average and expected radwaste system flow diagram) should be included.
maximum design discharge concentrations of chemicals, including corrosion products, that may enter the environment as a result of station operation. 3.7 Sanitary and Other Waste Systems Sources of chemicals discharged by the station should The applicant should describe any other nonradio be identified by the waste categories specified in 40 CFR active solid or liquid waste materials such as sanitary and Part 423, "Effluent Guidelines and Standards for the chemical laboratory wastes, laundry solutions, and de Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Cate contamination solutions that may be created during gory," issued by the Environmental Protection Agency, station operation. The description should include esti and should include, where applicable, circulating and mates of the quantities of wastes to be disposed of, their service water systems; blowdown from recirculating pollutant concentrations, biochemical oxygen demands cooling water systems; low-volume waste discharge at points of release as appropriate to the system, and systems such as demineralizer regenerant waste, water other relevant data. The manner in which they will be 34
treated and controlled and the procedures for disposal section, the applicant is advised to consult the Depart should also be described. Means for control and treat ment of Interior/Department of Agruculture publica ment of all systems subject to effluent limitation tion, Environmental Criteriafor Electric Transmission guidelines and standards of performance under FWPCA Systems; the Federal Power Commission publication, should be described. Electric Power Transmission and the Environmert; the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) book, Trans The applicant should (a) describe any other gaseous mission Line Reference Book, 345kV and Above,2 and effluents (e.g., from diesel engines, gas turbines, heating the National Electrical Safety Code.
plants, incinerators) created during station operation, (b) estimate the frequency of release and describe how they Adequate descriptions of proposed line-related will be treated before release to the environment, and (c) facilities, such as substations, should be included in the estimate the total quantity of SO 2 and NO, pollutants report. Sufficient information should be provided on the to be discharged annually. external appearance of the transmission structures to permit an assessment of their esthetic impact.
3.8 Reporting of Radioactive Material Movement This portion of the report should describe the The detailed requirements for the analysis Of environ. proposed transmission system and include basic design mental impacts involving the transportation of radio parameters such as voltage, capacity under normal and active materials to and from nuclear power reactors is emergency load conditions, conductor type and configu ration, ruling spans, and electrical clearances. Illustrate contained in 10 CFR Part 51.
the type of transmission structures, and provide profile If the transportation of fuel and waste to and drawings of the conductors and transmission structures from nuclear power reactors is within the scope of to be located in highly visible areas. Indicate the paragraph (g) of § 51.20, the environmental report need dimensions, materials, color, and finish of the trans only contain a statement that such environmental mission structures, substations, and other related facil impacts are as set forth in Summary Table S4 of 10 ities.
CFR Part 51 (see Appendix A). No further discussion of The applicant should supply contour maps or aerial such environmental effects will be required. photographs, or both, showing the proposed rights-of way and identifying substations or other points at which If the transportation of fuel and waste to and the transmission lines will connect with the existing from nuclear power reactors is not within the scope high-voltage system. The lengths, widths, and acreage of of paragraph (g) of §51.20, a full description and the proposed rights-of-way should be specified. The detailed analysis of the environmental impacts of applicant should characterize the land types to be transportation of radioactive materials under normal crossed by transmission lines and indicate the present conditions of transport will be required. An analysis and expected usage of such land. Any area where of the environmental impacts of transportation of construction of the transmission lines will require radioactive materials following the approach set permanent clearing of trees and vegetation, changes in forth in WASH-1238 is acceptable. 1 topography, or removal of man-made structures should also be indicated, as well as areas where the transmission 3.9 Transmission Facilities lines will be placed underground. Indicate where high ways, railways, water bodies, and areas of archeological, The environmental report should contain sufficient historical, and recreational interest will be crossed.
information to permit evaluation of the environmental Where transmission lines offer potential hazard to aerial impact of transmission lines and related facilities that are navigation, appropriate FAA standards should be to be constructed between the proposed nuclear installa referenced.
tion and an interconnecting point or points on the existing high-voltage transmission system, or are Identify alternative rights-of-way and terminal loca required elsewhere in the system for stability or power tions considered, and provide a brief discussion of the distribution purposes directly related to the proposed rationale for the selection of the proposed rights-of-way.
nuclear installation. For material useful in preparing this Provide sufficient information (including selection 1
criteria) for assessment of the alternatives.
A general analysis of the environmental impact of transporting radioactive materials-to and from a light-water-cooled nuclear power reactor has been issued by the Commission. See "Envi ronmental Survey of Transportation of Radioactive Materials to and from Nuclear Power Plants," WASH-1238, December 1972, and Supplement I to WASH-1238, NUREG-75/038, April 1975. Copies of WASH-1238 and NUREG-75/038 may be obtained from the National Technical Information Service, 2Copies may be obtained from Fred Weidner and Son, Printers, Springfield, Virginia 22161. 421 Hudson St., New York, NY 10014.
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portion of This portion of the report should identify report should identify and and be taken be minimize these taken to minimize effects.33 Appropriate these effects. Appropriate State State evaluate parameters evaluate environmental signifi-parameters of possible environmental signifi- standards should Federal standards and Federal referenced, as should be referenced, as cance, including cance, including radiated electrical and radiated electrical acoustic noise, and acoustic noise, applicable.
applicable.
induced or induced conducted ground or conducted ground currents, corona effects, currents, corona effects, 3
and ozone and ozone production, production, and and what what mitigating mitigating actions actions will 3Details of the Details of the controls and effects controls and effects are requested in are requested Section 5.5.
in Section 5.5.
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CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION, STATION CONSTRUCTION, AND TRANSMISSION FACILITIES CONSTRUCTION This chapter of the applicant'senvironmentalreport disposing of trash and chemical wastes (including oil);
should discuss the expected effects of site preparation excavating; and land filling. Provide information bearing and station and transmissionfacilities construction.The on such questions as: How much land will be torn up?
effects should be presented in terms of their physical For how long? Will there be dust or smoke problems?
impact on the resources and populationsdescribed in How will explosives be used? Where and how often?
Chapter2. Means selected by the applicantto measure Indicate the proximity of human populations. Identify and minimize related environmental effects should be undesirable impacts on their environment arising from outlined. Effects thatare primarilyeconomic or social in noise and from inconvenience due to the movement of charactershould be discussedin Chapter8. men, material, and machines, including activities asso ciated with any provision of housing, transportation, and The preparation of the site and the construction of a educational facilities for workers and their families.
nuclear power station and related facilities will inevitably affect the environment; some of the effects The applicant should show in tabular form the land will be adverse and some will be beneficial. Effects are area requirements (in acres) affected by the station and considered adverse if environmental change or stress station-related facilities. Where applicable, acieage causes some biotic population or natural resource to be should be specified for the site, station, cooling towers less safe, less healthy, less abundant, less productive, or (main condenser and service water), switching stations, less esthetically or culturally pleasing, as applicable; if safe-shutdown and emergency cooling ponds, trans the change or stress reduces the diversity and variety of mission line corridors (both onsite and offsite), railroad individual choice, the standard of living, or the extent of spurs (both onsite and offsite) to be constructed, access sharing of life's amenities; or if the change or stress tends roads, makeup and blowdown pipes, intake structures, to lower the quality of renewable resources or to impair parking lots, permanent buildings, and any other facility the recycling of depletable resources. Effects are or pond occupying more than 2 acres.
considered beneficial if they cause changes or stresses having consequences opposite to those just enumerated. An annual schedule of the estimated work force to be involved in site preparation and station construction In the applicant's discussion of adverse environmental should be presented. Describe any expected changes in effects, it should be made clear which of these are accessibility of historical, cultural,' and archeological considered unavoidable and subject to later amelioration sites and natural landmarks in the region.
and which are regarded as unavoidable and irreversible.
Those effects that represent an irretrievable commitment The discussion should also include any effects of site of resources should receive detailed consideration in preparation and station construction activities whose Section 4.3. (In the context of this discussion, "irretriev consequences may be beneficial to the . region; for able commitment of resources" alludes to natural example, the use of spoil to create playgrounds and resources and means a permanent impairment of these, recreational facilities.
e.g., loss of wildlife habitat; destruction of nesting, breeding, or nursing areas; interference with migratory The discussion of water use should describe the routes; loss of valuable or esthetically treasured natural impact of site preparation and construction activities on areas as well as expenditure of directly utilized regional water (e.g., lakes, streams, ground water). The resources.) overall plan for protection of water bodies (e.g., recrea tion, reservoir) that may be affected by station construction should be discussed. Activities that might 4.1 Site Preparation and Station Construction affect water use include the construction of cofferdams and storm sewers, dredging operations, placement of fill The applicant should organize the discussion in terms material in the water, and the creation of shoreside of the effects of site preparation and station construc tion on both land use and water use. The consequences to both human and wildlife populations should be IDepending on location, the construction of a nuclear power considered and identified as unavoidable, reversible, etc., station and associated access roads, docks, landscaping, etc.,
according to the categorization set forth above. may have an impact on monuments of the National Geodetic In the land-use discussion, describe how construction Control Networks. The applicant should list all known markers activities may disturb the existing terrain and wildlife in the construction area in its review and independently notify the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, habitats. Consider the effects of such activities as National Geodetic Survey (NGS) of any impending damage to creating building material supply areas; building markers so that efforts can be made to relocate them prior to temporary or permanent roads, bridges, and service lines; destruction.
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facilities involving bulkheads, piers, jetties, basins, or 4.3 Resources Committed other structures allowing ingress to or egress from the station by water. Examples of other pertinent activities Discuss any irreversible and irretrievable are the construction of intake and discharge structures commitments of resources (e.g., loss of land, water, for cooling water or other purposes, straightening or nonrecyclable building materials, destruction of biota) deepening of a water channel, and operations affecting that are expected if site preparation and construction of water level (flooding), construction, and dewatering station and transmission facilities proceed. Commit effects on nearby ground water users. The applicant ments of material resources involved in the construction should describe the effects of these activities on naviga of nuclear reactors are discussed in Regulatory Guide tion, fish and wildlife resources, water quality, water 4.10, "Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of supply, esthetics, etc., as applicable. Material Resources." Such losses should be evaluated in Where it is proposed to create a cooling lake or pond, terms of their relative and long-term net and absolute describe the effects on the local ecology, including the impacts. (See Section 5.7 for more detailed consider loss of flora and local migration of fauna from the area ation.)
the lake or pond will occupy. In addition, the expected establishment and development of aquatic plant and 4.4 Radioactivity animal life should be described. This discussion may reference any available data based on studies of For multiunit stations, provide the estimated annual similarly sited artificial lakes. doses at various locations in a new unit construction area from onsite radiation sources such as the turbine systems (for BWRs), the auxiliary building, the reactor building, and stored radioactive wastes and from radio active effluents (e.g., direct radiation from the gaseous radioactive plume). Provide estimated annual doses to 4.2 Transmission Facilities Construction construction workers due to radiation from these sources from the adjacent operating unit(s) and the The effects of clearing the rights-of-way and annual man-rem doses associated with such construction.
installing transmission line towers and conductors on the Include models, assumptions, and input data. If the environs and on the people living in or traveling through Safety Analysis Report (SAR) has already been the adjacent area should be discussed in this section. submitted or will be submitted simultaneously with the (Refer to Section 3.9 for the basic information.) applicant's ER, reference may be made to the analysis contained in the SAR.
The following topics may serve as guidelines for this discussion, but the applicant. should include any 2 additional relevant material. 4.5 Construction Impact Control Program The construction permit may require certain actions
- 1. The proposed techniques for clearing the rights-of on the part of the applicant to ensure that environ way and any resulting temporary and permanent changes mental controls to minimize impacts are carried out. In that will be induced in the physical and biological addition to the discussion of the effects of site prepara processes of plant and wildlife through changes in the tion and construction, the applicant should furnish hydrology, topography, or ground cover or the use of details of the program with which it plans to monitor growth retardants, chemicals, biocides, sprays, etc., those activities affecting site-related environmental during construction and installation of the transmission quality. The applicant should state the specific nature of lines. its control programs and the control procedures it intends to follow as a means of implementing adherence
- 2. The methods to be used for erecting the trans to environmental quality control limits, as applicable.
mission line structures and for stringing conductors, including related environmental effects. The applicant should describe measures designed to mitigate or reverse undesirable effects such as noise,
- 3. Number and length of new access and service erosion, dust, truck traffic, flooding, ground water level roads required. modification, and channel blockage. The description should include plans for landscape restoration, protec
- 4. Erosion directly traceable to construction tion of natural drainage channels or development of activities.
2 A compilation of construction practices is provided in General
- 5. Loss of agricultural productivity and other present Environmental Guidelines for Evaluating and Reporting the uses of rights-of-way. Effects of Nuclear Power Plant Site Preparation, Plant and TransmissionFacilitiesConstruction,AIF/NESP-003, February 1974. Copies may be obtained from the Atomic Industrial Briefly discuss the effects of construction on any Forum, Inc., 7101 Wisconsin Avenue, Washington, identified endangered species (as defined in Section 2.2). D.C. 20014.
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appropriate substitutes, measures taken to control Precautions for handling of fuels, lubricants, oily rainfall runoff, installation of fish ladders or elevators or wastes, and other chemical waste should be included.
other habitat improvement, augmentea water supply for Describe procedures for disposal of slash and unmer affected surface and ground water users, and flood and chantable timber and for cleanup and restoration of pollution control. areas affected by clearing and construction activities.
The applicant should describe the means by which compliance with EPA's effluent limitation guidelines or new source performance standards (40 CFR Part 423) Describe any other measures planned for the protec applicable to construction activities will be achieved. tion of fish and wildlife during construction.
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CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF STATION OPERATION This chapter should describe the interactionof the and 2.4) and the aquatic ecology (Section 2.2) are of station and transmission facilities (discussed in Chapter primary importance in determining what effects the
- 3) and the environment (discussedin Chapter2). To the released heat will have on the aquatic environment.
extent possible, the applicantshould avoid repeatingthe material presented in Chapters 2 and 3. Measures 5.1.1 Effluent Limitations and Water Quality Standards planned to reduce any undesirable effects of station operation (including the transmissionfacilities) on the Describe applicable State and Federal (40 CFR Part environment should be described in detail. In the 423) effluent guidelines and the thermal standards or discussion of environmental effects, as in Chapter 4, limitations applicable to the water body to which the effects that are considered unavoidable but either discharge is made (including maximum permissible inherently temporary or subject to later amelioration temperature, maximum permissible increase, mixing should be clearly distinguishedfrom those regarded as zones, and maximum rates of increase and decrease) and unavoidableand irreversible.Those effects that represent whether and to what extent these standards or limita an irretrievablecommitment of resourcesshould receive tions have been approved by the Administrator of the detailedconsiderationin Section 5.Z Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with The impacts of operation of the proposed facility the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended.
Indicate whether the discharge could affect the quality should be, to the fullest extent practicable, quantified and systematically presented.' In the discussion of each of the waters of any other State or States.
impact, the applicant should make clear whether the 5.1.2 Physical Effects supporting evidence is based on theoretical, laboratory, onsite, or field studies undertaken on this or on previous occasions. The source of each impact (i.e., Describe the effect that any heated effluent, the station subsystem, waste effluent) and the popula including service water or closed-cycle system blow tion or resource affected should be made clear in each down, will have on the temperature of the receiving case. The impacts should be distinguished in terms of body of water with respect to space and time. Describe changes in temperature caused by drawing water from their effects on surface water bodies, ground water, air, one depth and discharging it at another. The predicted and land.
characteristics of the mixing zone and temperature Finally, the applicant should discuss the relationship changes in the receiving body of water as a whole should between local short-term uses of man's environment and be covered. Include seasonal effects. Discuss any model the maintenance and enhancement of long-term pro studies and calculations that have been performed to ductivity. As used in this guide, "short term" may be determine these characteristics, giving references to taken to refer to the operating life of the proposed reports that provide supporting details. Details of facility and "long term" to time periods extending calculational methods used in predicting thermal plume beyond this life. The applicant should assess the action configurations should be given in an appendix to the for cumulative and projected long-term effects from the report. The results should be portrayed in graphic form, point of view that each generation is trustee of the showing isotherms in three dimensions for a range of environment for each succeeding generation. This means conditions that form the basis for the estimation of considering, for example, the commitment of a water ecological impact.
source to use as a cooling medium in terms of impair ment of other actual or potential uses and any other Where releases are determined to be affected by tides long-term effects to which the operation of this facility extent and winds, a probability rose relating directions, Both may contribute. "of modification, and time should be included. a daily and an annual probability rose should be developed
- 5. 1 Effects of Operation of Heat Dissipation System where tides are operative.
Waste heat dissipated by the system described in 5.1.3 Biological Effects Section 3.A alters the thermal conditions of the environ ment. Since the heat transfer is usually effected through Describe the effects of released heat on marine and the surface of a river, pond, lake, estuary, or ocean or by freshwater life. Give the basis for the prediction of the evaporation of water in a cooling tower, the meteor effects. In this discussion, appropriate references to the ology and hydrology of the environment (Sections 2.3 baseline ecological data presented in Section 2.2 should be made. Expected thermal effects should be related to lQuantification of environmental costs is discussed in Chapter the optimum and tolerance temperature ranges for
- 10. important aquatic species (as defined in Section 2.2) and 5-1
the food base that supports them. The evaluation icing, precipitation modification, humidity changes, should consider not only the mixing zone, but also the "cooling tower blowdown and drift, and noise. Where entire regional aquatic habitat potentially affected by cooling towers are considered, the discussion should operation of the proposed station. include estimates of the dimensions of the visible plume under various stability classes (Pasquill) and the proba Potential hazards of the cooling water intake and bility distribution of wind directions, air temperature, discharge structures (described in Section 3.4) to fish and humidity expected at the site. Discuss shadowing populations and food base organisms should be effects and esthetic considerations caused by cooling identified, and steps planned to measure and minimize tower plumes. If fog clouds or icing may occur, the the hazards should be discussed. Diversion techniques estimated hours per year, distances, and directions should be discussed in the light of information obtained should be presented, along with transportation arteries from ecological studies on fish population, size, and (including navigable waters) potentially affected and habitats. measures to mitigate such effects. Consider possible synergistic effects that might result from mixing of fog The effects of passage through the condenser on or drift with other effluents discharged into the atmo zooplankton, phytoplankton, meroplankton, and small sphere from nearby fossil-fueled or industrial facilities.
nektonic forms such as immature fish should be (Environmental effects of chemicals discharged from discussed, as well as the resultant implications for the cooling tower blowdown and drift should be discussed in important species and functional groups. Section 5.3.)
The applicant should discuss the potential biological In addition to the meteorological effects noted, other effects of modifying the natural circulation of the water local environmental impacts may occur. These should be bodies affected by the station, especially if water is described. For example, if a cooling pond or lake is withdrawn from one region or zone and discharged into created or where ground water is a source of station another. This discussion should consider such factors as water supply, the effects on ground water may be the alteration of the dissolved oxygen and nutrient substantial; consequently, the alteration of water table content and distribution in the receiving water, as well as levels, recharge rates, and soil permeability should be the effects of scouring and suspended sediments. Where discussed.
natural salinity is modified by station waterflow, the effects should be quantitatively investigated. 5.2 Radiological Impact from Routine Operation Station-induced changes in the temperature of the In this section, the applicant should consider impacts discharged water subsequent to environmental on man or on biota other than man that are attributable stabilization can affect aquatic life in the receiving body. to the release of radioactive materials and to direct Accordingly, the applicant should discuss the possible radiation from the facility. The biota to be considered effects of reactor shutdown (and other temporary are those species of local flora and local and migratory related conditions), including the dependence of effects fauna defined as "important" in Section 2.2 and whose on the season in which shutdown occurs. An estimate of terrestrial and/or aquatic habitats provide the highest the number of scheduled and unscheduled shutdowns potential for radiation exposure. Estimates of the per year should be given. Refueling schedules should be radiological impact on man via the most significant indicated, particularly where the rate and magnitude of exposure pathways should be provided.
temperature change in the receiving waters are likely to be large (e.g., as a result of refueling in winter). Describe procedures for reducing thermal shock to aquatic 5.2.1 Exposure Pathways organisms during shutdown or refueling. A discussion of operation with reduced circulator flow or increased The various possible pathways for radiation exposure temperature differentials should be specifically of the important local flora and local and migratory addressed to timing and extent to provide a basis for fauna should be identified and described in the text and comparison of the effects of such operation with those flowcharts. (An example of an exposure pathway chart of standard operating modes. for organisms other than man is given in Appendix H.)
The pathways should include the important routes of radionuclide translocation (including food chains leading 5.1.4 Effects of Heat Dissipation Facilities to important species) to organisms or sites.
Discuss the expected effects of heat dissipation The various possible pathways for radiation exposure facilities such as cooling towers, cooling lakes and ponds, of man should be identified and described in text and spray ponds, or diffusers on the local environment and flowcharts. (An example of an exposure pathway chart on agriculture, housing, highway safety, recreation, air for man is given in Appendix H.) As a minimum, the and water traffic, airports, or other installations with following pathways should be evaluated: direct radiation respect to meteorological phenomena, including fog, from radioactivity contained within the station, shore-5-2
line fishing (radionuclides deposited in sediments), of Ci/m 2 -yr, at points of potential maximum concentra immersion in airborne effluents, and radionuclides tion outside the site boundary, at points of estimated deposited on the ground surface and vegetation, and maximum individual exposure, and at points within a internal exposure from inhalation of airborne effluents radial grid of sixteen 221/4-degree sectors centered on and from ingestion of milk, drinking water, fish and true north and extending to a distance of 50 miles from game, invertebrates, and plants. Identify any additional the station. A set of data points should be located within exposure pathways specific to the region around the each sector at increments of 0.25 mile to a distance of 1 site that could contribute 10% or more to either mile from the station, at increments of 0.5 mile from a individual or population doses. distance of 1 to 5 miles, at increments of 2.5 miles from a distance of 5 to 10 miles, and at increments of 5 miles 5.2.2 Radioactivity in Environment thereafter to a distance of 50 miles. Estimates of relative concentration (x/Q) for noble gas effluents and, if In Section 3.5, the radionuclide concentrations in the applicable, relative concentration (x/Q) depleted by liquid and gaseous effluents discharged from the station deposition and relative deposition (D/Q) for radioiodine are listed. In this section, the applicant should consider and particulate effluents should be provided at each of how these effluents are quantitatively distributed in the these grid points. In addition, averages of these XiQ environment. Specifically, estimates should be provided and/or D/Q values between all adjacent grid points along for the radionuclide concentration (a) in all waters that the radials should be provided.
receive any liquid radioactive effluent, (b) on land areas, (c) on vegetation (on a per unit area basis) in the environs, and (d) in the atmosphere around the nuclear 5.2.2.1 Surface Water Models. Models are herein station. classified into two categories: those that estimate physical effects using simplifying, conservative assump If there are other components of the physical tions and those that are state-of-the-art attempts at environment that may accumulate radioactivity and thus realistically modeling physical effects. Predicting the result in the exposure of living organisms to nuclear transport of liquid radioactive effluents may require the radiations, they should be identified and their use of both categories of models, each applicable under radioactivity burden estimated. In addition, information different situations and for different regions of the hydrologic environment. The applicant should discuss concerning any cumulative buildup of radionuclides in the range of applicability of the models used, the the environment, such as in sediments, should be methods used in model calibration and verification, the presented and discussed. Information concerning any error limits of the resulting predictions, and the input relocation of contaminated or potentially contaminated data. Basic hydrologic and station data are discussed in materials in the physical environment, such as occurs in Sections 2.1.3, 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, and 6.1. Discussions of dredging operations, should be provided.
the three general types of surface water models (transport, sediment uptake, and water use) that may be Estimate the expected annual average concentrations used in predicting the effects of liquid radioactive of radioactive nuclides (listed in Section 3.5) in receiving effluents follow.
water at locations where water is consumed or otherwise used by human beings or where it is inhabited by biota of significance to human food chains. (If discharges are 5.2.2.1.1 Transport Models. Mathematical and/or intermittent, concentration peaks as well as annual physical models may be required to predict the transport averages should be estimated.) Specify the dilution of liquid radioactive effluents. The size of the region to factors used in preparing the estimates and the locations be simulated and the required level of detail will depend wheie the dilution factors are applicable. on the radionuclide in question, the quantity released, the surface water pathways, and the temporal and spatial The models and assumptions used to determine air variability of important model parameters (e.g.,
concentration andjor deposition should be described in diffusion coefficients). In cases where significant levels detail and their validity and accuracy discussed. of station-discharged radionuclides remain in the surface Guidance on acceptable models is provided in Regula waters over large distances, Appendix I to 10 CFR Part tory Guide 1.111, "Methods for Estimating Atmospheric 50 requires transport predictions along the surface Transport and Dispersion from Gaseous Effluents in water pathways ranging from the immediate vicinity of Routine Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors." the discharge point to a 50-mile radius of the station.
The meteorological data used in these models should be identified and consistent with Section 2.3. From the Transport predictions will often require the use of atmospheric transport and diffusion models and meteor different models, each applicable to a given region of the ological data, provide estimates of relative concentra surface water pathway. In each case, the model should tions (XJQ), where X and Q are expressed in units of be described in detail. The description should include Ci/m 2 and Ci/yr, respectively, and/or relative annual (or justification of all model input data and assumptions.
seasonal) deposition (D/Q), where D is expressed in units The applicant should describe in detail the methods 5-3
employed to obtain model parameters (e.g., diffusion transport, results should be tabulated separately in the coefficients). table requested in Section 5.2.2.1.1.
In the case of physical models, the applicant should 5.2.2.1.3 Water-Use Models. Where water use may present detailed descriptions of the model facilities, affect or be affected by station discharges, computa scaling requirements, data collection and analysis tional models may be required to predict projected techniques, and error estimates. changes in surface use and flows upstream and down stream (present and projected surface water use is For liquid radwaste transport analysis pursuant to discussed in Section 2.1.3). Such models may be required Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50, a tabulation of the to predict types of water and temporal variations in use expected concentrations and travel times for each of the over the life of the station. Predictions will often require important radionuclides released to each important the use of models of varying sophistication which are pathway to man should be provided on a monthly compatible with population projections. In each case the average basis for conditions anticipated during station model and input data should be described in detail.
operation. Descriptions should include discussions of the applicability and validity of the models with supporting evidence to substantiate the applicant's conclusions.
5.2.2.1.2 Sediment Uptake Models. In some cases, a Models of water use are necessary in rivers, lakes, substantial portion of certain radionuclides released estuaries, and oceans where realistic projections of from the station will be removed from solution and radionuclide transport are undertaken and where the deposited on bottom and suspended sediments. sensitivity of concentration estimates to assumptions of Consideration of such removal mechanisms may monthly average flow indicates changes in water use that substantially change the ultimate calculated doses to could significantly change Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 man. If credit is claimed for reduction of radionuclide objectives. For example, estimates of monthly average concentrations in surface waters by the mechanism of flow in a river based solely on historical streamflow sediment uptake, analysis and verification should be records will not indicate the changes in water uses that provided. Such analysis should include actual field and have occurred historically, nor will they indicate changes laboratory measurements to determine sorption and to be expected in the future. One way to project flow is transport of radionuclide ions by bottom and suspended to assumne that long-term recorded historical runoff sediments. The sampling and analyses should cover the conditions adjusted for the effects of man (e.g.,
area of significant influence of the station and should reservoirs, diversions, water supply) will be indicative of consider seasonal changes ofsediment transport. the future. This adjusted record is then modified for projected water use by man to the end of the station Mathematical models may be used for calculating the lifetime. The analyses can be undertaken by simulating 2
removal of ions by sediment and the transport of streamflow and water use sequentially.
attached ions in the sediment. Models should be verified by comparison to field studies (e.g., tracers) from water 5.2.2.2 Ground Water Models. The general categories bodies having characteristics similar to those at the of models, as described for surface water in Section station. Data should be provided to substantiate that the 5.2.2.1, are also applicable to ground water models.
conditions postulated in the model will be typical of Mathematical models may be used for predicting ground those at the site. water use and flow and radionuclide transport in aquifers to provide the assessment required by Appendix In those cases where a proposed site is similar or in I to 10 CFR Part 50. For ground water use models, the close proximity to an operating station, anticipated size of the region to be simulated is the area within 50 sediment-related effects may be inferred from the results miles of the station unless it can be clearly demonstrated of field measurement programs associated with the that the region within station influence is of smaller operating station. extenL For ground water flow and transport models, the size of the region to be simulated and the required level If the applicant elects to carry out -an analysis of the of detail will depend on the radionuclide in question, the removal of radionuclide ions by sediment uptake, the quantity released, potential ground water pathways, and results should also be used to estimate the concentra temporal and spatial variability of important model tions in the sediments for other pathways to man, such parameters (e.g., dispersion coefficients). In general, the as direct contact or uptake by benthic organisms. size of the simulated region should encompass an area Regulatory guides are in preparation to establish both criteria and data collection requirements for sediment uptake and transport models. 2One such model involving a computer program is "HEC-3, Reservoir Systems Analysis," available from the U.S. Army If credit is claimed for concentration reductions of Corps of Enoeers, The Hydrologic Engineer*i Center, Davis, radionuclides resulting from sediment uptake and California.
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large enough to reach the nearest significant down Data on irrigation usage of the receiving water should gradient surface water body and/or downgradient water be included, such as the amount of water used, the supply wells within 50 miles of the station. number of acres irrigated, locations at which irrigation water is withdrawn (downstream from the site), types of Transport predictions will often require the use of crops produced on irrigated soils within 50 miles down different models, each applicable to a given region of the stream of the site, and the yield per acre of each crop.
ground water pathway. In each case, the model should be described in detail. The description of the model Where downstream users may ingest waters drawn should include justification of all model input data and from mixing zones or acres of limited dilution, provide assumptions. The applicant should describe in detail the data on means to provide temporary water supply from methods employed to obtain model parameters such as storage or alternative sources dispersion and distribution (sorption) coefficients. Data for model parameters should be presented in Section Determine the expected radionudide concentrations 2.4. The techniques and results of both laboratory and in aquatic and terrestrial organisms significant to human field calibration and verification studies, including food chains. (Information and data on aquatic and sensitivity analysi*,-should be presented for each model. terrestrial organisms are requested in Section 2.13.) Use the bioaccumulation factors given in Section 52.3, or 5.23 Dose Rate Estimates for Biota Other Than Man supply others as necessary.
From considerations of the exposure pathways and Calculate, using the above information and any other the distribution of facility-derived radioactivity in the necessary supporting data, the total body and significant environs, the applicant should estimate (1) the organ (including GI tract, thyroid, skin, and bone) doses maximum radionuclide concentrations that may be (millirem/year) to individuals in the population from all present in important local flora and local and migratory receiving-water-related exposure pathways, ie., all fauna and (2) the internal dose rates (millirad/year) that sources of internal and external exposure. Provide details may result from those concentrations. Values of and models of the calculation as an appendix.
bioaccumulation factorsO used in prepaing the estimates should be based on site-specific data, if available; other 5.2.4.2 Gaseous Pathways. Estimate total body and wise, values from the literature may be used. The significant organ doses (millirem/year) to individuals applicant should tabulate and reference the values of exposed at the point of maximum ground-level bioaccumulation factors used in the calculations. Dose concentrations offsite.
rates to important local flora and local and migratory fauna that receive the highest external exposures should Estimate the total body and thyroid doses(millirem/
be provided along with a description of the calculational year) and significant doses received by other organs via models. such potential pathways,4 including direct radiation from surface-deposited radionuclides.
5.2.4 Dose Rate Estimates for Man Provide an appendix describing the transport and dose models used in these calculationsA. 5 5.2.4.1 Liquid Pathway.. Provide data (in terms of man-hours) on recreational and similar use of receiving 5.2.43 Direct Radiation from Faclity. The applicant water and its shoreline, e.g., fishing, picnicking, hunting, should provide an estimate of the total exter clam digging within 50 miles of the site. Include any nal dose (millivremyear) received by individuals outside persons who spend the major part of their working time the facility from direct radiation, e.g., gamma radiation on the water adjacent to the site, and indicate the emitted by turbines and vessels for storage of radioactive amount of time spent per year in this activity. waste. In particular, the applicant should estimate the expected external dose rates at the site boundary (as defined in Section 2.11.2) and-the dose rate at the most 3
The acculation factor for aquatic organisms is the critical nearby residences, as well as schools, hospitals, or evalue of the ratio: (concentration in organism) other publicly used facilities within one mile of the
/(concentration in wawt). Values of bioaccumulation factors can be obtained from such refrences as SE. Thompson, CA.
Burton, DJ. Quinn, and Y.C. Ng, ConeenbtarionFactorsof zemica Elementfs i Edible Aqueous &punism University 3f Califomri, Lawrence Livemore Laboratory Report UXRL 4Modeh and a-smption s for calculating doses awe desibed in 50564 (Rev. 1), October 1972. Vilues of bioaccumulation Regulatory Guide 1.109, "Cakulation of Annual Doses to Man factors for terretria organisms can be obtained from Y.C. Ng. from Routine Release of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of et 2L, hv&edtk of dte Maximum Dage to man fium the Evluting Compliance with 10 MFl Part 50, Appendix L FalloutofNudearDevices- IV. HandbookforEstmateig the 5 Mahimwum Intenl Dowe from Ravoudiiles ReleMased to the Resuktoxy Guide 1.1 1, -Methods for Estimating Atmospheric Maheate, USAb. Report, UCRL-50163, Pt. TV, Lawrence Transport and Dispersion for Gaseous F.fluents i Routine Radiation Lab., University -of Caifornia, livermore, CA,, 1968. Releas from Light-Water-Cooled Reactor&"
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proposed nuclear unit(s). A summary of data, assump The effects on the environment of chemicals in the tions, and models used in the dose calculations should be station's cooling system effluents (including cooling given. tower blowdown and drift) should also be considered in this section. Using the design discharge contaminant concentrations (see Section 3.6), estimate the resulting 5.2.4.4 Annual Population Doses. Using the above stream concentrations at various distances and water information and any other necessary supporting data, flow variations (including the average 7-day, once calculate the annual total-body man-rem dose and the in-l0-years low flow, normal flow conditions, the lowest annual man thyroid-rem dose to the population ex control flow, and the lowest recorded minimum for the pected to reside within the 50-mile region at the receiving water body), and compare, in tabular form, the mid-point of station operation. Also calculate the annual resulting stream concentrations to State water quality total-body man-rem dose and the annual man thyroid standards. Include a description of the method of rem dose received by the population of the contiguous calculation.
U.S. at the same time from all liquid and gaseous exposure pathways. Provide an appendix describing the The applicant should furnish sufficient data and models and assumptions used in these calculations.
information to allow the NRC to fulfill its responsi bilities under NEPA. Calculated receiving water con 5.2.5 Summary of Annual Radiation Doses centrations should also be compared with water quality criteria appropriate to the 6 protection of actual uses of The applicant should present a table that summarizes the receiving water body.
the estimated annual radiation dose to the regional population (during commercial operation of the station) Any anticipated chemical or biocide contamination from all station-related sources, using values calculated of domestic water supplies (from surface water bodies or in previous sections. The tabulation should include, out ground water) should be identified and discussed. Rate to a distance of 50 miles from the site, (a) the total of of percolation of each contaminant into the water the whole-body doses to the population (man-rem/year) supply, travel time from the station to points of public from all receiving-water-related pathways, (b) the total water supply, dilution factors, dispersion coefficients, of the whole-body doses to the population (man-rem/ and the resulting concentrations in the water should be year) attributable to gaseous effluents, and (c) the total estimated.
of the thyroid doses to the population (thyroid-rem/
year) from radioiodines and particulates. The applicant If available, applicants should supply copies of the should include a table comparing the calculated 401 water quality certificate and the 402 discharge individual doses with the applicable design objectives of permit.
Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50.
5.4 Effects of Sanitary Waste Discharges 5.3 Effects of Chemical and Biocide Discharges Sanitary waste systems are described in Section 3.7.
The expected discharges should be discussed as in Chemical and biocide discharges and comparisons Section 5.3 and compared with appropriate effluent with applicable State and Federal (40 CFR Part 423) guidelines and water quality standards for municipal effluent limitation guidelines are described in Section systems under 40 CFR Part 133, "Secondary Treatment 3.6. Water resources and use are discussed in Sections Information."
2.4 and 3.3. In this section, the specific concentrations of these wastes at the points of discharge should be 5.5 Effects of Operation and Maintenance compared with natural ambient concentrations, with of the Transmisson Systems applicable State water quality standards, and, where appropriate, with water quality criteria for the protec The environmental effects of operation and main tion of all other uses of the receiving water body. tenance of the transmission system required to tie in the proposed facility to the preexisting network should be Dilution and mixing of discharges into the receiving evaluated. The evaluation of effects should make clear waters should be discussed in detail, and estimates of the applicant's plans for maintenance of the transmission concentrations at various distances from the point of discharge should be provided. Include a detailed descrip 6
tion of the method of calculation. The estimated area in Applicants are encouraged to reference the latest scientific the receiving body of water enclosed by contours information related to water quality criteria. Other useful corresponding to water-quality-standard values should be documents include: Water Quality Criteria, 1972, National given. Variation of concentrations with changes in Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering, Wash ington, D.C., 1972 and Water Quality CWteria, Second Edition, condition (e.g., streamnflow, temperature) of receiving State Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, California, water should be discussed. 1963.
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line right-of-way and required access roads. Plans for use small local population, could be less serious if the same of herbicides and pesticides should indicate types, species were abundant in neighboring regions. Similarly, volume, concentrations, and manner and frequency of the loss of a given area of highly desirable land should be use. Include references to authoritative guidelines en evaluated in terms of the total amount of such land in suring that the applicant's procedures are acceptable. the environs. These relative assessments should accord Resulting effects on plant life, wildlife habitat, land ingly include statements expressed in percentage terms resources, and scenic values should be evaluated. in which the amount of expected resource loss is related to the total resource in the immediate region and in New access roads may increase the exposure of which the total in the immediate region is related to that transmission line corridors to the public. The applicant in surrounding regions. The latter should be specified in should consider the effect of this increased exposure on terms of areas and distances from the site.
resident wildlife.
In evaluating long-term effects for their net con This section of the report should also discuss the sequences, the applicant may consider, as an example, potential environmental impacts of any electrical effects the impact of thermal and chemical dischargeg on fish.
identified in Section 3.9 and any operating and main There may be severe losses in the local discharge area.
tenance impacts that will be adopted to minimize these. The local population change may or may not be a net loss. Therefore, changes in population of important 5.6 Other Effects species caused by or expected to be caused by the operation of the station should be examined with the The applicant should discuss any effects of station view of determining whether they represent long-term operation that do not clearly fall under any single topic net losses or long-term net gains. The above considera of Sections 5.1 to 5.5. These may include changes in tions are also applicable to Chapters 9 and 10 of the report.
land and water use at the station site, interaction of the station with other existing or projected neighboring 5.8 Decommissioning and Dismantling stations, effect of ground water withdrawal on ground water resources in the vicinity of the station, and The applicant should describe its plans and policies disposal of solid and liquid wastes other than those regarding the actions to be taken at the end of the discussed in Sections 5.3 and 5.4. Any features of the station's useful life. Information should be provided on station producing noise levels outside the suggested the long-term uses of the land, the amount of land levels7 should be specifically identified and discussed in irretrievably committed, the expected environmental relation to adjacent occupancy, both day and night, consequences of decommissioning, and an estimate of based on measurements of preconstruction ambient the monetary costs involved. The applicant should also levels. discuss the consideration given in the design of the station and its auxiliary systems relative to eventual 5.7 Resources Committed decommissioning, the amount of equipment and build ings to be removed, and the expected condition of the Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of site after decommissioning. It is understood that the resources due to station operation should be discussed. plans and intentions of applicants for a construction This discussion should include both direct commitments, permit may not be fully developed at the time of filing.
such as depletion of uranium resources, and irreversible However, since the environmental impact of terminating environmental losses, such as destruction of wildlife station operation is, in part, determined by station habitat and consumptive use or diversion of water. design, applicants should give attention to the subject in the project planning.
In this discussion, the applicant should consider lost resources from the viewpoints of both relative impacts 5.9 The Uranium Fuel Cycle and long-term net effects. As an example of relative impact assessment, the loss of two thousand fish of a z1 srnmntl rfzpet for. light -w-atOr coole given species could represent quite different degrees of significance, depending on the total population in the vrtt Auml z;zl:, itteladigg the zffzts of uooaiuu immediate region. Such a loss, however, in the case of a WAiofo and mAiling, the~ przduztieft of uiffltim hezxo fitteriJo, isoteoje efr.iehmeont, fuel fabrizati49, the repro 7 c._in of irradited fu"l, the tr#&rp@rtati4-G of rFad.io See The IndustrialNoise Manual, American Industrial Hygiene Association, Detroit, Mich.; Noise Abatement and Control: "eeti.e Dlteeil, and mangement of lo14 ;YAn DepartmentalPolicy ImplementationResponsibility and Stan -W&i 1e'.'e 'Wztee related to th40 1-Anil"M A-81 2Gcti0io W dards HUD Circular 1390.2 (1971); and Information on Levels wt fath in F.! -MeroyT..ble 6- o~f 10 CTR %it 1 of EnvironmentalNoise Requisite to ProtectPublicHealth and 1.200~~ AppeniiA A). No Afuthzr diozumion of 8uc 1,2 Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety, EPA, -"'wauMental offsctr in the nvrmetlreport is~
550/9-74-004, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. -mwe.d . Deleted August 1976 5-7
CHAPTER 6 EFFLUENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND MONITORING PROGRAMS In all cases, the applicant should estimate the This chapter should describe in detail the means by statistical validity of any proposed sampling program in which the applicantcollected the baselinedata presented in other chapters and should describe the applicant's order to avoid unnecessary time delay during staff plans and programs for monitoring the environmental review which might be associated with incomplete impacts of site preparation, station construction, and descriptions, invalid sampling locations, and level of station operation. sample replication. Information should be provided on instrument accuracy, sensitivity, and (especially for highly automated systems) reliability. Where standard analytical or sampling techniques can be identified, they Section 6.1 addresses the proposed program for need only be so identified and referenced.
assessing the characteristics of the site and the surround ing region (including transmission corridors) before For quantitative descriptions of samples collected station operation. The purpose of this program is to within each area of interest and each time of interest, establish a reference framework for assessing subsequent descriptive statistics should include, unless justifiably environmental effects attributable to site preparation, omitted, the mean, standard deviation, standard error, station construction, and station operation. and a confidence interval for the mean. In each case the sample size should be clearly indicated. If diversity The applicant should note two considerations perti indices are used to describe a collection of lake or nent to Section 6.1. First, a given environmental terrestrial organisms, the specific diversity indices used characteristic or parameter may or may not require should be stated.
assessment before site preparation and station construc tion, depending on whether that particular characteristic 6.1 Applicant's Preoperational Environmental programs or parameter may be altered at these stages. Second, in most instances this guide indicates the specific environ The programs for collection of initial or baseline mental effects to be evaluated; consequently, the para environmental data prior to operation should be des meters to be measured are apparent. In some cases, the cribed in sufficient detail to make it clear that the applicant may consider it necessary to establish a applicant has established a thorough and comprehensive monitoring program based on identification of potential approach to environmental assessment. The description or possible effects not mentioned in the guide. In such of these programs should be confined principally to instances, the program should be described. The appli technical descriptions of technique, instrumentation, cant should carefully review plans for the measurement scheduling, and procedures.
of conditions existing prior to site preparation to ensure that these plans include all environmental parameters Where an effect of site preparation or facility that must be subsequently monitored during station construction may alter a previously measured or operation (discussed in Section 6.2), as well as during observed environmental condition, the program for site preparation and station construction. determining the modified condition should be described.
Refer to the discussion in Section 4.5, as appropriate.
If, as permitted by 10 CFR Part 2, §2.101(a), the applicant chooses to make an early separate filing of the Where information from the literature has been used environmental report prior to obtaining and evaluating a.
by the applicant, it should be concisely summarized and full year's environmental data, particular attention documented by reference to original data sources. Where should be paid to the description of sampling design, the availability of original sources that support impor Ssampling frequency, and statistical methodology and tant conclusions is limited, the applicant should provide validity (including calibration checks and standards) in either extensive quotations or references to accessible order to justify the scope of the proposed program, the secondary sources.' In all cases, information derived timing and scheduling of the data collection, and other from published results should be clearly distinguished technical validation that will assure the review staff that from information derived from the applicant's field sufficient information will be available for the prepara measurements.
tion of the Final Environmental Statement.
1Any reports of work (e.g., ecological surveys) supported by the This is especially critical if the timing of partial applicant that are of significant value in assessing the environ presentations under the procedure may be related to mental impact of the facility may be included at appendices or seasonal ecological factors such as migration or other supplements to the environmental report if these reports are not otherwise generally available.
phases of critical biological activity.
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6.1.1 Surface Waters Parameters of stress for important species (as defined in Section 2.2) that could be affected by station When a body of surface water may be affected by the discharges should be identified. The methodology for proposed facility or a practicable alternative, the appli determining such parameters should be reviewed with cant should describe the programs by which the back respect to applicability to actual local conditions antici ground condition of the water and the related ecology pated during operation, including interactive effects were determined and reported in Section 2.4. The among multiple effluents and existing constituents of applicant should have sufficient data to permit staff the surface water body concerned.
verification of any predictive computations or models used in the evaluation of environmental effects. 6.1.2 Ground Water 6.1.1.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters. The pro In those cases in which the proposed facility or a grams and methods for measuring physical and chemical practicable design alternative may potentially affect parameters of surface waters that may be affected by local ground watei or in which the ground water construction or operation of the facility should be environment may serve as a pathway to man, either described. The sampling program should be presented in directly or indirectly, the program leading to assessment sufficient detail to demonstrate its adequacy with of potential effects should be described.
respect both to spatial coverage (surface area and depth) and to temporal coverage (duration and sampling fre 6.1.2.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters. The pro quency), giving due consideration to seasonal effects. perties and configuration of the local aquifer, variations This discussion should include a description of the (spatial and temporal) in ground water levels, and techniques used to investigate any condition that might ground water quality data are discussed in sufficient lead to interactions with station discharges, such as how detail in Section 2.4 to permit a reasonable projection of the presence of impurities in a water body may ieact the effects of station operation on the ground water.
synergistically with heated effluent or how the heated The methods used to obtain and reduce the data effluent may restrict mixing and dispersion of radio presented in Section 2.4 should be described, including active effluents. The applicant should describe any instrumentation (suggested criteria will be presented in a computational models and their bases and verification forthcoming regulatory guide on hydrologic data collec used in predicting effects described in Section 5.2.2.1. tion).
6.1.1.2 Ecological Parameters. The applicant should 6.1.2.2 Models. Models may be used to predict describe the preoperational program used to determine effects such as changes in ground water levels, dispersion the ecological characteristics presented in Section 2.2. of contaminants, and eventual transport through aqui Those portions of the program concerned with determin fers to surface water bodies. The models should be ing the presence and abundance of important aquatic described and supporting evidence for their reliability and amphibious species (identified in Section 2.2) and validity presented.
should be detailed in terms of frequency, pattern, and duration of observation. The applicant should describe 6.1.3 Air how taxonomic determinations were made and validated. In this connection, the applicant should The applicant should describe the program for obtain discuss its reference collection of voucher specimens or ing information on local air quality and local and other means whereby consistent identification will be regional meteorology. Guidance on an acceptable onsite ensured. meteorological measurement program and on data for mat is presented in Regulatory Guide 1.23 (Safety Guide A description should be provided of the methods 23), "Onsite Meteorological Programs." The description used, or to be used, for observing natural variations of should show the basis for predicting such effects as the ecological parameters. If these methods involve indicator dispersion of gaseous effluents to a distance of 50 organisms, the criteria for their selection should be miles from the station and the alteration of local climate presented. The discussion of methods should include (e.g., fogging, icing, precipitation augmentation, or other estimates of standard error in making reported phenomena) and should present the methodology for determinations. gathering baseline data.
The applicant should discuss the basis for its pre 6.1.3.1 Meteorology. The applicant should identify dictions of any nonlethal physiological and behavioral sources of meteorological data used in the atmospheric responses of important species which may be caused by transport models and reported in Section 2.3. Locations construction or operation of the station. This discussion and elevations of observation stations, instrumentation, should be appropriately correlated with the description and frequency and duration of measurements should be of the monitoring program, including estimates of the specified both for the applicant's measuring activities standard error for each correlation. and for activities of governmental agencies or other 6-2
organizations on whose information the applicant in 6.1.5 Radiological Monitoring tends to rely. For the applicant's preoperational and operational programs, the applicant should include descriptions of instruments, performance specifications, The preoperational program should be described in calibration and maintenance procedures, data output detail in the Environmental Report-Construction Per and recording systems and locations, and data analysis mit Stage. Specific information should be provided on procedures. (a) the types of samples to be collected, (b) sampling locations clearly shown on a map keyed to a table listing 6.1.3.2 Models. Any models used by the applicant, sampling locations as a function of direction and either to derive estimates of basic meteorological infor distance from the proposed site, (c) analyses to be mation or to estimate the effects of effluent systems, performed on each sample, (d) general types of sample should be described in detail and their validity and collection equipment, (e) sample collection and analysis accuracy discussed. Guidance on acceptable atmospheric frequency, (f) lower limit of detection 2 for each transport and diffusion models is provided in Regulatory analysis, and (g) the approximate starting date and Guide 1.111, "Methods for Estimating Atmospheric duration of the program. The discussion should include Transport and Dispersion for Gaseous Effluents in the justification for the choice of. sampling sites, Routine Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors." analyses, and sampling frequencies. Review of this description will be facilitated if the applicant presents a tabular summary of the 'program.
6.1.4 Land The applicant should also describe how it expects to Data collection and evaluation programs concerning extend the preoperational program into the operational the terrestrial environment of the proposed facility phase and in what manner the results of the preopera should be described and justified with regard to both tional program may be used to effect the design of the scope and methodology. operational program. Guidance for both the preopera tional program and operational program is provided in 6.1.4.1 Geology and Soils. Those geological and soil Regulatory Guide 4.1, "Programs for Monitoring Radio studies designed to determine the environmental impact activity in the Environs of Nuclear Power Plants."
of the construction or operation of the facility should be Additional guidance is provided in Regulatory Guide described. The description should include identification 4.8, "Environmental Technical Specifications for of the sampling pattern and the justification for its Nuclear Power Plants." In addition, EPA report ORP/
selection, the sampling method, preanalysis treatment, SID 72.2, Environmental Radioactivity Surveilance and analytic techniques. Other geological and soil studies Guide, recommends methods for conducting a minimum (e.g., conducted in support of safety analyses) should be level of environmental radiation surveillance outside the briefly summarized if relevant. station site boundary of light-water-cooled nuclear power facilities.
6.1.4.2 Land Use and Demographic Surveys. The applicant should describe its program for identifying the actual land use in the site environs and for acquiring The applicant should summarize any information demographic data for the region as reported in Section available from the literature regarding background radi 2.1. ological characteristics of the site which were con sidered in designing the program (reference may be made Sources of information should be identified. Methods to Section 6.3 as appropriate).3 used to forecast probable changes in land use and demographic trends should be described. The Environmental Report-Operating License Stage should discuss the preoperational program which 6.1.4.3 Ecological Parameters. In this section, the has gone or will soon go into operation. Any changes in applicant should discuss the program used to assess the the program (relative to the description supplied at the ecological characteristics of the site, with primary construction permit stage) should be discussed and the reference to important terrestrial biota identified in rationale provided for such changes.
Section 2.2. In general, the considerations involved are similar to those suggested in connection with aquatic 2The lower limit of detection (LLD), as defined in HASL-300, biota (Section 6.1.1.2). However, the differences in revised August 1974, should be stated for the 95% confidence habitat, differences in animal physiology, and other level.
pertinent factors will, of necessity, influence the design 3 A report on this subject by the National Council on Radiation of .the assessment program. The applicant should pre Protection and Measurements is available; NaturalBacground sent, as in Section 6.1.1.2, an analysis of the program in Radiation 'n the United States, NCRP Report No. 45. Copies terms of taxonomic validation, rationale for its pre may be obtained from Publications, NCRP, P.O. Box 30175, dictive aspects, and the details of its methodology. Washington, D.C. 20014.
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6.2 Applicant's Proposed Operational 6.3 Related Envkonmental Measurement Monitoig rgrng ms mnd Monitoring Progiams Operational monitoring programs may not be fully When the applicant's site lies within a region for developed at the time of applying for a construction which environmental measurement or monitoring pro permit. The applicant should, to the extent feasible, grams are carried out by public agencies or other describe the general scope and objectives of its intended agencies not directly supported by the applicant, any programs and provide a tentative listing of parameters such related programs known to the applicant should be that it bel eves should be monitored for detailed identified and discussed. Relevance of such independent evaluation. This listing should include numerical ex findings to the proposed facility's effects should be cerpts from water or air standards against which the described, and plans for exchange of information, if any, proposed monitoring program will be measured as should be presented. Agencies responsible for the pro understood at the time of initial submission of the grams should be identified and, to the extent possible, environmental report. The listing should also include the procedures and methodologies employed should be parameters that are important for the models described briefly described. These agencies may have developed in Sections 5.2-2.1 and 5.2.2.2, as required in Section IV and verified mathematical or physical models that of Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50. encompass the site area and the surrounding water environs comparable to those discussed in Sections Regulatory Guide 4.8, "Environmental Technical 5.2.2.1 -and 5.2.2.2. Such models may be used either Specifications for Nuclear Power Plants," describes directly or with minor modifications. When such models information to be submitted with an application for an are used in support of liquid transport analyses of operating license. radionuclide releases, the same data and technical bases as suggsted'in Sections 5.2.2.1 and 5.22.2 should be In the Environmental Report-Construction Permit furnished.
Stage, the operational program need only be discussed to the extent that it is expected to differ (if at all) from the ongoing preoperational program, such as the inclusion of 6.4 Preoperational Enviromnental Radiological a census of dairy cattle and vegetable gardens. If, in the Monitoring Data Environmental Report-Operating license Stage, there are no differences between the preoperational programs Data from the preoperational program may not be (as finally formulated) and the operational programs, the available at the time of submission of the Environmental applicant need only make a statement to that effect and Report-Construction Permit Stage. Accordingly, the provide a commitment to conduct the operational applicant should submit for Section 6.4, as a later program. If there are differences in the operational supplement to the Environmental Report-Operating program, the applicant should describe the reasons for License Stage, 6 to 12 months4 of preoperational the differences. The applicant should also discuss any environmental radiological monitoring data.
plans and rationale for updating the program during station operation.
Final approval of the operational program, as des fThe minimnum amount of preoperational data may be sub cribed completely in the proposed environmental techni mitted if it indudesdata from a crop harvest and a complete grang mason. AR media with a collction frequency less than cal specifications, will be given at the end of the semnammal (e.g., annual or once In 3 years) should be included technical specification review process. in the 6 to 12 months of data ubmitted.
64
CHAPTER 7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS In this chapter, the applicant should discuss the environmental report need only contain a statement that potential environmental effects of accidents inolvoing such environmental risks aem as set forth in Summary the station. Table S-4 of 10 CFR Part 51 (see Appendix A). No further discussion of environmental risks concerning 7.1 Station Accidents Involving Radioactivity the transportation of radioactive materials is needed in the environmental report.
The detailed requirements for analysis of accidents are contained in the proposed Annex to Appendix D of If the transportation of fuel and waste to and from 10 CFR Part 50 (36 FR 22851). Appendix D of 10 CFR nuclear power reactors is not within the scope of Part 50 has been superseded by 10 CFR Part 51; paragraph (g) of §51.20, a full description and detailed however, Part 51 does not affect the status of the analysis of the environmental risk from accidents should proposed Annex to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50. (See be provided. An analysis of the environmental risks from Appendix I of this guide for this Annex.) accidents in the transportation of radioactive materials to and from nuclear power reactors following the Applicants may, for purposes of environmental approach set forth in WASH-1238 is acceptable.'
reports, take the option in the calculation of xJQ values of using either of two meteorological assumptions for all 7.3 Other Accidents accident cases:
In addition to accidents that can release radioactivity
- 1. XJQ values may be determined from onsite to the environs, accidents may occur as a result of meteorological data at the 50% probability level or station operation that, although they do not involve radioactive materials, have consequences that may affect
- 2. xJQ values may be determined at 10% of the levels the environment. Accidents such as chemical explosions, in Regulatory Guide 1.3, "Assumptions Used for Evaluat fires, and leakage or ruptures of vessels containing oil or ing the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of toxic materials can have significant environmental im Coolant Accident for Boiling Water Reactors," or pact. These possible accidents and associated effects Regulatory Guide 1.4, "Assumptions Used for Evaluat should be identified and evaluated (see Section 2.2 of ing the Potential Radiological Consequences of a Loss of Regulatory Guide 1.70, "Standard Format and Content Coolant Accident for Pressurized Water Reactors." of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants").
7.2 Transportation Accidents Involving Radioactivity lAn analysis of the environmentat risks from accidents in the The requirements for analysis of environmental risk transportation of radioactive materials to and from nuclear power reactors is given in WASH-1238, EnvironmentalSurvey from accidents involving the transportation of radio of Tanaportation of Radioactive Materials To and From active materials to and from nuclear power reactors are Nuclear Power Plants, December 1972, and Supplement I to contained in 10 CFR Part 51. If the transportation of WASH-1238, NUREG-75/038, April 1975. Both documents fuel and wastes to and from nuclear power reactors is may be obtained from the National Technical Information within the scope of paragraph (g) of §51.20, the Service, Springfield, Vignia 22161.
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CHAPTER 8 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF STATION CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION This chapter should present the applicant's assess shortages. The benefits in averting these impacts should ment of the economic and socialeffects of the proposed be related to regional experience, if any, with brownouts nuclearfacility. and emergency load-shedding and the applicant's plans or procedures for meeting such emergencies. If benefits There are, of course, limitations on the extent to are claimed for recreational uses of the proposed nuclear which the applicant can evaluate all the social and station site, the effect of any plan to place additional economic benefits and costs of-the construction and generating units at the site at some future time should be operation of a nuclear facility that may have a pro discussed.
ductive life of 30 years or more. The wide variety of benefits and costs are not only difficult to assess, but Other primary benefits of some nuclear electrical many are not amenable to quantification or even to generating facilities may be in the form of sales of steam estimation in commensurable units. Some primary bene or other products or services. Revenues from such sales fits such as the generated electrical energy are, to a should be estimated. The use of waste or reject heat for degree, measurable, as are the capital costs and operating desalination or for other processes could expand the and maintenance costs of the proposed facility. On the benefits of nuclear stations. Such benefits, if claimed, other hand, numerous environmental costs and their should be accompanied by an estimate of the degree of economic and social consequences are not readily certainty of their realization.
quantified.'
There are other social and economic benefits that Second- and higher-order costs or benefits (i.e., affect various political jurisdictions or interests to a impacts flowing from first-order social and economic greater or lesser degree. Some of these reflect transfer impacts) need be discussed by the applicant only where payments or other values which may partially, if not they would significantly modify the aggregate of costs or fully, compensate for certain services, as well as external benefits, thus affecting the overall cost-benefit balance. or environmental costs, and this fact should be reflected in the designation of the benefit. A list of examples 8.1 Benefits follows:
The primary benefits of the proposed nuclear station 9 Tax revenues to be received by local and State are those inherent in the value of the generated governments.
electricity delivered to consumers. The applicant should report, as shown in Table 1, the expected average annual
- Temporary and permanent new jobs created and kilowatt-hours of electrical energy to be generated. payroll.
Further, a breakdown of the expected use of electricity in the applicant's service area should be provided for the
- Incremental increase in regional product (value major classes identified in the Federal Power Commis added concept).
sion publication, NationalPowerSurvey. 2
- Enhancement of recreational values through The importance of the proposed station in providing making available for public use any parks, artificially adequate reserves of generating capacity to ensure a created cooling lakes, marinas, etc.
reliable supply for the applicant's service area (and associated power pool, if any) is discussed in Section
- Enhancement of esthetic values through any 1.1. The increase in the probabilities of the extent and special design measures as applied to structures, artificial duration of electrical shortages if the proposed station lakes or canals, parks, etc.
(or its equivalent capacity) is not built by the proposed date should be estimated. The applicant should also D Environmental enhancement in support of the appraise the likely social and economic impacts of such propagation or protection of wildlife and the improve ment of wildlife habitats.
IThe estimate of generated electrical energy-should reflect the outages consistent with the applicant's forced outage ratio experience and should include outages induced by natural 9 Creation and improvement of local roads, water phenomena such as floods, droughts, tornadoes, or hurricanes ways, or other transportation facilities.
(see Sections 2.3 and 2.4).
2 Copies may be obtained from the Superintendent of Docu
. Increased knowledge of the environment as a ments, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. consequence of ecological research and environmental 20402. monitoring activities associated with station operation, 8-1
and technological improvements from the applicant's report could expedite the staff's review process. Item (6) research program. would permit the staff to compare detailed cost categories to distinguish any significant differences that
- Creation of a source of heated discharge which might exist between the applicant's estimate and the may be used for beneficial purposes (e.g., in aquaculture, CONCEPT model.
in improving commercial and sport fishing, or in industrial, residential, or commercial heating). The environmental report should include the esti mated cost of generating electric energy in mills per
- Provision of public educational facilities (e.g., a kilowatt-hour for the proposed nuclear station and for visitors' center). alternative fossil-fueled plants in the detail shown in Table 3. (Alternative energy sources are discussed in
- Annual savings in consumption of imported crude Chapter 9.) It should be stated whether the costs of fuel oil for power generation. and of operation and maintenance are initial costs or levelized costs over some period of operation and, in the The applicant should discuss significant benefits that latter case, what assumptions are made about escalation.
may be realized from the construction and operation of the proposed station. Where the benefits can be ex There are also external costs. Their effects on the pressed in monetary terms, they should be discounted to interests of people should be examined. The applicant present worth. In each instance where a particular should supply, as applicable, an evaluation plus support benefit is discussed, the applicant should indicate, to the ing data and rationale regarding such external social and extent practical, who is likely to be affected and for how economic costs as noted below. 4 For each cost, the long. In the case of esthetic impacts that are difficult to applicant should describe the probable number and quantify, the applicant should provide illustrations of location of the population group adversely affected, the significant station structures or environmental modifica estimated economic and social impact, and any special tions visible to the public in addition to parks or other measures to be taken to alleviate the impact.
recreational facilities on the site which will be available for public use. The details should be drawn from Temporary external costss include: shortages of information presented in Sections 2.6 and 3.1. housing; inflationary rentals or prices; congestion of local streets and highways; noise and temporary es thetic disturbances; overloading of water supply and 8.2 Costs sewage treatment facilities; crowding of local schools, hospitals, or other public facilities; overtaxing of com The economic and social costs resulting from the proposed nuclear station and its operation are likewise munity services; and the disruption of people's lives or complex and should be quantified wherever possible. the local community caused by acquisition of land for the proposed site.
The primary internal costs are (a) the capital costs of land acquisition and improvement; (b) the capital costs Long-term external costs6 include impairment of of facility construction; (c) the incremental capital costs recreational values (e.g., reduced availability of desired species of wildlife and sport fish, restrictions on access of transmission and distribution facilities; (d) fuel costs, to land or water areas preferred for recreational use);
including the cost of spent fuel disposition; (e) other deterioration of esthetic and scenic values; restrictions operating and maintenance costs, including license fees on access to areas of scenic, historic, or cultural interest; and taxes; (f) plant decommissioning costs; and (g) research and development costs associated with potential degradation of areas having historic, cultural, natural, or future improvements of the station and its operation and archeological value; removal of land from present or maintenance. The applicant should discount these costs 3
to present worth. H. 1. Bowers and I. T. Dudley, Multi-Unit Power Plant Cost Models For the Concept Code, ORNL-TM-4300, July 1974, The applicant should provide the types of information Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 listed in Table 2 for nuclear and alternative power (and references therein).
generation methods. (Alternative power generation 4 For convenience of treatment, the listed cost examples have methods are discussed in detail in Chapter 9.) If the been divided into long-term. (or continuing) costs and the applicant includes a coal-fired plant as a viable alterna temporary costs generally associated with the period of tive to a nuclear power station, information should be construction or the readjustment of the lives of persons whose jobs or homes will have been displaced by the purchase of land provided for both a coal-fired plant with sulfur removal at the proposed site.
equipment and one that burns low-sulfur coal.
SRefer, as appropriate, to the information presented in Chapter In Table 2, items (1) through (5) are necessary to run 4.
the CONCEPT 3 code used by the NRC staff. Inclusion 6 Refer, as appropriate, to the information presented in Chapter of this information in the applicant's environmental 5.
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contemplatedalternative contemplated alternative uses; creationof uses;creation locally adverse oflocally adverse fishermen fishennen attributable attributable to to environmental environmental degradation; degradation; meteorological conditions meteorological (e.g.. fog conditions (e.g., plumes from and plumes fog and from decrease in decrease values in estate values real estate in real in areas adjacent to areas adjacent to the the cooling towers, cooling towers, cooling cooling lakes Jakes and creation of ponds); creation and ponds); of proposed facility; and proposed facility; increased costs and increased costs toto local local noise. especially noise, especially by by mechanical-draft cooling towers; rnechanical-draft cooling towers; governments for governments for the the services required by setvices required by the the reduction of reduction products due regiOlial products of regionial due to displacement of to displacement of permanently employed workers permanently employed workers andand their families. In their families. In persons from persons from the land proposed the land for the proposed for thesite; lostincome site;lost income discussing the discussing costs, the the costs, should indicate, applicant should the applicant to the indicate. to the from recreation from recreation or or tounsim may be that may toursim that impaired by be impaired by who is practical, who extent practical, extent likely to islikely to be and for affected and be affected for how how disturbances; lost enviromnental disturbances; environmental income of lost income ofcommercial commercial long.
long.
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CHAPTER 9 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES AND SITES This chapter should present the basis for the appli two different energy sources is regarded as providing two cant's proposed choice of site and nuclearfuel among alternatives.
the available alternative sites and energy sources. Ac 2 cordingly, the applicant should discuss the range of 9.2.1 Selection of Candidate Areas practicable alternatives and the considerations and In this section, the applicant should present an initial rationale that led to the proposed site-plant combina survey of site availability using any methodology that tion. It is recognized that planning methods differ surveys the entire region available to the applicant and amongapplicants.However, the applicantshould present that, after identifying areas containing possible sites, its site-plant selection processas the consequence of an eliminates those whose less desirable characteristics are analysis of alternatives whose environmental costs and recognizable without extensive analysis. The purpose of benefits were evaluatedand compared to revealsuitable this site selection process is to identify a reasonable site-plant combinations which were then subjected to a number of realistic siting options. To ensure that detailed cost-effectiveness comparison to make thefinal realistic alternatives are presented, two or more site selection. candidate areas should be chosen for detailed comparison with appropriate site-plant combinations. In This chapter should encompass information relevant assessing potential candidate areas, the applicant may both to the availability of alternatives and to their place primary reliance on published materials 3 and relative merits. Two classes of alternatives should be reconnaissance level information. Guidance on the considered: those that can meet the power demand selection of potential sites for nuclear stations is without requiring the creation of new generatingcapac presented in Regulatory Guide 4.7, "General Site ity and those that do require the creation of new Suitability Criteria for Nuclear Power Stations." The generatingcapacity. applicant may wish to use the following definitions in discussing its site selection process:
9.1 Alternatives Not Requiring the Creation of New Generating Capacity
- Region of Interest. The geographical area initially considered in the site selection process. This area may Practicable means that meet the projected power represent the applicant's system, the power pool or area demand with adequate system reliability and that do within which the applicant's planning studies are based, not require the creation of additional generating capac or the regional reliability council or the appropriate ity should be identified and evaluated. 1 Such alterna subregion or area of the reliability council.
tives may include, but not be limited to, purchased energy, reactivating or upgrading an older plant, or base
- Candidate Areas. Reasonable homogeneous areas load operation of an existing peaking facility. Such within the region of interest investigated for potential alternatives should be analyzed in terms of cost, environ sites. Candidate areas may be made up of a single large mental impact, adequacy, reliability, and other pertinent area or several unconnected ones. The criteria governing factors. If such alternatives are totally unavailable or if a candidate area are the same resources and populations their availability is highly uncertain, the relevant facts on which the potential plant would have an impact and should be stated. This analysis is of major importance similar facility costs.
because it supports the justification for new generating capacity.
- PotentialSite& Sites within the candidate areas that have been identified for preliminary assessment in estab 9.2 Alternatives Requiring the Creation of New lishing candidate sites.
Generating Capacity
- CandidateSites. Sites suitable for evaluation by the applicant during the process of selecting a proposed site.
In this guide, an alternative constituting new gener To be a candidate site, the site must be considered to be ating capacity is termed a "site-plant combination" in potentially licensable and capable of being developed.
order to emphasize that the alternatives to be evaluated should include both site and energy source options. A
- ProposedSites. Sites for which an applicant seeks a site-plant combination is a combination of a specific site license to construct and operate a power station.
(which may include the proposed site) and a particular 2
category of energy source (nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydro As used in this chapter, the term area is defined as several electric, geothermal) together with the transmission square miles (large enough to contain several sites).
hookup. A given site considered in combination with 3 Several methods of site selection and evaluation may be found in Nuclear Power Plant Siting-A Generalized Process, AIF/
NESP-002, Atomic Industrial Forum, August 1974. Copies may lIf transmission facilities must be constructed in order to secure be obtained from Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., 7101 Wiscon the energy from alternative sources, this should be discussed. sin Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20014.
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The geographical regions considered by the applicant 11. Major interconnections with other power suppliers may be within or outside the applicant's franchise (with emphasis on new rights-of-way).
service area. It is ekpected that each area considered will be small enough for any site developed within it to have These considerations may be expanded to include essentially similar environmental relationships (i.e., ther appropriate factors such as those discussed in Regulatory mal discharge to the same body of water, proximity to Guide 4.7.
the same urban area). The areas considered should not be restricted to those containing land actually owned by Maps of areas outside the japplicant's service area the applicant. should include the probable transmission corridor to the applicant's system.
If a State, region, or locality has a power station' siting law, the law should be cited and any applicable Suitable correlations should be made among the constraints described.
maps. For example, one or more of the maps showing The applicant should display the areas being ap environmental features may be to the same scale as a praised by means of maps and charts portraying the map showing power network configurations; or present power network, 4 environmental and other features, and generating sites and major transmission lines may be other relevant information. (A consistent identification overlaid on the environmental maps, if this is helpful to system should be established and retained on all graphic the discussion.
and verbal materials in this section.) The map or maps should be clearly related to the applicant's service area The applicant should discuss the availability of fuel or (and adjacent areas if relevant). The maps should display other energy sources at the areas considered. It is pertinent information such as the following: recognized that conditions with regard to alternatives to nuclear fuel vary for different applicants. Oil and coal
- 1. Areas considered by the applicant; may be readily available in many areas although limitations on maximum sulfur content or transporta
- 2. Major centers of population density (urban, high tion costs may restrict or prevent their use. Hydro density, medium density, low density, or similar scale); electric and geothermal sources should also be consid ered if available. In some situations, combinations of
- 3. Water bodies suitable for use in cooling systems; energy sources (e.g., coal-fired baseload units plus gas-turbine peaking units may be practical alterna
- 4. Railroads, highways (existing and planned), and tives. The discussion should clearly establish the energy waterways suitable for fuel and waste transportation; source alternatives.
- 5. Important topographic features (e.g., mountains, Long-term supplies and forecasted costs of each marshes, fault lines); realistic fuel alternative should be stated. The nature of any supply restriction should be specified as to physical
- 6. Dedicated land-use areas (e.g., parks, historical shortages, environmental controls, international trade sites, wilderness areas, testing grounds, airports); restrictions, or other factors.
- 7. Valuable agricultural, residential, recreational, or Using the materials described above, the applicant industrial areas that may be impacted; should provide a condensed description of the major considerations that led to the final selection of the
- 8. Primary generating plants, together with effective candidate areas. These candidate areas should constitute operating capacity in megawatts, both electrical and a complete but realistic listing of areas in which it would thermal, and indication of fuel (all generating units of be feasible to site a power generation facility. While the the same fuel type at the same location should be number of suitable locations for any one siting consider considered a single source); ation may be large, the comparison of factors may constrain the final list of candidate areas to a small
- 9. Other generating additions to the network to be number with each area displaying several favorable installed before the proposed nuclear facility goes on characteristics.
line; The following remarks may apply in specific
- 10. Transmission lines of 115 kV or more and instances:
termination points on the system for proposed and potential lines from the applicant's proposed facility 1. The first general geographic screening may be (with emphasis on new rights-of-way); and based on power load and transmission considerations.
41TO avoid repetition, the applicant should refer, as appropriate, 2. Certain promising areas may be identified as to material presented in Section 1.1. suitable for only one type of fuel; others may be broadly 9-2
defined at this stage of analysis (e.g., a stretch of The criteria, to be used in selecting the candidate coastline) and may admit several fuel-type options. site-plant alternatives are essentially the criteria used in selecting candidate areas. Application of these criteria in
- 3. Only the determining characteristics of the greater depth may be required, however, since the identified areas need be discussed. Specific tracts need relative merits of the various site-plant combinations not be identified unless already owned by the applicant. may be less obvious than those of the initially identified areas. If the site is currently, or expected to be, used for
- 4. If areas outside the service area are not consid agriculture, its soil class should be reported according to ered during this phase of the decision process, the the U.S. Soil Conservation Service Soil Classification reasons for not considering them should be provided. System, 6 and the number of acres should be indicated.
Furthermore, although a particular geographical area
- 5. If certain fuel types are eliminated in selecting may have been judged unsuitable for consideration as a candidate areas because of predicted unavailability or candidate area because of one major overriding disad because of economic factors, supporting information vantage, the establishment of the suitability of a given should be supplied. site-plant combination will (except for choice of fuel) require balancing both favorable and unfavorable factors
- 6. In eliminating a fuel type at a site on the grounds (benefits versus environmental and other costs).
of monetary cost, the applicant should make clear that the excess cost over a preferred alternative outweighs The applicant is not expected to conduct detailed any potential advantages of the eliminated fuel type environmental studies at alternative sites; only prblim with respect to environmental protection. inary reconnaissance-type investigations need be conducted. Neither is it expected that detailed engi
- 7. The compatability with any existing land-use neering design studies will be made for all alternative planning programs of the development of each candidate plants or that detailed transmission route studies will be area should be indicated and the views, if any, of local made for all alternatives.
planning groups and interested citizens concerning use of the candidate area should be summarized. 9.3 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Candidate Site-Plant Alternatives
- 8. If it is proposed to add a nuclear unit to a station where there are already thermal electric generating units A cost-effectiveness analysis of realistic alternatives in under construction or in operation, the local and terms of both economic and environmental costs should regional significance of concentrating a large block of be made to show why the proposed site-plant combina thermal generating capacity at one location should be tion is preferred over all other candidate alternatives for given specific consideration. meeting the power requirement. In presenting the cost-effectiveness analysis, the applicant should use,
- 9. Current use of the land should be documented insofar as possible, a tabular format showing side-by-side and the potential for preempting other high valued uses comparison or alternatives with respect to selection of land such as agriculture, recreation, residences, or criteria.
industry should be noted.
Quantification, while desirable, may not be possible
- 10. The availability of a labor pool for power plant for all factors because of lack of adequate data. Under construction within commuting distance should be such circumstances, qualitative and general comparative statements supported by documentation may be used.
estimated.
Where possible, experience derived from operation of plants at the same or at an environmentally similar site 9.2.2 Selection of Candidate Site-Plant Alternatives 5 may be helpful in appraising the nature of expected environmental impacts.
At this point, the number of suitable areas will have been reduced, making possible investigation of a realistic Various criteria have been suggested in this guide for set of alternative site-plant combinations. These alterna use in comparing the alternatives and the proposed tive combinations should be briefly described. The facility. The criteria chosen by the applicant should description should include site plans indicating locations reflect benefits and costs 7 that were evaluated in considered for the plant, access facilities, and any 6
transmission considerations that significantly affect site U.S. Department of Agriculture, Land-CapabilityClassiflcation, desirability. Agriculture Handbook No. 210, 1973, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
7 The applicant may use, if the necessary data are available, the 5 method for calculating generating costs discussed in Chapter The range of candidate site-plant alternatives selected by the 10. The analysis should highlight significant environmental applicant should include other energy source options (coal, oil, differences among alternative sites which can be balanced hydroelectric, geothermal), as practicable. against dollar cost differentials.
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selecting the site-plant candidates. The following OperatingFactors itemization of evaluatory factors may be helpful as a Load-following capability checklist: Transient response Engineeringand EnvironmentalFactors Alternative Site Cost Factors Meteorology Land and water rights Geology Base station facilities Seismology Main condenser cooling system Hydrology Main condenser cooling intake structures and dis Population density in site environs charge system Access to road, rail, and water transportation Transmission and substation facilities Fuel supply and waste disposal routes Access roads and railroads Cooling water supply Site preparation including technical investigations.
Water quality Sensitivity of aquatic and terrestrial habitats affected Commitment of resources Dedicated areas Projected recreational usage 9.4 Costs of Alternative Power Generation Methods Scenic values The applicant should provide cost information for Transmission Hookup Factors alternative power generation methods and the proposed Access to transmission system in place nuclear station. (Costs for the proposed nuclear station Problems of routing new transmission lines are discussed in Chapter 8.)
Problems of transmission reliability Minimization of transmission losses In order to supplement the economic information provided in Chapter 8 of the environmental report, the ConstructionFactors cost information shown in Table 2 should be provided Access for equipment and materials for (1) coal-fired units (one use that would utilize Access, housing, etc., for construction workers low-sulfur coal and a second that would use high-sulfur coal with stack gas cleaning), (2) oil-fired units, and (3)
Land-Use Factors (including compatibility with zoning nuclear power units.
or use changes)
The environmental report should also include the InstitutionalFactors(e.g., State or regional site certifica estimated cost of generating electric energy in mills per tion) kilowatt-hour for the proposed nuclear station and for alternative fossil-fueled plants in the detail shown in Cost Factors Table 3. It should be stated whether the costs of fuel Construction costs including transmission and of operation and maintenance are initial costs or Fuel costs (annual) levelized costs over some period of operation and, in the Operating and maintenance costs (annual) latter case, what assumptions are made about escalation.
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CHAPTER 10 STATION DESIGN ALTERNATIVES This chapter should show how the applicantarived Different designs for systems that are essentially identi at the design of the proposed station through consider cal with respect to environmental effects should be ation of alternative designs of identifiable systems and considered only if their costs are appreciably different.
through theircomparative assessment. The applicant should include alternatives that meet the following criteria: (1) they provide improved levels of The significant environmental interfaces of a nuclear environmental protection (in the case of systems subject power station will be associated with the operation of to 40 CFR Part 423, the analysis should focus on certain identifiable systems. The applicant's proposed alternative systems that comply with 40 CFR Part 423 station should incorporate a combination of these but that are a better environmental solution, taking into identifiable systems, each of which has been selected account impacts on air quality, esthetics, etc.) and (2) through a cost-effectiveness analysis of economic and although not necessarily economically attractive, they other factors as the preferred choice within its category. are based on feasible technology available to the In some instances, the interaction of these systems may applicant during the design state.
be such as to require their selection on the basis of a preferred combination rather than on the basis of In cases where the system proposed in the applica individual preferred systems. For example, an alternative tion does not comply with thermal effluent limitations cooling system may have to be evaluated in combination under Sections 301 and 306 of Public Law 92-500 [the with a preferred chemical effluent system that would be Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) as used with it. amended] and no disposition of any request for waiver under Section 316(a) is expected until after issuance of a The applicant's discussion should be organized on the construction permit, the environmental report should basis of station systems and arranged according to the clearly identify the most feasible alternative cooling following list: system that would be selected in the event that alternative thermal effluent limitations are not imposed.
- Circulating water system (exclusive of intake and discharge) 2. Normalization of cost comparison. Alternatives should be compared on the basis of an assumed fixed
- Intake system for circulating water amount of energy generated for distribution outside the station. Thus, any effect of an alternative on station
- Discharge system for circulating water power consumption should be discussed.
- Other cooling systems (including intake and dis 3. Effect of capacity factor. The projected effect of charge where not treated in the preceding three items) alternatives on station capacity factor should be given and explained for capacity factors of 60, 70, and 80
- Biocide systems (all cooling circuits)' percent.
- Chemical waste treatment1 4. Monetized costs. The acquisition and operation costs of individual systems and their alternatives (as well
- Sanitary waste system as costs of the total station and transmission facility and alternatives) should be expressed as power generating
- liquid radwaste systems (see Section 10.7) costs. The latter will be derived from cost elements compounded or discounted (as appropriate) to their
- Gaseous radwaste systems (see Section 10.8) present values as of the date of initial commercial operation and will be converted to their annualized
"*Transmission facilities values. The method of computation is shown in Table 4.
The individual cost items in this table should be used as
"*Other systems. applicable. The total cost will be the sum of:
The following should be considered in preparing the 0 Capital to be expended up uritil the scheduled date discussion: of operation.2
- 1. Range of alternatives. The applicant's discussion should emphasize those alternative station systems that
- Interest to the date of operation on all expendi tures prior to that date.
appear promising in. terms of environmental protection.
'systems that are subject to effluent limitation guidelines and 2For operating license proceedings, costs should be based on new source performance standards of 40 CFR Part 423. capital to be expended to complete the facility.
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- Expenditures subsequent to the scheduled date of b. Suggested units to be used for measurement operation discounted to that date. In calculations, the (Column 4). The NRC recognizes the difficulty, if not applicant should assume a 30-year station life.
3 the impossibility, of using the assigned units for every item in Table 5 in each case, given the current state of In computing the annualized present value of station the art. The applicant may elect to use other units, systems and their alternatives, the following cost ele provided they are meaningful to the informed public and ments are suggested: adequately reflect the impact of the listed environmental effects.
e Engineering design and planning costs
- c. A suggested methodology of computation 0 Construction costs (Column 5). Computation of effects in response to each block in Table 5, e.g., 1.1, 1.2, etc., should be given
- Interest on capital expended prior to operation without adjustment for effects computed in other blocks for the same population or resource affected. However,
- Operating, maintenance, and fuel (if applicable) provision is made in Table 5 (i.e., 1.9 and 4.9) to costs over the 30-year life of the station account for combined effects that may be either less than or greater than the sum of individual effects.
"* Taxes In discussing environmental effects, the applicant
"* Insurance costs should specify not only the magnitude of the effect (e.g., pounds of fish killed or acres of a particular habitat
"* Cost of modification or alteration of any other destroyed) but also the relative effect, that is, the station system if required for accommodation of alterna fraction of the population or resource that is affected.
tives to maintain station capacity (see Item 2 above) (See the discussion in Section 5.7.)
- Maintenance costs for the transmission facility (if In some specific cases, accurate estimation of an applicable) effect which the applicant believes to be very small may require a data collection effort that would not be 0 Cost of supplying makeup power during a delay commensurate with the value of the information to be resulting from an alternative design choice that will obtained. In such cases, the applicant may substitute a not meet the power requirement by the scheduled preferred measure which conservatively estimates envi inservice date. ronmental costs for the effect in question, provided the substituted measure is clearly documented and realisti cally evaluates the potentially detrimental (ie., worst
- 5. Environmental costs Environmental effects of case) aspects of the effect, and provided the measure is alternatives should be documented and supported by applied consistently to all alternatives.
available information. To the extent practicable, the magnitude of each effect should be quantified. Where 6. Supporting details. In the following sections, the quantification is not possible, qualitative evaluations applicant should discuss design alternatives for each of should be expressed in terms of comparison to the the relevant station systems (e.g., cooling system, intake effects of the subsystem chosen for the proposed design. system). The discussion should describe each alternative, In either case, the derivation of the evaluations should present estimates of its environmental impact, and be completely documented. compare the estimated impact with that of the proposed system. The assumptions and calculations on which the Table 5 presents a set of environmental factors that estimates are based should be presented. Engineering should be considered in comparing alternative station design and supporting studies, e.g., thermal modeling, systems in the cost-effectiveness analysis. Although performed to assess the impact of alternative station incomplete, the factors listed are believed to represent systems should be limited in scope to those efforts the principal environmental effects of power station required to support the cost-effectiveness analysis that construction and operation that can be evaluated by led to selection of the proposed design.
generally accepted techniques. The table provides for three key elements ofenvironmental cost evaluation: 7. Presentation of alternative desnks The results should be tabulated for each station system in a format
- a. A description of each effect to be measured consistent with the definitions in Table 5.
(Column 3).
The monetized costs of the proposed systems and alternatives should be presented on an incremental bas.
3Uwe 30-year life for steamelectic generatiMg stationi For other This means that the costs of the proposed system should types of electric pneafting prints, m genewal accepted Vahes appear as zeroes in appropriate columns of summary 10-2
tables and costs of the other alternative systems should 10.2 Intake System appear as cost differences, with any negative values enclosed in parentheses. The environmental costs are not The applicant should identify and describe alterna incremental, and the tabulations should therefore show fives to the proposed intake system design, such as these as total costs, whether monetized or not. (If an shoreline and offshore intakes, traveling screens (vertical, environmental effect is considered beneficial, the entry horizontal, angle-mounted, single entry-double exit),
should be enclosed in parentheses.) barriers (lower, electric, sound, light, bubble),
perforated-pipe intakes, and infiltration-bed intakes.
In addition to the information displayed in the tables. Estimates of environmental effects should be prepared the applicant should provide a textual description of the and tabulated. Alternatives should be referenced to any process by which the tradeoffs were weighed and requirements for intake systems imposed under Section balanced in arriving at the proposed design. This 316(b) of PL 92-500.
discussion may include any factors not provided for in the tabulation.
10.3 Discharge System The applicant should identify and describe alterna 10.1 Circulatifg System (exclusive of intake tives to the proposed discharge system design. Estimates and dschaW) of environmental effects should be prepared and tabu lated. Appropriate graphic illustrations of visible plumes The applicant should identify and describe altema or hydraulic mixing zones (air or water as applioable) tives to the proposed cooling system deign. Estimates of should be included.
environmental effects should be prepared and tabulated.
Where cooling towers are discussed, the analysis should include variations in drift and blowdown and optional 10.4 Chemical Waste Treatment control ranges that might minimize the environmental impact to the receiving air, water, or land with respect to Alternative chemical systems that meet EPA effluent time or space. guidelines but involve differing external environmental impacts associated with ultimate waste disposal of end When an applicant proposes to create a lake or pond products should be evaluated. Management of corrosion for primary cooling, the environmental report at the and resulting corrosion products released with cooling construction permit stage should consider the effects of tower blowdown should be treated in detail. The variations in the size of the cooling reservoir on the description should include specification of both maxi performance of the power station, the enviromnental mum and average concentrations and dilution sources.
impacts (including the loss of agricultural lands and (If a discharge is not continuous, the discharge schedule woodlands and the products therefrom and the impacts should be specified.) Any toxicity and lethality to on terrestrial and aquatic life), and the economic costs. affected biota should be documented for all potential The enviromnental report should also discuss the matter points of exposure. Specifically, information should be of making the cooling reservoir and its surroundings a sufficient to define the impacts to entrained organisms multiple-use facility, including a public recreational at their points of exposure, as well as the impacts resource, and should present the reasons for the decision beyond the point of discharge. Estimates of environ in favor of or opposing such a development. mental effects should be prepared and tabulated.
If the applicant decides to provide a recreational facility, the environmental report kt the construction 10.5 Biocide Treatment permit stage should contain a general plan to provide for public recreational use. The specific plan for public The applicant should describe alternatives to the use recreational use should be provided at the operating of biocide for control of fouling organisms, including license stage. The plan should include a discussion of both mechanical and chemical methods where such recreational needs in the area; a description (including alternatives may be expected to have less severe gnviron maps and artist conceptions) of the proposed recrea mental effects than the proposed system. The informa ti6nal facilities, lake management and fisheries stodking tiou provided on chemical biocides should be similar to program, and associated landscaping; a schedule of that specified above for chemical effluent treatment.
installation, estimated costs of construction, operation Estimates of environmental effects should be prepared and maintenance, and the source of funds to pay these and tabulated.
costs; and estimated public use of the facilities. Describe the participation in planning, if any, by local, State, and 10.6 Sanitmy Waste System Federal governments. A commitment to implement the plan must be made if the potential benefit is considered Alternative sanitary waste systems that meet EPA in balancing the costs and benefits. guidelines for municipal waste treatment should be 10-3
identified and discussed with regard to the environ 10.8 Gaseous Radwaste Systems mental implications of both waste products and chem ical additives for waste treatment. Estimates of environ Consideration of systems for the disposal of gaseous mental effect on receiving land, water, and air should be radwaste is subject to the qualifying condition noted in considered and tabulated to the extent that measurable Section 10.7 above.
effects can be identified.
10.9 Transmission Facilities 10.7 Liquid Radwaste Systems The applicant should discuss the cost and environ For proposed light-water-cooled reactor installations mental effects of alternative routes for new transmission in which the quantities of radioactive material in facilities required for tie-in of the proposed facility to effluents will be limited to levels that are within the the applicant's system. The documentation should numerical guides for design objectives and limiting include maps of the alternative routes. These maps conditions of operation set forth in Appendix I of 10 should clearly indicate topographic features important CFR Part 50, no further consideration need be given to to evaluation of the routes and boundaries of visually the reduction of radiological impacts in formulating sensitive areas. The applicant may find the documents alternative plant designs. If the reactor is not a light. cited in Section 3.9 helpful in this analysis. Estimates of water-cooled reactor, the possibility must be explored of environmental effects should be prepared and tabulated.
an alternative radwaste system that reduces the level of radioactivity in the effluents and direct radiation to the S10.10 Other Systems levels in Appendix I. In any case, for reactors to which Appendix I does not apply, the applicant should Any station system, other than those specified above, demonstrate sufficient consideration of alternative rad that is associated with an adverse environmental effect waste systems and their radiological output to ensure should be discussed in terms of practicable add feasible that releases from the proposed facility will be as low as alternatives that may reduce or eliminate this environ is reasonably achievable. mental effect.
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CHAPTER 11
SUMMARY
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS This chapter should demonstrate through a cost consistent with the underlying concept of cost-benefit benefit analysis of the proposed station why in the analysis.
applicant's judgment the aggregate benefits outweigh the aggregatecosts. The NRC will independently prepare The following considerations may be helpful to the a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed station in the applicant in preparing the analysis. As indicated above, it Environmental Statement; nevertheless, the applicant is incumbent on the applicant to demonstrate that the shouldperform its own analysis in orderto aid the NRC benefits of the proposed facility are considered to in its evaluation. outweigh the aggregate costs. Beyond this, the degree to which the benefits may outweigh the costs is a factor Although the cost-benefit analysis approach discussed that will be considered in the NRC's Environmental in this guide is conceptually similar to the cost-benefit Statement. In selecting each proposed station system approach classically employed in a purely economic from a set of alternative systems, the cost-effectiveness context, the method recommended differs from it analysis of Chapter 10 will have maximized the net procedurally. This is because the benefits and costs to be benefit (i.e., aggregate of benefits minus the costs).
evaluated will not all be monetized by the applicant. The incommensurable nature of the benefits and costs makes In presenting the cost-benefit analysis, the applicant it virtually impossible to provide a concise assessment of should first consider the benefits identified and de costs versus benefits in classical quantitative terms. Even scribed in Chapters 1 and 8. Second, the applicant though a simple numerical weighing of benefits against should consider generating, environmental, and other costs is clearly not feasible here, the applicant can cost items identified in Chapters 4, 5, 8, 9, and 10; these evaluate the factors on a judgmental basis that is costs should be summarized in tabular form.
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CHAPTER 12 ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS AND CONSULTATION List and give the status of all licenses, permits, and If a discharge could alter the quality of the water or other approvals of station construction and operations air of another State, indicate the State or States that required by Federal, State, local, and regional authorities may be affected and their applicable limitations, stan for the protection of the environment. dards, or regulations.
list all laws or ordinances applicable to the proposed transmission system and the status of approvals that In view of the effects of the station on the economic must be obtained. Indicate any public hearings held or development of the region in which it is located, the to be held with respect to the proposed transmission applicant should also note the State, local, and regional system. planning authorities contacted or consulted. OMB Circu lar A-95 1 identifies the State, metropolitan, and regional The listing should cite the relevant statutory or other clearinghouses 2 that should be contacted as appropriate.
authority requiring approvals with respect to the con struction and/or operation of the station and should be categorized by the environmental impact to which the Where consumptive water uses involve permits or adjudication, applicants should show evidence of such approval is addressed. These categories could include, for with respect to State, Federal, or Compact or Commis example, air, land, and water use and planning, fish diversion, and construction effects. sion authorities having purview over the proposed diversion.
Discuss the status of efforts to obtain a water quality certification under Section 401 and discharge permits under Section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), as amended. If certification has 'lnquiries concerning this circular may be addressed to the not already been obtained, indicate when it is expected. Office of Management and Budget, Washington, D.C. 20503.
If certification is not required, explain. Any other 2 actions such as a pending request based on Section A listing of the clearinghouses that serve a particular site area 316(a) of Public Law 92-500 (FWPCA) for alternative may be obtained from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis sion, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Division of Site effluent limitations should be explained. Safety and Environmental Analysis, Washington, D.C. 2055,.
12-1
CHAPTER CHAPTER 13 13 REFERENCES REFERENCES 1be applicant The should provide applicant should bibliography of provide aa bibliography of References should References should be cited by be cited numerical designation by numerical designation sources used sources preparationof in preparation used in environmental report.
the environmental ofthe report. and listed at the end of the to which and listed at the end of the chapter to chapter theyrefer.
which they refer.
13-1 13-1
TABLES TABLE 1 PRIMARY2 BENEFITS TO BE CONSIDERED IN COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS Drect Benefits Expected average annual generation in kWh .............. ...............................
Capacity in kW ................... ............................................
Proportional distribution of electrical energy (Expected annual delivery in kWh)
Industrial ................... ............................................
Commercial .................... ..........................................
Residential ....................... ..........................................
Other . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expected average annual Btu (in millions) of steam sold from the facility ..................
physical units) . .........
Expected average annual delivery of other beneficial products (appropriate Annual revenues from delivered benefits Electrical energy generated .................
Steam sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indirect Benefits (as appropriate)
S. . . . . . . . . . . .
Taxes (local, State, Federal )....... . . . . . . . . . .
S. . . . . . . . . . .
Research ...... . . . . . . . . . .
Regional product . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Environmental enhanceme'
°.. . . . . . .. °. . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . .* . . . .
Recreation .... . . . .° . .* . . .
Navigation .
Air Quality:
SO S.. . . . . . . . . .°
° o . . . . . . .* . . . . .* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NO . . . . . .
Particulates.. . . . . . . . . ° o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o °. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . . . .* . . . . . . .
Others .......
Employment ....... . . . .. . . .°* .. . . .o* . . . . .* ..
Education .........
Others .......
%wsceectin &I.1 T-1
TABLE 2 COST INFORMATION FOR NUCLEAR AND ALTERNATIVE POWER GENERATION METHODS
- 1. Interest during con struction 4. Average site labor
%/year, pay rate (including compound rate fringe benefits) ef fective at month and
- 2. Length of construc year of NSSS order tion workweek hours/week -$S/hour
- 5. Escalation rates
- 3. Estimated site labor Site labor %(year requirement man-hours/kWe Materials - Jyear Composite esca lation rate %/year
- 6. Power Station Costa Direct Costs Unit I Unit 2 Indirect Costs Unit I Unit 2
- a. Land and land a. Construction rights facilities, equip
- b. Structures and ment, and serv site facilities ices
- c. Reactor (boiler) b. Engineering and plant equipment construction
- d. Turbine plant management equipment not services including heat c. Other costs rejection systems d. Interest during
- e. Heat rejection construction system ((R %1
- f. Electric plant year) equipment
- g. Miscellaneous Escalation equipment Escalation during
- h. Spare parts al construction lowance
- i. Contingency al year lowance Total Cost Total Station Cost,
@Start of Com Subtotal mercial Operation aCost components of nuclear stations to be included in each cost category listed under direct and indirect costs in Part 6 above are described in "Guide for Economic Evaluation of Nuclear Reactor Plant Designs," U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, NUS-531, Appendix B, available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
T-2
TABLE 3 ESTIMATED COSTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION Milh1/Kilowatt-Hour Fixed Chargsa Cost of money Depreciation Interim replacements Taxes Fuel Cycle CoStab For fossil-fueled plants, costs of high-sulfur coal, low-sulfur coal, or oil For nuclear stations:
Cost of U 308 (yellowcake)
Cost of conver sion and enrich ment Cost of conver sion and fabrica tion of fuel ele ments Cost of proces fn spent fuel Carrying charge on fuel Inventory Cost of waste dis posalc Credit for pluto nium or U-233 Costs of Operation and nItensanced Fixed component Variable component Costs Of in ance Property insurance Liability insurance GGive the capacity factor assumed in computing those charges, and sie the total fixed-chape mte as a percentage of station investment bIndude shipping charges as appropriate. Give the heat rate in BtU/lowatt hour.
cif-ao costs are available, the applicant may ue the cost aswmptims as d= in the most recent publication of Nucdw Induriy. - . .. .
separately the fixed component that in dollars per year does not depend on capacity factor and the variable component that in dollarsper yea is proportional to capacity factor.
T-3
TABLE 4 MONETIZED BASES FOR GENERATING COSTSa Item Symbol Unit Item Description Total outlay required to C, $ All capital outlays including interest expense to be in bring facility to operation vested in completion of the facility compounded to present value as of the scheduled inservice date of operation.
Annual operating cost Ot $ This is the total operating and maintenance cost of sta tion operation in year "t."
Annual fuel cost Ft $ This is the total fuel cost in year "t."
Cost of makeup power pur Pt $ Cost of power purchased or supplied internally in year chased or supplied in year "t" to make up deficiency of power associated with
".It.,,
any alternative that introduces delay~b Discount factor P v= (I + if 1 where i is the applicant's estimated average cost of capital over the life of this station.
30 30 Total generating cost GCp $ GCp = C 1 + A(0t +"Ft) + vtPt present value t=!
Total generating cost $~ (1 + 13 0 present value annualized = GCp X-(1+1)3 1 aFor conventional (nuclear or fossil fuel) steam-electric stations bDelay to be computed from the time of tiling for a construction permit (10 CFR Part 51,
§ 51.20)
T-4
K K TABLE 5 1 of 16)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TO BE USED IN COMPARING ALTERNATIVE STATION SYSTEMS (Page Unit of Method of or Computation Primary Primay IImpact Population wAfeter (Speciyoaurals Resources Affected Descrptn Measurea
- 1. NATURAL SURFACE WATER (Specify natural water BODY body affected) 1.1.1 Fishb Juveniles and adults are sub Percent of har Identify all important species as de 1.1 Impingement or entrapment vestable or adult fined in Section 2.2. Estimate the ject to attrition.
by cooling water intake population de annual weight and number of each structure stroyed per year species that will be destroyed.
for each impor (For juveniles destroyed, only the tant species expected population that would have survived naturally need be considered.) Compare with the estimated weight and number of the species population in the water body.
Plankton population (ex Percent changes Field studies are required to esti 1.2 Passage through or reten 1.2.1 Phytoplankton mate (1) the diversity and produc and zooplankton cluding fish) may be changed in production tion in cooling systems rates and species tion rates of readily recognizable due to mechanical, thermal, and chemical effects. diversity groups (e.g., diatoms, green algae, zooplankton) and (2) the mortality of organisms passing through the condenser and pumps. Include in direct effectsc which affect mortality.
to the unit of measure shown in this table.
aApplicant may substitute an alternative unit of measure where convenient. Such a measure should be related quantitatively bFgih as used in this table includes shellfish and other aquatic invertebrates harvested by man.
metabolic rates, hatching of fish out of phase with food cIndirect effects could include increased disease incidence, increased predation, interference with spawning, changed organisms.
TABLE 5 (Page 2 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation 1.2.2 Fish All life stages (eggs, larvae, Percent of har Identify all important species as de etc.) that reach the condenspr vestable or adult fined in Section 2.2. Estimate the are subject to attrition. population de annual weight and number of each stroyed per year species that will be destroyed. (For for each impor larvae, eggs, and juveniles destroyed, tant species only the expected population that would have survived naturally need be considered.) Compare with the estimated weight and number of the species population in the water body.
1.3 Discharge area and 1.3.1 Water quality, The rate of dissipation of the Acres and acre Estimate the average heat in Btu's thermal plume excess heat excess heat, primarily to the feet per hour -dissipatedto the receiving atmosphere, will depend on water at full power. Estimate the
-1 both the method of discharge water volume and surface areas and the state of the receiving within differential temperature water (i.e., ambient tempera isotherms of 2, 3, and 5*F under ture and water currents). conditions that would tend, with respect to annual variations, to maximize the extent of the areas and volumes.
1.3.2 Water quality, Dissolved oxygen concentration Acre-feet Estimate volumes of affected waters oxygen avail of receiving waters may be with concentrations below 5, 3, ability modified as a consequence of and 1 ppm under conditions that changes in the water temper would tend to maximize the impact.
ature, the translocation of water of different quality, and aeration.
1.3.3 Fish Fishb.may be affected directly Net effect in Field measurements are required to (nonmigratory) or indirectly because of ad pounds per year establish the average number and verse conditions in the plume. (as harvestable weight (as harvestable or adults) or adult fish by of important species (as defined species of in Section 2.2). Estimate their interest) mortality in the receiving water from direct and indirect effects.c
(
K K TABLE 5 (Page 3 of 16)
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation 1.3.4 Wildlife (in. Suitable habitats (wetland or Acres of defined Determine the areas impaired as water surface) may be habitat or nest habitats because of thermal dis cluding birds charges, including effects on food affected ing area and aquatic and resources. Document estimates of amphibious affected population by species.
mammals and reptiles) 1.3.5 Fish (migratory) A thermal barrier may inhibit Pounds per year Estimate the fraction of the stock migration, both hampering (as adult or that is prevented from reaching spawning and diminishing harvestable fish spawning grounds because of station the survival of returning by species of operation. Prorate this directly fish. interest) to a reduction in current and long-term fishing effort supported by that stock. Justify estimate on basis of local migration patterns, experience at other sites, and,
-J applicable State standards.
TABLE 5 (page 4 of 16)
Primary Impact Population or Resources Unit of Method of Affected DescriptionMeasure Computation 1.4 Chemical effluents 1.4.1 Water quality, Water quality may be Acre-feet, % The volume of water required to chemical impaired. dilute the average daily discharge of each chemical to meet applicable water quality standards should be calculated. Where suitable standards do not exist, use the volume re quired to dilute each chemical to a concentration equivalent to a selected lethal concentration for the most important species (as defined in Section 2.2) in the receiving waters. The ratio of this volume to the annual minimum value of th'e daily net flow, where applicable, of the receiving waters should be ex p-3 pressed as a percentage and the 60 largest such percentage reported.
Include the total solids if this is a limiting factor. Include in this calculation the blowdown from cooling towers and other closed-cycle cooling systems.
1.4.2 Fish Aquatic populations may be Pounds per year Total chemical effect on important affected by toxic levels of (by species of species of aquatic biota should be discharged chemicals or by fish) estimated. Biota exposed within reduced dissolved oxygen the facility, as well as biota in re concentrations. ceiving waters, should be considered.
Supporting documentation should include reference to applicable standards, chemicals discharged, and their toxicity to the aquatic populations affected.
(
K TOLE 5 (Page 5 of 16)
Population 9D Unit of Method of Primry impact ResourcaAffacted Description Measurea Computation 1.4.3 Wildlife Suitable habitats for wildlife Acres Estimate the area of wetland or Q(Oluding may be affected. water surface impaired as a wildlife
)6irds and habitat because of chemical con aquatic and tamination, including effects on amphibious food resources. Document the mammals and estimates of affected population reptiles) by species.
Recreational water uses Lost annual The volume of the net flow to the 1.4.4 People (boating, fishing, swim user days and receiving waters required for dilution ming) may be inhibited. area (acres) or to reach accepted water quality shoreline miles standards must be determined on for dilution the basis of daily discharge and converted to either surface area or miles of shore. Cross-sectional and annual minimum flow character istics should be incorporated where applicable. The annual number of
'0 visitors to the affected area or shoreline must be obtained. This permits estimation of lost user-days on an annual basis. Any possible eutrophication effects should be estimated and included as a de gradation of quality.
1.5 Radionuclides dis .1.5.1 Aquatic organisms Radionuclide discharge may Rad per year Sum dose contributions from introduce a radiation level radionuclides expected to be charged to water released.
body that adds to natural back ground radiation.
TABLE 5 (Page 6 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impt Resources Affected Measureg Computation 1.5.2 People, external Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for Sum annual dose contributions introduce a radiation level individual; man from nuclides expected to be re that adds to natural back rem per year for leased.
ground radiation for water estimated popu.
Users. lation at the midpoint of station operation 1.5.3 People, ingestion Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for Estimate biological accumulation introduce a radiation level individuals (whole in foods and intake by individuals that adds to natural back body and organ); and population. Calculate doses ground radiation for in man-rem per year by summing results for expected gested food and water. for population at radionuclides.
the midpoint of station operation 0
1.6 Consumptive use 1.6.1 People Drinking water supplies Gallons per year Where users withdraw drinking drawn from the water water supplies from the affected body may be diminished. water body, lost water to users should be estimated. Relevant delivered costs of replacement drinking water should be included.
1.6.2 Agriculture Water may be withdrawn Acre-feet per year Where users withdraw irrigation from agricultural usage, water from the affected water and use of remaining water body, the loss should be evalu may be degraded. ated as the sum of two volumes:
the volume of the water lost to agricultural users and the volume of dilution water required to re duce concentrations of dissolved solids in station effluent water to an agriculturally acceptable level.
I (
TABLE 5 (Page 7 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Primary impact Resources Affected Description Measure' Computation 1.6.3 Industry Water may be withdrawn Gallons per year for industrial use.
1.7.1 Water quality, Turbidity, color, or temper Acre-feet and acres The volume of dilution water re 1.7 Plant construction (in quired to meet applicable water cluding site prepara physical ature of natural water body may be altered. quality standards should be cal tion) culated. The areal extent of the effect should be estimated.
Water quality may be Acre-feet, % To the extent possible, the appli 1.7.2 Water quality, cant should treat problems of spills chemical impaired.
and drainage during construction in the same manner as in Item 1.4.1.
The applicant should describe and 1.8 Other impacts quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant.
Where evidence indicates that the 1.9 Combined or inter combined effect of a number of active effects impacts on a particular population or resource is not adequately indi cated by measures of the separate impacts, the total combined effect should be described.
1.10 Net effects See discussion in Section 5.7.
TABLE 5 (Page 8 of 16)
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measurea Computation
- 2. GROUND WATER 2.1 Raising/lowering of 2.1.1 People Availability or quality of Gallons per year Volume of replacement water for
- ground water levels drinking water may be local wells actually affected decreased, and the func should be estimated.
tioning of existing wells may be impaired.
2.1.2 Vegetation Trees and other deep-rooted Acres Estimate the area in which ground vegetation may be affected. water level change may have an adverse effect on local vegetation.
Report this acreage on a separate schedule by land use. Specify such uses as recreational, agricultural, and residential.
i.l*
2.2 Chemical contamina 2.2.1 People Drinking water of nearby Gallons per year Compute annual loss of potable tion of ground water communities may be water.
(excluding salt) affected.
2.2.2 Vegetation Trees and other deep-rooted Acres Estimate area affected and report vegetation may experience separately by land use. Specify toxic effects. such uses as recreational, agri cultural, and residential.
2.3 Radionuclide con 2.3.1 People Radionuclides that enter Rem per year for Estimate intakes by individuals and tamination of ground water may add to individuals (whole populations. Sum dose contributions ground water natural background radia body and organ); for nuclides expected to be released.
tion level for water and man-rem per year food supplies. for population at the midpoint of station operation
(
K K TABLE 5 (Page9 of 16)
Primary Impact Population or Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 2.3.2 Vegetation and Radionuclides that enter Rad per year Estimate uptake in plants and animals ground water may add to transfer to animals. Sum dose natural background radia contributions for nuclides ex tion level for local plant pected to be released.
forms and animal popu lation.
2.4 Other impacts on The applicant should describe and ground water quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant.
- 3. AIR 3.1 Fogging and icing 3.1.1 Ground transpor Safety hazards may be Vehicle-hours per Compute the number of hours per (caused by evapora tation created in the nearby year year that driving hazards will be tion and drift) regions in all seasons. increased on paved highways by fog and ice due to cooling towers and ponds. Documentation should in clude the visibility criteria used for defining hazardous conditions on the highways actually affected.
3.1.2 Air transportation Safety hazards may be Hours per year, Compute the number of hours per created in the nearby flights delayed year that commercial airports will regions in all seasons. per year be closed to visual (VFR) and in strumental (IFR) air traffic because of fog and ice from cooling towers.
Estimate number of flights delayed per year.
3.1.3 Water transpor Safety hazards may be Hours per year, Compute the number of hours per tation created in the nearby re number of ships year ships will need to reduce speed gions in all seasons. affected per year because of fog from cooling towers or ponds or because of warm water added to the surface of the river, lake, or sea.
TABLE 5 (Page 10 of 16)
Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Population or Computation rtReources Affeted Measurem 3.1.4 Vegetation Damage to timber and crops Acres by crop Estimate the acreage of potential may occur through intro plant damage by crop.
duction of adverse conditions.
3.2 Chemical discharge to 3.2.1 Air quality, Pollutant emissions may di %and pounds or The actual concentration of each ambient air chemical minish the quality of the tons pollutant in ppm for maximum local ambient air. daily emission rate should be ex pressed as a percentage of the applicable emission standard. Re.
port weight for expected annual emissions.
3.2.2 Air quality, odor Odor in gaseous discharge Statement A statement must be made as to or from effects on water whether odor originating in station body may be objectionable. isperceptible at any point offsite.
3.3 Radionuclides dis 3.3.1 People, external Radionuclide discharge or Rem per year for Sum dose contributions from p.-
charged to ambient direct radiation may add individuals (whole nuclides expected to be released.
air and direct radia to natural background body and organ);
tion from radioactive radiation level. man-rem per year materials (in plant or for population at being transported) the midpoint of station operation 3.3.2 People, ingestion Radionuclide discharge may Rem per year for For radionuclides expected to be add to the natural radioac individuals (whole released, estimate deposit and tivity in vegetation and in body and organ); accumulation in foods. Estimate soil. man-rem per year intakes by individuals and popu for population at lations and sum results for all ex the midpoint of pected radionuclides.
station operation 3.3.3 Vegetation and Radionuclide discharge may Rad per year Estimate deposit of radionuclides animals add to natural background on and uptake in plants and radioactivity of local plant animals. Sum dose contributions and animal life. for radionuclides expected to be released.
t ((
TABLE 5 (Page 11 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impct Resources Affected DMcription easure$ Computation 3.4 Other impacts on air The applicant should describe and quantify any other environ mental effects of the proposed plant that are significant.
- 4. LAND 4.1 Site selection 4.1.1 Land, amount Land will be preempted for Acres State the number of acres preempted construction of nuclear for station, exclusion zone, and power station, station' facil accessory facilities such as cooling ities, and exclusion zone. towers and ponds. By separate schedule, state the type and class of land preempted (e.g., scenic shoreline, wet land, forest land, etc.).
4.2 Construction activities 4.2.1 People (amenities) There will be a loss of desir Total population The disruption of community life U' (including site able qualities in the environ affected, years (or alternatively the degree of preparation) ment due to the noise and community isolation from such movement of men, material, irritations) should be estimated.
and machines. Estimate the number of residences, schools, hospitals, etc., within area of visual and audio impacts. Esti mate the duration of impacts and total population affected.
4.2.2 People (accessi Historical sites may be af Visitors per year Determine historical sites that might bility of historical fected by construction be displaced by generation facilities.
sites) Estimate effect on any other sites in plant environs. Express net impact in terms of annual number of visitors.
TABLE 5 (Page 12 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measure' Computation 4.2.3 People (accessi. Construction activity may Qualified opinion Summarize evaluation of impact on bility of archeo impinge upon sites of archeological resources in terms logical sites) archeological value. of remaining potential value of the site. Referenced documentation should include statements from responsible county, State, or Federal agencies, if available.
4.2.4 Wildlife Wildlife may be affected. Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion in cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available, taking into account both beneficial and adverse effects.
4.2.5 Land (erosion) Site preparation and station Cubic yards and Estimate soil displaced by construc construction will involve cut acres tion activity and erosion. Beneficial
'-4 and fill operations with and detrimental effects should be accompanying erosion reported separately.
potential.
4.3 Station operation 4.3.1 People (amenities) Noise may induce stress. Number of resi Use applicable State and local codes dents, school for offaite noise levels foisasessifig populations, impact. If there Isno code, consider hospital beds nearby land use, current zoning, and ambient sound levels in asse~giig impact. The predicted sound level may be compared with the published guidelines of the Environmental Pro tection Agency (EPA), American Industrial Hygiene Association, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
(
K TABLE 5 (Page 13 of 16)
Primary Impact Population or Description Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 4.3.2 People (esthetics) The local landscape as viewed Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion, in from adjacent residential areas cluding views of cognizant local and neighboring historical, and regional authorities when scenic, and recreational sites available.
may be rendered esthetically objectionable by station structures.
4.3.3 Wildlife 'Wildlife may be affected. Qualified opinion Summarize qualified opinion, in cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available, taking into account both beneficial and adverse effec*
4.3.4 Land, flood Health and safety near the Reference to Reference should be made to regula control water body may be affected Flood Control tions of cognizant Flood Control by flood control. District approval Agency by use of one of the follow ing terms: Has No Implications for flood control, Complies with flood control regulation.
4.4 Salts discharged 4.4.1 People Intrusion of salts into Pounds per Estimate the amount of salts dis from cooling ground water may affect square foot per charged as drift and particulates.
towers water supply. year Report maximum deposition.
Supporting documentation should include patterns of deposition and projection of possible effect on water supplies.
TABLE 5 (Page 14 of 16)
Population or Unit of Method of Pimary Impact Resources Affected Description Measurea Computation 4.4.2 Vegetation and Deposition of entrained salts Acres Salt tolerance of vegetation in af animals may be detrimental in some fected area must be determined.
nearby regions. That area, if any, receiving salt deposition in excess of tolerance (after allowance for dilution) must be estimated. Report separately an appropriate tabulation of acreage by land use. Specify such uses as recreational, agricultural, and residential. Where wildlife habitat is affected, identify popula tions.
4.4.3 Property Structures and movable Dollars per year If salt spray impinges upon a local resources property may suffer de community, property damage may gradation from corrosive be estimated by applying to the effects. local value of buildings, machinery, 00 and vehicles a differential in average depreciation rates between this and a comparable seacoast community.
4.5 Transmission route 4.5.1 Land, amount Land will be preempted for Miles, acres State total length and area of new selection construction of transmission rights-of-way. Estimate current line systems. market value of land involved.
4.5.2 Land use and Lines may pass through Miles, acres, Total length of new transmission land value visually sensitive (that is, dollars lines and area of rights-of-way sensitive to presence of through various categories of transmission lines and visually sensitive land. Estimate towers) areas, thus imping minimum loss in current property ing on the present and po values of adjacent areas.
tential use and value of neighboring property.
(
K TABLE 5 (Page 15 of 16)
Population or Description Unit of Method of Primary Impact Resources Affected Measuren computation 4.5.3 People Lines may present visually Number of such Estimate total number of visually undesirable features.. features undesirable features, such as (esthetics) number of major road crossings in vicinity of intersection of inter changes; number of major water way crossings; number of crest, ridge, or other high point crossings; and number of "long views" of transmission lines perpendicular to highways and waterways.
4.6 Transmission 4.6.1 Land adjacent Constructing new roads for Miles Estimate length of new access and facilities to rights-of-way access to rights-of-way may service roads required for alter construction have environmental impact. native routes.
4.6.2 Land, erosion Soil erosion may result from Tons Estimate area with increased erosion
'0 construction activities. per year potential traceable to construction activities.
4.6.3 Wildlife Wildlife habitat and access Number of im Identify important species that may to habitat may be affected. portant species be disturbed (Section 2.2).
affected 4.6A Vegetation Vegetation may be affected.
4.7 Transmission line 4.7.1 Land use Land preempted by rights-of %, dollars Estimate percent of rights-of-way operation way may be used for addi for which no multiple-use activities tional beneficial purposes are planned. Annual value of such as orchards, picnic areas, multiple-use activities less cost of nurseries, and hiking and improvements.
riding trails.
4.7.2 Wildlife Modified wildlife habitat may Qualified Summarize qualified opinion in result in changes. opinion cluding views of cognizant local and State wildlife agencies when available.
TABLE 5 (Page 16 of 16)
Primary Impact Population or Description Unit of Method of Resources Affected Measurea Computation 4.8 Other land.impacts The applicant should describe and quantify any other environmental effects of the proposed station that are significant.
4.9 Combined or Where evidence indicates that the interactive effects combined effects of a number of impacts on a particular popula tion or resource are not adequately indicated by measures of the separate impacts, the total com bined effect should be described.
Both beneficial and adverse inter actions should be indicated.
4.10 Net effects See discussion in Section 5.7.
(
APPENDICES APPENDIX A
§51.20. 10 CFR PART 51, -APPUCANT-S ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT-CONSTRUCTION PERMIT STAGE" (a) Invmmh nta consderatlkw atswards and kequirenents (including.
Bach applicant I for a permit to construct but not limited to. applicable zoning and a production or utilization facility cur Iand-se regulations auO thermal and ered by i 51.5(a shl submit with its Other Water polution limitatlons or re application a separate document. en quiremnt promulgated or imposed Pur titled -Appncnt's Environmental Re mutt to the Federal Water Polluton port- tu Permit Stage:"which ftntrl Act) which have been imposed contains a description of the proposed by derml State, regional, and local action, a statement of its purposer, and a description of the environment af agaeues having responsibility for en fected, and which discusses the follow virnmmtal protection. 7he discussion Ing considerations: ri alternative. In the Report shall In (1) -The probable tmpact of the pro dude a dliscussion wether the alterna posed action on the environment: ttve wm cmnpl with msch ipplicable (2) Any probable adverse environ mental effects which cannot be avoided Menrnmental quality standards and re should the proposal be Implemented; qulrent The envihronental impact (3) Alterma~e to the SZroposed of the facility and alternatives shall be Action; ful cdacumsed with respect to matters (4) 22 relationship between local - 1r such standards and require short-term uses of mup' environment ments irrsectve. of whether a cerU and .ie maintenance and enhancement ef long-term Productivity: and ficaton or license from the appropriate (5) An Irreversible and Iratrievable autortly has been obtained (including, comnmileni of resources which would lbt not limlted to. saw certification ob be involved In the proposed action should ttned purmuant to section 401 of the it be hnpleaented. The discusfn o Fedena Water Pollution Control Act ".
alternatives to the proposed action re Bach discumson shaml be reflected in the quired by paragraph (a) (3) shall be aut ooW-bemsM analysis prescribed in para iciently complete to aid the Commission graph (b). While satisfaction of Com in deweloin and explorinL pursuant to emm standards and crteria pertain section 102(2) (D) of lPA. -appropri.; nog to radiological effects wil be neces ate alternatives *in any proposal saw to meet the licensin requirements bi involvs unesved aonfflts om CC the Atomic Energy Act, the cest-bete cemn alterative mea al avallabel fit analysis prescribed In paragraph (b) resources." saoll, for the purposes of NEPA. consder (b) Cost-benefit analyde. 'The Mk the radkfolgal effects -together with vhmentsl Report required by parr OWa other effecte. at the facility and gra*h (a) shall include a cost-bmmit altenatives.
anl-ys wbich considems and balances (d) The information submitted por the environmental effects of the faciit innt to paragrups (a)-(c) of this see grd the alternatives avalable for reduc donUsh. ld not be confined to data sup lug or avoiding adverse environmental - x the p- acUo but should efeet. as well as the envitrimnmental. Inhale adverse data as well.
ee minic technical and other benefits fe) In the Environmental Report re of the facility. The cost-beneft analysis I Id by paragraph (a) for lftht-water-:
dm.n, to the ftulest extent practicable. -oienuclear power reactors. -the con qufnmy the varioum factors cdder-ei tributtiou -otU te tovraimental effecits of.
7a the extent that such factors canmnt rn mn sob and mmrml the pmotd be quantified, Whey shall be discussed In qualitative terms The Environmetal fam at wanhon hezafillorlde. &Isovtoi Report honecontain sucen data to enrichment ful fabrication. repmcesm aid the Commission tn its development tug of Irzadi*ted fuel. transportation of radctivm matls m and nagement cc an iependent costbeneft analysis. of Jow level wastes and highklel wastes (G) btt of complianc The En vUnmUMtal Report required by para related to uranium fuel cyle activities graph (a) shall include a dlscusso of to the environmental omI a licensing the staus of compliance of the facility the maclew pomwer reactor. shall be a set with applicable environmental quality forth *t ftollownf table No further diocuoi of such envuriamentaleffectb shul be requir aWkAm the "appisUt'*. maumd In Ute Th paragraph does n=t apy to ary part. b a Fedkral agncy. difetet a-ranve appilicaf environental report ub mmtS for -mplemenwltg ]UFA "mybe mae puramnt to the GOuideni estabaitbed by f) -Number of copies. Each applicant the Counc on &Tukooaina Qeuelty. Xlor a permit to construct a production or
- No permit or UemelS w, of ou-. be .utlization facility covered by § 51.5(a)
Ateod with mepect to an, acvity for wVhcha shall submit the number of copies, as a Amwimiao zequtrd by secUon 401 o th specified in § 51.40, of the Environmen yederal Watur loituta Control Act bha na" tal Report required by § 51.5(a).
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(g) (1) The Environmental Report re (1) The reactor is a light-water-cooled quired by paragraph (a) for light-water Auclear power reactor with a core cooled nuclear power reactors shall con thermal power level not exceeding 3,800 tain either (I) a statement that the megawatts; transportation of cold fuel to the reactor (II) The reactor fuel is In the form of and irradiated -fuel from the reactor to sintered uranium dioxide pellets encap a fuel reprocessing plant and the trans sulated in zircaloy rods with a uranium portation of solid radioactive wastes from 235 enrichment not exceeding 4% by the reactor to waste burial grounds is weight; within the scope of this paragraph, and (Mi) The average level of irradiation as the contribution of the environmental of the irradiated fuel from the reactor effects of such transportation to the en does not exceed 33.000 megawatt days vironmental costs of licensing the nu per metric ton and no irradiated fuel clear power reactor, the values set forth assembly Is shipped until at least 90 days in the following Summary Table S-4; or have elapsed after the fuel assembly was (iI) If such transportation does not fanl discharged from the reactor:
within the scope of this paragraph, a (iv) Waste (other than Irradiated full description and detailed analysis of fuel) shipped from the reactor is In the the environmental effects of such trans form of packs ged, solid wastes; and portation and. as the contribution of (v) Unirradiated fuel Is shipped to the such effects to the environmental costs of licensing the nuclear power reactor, reactor by truck; Irradiated fuel Is the values determined by such analyses shipped from the reactor by truck, railL for the environmental Impact under nor or barge; and waste other than Irradi mal conditions of transport and the ated fuel is shipped from the reactor environmental risk from accidents In by truck or rail.
transport. (3) ThIs paragraph does not apply to (2) This paragraph applies to the any applicant's environmental report transportation of fuel and wastes to and submitted prior to Februwy 5, 1975.
from a nuclear power reactor only if:
- uMAzT TABLZ S-4.HEnvirornta impact of Ounepottaiean of fuel mul-wade to mit from Iv lit leow e acto It?
lNormal conditiomoftrnsportl I "Iest(..r hmdi&WbyfaeFederal cask In tnsit) ............ ....z27 MOW.
Wei&t (governed or Statrt ...................... rAM ~p k toW , ae4 w lraflle density:
Uj..lRTf.a il *............................
Lothin.1pedi L iestba lpr Erstneted Rang. of dowes to expused Cmaulatlve doss to expoee4
]iposed population nomber pertoai of Individuals 2(per reacte year) lm (per Reactor populetion expose "Traresportailon ileueral public:
workers..*.................
20WOotono0mrem *. .................. 4on-ia.
Onlookers ............................. I,100 0.0 to 13lmilrem ...............- mre-iM.
Alidg Routell~ ......................................................---- -::::t AMUDSMN IN TMAX110 F
Common miradiological) causes. ll-taiinl k ylh100yeactoryear I Doohd*
in~ay in 10 resew year 5475 1101-ty arwresetoryes.
aData supporting this table are given In the Commisim's "Enel nae .i'ey ofi of Rat e..
ecU,. Materials to and from Nucler Po Plat. 17. d Sup. , NUIREG-74"kS
=AH13.Dmib Awl t975. Both documeuts are available for insec*io and co a g nIthe Commissio's Pu..c Document Roo, 1f17 H St. NW., Washington. D.C.. and miay be otane Technical nnormat. Service. n edf*,
Ve. 216L WASH-119 is available from NTIS at a cost of $545 (microejoe, $.*))and NUREG-7,-4= -s av l at a cost of S325 (microfiche. -2.25).
'The Federal itudiation Council has recommended that the radiation doses from el sourcets of racdaion other them satural background and medical expoue should be limited to 5,000 williremuspr yewr for individuals asa result at occupational exposure and should be imited to 50 m~lr .nper year ior individu in thegeneral population. Thdoss toindivhiuals due to average natural background radiation is about 130il per-year."rem summnation of whvole body doses to Indivduals ina group. T"lu. Iiteaehm*eber of aMan-reri is an exprewsion for the Spopulatlon group of 1,000 people were to rcceiveadodeof0O.Ul reut UIunllrem), or f 2people were to receive a ma 0 rem (80,*10 nillir.mn) each, tha total man-rei doas iIn each ease would be I maism 4Although the environmnental risk of rVadIiogC31 effects stenindug ftrom transportation accidents is curetl.yinca wnt it s in appi t a single re pable of being numerically quantliled. the risk3rentllm ma.ll regordl actor oraimnultireartoite.
A-3
APPENDIX B
§51.21, 10 CFR PART 51, "APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT-OPERATING LICENSE STAGE" Each applicant for a license to operate a production or utilization facility cov
.ered by § 51.5(a) shall submit with it%appli cation the number of copies, as specified in
§51.40, of a separate document,* to be en titled "Ap plicant's Environmental Report-OP erating License Stage," which discusses the same matters described in 1 51.20 but only to the extent that they differ from those discussed or reflect new in formation In addition to that discussed in the final environmental Impact state ment prepared by the Commission In connection with the construction permit.
The "Applicant's Environmental Re port-Operating License Stage" may in corporate by reference any itformation contained in the Applicant's Environ mental Report or final environmental impact statement previously prepared in connection with the construction permit.
With respec; to the operation of nuclear reactors, the applicant, unless otherwise required by the Commission, shall sub mit the "Applicant's Environmental Re port-Operating License Stage" only in connection with the first licensing action that would authorize full power opera tion of the facility.
- Aniended 41 I.R IS32.
B-I
APPENDIX C DATA RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (PROPOSED)
With a view toward improving the usability of data center is planned as an appendix in a future revision of presented by applicants, an outline format for a stan this guide. Specific-use categories will be developed for dardized data retrieval system for storage in a computer the following guide outline topics:
DATA CATEGORIES
- 1. Station purpose 3.A Heat dissipation 1.1 Demand analysis 3.5 Radiation data 1.2 Energy conservation 3.6 Chemical effluent 1.3 Reserve margins 3.7 Sanitary waste data 1.4 Supporting references 3.8 Transportation data 3.9 Electrical transmission
- 2. Site and resource interface summaries 2.1 Geography and demography 6. Preoperational program summary 2.2 Ecology 2.3 Meteorology and climatology 8. Socioeconomic data summary 2.4 Hydrology 2.5 Geology 9. Cost-benefit summary 2.6 Esthetic and cultural data
- 10. Design alternatives summary
- 3. Station and unit data summaries 3.1 Building grounds data 12. Permit and certification summary 3.2 Reactor and steam-electric system 3.3 Water use 13. Reference list C-1
APPENDIX D USE OF U.S. AGE GROUP POPULATION DISTRIBUTION DATA The distribution by age of the U. S. population may surrounding the site. It assumes that dependent age be used provided there is no knowledge that the area groups, i.e., 0 to 18 years, are in about the same within a radius of 50 miles of the site has a significantly proportion for various areas since they generally migrate different distribution. The test of significance is to be with their parents. Moreover,. this procedure takes made by.a determination of whether the age distribution advantage of the tendency of birth rate changes across in the county in which the proposed station is to be regions to follow similar patterns of changes with located varied more than 10 percent from the U. S. different lead-lag relations. The forecasts to be used are population in the 1970 decennial census. If this occurred for the year of the midpoint of the station operating life.
for any of the three age groups, a refinement of the U. S. Specific year figures can be obtained by interpolation or age group distribution should be made as described extrapolation from the years that are available. The below. percent of the BEA region population forecasted to be in the 12- to 18-year age group should be found from The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), U. S. the following equation:
Department of Commerce, has unpublished data on age distribution for 157 BEA regions covering the U.S. AfBxC D
These data were compiled for the Office of Business Economics, Department of Commerce and Economic.
Research Service (OBERS), Department of Agriculture, where projections. The age groups are 0 to 14 years, 15 to 64 years, and over 64 years. These data may be obtained A = % of BEA region population forecasted to be in without charge by request to the U.S. Department of the 12- to 18-year age group at the midpoint year of 1
Commerce. station operation, B = % of U.S. population forecasted to be in the 12 In employing the OBERS regional forecasts, the to 18-year age group at this midpoint year of station ratio-trend method may be used for the disparate class operation, intervals of the age groups. First, select the BEA region containing the county in which the proposed station is C = % of BEA region population forecasted to be in to be located. Obtain the age distribution of the region 0 to 14-year age group at the midpoint year of station from the above reference. The 0 to 11-year age group operation, and population for the BEA area at the midyear of the assumed 30-year operating life of the proposed station D = % U.S. population forecasted to be in 0 to can be considered to be 80% of the 0 to 14-year age 14-year age group at the midpoint year of station group since the former was 77% of the latter as of July operation.
1, 1974, and is forecasted at 79% by July 1, 2000. The 12- to 18-year age group requires a different approach. A is then used to estimate the number of persons in The procedure that should be used makes use of existing that age group for the area within 50 miles of the forecasts to estimate this age group for the area proposed site by multiplying the percentage distribution calculated from the above equation by the total popula tion projected for this local area. The population of the 1
Henry De Graff, Assistant Chief, Regional Economic Analysis 19-years-and-over age group can be obtained by subtrac Division, Bureau of Economic Analysis, U. S. Department of ting the sum of the 0 to 11-year and 12- to 18-year age Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20230; Telephone: (202) groups from the projected total population of the local 523-0528. area.
APPENDIX E DATA NEEDED FOR RADIOACTIVE SOURCE TERM CALCULATIONS FOR PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS The applicant should provide the information listed c. Concentration of fission, activation, and in this appendix. The information should be consistent corrosion products in the primary and secondary coolant with the contents of the safety analysis report (SAR) (uCi/g). Provide the bases for the values used.
and the environmental report (ER) of the proposed pressurized water reactor (PWR). Appropriate sections 4. The quantity of tritium released in liquid and of the SAR and ER containing more detailed discussions gaseous effluents (Ci/yr per reactor).
or backup data for the required information should be referenced following each response. Each response, II. PrimarySystem however, should be independent of the ER and SAR. 1 This information constitutes the basic data required to 1. The total mass (ib) of coolant in the primary calculate the releases of radioactive material in liquid system, excluding the pressurizer and primary coolant and gaseous effluents (the source terms). All responses purification system at full power.
should be on a per-reactorbasis. Indicate systems shared between reactors. 2. The average primary system letdown rate (gpm) to the primary coolant purification system.
The following data should be provided in Appendix E: 3. The average flow rate (gpm) through the pri mary coolant purification system cation demineralizers.
I. General (Note: The letdown rate should include the fraction of time the cation demineralizers are in service.)
- 1. The maximum core thermal power (MWt) evalu ated for safety considerations in the SAR. (Note: All of 4. The average shim bleed flow (gpm).
the following responses should be adjustedto this power leveL) I11. Secondary System
- 2. Core properties: 1. The number and type of steam generators and the carryover factor used in the applicant's evaluation
nium in an equilibrium core (metal weight),
- 2. The total steam flow (lb/hr) in the secondary system.
- b. The percent enrichment of uranium in reload fuel, and 3. The mass of steam in each steam generator (lb) at full power.
- c. The percent of fissile plutonium in reload fuel. 4. The mass of liquid in each steam generator (lb) at full power.
- 3. If methods and parameters used in estimating the source terms in the primary coolant are different 5. The total mass of coolant in the secondary from those given in Regulatory Guide 1.112, "Calcula system (lb) at full power. For recirculating U-tube steam tion of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and generators, do not include the-coolant in the condenser Liquid Effluents from Light-Water-Cooled Power Reac hotwell.
tors," describe in detail the methods and parameters used. Include the following information: 6. The primary to secondary system leakage rate (lb/day) used in the evaluation.
- a. Station capacity factor,
- 7. Description of the steam generator blowdown
- b. Fraction of fuel releasing radioactivity in the and blowdown purification systems. The average steam primary coolant (indicate the type of fuel cladding), generator blowdown rate (lb/hr) used in the applicant's evaluation. The parameters used for steam generator blowdown rate (lb/hr).
IThe ER or SAR may be referenced as to the bases for the parameters used; however, the parameters should be given with 8. The fraction of the steam generator feedwater the responses in this appendix. processed through the condensate demineralizers and the E-1
decontamination factors (DF) used in the evaluation for V. Gaseous Waste ProcessingSystem the condensate demineralizer system.
- 1. The volumes (ft3 /yr) of gases stripped from the
- 9. Condensate demineralizers: primary coolant.
- a. Average flow rate (lb/hr), 2. Description of the process used to hold up gases stripped from the primary system during normal opera
- b. Demineralizer type (deep bed or powdered tions and reactor shutdown. If pressurized storage tanks resin), are used, include a process flow diagram of the system indicating the capacities (ft3 ), number, and design and
- c. Number and size (ft3 ) of demineralizers, operating storage pressures for the storage tanks.
- d. Regeneration frequency, 3. Description of the normal operation of the system, e.g., number of tanks held in reserve for
- e. Indicate whether ultrasonic resin cleaning is back-to-back shutdown, fill time for tanks. Indicate the used and the waste liquid volume associated with its use, minimum holdup time used in the applicant's evaluation and and the basis for this number.
- f. Regenerant volume (gal/event) and activity. 4. If HEPA filters are used downstream of the pressurized storage tanks, provide the decontamination factor used in the evaluation.
IV. Liquid Waste ProcessingSystems
- 5. If a charcoal delay system is used, describe this
- 1. For each liquid waste processing system (includ system and indicate the minimum holdup times for each ing the shim bleed, steam generator blowdown, and radionuclide considered in the evaluation. List all para detergent waste processing systems), provide in tabular meters, including mass of charcoal (lb), flow rate (cfm),
form the following information: operating and dew point temperatures, and dynamic adsorption coefficients for Xe and Kr used in calculating
- a. Sources, flow rates (gpd), and expected holdup times.
activities (fraction of primary coolant activity, PCA) for all inputs to each system, 6. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and process flow diagrams for the gaseous radwaste
- b. Holdup times associated with collection, systems, along with other systems influencing the source processing, and discharge of all liquid streams, term calculations.
- c. Capacities of all tanks (gal) and processing VI. VentilationandExhaustSystems equipment (gpd) considered in calculating holdup times, For each building housing systems that contain
- d. Decontamination factors for each processing radioactive materials, the steam generator blowdown step, system vent exhaust, and the main condenser air removal system, provide the following:
- e. Fraction of each processing stream expected to be discharged over the life of the station;, 1. Provisions incorporated to reduce radioactivity releases through the ventilation or exhaust systems.
- f. For demineralizer regeneration provide: time between regenerations, regenerant volumes and activ 2. Decontamination factors assumed and the bases ities, treatment of regenerants, and fraction of regen (include charcoal adsorbers, HEPA filters, mechanical erant discharged (include parameters used in making devices).
these determinations), and
- 3. Release rates for radioiodine, noble gases, and
- g. liquid source term by radionuclide in Ci/yr radioactive particulates (Ci/yr), and the bases.
for normal operation, including anticipated operational occurrences. 4. Release points to the environment, including height, effluent temperature, and exit velocity.
- 2. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and process flow diagrams for the liquid radwaste 5. For the containment building, provide the systems along with all other systems influencing the building free volume (ft') and a thorough description of source term calculations. the internal recirculation system (ifprovided), including E-2
the recirculation rate, charcoal bed depth, operating (Ci/yr per reactor) of principal radionuclides, along with time assumed, and mixing efficiency. Indicate the bases for values usd.
expected purge and venting frequencies and duration and continuous purge rate (if used). 2. Provide information on onsite storage provi sions (location and capacity) and expected onsite storage VII. Solid Waste ProcessingSystems times for all solid wastes prior to shipment.
- 1. In tabular form, provide the following informa 3. Provide piping and instrumentation diagrams tion concerning all inputs to the solid waste processing (P&IDs) for the solid radwaste system.
system: source, volume (fts/yr per reactor), and activity E-3
APPENDIX F DATA NEEDED FOR RADIOACTIVE SOURCE TERM CALCULATIONS FOR BOILING WATER REACTORS The applicant should provide the information listed c. Concentration of fission, corrosion, and in this appendix. The information should be consistent activation products in the reactor coolant (pCi/sec).
with the contents of the safety analysis report (SAR) Provide the bases for the values used.
and the environmental report (ER) of the proposed boiling water reactor (BWR). Appropriate sections of the 4. The quantity of tritium released in liquid and SAR and ER containing more detailed discussions of the gaseous effluents (Ci/yr per reactor).
required information should be referenced following each response. Each response, however, should be H. NuclearSteam Supply System independent of the ER and SAR. 1 This information constitutes the basic data required to calculate the 1. Total steam flow rate (lb/hr).
releases of radioactive material in liquid and gaseous effluents (the source terms). All responses should be on 2. Mass of reactor coolant 0b) and steam (lb) in a per-reactor basis. Indicate systems shared between the reactor vessel at full power.
reactors.
IH. ReactorCoolantCleanupSystem The following data should be provided in Appendix F: 1. Average flow rate (lb/hr).
- 2. Demineralizer type (deep bed or powdered
- 1. General resin).
- 1. The maximum core thermal power (MWt) 3. Regeneration frequency.
evaluated for safety considerations in the SAR.
(Note: All of the following responsesshouldbe adjusted 4. Regenerant volume (gal/event) and activity.
to this power leveL)
IV. CondensateDemineralizers
- 2. Core properties:
- 1. Average flow rate (lb/hr).
- a. The total mass (lb) of uranium and pluto nium in an equilibrium core (metal weight), 2. Demineralizer type (deep bed or powdered
- b. The percent enrichment of uranium in resin).
reload fuel, and 3. Number and size (ft 3 ) of demineralizers.
- c. The percent of fissile plutonium in reload 4. Regeneration frequency.
fuel.
- 5. Indicate whether ultrasonic resin cleaning is
- 3. If methods and parameters used in estimating used and the waste liquid volume associated with its use.
the source terms in the primary coolant are different from those given in Regulatory Guide 1.112, "Calcula 6. Regenerant volume (gal/event) and activity.
tion of Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents from light-Water-Cooled Power Reac V. Liquid Waste ProcessingSystems tors," describe in detail the methods and parameters used. Include the following information: 1. For each liquid waste processing system, pro vide in tabular form the following information:
- a. Plant capacity factor,
- a. Sources, flow rates (gpd), and expected
- b. Isotopic release rates of noble gases to the activities (fraction of primary coolant activity, PCA) for reactor coolant at 30-minute decay (pCi/sec), and all inputs to each system,
- b. Holdup times associated with collection, processing, and discharge of all liquid streams, IThe ER or SAR may be referenced as to the bases for the parameters used; however, the parameters should be given with c. Capacities of all tanks (gal) and processing the responses in this appendix. equipment (gpd) considered in calculating holdup times, F-I
- d. Decontamination factors for each proces 6. The design holdup time (hr) for gas vented sing step, from the gland seal condenser, the iodine partition factor for the condenser, and the fraction of radioiodine
- e. Fraction ofeach processing stream expected released through the system vent. Description of the to be discharged over the life of the station, treatment system used to reduce radioiodine and partic ulate releases from the gland seal system.
- f. For waste demineralizer regeneration, time between regenerations, regenerant volumes and activ 7. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) ities, treatment of regenerants, and fractions of regener and process flow diagrams for the gaseous waste treat ant discharged (include parameters used in making these ment system along with all other systems influencing the determinations), and source term calculations.
- g. Liquid source term by radionuclide in Ci/yr for normal operation, including anticipated operational VII. Ventilationand ExhaustSystems occurrences.
For each station building housing system that contains radioactive materials, provide the following:
- 2. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) and process flow diagrams for the liquid radwaste systems along with all other systems influencing the I. Provisions incorporated to reduce radioactivity releases through the ventilation or exhaust systems.
source term calculations.
- 2. Decontamination factors assumed and the VI. Main Condenser and Turbine Gland Seal Air bases (include charcoal adsorbers, HEPA filters, mechan Removal Systems ical devices).
- 1. The holdup time (hr) for offgases from the 3. Release rates for radioiodines, noble gases, and main condenser air ejector prior to processing by the radioactive particulates (Ci/yr) and the bases.
offgas treatment system.
- 4. Release point to the environment including
- 2. Description and expected performance of the height, effluent temperature, and exit velocity.
gaseous waste treatment systems for the offgases from the condenser air ejector and mechanical vacuum pump. 5. For the containment building, indicate the The expected air inleakage per condenser shell, the expected purge and venting frequencies and duration, number of condenser shells, and the iodine source term and continuous purge rate (if used).
from the condenser.
Vm. Solid Waste ProcessingSystems
- 3. The mass of charcoal (tons) in the charcoal delay system used to treat the offgases from the main 1. Jn tabular form, provide the following informa condenser air ejector, the operating and dew point tion concerning all inputs to the solid waste processing temperatures of the delay system, and the dynamic system: source, volume (ft 3 /yr per reactor), and activity adsorption coefficients for Xe and Kr. (Ci/yr per reactor) of principal radionuclides along with bases for values.
- 4. Description of cryogenic distillation system, fraction of gases partitioned during distination, holdup 2. Onsite storage provisions (location and capac in system, storage following distillation, and expected ity) and expected onsite storage times for all solid wastes system leakage rate. prior to shipment.
- 5. The steam flow (lb/hr) to the turbine gland 3. Piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) seal and the source of the steam (primary or auxiliary). and process flow diagrams for the solid radwaste system.
F-2
APPENDIX G DATA NEEDED FOR RADWASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR LIGHT-WATER COOLED NUCLEAR REACTORS The applicant should provide the information listed 2. The cost of borrowed money used in the cost in Tables G.1 and G.2. The information should be analysis and the method of arriving at this cost.
consistent with the contents of the safety analysis report (SAR) and environmental report (ER) for the proposed reactor. Appropriate sections of the SAR and ER 3. If methods and parameters used in the cost-benefit containing more detailed discussions of the required analysis are different from those given in Regulatory information should be referenced following each re Guide 1.110, "Cost-Benefit Analysis for Radwaste sponse. Each response, however, should be independent Systems for Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Reac of the ER and SAR. This information constitutes the tors," describe in detail the methods used and provide basic data required in performing a cost-benefit analysis the bases for all parameters. Include the following for radwaste treatment systems. All responses should be information:
on a per-reactorbasis. The following information should be provided:
- a. Decontamination factors assigned to each aug
- 1. Detailed cost estimate sheets, similar to Tables G.1 ment and fraction of "online" time assumed, i.e., hours and G.2, listing all paremeters (and their bases) used in per year used.
determining capital, operating, and maintenance costs associated with all augments considered in the cost benefit analysis. All costs should be stated in terms of b. Parameters and method used to determine the 1975 dollars. Indirect Cost Factor and the Capital Recovery Factor.
G-I
TABLE G.1 TOTAL DIRECT COST ESTIMATE SHEET OF RADWASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR LIGHT-WATER-COOLED NUCLEAR REACTORS Description of Augment DIRECT COST (1975 $1000)/REACTOR BASIS FOR ITEM LABOR EQUIPMENT/MATERIALS TOTAL COST ESTIMATE
- 1. PROCESS EQUIPMENT
- 2. BUILDING ASSIGNMENT
- 3. ASSOCIATED PIPING SYSTEMS
- 4. INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROLS
- 5. ELECTRICAL SERVICE
- 6. SPARE PARTS SUB TOTAL
- 7. CONTINGENCY
- 8. TOTAL DIRECT COSTS G-2
TABLE G.2 ANNUAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST ESTIMATE SHEET FOR RADWASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR LIGHT-WATER-COOLED NUCLEAR REACTORS Description of Augment COST (1975 $1000)/REACTOR BASIS FOR LABOR OTHER TOTAL COST ESTIMATE ITEM
- 1. OPERATING LABOR, SUPERVISORY AND OVERHEAD
- 2. MAINTENANCE MATERIAL AND LABOR
- 3. CONSUMABLES, CHEMICALS, AND SUPPLIES
- 4. UTILITIES AND SERVICES Waste Disposal Water Steam Electricity Building Services Other
- 5. TOTAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE ANNUAL COST G-3
APPENDIX H EXAMPLES OF FIGURES SHOWING RADIATION EXPOSURE PATHWAYS 77-;_ý Figure H-1. Generalized Exposure Pathways-for Man H-1
LIQUID E Sediments VelJ mme rs ion Ingestion Figure H-2. Generalized Exposure Pathways for Organisms Other Than Man H-2
APPENDIX I PROPOSED ANNEX TO APPENDIX D, 10 CFR PART 50 DISCUSSION OF ACCIDENTS IN APPLICANTS' ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS: ASSUMPTIONS The complete text of theproposedAnnex to Appendix D, 10 CFR Part50, follows. It
%usoriginallypublishedin the Federal Register December 1, 1971 (36 FR 22851).
This Annex requires certain assumptions to be made in discussion of accidents in Environmental Reports Those classes of accidents, other than Classes 1 and 9, submitted pursuant to Appendix D by applicants' for found to have significant adverse environmental effects construction permits or operating licenses for nuclear shall be evaluated as to probability, or frequency of 2 occurrence to permit estimates to be made of environ power reactors. mental risk or cost arising from accidents of the given In the consideration of the environmental risks class.
associated with the postulated accidents, the probabil ities of their occurrence and their consequences must Class I events need not be considered because of their both be taken into account. Since it is not practicable to trivial consequences.
consider all possible accidents, the spectrum of acci dents, ranging in severity from trivial to very serious, is Class 8 events are those considered in safety analysis divided into classes. reports and AEC staff safety evaluations. They are used, together with highly conservative assumptions, as the Each class can be characterized by an occurrence rate design-basis events to establish the performance require and a set of consequences. ments of engineered safety features. The highly conser vative assumptions and calculations used in AEC safety Standardized examples of classes of accidents to be evaluations are not suitable for environmental risk considered by applicants in preparing the section of evaluation, because their use would result in a substan Environmental Reports dealing with accidents are set tial overestimate of the environmental risk. For this out in tabular form below. The spectrum of accidents, reason, Class 8 events shall be evaluated realistically.
from the most trivial to the most severe, is divided into Consequences predicted in this way will be far less severe nine classes, some of which have subclasses. The acci than those given for the same events in safety analysis dents stated in each of the eight classes in tabular form reports where more conservative evaluations are used.
below are representative of the types of accidents that must be analyzed by the applicant in Environmental The occurrences in Class 9 involve sequences of Reports; however, other accident assumptions may be postulated successive failures more severe than those more suitable for individual cases. Where assumptions postulated for establishing the design basis for protective are not specified, or where those specified are deemed systems and engineered safety features. Their conse unsuitable, assumptions as realistic as the state of quences could be severe. However, the probability of knowledge permits shall be used, taking into account the their occurrence is so small that their environmental risk specific design and operational characteristics of the is extremely low. Defense in depth (multiple physical plant under consideration. barriers), quality assurance for design, manufacture, and operation, continued surveillance and testing, and con For each class, except Classes 1 and 9, the environ servative design are all applied to provide and maintain mental consequences shall be evaluated as indicated. the required high degree of assurance that potential accidents in this class are, and will remain, sufficiently remote in probability that the environmental risk is IAlthough this Annex refers to applicants' Environmental extremely low. For these reasons, it is not necessary to Reports, the current assumptions and other provisions thereof discuss such events in applicants' Environmental are applicable, except as the content may otherwise reqWre, to AEC draft and final Detailed Statements.
Reports.
2 Prelminary guidance as to the content of applicants' Environ Furthermore, it is not necessary to take into account mental Rbports was provided in the Draft AEC Guide to the those Class 8 accidents for which the applicant can Preparation of Environmental Reports for Nuclear Power Plants demonstrate that the probability has been reduced and dated February 19, 1971, a document made available to the public as well as to the applicant. Guidance concerning the thereby the calculated risk to the environment made discussion of accidents in environmental reports was provided equivalent to that which might be hypothesized for a to applicants in a September 1, 1971, document entitled Class 9 event.
"Scope of Applicants! Environmental Reports with Respect to Transportation, Transmission Lines, and Accidents," also made available to the public. Applicant may substitute other accident class break downs and alternative values of radioactive material 1-1
releases and analytical assumptions, if such substitution of radioactive materials outside containment. These is justified in the Environmental Report. releases shall be included and evaluated under routine releases in accordance with proposed Appendix I.
ACCIDENT-3.0 RADWASTE SYSTEM FAILURE ACCIDENT ASSUMPTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1 Equipment leakage or malfunction (includes operator error).
Accident 1.0 Trivial incidents. (a) Radioactive gases and liquids: 25% of average 2.0 Small releases outside containment. inventory in the largest storage tank shall be assumed to 3.0 Radwaste system failures. be released.
3.1 Equipment leakage or malfunction.
3.2 Release of waste gas storage tank contents. (b) Meteorology assumptions-x/Q values are to be 3.3 Release of liquid waste storage tank contents. 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.2 4.0 Fission products to primary system (BWR).
4.1 Fuel cladding defects. (c) Consequences should be calculated by weighting 4.2 Off-design transients that induce fuel failures the effects in different directions by the frequency the above those expected. wind blows in each direction.
5.0 Fission products to primary and secondary systems (PWR). 3.2 Release of waste gas storage tank contents 5.1 Fuel cladding defects and steam generator leaks. (includes failure of release valve and rupture disks).
5.2 Off-design transients that induce fuel failure above those expected and steam generator leak. (a) 100% of the average tank inventory shall be 5.3 Steam generator tube rupture. assumed to be released.
6.0 Refueling accidents.
6.1 Fuel bundle drop. (b) Meteorology assumptions: xIQ values shall be 6.2 Heavy object drop onto fuel in core. 1/10 of those given in Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
7.0 Spent fuel handling accident.
7.1 Fuel assembly drop in fuel storage pool. (c) Consequences should be calculated by weighting 7.2 Heavy object drop onto fuel rack. the effects in different directions by the frequency the 7.3 Fuel cask drop. wind blows in each direction.
8.0 Accident initiation events considered in design basis evaluation in the safety analysis report. 3.3 Release ofliquid waste storagetank contents 8.1 Loss-of-coolant accidents.
8.1(a) Break in instrument line from primary system (a) Radioactive liquids: 100% of the average storage that penetrates the containment. tank inventory shall be assumed to be spilled on the 8.2(a) Rod ejection accident (PWR). floor of the building.
8.2(b) Rod drop accident (BWR).
8.3(a) Steamline breaks (PWRs outside contain (b) Building structure shall be assumed to remain ment). intact.
8.3(b) Steamline breaks (BWR).
(c) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be ACCIDENT ASSUMPTIONS 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
ACCIDENT-1.0 TRIVIAL INCIDENTS (d) Consequences should be calcilated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction.
These incidents shall be included and evaluated under routine releases in accordance with proposed Appendix 1.1 2
Coues of such guide(s) dated November 2, 1970, are ACCIDENT-2.0 SMALL RELEASE OUTSIDE CON available at the Commission's Public Document Room, 1717 H TAINMENT Street N.W., Washington, D.C., and on request to the Director, Division of Reactor Standards, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Com mission, Washington, D.C. 20555. (These two guides have been These releases shall include such things as releases revised and reissued as Revision 2, Regulatory Guide 1.3, and through steamline relief valves and small spills and leaks Revision 2, Regulatory Guide 1.4, both dated June 1974.
Copies of these guides may be obtained by request from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555, 136 FR II 11,June 8, 1971. Attention: Director of Office of Standards Development.)
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ACCIDENT-4.0 FISSION PRODUCTS TO PRIMARY (c) Secondary system equilibrium radioactivity prior SYSTEM (BWR) to the transient shall be based on a 20 gal/day steam generator leak and a 10 gpm blowdown rate.
4.1 Fuelcladdingdefect.
Release from these events shall be included and (d) All noble gases and 0.1% of the halogens in the evaluated under routine releases in accordance with steam reaching the condenser shall be assumed to be released by the condenser air ejector.
proposed Appendix I.
4.2 Off-destgn transients that induce fuel failures (e) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values should be above those expected (such as flow blockage and flux 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 4.
maldistributions).
(f) Consequences should be calculated by weighting (a) 0.02% of the core inventory of noble gases and the effects in different directions by the frequency the 0.02% of the core inventory of halogens shall be wind blows in each direction.
assumed to be released into the reactor coolant.
5.3 Steamgeneratortube rupture.
(b) 1% of the halogens in the reactor coolant shall be assumed to be released into the steamline. (a) 15% of the average inventory of noble gases and halogens in the primary coolant shall be assumed to be (c) The mechanical vacuum pump shall be assumed released into the secondary coolant.
to be automatically isolated by a high radiation signal on the steamline. The average primary coolant activity shall be based on 0.5% failed fuel.
(d) Radioactivity shall be assumed to carry over to the condenser where 10% of the halogens shall be (b) Equilibrium radioactivity prior to rupture shall assumed to be available for leakage from the condenser be based on a 20 gallon per day steam generator leak and to the environment at 0.5%/day for the course of the a 10 gpm blowdown rate.
accident (24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />).
(c) All noble gases and 0.1% of the halogens in the (e) Meteorology assumptions-x/Q values shall be steam reaching the condenser shall be assumed to be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 dated released by the condenser air ejector.
November 2, 1970.
(d) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 4.
(f) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the, frequency the wind blows in each direction. (e) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction.
ACCIDENT-5.0 FISSION PRODUCTS TO PRIMARY ACCIDENT-6.0 REFUELING ACCIDENTS AND SECONDARY SYSTEMS (PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORJ 6.1 Fuelbundle drop.
5.1 Fuel cladding defects and steam generatorleak Release from these events shall be included and evalu (a) The gap activity (noble gases and halogens) in one ated under routine releases in accordance with proposed row of fuel pins shall be assumed to be released into the water. (Gap activity is 1%of total activity in a pin.)
Appendix I.
5.2 Off-design transients that induce fuel failure (b) One week decay time before the accident occurs above those expected and steam generatorleak (such as shall be assumed.
flow blockage and flux maldistributions).
(c) Iodine decontamination factor in water shall be (a) 0.02% of the core inventory of noble gases and 500.
0.02% of the core inventory of halogens shall be assumed to be released into the reactor coolani. (d) Charcoal filter efficiency for iodines shall be 99%.
(b) Average inventory in the primary system prior to the transient shall be based on operation with 0.5% (e) A realistic fraction of the containment volume shall be assumed to leak to the atmosphere prior to failed fuel. isolating the containment.
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7.2 Heavy object droponto fuel rack.
(f) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
(a) The gap activity (noble gases and halogens) in one average fuel assembly shall be assumed to be released (g) Consequences should be calculated by weighting into the water. (Gap activity is 1% of total activity in a the effects in different directions by the frequency the pin.)
wind blows in each direction.
(b) 30 days decay time before the accident occurs 6.2 Heavy object droponto fuel in core. shall be assumed.
(a) The gap activity (noble gases and halogens) in one average fuel assembly shall be assumed to be released (c) Iodine decontamination factor in water shall be into the water. (Gap activity shall be 1%of total activity 500.
in a pin.)
(d) Charcoal filter efficiency for iodines shall be 99%.
(b) 100 hours0.00116 days <br />0.0278 hours <br />1.653439e-4 weeks <br />3.805e-5 months <br /> of decay time before object is dropped shall be assumed.
(e) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be (c) Iodine decontamination factor in water shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
500.
(f) Consequences should be calculated by weighting (d) Charcoal filter efficiency for iodines shall be the effects in different directions by the frequency the 99%. wind blows in each direction.
7.3 Fuel cask drop.
(e) A realistic fraction of the containment volume shall be assumed to leak to the atmosphere prior to (a) Noble gas gap activity from one fully loaded fuel isolating the containment.
cask (120-day cooling) shall be assumed to be released.
(Gap activity shall be 1%of total activity in the pins.)
(0 Meteorological assumptions: xJQ values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
(b) Meteorology assumptions-x/Q values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
(g) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction. (c) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the ACCIDENT-7.0 SPENT FUEL HANDLING wind blows in each direction.
ACCIDENT ACCIDENT-8.O ACCIDENT INITIATION EVENTS 7.1 Fuel assembly drop in fuel storagepool CONSIDERED IN DESIGN BASIS EVALUATION IN THE SAFETY (a) The gap activity (noble gases and halogens) in one ANALYSIS REPORT row of fuel pins shall be assumed to be released into the water. (Gap activity shall be 1% of total activity in a pin.) 8.1 Loss-of-coolant accidents (b) One week decay time before accident occurs shall Small Pipe Break(6 in. or less) be assumed.
(a) Source term: the average radioactivity inventory (c) Iodine decontamination factor in water shall be in the primary coolant phall be assumed. (This inventory 500. shall be based on operation with 0.5% failed fuel).
(d) Charcoal filter efficiency for iodines shall be (b) Filter efficiencies shall be 95% for internal filters 99%. and 99% for external filters.
(e) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be (c) 50% building mixing for boiling water reactors shall be assumed.
1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4.
(d) For the effects of Plateout, Sprays, Decontami (f) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the nation Factor in Pool, and Core Sprays, the following effects in different directions by the frequency the wind reduction factors shall be assumed:
blows in each direction.
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For pressurized water reactors-0.05 with chemical (a) The primary coolant inventory of noble gases and additives in sprays, 0.2 for no chemical additives.
halogens shall be based on operation with 0.5% failed fuel.
Forboiling water reactors-0.2.
(b) Release rate through failed line shall be assumed (e) A realistic building leak rate as a function of time constant for the four-hour duration of the accident.
shall be assumed.
(c) Charcoal filter efficiency shall be 99%.
(0 Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4. (d) Reduction factor from combined plateout and building mixing shall be 0.1.
(g) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the (e) Meteorology assumptions x/Q values shall be wind blows in each direction. 1/10 of thosegiven in AEC Safety Guide No. 3.
(f) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind LargeP*pe Break blows in each direction.
(a) Source term: The average radioactivity inventory in the primary coolant shall be assumed. (This inventory 8.2(a) Rod ejection accident (pressurized water reac shall be based on operation with 0.5% failed fuel), plus tor) release into the coolant of:
(a) 0.2% of the core inventory of noble gases and For pressurized water reactors-2% of the core halogens shall be assumed to be released into the inventory of halogens and noble gases. primary coolant plus the average inventory in the primary coolant based on operation with 0.5% failed For boiling water reactors-0.2%of the core inven fuel.
tory of halogens and noble gases.
(b) Loss-of-wo6lant accident occurs with break size (b) Filter efficiencies shall be 95% for internal filters equivalent to diameter of rod housing (see assumptions and 99% for external filters. for Accident 8.1).
(c) 50% building mixing for boiling water reactors 8.2(b) Rod drop accident (boiling water reactor) shall be assumed. Radioactivematerialreleased (d) For the effects of Plateout, Containment Sprays, Core Sprays (values based on 0.5% of halogens in organic (a) 0.025% of the core inventory of noble gas and 0.025% of the core inventory of halogens shall b'e form), the following reduction factors shall be assumed:
assumed to be released into the coolant.
For pressurized water reactors-O.05 with chemical additives in sprays, 0.2 for no chemical additives. (b) 1% of the halogens in the reactor coolant shall be assumed to be released into the condenser.
Forboiling water reactors-0.2. (c) The mechanical vacuum pump shall be assumed to be automatically isolated by high radiation signal on (e) A realistic building leak rate as a function of time the steamline.
and including design leakage of steamline valves in BWRs shall be assumed. (d) Radioactivity shall be assumed to carry over to the condenser where 10% of the halogens shall be (f) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall be assumed to be available for leakage from the condenser 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3 or 4. to the environment at 0.5%/day for the course of the accident (24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />).
(g) Consequences should be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency -the (e) Meteorology assumptions: x/Q values shall wind blows in each lirection. be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 3.
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.1(a) Break in instrument line from primary system (f) Consequences should be calculated by weighting that penetratesthe containment (lines not provided with the effects in different directions by the frequency the isolation capability inside containment).
wind blows in each direction.
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(b) Blowdown to 10 gpm.
8.3(a) Steamline breaks (pressurized waterreactors outside containment) Break size equal to area of safety (d) Volume of one steam generator shall be assumed valve throat.
to be released to the atmosphere with an iodine partition factor of 10.
Small break (e) Meteorology assumptions-xIQ values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 4.
(a) Primary coolant activity shall be based on opera tion with 0.5% failed fuel. The primary system contribu (f) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the tion diring the course of the accident shall be based on a effects in different directions by the frequency the wind 20 gal/day tube leak. blows in each direction.
(b) During the course of the accident, a halogen 8.3(b) Steamline breaks (boiling waterreactor) reduction factor of 0.1 shall be applied to the primary 2
coolant source when the steam generator tubes are Small pipe break (of1/4 ft )
covered; a factor of 0.5 shall be used when the tubes are uncovered. (a) Primary coolant activity shall be based on opera (c) Secondary coolant system radioactivity prior to tion with 0.5% failed fuel.
the accident shall be based on: (b) The main steamline shall be assumed to fail, releasing coolant until 5 seconds after isolation signal is (a) 20 gallons per day primary-to-secondary leak. received.
(b) Blowdown of 10 gpm. (c) Halogens in the fluid released to the atmosphere shall be at 1/10 the primary system liquid concentration.
(d) Volume of one steam generator shall be released to the atmosphere with an iodine partition factor of 10. (d) Meteorology assumptions-x/Q values shall be 1/10 of those in AEC Safety Guide No. 3.
(e) Meteorology assumptions: xJQ values shall be 1/10 of those given in AEC Safety Guide No. 4. (e) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction.
(f) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction. Large break (a) Primary coolant activity shall be based on opera tion with 0.5% failed fuel.
Large break (b) Main steamline shall be assumed to fail, releasing (a) Primary coolant activity shall be based on opera that amount of coolant corresponding to a 5 seconds tion with 0.5% failed fuel. The primary system contribu isolation time.
tion during the course of the accident shall be based on a 20 gal/day tube leak. (c) 50% of the halogens in the fluid exiting the break shall be assumed to be released to the atmosphere.
(b) A halogen reduction factor of 0.5 shall be applied to the primary coolant source during the course of the (d) Meteorology assumptions-x/Q values shall be accident. 1/10 of those in AEC Safety Guide No. 3.
(c) Secondary coolant system radioactivity prior to (e) Consequences shall be calculated by weighting the accident shall be based on: the effects in different directions by the frequency the wind blows in each direction.
(a) 20 gallons per day primary-to-secondary leak.
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UNITED STATES UNITED STATES FIRST CLASS MAIL FIRST CLASS MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID NUCLEAR REGULATORY NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION COMMISSION POSTAGE & FEES PAID USNRC USNRC WASHINGTON, D.C.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20555 20555 PERMIT No. G-67 PERMIT No. G*67 OFFICIAL BUSINESS OFFICIAL BUSINESS FOR PRIVATE PENALTY FOR PENALTY PRIVATE USE, USE, $300
$300
\0,,-