Latest revision as of 05:03, 16 March 2020

Text

Preoperational Environ Radiological Monitoring,Semiannual Rept Jul-Dec 1976.
	ML19319C266
Person / Time
Site:	Davis Besse
Issue date:	02/28/1977
From:	Johnson B; NAL-CO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
To:	;
Shared Package
ML19319C261	List: ML19319C260; ML19319C266; ML19319C271;
References
	NUDOCS 8002110729
	Download: ML19319C266 (185)
	v • d • e

O

?. -

NALCC E N VI A C N M E NT A L SCIENCES 1SCO 8 ACNT AG E ACAO o NOAT*-BACOK, ILLINCIS SCCS2 o AAEA 312 5 6 4-0 70C

%44.co cueMica6 c=MeaNv REPORT TO TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY TOLEDO, OHIO PREOPERATIONAL ENV!RONMENTAL RADIOLCGICAL MONITORING FOR THE DAVIS-BISSE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CAK FARSOR, OHIO SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT July - Cecember 1976 NALCO No. 5501-07786 l

l s FOR SU3MITTAL 1 TO NUCLEAR REGULATORY AGENCY PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES r

7

)

Report approved by: >

T 3.G. Johns n, Ph.D. N l Manager l Environmental Sciences February 2 3, 1977 00e;y9 ,

t

NALCC GNVIRCNMENTAL SCIGNCF.G PREFACE The staff members of the Nuclear Sciences Section of Nalco Environmental Sciences Division were responsible for the acquisi-tien of the data presented in this report.

The report was prepared by L. G. Euec, ner , Head,_ Nuclear 3ciences Section.

t

+

{

ii

, -. s 7-,.3 - , ,-,,,m,_. .m.,,,p.. , e- w=.wve <wa9,

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTINTS Page Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv v.

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1 ary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. St.-

3 III. Methcdolcgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A. The Ai" t*cgras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. The Terrestrial Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C. The Aquatic Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 D. Progra= F;.<ecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 IV. Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. The Air Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3. The Terrestrial Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 13 C. The Aquatic Invirec=ent . . . . . . . . . . . . ; 17 V. Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 VI. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Ac..cendix A. Maximum Permissible Ccncentrations of Radicactivity in Air and Wat=~ A-1

NALCO CNVI ACNMONTAL. SCIENCES LIST OF FIGUF25

No. Caption Page 1 Sampling locations en the site periphery of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant .................. 21 J

2 Sampling locations (excepting those on the site periphery), Davis-Besse Nuclear ?cwer Plant ...... 22 I

J d

l i

Lv I

--, m---- -- _ - - . - _ , - . . , , _ , _ . _, _

NALCC ENVI ACNMEN"1"AL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No. Title Page 1 Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Unit No. 1 ................................ 23 2 Type and frequency of collection ..................... 25 3 Sample codes used in Table 2 ......................... 26 4 Sampling summary ..................................... 27 5 Environmental radiological monitoring program summary .......................................... 28 O

s b

. V l

I

NALCC ENVIRONMIENTAL CCIENCES I. Introduction 3ecause of the many potential pathways of radiation exposure to man frem both natural and man-made sources, it is necessary to document levels of radicactivity and the variability of these' levels which exist in an area prior to the anticipated release of any additional radioactive nuclides. To meet this objective, an extensive preoperational environmental radiological monitoring program was initiated for the Toledo Edison Company in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant site. This program included collection (both onsite and offsite) and radicmetric analyses of ll airborne particulates, airborne iodine, ambient ga=ma radiation, i

j surface water, ground water, soil, bottom sediments, fish, foods i

and vegetables, animal and wildlife feed, milk, meat, and wildlife.

BIO-TEST /NALCO ES completed the first four years of precpera-4

tional monitoring in June of 1976. .Results of radicmetric analyses i

of samples collected from July through December 1976 are rescrted herein. This report, prepared by Malco Environmental Sciences to-gether with the previous reports (Industrial SIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. 1973a, 1973b, 1973c, 1973d, 1974a, 1974b, 1975a and Nalco Environmental Sciences 1975b, and 1976a) will help to establish environ = ental baseline radiological values prior to operation of 4

the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant.

d e

J I

I 4

(

r

- - - , , - y. ,- -

-y- ,, ,.,,,_,.w-, .~ . - ,-m---,r*--.

r-wy---',,- 7

NALCQ GNVIRCNMGNTAL SCIGNCCG i

II. Sc= mary Results of sample analyses during the period July-December 1976 are senmarized in Table 5. The tabulations of data for all samples collected during this period, statistical analyses of data, and graphs of data trends are presented in a separate report to the Toledo Edison Company.

~

Monitoring data collected during the period July through Decem-ber 1976 were similar to data cbtained during the same period of 1975 with the following exceptions.

1) Gross beta activity in airborne particulates was about order of magnitude higher during the week of 10-4 to 10-11-76 than during previous weeks and was higher during the 4th quarter in com-parison to the previous quarters of 1976. The elevated gross beta activity was due to fallout from nuclear tests conducted by People's Republic of China 27 September and 17 November 1976.

2) Gross beta activity in well water collected at Loca-T-27 in the second half of 1976 was about six times higher than in water collected during the same period in 1975 and first half of 1976. The elevated gross beta activity is probably due to the pres-ence of lead-214 in water, as determined by ga=ma spectroscopy.

The measured activity of lead-214 was about the same as gross beta activicy (13.7 pCi/1 vs. 15.1 pCi/1). It is not known why radio-logical characteristic of this well has changed. It can only be speculated that because of very dry su==er in 1976 the water table in the vicinity of the well dropped and was replenished frcm a different aquifer.

2

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCES III. Methodolecy The sampling locations for the Precperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program at the Davis-3 esse Nuclear Power Plant are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Table i describes the locations, lists for each its direction and distance from the plant, and in-dicates which are indicator and which are control locations.

_The_ sampling program monitors the air, terrestria,,. _ _7.n ._.,..

aqua-tic environments. The types of samples collected at each location and the frequency of collections are presented in Table 2 using codes defined in Table 3. Below, the collections and analyses that ccmprise the program are described. Finally, the execution of the program in the current reporting semi-annual period (July - Cecem-ber 1976) is discussed.

A. The Air Program

1. Airborne Particulates The airborne particulate samples are collected on 47 nm diameter membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity at a valu-metric rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute. The filters are collected weekly frem eleven locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7,

~

TF8_,

T-9_, T-ll,__T-1_2, __T-2_3.,_,. and_T-2_7. ) , ..plaged_ in .individu'a].__qlas s ine . _._.

protective envelopes, and dispatched by mail to Nalco Environmental Sciences for radicmetric analyses. The filters are analyced for gross beta activity approximately five days after collection ".c allcw fcr decay of naturally-cccurring short-lived radienuclides.

The quarterly ecmposites of all air particulate samples frem indi-catcr locatiens (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8) and of all air 3

NALCQ CNVIRCNMSNTAL CCI'2NCES particulate samples from centrol locations (T-9, T-11, T-12, T-23, and T-27) are gem-scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.

2. Airborne Icdine Each air sampler is equipped with a charcoal trap inline after the filter holder. The charcoal trap at each location is changed at the same ::ime as the particulate filter and analyzed for iodine-131 immediately after arrival at the laboratory.

3. Ambient Gamma Radiation The integrated gamma-ray background frem natural radiation is measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD).

Monthly and quarterly TLD's are placed at thirteen locations (the eleven air sampling locations and Locations T-5 and T-24).

Each shipment of TLD's includes controls which are stored in a shield at the Plant and returned with the field TLD's after their removal. Intransit exposures are =easured by the control TLD's and subtracted frem the field TLD measurements to cbtain their net exposure.

B. The Terrestrial Procram

1. [lilk T o gallen milk samples are collected semi-=cnthly during the grazing period (May through October) and monthly during the rest of the year from two indicator locations (T-8 and T-20) l.

4 and one control 2.ocation (T-24). The milk samples are analy ed for iodine-131, strontium-89 and -90, calcium, stable potassium, and are ga=ma-scanned.

4

-. - _ - - _ - , - . _ _ . , - - . . . - - - _ . ~ - , _ - ,

NALCC SNVIRCNMENTAL SCISNCES

2. Groundwater One gallon well water samples are collected quarcer-ly from two indicator locations (T-7 and T-17) and frem one control location (T-27). The gross beta activity is determined on the suspended and dissolved solids of each sample. The samples are also gamma scanned and analyced for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.

3. Edible Meat j semi-annually, domestic = eat samples (chickens) are collected from one indicator location (T-32) and one control location (T-34) and one representative species of wildlife (musk-rat or racccon) is collected onsite (T-31). In addition, one waterfowl species and one snapping turtle are collected annually t

onsite (T-31) or in the site vicinity (T-33). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on the edible portions of each sample.

4. Fruits and Vecetables Semi-annually, two varieties of fruits and vegetables are ecliected from each of the two indicator locations (T-3 and T-25) and frem one control lccation (T-34). The edible portions are ga=ma scanned and analyced for strontium-99 and -90.

4

5. Animal-Wildlife Feed Animal feed is collected semi-annually frem one

. l indicater location (T-3) and one centrol location (T-34). Cattle '

feed is collected during the first quarter and grass is collected i I during the third quarter. Also, once a year, a sa=ple of smartweed l 1

is collected from Location T-31 (ensite). Ga==a-spectroscopi. j I

s l

.__- _ _ . _ , - . .. .,- ~. - _ _ _ _ . .,. - -_. _ , , . . _ _ ,

NALCO GNVIRONMCNTAL SCIUNCEO analysis is performed en all samples.

6. Soil once every three years, soil samples are collected from all eleven air sampling locations; six indicator locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-3) and five control locations (T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-23, and T-27). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on all samples.

C. The Aquatic Prceram

1. Treated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of treated water are collected at one indicator location (T-23, Unit 1 treated water supply, on-site) and two control locations (T-ll and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants) . The samples from each location are ccmposited monthly and analyced for gross beta activity in dis-solved and suspended solids. Quarterly ccmposites from each loca-tion are ga=ma scanned and analyced for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.

2. Untreated Surface Water Weekly grab samplec of untreated water frcm Lake Erie are collected f cm one indicator location (T-3) and frem two control locations (T-ll and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants, untreated water tcp). In addition, hourly grab samples are collected from one in-plant water supply (T-23, Unit 1 untreated water supply, ensite). The samples frem each location are ccmposited mennhly and analyced for gross beta activity in dissolved and suspended solids. Quarterly ccmposites f cm each -

l 6

. 1

1 I

1 NALCC IENVIRONMGNTAL CCIGNCEO !

. i location are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontien-89 and -90, and tritium.

3. Fish Two species of fish are collected semi-annually from each of the two locations in Lake Erie; from one indicator location in the vicinity of the discharge (T-33) and one control location approximately 15 miles from the plant (T-35, Put-In-Bay area). The flesh is separated from the bones, ashed, and analyzed for gross beta and ga=ma-emitting isotopes.

4. Sottom Sediments Semi-annually, bottom sedi=ents are collected from three locations in Lake Erie; at two indicator locations, intake (T-29) and discharge (T-30), and at one control location about 5.3 miles WNW from the plant (T-27). The samples are ga==a scanned and analyzed for gross beta and strontium-89 and -90.

D. Procram Execution Program execution is su==arized in Table 4. The pro-gram was executed as described in the preceding sections with the following exceptions:

(1) There were no air _c._ar._ticu..l.at. .e da.ta_for locations.

T-1, T-2, and T-3 for the weeks of 10-04-76 to 10-11-76 and 10-17-76 to 10-28-76 because cower supply was cut off due to con-struction activities.

(2) There were no air particulate data for location T-7 for the week of 9-20-76 to 9-27-76 because filter paper was missing at the ti=e of collection and for the week of 10-18-76 to t

NALCC ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENCES I

10-25-76 because inadvertently a glassine separator sheet was in-

. . . fi . . . .. . - . .the filter e acer blockin-s e rt e d a fo_n...g-. w:.t v the air ficw.

(3) There were no air particulate data for Location T-8 for the week of 12-06-76 to 12-13-76 because exposed filter and charcoal were mistakenly reinserted on 12-13-76, resulting in missing data and approximately double the usual volume for 12-20-76.

(4) There were no air particulate data for Location T-23 for the period from 11-08-76 to 11-22-76 because a new col-lector was improperly instructed in sampling precedure and failed to change the filters on the scheduled dates.

(5) There were no air particulate data for Location T-27 for the week of 9-20-76 to 9-28-76 because the pump broke down.

(6) .Three weekly samples of untreated water were not collected frem Lake Erie ~Tc_ ( cat~--T (on T Y) dufi:ic. Cecem.b_er 19.76.. . .

because the lake was frozen.

(7) Additional sample of demestic meat (chicken) was collected on 11-15-76 frem Lccation T-34, although only one collection was reTaired, 3

NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV. Results and Discussion The results for the reporting period July to December 1976 are presented in summary forn in Table 5. For each type of analysis of each sampled medium, this table shows the semi-annual mean and range for all indicator locations and for all control locations.

The location with the highest semi-annual mean and the results for this location are also given.

The d'.scussion of the results has been divided into three broad categories; the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments.

Within each category, samples are discussed in the order listed in Table 4. Any references to previous environmental data for the .

Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant refer to data collected by Nalco Environmental Sciences or Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc.

I The tabulated resulrs of all measurements nade during the second half of 1976 are not included in this section, although references to these results are made in the discussion. The complete tabulation of the results are submitted to tne Toledo Edison Ccmpany in a separate semi-annual report on the Preoperation-al Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Sesse Nuclear Power Plant.

9

NALCC ENVI ACNMONTAL GCIENCED A. The Air Environment

1. Airborne Particulates Gross beta measurements yielded semi-annual means that were slightly higher at the five control locations (0.006 0.123 i pCi/m3 )l/ than at the six indicator locations (0.039:0.115 pCi/m ) 3 ,

The location with the highest semi-annual mean was the control lo-cation T-ll, 9.5 miles SE of the plant (0.107to .164 pCi/m3) ,

Gross beta activity at all stations was also analy=ed by

=cnths and quarters. The =cnthly and quarterly averages at both indicator and control locations were highest during the month of October and in the fourth quarter, reflecting influence of radio-active fallout frem nuclear tests conducted by the People's Republic of China on 9-16-76 and 11-17-76.

The average gross beta activity for the third quarter at both indicator and control locations, measured before the fallout frem the nuclear tests reached United States, was slightly lower than for the third quarter of 1975 and was abcut the sa=e as for the first half of 1976.

Ga=ma-spectroscopic analyses of quarterly ccmpcsites of the air particulate filters yielded nearly identical results for the indicator and control locations. The predominantly ga=ma-emitting isotope was 3e-7 which is prcduced continuously in the upper acnosphere by cosmic-ray interaction (Arnold and Al-Salih, 1955). Strontium-90 activity in the third quarter's composite

-1/--Unless indicated otherwise, the uncertainties cf the average values are standard deviations of the individual measurements over the period averaged. Uncertainties of the individual measurements represent probable counting error at the 95% confidence level.

10

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCES frem indicator locations was 0.00021 pCi/m1 and was identical to the activity in the ccmposite frcm control locations. Strontium-

, 90 activity in the fourth quarter's composites was slightly lower than in the third quarter and was 0.00013 pCi/m 3 and 0.00015 pCi/m3 for the indicator and control locations, respectively. Strontium

~ ~ -

-89 activity was below the LLD -(0_ 66.05 -- - - - - - .- -.--.t.he Ci./6.3) in third quarter's composites but was detected in the samples collected during the fourth quarter, being 0.0073 pCi/m 3 and 0.0068 pCi/m 3 for indicator and control composites, respectively.

2. Airborne Icdine

. Weekly levels of airborne iodine-131 were below the lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.02 pCi/m 3 at all locations during the third quarter. Iodine-131 was sporadi. ally detected in the samples collected during the fcurth quarter, but the levels found were barely above the LLD. The highest semi-annual mean, 0.05 i

pCi/m 3 (detected in 5 out of 26 =easurements) was measured at the centrol location T-12, 23.5 miles WNW frcm the plant. These elevated levels were due to the fallout frcm the Chinese nuclear tests.

I

3. Ambient Gamma Radiction Monthly TLD's at the indicator locations measured a mean i

dose equivalent of 15.7t3.2 mrem /91 days, in agreement with the mean of 17.3:2.6 = rem /91 days measured at the centrol locations.

The mean values for the quarterly TLD's measured the dose equiva-lent of 13.5:3.1 mrem /91 days and 15.0 3 ') --=/91 days at the indicator and control locations, respectively, and were in agree-71

! ^

l L _

NALCC ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENCES f

men: with the values obtained b'; =onthly TLD's. The highest semi-annual mean for the monthly TLD's occurred at the control location T-12 (20.9 mrem /91 days) while the quarterly TLD's had their high-est reading at the indicator location T-8 (13.4 = rem /91 days).

The semi-annual mean dose equivalent from all locations measured ,

by monthly and quarterly TLD's was 15.5 mrem /91 days and was about ,

21% higher than the mean for the same period in 1975 (12.8 mrem /

91 days). The United States average natural background radiation level is estimated to be 13.8 mrem /91 days (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1975).

e 12 f

NALCC GNVIRCNMENT#.L SCIENCES

3. The Terrestrial Envircament

1. Milk Of the 30 analyses for iodine-131 in milk, all were below the LLD (0.5 pCi/1) except for two measurements on samples collected in October at two locations; one at indicator location T-20 (0.58 0.10 pCi/1) and one at control location T-24 (1.36!0.11 pCi/1). These elevated levels were due to the fallout from Chinese nuclear tests.

]

The activities of strentium-89 and barium-140 were below LLD for all samples analyzed.

l The mean value for strontium-90 was slightly higher at the control location T-24 (2.47 t0.36 pCi/1) than at the indi~cator locaticns (1.84 0.46 pCi/1). The control location also had the highest semi-annual mean. These values were slightly lower than values for the same period in 1975 (3.06 pCi/1 and 2.07 pCi/l for control and indicator locations, respectively). Cesium-137 and potassium-40 results were nearly identical for both indicator and i

! centrol locations (5.6 2.4 pCi/l - 5.7 1.5 pCi/l and 1270 t40 pCi/l

- 1260:60 pCi/l for cesium-137 and potassium-40, respectively.

The location with the highest semi-annual mean for cesium-137 was I -

the indicator T-8 (6.lt3.0 pCi/1) , but the difference is not stat-istically significant. These results were statistically identical to the results obcained during the second half of 1975: 5.3 pCi/l for cesium-137 and 1230 pCi/l for potassium-40. i Due to the chemical similarities becween strontium and calcium, and cesium and potassium, organisms tend to deposit 1

13 1

i

.________..m_.__ _ _ _ _ . ., _ . . _ - . _ . - , _, .,

NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL CCIONCES cesien-137 in the soft tissue and muscle and strentit=-89 and -90 in the bones. Consequently, the ratios of strontium-90 activity to the weight of calcium in milk and cesit=-137 activity to the weight of potassium in milk were monitored in order to detect poten-tial environmental accumulation of these radionuclides . No statis-tically signaficant variations in the ratios were observed. The measured concentrationr of stable potassium and calcica are in agreement with previously determined values of 1.50t0.21 g/l and 1.16 0.08 g/1, respectively (Nation-1 Center for Radiological Health, 1968).

2. Groundwater (Well water)

Gross beta activity in suspended solids was below LLD (0.23 pCi/1) in four out of six samples analyced. The mean value measured was 0.310.3 pCi/l with the highest mean being in water frcm indicator location T-17 (0.37t0.16 pCi/1) . The mean gross beta activity in dissolved solids was six times higher in the centrol wel.1 T-27 (15.100.3 pCi/1) than in the indicator wells (2.42:1.4 pCi/1). Gross beta activity in water frem well T-27 collected during the second half of 1975 and first half of 1976 had an average value of 2.3 pCi/1. Gamma spectroscopic analysis of the samples collected at T-27 showed that all gamma-emitting iso-topes were below LLD, except for lead-214 activity which was calcu-lated to be 13.7 pCi/1.~~Ga Ea specho' scop ~iF aidlysis of ipecial .

~

water sample collected 24 February 1977 from the same well yielded si=ilar value for lead-214, 13.2 pCi/1. The elevated gross beta activity is probably due to the presence of lead-214 in water, since lead-214 is also a beta emitter. It is not known why gross l

l beta activity was six times higher in water collected in the fall l

14

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCES of 1976 than in water collected in the- spring of 1976 and fall of 1975. It can only be speculated that because of a very dry su=mer in 1976 the water table in the vicinity at the well dropped and was replenished from a different aquifer. All ga a-emitting isotopes in samples from indicator wells were below LLD.

Tritium activity in the control well was below LLD (200 pCi/1) and-averaged 330 pCi/l in the indicator wells. The

.hig7.e s t . s.e.mi-ann.i. a._ __l m._ean va_l_ue f o.r _t_ ritium_ _.was m.ea.su. red in the..-.in-dicator well T-7 (390 pCi/1) but the differences were not statisti-cally significant.

Strontium-89 activity was below LLD (1.0 pCi/1) in all samples. Strontium-90 activity was below LLD (0.43 Pci/1) in two wells and averaged 0.53 pCi/l in samples collected from indicator well T-7.

3. Edible Meat In meat samples (chickens , geese, muskrat, and snapping turtle) potassium-40 activity averaged 2.6:0.6 pCi/g wet weight in samples collected at indicator locations and 1.90 0.3 pCi/g wet weight in samples collected at control locations. The difference was not statistically significant. Cesium-137 activity was below LLD (0.006 pCi/g wet weight) in all samples but one, muskrat, which

=eas_ured_0.0013 pCi]_g wet weight. All_ ether _ gamma-emitElig_isocopes_ _,

were_below h __

4. Fruits and */ececables In fruits and vegetables strontium-39 was below LLD (0.03 pCi/g wet weight) in all samples. Strontium-90 activity was 15

NALCC GNVIRONMUNTAL OC1GNCES below LLD of 0.002 pCi/g wet weight in seven samples and was detected at levels barely above LLD in five samples. The highest concentra-tien was found in cabbage (0.011 pCi/g wet weight) collected 12 October 1976 at the indicator location T-25. Strontium-90 activity in samples collected in 1975 was below LLD of 0.001 pCi/g wet weight in all samples. The elevated levels of strontium-90 activity found in some samples collected in 1976 are probably due to the fallout from Chinese nuclear tests.

The predominant gamma-emitting isotope detected was potassium-40, averaging 1.9 1.9 pCi/g wet weight at indicator ic-cations and 2.1 0.3 pCi/g wet weight at control locations . The difference is not statistically significant. All other gamma-emit-ting isotopes were below their respective LLD.

5. Animal-Wildlife Feed

. In grass and smartweed samples the predcminant ga=ma-emitting isotopes were beryllium-7 ard potassit=-40, being approxi-mately twice as high in smartweed t'an in grass. Casium-137 activ-ity was below LLD of 0.02 pCi/g wet weight in grass sample frca control location, at LLD level of 0.02000.013 pCi/g wet weight in grass sample frem one indicator location, and 0.028 0.020 pCi/g wet weight in smartweed collected at site boundary (indicator location).

All other ga==a-emitting isotopes were below LLD.

6. Soil Soil samples were ecliected in the first half of 1976 and no collecticn was scheduled for the cecond half of 1976.

16

NALCO CNVIRCNMUNTAL SCIENCES C. The Acuatic Environment

1. Water samples - created In treated water samples gross beta activity in dis-

[ solved solids was below LLD of 0.3 pCi/l at all locations. Gross beta activity in suspe; ed solids averaged 2.07:0.21 pCi/l at in-dicator locations and 2.15t0.48 pCi/1 at control locations. The difference is not statistically significant. The values are similar to those measured in 1975.

Strontium-89 a=d cesium-137 activities were belcw LLD, 1.0 pCi/l and 3.7 pCi/1, respectively. Strontien-90 activity was detected in all but one sample, and averaged 0.61 0.08 pCi/l at indicator locations and 0.85 0.14 pCi/l at control locations.

The values are similar to those measured in 1975. Mean tritium activity was 370:70 pCi/l at indicator location and 410 80 pCi/l at control lccations. Similar tritien values were measured in sam-ples collected in 1975.

2. Water samples - untreated Gross beta activity in suspended and dissolved solids in untreated water samples were similar at both indicator and con-trol locations. The differences observed were well within statisti-cal variations. Gross beta activity in total residue averaged 3.13 20.62 pCi/l and 3.01:0.46 pCi/l at indicator and control locations, respectively, and was similar to the activity measured in samples

! collected in 1975.

Strontium-39 and cesium-137 activities were belcw LLD in all samples, 1.0 Ci/1 and 3.7 pCi/1, respectively.

,~

-t 1

NACCC CNVIRCNMENTAL DCIGNCES Strontium-90 activity from indicator location T-28 was identical in treated and untreated samples (0.61 pCi/1) and averaged 0.63t0.13 pCi/1 at indicator locations and 0.54:0.25 pCi/1 at control locaticms. The highest semi-annual mean was measured at the control location T-ll (0.74t0.12 pCi/1) . The differences in mean values are not statistically significant and the values are similar to those measured in 1975 and first half of 1976.

Mean tritium activity at indicator and control loca-tions was about the same (370 pCi/l and 360 pCi/1) and was similar to that measured in treated water samples and in samples measured in 1975 and first half of 1976. All other ga=ma-emitting isotopes .

were below LLD.

3. Fish In fish samples gross beta and potassium-40 levels l

were nearly identical in fish muscle.

Gross beta activity averaged 2.5 pCi/g wet weight and 2.8 pCi/g wet weight at indicator and control locations, re-l spectively. In gi::ard shad the potassiu=-40 level was about one-

]

j half of gross beta level because the whole fish was analyzed, in-cluding bones. Since potassium-40 is found mostly in the muscle, the bones diluted the activity. Excluding gi::ard shad, the mean potassium-40 activity was nearly identical in fish from indicator and control locations, 2.3 pCi/g and 3.0 pCi/g wet weight, respect-ively.

Cesiun-137 activity was belcw LLD of 0.003 pCi/g wet weight in carp and gi::ard shad, but was detected in perch collected 13

I i

NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES l 1

at both indicator and control locations being 0.010t0.009 pCi/g and 0.014 t0.004 pCi/g wet weight, respectively. In general the activities measured were similar to those ceasured in fish collected in 1975.

4. Bottom Sediments In bottom sediment samples mean gross beta level at indicator locations was significantly abcve control location result, 17.4:3.2 pCi/g vs. 10.9tl.8 pCi/g, and was due mostly to potassium-40 activity, which averaged 14.4t0.8 pCi/g at indicator locations and was 9.4t0.6 pCi/g at the control location. The highest gross beta activity (19.6t2.2 pCi/g) was measured in the sample collected from indicator location T-30 (discharge area). Potassium-40 activity was also highest at this location (15.0t2.0 pCi/g). The gross beta and potassium-40 levels at the indicator locations T-29 and T-30 were similar to mean values measured at these locations in 1975 and first half of 1976 (19.1 pCi/g and 15.2 pCi/g for gross beta and potassium-40, respectively).

Strontien-89 activity was below LLD of 0.1 pCi/g at all locations. Strontium-90 was below LLD of 0.01 pCi/g at two locations and =easured 0.042 pCi/g at indicator location T-30.

Cesicm-137 levels were below LLD of 0.08 pCi/g at the same two locations and measured 0.22 pCi/g at the indicator location T-30.

Small amounts of strontien-90 and cesium-137 detected in the sample from locatien T-30 (discharge area) are more characteristic of the activities found in soil rather than in bettom sediments. The discharge area was excavated for the installa:icn of the discharge pipe and apparently was refilled with soil.

19

NALCC CNVI ACNM3NTAL " CIGNCES V. Figures and Tables I

l

~.

20 l

I

- -r - u . - --.._,. . _, .- . - - - - ----.,3_ _ -- _ - - --

h, D%; rJALco crivinollMEtJTAL ScifidcEs olvlSION D.% tJOHTilDHGOK, ILLitJGIS 60062

r. ,.

.. g

p \

-u . - .

. go @ Sampling location f_

connow car

. . . 0 (a

~~

"E4 3

/ j . cootino hQ5 ionen , o.h - DISCllARGE O c *g,\.s .s.s10

".: ....' )

" " ~ '

L A K E

lNTAV o

' o'gd .,

- Ay I *.3 -

D uf f-W A 5614 H040 l

'(' <

~~p#

0.5 mi gi E R I E o

e c' - J I h DAVIS- DESSE oonnow cir:. NUCLEAR POWER STATIOil

, .h' .

1. Orsi' I blO ..

f E i . L5 ml C

h[/

U f1AVARRE

{

t.lARS H

,, j' u JUARRY i .

L 3 le I

.~ .7 'q ' ^ w . - .. - ... ~ . ~ .- c .... - , y

~

TOUSSAINT RIVER ,, .-. .T. .s.v. t* ..

D.gf * *. , 71. W~ _

wuuu a~ . - u. w-za c- - -- -~ ~aa w-- --

---.u.~~.'------.s -a-~.--- - - - - . - - ------=------__nuun Figure 1. Sampling locations on the site periphery of the Davis-Ilesse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1.

/ tiarth unas I \e n

/lhd$ k

,. c . tiddle auss - 1. ,6'

"'t.. /

g3 wedo !. .: ?.i13"7e,.2 . m Slotes

,l .N .,t.YJ E10regon -

5mt I _g.)

I 7. South Dass! }

f f .

K*H'Y5 L

[*

SITE N

N l qh 'ld$%.. J

.. # (as -

g,p zw. . .. '

,[ '

20

.pf Ookliarbor zo : l 3

ll CIlnlon i -

' to ,

omi

e' .% s i

f' Mp.7 ] ,., 24 ' jf h(i.-

ea .'

'J g' 'g g8 b '

.. e / ' 6 Sondusky **

D >

g Dov.ilna Green

-c 5 mi.

N -

[' e't/

! i 90 t 'te 0 ' 20ml Fremont[

\N N_

f e i \ - -

Norwo y u

s N ALCO 20ml

'g % ENVIROllMEllTAL SCIEllCES OlVISION -

NORTilDROOK, ILLill0IS 60062

.....,.u _ w m g Fosforto { ..N. . - - - . . . - ~ . - .-... ...--... .. .. . . _ .

Pigure 2. Sampling locations.(excepting those on the site periphery), Davis-13 esse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1.

NALCC ENVI::tCNNIENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Unit No. 1 T.;e of Code Locationa Location T- 1 I Site boundary, 0.6 miles NE of station, near intake canal.

T- 2 I Site boundary, 0.9 miles E of station.

T- 3 I Site boundary, 1.4 miles SE of station, near Toussaint River and storm drain.

T- 4 I Site boundary, 0.8 miles S of station, near Locust Point and Toussaint River.

T- 5 I Main entrance to site, 0.25 miles W of station.

T- 7 I Sand Beach, 0.9 miles NNW of site. .

T- 8 I Earl Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of site.

.6-T- 9 C Oak Harbor, 6.8 miles SW of site.

T-ll C Port Clinton, 0.5 miles SE of site. -

T-12 C Toledo, 23.S miles WNW of site.

T-17 I Irv Fick's well onsite, 0.7 miles SW of site.

T-20 C Daup Farm, 5.4 miles SSE of site.

T-23 C Put-In-Bay Lighthouse, 14.3 miles ENE of site.

T-24 C Sandusky, 24.9 miles SE of site.

T-25 I Miller Farm, 3.7 miles S of site.

T-27 C Magee Marsh, 5.3 miles WNW of site.

T-2S ,I Unit 1 treated water supply, onsite.

T-29 I Lake Erie, Intake area, 1.5 miles NE of site. .

T-30 I Lake Erie, discharge area, 0.9 miles INE of site.

1 T-31 I Onsite.

T-32 I Land, within 5 =iles radius of site.

23

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. (continued)

Ty!;e of Code Locatien" Location T-33 I Lake Erie, within 5 :ailes radius of site.

T-34 C Land, greater than 10 miles radius of site.

T-35 C Lake Erie, greater than 10 miles radius of site..

aI= Indica:c: locations; C= Control locations.

.c e

24

. i Table 2. Type and frequency of collection. -

sampling Soini-annually Annually _ i l.o ca t i on Typo Wonkly Monthly Quarterly YLp SO" g

) 1 I AP AI TLI)

SO 2 I AP AI TLD TI.D

! 50 3 I AP Al SWU T LI) TI.D j SO

,4 I AP AI TLD TLD 5 I TLD TLD TLD WW SO 7 I AP AI TLD VE AFC SO U I AP AI TLD HD TLD TLD So r 9 C AP AI TLD O SO 11 C AP AI SWU SWT TLD 0 TLD So 12 C e. P AI SWU SWT TLD IR WW 17 I 2 20 C H TLD SO b 23 C AP AI TLD 3 i 24 C TLD TLD O l VE 2 25 C So TLD TLD WW BS 27 C AP AI J

3, y 28 I SWU SWT BS 2 29 I g

BS 30 I SMW P 31 1 WL F ME 32 I ST E F WP 0

33 I -

ME VE AP 34 C F

i 35 C n

m i I

m i

j a Once every three years, l b Semi-monthly during the grazing season, May through October.

j

c Cattle feed collected during the 1st quarter, grass collected during 3rd quarter.

NALCC ENVIRCNMUNTAL SC1GNCES i

f

, Tible 3. Sample codes used in Table 2.

1

't i Ccde Descriction j AP Airborne Particulate AI Airborne Iodine -

TLD (M) . Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Monthly TLD (Q) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Quarterly SWU Surface water - Untreated SIC Surface water - Treated (tap)

WW Well water (Ground Water)

BS Bottom Sediments ...

SO Soil M - Milk .

ME Domestic Meat WL Wildlife (normally muskrat)

F Fish VE Fruits and Vegetables SMN Smartweed AF Animal Feed (silage, grain, grass)

WF Waterfowl (gcose)

ST Snapping Turtle 26

Table 4. Sampling summary.

Collection Number of Number of Sample Type and Number of Samples Samples Type Frequency a Incations Collected Missed Remarks Air Environment Airborne particulates C/W 11 272 14 See text p. 7 Airborne iodine C/W 11 273 13 See text p. 7 2 TLD's C/M C/O 13 13 78 26 0

0 fn D

Terrestrial Environment a Milk (May-Oc t . ) G/SM 3 24 0 2 (Nov . -Apr . ) G/M 3 6 0 <

Groiuidwater G/Q 3 6 0 E Edible meat D

a. Domestic meat G/SA 2 3 0 See text p. 0 2

, b. Wildlife G/SA 1 1 0 3

$ (one species) g

c. Waterfowl G/A 1 1 0

, d. Snapping turtle G/A 1 1 0 )

Fruits and Vegetables G/SA 3 12 0 I" (two varieties from a cach location) 9 Animal-wildlife feed M i a. Cattle feed G/A 2 0 0 Collected 1st Q 2

b. Grass G/A 2 2 0 ,

' c. Smartweed G/A 1 1 0 m j Soil G/3Y ll 0 0 Collected 2nd O Aquatic Environment Treated surface water 3 78 b 0 G/WM l Untreated surface water G/WM 3 75 D 3 See text p. 8 G/IIM 1 26 0 I Fish (two species) G/SA 2 4 0 llottom sediments G/SA 3 3 0 l

a Type of collection is coded as follows: C/ = continuous; G/ = grab. Frequency is coded as follows: /IIM = hourly grab composited monthly; /WM = weekly grab composited monthly; /W = weekly; /SM = semi-monthly; /M = monthly; /Q = quarterly; /SA = semi-annually; /A = annually; /3Y = once every three years.

b Samples are sent to laboratory weekly. .

NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL .SCIENCED t

N I.

Q-J en ee s ee 33 O O O O O O O O O O O s a t 1' z

=

ee O

4 gg = .c= = 0 c' , gf e= '" w

e **** ** O*

== ** ** O me O.e.Q w "8 *"s*

e NO == ee == ==

aaCE- Ne*

A es e me . ce N ce ce - O.

N ce ce la -g g g N.= ** N == N N N

- - N N O, ee O

- N O. - ~ - -

y5 3x y -e y -c s .O. O N, c - e O

N N. - -

w a e ,. d =e 4 OO A e= d me *O U @O O 00 @@ ** ** *e O OO =e O 10

O.

51 O. O O. O. O O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O+ O.

G O" O Ow O= 0 O O O O= O O a

re 5

om 4 mm m W 4 e=

M NO m

O " O bGr 40

, y =

ee ,

G C -

.C C E1 en ce 3r es e SE z ."*.*

== 3 y .O. O.

z z .O d as O-gw lA .=

4 } W *S

-s 5- $

e.

Q- *) M

=E : a ea u 3 40 - e* y o 5 d d d d d d d E q "v e z .$ z a z = z a z 8e -

w e N

i3E en 9

g -a e.n o a. ce w g a O .=

.p. he .e Le o g e= = 0 .= m ,.

U e ** ** C

3.a 4e .Cs Q: :n ,3 -V - **O.

N - O O 2, O g g--g N. Pe NO am

- ==

me. ee em .= em yg m P* . N Ne N NO N N Pe .=O.

ee .

p -1 g3

O - NO N No N N N ce O, gw w = ".M.

N ee a .e .e N.

,4 g l5g ggg

en e

M se O e.s. W u

e

*O - ** w w *e w e *g >,,-g 9N em CO e e*

N.

dO O.

ee MO O O ==

g *y*9n 3 9 O. O O. e O. O O. O 0 Q C.

.s . 11 a OO O. O. O O. O =O. O. O a.

. O. O. .O

.zW- ,

O= O Ow O* O O= Oe mi O O O*

EaDG ne *

- * @ 4 M N U I

- A

$M m C

M O

O O

N O

O O

N O

O O

N me O

O

?* **

G me O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O.

}pg g h O O O O O O O O O O O N N 4 h-e

w a.e og N * *

a 1 %4 M-% &Qd "

g* 1 o as .J ** bd e 4 cm

==o y > c e e O ,

s

- - . O o e. e c - .O .a M 4 9 U f 9 0 9 i l i 1

% 9 e m. = s s a 3o3 w

24 0 o O

. w O >.

3 S =w a a o d u3

=e

>e*J 4 525 .

.Ss

g ,9==

.m 7 e e -u5 3 me 5 ee

- La- 3 *w *\

.2 &h= w ay a da & == 3 * *3 p W 4 * ==

23

1 b

Tatale 5. (continued)

H.une of f aci!!tyAde-beese NuglgaE_EgyndADt t

laatton witli II.Qest

~

InMcator Control Sample Types ans! locationg Semiannual Heart Locatiosis Husselaer of Tyg.is Hua.1,ur of Hu.ua (F) Hea84 ll'8 oss- g ou t i ne d Huast (F)

(Units) Analysum a g,g,gjl ' ILangc 0 location Hange Han4je Re s tal t s" 2

A t :1,or no 1-131 274 0.02 0.03(12/148) T-12 2 3.5 utad 0.05(5/26) 0.04(21/26) 0 )

t o.line (0.02-0.05) (0.03-0.09) (0.02-0.09) r (pci/ai 8) g Tlb G. sauna 78 1 15.7(42/42) T-12 23.5 WNW 20.9(6/6) 17.s(36/36) 0 0

ontlit y (mrum) (12.4-20.2) (17.7-25.6) (13.9-20.9) g

.gu.s s te a m 784 G.samaa 26 1 13.5(14/14) T-8 2.7 Wsw 18.4(2/2) 15.0(12/12) 0 (

ouantusly (10-3-18.4) (18.3-18.4) (10.0-16.3) --

(in em/ gu.s a te r ) E Hstk 3-131 30 0.50 ( t /20 ) 1.36(1/10) 1.36 (1/10)

O (pC1/l) 0.5 - T-24 24.9 su 0 2

ga Sr-89 30 2.0 3.Lo - -

3.ta 0 g e I: N Sr-90 30 0.5 1.84(20/20) T-24 24.9 2.47(10/10) 2.47(10/10) 0 (1.30-2.a5) (1.96-3.02) (1.96-30.2) 2 y scan 30 K-40 35 1270(20/20) 1270(10/10) 1260(10/10) 0 I (1190-1320) T-8 2.7 WsW (1190-1320) (1150-1320) [G l

T-20 5.4 sse (1230-1310) Q es-137 3.7 5.6(16/20) T-8 2.7 WSW 6.l(e/10) 5.7(7/10) O M (2.6-11.4) (2.6-11.4) (3.9-7.7) 2 O

m i

1

_ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . . ._ _. __. . . _ . ___m__ _. _ . . . _ . _ .

Tat,t e 5. (continued)

Hame of faci!!ty tuvis-homme Nuclear Power Plant Tiidicator Location witOilnhost Control Sample Tyt.e and Imationg Samiannual Hean Iawations Mar of Type Humber of Hear. (F) Hean (F) Hean (F) non-soutine (Units) Analyses A LLb b __

ILangu C Location d Hanye Hange Hesults" 2

Hilk (con t . ) ba-140 3.7 LID - -

LIS 0 g (9/1) C4 30 0.01 4.05(20/20) 1.06(10/10) 1.06(10/10) 0 I (1.00-1.37) T-8 2.7 WSW (1.01-1.16) (1.02-1.10)

O T-24 24.9 SE (1.02-1.10) Q K 30 0.04 1.49(20/20) Ill (s tatale) (1.39-1.55) T-8 2.7 WSW 1.49(10/10) 1.49(10/10) 0 g (1.39-1.55) (1.34-1.55)

. T-20 5.4 SSE (1.43-1.53) _

T-24 24.9 SE (1.34-1.55) g 1

(tsCi/g) St-90/Ca 30 -

1.75(20/20) T-24 24.9 SE 2.34(10/10) 2.34(10/10) 0 0 (1.19-2.79) (1.92-2.96) (1.92-2.96) 2 (s.C1/9 ) Cm-137/K 30 -

3.76(15/20) T-8 2.7 WSW 4.06(8/10) 3.91(7/10) 0 $

(1.73-7.60) (1.73-7.60) (2.60-5.75) I.)

u O LAstl watur GB 6 0.23 0.31(2/4) T-17 0.7 SW 0.3?(1/2) Lib 0 2

SS (0.25-0.37) d.

GB 6 1.04 2.42(3/4) T-27 5.3 WNW 15.l(2/2) 15.1(2/2) 0 b DS (0.76-3.45) (14.9-15.3) (14.9-15.3) g GB 6 (1.57 2.42(3/4) T-27 5. 3 WNW 15.!(2/2) 15.1(2/2) 0 0 TH (0.76-3.41) (14.9-15.3) (14.9-15.3) ggg

, 18 - 3 6 200 320(4/4) T-7 0.7 SW 390(2/2) LLD 0 2 (180-450) (320-450) O

=

g 5

Tatslu 5. (con tinuuJ)

Naas of facility Davis-Dessa Nuclear l'uwer Plant

liU1cator Location with tilqhest Control sample Type and twallong scalannual N an Locations HunJacr of Type Nurkl,o r o f Nan ( k' l Mean (F) Nan (F) non-soutine (Units) Analyseu' I.LtJI ' tut rsqu'# Incationd Range Range I4e stal t s' Wll water Sr-SS 6 1.0 LID - -

LED 0 (cont.)

Sr-50 6 0.43 0.53(2/2) T-7 0.7 Sit 0.53(2/2) Lia 0 (0.43-0.63) (0.43-0.63) y scan 6 2 Cs-137 and 3.7 LIM LES other gammas O p g

talble

&at y scan 6 0 (pCl/9 wat) K-40 0.02 2.6(4/4) T-31 0.6 NK 3. 4 (1/3 ) 1.9(2/2) O E (1.9-3.4) (1.7-2.3) 2 Cs-137 and 0.006 0.01-(1/4) 7-31 0.6 NE 0.0013(1/1) LID 0

=

other gasm.as 3 t'aults and Sr-89 12 0.03 LLD - -

LID 0 0

g vagutables '

2 g .e (pci/g wet) Sr-90 12 0.002 0.005(3/8) T-8 2.7 ffSH 0.006(I/4) 0.004(t/4) 0 g y scan 12 N 2

K-40 0.02 1.188/8) T-34 IS Sif 2.184/4) 2.!(4/4) 0 j (0.6-3.0) (1.3 3.2) (1.3-3.2) p tas-9 5 0.05 I.I.D - -

LES 0 to Zr-95 0.12 1.Lin - -

Lin 0 Q Cs-137 0.02 IJ.D - -

3.3s O M Ce-141 0.32 LI.D - -

Lim 0 2

m 10

Tatsla 5. (cont!nued) teams of fac!!!ty l!avia:Ibinan_lfElcar_rowur_flant InJEtor tex:atlon w!Lh Highest Control Sanigsl u Tyssen mind Inc.itloi g Semilasissual Heata Locations Numiser of Type Husm!sur of Mean (r) Hean (F) Huan (r) sion-routino (Unitu} Analyses" 8.1 Ib H.angu C loca t losed Hanyu Bangte Ite stal t me 2

A n l an.a l - y scan 3 )

Lillsill f o Fund p (pC1/.3 wat) De-1 0.2 2.6(2/2) T-31 0.6 Ht: 3.4(1/1) 2. 4 (1/3 ) 0 Q (1.8-3.4)

E-40 0.4 11.!(2/2) T-31 0.6 NE 14.8(1/3) 4.8 (1/l) 0 g (7.4-14.8) g co-137 and 0.02 0.024(2/2) T-31 0.6 NE 0.028(1/l) LID 0 (

other gaassas (0.020-0.028) -

i E

, Tsuated Cu 18 0.3 LID - -

LID 0 Q

, Surface W.atur SS (pCl/l)

Go 18 0.3 2.0716/6) T-11 9.5 SE 2.51(6/6) 2.15(12/12) 0 3 US (1.70-2.30) (1.80-2.79) (1.33-2.79) g Gu 18 0.3 2.07(6/6) T-11 9.5 C*. 2.55(6/6) 2.17(12/12) 0 2

.Tu (1.70-2.30) (1.80-2.79) (1.33-2.79) it-3 6 200 370(2/2) 7-12 23.5 WNW 430(2/2) 410(4/4) 0 f (320-420) (350-510) (350-510)

W Sr-89 6 2.0 LID - -

LID 0 0 Sr-90 6 0.5 0.61(2/2) T-12 23.5 inM 0.94(1/2) 0.85(3/4) 0 E (0.55-0.67) (0.69-0.94) 2 0

m M

1 l

i 1

I

Total e S. (cositissueJ)

Home of fac!!!Ly thew i s-tw u se Nuclear Power Plant IElicator Location witla tilGiest Control Samples Type and 14scations Sesniannual Maast Lasca tloans Husniser of Tygm Hunter of He.an (F) C Medan (F) Hean (F) 'noss-s ou t i ne Analysem a gg3 b gaa ,,yo u goca g g o,,d H.ange Ha stge Heaults*

g its) 2 Trusted surface y scan 6 g water (con t . ) I CS-137 and 3.7 LED - -

LLD 0 ollaer garnsess . O D

lintreatud. Gu 24 0.3 0.79(7/12) T-3 1.4 SE 0.87(1/6) 0.70(4/12) O sustacu water SS (0.57-1.30) (0.57-1.38) (0.37-0.93) E (648/l) 1.4 2

Gu 24 0.3 2.72(12/12) T-3 SE 2.80(6/6) 2.69(12/12) 0

(

DS (2.15-3.08) (2.37-3.06)

GB 24 0.3 3.13(12/12) T-3 1.4 SE 3.47(6/6) 3.01(12/12) 0 Tu (2.95-4.27) (2.37-4.27) (2.28-3.77) . O H-3 200 370(4/4) 3u0(2/2) 360(4/4) 0 g

~

8 LJ (290-420) T-3 1.4 SE (350-400) (330-400)

LJ T-l! 9.5 SE (360-400) N

. Lib 0 2 Sr-89 8 2.0 L1D - -

St-90 8 0.5 0.77(1/4) O p

CA-137 8 3.7 E.ID - -

LED 0 g and other g gamma s E

Fi st. GB 4 0.02 2.5(2/2) T-35 14 ENE 2.8(2/2) 2.8(2/2) O g

El<a/9 wat) , (2.2-2.7) (2.1-3.5) (2.1-3.5) m M

i I

I i

Table 5. (continued) llamu of fac!!!ty Da v $ m-Ite u se Nuclear power Plant l

liificator Location with Iliqhest Control Sample Type and Locationg Semiannual stoon tmations Number of Tyge Number of Huan gr} Hean (F) Hean (F) non-soutine I.ocationd Analymes" I#

(Units) I.I.D ILange C Range Stange Resulta" rish (cont.) y scan 4 Z

E-40 0.02 2.812/2) v-33 2.5 E 2.s(2/2) 2.0(2/2) 0 I (2.6-3.0) (2.6-3.0) (1.0-3.0) 0 ENt!

0 ca-137 0.003 0.010(1/2) T-35 14 0.010(1/2) 0.014(1/2) 0 and IU ottier gammau 2

(

isuttom Gu 3 1.4 17.4(2/2) T-30 0.9 ENE 19.6(t/1) 10.911/l) 0 'E sudisients (15.1-19.6)

(341/J dry) 0 sr-es 3 0.1 L 43 - -

LLu 0 2 (d

sa sr-90 3 0.01 0.042(1/1) T-30 0.9 ENE 0.042lI/1) LLD 0 3 M

y scan 3 2 E-40 0.1 14.4(2/2) T-30 0.5 LNE 15(1/1) 9.4(1/1) 0 (13.d-15.0) p Cs-137 and 0.08 0.22(t/2) T-30 0.9 ENE 9.22(1/1) 0.01(1/1) 0 $

other gammas g

Gts = ysosa teota, SS = suspended solids, DS = dissolved solids, TR = total residue. R I'

C LI.D = nominal lower limit of detection leased on 3 sigma counting error for backgsound sample. 2 Huan teamed uport detectable seasurusnunts only. Fraction of detectable. measuresients at specified locations is indicated in parenthemes (F). O d 14, cations ano spucified by station code (Tabla 1 ) and distance (milum) and d1 auction relative to reactor site. M

" than tout a nu sesults are those which exceed ten times the control statioin value. W I Two collection gerlods witti Iow ausults (0.006 pC1/ml and (0.002) havu lauen macluded in thu determination of the means and s on.jos of gross bata in air particulates. Those results were unrullable.

9 Ouar tes ty composites of all samples feon trulicator locations and control locations were gasuna scanned .eparatet ty. .

Thus, t i.o location with thu highest annual muan cannot be identified,

NALCC ONVIRCNMCNTAL GCIGNCGG V. References Cited Arnold, J. R., and H. A. Al-Salih. 1955. Seryllium-7 produced by cosmic rays. Science 121:451-453.

Industrial SIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. 1975a. Preoperational environmental radiological monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-Annual Report, January-June 1975. IST Project No. 64305590. Northbrook, Illinois.

l NALCO Environmental Sciences. 1975b . Preoperational environmental radiologipal monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-Annual Report, July-December 1975.

Nalco Project No. 5501-05590. Northbrook, Illinois .

. 1976. Preoperational environmental radiological '

monitoring for the Davis-Sesse Nuclear Power Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-Annual Report National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. 1973.

Natural radiation background in the United States. NCRP Report No. 45.

National Center for Radiological Health. 1968. Section 1. Milk and food. Radiological Health Data and Reports. Vol. 9, Number 12. 730-746.

35

NALCC ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENCEO APPENDIX A Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactirity in Air and Water 4-6 1

A-1

NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Maximum Permissable Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air and Water

Air Water Gross alpha 3 pCi/m3 Strontium-89 3,000 pCi/l Gross heta 100 pCi/m3 Strontium-90 300 pCi/l Icdine-131b 0.14 pCi/m 3 Cesium-137 20,000 pCi/l 3arium-140 20,000 pCi/l Icdine-131 300 pCi/l Potassium-40c 3,000 pCi/l Gross alpha 30 pCi/1 Gross beta 100 pCi/l Tritium 3x103 pCi/ml Taken frca Ccde of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 20, Table II and a=crocriate footnotes.

b From 10 U R 20,but adjusted by a factor of 700 to reduce the dose resulting from the air-grass-cow-milk-child pathway.

C A natural radienuclide.

4

% A O"d m -_ _ - y _ - . - - - +--

O H

W W

Z Z

W F .

i l

I i

TABLE OF CONTENTS I

4 s

1 l Page Preface....................................................... i uit of Tables................................................ iii

List of Figures............................................... y i

A. Plant Communities........................................ A-1 1

Results and Discusion..................................... A-1

Literature Cited.................... ..................... A-8

8. Soil Environments......................................... B-1 4

Soil Temperatures......................................... B-1

Soil Moisture............................................. B-5 l

2 Soil Chemical Analysis.................................... B-7 Summary................................................... B-9 i

1 C. Terrestrial Animals....................................... C-1 1

f Amphibians and Reptiles................................... C-1 Birds..................................................... C-2 Small Mammals............................................. C-2 Large Mammals............................................. C-3 I

Conclusions............................................... C-4 References................................................ C-6

+

, D. Atmospheric Environment................................... D-1 Introduct.'on.............................................. D-1 4

Instrumente and Measurements.............................. D-2 4

Presentation of Data...................................... D-3 Interpretation 'f Data.................................... D-4 j Preoperational Comments................................... D-8 4

4 i

f I

d 1

E s

_ -..,m,.. .-. . . -,_. . ., , .-.,m.,....,,,,,,_.,_,,...-_,.c__-__,_ ,,. - , . - , , , _. - , , .,_m- ~.,,-,,,,_m., .

Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University 3owhng Creca. Ohio 43403 f419) 372-0207 MV *' SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGF#1 j JANUARY 1977 Preface The major communities making up the ecosystem complex at the Davis-Besse site have been studied intendively during the past two to three years. Among our objectives has been the identification of community ele-ments and description of seasonal and annual variations. Only by deter-mining as carefully as possible the characteristics of these communities in this preoperational period can there be base lines against which the impacts of the site operation can be judged.

Study plots, transects, and quadrats were established in the Beach Area and Cooling Tower Woods. Off-site reference areas were selected and abandoned several times due to high water and construction activities. ,

Finally an area at the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge was designated.

Comparable instrumentation and observations wera utilized both on-site and off-site.

The interaction among soil moisture, soil type, and vegetation was complex because of ceasonal effects. The critical point is the survival of seedlings. It is now hypothesi:ed that the Cooling Tower operation is likely to improve the moisture balance in adjacent areas and thus tend

, to increase the stability of these plant communities, s

0 The small mammal populations have fluctuated, but not in synchrony t l with those a short distance away. The environment for mice along the lake 1

i shore mav be quite different than that inland. Apparently the number of i

! animals available at the end of the summer is largely a function or prior over-winter survival and the initial size of the spring breeding population. i i

l

Resident bird populations and migrants are being inventoried as are the larger mammals and herptiles.

Meteorological parameters are being obtained and examined at each of

~

the major study sites. The data are available for computer use in making comparisons and performing further trend analyses, each site has been characterized. Soil type and chemistry similarly have been designated.

While the data obtained for determination of baseline populations and variations are never "enough," we have obtained a good data base to work from, and it will be very useful to the investigating team in interpreting environmental responses to site activities.

William B. Jackson Director and Professor of Biology Editor li

I' LIST OF TABLES No. Caption Page A-1 Generali ed habitat preference for woody species A-9 observed in the study areas at the Davis-Besse site.

A-2 Descriptions and mechanical analyses of Fulton silt A-10 loam and Toledo silty clay loam soils.

A-3 Importance values of plant species in the Toledo and A-11 Fulton soils of the Cooling Tower Woods, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site, spring and summer 1974.

A-4 Phytosociological data for Cooling Tower Woods deri- A-12 ved from fall and spring (h x 2m) quadrat studies, 1974-1976.

A-5 Phytosociological data for Cooling Tower doods deri- A-13 4

ved from fall and spring ( x 2m) quadrat studies, 1974-76.

A-6 Phytosociological dita for Hackberry II (N=22) deri- A-14 ved from fall and spring (h x 2m) quadrat studies, 1974-76.

A-7 Phytosociological data for Hackberry Box-Elder Com- A-15

= unity (N=38) derived from fall and spring (h x 2m) quadrat studies, 1974-76.

A-8 Phytosociological data for Hackberry * (N=7) Community A-17 i derived from fall and spring ( x 2m) quadrat studies,

1974-76.

A-9 Phytosociological data for Kentucky Coffee Tree Com- A-18 munity (N=6) derived from fall and spring @g x 2m) quadrat studies, 1974-76.

B-1 Summary of weekly average soil and air temperatures B-ll i (*F), Beach, Cooling Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites, weeks of June 11 to December 10, 1976.

B-2 Weekly soil moisture variations, precipitation, and B-12 actual evaporation, weeks of June.ll to December 10, 1976.

B-3 Soil chemical analyses, summer and fall 1976, Beach, B-13 Tower Woods, Ottawa sites.

C-1 Summary of reptile and amphibian observations, June C-7 through November 1975.

C-2 Khite-footed mouse captures at the peninsula study C-8 site, Fall, 1976. Method B Table (Krebs, 1972).

iii

j LIST OF TABLES CONTINUED No. Caption Page 4

C-3 Summary of Lincoln-Peterson population estimates of C-9 i

white-footed mice at Davis-Besse peninsula study site and Carter Woods reference area. Estimates are mice per hectare.

C-4 Results of live-trapping captures, other than raccoons C-10 and opossums. (For locations see Figure 1) .

! C-5 Method B Table of Captures of raccoons. Week 1 began C-11

] on 13 April, 1976.

C-6 Method B Table of Captures of opossums, Week 1 began C-12 ;

on 13 April 1976.

C-7 Counts of muskrat houses in marsh between the dike and C-13 i the peninsula study area in winter.

C-8 Miscellaneous observations of mammals by BGSU person- C-14 nel.

C-9 Numbers of birds observed at the Davis-Besse site on C-15 ,

August 29, August 31, and September 13, 1976 by M. I j Temme.

5 l

6 4

i iV i

I

LIST OF FIGURES No,. Caction Page i A-1 Vegetation Monitoring Study Areas, Davis-Besse Site. A-13 A-2 Weekly soil moisture levels in Toledo and Fulton A-19 i, soils of the Cooling Tower Woods at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths between the period of June 1,1974 and Nov-j ember 12, 1976.

A-3 Weekly soil moisture levels in Hackberry II Community A-20 and Hackberry Box-Elder Community at 10, 20 and 50 cm depths between the period of June 1,1974 and 1 November 12, 1976.

) A-4 Comparison of spring Importance Values for herbaceous A-21

species observed in x 2m quadrats.

A-5 Comparison of spring Importance Values for woody A-22 species observed in b x 2m quadrats.

l

A-6 Comparison of fall Importance Values. for herbaceous A-23 species observed in h x 2m quadrats.

U A-7 Comparison of fall Importance Values for woody species A-24 observed i. b x 2a quadrats.

B-1 Beach Site - Temperature ranges at 10, 20, and 50 cm B-14 depths and in air, weeks of June 11 to December 10, 1976.

B-2 Cooling Tower Woods site - Temperature ranges at 10, B-15 20, and 50 cm depths and in air, weeks of June 11 to j December 10, 1976.

B-3 Ottawa Site - Temperature ranges at 10, 20, and 50 cm B-20 cm depths and in air, weeks of June 25 to December 11.

5 B-4 Tower Woods - Toledo Soil Cation Exchange Capacity 's B-21 Bases (Ca, Mg, K) 10, 20, 50 cm Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-5 Tower Woods - Toledo Soil S. Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 20 B-22 and 50 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-6 Tower Woods - Toledo Soil % Organic Matter, i Availa- B-23 ble Moisture, 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-7 Tower Noods - Fulton Soil Cation Exchange Capacity % B-24 Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 10 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

i I

-p-- g ----y -

,-,rr , o.,,7-, . . , - , - + - - -

--,-pm.-.yy,, 7,w.yq, p ,mp .g - np-w4,

i i i 4

I . LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED No. Caption Page 1

) B-8 Tower Woods - Fulton Soil % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 3-25 20 and 50 cm Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-9 Tower Woods - Fulton Soil % Organic Matter, % B-26 Available hbisture 10, 20, 30 cm depths, Summer

, 1974-Fall 1976.

B-10 Beach Area - Hackberry Community Cation Exchange B-27 Capacity, % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 10 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-11 Beach Area - Hackberry Community % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) B-28

[ at 20 and 50 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-12 Beach Area - Hackberry Community % Organic Matter 3-29 i

% Available Moisture, 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-13 Beach Area - Sumac Community Cation Exchange Capacity B-30

, Bases (Ca, Mg, K) g 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

i B-14 Beach Area - Sumac Community % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at B-31 20 and 50 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-15 Beach Area - Sumac Community % Crganic Matter, 'a 3-32 Available Moisture, 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-16 Beach Area - Box Elder Community Cation Exchange B-33 Capacity, ) Bases at 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-17 Beach Area - Box Elder Community, % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) 3-34 at 20 and 50 cm, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

B-18 Beach Area - Box Elder Community, % Organic Matter, % B-35 Available >bisture, 10, 20, 50 cm depths, Summer 1974-Fall 1976.

C-1 Map of the Davis-Besse site. Numbers denote locations 3-36 of large mammal traps. -

D-1 Climatological Summary for June 1976. D-12 2

D-2 Climatological Summary for July 1976. D-13 D-3 Climatological Summary for August 1976. D-14 D-4 Climatological Summary for September 1976. D-15

LIST OF EIGURES CONTINUED No,. Caption Page i

! D-5 Climatological Summary for October 1976. D-16 1

i D-6 Climatological Summary for November 1976. D-17 D-7 Discriminant Function Coefficients for June 1976. D-18 D-8 Discriminant Function Coefficients for July 1976. D-19 D-9 Discriminant Function Coefficients for August 1976. D-20 D-10 Discriminant Function Coefficients for September D-21 1976.

D-11 Discriminant Function Coefficients for October D-22 1976.

D-12 Discriminant Function Coefficients for November D-23 1976.

D-13 Maximum Temperatures - Departures from Station T D-24 D-14 Minimum Temperatures - Departures from Station T D-25 D-15 Average Temperatures - Departures from Station T D-26 D-16 Temperature Range - Departures from Station T D-27 D-17 Evaporation - Departures from Station T D-28 D-IS Average Relative Humidity - Departures from Station T D-29 D-19 Dew Point - Departures frem Station T D-30 D-20 Maximum Temperature 1974 (Monthly Deviations from D-31 Station T)

D-21 bbximum Temperature 1975 (Monthly Deviations from D-32 Station T)

D-22 Maximum Temperature 1975 (Monthly Deviations from D-33 Station T)

D-23 Minimum Temperature 1974 (Fionthly Deviations from D-34 Station T)

D-24 Minimum Temperature 1975 (Monthly Deviations from D-35 Station T)

D-25 Minimum Temperature 1976 (Monthly Deviations from D-36 Station T)

E LIST OF FIGURES CONTINUED No_. Caption Page D-26 Precipitation 1974 (Stonthly Deviations from Station D-37 T.

D-27 Precipitation 1975 (Stonthly Deviations from Station D-38 T.

D-23 Precipitation 1976 (Monthly Deviations from Station D-39 T.

D-29 Evaporation D-40 D-30 Connectivity D-41 l

PRE-OPERATIONAL TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONITORING FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATICN, UNIT I SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, JANUARY 1977 Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio bY Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 i

l

\ . SE3fI-ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL 310NITORING CONTRACT JANUARY, 1977 A. Plant Communities Ernest S. Hamilton and Leonid Oserow Department of Biological Sciences The fall flora again was sampled in 213 permanent quadrats in the five study areas on the Davis-Besse site during the report period (Fig. A-1).

All nethods of data collection and treatment were identical to those previously described (Semi-Annual Report, Section A, June 1974); all nomenclature follows Fernald (1950) . Data collected during this report period are incorporated into the summary tables and graphs and are not considered separately in the following discussion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cooling Tcwer Woods: This woods previously has been described as an Acer negundo and Celtis occidentalis community with Cratea2us sp.,

Gleditsia triacanthos, and Ulmus rubra of secondary importance (Semi-Annual Report, Section A, December 1974). The habitat preferences of the various species indicate a =oisture tolerance range from dry to wet in all three layers (Table A-1) . For instance, Acer negundo is definitely' a species characteristic of poorly drained, clay-rich till that uay have standing water much of the spring (>!eeglin and Ohmann,1973) . Celtis occidentalis, on the other hand, ranges from dry to mesic in high lime substrates but tends to outcompete the more mesic species in the somewhat drier situations (Hamilton and Forsyth,1972) . Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus rubra, Vitis ricaria and Parthenocissus ouinouefolia all appear to favor the more mesic situations, while Rhus radicans is definitely a drier-type species.

l

A-2 The two basic soil types of the Cooling Tower Woods are the Fulton silt loam and the Toledo silty clay loam (Semi-Annual Report, Section B, June 1974). Both soils are developed in lake-deposited silt or silty clay overlying glacial till. The Toledo soil is more poorly drained than the Fulton soil, but surface runoff is slow on both soils due to the

, nearly level topography. The Fulton soil tends to crack when dry, whereas i

s the Toledo soil tends to be seasonally ponded. The Toledo soil is characteri:ed by a darker surface color than the Fulton soil due to a higher organic matter content.

The two soils can be distinguished from one another on the basis of

hori:en depths and designations, hori:en textures, and hori:en colors.

In general, four 'oasic hori:ons can be distinguished in the Fulton soil and five basic hori: ens in the Toledo soil with mechancial analyses.

Twenty-five profiles in each of the two soil types were examined and characteri:ed (Table A-1) .

The range of species sampled in the spring and summer of 1973 indicates a heterogeneous substrate, at least in terms of moisture. Based on this and the variations between the two soil types, quadrats located within these two soil groups were selected for further study. This encompassed 35 nested quadrats located entirely in the Toledo soil and 71 situated in the Fulton soil. Importance values were then calculated for species sampled in the quadrats of each soil group and these values were used to summarize the degree of variation in plant species between the two soil types, using a Chi-square test (Table A-3).

In the 10 x 10 quadrats the differences in importance values between five species proved to be significant. Three species (Celtis occidentalis, Gvenocladus dioica, and 5forus alba) are thus more impor7 ant in the Fulton l

l A-3 soil, while two species (Ulmus rubra and Gleditsia triacanthes) are more important in the Toledo soil.

In the 4 x 4 quadrats the differences in importance values between five species again proved significant, with Celtis occidentalis and Gymnociadus dioica along with teer negundo still more important in the Fulton soil. Cornus drummendi and Rhus radicans are more i=portant in the Toledo soil.

In the 1/2 x 2 meter quadrats, seven woody species were identified

as exhibiting significantly different importance values. Four species, (Celtis occidentalis, Acer negundo, Crataegus sp. and Parthenocissus ouincuefolia) are more important in the Fulton soil, while three species, (Ribes americanum, Cornus drummondi, and Rhus radicans) are more important in the Toledo soil.

Overall, the most significant diagnostic species seem to be Celtis occidentalis, Acer negundo, and Gymnocladus dioica in the Fulton soil and Gleditsia triacanthos, Cornus drummondi, and Ribes americanum in the Toledo soil. It was felt initially that greater soil moisture would help induce greater diversity and a greater number of significant species in the Toledo soil than in the Fulton soil by providing a more constant environment. In fact , the opposite seems to be true, especially relative to the survival of seedlings. Thus, the greater moisture content of the Toledo soil may be an inhibiting factor to species diversity. The satura-tion of this soil for long periods of time, especially during the spring germination period, undoubtedly results in high seedling mortality. Many species with rather narrow soil moisture tolerances are eliminated. It appears that Celtis occidentalis is a diagnostic species in the Cooling Tower woods and can be used as an indicator of the better drained Fulton i

l

A-4 1

soil. Most significantly, Celtis occidentalis avoids the more saturated Toledo soil.

1

The results of this type of data analysis then necessitated calcula-j tion of importance values and actual numbers of seedlings of both woody and herbaceous species encountered in the 1/2 x 2 meter quadrats in each i

l soil group for each subsequent season of sampling (Tables A-4, A-5) . In addition, moisture variation for both soil types from the spring of 1974 through the fall of 1976 have been plotted (Fig. A-2) .

i I

Although a Chi-square test has not yet been performed on these data, the general trends indicated appear to be evident. Thus, Parthenocissus i

f ouinouefolia, Celtis occidentalis, and Acer negundo in general have higher f

f importance values in the Fulton soil, while Rhus radicans and Ribes americanum dominate the Toledo soil. Inspection of Figure A-2 indicates that in general the moisture conditions, as defined by saturation, are not as extreme in the Fulton soil and wet or dry soil periods are somewhat

I abbreviated. The seedlings of Acer, Celtis, and Parthenocissus appear to

]l have a high level of survival under these conditions. The Toledo soil, on the other hand, illustrates more extreme soil moisture conditions. This soil is generally either very wet or very dry for much longer periods of J time.' Apparently Rhus and Ribes are able to tolerate and survive these extreme conditions, while the limits of tolerance for Acer, Celtis, and i

Parthenocissus are exceeded to the extent that seedling survival is

]. drastically reduced.

l The seasonal fluctuation of seedlings of woody species in terms of 1 importance values, numbers of species, and particularly numbers of individ- ,

uals becomes more evident as additional data are collected. The large increases in numbers of individuals in both the Fulton and Toledo soils in

A-5 the spring of 1975 appear to be related to a high level of spring soil i

moisture without a long period of saturation. The subsequent substantial drop in numbers of individuals in the fall of 1975 reflects very dry conditions commencing in early July and extending through late August in the Fulton soil and through late October with Toledo soil. The impact of these conditions was undoubtedly one of seedling elimination by desiccation after spring germination (Table A-4 and Fig. A-2) . The-ratatively low number of individuals the following spring (1976) reflects the low carry over from the preceeding fall coupled with a long period of spring soil saturation in the Toledo soil and rather sharply fluctuating soil moisture in the Fulton soil. Both conditions undoubtedly caused the demise of many of the previous years' individuals by exceeding their limits of moisture tolerance and inhibiting seedling establishment during this time.

These same trends are evident in the herbaceous flora occurring on

] these two soil types, although the effects tend to be influenced or masked by the seasonal aspect of the species (Table A-4, Fig. A-2). Many fall-flowering herbaceous species, such as Sanicula marilandica, are included in the spring sampling but increase in relative importance with fall sampling, whereas many spring-flowering species, such as Galium sp., show the reverse trend. The responses of both spring- and fall-flowering species to soil moisture shifts on a seasonal basis also is evident and appears to follow the same trends within and between soil types as illustrated with the woody species.

Hackberry II and Hackberry Box-Elder Communities: The moisture profiles t

for the Hackberry II and Hackberry Box-Elder communities are depicted in Figure A-3. It would appear that moisture conditions of the soil type l

t l

A-6 underlying the Hackberry II community are much more variable, particularly during the growing season. This variability is undoubtedly due to differ-ences in underlying soil profiles and parent material and appears to be reflected in species composition when the two areas are compared (Tables i

A-6 , A- D . For instance, the drier-type species (Rhus radicans and Ribes americanum) are generally more important in drier summer conditions in the Hackberry II community, while Parthenocissus cuincuefolia, Celtis occidentalis, and Acer negundo normally are more important in the Hackberry Box-Elder community when soil moisture is less variable and more available during the growing season.

When specific seasons are compared, variation in specific importance values appear to be related to specific seasonal moisture. Thus, the drop in importance values of Celtis occidentalis in the springs of 1975 and 1976 is undoubtedly related to the more saturated soil conditions that favor germination of Acer negundo. The shift in importance of these two species in the subsequent fall sampling periods reflects the drier summer conditions that favor survival of Celtis over Acer.

The spring and fall herbaceous species fluctuations approximate that previously described for the Cooling Tower woods. Although many species are present, the shift in emphe. sis between spring and fall periods remains essentially the same as do the changes between succeeding springs and falls.

General Trends: The most striking and revealing aspect of the data collected to this point is the dramatic fluctuation of woody seedlings and herbaceous species, both in terms of numbers and importance values.

7 These large fluctuations appear to be a natural occurrence that are directly related to fluctuations in edaphic factors, particularly soil moisture. Importance values of characteristic woody and herbaceous species

]

m -

A-7 in each community for spring 1975 and 1976 and fall 1974, 1975, and 1976 are presented in figures A-4 to A-7. Both seasonal and yearly fluctuations are evident.

We are dealing with several community types that are suteessional t

and at present are slowly changing. The end result should be the develop-ment of a stable, self-perpetuating climax community that is controlled by edaphic conditions, particularly moisture. Germination and subsequent I

growth and establishment of woody seedlings and herbaceous species seem to be primarily controlled by fluctuations in soil moisture of the vari.ous communities. As these communities are successional, the possibilities for invasion by many species is high, but ecesis varies from season to season and year to year. The optimum seems to occur under high but non-fluctuating soil moisture conditions somewhat below the saturation point.

Saturation produces anaerobic conditions that preclude seedling survival, so that survival of all but a relatively few tolerant species is impossible and many species thus are eliminated.

At the onset of this investigation it was felt that relative stability would be characteristic of the woody seedling and herbaceous species in the reproduction layer. These layers in the various com= unities would be saturated with all available species, and changes would be slow and related to light conditions produced by slowly changing canopy characteristics as succession progressed. Any increase in soil moisture was postulated as producing a more open-type community (with respect to invasion) that would allow an influx of new species.

The data now suggest that the reverse might be true. Any increase in 4

atmospheric moisture levels, particularly in the spring and summer months, undoubtedly will increase soil moisture to saturation levels. This would

---,e- . , - , - - _- .-- -- ~...,--

--.- ~ , ~

A-3 produce an environment that would eliminate many potential species and result in a relatively closed type of community that would preclude establishment of all but a few very tolerant species. Maintenance of saturation thus would reduce both seasonal and yearly fluctuation that are now so characteristic. The end result would be a vegetation layer characterized as exhibiting very little vegetational change and which could be considered relatively stable. Succession would be held in check as long as soil saturation was maintained.

Literature Cited Braun, E.L. 1950. Deciduous Trees of Eastern North America. The Blakis-ton Co., Philadelphia. 596 p.

Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, eighth ed., American Book Co., N.T. 1630 p.

Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of North-eastern United States and Adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co.,

Inc., Princeton, N.J. 310 p.

Hamilton, E.S. and J.L. Forsyth. 1972. Forest Communities of South Bass Island Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science 72(4): 134-210.

Meeglin, R.R. , and L.F. Chmann. 1973. Boxelder (Acer negundo): a review and commentary. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 100(6):357-363.

Strausbaugh, P.D. , E .L. Core and N. Ammons . 1955. Common Seed Plants of t

the Mid-Appalachian Region, second ed. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 305 p. and 9 plates.

i

A-9 TABLE A-l. Generali:ed nacita r preference fcr woedy scecies odservec in the study areas aT the Davis-2 esse site [sf?ar Gleason and CronquisT (1963), Fernald (1950), Strauscaugh, er a l .

(1955), and Braun (1961)].

Cry Moist wet Scr:ers of Scecies weeds woods wcods woods thickets fields Rhus radicans X Partnenocissus quincuefolia X Ribes americanum X X Acer negundo X X Celtis occidentialis X X Vitis riparia X X i

Cornus drummondi X X Rubus cct' dentalis X X X X X Gleditsia triacanthos X Prunus virginiana X X X X X Viris aestivalis X X X X X Lonicera tatarica X X X Gymnocladus dioica X Samoucus canadensis X X X X Ulmus rubra X Staphylea trifolia X Populus deltoides X X Fraxinus pennsylvanica X l

i i

l maol yalc ,llit laicalg suoeraclac +201 CII ,

yalc ot yalc ytlis )6/3 RY 01( nworb ,)3/4 Y 5(

evilo f o selttom tcnitsid erom 'ga htiw )2/6 RY 01( yarg hsinworb thgil %75 %14 s'2 201-13 .B yalc ot >

yalc ytlis dna ,)6/5 RY 01( nworb

,)4/4 Y 5 2( nworb evilo htiw delttom

)2/6 RY 01( yarg hsinworb thgil 'I,2 <

%65 %24 %2 18-64 B yalc ytlis ,)1/4 RY 01( yarg krad htiw dekaerts )2/5 RY 01( nworb hsiyarg %34 %5 45 %5 2 64-63 I7 B 1

maol ,

yalc ytlis ,)1/4 RY 01( yarg krad %73 %5 06 %5 2 6~-32 ,~A naol yalc ytlis

,)2/3 RY 01( nworb hsiyarg krad yrev %53 %26 %3 32-0 7

A maol yalc ytlis odeloT maol yalc ,llit laicalg suoeraclac +701 CII llit laicalg derehtaew ,)4/5 j RY 5( nworb hsidder htiw dekaerts

)4/6 RY 01( nworb hsiwolley thgil 701-19 #,B I I yalc ytlis ot maol yalc ytlis

,)4/6 RY 01( nworb hsiwolley thgil %04 %85 %2 19-63 B naol yalc ytlis ,)3/5 RY 01( nworb 1

%5 92 %76 %53 63-52 3 maol tlis ,)1/5 RY 01( yarg %72 %5 66 s'5 6 52-51 ;A naol tlis

,)2/4 RY 01( nworb hsiyarg krad %62 %56 %9 51-0 7

A

- yalc tlis dnas sisylanA lacinahceM )mc( htaeD noziroH noitpircseD notluF maol tlis notluF

.slios naol yalc ytlis odeloT dna maol tlis notluF fo sesylana lacinahcem dna snoitpircseD 2-A ELBAT i

01-A

A-11 TABLE A-3. Importance values of plant species in the Toledo and Falton soils of the Cooling Tower Woods, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site, spring and su=mer 1974 Fulton soil Toledo soil Tree Shrub 5 Seedling Tree Shrub 5 Seedling Layer Sapling Layer Layer Sapling Layer Layer Layer 1

acer negundo 25.36 47.94* 26.43* 21.72 35.67 11.41 i

Celtis occidentalis 21.36* 3.33* 17.28* 11.66 Crataegus sp. 17.10 S.61* 20.44 1.92 2.53 Gleditsia triacanthus 13.22 22.25* 1.63 Ulmus rubra 9.83 17.73*

Gymnocladus dioica 4.98* 3.16* 0.48 Cornus drum.,ondl 2.22 2.59 3.32 5.16* 12.65*

4 Morus alba 2.19* 0.35 Robinia pseudoacacia 1,61 Prunus serotina 1.19 Populus delcoides 0.76 Rhus cyphina 0.71 Juglans nigra 0.65 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 0.40 2.05 1.13 i

Prunus virginiana 0.22 0.35 Ribes americanum 18.16 9.35 26.89* 32.98*

Vitis riparia 13.50 4.51 14.21 5.56 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 6.33 19.35* 12.90 6.04 4

Rhus radicans 11.88 1.63 23.82*

Value significantly different from corresponding statistic in other soil type (Chi-square test at ? = .05 level) l

4-12 7ASLI A-4 **vtosociologi:si cats ter Coolia; ~0=ar .*ocas :eri ved trem *si l sna sori *g (if 2 x 2 m) Owacrst stasies. 1974-75.

A;LTON 50iL (Na 7I 3 ' '" I

LEOC 5 It,tN=33)

~PY0tYS st: 'a ~3ria 'S *ss: 75 ter' 9 *4 :sla 75 rt:

e *4

~

ri-- 49 r,i 9 3:ri.; is ,,i 4 socc, 3sr**enocisass :wiet.afolia 42 72 15 93 19 5 73 13 12 4 Ce6 tis ac:6senta6is 45 57 40 15 43 3 3 $ 4 4 n.s rssicans 43 102 37 57 72 ai $3 25 33 44 Acer egance 33 831 125 154 104 3 35 42 33 23 4!tes americas.m 23 24 12 23 35 35 40 29 40 31 Oritaegas so. 14 25 TO 5 17 l5 1 10 3 Witis sa. 7 27 2 5 I e6 23 4 4 Carmus 3rummonal 7 60 i 4 9 la 2 3 eastsia trincantacs i 15 1 2 1 31 7 unus virginisna i 4 I Li*us % ors i i 2 L:nicars *stsrica 10 4 10 1 8rsvin us pennsylvanica l TOTAL ::3 909 250 379 298 12 455 115 137 115 aernaceous Gews canadense 59 175 i!S 93 145 32 32 52 38 41 Grass s3. Il NC 4 12 NC NC 3 NC NC Niy;onat e so. 12 3 Soisnum sulca-ars 5 2 3 3 10 2 3 3 imila: ins esco esa ! 6 46 Ocnvolvulas seoi.m I 3 15 11 5 Euaatsri e ruqcs.m $2 5 Ar:tlsn !ssca 9 38 7 21 20 4 1 3 1 ve ilic*as ss. 5 Sail:ago ss. I i : I

'encocalem slosm 7 9 l l 4

_s:r.cs sa. 5 3 9 Acalyona vir;ini:3 4 33 5 7 3 1 12 E:ninocystis locats 2 5 2 1 3

% ite orostyles neiroia t i 4 ,

slola ss. 65 3 23 14

, '.r* f es $ i c i ca I 16 3 5 10 5 3 5 4

Saalfrage s2. NC 04rev sa. 10 5 meses swoafum NC i*eitaria recis NC NC NC NC wC

atium soartne - l*4 25 25 4J

'I'sfa :a ltiocaces De s3.

50 i3 '

31 23 :: f2

'4 'iC 2snuncat as saceti sus il 49 4 2 3 4

mali s e.arocaea 32 3 4 5 2 !

Alliarle sffleinalis 53 444 57 5 ; 2 Saocnsels stfi:lealis 4 i Oersnium c::er*i sn am 4 i

!* cations es ensis i7 : 117 11 34 15 4 ous acci:aatalis 3 2 1 2 : l i

cvars virginiana 5, 7 $1 12 I

. Gl eesema *ecericaa 26 12 t Smilsa ss. 3

verconviisn vir;inise . m i 2 2 :

ioianum nig i 4 3ftes zumila 44 23

srsmac.m offleirate I i Sicens tron 2ssa . 11 I i Saniewna r-acitaacles 40 ll 127 19 5 3 !6 3l 3rsss;ca matea 3 Jnnncen It 9 ima lac!na stell a's i 55 23 trola ;en 9 i 23 Brassics ni;rs 2 Lamium :sr:uresm is .

'.tonuru s :ar*i aC3 4 1

's eerxes :reser:ieaccices NC NC 4cocyeum :sacaoinum 3cenaerra : viia:rics i 4rst is su oicaulis i Aa*?r; scas ss.

Atii-m . -Pr :c:.m

'4 * 'io :: anf

. - - . - . .. - - -. - _ . -. - . . . = _ - - . - - - - . ._

A-13

ABLE 4 5. **y*e sociciog ica l :ari *er ::cil.a; 7swer aoocs erivec **:m f all anc soring (1/2 = 2 m) asacrat stucies. 6974-75.

iwP RTANC'* WALLE3

~UL7N SOIL U1=711 7 L100 30lt (N=35)

, $#T tE3 F9ff 74 33rf*1 75 F988 '5 $078e7 75 8911 *5 E31 8 74 T3*I*1 75 Isil 75 Ioria; 75 r,ii +3

.*CCG y

sr*rencelss s cairquefotia 23.36 1 5. 00 30.44 24.72 9.27 5.48 15.02 7.50 7.53 4.53 aitis occicentseis 17.52 11.51 19.56 5.13 17.49 2.55 1.43 5.33 2.53 4.31 8nus essi:ses 15.49 11.58 14.79 14.42 19.3d 25.59 14.45 iS.95 49.43 .29.35 Acer neganco 13.42 40.33 40.51 3 7.31 II.15 9.49 27.56 25.55 20.74 18.51 Altee americansa 6t.21 3.93 6.39 9.75 12.50 25.92 12.59 35.13 7.37 30.15 Ors?sequs so. 7.54 4.09 4.55 1.52 5.13 2.S3 4.10 1.30 5.77 2.54 Vitis sp. 5.32 6.17 2.00 2.96 .58 18.25 12.10 5.34 15.02 7.15

rmus sremmceci 2.57 l.46 .95 1.09 3.03 5. 25 2.57 2.33 Slecitsia triacantees 47 3.33 .55 .75 t.09 5.52 Prunus virginiana 47 .50 42

'Jimus Fuera 47 .21 2.44 I

L:niceri ?atarica .57 2.48 :.11 .92 r,sminus ;ennsvivanica I.22 wer:aceous

-eum :anaaense 25.96 85.95 40.35 5.70 27.70 23.05 13.39 32.25 10.15 25.14 3rsss ss. 23.33 19 9.49 3.23 10.55 32.i3 25.15 4.43 49.89 8 1ty;cna as ss.

l 4.93 2.30

! Latanen twicamars 2.41 1.99 .98 7.50 4.33 :.33 2.33 3.38

); knilacIna Ps:smosa 1.42 5.74 1.77 anvolvutus seoism 47 f.12 1.14 5.59 2.01 I'catorium

. rugosom 15.*2 1.33 j ar:ttum lacoa 4.37 5.5I 4.35 2.03 5.27 2.06 1.23 .91 1.32 Joillotas so. 2.39 totienge is. .70 .37 5.99 .55 henCooclum slasm 3.57 .54 .55 1.00 0.01

?

'.actuca so. f.96 .23 1.41 4caircna virginics t.35 2.53 1.35 f.32 0.85 .55 5.03 E:nieocistis locata .54 .55 .29 t.97 1.57 '

3raeorcs?yles selvola .at 7 1.03 stols ss. 11.38 1.20 15.55 7.3L GP-fca stolea 41 t.30 .32 l.73 9.01 2.46 'l.55 1.37 3.90

! Samifes;e ss. .39 ares ss. 2.23 5.!!

!' -ce:ewm Jucat'.m .25 Stellaria *ecia t.20 la.15 .13 .53 .73

{ '

3al t su a:erf.,e it.72 fl.t3 10.09 5.51 dista aaoills-aces 4.73 3.09 2.23 3.91 16.31 4.57 Pea ss. 5.55 14.07 n 1.ac.14s soorttvus 1.00 11.72 1.00 1.36 2.25 1.32 Osalts eurooaea 2.s2 : 47 .s? t.!! t.30 .;5 Alliarla stfl:!nalis 2!.72 17.41 10.t7 2.59 f.70 1.70 Sagenaria stfiel-alir .30 .53 l-erseium recer+ianum .30 .53

.*oariens : :eesis 2.03 t. 4 5.47 5.39 15.47 9.33 Auous oc:1:entalis 40 1.33 40 2.92 1.75 1.41 4.51 7svars vir91niaaa 46 2.44 2.55 :.72 .55 31ecnoma ocericea 2.37 4.15 s.00 Smilan so. 40 1.15 a

vereonyt t se virginianum .15 .50 49 1.39 j !alanum ni;rs .30

$11ea swmila 2.30 3.39 I

Taramacsm officinale .17 .71 Sicer.s frsacosa .15 .58 .77 1.00

) Sanicaia marliancica 4.01 3.73 7.54 19.;5 2.57 3.01 9.!5 24.2 4 3rsssica <acer .25 -

i un *nc=1 2.32 4.74 Sm incina steststa 43 2.39 4.57 1

viola eessivanica .56 .37 4.51 3rissaca *iirs .57 Lam ews survare.m 1.27 i

.sonurus carsista .23 40 I j f t ersea :r:ser:irecolees 29.16 30.55 1

82ocveum :aneasias, t.39 loecaeria relie *i:a t,1g 4rieis ausfesails .55 AP**riscas s3. .55 Al l i st **! :0C:.m t.!i Qe ag3 c gst 1

i I

i

m. __ _ m. _

I 2

a-14 TABLE A-4 Phytosociological cats *or racxcer y it (Na2:1 cerivec fr:n i fall sec sorlag (1/2 = 2 ml :aacrat s*uales. 1974-75.

Nip 6ERS OF IN0?V11ALS IMPCA7ANCE V4LLES SPr*lE1 # sit 74 Seela; ?5 *sli *S ise'ac ?$ ' sin ?$ ' sis ?4 'sef-e 'S r,ii 5 g3rg., 5 r,ii ,

OQGV P unus virginiaca 2 2.31

sr- enociss.s :4iecuefoils e0 20 37 5g ' 16.92 15.30 25.15 24.57 anus encicans 3 12 to 15 5 5.34 5.59 10.55 5.25 4.?O sitis so. 5 12 4 5 : 5.39 15.t5 15.01 5.46 12.23 l Srsanvies *-l'oila*

Ca s ti s oc:1 :enta t i s 15 25 20 44 34 14.93 18.9 27.51 ::.23 22.11

rsus tr6mnoe11 30 54 17 27 46 25.!! 27.57 25.11 22.io 22.55

ucus occicentst a s ' 7 14 4 5.39 9.15 7.04 l 20 soe.s :sitoi:es*

esefess sennsylvanica*

asses scericanwm 17 9 5 19 :: t7.0 5.40 12.46 12.13 10.50 Lsnicars *starica i 2 1 4 8.5 3.57 f.55 2.59 icer 'egaeto' 3venociaces Jiol a*

31ecitsia ss.*

4 0.*stseges Sa.*

737ALS 101 !!S 53 654 L58 h e *ertaceous i

d 4 '.oonurus caeslacs a ! ! 2 5 .79 f is .33 .31 3.05 4

1ce**es aroseroicacoises*

Solicago sa. 3 5 2 I t.52 .59 .25 .51

! ycr:pnyt isn virginianum Il 48 58 23 1.07 3.73 3.52 4.53 l Gewm :anacense 10 39 32 46 15 5.50 4.44 10.3t 3.55 5.74 anecrora e erscae*

3ei t am acarine 373 NC 17.23 5.45 Alitum :ana:ense S 1.03 .

Laliscies stellata lio 13 97 25 5.32 4.45 7.17 5.53 Lac *aca 33.*

Lamium smolemicaus e 5 .52 Vrties sloaca 3 i 10 14 17 1.22 .3I 2.57 1.53 4.13 t=oatieas :scoesis 4 !! 40 .73

'Ican*rs :.calisels'

ar:smi9e owglassai*

Alifam trie: cess 25 21 t.57 3.46 Acalyana virginics 145 5.15

$aaoasrfs officieelts '

lit ' -- 125- --- S t-- ---- t 3 I $9 2*;;S-- - 5.50 11.55 5.55 10.77 7everi.m :anscoese f0 4 4.50 i.!!

i E.catori.m rug: sam 4 2.15 Ecre:eularia -erf r ansics i I 2 .79 .23 .91 Oarssti.m awrass NC NC %C 7.!! 7.59 2.25

Paeccociwa altam I .59 Sai s9.m :ol s-3P3*

St oceostvies selvola 1 2 5 7 .79 1.15 75 2.14 aor:e.m J catum NC NC 22.15 5.!4 2ca efvialis NC NC l.55 5.52

!!va us vir;lnicus 24 5.02 3riss so. NC NC 4.09 :.57 disia :solliceaces L98 3 5.55 1.12

, fio'a :ersylvsnics 129 529 25.54 30.1 7

} Visis ss. 99 5 5.70 2.44 I

e<olvui.s seat.r*

81 tea Jumnia 5 1 .35 .50 5teilerta mecia 9C '

i.55

ycr:enyt t wn acconciculatum 20 25 43 1 +.55 7.55 4.49 .51 Arsois !aevi;ses i 49 8 .31 2.75 1.10

, Artsseas t-i: vitws*

l tove's vir;inisea I .24

! Smiisu ;ieses 2 3 3 i .50 f.54 .70 .51 uenisser um :ana:ense i .70 4tilaria sfffetssais I21 NC 993 147 5.54 22.02 34.59 20.03 l *oty;onstum si floran 2 I .53 .55 7artmacam officinale I i.57 Oseers!:s longistylis 3 9 13 il .51 3.59 1.15 4.36 -

e E:nieocystis iscata 3 I l.57 .3!

. 7%ecelia sursail 4 NC .52 2.34 j Jali.m ss:ers6 ewe

j Pser:Gnyt t am :rSegreens s ee r;:astsa :ssat i:ut se ss

35 2.35 i 8s sec44.s a:or*fyss 13 !? 2. 7- f.35 l

Care = s:.*

2ct.;:aan sa.*

I '.ecees :stsais a e.03

, Scea sei s ' . e: . : *

.aai.s 3.r:weswn 149 5.79 8.:ws Occi:ents is 5 4 .'S 2.5

?ol':ene.m aaj.s 5 .33 ii:)cs s*16ist'.s ! ' .25 .Si Oes44rsinia 3 ires?s ..a j Omatis eure;aee*

f j io e nrum e i ; .s

1 1-2st ess :siii:s-l 8*v*3 : 5cas s-ee'isar*

4 C.'c-ts 33.*

NC

No Count *$*ecies *ot 3rgseee in *iss 2:mm%nl*y

.s v ,-, -r-r, --. .yv y .a g , - - --.--

.---7-+w y.--,.r--m-_-+.-_.--r-- _c.,.w.. ,e, ,wm,,-,.,m-m-., .,...--ew,---o-,e,-- g .y.-,7my,.-ww,,werm::-3,--y.,>

~ _ , . - -

A-13 74 ELE 4-7. 89y'ssocisiogicas :an ?se 'ecxceray Box-il er 2 r-uni +v Di=331 ser vec

rem *all ene sseing (t/ 2 x 2 91 cuacret stucles. 4974-76.

I MA'6ERS OF tNCIVf0uALS l

N7&NCE VAu,ES S M 0!E3 ress 74 Socias 75 *sii 7' *:r'a; 75 Fiii 75 re tt 74* 'c ri e'; 75 Tsit 75 Sce'aq 's

sis *5

304V 7%nus virginiana 13 34 25 13 t7.51 12.!9 ase-.enocIss s caiese'olia 17 40 13.24 13.05 31 Si 22.30 20.49 17.35 anws essicans i i t 3 23.95 2 1.42 .56 II?ls ss.

2.75 1.91 1.53 3 5 2 3 '

5.50 3.40 2. 0 2.53 itsanviea ri*ssia*

2ei?Is acci:entalis 15 31 22 14 33 22.;5

' 13.44 52.01 7.35 ; 9.50 '

c%s :rwocci 15 15 5 13 9 t s.19 aus.s ::ci:e97slis* 3..: 21.47 5.43 5.42 hows s :ee-oices*

3-smieus sennsvivanica*

Alces emericane 9 19 3 19 12 3.57 5.39 Lanicars ? start:s*

9.35 3.*7 3.33 Acer regunas 5 122 4 70 13 5.35 3,anoctacus dioica 33.30 t0.21 34.24 13.02 5 i 4 4 3.33 Olect?sla ss.* 3.55 1.88 4.19 2ranegas so. 3 1.34 707ALS of 276 4: 204 i45

-ersaceous 4

' conurus *arit sca 14 1 4 5 5.97 zicer es se:sarsiracoises*

3 .22 i.22 .55 .35 Soilsago ss. t I mvertonvi t e virginianum 23 53

.54 44 30 22 22 10.75 5.03 d

Jews :acacerse 50 114 93 32.90- i.73 4.59 .

142 95 25.55 9.53 12.17 31ocecma -ece ncsa 4I 9.42 15.73 3alle scariae 157 .50 42.75 4.32 4:1iwm carecense 27 3mitacina sveitats 2.23 .

129 4 435 5 Lactaca so. 3 9.32 1.13 7.45 1.46 l t.ami e ne's t em icassi e t.57 3

i '.r*i ca *ioica i .55 15 I .59

!=oa* fens :ssensis 12 t.00 .39 11

! ;;;ent s :acaiIarfs' 3.52 t,03 2arcamine cow;1assil' * ..

, 41 slum tric:ct e 2 27 .55 n.92

- acalypna vir;&nica .. _ . . u'l 4' 7473 -- -

+0aoonaris articl s t!s* 1.40 7ewertua enae* ease f 5 Essatori e evgesom .59 .70 2 i 9 33 d

screceuiaris =ari tancica 5 'C 5 t.38 .22 1.34 5.35 "

5 2 3.75 .30 4 2an stiumnunns NC NC 'C 46 .72 .39 Obeacoooi e a s sue

15.22 7.48 4.33 a

Sola w m :uicama n I i j 3reconostfl es 'eivoia .50 .16 I

-or:aum j.:st e 14

{

, 8:e f.-fvialis

.c %w NC 21.53 2.39 .27 NC

El,aws <irginicos+ 3.76 5.32 3rsss so. ,e .g viola saortionacea i9e gy 5.15 re.19 ilos a peasylvanica' 5.e8 3.33 Wioia so. I 195 53 .56 2anvoivulas sesium 2 9,4i i2.3

ilea awmita 70

.37 21 199 195 Steeler's ecia 4.11 3.15 5.13 23.90

'C 5.59 avorcanya le sacendiculatum ICO 44 59 5 4rssis taevi;ats 7.47 7.75 5.30 1.37 5 7 46 .53 ari saca *-r;evi h.m I5 11

( 2.54 i,i2 7cvara vir2iniana 32 15 47 50 2.59 3.12 Smilas ;tauca 5 4 4 7 2.30 9.Il venisaermum canassase* .77 1.43 49 2.40 Alliaria of+teimalis - 13 l0 i % lygonafum Si+forbm to 2.15 .52 3,30

] 7arsmacum officinal

2 I Osser'ilza ic"9f styll s 27 2 I

.25 -

1 hsteocystis 10:s?s 4.3g ,g9 ,33 1

2*acelia ;wesnii 12 20 j Gallum es:erell e 21 t.i3 3.24 ,

1.51 baeres% I1 m : roc m ens M tv;ocatum :anatica at e

'c 2.43 2

, tanuncu.ws scar-!vws 30

.53 24 50 2

! Osran ss.

f.32 5.29 3.24 .57 i 8 1tv;cnwm so.

13 7:

] e:e's :s'aris*

5.54 5cenreria seiIt:r'ca i

.amt e sureurewm ,35

, *11 , * ,23 i Anws se:i:ennlis 2 j d e6; eni e -ans ,39 56 5,37 3 licyCs se'Jul atas 3 Oescarsine a af anen .35 i

c ,3; OxafIs eur:3 ses*

, ioa se# ni;Nm'

! *=cetieas :s t i I sa

i >wvr e,sc:a a ericaan i ..

d 2.s4.*s 54. * ***

4

'C * 'ao cwn? *$seci ns *O* :Posent i9 *%is c:avnunity 4

~

i

, - - - - w- - . ---n~. . - - - - - - - . . , , . .- -_

, , ,.,n_n, ,, e - , , . - ~ - . ,. ,- -

i

. h-L5 7AOLE 8-5. h ytosoclolC;ical sts *or *3enaer*y i f,N#7 ) 2Cruman n ?Y Grived fe m

'sti sna series (t/2 x 2 ss :waars? s?veles.1974 *S.

V 8EFS Olr (NClylCUAt.5 iWCATANCE VAu.13 SPT2tE3 'sil 74 Scelac 75 'sii 75 Torfat ?S r,it ~5 r,ti 4 gere.q 3 r,is ;3 e3ri.; ?g poet 75

OQcy 8 un.s vir;iniaea il (3 24 14 *4.)? 46.63 20.t3 24,37 sr**eneciss.s aingwe+0sie ! 2 2 9 (3 15.92 11.13 12.:0 22.30 29.51 2nus es:Ica ns 2 7.56 ditis ss. 4 i 6 2 18.02 3.24 9.11 7.32 3raonylea trifolia 10 12 10 5 1 19.48 31.33 5.$a 15.73 5.:5 2eitis se:Icentstis 2 2 4 7 4.50 83.22 5.35 17.51

oraus crummocci il to 2 5 15.29 33.05 5.!: 14.22 4..ws :c:: :ents l i s

So3ulas elfoi:as*

! Framiew s sen9sylveniCa 1 29.Il 413e5 smer t :an.m

w:nicers rarsetca*

a i cer aer.noo*

! 3venocff;'4s :isica*

i 3t editsia triacanfMus t 5.56 2ritsegas sa.*

707A LS 43 30 25 53 40 a

ersaceous Leonurus :seslaca 4 4 5 IS 12 5.55 2.12 S 75 4.39 45.72 rioervoa scosersinscoises NC NC 20.29 .32 Sciica;o so. Il 10 2 2 14 19.79 3.55 l.73 .97 11.12

yercenyttwm virginianus 51 75 54 49 12.26 27.33 3.53 30.54 3ewm :ssa:ense 1 2 I to i 5.23 ..;5 1.!! 3.42 2.32 3secscra necerscoa 29 7.53 3eilwm acarine 39 131 9.88 20.79 Allium :snaceesa 13 4.25

mitacima s'esta's 55 12 72 4 15.47 S.93, 14.15 5.!?

Lac?wca ss. 1 .38 Lamiam sectesicaule 35 5.25 4 Gr*its alo!cs 3 7 13 3 1.3I !.4; 3.43 5.25

ations :ssetsis 5 2.ll Oicentre :wcallaris is S 7.94 2.98

2arcamiae: cuglassli I

.(S 2

Allium tricocewm it 5 3.24 2.23 Acali;ea virgisica 3 1.it Saoenaria otticiras is IS 7 2 3 21. 71 4.35 .97 5.23 Towerium cana:ense 2 4.22 Ewcatertwa rusos.ci 3 2 7 5.38- - t75 9.37 Screcnalaris martiancies 2 2 4.22 3.93 2arsstiwm nutsis NC 'sC NC 10.;8 9.10 2.44 2renosodium slown 4 5. 50 Iolanum :utca+ari 2 f.30 3.26 3

Strosnostytes Melvola ?

10 3.51 2.33

-orseam jwcat.m 5 NC 7.14 2.17 8:a *-f viali s 1C, ^ 5.16 fl y*ws vir;t ni:.s * -

3esss so. NC NC 3.57 4.51

! disi a assilieraces

4 diol e .easylvanica*

1 diola ss. 2 .37 Con c ' v.s .s ses i .m

A l l es s e*i s a *

5tei 97 s esia*

ver anyi1wm s.wencica:a*.m*

Aranis faevi;s*1 I i.24 Aal sae*a f-'anyl lsm 1 1.35 towers virgini ana*

Imiins ;tauca' "eais:eamum cans;ense*

Allieris of *lcinalis*

Soi,gonaf am sl eier.m*

4 Torsmacum officinste I l.33 l :ssersits longistytis 25 5 5.72 2.15 I:niroeisti s toce*a * -

! **acella cursnit 35 5.24 I

' asi f ss asaerellum* ,

2haercanvit.m srecur: ens ! ! I)

Set.; 9ar.m :saanic.nar.m' 8anu sculus secrtivws I i 1.33 .32 4

2 area s3. * ~~

sosv, casa sa.*

Neoets :ataria 4 f 2.59 .32

scenrer'a :si;9se':a*

.msi.m 2.r24rewm 70 . 4.a3

! 8. sus :cci:en?sii s*

2- . : .an i sa -ej .s .

Jir.cs se;.iar.s

2es:.rsiess si?"ars*

=a t i s ear: aes

Saienwm si;Psm I '

incat. ens :al'i;a*

i 2*y osac:a s eei:a a*

2.6c.t1 s3.*

f

!:ecies ot 3resen? is tiis ::rmunlay y w- - uy-- - = yw-- q -p- -me. g wTg- me, 3=--.m-ys---r-na - - - - g-y' -sp---_

e .+%+- g 7Trw y p- vrerm 1 wrrW-T

1 1

A-17 IABLE 4*9. A ?vosoClosCgical 14 f3 *SP <entucay Cof*p3 7res ".cmaun{*/ (N8'S) gertvec trem fall ano sorleg (1/2 x 2 m) :4acrst s?wctss. 1974 76.

W9EAS OF INCIVIOLAL3 NPOR744E 't4LLE3 spectE5 isse ** !seing ?1 *ses *5 tori-a ?S r,ii g r,is 7s 5cci., ?$ s,is ;$ 53r#n; g reis g i acoav ,

8runus virginiana 2 I i 4 11.75 4.77 17.52 25.90 e

8se- enocIssus :wiecuefolia 5 7 1 3 40.33 32.25 45.77 21.11 th s encicans 2 3 1 3 3 10.01 3.76 14.35 13.53 13.7' Vl'is sa.*

Staonvies ?-Iftila 5 3 4 20.15 11.31 33.73 041rls :c:l:entilis t 3 2 7.23 5.14 3*.04

or9us :Ps,-onal!*

cous oc:Icentsiis i 2 2 1.37 15.21 34.10 8cout.s :ei-ci:es 2 3.93 F-suimus :enassivanica i i 5.01 13.71 91tes pnericanum I 11.43

. Lonicars f ataric3

Acer *esseto

3venoc!sGus :10l ca I 9.70 3iedifsla so.'

Orarseges so.*

7074LS le 24 S 17 3

ernaceous Lecnweas :ar$iscs

Flcersee 2reserpinacci:es NC 10.55 Lail sa;; ss. '

Mycr0erve lum virgininnam i 15 13 I I

04 . 3.09 5.45 4.53 3.35 3eam :anacense 4 10 4 10 3 7.!S 2.75 4.37 5.52 5.71 3;ecmors 9aceascaa*

j 3allum asarine 146 NC 23.45 5.71

elli m ;3ea;gnse*

$milacira s'allefs i 35 3 5 2.04 5.!3 4.74 3.30 i L2:* ca ss.* .

Lami .m smolexicaule t .31

.r'ica -sisics 10 5 12 24 10.53 1.34 5. id 13.57 imoariens :a:ensis 5 39 16 NC 2 3.2: is.97 7.03 10.34 t.Si

'cerres: cul t art s

I Car: amine :ouglassil ? 3.32 Allium t ic:c:am 5 *. 2.42 i ac alynna vir;inica 7 2.51 i 5s:eetM s af*i:taalis*

7eweries cana:ense ~ ~ ~ ~3 1.84 Eucaecet am ru?sssa i 2 13 --~ ~ 2.04 2.52 3.52 a

Scr:omut arla mari t artica 5 4 7.!6 1.12 Ceres? lum 9u+sns NC NC '4C 10.70 L2.04 2.55 s 'erC;3* i .m s i t wm*

l Solanum : ales-ers 9 10 1 2 1.77 4.22 1.53 2.03 t

Stecorostvies 9elvola 3 I ) 3.34 1.53 5.33

-cr:eam J.:stam NC 3.21 8:a eri vtalls NC NC 1.06 1.42 ilymus virgintcus 5 7 3.05 2.42 3rass ss. NC NC 5.39 9.25 diole pacisionacea 15 3 3.75 2.55 viota pensylvanica 3 1.06 viola sa. 10 3 5.06 1.31 Oonvolvulus soolom Il 3.*3

iles ;.mila 39 149 624 10 l37 27.50 15.20 32.22 4.13 27.32 Stellari. *edia NC 4.21

+

I

vortonvil.m a:sencicalar.m i 3 46 .31 3.77 3.59 Artois laevigats 3 3 5 2.12 3.:C 3.20 erissema ?*tonvilum 4 1 a.71 3.54 7 overs virginfare i .39

$milsa Jiauca 4 19 4 1.95 f.!3 3.55 eenissermum :anaanese*

41tleria of*fci*alis i 2.42 the v;;rst.m ti flor.n*

7araxacam ot *icinale*

j Osecr96:a forglst / lIs*

E:nirecestis locarn*

8,ecails :sessis* -

341?wm ascerafigm*

2 Ohaerodavilum 3r3c.ecens 3

1.53 h e opnar m :analIc i s*.=*

8sea rcat.s soor-f vus 2 2.06 ares sJ. *

, 2e*igenwa ns.*

4ce's carseta 2

, 5ce-reris evitecrtca 5 4.:3

.aaise : r:arewm 13 5.32 tu:ss :cc1:entsi t s 3 4 2.17 3.25

-i ;?oll::ni.m eius a .35 lieves argata*.s*

es: westais :incars.

!=s i ; s e. car aea

I fois+.m si;r.,,*

1-oations :aili:a 12 4.55 a.y.31,:33 3.,,e :s-a

lwsOw7s s3. ! .ac T * % 2:wnt *$:ecies *Cf :Ptsent in *9ts :Orv'un i */

w v 1 yvvm-ww g --userw ei -y -

ggeey-'wyy %w m , w --yan,r.+--e.-wwcw ----g4e-g .. -+-~-g. - . , + %wwer--p.eg. gg - g-

A-18 i,

=

g i t ~

8

= 1 1

" i *

. 5 5 $ 5 1

3 5

s !

= =d 3 I

e. , e. .-:

4 f '$ 9 i

I ,h;ill .i io {. t. .- i

..e: s -

' = x = **

- - L W1 g 0;

-- : :i;

2

.a w l!I u-x i

= .I 'd -

W';

p'ty!.$ .!" f ,

&f' '"

,. . 2 1.n:) --

f' , %*N J ,&.* ,3 a

, , g w e z ,ui&' : .C :

-, . -?/ # ,

r- <

~y. .ff~ 'i l j , ' * . >

=e.d , '; -l ^ l -

1

,,./ 1,, ,..e .s v

I' n

.-S::..'-

- ..) .. ,[, 'F'e :. kd '

.,)

' ,f,

.' , - a -?

f .- d -

4 f.

e v, l :E W

[

. . - 4#.> #v

(, p

.g 'g j

, j j' 9d.S. - . +, F. j, j;! g49 i

J;m w~ *

%ws 'W \.i s

-- --- i m)! .,--

4

,- ( f , '.y Q 3

.=. _a f

- ' ~

w

.., ,s,. w~ .% ,. =

A l h

h.. g _ p!v:

.W L i _J n :

q g

.~~ %.n.'r.,

%Qg V

e' , X ! <'

1 I'

~

]

3

, -e 5*

Ng' h- - _ ,.[%y' *':pl

> l ,.g.@ , ; 'l l ', , fy. -

r - r. s . <

s =s!,/, ..

(vh

,, p. . . y

.. j i f I. .

. I.. I -

1 k v

[j ,/

e 3

./

ry a c m g-

.. l -

-/

w- 3) p.e .p - -

' .,4 c,.7,;

7 (N. N.

g,j J i g=es.- .,

s

.R

, A-1.9 1

D a ..,

I i .- .

[- [, :. 4

-~

%::1 F

...e s1 c

., , A

,. -:. . . . . . ; .........\

i ,

...- % i \ ,,

.e......,.

..-. .-:., ~'.~ **

,. - 8-y .....,

-I 2-

                                                                                               .-                    1 , ...                          ..
                                                                                   .#.                               ,i 1h                               .g

(

                                                                                                                                                      . e
                                    .                                         \
                                                                                                                                                      -2 . I w

t i ,E

s. .

i, i 4

                                                                                                                     's
                                                                                \,                                        ,                           .

1

                                                                                      ,                                   1                           .o 4 i........4. . .

N m

                                          \
                                                                                                                                                        .t 3j i                           .
                                            %.                             !l
                                                                              / ,,

i

                                                                                                                                                      -1
                                                                                                                                                      ..3 I                              Q                                 .n
                                            ........,                       u.s........                              l
                                                                                                                          .......,..w.

l

                                                                                                                                                    ,s
                                                                   ,i r                                      .-t s.

y.. 7

                                                                                                               ,                            ,..,2,
                                                        ,-' ,>                                                ,.                             ,e re e

4

                                                                                                                                                     '.s
                                                                                                                                                      .n

[

                                  .                                                                                                                   :2 I 8                                       ,

4 g i- -

                                 '                                        e                                                                                 e e

i, .!

                                    ,                                     8 g
                                                                                                                    \,                                '

s,

                                                                                                                                                      -e ,
                                        ,                                 N.                                            '9
                                                                                                                                                      .e 3
                                       -                                           ,                                     s
                                                                                   ,                                                                  .a
                                                                              \ ,,                                       t.,,
                                      ,O                                           a                                          g                       .

s .i Is >

                                                                                   \,    ,                                     / -
                                                                                                                                                      . .s
                                      )                                              y,                                                .              .

I

                                                                                   !)                                      ,.
                                                                                                                                                      .e g f,                                            s                                         -

s

                                              ;                                     O                                                                 5 3 1 s*                    j                                              -
                                                                                     ,                                       t                          2 gg,:},     1.      ......-.~.                                                   ......                                                    3}

11,$l lO

                                                                                        %                   ~~

t I I t p,

             .i13.ns 1sg an\                                1                                             I
                                                                                                              ,                                     *s 4 t                                               i,                                            i alli*                                             4                                             ;

s

0. ,

i1

             $A1]                                                '                                            {                                     P
                                                                                                                                                    -       1
                                                                                                              !                                     s i
                                                                                                                                                    =t      E i                                     t. I P.
       ~

1h'I ij i)1 i s.g Q % t '

. i, s

g i

2 i,- ..,, a -- 1 8 8 '

ga 8 3 . I i a t * .

                                                                                                                          .I. h A-20 j

(; t. 'e - s i V :s +

                                                                                                              ,           ..    )      '

i 2

                                                                                                                           =kaT k-
                                                                           ,                                               A
                                                                                           )                '                        {j

[ , *g1i

                               >                             3                                                             g s
                                                                                                                           .1
                                                                                                                           .s 3                                       ,
                                                                                               \                         .. I c

9;, s'., se .- }

                                                               \
                                                               )

n

                                                                                                    %.                 ; n i

2

                                                                         ,,, **'                                     oh '

C .

                      \                                I                                         /                       ,

i II ts t et

\.

t he ,

                                          -,                             *=,                   L.                        r
                                                  )                                                                *'.
                                                   <                                   'i

__ . 1

                                                                                 ,- \                                    '-
                                           ,-                                                            ~,                     g q                                                                   '1 p                                        s                         ;.

6

/,

i 1. , t k a '.9,

i. ,'

                                                                                             .                           .. }

[e .s e i

                                                                  *                                   %                         5
                                                                   '                                    %                a
                             '                                \

Ne k

                             <                                                                        3                         1 n                         -

i t.

                           )                                         .
                                                                                                                         .e g                      \

I , b'\, \ a g e . .

   .          2            i A

f4 a s

                                                                                                                          -1 a                     \

2 s i - \ a; s

           .-                      s                             ,'
                                                                                                                         ., }

s.- N' .

                                                                                                       )
                                                  ;                                s' 1

M.i i.. 1' - s s A

                                                                                   / ,,

f.. b=. * - 8" s t k i T3

         = .it l i I
                                                                                         '                             r, }

i 4 5 n ,a ,,a in

                                                                                                                       ~
                                              /

m { is (E k1[ktt1{ ',

                                                                     *,,a*..*#                                *.. .              i
         ,1 -                                                   '.*

9hI s 1 t ,' I

                                                                                                                         .a t

1 1

                                                                                           ,                     s
                                                                                                                         ,, I q g

g g i 8 0 , g a 3 I g d b O 1

 -                                     --                                                                                     -          ,         i
                                                                                                                                              ..--1

Fi 3 urea-4 Cor.carison of scring im00rTance Values for her:aceous 50ecies cbserved i r. 1/2 x 2 m quadrats. A-21 E ? o . 5 2 3 ? sy o ? 3 3 3 1 o Alliatia of f acinaiss h

                                                                                                                                        =      '

Geum canadense l l g Galium aparine ! - o viola so. l $ Arctium f aopa Floerlies proseromaconoes l o l 0 o i pelea pumila impatiens caoensis

Floerkea protergmaccedes Hy droonyllum virginianum = l > Smelacina stellata l l 9 Ga,ium ap.irin. R l = Gleenoma moderacea 3 Lameum purpureum l Phacelia purshii Gakum aparine l l 5 z-Pilea purmia g i x impations capensis I < l Smilacina stesiata f ,, Solanum dulcamara ? Floethea proserpinacoides ,5, Hydrophyllum appenasculatum Geom canacense viola so. l l Golium oporine f . E Allsorto of ficinolis I 9 Smilacino stealato l = Acotypeo virgmeca " l _ I Lamium purpureum l Soponoria of f acinalis l l J Galium oporme l j n l Smilocmo stelloto l . y 6 m Geum cormoense l j 4 Vicio so. f s o M Acotyono vergin<a 4 g r Lomium purpureum I $ Gross so. 3 3 ui _ _ , _ .~. - ,_

                    ~                                        .    .   ._.          - . . - -                .                           . - -

A-22 Figure A-5. Com;:arison of scring imcortance i Values for woody s:ecies ecserved i i in 1/2 x 2 m cuadrars. '

3 3 3 3 5 3 y$ $o e 3 3 3 : M 3 3

n Acer negundo ^ O 9 j Parth.nocissus au.nauteo 14 l l 5; i g O Rnus FadeCans l g i i us O Vitas s0 l } ( m 3 Ribes americarwm 1 l i Prunus virgentana st40nylea trifolta = 4! >

Par;h.noe sws au,nouero .. l l 9 E

viiss so l l g Rhus f adecans - Celtas occidentahs l ParthenoCissus QuinQuefolta h Stedny#ea tritona l E i Rhus r adicans ] l n j Celt #s oCCidentales ,k m Fra s,n'Js DennsylvaniCa g

Prunus virginiana l 4 g

m Gymnociacus dioica l 5 ) Corr us drummondi ParthenoCissus Qusnquefoisa

x C4 itis onidentails l l g 3

j Vitis s0 k l ~- Rhus rad: Cans l l ai.es ame,,canum l l

n i ACer negundo i l i l j 2 ParthenoCassus quincuefoita l $ l Cent s occidentano l 8 l M i Prunus virgineana l f b Q Rabes amertCanum $ 5 2 3 Vt i I T

   ,     -     n,.,   ,,n_.  ~ ,   ,----c-        __

Figure A-,3. Cemcarison cf falI im;:ce ance Values for ner sceous scecies cosarved in 1/2 x 2 m cuacrats. A ~'3

                                    ,         9 3 V 3 3 ? ..s                               3 3 4 5 ? ..s                          2 3 ?$ ?
 . c.um c.n ..                                                  l                                 l                                                      l c,... ..
                                                           !                    l                                                l                                  n 3

V i.e. S. b

                                                                      ~
    .osyg.au,n ..                       l 3

so.. m .m... j 1 ; l l 3 3 si ....,.. m.o.. ; l

    .,ct,um i
                                      ]                               ]                                        ]
   ...m.,...--

u I s.......,,...,.... s.. . l ] l i i l Ce,.stnam ave.ns l l - Gs.ss so. l l = , l A L e.aurus c.,oi.e. ; l l l , Hyd,..nyelum ve, gens. Mum j Osm nsa, songestpins l, Sm.i.cen. S t. l... l f e u. . . . ..u ,,, ,,, ,,,u m

                                      ]                               j                                                   j
   .........                                                 i                                     i                                                   i C ... . . .um     u ,. .

l l l u, e... ....e . l l l [ c,.s . s.. l l l n tari..te.as c... asis l l ll sm.... . uc. l l 17 a v ...,. m , .. m 1 j j

     ,,,,,,,,,,m..,,..um
                                     ]                               U                                       _J

v. . . . l l 0

   .........,........                                                                                                       l l                               l c,...       .                                       I                          I                                            i                                  =.

Ce .sisum nut.ns l l A T c.um cea.o.a . l l l j l = Aih.r$. of f ac en. ass 1 l Mydro nyllum vi,gine.num s m.iu ,,, . ii ..... . J l c.,,,. ... . .. I ! l . c,... .. \ _* I ! - c...si.um av i.a. l } , 3 My d,..nyalum ve,9sei.n um = t ...o u . c.,a..c . I l I. 1

     .........um......_,um                                                     I                             1                                                   :

s,s.. v....... um.i. d

                                    ]                                _,!                                                   !

r........... [ J ! 2 s

                                                                                       ,                                    =

A-24 Figure A-7. Comparison of f all !mocr ance Values for acccy scecies 00 served in 1/2 x 2 m quacrars. t CCOUNG TCwtm wo005 wacustRRY t EENTUCXY COFFEt TREE MACASERRYH HACMSERRY SOX-fLDER Se

 .             ."1 3S=

i . 1 _ i _

               ,.-                                                                                   1 m.
                 -                                                                                                                                                            l                                7 3%

i .- _. m. i

               ,                                       R                                                                                                                                                          1
             . J Sea 3D-2%                                                                                                                                  -

__ - ,m

              .                                  __                          fl                                              7                                                                               I s                                  .                                .

t 1 3 ,

                                                                           ,                      1                                                              4                          3
                                                                                                                                   ,                             2                         3 1
                                             ,                             a                      f                                1                              f                         t
                                                                                                                      .            a                              r t.
                                   .        5, i

s t. s_. 12 . < !. 2 i s. ,t : ,I , i ;

- :e ;; i. i s 3.

e-3

                                                                 ! !. t e             i

s11,3f

: . 4

                                                                                                                     .: : :. -:        1            t.

tit. gf i n 1 2 i. l ;! 2 . a 1

                        !!!                          :'131'ji 2 : IIs                                                             i i j i 8 si.i                                            i     siilill 5

i i i , is.si -e i r.; .s i . , .j.

                                                    *a:*                                                                                                         3                                             1 g 'a *4 *: *s
                                                            * *i av 22 u                                                                                                      j-i t : 2 . =: :

6 ai $0 : i 3 w i

=

Ul5 x J2g(3g134 :f s - 8 l l I

SEMI-ANNUAL REPCRT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY 1977

3. Soil Environments Arthur Limbird Department of Geography The monitoring of the soil environments fol ?ows the procedures pre-viously described in other semi-annual reports. Soil temperatures and soil moisture values have been monitored en a weekly or continuous basis at the three beach and the two Cooling Tower woods sites. In addition, soil moisture and temperature began to be monitored in late June on a weekly or continuous basis at the two sites in the Ottawa Wildlife Refuge. Soil samples were secured from the beach and Cooling Tower woods sites in summer and fall and the Ottawa site in the fall for chemical analysis, as in previous reports. The instruments for measuring soil temperature and soil moisture were installed at the Ottawa site in the same manner as

!                               in the Cooling Tower woods, with the three-point thermograph in the Fulton soil, dial thermometers in the Toledo soil, and moisture blocks in both soils.

1 Soil Temneratures Weekly soil and air temperature averages have been used, as in pre-vious reports, to summarize the daily temperature changes and to discuss the seasonal changes which have occurred at the monitoring sites. The 1 i changes at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths are assessed for each monitoring sites. The sumac community on the beach and the Fulton soil areas in the Cooling Tower woods and in the Ottawa site have continuous soil temperature records for the weeks of June 11, 1976 to December 10, 1976, which repre-sents a continuation of the data presented in the previous report (continuou-i - i l l w ._,- _ , . . _ , .___7 , .,_s, ,., _ __,_..m _. . ,,..q __ 7.. , s_p ., m._ p._.,.w-- gw , y y--v-.y- r---eev'

B-2 records for the Ottawa site begin with the week of June 25, 1976). Soil temperatures fluctuated in response to air temperature changes, although the soil buffered the heating and cooling variations which occurred in the air (Table B-1) . Ranges in weekly soil temperatures generally de-creased with depth except for some exceptions noted below, especially in the Ottawa site (Figures B-1, B-2, and 3-3) . Temperature ranges were generally highe- in the summer and decreased in the fall, especially nearer the surface in the Cooling Tower woods and the Ottawa area. Beach area. Soil temperatures in the sumac community of the beach area at the 10 cm depth remained fairly consistent throughout the summer period. While temperatures at this depth were not as high as in the summer

,        of 1975, the comparison of temperatures between the two years shows great similarity. The 10 cm temperature cooled more rapidly than in 1975 in
,        response to earlier cold air temperatures. The range in soil temperatures at the 10 cm depth was lower than in 1975 despite an increase in the range in air temperature over 1975, perhaps attributal to greater insulation of the surface by a leaf litter mat or a thicker tree canopy.

J The average soil temperature at the 20 cm depth in the sumac com-munity remained about the same or slightly cooler than the 10 cm depth through the summer as in 1975. As air temperature cooled in the fall, the temperature at 20 cm responded somewhat more slowly but cooled to almost l as low a temperature by the end of the data period. The range of soil temperatures at the 20 cm depth was slightly greater than in 1975 and in several weeks was as great or greater than at 10 cm. The average soil temperatures at the 50 cm depth responded less to air I i temperature changes than at lesser depths. The lowered response was especially noticeable in the fall of the year as temperatures at 50 cm l

3-3 remained above air temperatures from the week of October 15 to the end of the report period, in contrast to the period of cooler and less variable soil temperatures at 50 cm extending until late November in 1975. No factors have been identified as being responsible for this variation. 1 Cooling Tower woods. The average air temperature in the Cooling Tower woods remained generally cooler than at the beach early in the reporting period, the differences not appearing to be significant until the fall when lower air temperatures occurred on the beach. The average soil temperature at 10 cm responded to changes in air temperatures, but did not reach the levels of 1975. In the fall, despite warmer air te=peratures in the Cooling Tower woods, the te=perature at 10 cm was colder in the woods than on the beach, contrary to the same reporting period in 1975. The range of soil temperatures at the 10 cm depth was much less than in 1975; the range reached 4 F* or more twice in 1976 in contrast to fifteen times in 1975. In addition,1976 shows a steady decline in the range from early October to the end of the reporting period (Fig. B-2) . The average soil temperatures at the 20 cm depth varied in a similar pattern, but temperatures fluctuated somewhat less. The most notable character of the soil te=perature at 20 cm is the lag in fall cooling. The range of temperature at the 20 cm depth was somewhat less than in 1975, fluctuating between 1 and 2.5F* for most of the report period. The soil temperatures at the 50 cm depth also showed the effect of the generally cooler (5-15 F*) temperatures earlier in the fall, but not until late Cetober when temperatures decreased to levels 5 to 12 F* below corresponding weeks in 1975. The range of temperatures at the 50 cm depth was about the same as in 1975, averaging less than 1 F* with one exception (the week of July 9) . l r

 . e e . ,e   e., n .ooe .        *- - - * ~ -

l l B-4 l Ottawa Wildlife Refuge. Although the average air temperatures at l Ottawa were lower each week than corresponding statistics for the Tower I wocds and beach, average soil temperatures generally remained higher and were especially notable in the fall. The higher soil temperature at 10 cm in the Ottawa site compared to the Tower woods site may be the result of a greater leaf fall and ground cover in the Ottawa site, but this was not confirmed by actual measurement. The relatively higher

temperatures at Ottawa compared to the Cooling Tower woods delayed freezing of the soil, the difference being the week of November 26 compared to the week of November 5, which may be important for water availability and of even more significance in the spring. The range of temperatures at the 10 cm depth at Ottawa was about the same as for the Tower woods and showed the general decrease in range in the fall. The average soil temperature at the 20 cm depth at Ottawa also showed a trend to being warmer than in the Cooling Tower woods. In fact, the 20 cm depth at the former was warmer than the 10 cm depth of the latter in 18 of the 25 weeks during the reporting period (especially from late September to the end of the data period) . However, the ranges of tem-peratures during the fall at the Ottawa site were somewhat greater than in the Cooling Tower woods. The average soil temperature at the 50 cm depth at Ottawa also was 1 higher (sometimes double) than the corresponding statistics for the Cooling

                 , Tcwer woods. This is most evident in a five-week delay in fall te=perature averages moving below 40 F* at the two sites.

I

                                                      ,          , , - , -m-e,,. -r-- e-           w re

f B-5 Soil Moisture i Soil moisture was recorded at the five monitoring locations at the Davis-Besse site from the week of June 18 to the week of December 10, 1976. Moisture blocks were installed in late June at the Ottawa site, and data were collected beginning with the week of July 2. Soil moisture levels generally followed the seasonal moisture patterns discussed in previous semi-annual reports. In order to compare the three study areas in terms of

moisture availability patterns, the sumac community of the beach, the Fulton soil area of the Cooling Tower woods, and the Fulton soil area of the Ottawa site were used. At the beginning of the data period the sumac community showed the results of spring recharge of moisture, as reported in the last semi-annual report. Relatively high actual evaporation combined with lower precipitation in early July created a period of relatively low moisture availability through July. By early August, higher rainfall and somewhat lower evapora-tion' combined to recharge the available moisture supply. From mid-August to the end of the data period, moisture stress did not appear to be a problem. The effect of available moisture is reflected by the type of fall flora (see Section A). In 1975 the moisture deficiency came later in the year. Very high actual evaporation rates in the early part of the reporting period resulted in an early and rather complete reduction in moisture avail-ability in the Cooling Tower woods; they dried about one week earlier than i

;       in 197S, but early August rainfall partially restored the available moisture.

Early and mid-September rainfall was beneficial to the fall flora, as the available moisture reached near capacity by mid-September. Especially noticeable was the greater moisture available at the 50 cm depth in the ! Cooling Tower woods in 1976 co= pared to 1975. I i ? I

3-6 The available moisture at the 0:tawa site was similar to the Cooling Tower woods from late September to t he end of the data period. In July and August the Jttawa soil dried out more thoroughly at the 10 cm depth and especially at the 20 cm depth but less thoroughly at the 50 cm depth than the Cooling Tower woods soil (Table B-2). From a moisture point of view, the Cooling Tower woods and the Ottawa site are similar enough, so that comparisons can be drawn between the two and effects, if any, of the Cooling Tower can be documented. Overall, the moisture levels in the sites under investigation followed the same general pattern as in previous years. The su=mer moisture draw-down is directly related to the reduction of precipitation at the same time that actual evaporation reaches its highest levels. Moisture recharge is related to fall or late summer precipitation combined with lowered evapora-tion rates. It appears that the moisture availability in the beach, Cooling Tower woods, and probably Ottawa sites represents the most critical factor in the distribution and content of their plant communities. The more consistent moisture levels of 1975 and 1976 (compared to 1974) seem to be supported by the more consistent patterns of plants at the reproductive level in the two more recent years (see Part A) . As a means of comparison, the beach site precipitation totaled 15.37 inches in 1976 (15.93 in 1975 and 9.36 in 1974); in the Cooling Tower woods precipitatio,n totaled 9.36 inches in 1976 (11.85 in 1975 and 5.34 inches in 1974). The actual evaporation was 17.07 inches in 1976 at the beach site (14.75 in 1975 and 20.81 in 1974) and 35.40 inches in the Cooling Tower woods (30.29 in 1975 and 42.39 in 1974) . Thus, 1976 seemed to resemble 1975 more than 1974 in effective moisture for plant growth.

B-7 Soil Chemical Analysis Soil samples were collected for summer and fall from each of the five monitoring locations on the Davis-Besse site at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and for the fall from the two sites at Ottawa at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths. All samples were analyzed as described in earlier reports. In the beach area the soils of all three sample sites show the young-ness of the beach environment. The cation exchange complex is saturated with bases, as indicated by the percent base saturation near 100% at all three depths at all three sites. The increase in the general level of the cation exchange capacity from the sumac community to the hackberry-box elder II to the Hackberry-box elder I communities is similar to past years and shows the progressive stages to more mature or stable communities. Unlike past years, the percent organic matter increased from summer to fall in 1976. The change was noticeable at the 10 and 20 cm depths in the sumac and hackberry-box elder I communities especially. The increase can probably be attributed to en increase in leaf production and fall this year compared to '75 when there was a general decrease in organic matter in the fall. The pH values in the beach sites remained quite high in both the summer and the fall, indicating the dominance of bases on the exchange complex. The sulfate values for the three sites on the beach show a general increase from summer to fall except for the deeper sample depths for the hackberry- , box elder I community. The sulfate levels are quite low and may be fluctu-ating in response to changes in organic matter and to the increase in soil moisture in the fall. In the Cooling Tower woods the Fulton and Toledo soils did not follow seasonal patterns in the same way as in 1975. Taking 1_975 as a base-year, there were several notable divergences from the base in 1976. The cation exchange capacity for both soil sites remained about the same from

B-8 season to season; and although the CEC values were lower than in previous years for the Toledo soil, the overall CEC was the one parameter that re-mained as expected. In 1976 the percent base saturation decreased markedly for the Fulton soil over values for previous summers at the 10 and 20 cm depths. The decrease was attributed to hydrogen replacing calcium on the exchange complex, which could possibly be explained by higher spring moisture levels than in previous years, except that the normally more poorly drained Toledo soil was unaffected by the change. On the contrary, in the fall when the percent base saturation increased in the Fulten soil (as in previous years), the percent base saturation decreased in the Toledo soil (unlike in past years). The percent organic matter levels increased as expected from summer to fall in 1976; however, the levels of organic matter for both summer and fa' 'onsiderably below the values for 1974 and 1975, especially at .ae 10 cm depth in the Fulton soil and at the 10 and 20 cm depths in the Toledo soil. The pH level increased as expected in the Fulton soil from summer to fall after having been unusually low in response to the lowered percent base saturation. In the Toledo soil the pH levels declined in respense to the decreased percent base saturation from summer to fall. The variations in the soil chemistry parameters in 1976 need to be evaluated further in the overall context of changes that may be taking place in the Cooling Tower woods with respect to plant communities and the interaction of soils and plants in these sites. The sulfate values, as expected, in-creased from summer to fall and were higher in the Toledo soil than in the Fulton soil. The Fulton and Toledo soils at the Ottawa site were analy:ed for the first time in the fall of 1976, and the values are similar enough to those of the corresponding soil types in the Cooling Tcwer woods to consider them comparable. The only notable differences are that the Ottawa soils seem

i ) B-9 4 to contain less organic matter and seem to be more acid, especially the 1 20 and 50 cm depths, than the Toledo soil. l Summary Soil data from each of the sites during the 1974-76 observation period 4 are su=mari:ed graphically in figures 3-4 to 3-18. Only brief comments will i be made here, since detailed discussions of the data have been included in i i the appropriate semi-annual reports. S In the Cooling Tower woods, moisture is an important factor in the Toledo soil character. The saturated conditions of spring are a potentisi inhibitor to vegetation, and the very dry conditions in summer also may i j restrict vegetation species. Most important is the trend from a dry fall 4 in 1974 to a moderately moist fall in 1975 to a wet /very moist fall in 1976. Although other parameters may be affected by moisture, the co;-elaste: S do not appear to be strong, except in the summer of 1975 whe 3 moisture is low, percent organic matter is high, g,d bases are low. It appears that nutrient uptake has decreased soil bases at the same tiae that newer 6 organic matter has not yet broken devd to release a new supply of bases to the soil. In the Fulton soil area of the Cooling Tower Woods, moisture appears to be the most variable characteristic. Relatively little correlation g exists between moisture and the other soil parameters measured. Cation exchange capacity, percent base saturations, and percent oeganic matter have varied over the study period but seem to have varied ..ndependently from one another. In the Beach area, moisture levels vary considerably. The hackberry community is the driest of the three sites, and moisture seems.to be of greatest importance in floral changes in this community. Changes in cation

B-10 exchange capacity, percent organic matter, and bases seem to be inde-pendent of the changes in moisture. In the sumac community, moisture is the most important soil variable. Sbst impressive is the higher available moisture in su=mer compared to the tower woods. Cation exchange capacity and organic matter seem to be more closely correlated (general increase over the data period) than in the tower woods. This correlation can be attributed to the humus-cation com-plex in the beach sands rather than a clay-humus-cation complex in the tower woods. In the Box Elder community moisture also is the most important vari-able. Smaller fluctuations in moisture, and particularly the high summer moist 2re available at the 10 cm depth, =ay be of considerable importance in species composition and stability of the plant community. Changes in cation exchange capacity and organic matter seem to correlate with one another for the most part, but there are exceptions. Bases remain high, and the changes in calcium and nagnesium seem to be independent of the other soil factors being analy:ed. Only by observing and documenting in detail such trends in soil chem-istry can the existing substrate and vegetation patterns be understood. By establishing the regimen of normal variation, the relative impact of man-induced changes on this environment can be better evaluated.

     ! t     i ,                  I                     l           )                               '       1  l    .                     .!               i                    ,!
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ! !     i   r s

b r E607 701 1 9 49901 1 . 7649 1 3607 61 i . . . . . . . a L672 82654 03447 25206 821 02 07 667 67666 76665 5554333332 22 0

A h t p 5 e 0 L063 l 774 555 0641 3 00090 66656 93364 1 31 00 66666 6441 7 76439 55554 99041 65522 44444 1 9 07 43 g d A n - i l . m c V . o6 ( A047 71 996 6691 6 31 094 1 61 1 7 97 o7 0 . . . . . . C9 a 2 21 0 35202 448 1 9 55295 31 888 43 - 1 w 666 66666 66665 55544 44333 33 h , o T t - c0 t O a1 O e N667 46436 7041 0 07497 0471 0 43 Br 0 .

                         ,b e            1 21 2           45201                 431 1 7                23951                        8      8222                      76
                    )

666 66666 66665 55444 43333 22 m - F e

c

- ( e D s - eo rt u t l r 91 743 1 4433 9401 9 9641 4 76707 70 ai i . . . r ) a 1 6973 02766 1 5980 59440 1 5546 41 ee pn h 76667 77666 76666 55544 43332 23 t mu eJ p e t d - f 1 9907 94990 771 37 01 334 31 761 ro m 0 c 5 21 341 1 1 i 56646 78653 90840 85222 98 as ( 55556 55555 55555 45444 33333 22 k d e s - ne d aw o o 49079 71 660 9441 1 67371 1. 0666 36 . l , W 0 . . . . . . l s 2 93983 02080 21 985 80706 51 899 44 oe r 56556 66656 66555 45443 33222 22 . st e i w - es g T o oa 491 1 0 00439 99773 91 61 1 63634 93 rw 0 - oa 1 1 71 05 241 90 30973 70694 39788 23 vt 65666 66656 66555 45433 32222 22 at y O - l d k n ea e w , s f d r 46903 7491 3 377 47 1. 0490 63407 1 3 ooo i a

.                   yW                            27804                      037 07                25558                   4821 8                      95545                            50 76677                      77666                 76665                   55543                       33332                            23 r

or me mw .- uo ) 1 41 61 97704 ST 73067 37704 97636 66 h 0 . . . t p 5 76789 90078 90876 22982 07665 21 55555 56655 56555 55444 43333 33 - l d e . B m - c 1 1 403 96097 94349 47743 631 01 1 3 E ( 0 . . . . . . . L 2 1 891 2 1 31 77 1 0874 91 737 61 900 44 B h 65566 66655 66555 45443 33233 22 . A c I a e - B 431 77 69666 34736 71 701. . 90949 67 0 . . . 1 2801 2 1 3078 29853 82826 41 888 33 65666 66655 65555 45443 33222 22 f o l 8529 1 2 63063 1 23 0730l 1 22 4I 852 1 i 2 95296 30 l 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 k oeeyy yyy . . . . t t t t . . . . . . . . . . . e nnnl l l l l gg ggppp pt t t t t vvvv cc e uuuuu uuuuu uueee ecccc coooo ee W J J JJJJJJAAAASSSSOOOOONNNN DD i i ! 4 ' l s 4 !

}' jjIj!lli i}lij !]lj i i!I i

3-12 w I t o a cc c N e e cl@ o-oe ope % wie N ,g

                                                                                                                      ,p >o s, c              Q Qu wn          NAcN4N                    @x$@         @@@@                 g @D
                    .e.                s 1

DN ue - AN em @@ooooooDNDacoaw a n a co @ DDDDDD n@cc cn DD 4 v > c n wN ONOOc ocococwnODnnnDn@w 2 Qe Own= wan@@ nnmnnnnmm a W A I 3 .J cN

                    -.=-       D
                    -sw        < - -N              eoo@o               *C2OeomwwemoceNo0 q                .g        N. N. e. v.o.'o.w. J.o. o. e.@. .A.e.o.M.N.N. o.o.N.O. .o.
               ,i    3e5 w-        -

coo ocoo-ooomo -oooo ooocc oo

L*

              ~                <

o e > 6 '. 4 OA ck B ON

                     > c 3-        >-

L= 0 Ne coCON 09@-N @*@weeOooo w n. c. o. o. o. co

                   .m =                  w. @
                                            . N. n. c. e. A. D. @. 4 2. D. &.N. @. %. %.                                    c. o.

3. 5 z - oN ----O o---o oo-oo. ocooo oo U *-

                   <g w

o 5enoo ooooo ooocc=wnoP~@w-@ eO

                                                                                                                            %N
        .           Ac         <NDD-                                           Ne@        @@@o@            @co D D N c             =             a                                                                -

Q 1 -

     -               D         <

g

       -             .k        NS$M                     N    Nb       a        N3h,$hbOmchb5$hh$

1 0 M e o 5NNNo o-onNocoOCDe@~4 m @@DDD@DDDDD ocne N

       >                -            DN4                N    Ac~                  co-3
     .-                 .=

9 A E

3.

eN U *C g -

o2-c*AoOON -- n o N

c N O o N O

     *J             -aw        o. . N. .           S. o. o. a. e. o. h. e. c.N N. .o. c. o. c. e.

p

                                                                                                            .= o4.. o. c.(rv.

o. o.

e o 35a w-oocoo. oocoo oo-Noooooo eooooo

        .           2.

5- ,

     =        .

w .= 1 OA

     *.       3      1I os
     -c6
            . 6a 3> c.
     -U@        3       =ii.

N@e4wo@N Oe4O-4 mea @ cQMoOoA w. e. o. o. 5. C ogl2. o.

       $A     O.

u@ , e M. o. A. G. N. PD. N. e. *r. o. F. @. v. c. o. un. a. m. N. m. dlL - 3 O MNN-e N - == - = - - M N N oo--o ooooe oO A Cp us 4c 8-u

e. s o n .5 o @nen

                                     @@4w N c N N N
                                                             =w        CON N.VNQo              .o--o o o 5 ocon~cm oooom D-o----               O o o @ @        @ @
     -ui e

w a

       >                       cD ac o       <NoDN aDONw oooooowono N-            2%   3 o O000            awCD                -

a w 0 -- . - o .o .c o O G S @co 3 +- -1 <

     =               D          >

oD ONooo n n m o er oo-mn e =r c e n

     --n-g
                    -3 o 8

N <@@oe@@ - M 4C @4wN @ @@@@@ c0 @ @ CD 23 as 3 0 >-

     -C
     ==,3               o       2
                                ~ooo-m-Nnw              D     wh o@ cno oowJ@

ccon-comen

                                                                                          @ DCVCCDNN" orN ooGe                              -

3, --- D. O == A A

     -AA              l   E                                                                                                                    ,

D o e uo m *. Nc E a u

                                -3@o@               Co*PM4NweNN                            Q v GJ f* N N O o e e            *r o O Q 3   -.w         w. @ . e. e.              .o.w.        N.o.N. . N.N. S.o.=r.e. m. o. o. N. o.j . o.

te o y e D3 o=oco

                                                    -co=-

Co-no =ococoococoo N,. w-o 1 +. .. W d k ba OA

     >=              13 0%
                     > 3 3-w      D =. N O w d O Q N o N % 4 @ %*@ *P M N NIN *
                     , =           . a.c.e.n..w. D. c. o.m.!*.               . o..~. e. N.e.~.w.n.l.b.         o.35 O   m

oo 88 3 5- -ooo-Co-o-CN-oo oooooooQoo V **

                    < 9 a-
                                == 2ON@
                                ---N
                                                     @eo4*
                                                     -- N e      -     ONd NN          ONw-2eNoeN@
                                                                                    --N              - NyN          o ne o-
                                                                                                                  -.-N 0                                                           . .

A 3@ *J >= 3 D . .-=+ e .I l . . . V C C ~==P=>=). =.-@ . . *"4& 1 1 111e * *..=<* a> D. D. >. J z D 3 3 3 3 313i ,3 3 <3 <i<3 < 3 g a gi n c c anA d d d d ulg d j 2 d". - 3* (

             ,     :   'l            ,W   iL          I   '          t             i i           l     '   2               ' !    '   l     t                                    ' I Yg
                                               )

m

 -                                               pF           80590/995                                        41 3076                     08 5744
                                   .            p             321 22                     1 1 1 1 21 324                     323233 s             (

o t s

-                                                o i

s t a a f

 -                               w            l S33365206                                        95l 1 75
 -                               a               uS          I 1 1 221 1 1 1                                           1   l 21 3 t              S
 -                             t

_ O 241 339560 670039 5041 57 eF .

 -                               s               u           778777778                                        667666                       666655                                    _
 .                             d              l o              a o            V W                                                                                                                                                      _

H 458351 441 880462 _ r pS . . e 777778778 557667

-                                w o

T r e _ t 631 1 . 0781 4 240210 658971 h tF . .

 ._                             c               a            63078051 0                                       642631                       31 031 1 a            M e

B c i n

 .                            6                 a

_ 7 g 891 634836 499204 _ 9 rS . 1 O 8 00431 21 0 322421 l

.                             l                                                                                                                                                      _

a _ f n _ d n o

-                                            i 988988789                                        787458                      826680

. a tF r a r 999999999 999509 99961 7 999999999 999899 989888 e n u - t u n a u S - s . e

 -                                ,            s             988788898                                        988788 s               aS o            B               999999999                                        829099
           .                    s                           999999999                                         789999 y             %

l a n a y t l i _ a cF 0401 43409 683832 290724 c a p i 1 77250409 08001 9 780223 m a 1 21 1 1 1 21 2221 1 1 2222 e C

h c e g

l n l a o h S c x E

-                            3                n                                                               6201 42 B
                                -             o-iS 899697953 t

337232 986229491 221 222 E a 21 1 l

.                            L               C

- B A T h t p m 000000000 000000 000000 1 251 251 25 1 251 25 1 251 25 e c D . l y i i S l t l l A t - yr

                                                                                          -                D        i        i                  l         i E       t                        yr                 O          o       o                  o         o R         n       re             re                O        S        S                    s         s A         u       rd             rd                W n

s el el n 0 A n o l cn bE bE R o d W o d Ci ao k k E t 0 A t e A mC u cx cx W l 1 T l l E ab lao O u o T u o _ B S l l l l B T F 1 O F T 4 . i - i . , ' , ,

                                                                             ,;'                                                                    ]jl i           i! l!l    ,1 I i         1
                          'j            !           :                                       ,j1!                   il]              i    3

3-14 Figure a -I

PEACH S IIE~ T*

50.20,3c.c50cmdectnsanc 3

                                                           ,,.a      of June II TO      *#

10, 1976. 26-24- '

     ?                                                                                      AIR tt.

20 - \' O . z .6 q 4 CC tu - CC D k 12 - 9 Ct tu - Q. 2 to 8-w

10cm 4- Is y \

              ,   \      r"\s CCm
                                      . , ~ , ,i             %       /

p-*~~~~

                                                                                    , y-~~,~~
                                                          , . . . ,v            't                ...
                                                                                                            ,/
                                                 ..50cm....,.........s.,,.,,..........,....*....D<*

0 . - , , ...

                                                                               ,,..<'o'h u                  u'd                                   M          O C                  e                   c                    m          n                        o
             ':s o

N Q t -

                                                                                    -          -1            5
             .ame               e G
                                                                         'y         ~

u e o m I s . l I

l l l j

B-15 Figure 5-2. CCCLING TC'. ER '.vCCCS S ITE- Ter.per-ature ranges ar 10, 00, anc 50 c.-'. depths anc in air, weex5 of June

                                            !! to Cecem:er 10, 1976.

24 -

       ,20 LL s_

W - o

       % 16 --                                                                                                                      .

m . AIR w

D k 12 - g e W - a. 2 W 3-x 10cm 4_

               .                    eg s':. r         s' %            #%20Cm
                                 - l ' . . . . . .'.. ...s.o.c.w. . >. a... .....                  . _ _, ...y.>
                    . .u. . . . .

T .......... . ... ...:.

                                                                                                    . . . . . ../

o , . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' a a > 6 . . , , , o e = =

                                                                           .~                    a
                                                                                                 .                   .a ID                                .

q 'y D N D % D q 4 y -._ _ __ _ __ _ __

3-16

                    !;ure S-3. OTTAWA 3;TE- Temperature ranges at 10, 23, and 50 cm depins and in air, weeks of June 25 to Cec-em:er iI 24-
    ?20-tu                                                                   AIR s_

W - (.o n 16 - . Ce W - e

    ~3 k 12 -

s t W - e 2 W 6-L 4- 10cm

.. :- - r..,2 0 cm t.7. .,. .~ .s.,-

y; . . . . .%<0 cm '. ,,

                                                                                 . e ..
              ~g          _
                                                                           **" ,~
                                                                                           ~

O . i i * * * * ' ' , , ,' , . , , . , , , . - c w c ~ 3 o T 9 3. ,. *

y n N M y ~ , s 01 W O N t, % o s w

                                                                                               ,                      10 0-
                                                                                                                           ~

Total

                                                                                                                               -                          Bases %

40- l w. IO'* ' Calcium %

                                                                                                                           ~
                                                                  , -r20 cm                                   i 30-   ..~'.~~
                                                                                                   ,i .-

g So-m s ,- :; q8 .

                                                        ............. ..... u ,  . ..:.~.......

y, ms8 u 50cm m

+;

g 20~ I 5 40-O 10~ 20- blagneslutn % Po tassium % 0 . . . . . . O Su F W Su F .yu F Su N $' Su N S 74 74 75 75 75 26 76 74 74 75 75 75 7g 7 FigureIl-4.TOWERWOODS: Toledo soll dation Exchange Capacity 1 Bases (Ca. Mg, K) 10, 20, 50 cm Sunner 1974-Fall 1976

                                                                                                                                                                             .L nv

20 cm Depth 50 cm Depth 10 0- 10 0 - Total Bases % Total Bases % 80- 80 -

Calcium % . Calcium % 8 8 B 60- D 60 - e e 3 3 a - a 3 a 40- E

               ..                                                                  . . 40                           ,

Magnesium % Magnesium % ~ 20 20- N Potassium % Potassium %

                   .0               .  .   .        .  .    .      .     .     .         O~        .        . .       .   .     .   .    .            .          .

Su F W Su F Su F Su F W Su F Su F 74 7; 75 75 75 76 76 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 Figure B-5. TOWER WOODS: Toledo Soil

                                                                        % Bases (Ca. Mg, K) at 20 and 50 cm Sunner 1974-fall 1976 Y

G g -

B-19 Figure 3-6. TC'AER '40005: Toledo Soil

Crganic Matter 15

Available Moisture .

10, 20, 50 cm deaths Sucrer 1974-Fall 1975 i ! I= v

10 g ,,

u , \ 10cm c / g

3. , s b i -

 ,.        5     _
                         - ~ ,

j .-

                                                                                             . '\s_ _ . -

20cm /

50. c. m. . . . .

0 . Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 100- .p5 ,

                                                                                                                                           .g.l
              -                                         ./
                                                           ?                                                                                                             i I                                                                                                                o I                                                                                   :,                           o i                 <

20cms , ~:ll u 80- i I o C ? I I t s v 1: l ' E s: . , l

  %                                        I:                               .                       ;                         :                               o 2

E 60 - I l: h ,

g

                                                                              \}                    q I                                        t-                  g                        ,-                                I yI,.

g - 1 , . I

                                                                                   \'.                                     :                                I g

5 40 - . Y'i e l

 **                         f .'                                                     I'.      l                         .                              .,

i: l :

               -                 .                                                     . I                          .
                                .!50 cm
                                                                                        '0 10cm 20                   .
                                                                                         %',I               ..                                                                                                     .        .

O . . Su F W Sp Su F W So Su F , 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76

Frozen Soil = Low Available Moisture eU e

q- . - - - -- --, - . ~ . .-a, ,,. -a .,, - - -

                                                                                                                                                                                                               -----.n-,-.y

B-20 Ffgure B-7. TOWER WOODS: Fulten Soil Cation Exchange Cacacity 40 ". Bases (Ca. Mg, K) st 10 c.m Summer 1974-Fall 1976 f

                                                                                               /
                                                                                             /
                                                                                           /

9 ,

/.

30- l: 10cm H$ e,,

                   -a.:
                          ,. ~
                                                                      ~...i-          .

m s \, ,

                                                         ,     ". .~.~ . 20cm ... . .

a2 * * ' % ._ -

                                                           .          50cm 20-                              ..

10 - O Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 100- % Total Bases % i l l 80-' icium % C

   $          EO-e 35 a?'

B

a 40 20- Magn esium %

Po tassium % 0 - Su F W Su F Su F' 74 74 75 75 75 76 76

+.

eg - . . - - + um.

r 20cm depth 50 cm depth

                       /                     otal Bases %                                                 Total Bases %

80- / 60- .J Calcium % Calcium % 60- 60 8 c

3

              *e                                                              .:

EB Ch "a go. : 3 go.

I 8

20" Magnesium % 20~ l - Po tassium % Po tassium % 0 . . . . . . . 0= . . . W Su F Su F Se F Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 74 74 75 75 75 76 7S Figure B-8. TOWER WOODS: Fulton Soll I Dases (Ca. Mg. K) at 20 and 50 cm Sunuer 1974-fall 1976 7 N

B-22 10 - -

           $                                                                                                                  10cm                    ,

2 , ,-- , ~~

i u 5 ,'

                               ,         s s                  ,-

20cm a ,

                                              \          ,

8 i... 8, ' ,, . .

                                                                                                *   ,..........a**                        "'*..-

p .,, ,,,, 50cm 0 . . . . Su F W Su . F Su F 74 74 75 75 7' 76 76 Figure B-9. TOWER WOODS: Fulton Soil

                                                       % Crganic Matter
                                                       % Available Moisture 10, 20, 50 c.m depths Summer 1974- Fall 1976 10 0 -                                         . ,;.
                                                       .f                                                                .-

150cm u

                                                    .'l                                                                     p D-                        8

s .- c o il 10cm ';

80 - ,': a t : e , . ,. , s. B e , 60-1 I Q l I e 5 I - 3 ' l i : l n. l 2 40 . l \\ l .

     * *                                '                            \ \ l ,'                             '\

t

                                                                      \\'.l .'
                                                                                                                 \                    :, .

l \\j'i : ;' : 20- .c 5

                                                                       'i V ,e-      -
                                .-                                       n,                                                               -
                                                                                                                                         =

20cm\,I v Su F W $a Su F W So Su F' 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76

Frozen Soil = L0w Available Moisture

?-

g s-e

                                                                                                                                                            - . - - . , ,  - - ~ -

3-23 50 Figure B-10. SEACH AREA: Hackberry C reunity Cation Exchange Ca::acity

Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 10 c.m Surnmer 1974-Fall 1975 40-l's 10cm it 30- i s ,s

                          ,        i                                                          ,-      's g g-                 i          ',                                                   ,-              s,-

a-I ,

                                                                               .      , 20cm               ~

dE 20- 1

                 .l                    '
                                         's                 s'
                                                                         ~~,-

s '

                  ,1 , .
                  ,*                  .t
                                                      /
                                         ..         i                                                 .
                                            ., , i                          ...'"........

i

                                                                          .          50cm               ..

i.., ,. 10 .....,.- O Su F W S'u F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 100 ~ Total Base %' s Calcium % 0)- 8 E 60 - 35 a& .

    ,u         .
   ;5 e

20- r Magnesium % ,

                -                                                                                   N                                              l Po tassium %                                                   \

0 . . - - l Su F W Su F Su F ' 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 T w e

                                                                                       ,       -                    ,   7m.,~-    m-m-*- ---  m

s . 20cm d ep th 50cm dep th 10 0 - 10 0 - Total Base % % Total Base / Calcium % gg _ Calcium % gg. 60- 60 - 8 $ B .%

      *f
             -I                                                  !;

2 .9 =g

zg_

     .< a zg_

Magnesium % Magnesium % Potassium % Potassium % 0 . . . , . . . . - 0 . . . . . . . . Su F W Su F Su F Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 Figure B-11. BEACll AREA: llockberry Conununity

                                                     % Bases (Ca Mg, K) at 20 and 50 cm Sunener 1974-Fall 1976                                                               w L.

v f

I 3-25 20-10cm , 8 '

         ]u{ .10              ' '\ (0cm,,,,,_s s s, 50cm O             .          -          -             -      -           .                                      .

Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 100-Total Base %

Calcium % / 00 -

1 60 4 5 . C f 40 - Se a3 e a 20 - Magnesium % V

Potassiv m % 0 =- . . - - Su F W Su F Su F

74 74 75 75 75 76 76 ,

Figure 3-13. 3EACH AREA: Su:"ac Community Cation Exc.9ange Ca: city

                                    % 3ases (Ca. .'dg. K)

10. 20, 50 cm depths Su=er 1974-Fall 1976 I

1

20cm depth 50c m depth 100 -.-_ 10 0 - Total Base % Total Base % Calcium % . 80- Calcium % oo-60- 60-

     $,                                                         8 y       ~

3i

 =g                                                         aa
 " ^ 40                                                     "# 40-                           -                     ,

20 0~ Ma [ . gnesium% Magnesium % X Potassium % Po tassium%. ' O . . . . . . . - - 0 - - - - ' ' ' Su F W Su F Su F Su F' W Su F Su F 74 74 ' 75 75 75 76 76 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 figure B-14. DEAtti AREA: Sumac Camnunity

                                                  % Bases (Ca, Mg, K) at 20 and 50 cm Sunmer 1974-Fall 1976 m

3-27 Figure 3-15. BEACP AREA: Sumac Cc.munity 20- % Organic satter

                                                                             % Avafiaole Moisture 10, 20, 50 c.m deotns Surrer 1974-Fal1 1975
                    .2 m i 5 10

b2
50cm 10cm i 20cm 0

_ _ _ , ... . - 7 ' ' ~ ' ~ ~' , . . u r = " ~" /. ' " y f y f5 76 5p 76 Su 76 76 F 10 0 - . P. i.6 A, ,? >.,

                                 . 2.,0cm
                                            ~~,~s..,..- ..\.\                                    i:.
                                                                                                                    .,,, l \

i: :, y l \ s,,'.. . y e

y- t

 ,                                                        .                                                                                                   r

i

                                                      .                                                                                       s              .
                   ,         60 -                                                                                                               . r .'

3y . \1: 3 ' a2 i

10cm SOcm.

40 7 20- . O Su F W Sp Su F W Sp Su F 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76

Frozen Soil = Lew Water Available ,

l

     .- ,   _. _                        _,.7__.              . _ . . _ _ . _ _ .
                                                                                                      , _ . , , , . _ -                .,_m      , , _             m_.   ,._,m._      ,,, ,   _ . . ,

B-28 Figure B-16. BEACH AREA: Box Elder CO :nunity Catton Exchange Ca:acity

            .yg.                                Bases at 10, 20, 50 c:n depths

Sumner 1974-Fall 1976 4

20- 10cm

                                          \                                  20 cm , 's U_

w s s JM % ' 79 .., 5',~~~2.K ' ~ ~ ~~,~. '. ", ' ' . 5 0 C m i O . . l Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 10 0 - Total Bases % 80 Calcium % 5

       $U 60 -

e 2 5 40 - w a 20 Magnesium % Po tassium% 0 . . Su F W Su F Su f 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 _ , , _ . , , _ _ - _ , --___-_.__n_

10 0 20 cm depth 50 cm depth 10 0 - Total Bases Total Bases %

                                                                %               .                                  /

V N ' 80 - Calcium % 80- Calcium % 60 ,60-

        .3
        's
      *                                                              .h 3                                                            2 'A m                                                               ==                                                               .

a m40 .. 40- - 20 . 20-Magnesium %

                                       /_                    ~

Magnesium % Po tassium% Potassium % h

O- . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . .

Su F,W Su F Su F Su F W Su F Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 'lG 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 Figure B-17. BEACil AREA: Box Elder Conmunity

                                     ,                  % Bases (Ca. Hg, K) at 20 and 50 cm Suumer 1974-Fall 1976 U

                -a                                                                                                       .

B-30 Figure B-13. BEACH AREA: Box Elder Cormunity

                                                % Organic Matter                                                                                         .

20'- % Available Moisture 10, 20, 50 c:n depths Surnmer 1974-Fall 1976 2 s. 52 e n 10-o x H w '- ~~ N~. * ~ ~50c(p. ., ' ?. . - v . : .- 7 . . . . . .. .: .> 0 Su F W Su F- Su F 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 10 0 - ~. .

                                                                                                                                       .. 50cm
                                                                                                                                    ,\            *.....,-  .
                                                               ,.                                 :'                                  \                 '

BO- , ,?. lo' ' \ ,'

                                                  ,-                 \..

s o

s r

                                                                                                                                             \l20cm I

i

                                                                       \\.            ;        in
                                                                                              .I                                                 go
                                             /                                                *f

s n :,

2e 60- f 'J. t i i

                                                                                                           ,                 e e

3 l v. l' s

         ;                     l                                                                                           l
                                                                                  \( l3 ef                    '

s ', i J a 40- p; i'\ l' I4 il s 10cm 20-1 0 . . Su F W Sp Su F W Sp Su F 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 s

Frozen soll = Law Moisture Availability 4

l - l

                                                                  ------,---,-m_.                       -       --.-                          ,_           - . . , . _ . _ . - - . ,   -

SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY, 1977 C. Terrestrial Animals - S.H. Vessey, S. Spaulding, and L. Oserow Department of Biological Sciences Pre-operational data continue to be collected according to procedures established in the spring of 1974 Emphasis this year he: been on ear-tagging large mammals in order to establish a large enough pool of marked animals to make reliable population estimates for raccoons and opossums in addition to white-footed mice. We continue to obtain quantitative data on summer (breeding) and winter bird residents in an intensively studied portion of the site. Data on amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (other than those mentioned above) are qualitative. Amphibians and Reptiles Approximately 198 man-hours were spent during the summer and fall searching for herptiles while running the large-cam =al trap lines. Because of the relatively large number of hours involved, we recorded sightings 1 as abundant (8-IS per visit), common (seen most of the time but in small numbers), and uncommon (seen sporadically in small numbers) (Table C-1) . The most abundant reptiles were painted turtles, Blanding's turtles, and garter snakes. Some, such as snapping turtles, were less visible than others and are therefore underrepresented. In contrast, painted turtles were highly visible as they sunned themselves on logs in the marsh. One new species was seen this year, i.te five-lined skink, which was probably present but missed in previous years. All those species seen previously were seen again this year, with the exception of the broad-headed skink reported in 1975, apparently a misidentified five-lined skink, i e -.. ,p.y e-e _ - w wy- w -- -- .m,- y--,y --g,, y -- ,r--

C-2 Birds The July 1976 semi-annual report su=marized results of the summer breeding bird census. Birds observed on the site on three days during . late August and early September are listed in Table C-9. Small Mammals Eight days of trapping in the peninsula study area yielded 55 different white-footed mice captured a total of 83 times in 480 trap nights. Data are presented in a Method B table (for a description of this procedure, see Krebs,1972) which permits a variety of estimates to be made, including Lincoln-Peterson and Jolly (Table C-2). The Lincoln-Peterson estimate of 74 (116 per hectare) is intermediate between the low of 23 in the fall of 1974 and the high of 92 in the fall of 1975 (Table C-3) . This intermediate-ri:e population was predicted from the spring estimate and supports the I idea that the number of overwintering mice sets the stage for the fall peak. In other words, factors affecting winter survival seem to be ulti-mately respeasible for the size of the annual population peak. A better understanding of these factors and comparison with reference areas will I help explain the large year-to-year fluctuations in this supposedly non-cyclic species. The Carter Woods reference srea near Bowling Green supported 107 mice (53 mice per hectare) in October, about half the density at the Davis-Besse site. These two populations have been fluctuating out of phase for the past three years (Table C-3) . A second reference study site was established this year at the Ottawa Wildlife Refuge. A 5 x 5 point grid was used with 10 m between Sherman traps. In 200 trap nights in November and December only four white-footed mice were caught. The presence of hickory trees

                                        .,           . - - _                  __ _ ,         ,   , _ ~ .               --.-m

C-3 in the area, an important food-producing tree for these mice, could rep-resent support for a substantial population. i Large Mammals Trapping for larger mammals, raccoons and opossums in particular, , 1 continued throughout the su=mer and fall this year (Figure C-1) . We hope i to increase the marked portion of the population to the point where more J reliable population estimates can be made. We can also expect additional l information on the movements of these animals in and around the site. In 1,970 trap nights 122 different individuals of 8 species were caught 216 times. Captures of species other than raccoons and opossums are listed in Table C-4 Most numerous were woodchucks (21 captures); Norway rats, not previously caught, were captured 13 times. Also captured ! y ] were rabbits, skunks, fox squirrels, and muskrats. Although several wood- , 1 i chuckt were ear-tagged, none was recaptured. Captures of raccoons (40 individuals a total of 66 times) are listed in a Method 3 table (Table C-5) . Because of the small number of captures and the long duration of the trapping periods (April-December), Lincoln-Peterson estimates are not suitable. The Jolly population estimate can be calculated for each week (see Krebs,1972) . Estimates range generally from 20 to 30. For example, the estimate for week 18 (18 August 1976) is 24

Although about the same number of different opossums as raccoons was capcured (37 vs. 40), opossums were more easily caught (98 total captures vs.

66). Jolly estimates of opossums ranged generally from 20-35 each week Crable C-6).

      ,_g ., . _ _ _ . -    __    , . .           -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - .          . , . , , , - . _ _     ,,       ,  , - , , ,

i C-4 l Further analysis of both population and movement data will be possible in the future as these marked animals are recaptured. One raccoon (4226, female) was caught by a fur trapper southeast of Toussaint Creek on 3 December, about 1.3 km from where it was captured on 26 September at Trap #13. Muskrat houses were counted in December. Numbers were about the same

as last year (Table C-7). An attempt was made to determine those houses that were active by searching for air bubbles in the runways visible under the ice. By this method 19 were considered active. The remaining 12 may not have been in use because of the absence of active runways.

Although limited trapping for muskrats is now permitted in the area, there was no evidence of any trapping in the study area this fall. Observations of other mammals were typical of previous years, with woodchucks and rabbits predominating (Table C-8). Fox squirrels, not observed previously but trapped once in 1975, were seen commonly this year. Five deer (3 juveniles and 2 adults) were seen in the peninsula study area on 7 November. ! Conclusions The available data on terrestrial vertebrates at the Davis-Besse site can serve at least three purposes. One is to indicate environmental changes resulting from unit operations. Unfortunately most of the species for which adequate data are available have rather wide ecological tolerances and therefore would not be expected to show measureable population changes in response to the slight shifts in soil moisture or vegetation likely to occur after unit operations begin. For exa=ple, animals such as garter snakes, skunks, and opossums can be found in virtually.any wesded area.

 ,              = .ae.=              =          -em.
       - - - --       - - -- . - . -    ,py  ,,      -- , ,     _-% y y   ,y..-._,, ,.,,,..%     p  gy , -, wg

C-5 Others, particularly some species of birds, are less tolerant and require specific types of vegetation for feeding and nesting. For example yellow warblers, one of the most common breeding birds at Davis-Besse, nest in unshaded thickets at the edges of wet areas. Clearly we could expect changes in the breeding population of this species in response to vegetation changes due to succession, marsh management, or cooling tower plumes. A second value of these data is that terrestrial vertebrates, although not always sensitive to environment change, are usually the very components of the ecosystem that we want to preserve or manage. Thus no matter how much we monitor so-called indicator species, vertebrates, in addition to the large woody plants, must be studied no matter how meager the results. A third, more practical, value i.s that many vertebrates, such as raccoons, muskrats, and deer, are of significant economic value for fur, meat, and spo rt . As the last of three years of pre-operational data collection is over, it is appropriate to briefly summari:e the data base with which future years will be compared. With respect to amphibians and reptiles, we have species lists and limited qualitative data on abundance, the latter mainly for reptiles. Birds, because of high species diversity, large numbers, diurnal habits, and high visibility, provide the most useful data. In conjunction with reliable estimates of breeding and winter resident species , populations, much information is available from other studies on habitat preferences for many of these species. Therefore statements about the entire ecosystem can be made as these bird populations change. For the most part mammal data consist of species lists and oualitative data on abundance. The only trapable small mammal is the white-footed mouse, for which we have biannual population estimates. For the first time we

                                          .-._,-.-.. .. . - -           ., , ,_         _         ,    ~~,,

t i C-6 l j have marked enough raccoons and opossums, among the most abundant of the

larger mammals, to make tentative population estimates this year. It is our belief that these results, although far from complete, represent about the best information obtainable without increasing man power and equipment by several orders of magnitude.

J References Krebs, C. J. 1972. Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution { and abundance. New York: Harper and Row, 694 pp. 1 : i ) d 1 ! 1 l ? i 1 l J 1 1 i s

                                                                        -    h e.              .
   = -

y- ----y.- -- y w r- rMFy ye r y v Werr y-T-- 7 -v ww-Dy-==*r'" ' ' ' 'w_w = ' -7"w' r '" - - -'== v-wrw yww,--r ww 'w a-s* C~w-rwgy gr**'Cv'-7-'y+ yT,r

_ ~. . . . . . . . d C-7 TABLE C-l. Summary of reptile and amchibian observations, June inecugh November 1975. Abundant - 1ikely to be seen in large numbers (3-15) every visit. Commen - may be seen most of tne time but in smal! numbers (3-3). Uncommon - seen speradically in small numcers (l-3). 4 Snapping turtle (Chelydra sercentina) Uncommon Eastern painted turtle (Chrvsemys Dicta) Abundant Blandings turtle (Emydcidea blandingi) Abundant Five-lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus) Common Ncethern Water Snake (Natrix siceden) Commen Northern Brown Snake (Storeria dekavi) Uncommen 4 Eastern C-ar*er Snake (Thamncohi s sir alis) Abundant Fox Snake (Elache vulcina) Uncommen i !, American Toad (Bufo americanus) Commen ] SuiIfrog (Rana catesblana) Uncommen Northern Leopard Frog (Rana oiolens) Common e t 4 i i e e . .=+ -

  * . ge           .--.-9                             ,.y9,g     gw. ~ , %%.w. , - my,_w,    w,7-. ww -9   _ , __y-y           -,y.mm.ye..--,p,._.w,y        ,

C-8 i j TABLE C-2. White-footed mouse caotures at the penninsula I study site, Fall, 1976. Methoc 3 Taote (Krebs, 1972) Cate of Capture Cate of last October November capture 12 13 la 22 26 27 10 11 12 2 I -0 2 0 1 0 i j 13 4 0 0 1 0 0 J 14 I i 0 0 l l 22 5 0 1 0 26 4 1 2 ! 27 0 1 10 0 ! Total Previously 0 2 5 I 3 5 3 4 markec i 7otal Previously 7 8 3 12 !! 7 4 3 ;

unmarked i Total Caught 7 10 S I3 i9 12 7 7 Totsi Released 7 9 7 9 17 5 4 5 Total newly mar- 7 7 2 8 9 1 3 3 ked/ released Total Previously 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 marked /Cead i

I Lincoln Petersen Index for population estimation comoaring first 1 four days with lasT four days. M= 24 di f ferent mice ?,arked and released 12-22 Oc7Cber ) l I n= 37 different mice caught 26 October - 11 November m= 12 different mies caugnt 26 Ocicber - 11 Novemoer that were marked during 12-22 October , 1 N = ~ Yn = . 74217.5 (S.E. ) in 0.64 hectares, or 116 mice / hectare

                                           'E 1._,._--.--. _ . - . _ - . _ ,-_               , - ,

C-9 TABLE C-3. Summary of LinccIn-Petersen population estimates of wnite-footed nice er Davis-Besse peninsula study site and Car er Woccs reference area. Estimates are mice per nectare. Year Spring (May) FaiI (Cctober) Davis-Besse Car er Wcocs Davis-Besse Carter Woods 1974 2 13 36 31 1975 28 7 144 16 1976 13 21 116 53

_ - . - . = . - -.- _ C-10 T.25LI C-4 s esults cf live-tra::!ng caerures, ciner inan racccens sne c:cssums. (For Iccariens see Figure 1)

                               -- .1:--2 der                                          ..--
                                                                            .ei:                                                           L ..si
                                                                                                                                                ... . l . .,1 Wccccnuck                                     5 June                                                                  la 5 June                                                                 21 7 June                                                                 21 25 June                                                                  2!

30 June 21 2 July 22 s July

                                                                            .                                                                          v 10 July                                                                  21 11 July                                                                  21 er t,...

ao wwef .t, 6 I I July - o 14 July 25 13 July 2! 15 July 31 15 July (2 4: .,uly , i 30 July 13 12 Augus? 9 22 August 21 10 Secrem:er 2 2 Ccicder 2 a F x Scuirrel 5 June 24

22 Juiy 7

! 5 Augus? 9

ci? 24 June la 24 June 2!

la July 22 3 Augus? 22 3 August 23 , 19 August 23

9 Cerecer S 3i Oc?cter I

, Norway Rat 25 June 9 2 July 21 10 July 9 16 July 9 21 July.

                                                                                                                        ,                           9
                                                                        ,1 July                                                                     -

3

                                                                                   ,                                                             3, SU    d u s ',l                                                          41 1
                                                                        !9 Auc.us?                                                               32                                                  i

, i; Secrem:er ;2 l l 25 3e:Tember 25 2 Oc?cter 25 24 OcTecer :2 Muskrs? 23 Juiy 23 3i Oc70:er 3 a 37-i ec Skunk !3 August 33

3 OcTeter 2

                                                                        *l    3C70:er                                                               2 7 Novem:er                                                                3

                                                                                                              ?O 7                                                            l      l 0       I       i 2

6 l g g 3 0 3 3 2 5 l g l 3 0 3 3 2 4 l i 0 1 1 2 6 3 i 1 2 2 7 2 I 9 1 2 0 3 3 3 2 l i r 4 0 i 1 1 p 2 A 3 0 I 1 I 2 2 1 2 n o 9 1 I I 2 4 I S 5 n a g 8 1 i 2 4 6 6 e 1 b I 7 2g 4 1 5 S 1 k e e 6 2 2 3 5 S W 1

     . S       1 I        5         6      6 s        I n

o o 4 i 1 4 5 S c 1 c E a R 3 r U 1 0 3 3 3 T f P o A s C 2 1 l 3 4 4 e F 1 r u O t K p E l 0 0 0 0 a E l CW f o 0 1 0 5 5 5 l e b a 9 0 2 2 2 T B 8 1 1 1

                                                                                               ?      2 d

o h t 7 0 0 0 0 e M 6 0 1 1 1 _ 5 C 5 0 0 0 0 E L B 4 0 0 0 0 A 'l 3 0 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 n d d u e e . d d r s _ 1 2345 67890 1 234S 67890 1 2345 67l el el ul a . s _ 1 1 1 1 1 i1 1 1 1 22222222 ok oiat ae _ l rl rt pt l o3L yit . _35

                                             ,v"    's y ll'3                 oaoooaoe                           .

i T nT mT cT r i

m s s TABLE C-6. Method 0 Table of Captures of opossums, Week I began on 13 April 1976. WEEK OF CAPTURE l 2 3 4 5 6 7 tl 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 2 2 3 1 4 I I I l 5 6 7 8 9 2 io 10 1 I i h 11 1 2 I

n. 12 1 1

            $ 13                                                            2                                      1 6-  14                                                             2                   2                      2 0

15 2 16 I i i Ei 17 1 y, 18 2 na 19 I

20 1 2 1 71 1 2 1 22 I i 2 23 I l I i 24 2 25 , 4 76 3 21 Total 0 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 2 5 3 2 1 0 3 2 3 3 4 5 7 7 4 marked Total 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 'O 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 l l 3 1 0 0 I unmarked Total 2 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 5 4 6 3 4 7 5 4 3 1 3 5 4 4 7 6 7 7 5 captured Total 2 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 5

                                                          . 6    3     4  7  4   4   3   1   3   5   4     4   / 6  7   7  5 roleesed
                                                                                                                               ?

U

C-13 TAB . C-7. Counts of muskrat houses in marsa :etween the dike and tne peninsula study area in wir.ter. Winter of: Numoer 1973-74 54 1974-75 10+ 1975-76 28 1976 '7 31**

marsh drained during spring and summer, 1974

( **19 confirmed active by noting air bubbles along runways uncer the ice r l \ l l l l l i i i

4 C-14 i i TABLE C-8. Miscellaneous observations of mammals by EGSU i personnel. Farentheses indicate numbers seen. For trao iccations see Figure C-l. E l Soecies Date Location Woodchucks common during summer throughout site (5-8 per day) Rabbits common during summer throughout site (5-3 per day) Deer 19 August (1) Trap 22 j 25 September (1) SmatI mammal grid i 10 October (1) Small mammal grid II November (5) Trap 13 1 1 Red Fox 9 October (l) Trap 7

      /                                                  24 October (1)                                                                                Trap     I Muskrat                      5 June           (2, dead)                                                                Trap 8 l                              Fox scuirrel             commen during summer                                                                           peninsula study area (5-8 per day) i i

I i - i I 4 't 4 k l l l o w

C-1.5 TABLE C-9. Emcers of birds Ocserved at -ae Cavis-Basse site on August 29, August 31, and Sectemeer I3, 1976 sy M. Temme.

August 29 August 31* Secte*cer 13 Sunny, cool Sunny, dSW Sunny, -arm

       'PECIES
                                          # * '#C"9 "I"d II9hi 4-5 Bf t**                                      2 Bf?**

e Pied-billed Gesce 2 Couble-crested Cereccant 4 Great Blue weren 24 25 13 Green Heron 4 4 4 Cerr:non Egret 12 9 7 Slack-crowned Night recon 4 2 2 Canada Goose 30 50 Mallard 19 22 16 Blue-winged Teal 19 3: 6 Wood Duck 21 10 14 Red-tailed Hawk i 2 i Sparrew Hawk i Sora 1 Coeren Gallinule 3 2 i American Coot 12 25 30

Killdeer 6 6 Amarican Wood e:ck l Spotted Sandpiper i I Lesser Yellowlegs 1 i Herring Gull 5 11 3 Ring-oilfed.Guli I T Caspian Tern 6 6 [ Pock cove i Mourning Cove 1 4 Yellow-billed Cuckoo i 1 Chimney Swift 19 Seited Kingfisner 2 2 3 Cecron Flicker 6 3 7 ' Cowny woodpecker 2 2 Least Flycat:ner i Eastern Wood Fewee 1 I Tree Swallow SO 10 13 House wren 6 3 Carolina wren 1 Catbird 3 I I Robin 2 Swainson's Thrush 3

   - Gray-cheened Thrush                                                                      a Cedar daxwing                           16                         1                     3 Starling                               500                     $00                    200 Magnolia Warsler                                                                         6 Black-tnrcated Green waroler                                                             2              .

Say-creasted warmier 2 2 6 Pine war 31er 1 Ovenbird 3 Canada Warbler 4 2 American Redstar* 3 Hcuse Scarrow 2 Red-winged 31acksled 300 300 200 Cocron Grackle 50 50 15 3rown-neaceo Cowoled 3 25 5 Cardinal 2 6 3

     *merican Goldfinen                       3                         3                     2 Song S arres                             3                         2                     2 Totsi Soecies                           36                       32                    46 k     ' assisted :y Mike Shields "aind veloci*y on Seauf0r? scale

I FIGURE C-1. Map of the Davis-Lesu site.

                                                                                                                  ,,m      . . . .

Nuu6ers denote locations of W^ M c. M.W@$8, :- ;..~i:- i

i

                                              @YN..g . +-gng;i.%Igr.:-.                       :.c _..
                                                                                                   ^

1arge mama 1 trdps.

 -.. g
                 ..~.,-..g,_
                                                                            .            s_.    ,.'..          .                -

d.-- 1 .;,.= .,,

                                                                                      .......,._.+a.,,
                                                                                                     . ,j,-.                                 .
                                                                                                                                                  . . ', ._ 3,y,.)

a JNNJ ;-.,.'- * -: -- , .i_ - .7 L. w .).,

                                              ',f         .                               .
                                                                                                                                                                                         ,t            -
                                                                                            .. ^ ::s .~ *. * .L. ;.. L. .,. . , 'g,,b l

_- .+ - - g .. . g:.3%.'lq),. t) l ..+

_ ,. 2 - . ;*.- - -c Q.M. *

                                                                           ;. *- :...,~--- ^.J                                                    .              a-         #'-            p
                                                                              .;4 , $.-.,:"-

.. . .c,. s

^ ;_.*

                                                                                                                               -^                                ^
                                                                                                                                                      .A.g'

[i, ..

                                                                                       ^
                                                                                                       .A       .

I ~S _ (*,, , oCy .

                                                                                                    'l'              ,               .l.        .

3,; -t-- : o .. .. , .

                                                                                                                                                     ._..                g,                                  .-                  n.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .      s.

Y- O *

                                              .o.o.o. . .                                                                                                                                                         '

k# b t

G

                                                                                              . . ' . ' ~ .. _
                                                                                                                         +

s - 4 o.o.o.o.o.o.e.o > 3 . .. fs i+e.3 : s.- a.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.u 0000000000000

                                                                                   .o.o.o.o.o
                                                                                                                                               \g                 ...                     ;- . - - - -'
                                                                                                                                                                                                    .-*- ^ '
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     < ~,.c..,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *.;32 . '*.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ~       *;
                                                                                                                                                                                      .,.       . ,, x -              --

24 .- Q s . ... 400 00 ~ ^-

aoo POWER PL Alli ..oo

                                                                                                                                                                     ~a'                                                -c,                     -

3 "..- f 8.* a+ e') @p h. a.o.o.o.o.o.o.*o.*o.*o*o.*o.*o . A.

                                                                                                                                                             ,- .* .                     g-          -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -                    .                                   22 '1 30, b*

a.000000000000 ...- -. + -1 d%y2} . - 29 g. . ..

h.). . ,.~.q'a>'<

e e e - u- .a. o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.o.n

4" .- ~.g

                                                                                                                                                                                                    ^                         , + .                    .                               w,-             -28 0      0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.c                                                                                       s                                            .*                                                                 '         19 9_o o o o o o.p o o_o n c.                                                                                                  *                             . . .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ,+             .- . . ' 20 i'/g *

j.,p .

                                                                                                                                                                                  ,    ~ --2 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .o.                 -- ,,                .                      b j7                   ..
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     . ~g.. j g '3 3.\
                                                                                                                                                            -

v

                                                                                                                                  .i,. 4T                                              .                                               .

Q, 9., .

                                                                                                                                                       #       - ,. . 4 -                                                         _,                  .-          -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .t._ Ns -.:-         3 .\ +.                ,
                                                                                                                               .                      4.                                            ~. >                                     ,,-         . .

t s , . . . . _ , . , , , ,7 , .. A -kg- k.-__,/' ;... -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            - -              .-            ^
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ^ %. .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ~ ., , _ .. .'

2 c

9 - . >-a- .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .. .       ..                                     : 16 , -,..- , %..% . ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                ^ ^- -                                                                                                                                      27 z                                                           s                JF4. . .}. _ f. ..J f '
                                                                                                     .                                                                        -c-                                                   .      .:'-         4:  J
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ,'*,,-J.*
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ~
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    'l F.{i7                    8/rU                   . ~'i . c? * -R[ ' .~^"*                                                                                u.--1                        ,a-j.+                    .;. 4 -                ,15yh($.3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ~~~Z         l 4 '3?                       $,g*.

26'

1'.y .c 7 . - 7t -,;+.6 V'

                                                                                     ?!f                                                             '3 y : s _^ ~ "";. *:
                                                                                                                                                                                          '; J' s ^                   4 2

m -- 1 ( . ,,, * . . ? .N. . (.25.. .$. ,

                                                            . ,a. : 4 -                                                   :-       .            )( '- ., .; _- #

A s s. 2 .+,.. - 4g _~ - .,

           \
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ..-+

x . , . ;, ; , _. ~.. -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 . >Q ..q
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             . s.y,p                &,. %., < ..

f. :Y] y .:. - _ <g v

44. - .. -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                .4.       _     e. _+- 4:.        -.4               -..-                 ..:A A                   ,)nl2%.
                                                             , ,. :;{ J
                                                                          ,            t-
                                                                                                                         -2.,                ] <'     *
                                                                                                                                                                                            , . . .i.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,,A, " ;--

a._- - ^ ~ - - .+ - . *.-+ ,

                                                                                          ^                    -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ..c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   . _ - , _ ,             , ,,, -} }\ k ,,                 . 5 **
                                                                                                                                                                                            * ,-                   ~4.               c A.                  .-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ,4,,..,.                            *?-

N {g 3.!d.1 _- + ~ -* .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .'% s-2                                _                 , , _ . ,                                                                      - -._ ,- .*                                  g.2             ..                 ..c    s.        .c         &
                                                                                            ..t.'_,.,-             .
                                                                                                                                        ,         ,    * =*--                     n             * , *z . .- .                            .,._a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -.-*.               r            .m                   *
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        . - ,1 Db. , s.

(.,.cy

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ~                       ~                     ~

1 ~

                                                                                   .:$as mz$a $rbwbNArr:mirriz2bre)52$ntzh'rurmY7 rsn'rrrurrr~~                                                                                                                                                                                                                   },$h *.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ~
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . . . .:. . ..-A ,3         1    .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .....t .T . .

I Dike

         /          '/                               --. i-                - Marsh                                                                                                                                                    o                         800                                                          +                     -

E 16,00

v .~ Scale in feet w' , .>m'I{."

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              'UEM9.l's'id,W Open Area                 -6.W Wr'.; Woodland n..s - Cyf.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,' --.,.4..--
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .+ -               p.4v/r M

y

                                                          ......-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          :.-6 l-                 RoaJ                        ****
                                                      , , . ,,   , . ,*..* "Beach .,

df*gNO g - } 7

cn 4

SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT DECEM3ER 1976 D. Atmosoheric Environment Glen R. Frey Department of Geography Introduction The network of climatological stations monitoring the atmospheric environ-ment near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power station hasrbeen in continuous operation since April 1.974 with no significant problems. Such systematic investigations in close proximity of a large lake are uncommon. The information obtained will provide a sound basis for any possible environmental impact as well as contributing to general microscale climatological investigations. Observations are continuing at the base stations as originally outlined in Section D, Semi-Annual Report, June 1974. The overall purpose is to isolate and identify the basic variation patterns and not establish long-term climatic normals. It is expected that conditions will vary considerably from year to year, seascu to season, and location 12 location. Each ' station has its own unique cli=atic setting with variations that make it different from all others no matter how similar the overall climatic conditions. It is these fluctuations and variations between stations that hold the key to any possible impact. Depending on the local conditions surrounding the station, individual ( cli=atic elements will have slightly varying interrelationships. In order to I l

                                                                   ,    ~ - . - _ , , - , ,    _ . -  , , . - - , _ , . - _ -

D-2 create a profile from which logical assessments can be made concerning artificially induced conditions, data analysis cust be oriented toward determining these variability patterns. It is changes in these interstation fluctuation patterns that will lead to the detarsination of any significant impact. Instruments and Measurements Climatological stations are maintained at three primary locations on the Davis-Besse site. Station "T" is the base station at the microwave /meteorolog-ical tower and is set up according to weather service standards. It is located in a fenced in area on a grass surface. Because of the great distance from any trees or other obstructions and very level terrain advection processes are at a maximu=. Station "A" is in the cooling tower woods and highly influenced by a continuous and complete forest canopy. The fairly close proximity to open water and generally open nature of the woods all influence the climatological measurements. Station "B" is located in the woods on the sandy soil of a for=er 4 beach ridge. The station, in a clearing, does not have a forest canopy but in-stead is surrounded by dens.e growth. The sandy soil, which drys very rapidly, coupled with almost a complete lack of wind currents results in different characteristics. Four supplemental locations on the Davis-Besse site are set up with nonrecording rain gauges and read weekly to provide additional data on rainfall patterns. Station "BG", the reference station, at Bcwling Green State University is slightly influenced by proximity to buildings. An additional reference site, Station "0W", was set up at Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge in June. This station is in a setting very similar to Station "A" close to the lake in a woods with complete canopy cover. However, because of the great extent of the woods it offers more restriction to the wind. Data for the =onth of June was.not complete, therefore, the sonthly summaries and discriminant function coefficients were not computed. _ _ . - - - _ _ _~_ _- ,1 . . _ , _ . - - . _ . - _ _ . - - _ _

                                                                                                   .D-3
                             ~

Instrdmentation in the climate shelters records data continuously on paper strip charts. From thic, the information is su==arized by day, week, =onth, and reporting period. Each period is analyzed slightly differently to stress interstation fluctuations. Recording evapometers were reinstalled according to s:hedule at the end of April. Evaporation amounts were obtained until the end of October. Some difficulties were encountered because of below freezing temperatures at the end of the period. All hygrothermographs were brought in during the month of June for a thorough cleaning and calibration check. No data was lost because the back-up hygrother=ograph was rotated between sites. For the remainder of the period calibration of tF hygrother=ographs was verified by using the Assman Psychrometer and by rotating the back-up unit between sites. Evaporation instrumentation was calibrated primarily by rotating the back-up evapometer between sites. Soil temperatures were checked by portable soil thermometers. Presentation of Data The data reviewed in this report are based primarily on the period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976. As in previous reports the entire

 =onth of December is not included because of the time needed for data reduction, analysis, and display.          Files are maintained and analyzed by day, week, and                                          ;

month. In addition, graphic displays are completed by week and month for su=marized normals, standard deviations, departures from average, and deviations from Station "T". Data are presented in two basic parts for this report. i Part I: Figures D-1 through D-6 are =onthly summaries of normals and variations of the elements. Figures D-7 through D-12 are discriminant function coefficients. Part II: Figures D-13 through D-19 represent weekly interstation deviations I with fluctuations being graphed about the values for the base Station "T". l l l l l l

D-4 Interpretation of Data ENTIRE PERIOD. The period from June 11 through December 10 revealed basic shif ts between typical summer and winter interstation fluctuations. In addition, the period also revealed typical interstation variability patterns. Initially differences between stations began to increase in the warm parts of April but were not large until May (Semi-Annual Report, Section D, June 1976). This variability pattern continued until early Septe=ber when a premature j shift to winter patterns with smaller fluctuations occurred. The patterns have a relatively gradual shif t when conpared to spring, primarily because of an abnormally cool fall (Figures D-13 through D-19). Su=ser generally has much greater interstation variations than the winter period. Maximum temperatures from the base station at "T" are most typical of the drastic shif t from one season to another (Figure D-13). Departures from Station "T" are rather large until mid-September. Progressing into the colder portion of the year, interstation fluctuations are much smaller. Stations "B" and "BG" are relatively similar'despite dractie variations in setting. Stations "A" and "0W" are alike because of their location. Generally in early su=mer the interior type stations are warmer than "T" and the forest influenced stations are cooler. Later, in the cooler months, the maximum temperatures are relatively close. Interstation relationships also change through the period. Specifically, "BG" falls below most of the lake j stations because of the moderating influence of the lake. Minimus temperatures in terms of departures from Station "T" are an , excellent example of the changes that occur:-d throughout this reporting j interval (Figure D-14). Most stations during the first half of the period l l were colder than Station "T". This occurred during the warm weeks. In the second half of the period, which had cooler te=peratures, most base

                                                                                                            . . , , - , _ . . _ _ . , ,     _-,._n-__, _ _ _ . . . . - - . , ,
  ._ _ _ _ _ . - . , , _ , . ~ _

m_._. ..__._____.r . , _ _ _ , . - , , . .

D-5 stations were warmer than the reference location. Throughout the period l there was a general shif t in relative position between coastal and inland , stations. i

The average temperature departures frca Station "T" illustrate the combination of maximum and mini =um temperature conditions (Figure D-15) .

During the warmer portions "BG" is significantly warmer than "T" while all other stations are io'. der. As the period continues "BG" becomes relatively i cooler and the lak. t - - ,s become warmer. ! Temperature rank; > . t. he same relatively sharp change in interstation s I fluctuations (Figure D-16). Generally, 3tation "A" La a protected locacion 4 has the smallest temperature range while "B" and "BG" have the largest. Similarly, proceeding from the summer season to the winter the interstation j fluctuations are greatly reduced. Evaporation departures from Station "T" again are dependent on the basic i seasonal fluctuations (Figure D-17) . Evaporation at Station "B" is less because of the sheltered location and reduced wind speeds. "BG" has higher

evaporation because of slightly warmer temperatures.

] Humidity in terms of dew point (Figure D-18) and relative humidity i (71gure D-19) exhibit high week-to-week fluctuations with a few definite ,t patte rns . The woods stations generally have higher humidity during the growth season with greater fluctuations exhibited during the cooler portion of the year by the lake stations. JUNE. Precipitation was one of the key elements in the variability patterns for the month. Bowling Green has the lowest amount recorded in the

entire state. Generally, the northern third of Ohio was below nor=al

' l receiving less than one-half the amount received in the rest of the state. j . { Within the study area precipitation varied from a high of 4.42 inches at i l i

  ,r ., . . _ , . _ , . _. -~ . - -     ._m_   .+--.,._.,,4      - . _ . _ . .       , _ _   ,..._-_r__ . - - , . ,       %,.   ,.,._._,.m,,m.c.m.m-..4,,_,,__.,e_w.m...._,e                      .,-e-

                                                                                                                                                                      -D-6 I                        Station     "B" to the lov of 2.46 at "BG" (Figure D-1).                                                   Meager rainfall I

j during the first 18 days of the month coupled with considerable wind movement and temperatures in the 80's and 90's resulted in excessive evaporation. Both Station "T" and "BG" had abnormally high evaporation. Site "B" protected i from the high winds and in close proximity to the lake had lower precipitation. This is reflected in the discriminant function coefficients (Figure D-7). The overall Dsq values are highest in the interrelationships with Station "B" e with the greatest loadings in evaporasion. Temperatures for the month were , above normal with "BG" being the warmest and most similar to Station "T". l Station "A" had significantly lower temperatures because of the canopy effect , and Station "B" had lower minimum temperatures because of the lake. Overall conditions and interrelationships were very similar to June 1975. ! JULY. Rainfall was extremely spotty throughout the month. During the { first half of July rainfall was light. Quantities were much larger during the second half although widely scattered. Fluctuation patterns were just the opposite of June, with "BG" receiving the greatet e amount and the lake shore i 4 stations under the forest canopy the least. Both "A" and "0W" received less ( than one-third the precipitation of "BG" (Figure D-2) . Temperatures vera near normal the first week. However, during the remainder of the month l temperatures were above normal. Station "B" again had the greatest variability with maximum temperatures near those of "BG" and the lowest minimum temperature. This yielded the largest range of air temperatures of any station. The reason l for this was the open but highly protected setting on sandy soils. The anoaalous position of "B" is quite prominent in analyzing the overall Dsq I discriminant function coefficients. Specifically "B" has the largest values 1 amongst all other stations (Figure D-8) . In terms of loadings of individual elements, evaporation and precipitation ranks high because of daily variability. In addition most temperature factors are significant. . w ,e gr ,y vey y , r- , m.-. w-w- - , - - - - - - -e. w- --y *--- - w -m--9y,,- g9--,,g g 7pm_-sc--,mwve,-- w-wwp m-wsmy.w g y-w.y- inew--reyr- w-

D-7 AUGUST. Precipitation was far below normal in =ost of Northwest Ohio with "BG" one of the driest stations. The only stat 1<- that had less was "A" due primarily to the forest canopy (Figure D-3) . August temperatures were generally below nor=al. In terns of saxi=um tecperature, the inland location of "BG" yielded the highest and the protected location of "3" ranked second. Both "A" and "0W" were less than "T" because of the forest cover. Minimum temperatures were very similar with the lowest temperatures recorded at "3" and "0W". Cool te=peratures and low wind velocities kept evaporation to a minimum. The greatest differences occurred with Station "B". Most variations were similar at a moderate level (Figure D-9). Maxi =um air temperature was the element that was the most influential in determining spatial variations. SEPTEMBER. Above normal precipitation and below normal temperatures characterized the month. Rainfall was general in distribution and relatively heavy although totals for the entire period were below nor=al. Station "3G" had the least of all the base stations. Both stations not directly influenced by forest cover received almost two inche.s more than "3G" (Figure 3-4). The mean =aximum temperature averaged 2.3 F below long-term normals. Stations "3G" and "3" tmre warmer than "T" while "A" and "0w" were cooler because of the forest influence. Minimum temperatures were below aversge for the entire month. Station "A" had the warmest minimum temperatures and also the smallest temperature range. Discriminant function coefficients have no distinct patterns. Most stations reveal normal sum =er fluctuations (Figure D-10). While most elements loaded relatively equall r, evaporation in =ost in=tances is the most i=portant factor leading to interstation variations.

D-8 OCTOBER. Temperatures were well below normal for most of this month. Average temperature was 8.5 F below long-term normals. Stations "A" and "0W" had the lowest maximum temperatures while other stations were very similar. Minimum temperatures were coldest at "0W". The basic pattern of previous months persisted in terms of temperature variations. Evaporation was extremely low because of the cool temperatures (Figure D-5). Discriminant function coefficients were relatively low for the month (Figure D-ll) . Despite the low absolute values of evaporation, variability was relatively high and was one of the most important factors leading to interstation fluctuation. The cold temperatures and general low variability was the start of the winter regime of variability patterns. NOVEMBER. This month was the coldest and driest Nove=ber for this area in the last quarter century. The mean temperature averaged 8.5 F0 colder than the long-term normal. Precipiration of 0.30 inches in "BG" was the second lowest in recorded history. Other stations had slightly more but were way below average (Figure D-6) . Because of the low totals and variable nature precipitation was the element that lad the highest loadings on the discriminant Sunction coefficients (Figure D-12). The overall Dsq was low, typical of winter patterns. Precoerational Comments l Analysis of the large amount of preoperational data provides significant information on the *=eteorological setting of the stition site. Compsrisons can now be made relating to possible cooling tower effects as well as coastal influences on the local climatology. Climatic variables are highly correlated therefore any changes in one element will be reflected in others. The basic focus of analysis has been directed towards similarities in interstation variability. Any shifts in these patterns is an immediate clue to possible j 1 l l l l

D-9 environmental changes. The conventional type of analysis of year by year isothermal or isohyetal patterns has not been attempted. However, the d ta has been su=marized and stored and could quickly be tabulated. The individual semi-annual reports provided extensive information on several ele =ents. Initially,. comments are made about the differences from the long-term climatic normals'for the area. It is important to place such 1 fluctuations in proper perspective since large year-to-year changes are to l be expected. Comments are also directed toward weekly variations by 1 elements. Departures fres normal are calculated from observations taken at the base station at the microwave / meteorological tower. Changes in these departures are traced throughout the course of each six-month period. Variations in these interrelationships exhibit definite seasonal patterns. Additionally, statistical values are derived in order to determine both the magnitude of and elements responsible for the fluctuation in varf. ability. No additional comments are needed about this basic block of data. Additional information is provided in th.3 report in terms of graphic displays of monthly data. Basic elements analyzed are maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation. These elements are most significant since they can be compared to surrounding climatological reference stations. Basic form of analysis is obtaining differences from the information recorded at Station "T", the microwave /meteoroloqical tower. It should be acted initially that there is considerabla variation amongst the base stations. However, this degree of variability is well within the normally expected limits when compared with the surrounding clP : ological stations. Monthly deviations of maximum temperature from Station "T" for 1974, 1975, and 1976, are presented in Figures D-20, D-21, D-22. Patterns were found to be similar to those presented in the weekly discussions. Winter months reflect I

0 4 1 l D-10 i low variability while summer months have c such greate.r degree of fluctuation. 4 Stations "A" and "0W" are usually cooler than all other stations. Station "B" is cooler early in the year but then becomes war =er. In all cases fluctuatiens are within the ranges normally experienced throughout the region. i "T" ~ Maximum temperature departures from Station by month are highly variable (Figures D-23, D-24, D-25). One of the most significant observations is that Toledo Express ("TX") usually has the coldest temperatures of either j the base stations or the climatological reference stations. This is' extremely important for future reference since e,oling tower operations might be expected to increase minimum values. However, they are significantly higher i than the only first order station in the region. Depending on the season and conditions of an individual month, variation patterns are diverse. Monthly deviation of precipitation from Station "T" are illustrated by Figures D-26, D-27, and D-28. Depending on the month and a=ount of overall precipitation, the fluctuation patterns vary greatly. In most instances the largest amount of interstation variability occurred during periods of i convectional activity in the warmer months. Most of the cooler months t exhibited smaller degrees of variation. Evaporation fluctuations are compared by a slightly different method. The only reference source outside of the basic observational network is } Hoytville Agricultural Experiment Station. Since their method and ur.its of measurement are different, all data .as made comparable by converting to Z i scoras. Fluctuation patterns were found to be similar fr all months and I stations (Figure D-29). The actual amounts are dependent on temperature, wind speed, and location. s I l

D-ll Overall connectivity is compared by =eans of Dsq values (Figure D-30). The shift between winter patterns of similar fluctuations and one of a high degree of variability is abrupt during May. Return to a winter regi=e of variability is gradual throughout *he fall. e eD i

D-12, CLIMATOLOGICAL

SUMMARY

FOR JUNE 1976 - STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 77.47 7.16 82.87 7.37 MIN TEMP AIR 62.60 4.47 63.73 5.44 AVE TEMP AIR 70.27 5.53 73.47 6.41 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.87 5.02 17.80 4.64 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 4.02 2.46 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 3.49 1.80 3.80 1.86 AVE REL HUMIDITY 70.70 12.26 67.80 10.52 AVE DEW POINT 60 33 5.75 62.10 5.19 STATION A STATION 8 STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 74.00 7.39 79.90 7.68 MIN TEMP AIR 61.70 4.12 60.47 4.58 AVE TEMP AIR 68.17 5.41 68.80 5.88 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.50 4.73 19.60 6.56 TOTAL PRECIP!TATiaN 3.22 4.42 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.05 1.72 0.86 0.46 AVE REL HUMIDITY 77.13 10.85 73.70 9.39 AVE DEV PolNT 60.87 5.01 60.10 3.80 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 60.73 3.98 61 37 2.98 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 57.47 3.39 57.53 2.73 AVE TEMP Soll 10 CM 59.10 3.65 59.40 2.76 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3.33 1.22 3.63 1.83 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 59.23 3.98 59.50 2.54 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 58.00 4.41 57.13 2.49 AVE TEMP Soll 20 CM 58.57 4.28 58.43 2.56 RANGE TEMP Soll 20 CM 1.20 0.79 2.37 1.20 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 50.97 2.82 56.43 1.89 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 50.73 2.74 55.'7 2.08 AVE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 50.77 2.78 55.70 1.92 ; RANGE TEMP Soll 50 :1 0.27 0.44 1.20 0.S7 l FIGURE 0-1

D-13 CLIMAT0 LOGICAL'

SUMMARY

FOR JULY 1976 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 77.94 5.30 85.23 4.71 MIN TEMP AIR 65.77 4.90 64.29 4.85 AVE TEMP AIR 73.10 4.53 74.81 4.43 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.29 6.01 20.94 4.48 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.90 4.46 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.90 1.33 3.11 1.06 AVE REL HUMIDITY 75.71 11.12 73.55 10.29 AVE DEV POINT 65.03 6.09 66.13 6.11 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 76.81 5.79 85.16 5.23 77.10 5.91 MIN TEMP AIR 63.77 4.13 61.35 5.94 61.58 5.15 AVE TEMP AIR 70.42 4.46 71.55 4.21 69.65 4.80 RANGE TEMP AIR 13.03 5.79 23.81 6.77 14.97 6.23 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.44 2.16 1.33 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.12 1.47 0.98 0.41 1.49 0.86 AVE REL HUMIDITY 80.61 8.99 73.81 8.78 71.52 8.85 AVE DEW POINT 64.16 5.70 63.03 5.61 60.06 5.78 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 64.16 2 57 64.19 2.48 65.10 2.16 HIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 60.87 2.21 60.39 2.55 61.39 2.17 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 62.55 .2.~ 3 8 62.16 2 36 63.42 2.03 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3 29 1.51 3.81 1.94 3.74 1.59 MAX TEMP Soll 20 CM 61.74 2.38 63.23 2.50 63.45 2.08 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 60.39 1.88 60.68 2.02 61.90 2.04 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 61.16 2.20 61 97 2.04 62.77 1.91 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.32 1.06 2.55 1.98 1.55 0.80 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 57.06 3.61 60.39 1.60 58.90 2.84 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 56.58 3.32 58.77 1.41 57.61, 2.39 AVE TEMP SOIL 50 CM 56.87 3.50 59.55 1.41 58.2c 2.61 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.45 0.87 1.61 1.43 1.32 1.12 FIGURE D-2

                                          '     ~~

D-14 CLIMATOLOGICAL

SUMMARY

FOR AUGUST 1976 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 74.03 5.87 81 90 5.88 MIN TFMP AIR 61.13 5.86 60.97 6.03 AV_E TEMP AIR 68.74 4.81 71.65 4.92 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.90 6.74 20.77 5.59 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.45 1.97 ACTUAL EVAPdRATION 2.35 0.85 2.40 0.74 AVE REL HUMIDITY 76.19 9.00 73.55 10.63 AVE DEW POINT 61.23 6.30 62.84 7.33 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 73.16 5.81 80.48 6.14 73.71 5.99 MIN TEMP AIR 61.39 4.98 59.23 5.64 57.97 6.09 AVE TEMP AIR 67.81 4.69 68.23 4.79 66.45 5.02 RANGE TEMP AIR 11.71 4.48 21.26 6.36 15.74 5.03 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.76 2.85 2.19 ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.45 0.66 1.30 0.70 1.27 0.74 AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.61 8.39 74.71 8.32 74.29 7.65 AVE DEW POINT 62.65 6.33 60.26 6.17 58.16 6.48 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 63.00 2.51 61.32 2.58 64.32 2.12 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 59.32 2.87 57.77 2.81 60.35 2.34 AVE TEMP Soll 10 CM 61.42 .2.64 59.71 2.64 62.45 2.23 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3.68 1.35 3.53 1.29 3.97 1.23 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 61.29 2.07 60.77 2.15 63.90 1.71 MIN TEMP S0lt 20 CM 59.84 2.17 58.74 2.44 62.13 1.98 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 60.74 2.08 60.00 2.27 63.03 1.91 , RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 1.52 0.71 2.03 0.74 1.77 0.66 MAX TEMP So f t 50 CM 56.94 1.79 59.84 1.80 61.77 1.43 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 56.55 1.79 58.61 2.19 60.23 1.96 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 56.81 1.73 59.13 1.90 60.84 1.72 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.42 0.61 1.23 0.97 1.55 0.94 FIGURE D-3

4 l 1 D-15 , l l CLIMATOLOGICAL

SUMMARY

FOR SEPTEMBER 1976 l STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 71.57 8.80 73.60 8.57 MIN TEMP AIR 52.47 6.37 52.60 6.53 AVE TEMP AIR 62.37 6.87 63.73 7.07 RANGE TEMP AIR 18.73 6.80 19.40 6.68 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 5.98 4.16 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.32 1.32 2.22 1.42 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.60 11.81 73.07 14.13 AVE DEV POINT 55.30 7.32 54.50 7.50 STATION A STATION B STATIdN OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 69.67 8.70 73.83 9.63 68.30 9.13 MIN TEMP AIR 55.37 6.15 51.00 6.41 49.17 6.95 AVE TEMP AIR 63.30 6.93 61.03 6.28 59.50 6.93 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.30 6.01 22.83 7.67 19.13 7.43 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 4.65 5.94 4.97 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.16 1.64 0.74 0.51 1.26 1.00 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.03 13.21 75.10 9.11 70.23 10.84 i AVE DEW POINT 55.57 6 97 52 93 6.95 49.30 7.00 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 56.13 5.23 55.63 4.32 59.33 4.33 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 52.80 4.57 52:47 3.75 56.33 3.82 AVE' TEMP S0ll 10 CM 54.87 5.03 54.33 4.12 58.07 4.10 i RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3*33 1.81 3.17 1.79 3.00 1.51 f l MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 56.03 4.49 56.17 4.09 60.63 3.12 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM 54.87 4.19 54.07 3.84 58.80 2.90 AVE TEMP Soll 20 CM 55.60 4.50 55.23 3.84 59.70 2.85 l RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM l.17 0 90 2.07 1.12 1.87 1.23 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 54.00 2.91 56.97 2.66 60.83 1.90 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 53.53 2.83 55.70 2.75 59.17 1.90 , AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 53.77 2.91 56.33 2.66 60.17 1.73 { RANGE TEMP Soll 50 CM 0.47 0.50 1.27 0.81 1.67 1.14 l FIGURE 9-4 1

D-L6 l CLIMATOLOGICAL

SUMMARY

FOR OCTOBER.1976 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR g5.03 11.10 56.19 12.19 MIN TEMP AIR 40.84 8.37 39.06 7.75 AVE TEMP AIR 47.71 9.05 47.81 9.37 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.19 6.61 16.81 7.17 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.59 1.65 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.57 1.04 1.27 0.95 AVE REL HUMIDITY 73.35 15.49 67.71 15.15 AV E D EW PO I NT 38.58 10.96 37.19 10.57' STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. OEV. MAX TEMP Al% 53.81 10.37 56.23 11.'93 51.68 11.16 MIN TEMP AIR 42.94 7.72 39.26 8.43 8.16 37.39 AVE TEMP AIR 48.97 8.76 46.90 9.18 45.68 4.21 RANGE TEMP AIR 10.87 6.55 17.29 7.02 16.29 8.25 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.50 1.67 1.24 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.11 0.86 0.41 0.35 0.94 0.93 AVE REL HUMIDITY 77.58 13.12 69.42 14.20 68.26 12.16 AVE DEV PolNT 41.84 9.92 37.13 8.48 35.58 9.73 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM 43.03 7.13 45.39 6.81' 47.87 5.15 MIN TEMP S0lt 10 CM 40.19 6.42 42.19 6.21 46.13 4.55 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 41.68 6.82 43.94 6.67 47.06 4.87 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 2.84 1.83 3.13 1.39 1.77 1.01 MAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 43.45 6.11 45.32 6.18 50.74 4.38 MIN TEMP 50!L 20 CM 42.35 5.77 43.06 5.75 49.16 3.93 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 43.00 6.08 44.26 5.96 49.87 4.23 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 1.10 0.86 2.26 0.98 1.55 0.98 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 45.23 4.26 48.00 4.36 51.00 6.29 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 44.94 4.29 47.16 4.30 50.16 6.37 AVE TEMP Soll 50 CM 45.10 4.31 47.52 4.31 50.58 6.39 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.26 0.51 0.84 0.77 0.81 0.64 i FIGURE 0-5

4> /go M+T*I >, M 4>t IMAGE EVALUATION 4%< #) III//Q

\\

TEST TARGET (MT-3) l J ] + 1.0 fl9 mm fy !!!)E i.i ! "2 lillE il I.8 ll 1.25 IA 1.6 1 4 6" > l i MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ..y

  #'g >,,F                             -

i n+ X 4s 4; %p o 7 777

  #9   if

>\ IMAGE EVALUATION

                                            '(N TEST TARGET (MT-3)

I i i i il I.0 lpana I ifll3lEIl l.l IIS lllllM , I8 ll 1 1.25 1.4 1.6 h 4 6" = MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART r M4 si,

%sy#

D-17 CLIMATOLOGICAL

SUMMARY

FOR ' NOVEMBER 1976 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 40.93 9.40 40.70 9.34 MIN TEMP AIR 26.07 7.61 26.80 8.26 AVE TEMP AIR 33.33 8.02 33.73 8.45 RANGE TEMP AIR 15.27 5.32 13.90 4.29 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.68 0.30 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 AVE REL HUMIDITY 75.37 8.95 65.23 11.00 AVE DEV POINT 27.37 9.36 23.90 8.44 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STO. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STO. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 40.93 8.75 42.80 8.98 39.70 9.22 MIN TEM.' AIR 28.63 7.25 27.10 7.15 23.57 7.67 AVE TEMP AIR 35.13 7.75 34.53 ' 79

                                                                          .       31.40          8.02 RANGE TEMP AIR            12.30          4.55      15.63           3 35      15.30          5.66 TOTAL PRECIPITATION              0.39                       0.57                       0.54 ACTUAL EVAPORATION         0.0           0.0        0.0            0.0        0.0           0.0 AVE REL HUMIDITY          77.53         10.37     82.07            8.33      67.10          7.23 AVE DEW POINT             28.90          7.93     29.77            7.83      21.87          8.20 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM       30.27          3.40     31.30            2.91      35.63          3.57 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM       28.20          2.70     29.03            2.74      34.23          3.57 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM       29.33          3.04     30.20            2.73      35.07          3.54 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM      2.07          1.39       2.30           1.39        1.37         0.84 MAX TEMP Soll 20 CM       31.00          2.57     32.00            3.03      40.43          2.06 MIN TEMP S0ll 20 CM       30.10          2.34     30.23            2.68      39.23          2.22 AVE TEMP Soll 20 CM       30.63          2.50     31.23            2.85      39.83          2.10 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM      0.30          0.91       1.77           0.96        1.20         0.79 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM       34.13          1.89     37.70            1.59      44.60          2.01 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM       33.80          1.97     36.87            1.61      43.07          2.11 AVE TEMP Soll 50 CM       33.97          1.99     37.27            1.67      43.87          1.98 RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 CM      0.33          0.47       0.83           0.64        1.50         0.67 FIGURE D-6

DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIEtJTS FOR t40VEMBER 1976 , T-A T-B l T-0W l T-BG A-B HAX AIR TEMP -0.00151 0.00141 -0.00565 0.00151 -0.02658 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00278 -0.00314 -0.00208 0.00123 0.02593 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00532 0.00506 0.00619 -0.00331 0.00832 RAllGE AIR TEMP -0.00272 -0.00042 0.00276 -C.00375 0.02280 TOTAL PRECIP -0.10878 -0.08889 -0.09798 0.01374 -o 614 ACTUAL EVAP - - - - AVE REL HUM 0.00061 0.00341 0.00246 -0.00305 0.00091 AVE DEW POINI -0.00020 -0.00361 0.00163 _ 0.00150 -0.00737 OVERALL DSQ 0.72902 1.14670 1.57553 1.72967 1.21017 f A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG f BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.01007 0.05508 -0.00756 -0.01418 -0.00527 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00139 -0.06357 -0.00114 0.01717 0.00376 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01301 0.01324 0.00776 -0.00507 0.00073 RAtlGE AIR TEMP. 0.00276 -0.05913 0.00555 0.01147 0.00193

         ,             TOTAL PRECIP         -0.32513     -0.20360           -0.28225                 0.12546            -0.02151 ACTUAL EVAP                _            _                 _                        -                  -

AVE REL HUM 0.00337 0.00404 0.00568 -

                                                                                                    -0.00486            -0.00164 AVE LEU P0lt1T       -0.00049     -0.00517            0.00088                 0.00276             0.00219                    y 4

OVERALL DSQ 3.06408 1.94920 5.08222 4.25117 0.73153 5 FIGURE D-7

l j1 l)llI

                                                                                                                ?5 2   6    8     4      5   6   6      0   4 6     7    7    6      7   8    3     0   8 B    3    2    1     3    4    8    0    6    4       W 0
         -  0    1    0    1      1    3   0     0    0 0    0    0     0     0    0   0     0             -

A 3 i G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 B 6 7 2 9 7 6 6 0 9 7 2 9 7 7 3 9 0 5 8 6 0 6 5 3 8 8 8 5 5 G 3 0 0 4 6 4 7 G 1 1 8 2 9 3 5 4 2 0 7 6 3 2 1 0 1 2 5 4 0 1 6 B 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 2 8 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 E T 0 0 0 0 B 4 0 0 0 0 2 . t 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - - - - J R l O F S T W 0 . W 4 0 t - - E T I B C 8 I - F D F E E R O _ U C G I 1 7 1 2 3 4 5 9 8 1 1 6 0 7 4 7 4 2 2 F t 0 1 4 7 7 2 9 6 5 G 7 0 0 4 9 0 8 6 6 0 U 3 9 7 4 2 6 1 6 5 B 8 6 4 2 5 4 2 6 7 I 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 3 - 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 T T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 C 0 0 J t 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 U F T 4 t A t

4 A 1 9 0 6 5 8 8 3 8 4 7 9 2 4 0 2 7 W M - 2 2 0 0 3 1 0 2 9 0 I - T 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 9 A R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 C S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l I - - - - D P P M T M T P P P E P 1 P P P M M M t E P N T I P M l Q M M M T I P M I Q E E E C A U 0 S T T T R E V E E E C A U O S l l P D T T T R E V t P D I R E I R E l R R R A P L W I I I L E E L L R I R I R I A P L L E W E L L A A A E L A R D A A A A E L A R D A G A U R A U R X N E 1 T T E E E X l E Gl T E E E A I V Al O C V V V l t T M H A R A A A i V A O C V V V T A O M M A R T A A A O _ ~

DISCRIMINANT FUNCT10tl COEFFICIENTS FOR JULY 1976 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B HAX AIR TEMP 0.02125 0.06649 0.01052 0.02590 0.00845 HIN AIR TEMP -0.01645 -0.04891 -0.00230 -0.01363 -0.03260 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00093 -0.00750 -0.00991 -0.00636 0.01393 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.01497 -0.04715 -0.00193 -0.01216 -0.02902 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01521 0.03748 0.01283 0.02005 -0.05403 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00447 -0.07318 -0.04357 -0.01031 0.06188 AVE REL HUM 0.00380 0.00036 -0.00405 0.00121 0.00277 AVE DEW POINT -0.00671 -0.00615 0.00367 -0.00348 0.00278 OVERALL DSQ l.70646 19.02872 5 38407 5 16044 14.85026 A-0W . A-BG B-0W D-BG BG-0W HAX AIR TEMP -0.00329 0.02211 0.02280 -0.02636 0.00701 HIN' AIR TEMP 0.00043 -0.03291 0.00924 0.01357 -0.00222

AVE AIR TEMP 0.01021 0.01095 -0.01997 0.00643 -0.00734 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00168 -0.03166 0.00330 0.01693 -0.00018 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02373 -0.03624 0.04862 0.03932 0.01285 ACTUAL EVAP 0.05709 0.01331 -0.06941 0.09676 0.05S29 AVE REL HUM 0.01286 0.00436 0.00289 0.00291 0.00511 AVE DEW POINT -0.01462 -0.00547 -0.00713 0.00315 0.00061 7 OVERALL DSQ 5.98302 3 98622 11.69097 13.69400 7.40828 S FIGURE D-9

                                                               ! i                                                        ,1!                     l 7N 3     0    5    2      0     5    7   9                  7           3 1

W 9 4 4 1 2 4 5 B 2 4 4 6 9 9 0 9 4 9 0 4 0 1 1 4 9 4 0 3 7 1 8 5 0 7 1 0 5 4 2 7 3 0 4 - 6 4 8 0 9 A 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 2 5 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 G 0 0 0 0

                                                             . B                              0       0            0         0      9 0     0    0    0      0     0    0   0   8              0           0       0     0       0      0     0         0     4 6

7 9 1 7 2 6 8 6 6 5 8 5 8 3 0 7 2 6 7 G 9 4 8 4 5 4 8 3 G 1 3 T B 3 9 4 1 2 4 8 8 3 2 3 4 4 8 0 1 9 2 9 B 4 3 6 4 4 6 3 6 8 S - 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 7 - U T 1 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 G . U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 5 A - - - - - R O ' F S 6 2 9 3 6 0 T W 0 5 1 2 1 6 1 5 5 3 4 7 4 W 8 8 7 0 8 6 2 5 9 9 9 2 7 1 3 4 8 1 N 5 6 5 2 2 1 0 6 0 0

          -    0    0    0    0           4      0 3         0       0     6      1 0    1         2      1 E   T 1

0 6 - 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 8 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 B 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 I - - - - - - 1 F - F D E E O R C U G 4 6 9 2 9 2 4 6 0 I N 8 9 9 9 4 1 0 3 6 G 2 7 0 2 0 8 7 4 0 F O B 5 3 6 0 0 5 0 7 5 6 3 3 1 5 8 2 7 1 B 4 3 2 3 5 1 3 1 2 I - 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 T 1 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 C 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 U - - - - - F T N A N 5 5 5 6 2 6 5 8 1 5 3 9 3 7 1 4 2 4 0 I A 4 9 2 6 7 4 9 0 0 1 3 5 2 5 8 3 3 W 9 8 7 3 5 8 4 9 7 M - 6 7 1 6 0 2 0 0 5 0 8 0 8 0 5 5 9 0 5 8 I T 2 2 0

                                                                    -              0       0     0      2       5     0         1      3 2    0      0     0  0    7          A     0         0       0     0      0       0     0         0      4 R                                                       .                 .

C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0

                -                                                                                               0     0         0      4 S                      -                -    -                         -         -       -     -       -            -

I D P P M T M T P P P E P N P P P M M E P N M T I P M I Q M M M T I P M I Q E E E C A U O S E R E E C A U O 5 T T T E V H P D T T T R E V H P 0 I R E I R E R I R I R I A P L L E W E L L R R R A P L W L A I I I L E E L A A E L A R D A A A A E L A R D A G A U R G A U R X H E N T T E E E X N E N T E E E A V A O T l C V V V A I V A O C V V V H H A R T A A A O H H A R T A A A O

1l' ! ll i l 7 4 1 6 4 4 3 8 6 7 9 5 4 9 6 6 6 0 9 W 6 4 8 2 0 5 6 8 2 9 9 1 4 0 5 9 0 1 _

            -     2    0    9     3     2      7   3    2       1    0         1 2       1 0        2      5      3                5          .

A 1 2 0 2 2 5 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 B . . _ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 - - - - - - - - 7 9 ' 1 R E - B G 6 2 7 5 5 6 3 6 0 2 0 2 9 0 5 6 8 9 _ 2 6 9 8 6 0 6 9 2 G 9 4 9 0 9 4 4 0 _ M 8 4 3 3 2 0 0 1 1 4 B 8 8 4 1 0 9 2 3 0 2 E T 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 7 - 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 4 . T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 . P . . E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 . S R O F ~ S 9 3 7 9 9 3 9 6 9 7 T W 0 7 7 4 1 4 7 7 9 7 W 3 2 7 7 2 8 8 1 5 4 2 2 5 6 5 3 0 . J t 0 8 2 7 7 9 3 6 7 0 7 2 2 7 3 0 3 0 2

           -     0    0    0     0     1      7   0    0      4 E        T                                                            -       1 0         0     0     1       5          0      1 7

I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 l I - - - - - - - l F D F E E _ O R _ C U G - 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 2 9 2 0 7 I N 1 4 7 7 0 7 9 9 7 G 9 1 4 7 1 3 6 9 0 3 3 8 5 6 3 F O B 1 7 6 1 7 6 4 2 3 B 2 7 4 3 0 4 5 0 7 I - 0 1 1 1 0 7 0 0 5 - 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 6 T T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 C 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 t - - - - 1 U F l T N A N 6 0 9 8 3 0 3 4 8 4 5 4 1 4 7 3 7 4 _ I 8 9 7 9 7 2 5 1 2 V 1 1 2 2 5 9 8 1 6 A 6 3 4 0 5 7 3 l 8 4 9 M - 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 4 1 9 _ I T 0 l 1

                                                                     -                0         0     1      3       7         0      0        5             _

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 R . C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 _ S - - - - - I D

P P M T M T P P P E P N P P P M M M E P l T I P M I Q M M M T I P i.

f l Q E E E C A U O S E T T T R E V H P O E E C A U 0 S R T T T R E V H P O I E I R E R R R A P L W I I I L E E L L R I R I R I A P L L E W E L L A A A E L A R D A A A A E L A R D A G A U R G A U R X l E N T T E E E X A l V A O l i E N T T E E E i C V V V A 1 V A O C V V V H H A R T A A A O M H A R A T A A O I i

l ll ll I ! !

                                                                                                                       ?0 7    9   5   1         5    4        3     5    2      W   3     4      7       9    2       0   5       5      0 B  7    1 0    2       6      0      8    8      0      0   2     8      9      4    8        9   5      8        2
          -  2   6    3    2       6      9      1     1 8        - 4      1 0      3     3      9    1       1 9

A 0 0 0 1 7 9 1 R G 2 6 4 4 T 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 R O F S 0 T W 0 7 2 7 1 8 1 8 4 0 7 6 4 4 8 1 1 6 W 4 9 0 9 6 3 7 4 3 5 9 5 1 4 6 7 0 2 4 0 6 3 1 E T 0 0 0 0 2 I - F E I 1 0 1 3 2 B 4 5 6 2 T 1 0 0 0 0 3 N 0 0 0 0 F T 4 f A N 1 0 4 3 A 0 3 8 3 9 3 4 6 5 1 4 5 1 0 4 2 4 7 0 0 0 0 T 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 C I D P E E E R E I R I R I A P L L E W E L L 5 0 0 0 3 G 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 4 2 3 3 G 8 6 9 0 0 3 4 1 7 E B 4 8 5 7 0 3 7 3 9 1 7 5 8 2 9 5 4 0 2 7 2 2 9 6 3 4 3 B 0 2 3 3 4 9 0 6 7 B - - 2 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 2 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 T . . . 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 O - - - - - - - - - 5 6 4 4 5 0 2 4 1 5 3 9 0 2 5 t - - 3 5 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 5 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 - - - - - - - D F E O R C U G 4 3 4 4 7 6 7 9 1 7 2 9 1 0 F t 2 1 1 6 2 G 6 5 4 5 6 7 8 4 3 0 7 7 3 0 4 0 4 4 4 B 7 6 0 0 7 3 1 2 0 1 - 0 0 0 3 8 0 0 7 - 6 0 0 1 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 C 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 U - - 4 7 0 0 6 4 9 6 0 8 0 8 3 3 I W 2 4 1. 2 2 6 0 0 8 M - 0 4 4 0 0 6 6 3 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 3 I 0 0 0 0 A 0 0 0 0 0 3 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 S - - - - - - - - P M T M T P P P E P N P P P E P N M M M T I P H I Q M M M T l P H I Q C A lu O S E E E C A u O S T T T R E V l P D T T T R E V l l P D I I R E R R R R A P L W L

       .                                                               I      I      I L    E    E         L A    A     A   E      L     A      R     D      A         A      A      A      E   L        A    R    D         A G      A     U                   R                              G   A        U                   R X    N     E    N     T     T      E     E      E         X      N      E      N   T        T    E    E         E A    I V    A     O     C       V    V       V        A      I V     A   O        C    V    V         V H    H     A    R     T     A       A    A      O         H, H           A     R   T        A    A    A         O
                      '    i

D MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES DEPARTURES FROM STATION T i , 10 ('._____._.

                                                                                                                                                                                                            . j __            . _
                                                                                   .,                                                                                                                          i g   _.                            _     _
                                                                                     ) -                         _ _                      ..__

_ _. .' ' i i l ,., 8 8 ; _p, _, _w 7- ;

                                             \, .              , ,             .

_. _ _.____ i .__.[._. 7 ,_,,_.-,_,_ _ , _ ,_ . i,

                                                                                                                                                                                     . .__ _ _ i . _ _

g . _ _ __1,_ _ ., I,_ l.__l _ l ._ t, l__1__ . _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _L.._. _ . - I i ! ' I ! ! 5 _ , _ . _ ;. __ _ . __ i,_ _,,l' , ~ _- ,i . _6 I i I. ,.__...\ y , .. ._ _ _ ._

             ._               l_.____L_._..__

_ _ _ _ _ ,4 .__ A, . _I _ _.. -

                                                                                                                        \, , _

3

                             ,                                                                                                                            ' ~s
                                                                                                                                                                                                     ,;____t__-
                            ,                                                                                                                                                                      e i 2     _ _ - _ ,.

i _ ii

                                                                                                                           ,                    .-             's . i s                         _ s - , i j.',,

p -

                           ,'         .                           ,                                                                                                       7--_f -- n ', ; l ',
                                                                                                                            \,,s,'ry/---l!.,f 1 -1               r---                 ,                                      ;                                       $ ! ' - -- --                          i---                                            '/.
            -s;+it
                                                             +_.s. ,.y                                                                                       _z     -\ V ,;                                                   ;--

0 s,r.

                                                                  ...... .,                                                                                 .i r.

e ___.5. ,,-;. :-. t_;. . g ,

                                                                                                                     . . . _                              .r . _ g, - ... , s...,.,_.,,,f. .,

_; ',L ?_\ .i \s,_f R.\, _, - i _ - .. ! .f%.s 4l .

                                                                                                                                                                          ,. . .A_.'__./ -_   .

l

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .g g : v4g ._/ . 2 y* --                                        p ; - W. _;_ i l; f                                              -

y / _ s. .e _-- , i '. - lgi ! '.\ / 'j i

      -2 i>
                                  -y,t i -1                                                          -

i !,f 4 sg - l l ,:'*n r-;- p --i \\ \ -i l . !- t

                ,                                                                                          \.

l\

                                                                                              \i \t. .-.\\. !! .%.                                                                                                    .

r - t /\-~ 7 17 !- i

      -3          -

i t

I

_y _. 4

                                                                                                                              . i e . t . __ ____s .i . _ _                                                     3 I
                    ,                                                                                                           i',.__                                          _._._
                                                                                                                                 .L-                                         l                                    l
      -5             .
                      -   :                                                            I 1
                                                                                                                                    '                                        I                                    I BG.                         . . _
                          -                                                                                                                                                   i l                         '

g '

      -6
                 ,y-;                                                                  i                         i.                           !

a 1 0V _. , _ _ _

      -7                 !              l
                -emm mem
                -         -m                           -m         moemesmo.s          -mm                               -                   m
                                                                                                                                                   -mmmmmmmemo mm                   --m                          -

JUNE J Ut.Y AUGUST SEPTEMBER OC TOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER Figure D-13 Maximum temperature differences from the meteorological tower base-Station "T" by weekly averages for the four networ,k stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976

D-25 MINIMUM TEMPERATURES DEPARTURES FROM STATION T I __-.--_.i. - . . . - . - - ---

               .--._----,I-                                   .-                                  -

i .ll ' m_ d. '

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ' ::.fih l:      ,                       l                      .. ,         j'                                       /     s'           '.                                                  '1 2   -
                                                                                                                    .;                             i. *
                                                                                                                                                                                                     < . -f x-- l - 'g--- -
                                                 !                                                    ,w                             . - _ . ..                                 _

g .- 1 . _

                                                                                                                                       -.                     - ->                          I                                     ' - \-

__ _ _! : -.- ._ . .- - - . - 1 0 . g g p _ .- l ' .

                                   .          . l ?;- -                          E       - .'::b-              - -                        h         --- s t -                 ,'                               -g                              -

po -1 -.., ; ,i : .- 5.\ - . - } ,I- - t .',41 I- l-

                                                                                                            /( , t-                                             ~I"-*,-.

7- I i, !.b - , [L \- j g

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ~ ~ ~
        .g    - l- \ '. .,i* '...* l!_ \

t I

                                               ,.           i      
                                                                                            ?
                                                                         . .,T' , L' . - - - -.t -                         'g         -

y

                                                                                                                                                                     , ,. .,!s :\

t; ,

                                                                                                             ,f\--i,--

l \;l-i-!-\

              ~~l*~         ;I-                  *[ \                    \$( i!                  t/                                                    ~I. \                          *.'*..vl'V                                             ,_
         -3      .-                             i g > - E.-                      /               y                                                                    \s/

g -- i, - g- ' y. -

                                                                           ,1 { ,s..
                                                                                                            ,i-.    \. j. \ -l- ,\---j-                                                                                                       '.-

t_.

         .g 1      !     1. .

l %

                                                                          , t -,- --; !

i j i i g

                                                                                                                                                   ,.;- v l t J)              i s's---/                 l     ',r            i-i-'             ;

V i

         -5                       #!                                                                    N l        U^.s.
                                                            \/                    l!                                                                                                                         BG                   l
            .                      !                          r           wt-                                                                                                                                a                    i
          -b                       4-                                             ,

a- - g , OW i

          -7                                                                                                                                                                                                                      l
                  -e
                  -- m mmmemoemo~m                 -mm o s .x         -m              m            --m                                  -emmmmm                                       m e-m m e_.
                                                                                                                                                                -um                                   _

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER BG - BOWLING GREEN UNIVERSITY 3 - BEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER WOODS OW - OTTAWA WOOOS 1 Figure 0-14 Minimum temperature differences frcm the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976.

D-26 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES DEPARTURES FROM STATION T

               . . . __. . L . _._ f                            _                  ._                              __ b ._                        _!                     . __ . l . _ . _

1 j ___ __ _ _. _____ . f . . _ . ! y . _ . . _ . _ _ _ . . . _ _ _. __ , . - . _ 3 - - - L N -- -- - ---N - - - l -- - - -- _ _. . __ . __l_ _ J __ _ _ . ._ _. q 4 - I i ._ . _ _ 4 .,' . .

                                                                                                                                                                                     .          r,

I s '.! ,.

l 2 - --

                                                                                                                                 .r -                        - -- lj - \ * ,u,.,'                           -

I

                                                                                                                                                                    -i,ll Nl             l r
            ,                                                                                                                . .-_____.,..,!,,- ...       _.                          ..yi .l ... - i.,

p _ . .. . . .

                                                                                       .,,\ _ .;_                    .g.__.-___                                   .

y _._ F0 -- - - - + - - - -

                                                                             - f,/!\a'i ;            '

I

                                                                                                                                ,5-s               ,
                                                                                                                                                                       -- I h- --
                                                                                                                                                                              -\'

0 r ' r : -?,-;. l--\ ' l

b. ,t - ll _ y

                                                                                              \.' l
                                                                                                                                                           -l          - - - - - -

3. }' , - s.' _ _ - . / : ._. . .. ,4 __ . _ _ _

_i i y i .'i _

                                                                                /:      . .t.    *., . _ ___ i !. _ _ . _! p, . p _ jl .. . _ _.__
               --$\---                  el -\. ,',,,P                                                                   I!         -h.\.,L,'                                  .,3
               'iM:

n

                                                            ?,        % {-

l .j \.-s-.4 r',

                                                                                                                                   , l\ \
                                                                                                                                     '.             v
                                                                                                                                                                              !s;\.
           -2   -\jl                   ?~i ' l                                   ll          \ 'q                                         \ - t - --- i -- } , .;--
               -H 1
                                          \-\, rll~<.

ip; y!ll._ ,- > z s lI; l.!-\k. 1.<_ __ _ _ 7,. - -. _t a_ ,-_ .)

1. . s .' si .s N %J l!-

                                            .                                                            '                                             i
                  -H.                                     l .r -- *                                                                                                                        ;
           -3                             d. gs           gi .

1 l l E

                                               '\h.,E__.                            I                                    I                              I                 3G
                                                \i-                                                                      4
                                                                                                                         '                              l                 g                .

4 4 l- . _ _

                                                                                                                                                                          ^
                                                 \\l                                              . - - - _.

I !

                                                  'l                                !                                   __
                                                                                                                                                        !                 OW.              l ..
                                                     !                              l                                                                   l                                  t
                      -emm   -m eom oemo             -m        m s m-mo sn -r                           --m
                                                                                                                                   -m          mm mmmee me
                                                                                                                                               -m          n             --m                                -

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER BG - BOWLING GREEN UNIVERSITY B - BEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER W0005 OW - OTTAWA WOODS Figure 0-15 Average temperature differences from the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976.

D-27 TEMPERATURE RANGE DEPARTURES FROM STATION T l I 1 I i g4 __ i _______.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 r - I

s. , p -i, -

i [ 1 s __ _ _. _ 8_ _n\ ' _ _ / ._ _ . ', __ ll ,' _I ____

                                                                                                                                    , i 10
                                                              ,             t_e                i
                                                            *                             - ,l-l ..                                 .

A - - --- --- -- 8 '- m --- 6 -- - E a._ . . _._ - _

__

6 l' # ~--1 - ~ e-'

                                                                                              /           t         e
                                                                                                                           L                                                 l                                                                     '

po -r

                                                                                                                -l'-

4 -3 I

. ?. - .

                                                                                    ./                   !i.                     21\]                          A s--l i
                                                    ,' !\\- f^.
                                                                                   / .a.
                                                                                                            '/, :,* -                   \p --*                         '4, J,                                      -                 --

2 -s I k \' -l --!-\-Y 9 %i' # '- -b

                                                                                                                                                                           '\
                                                                                                                                                                            '.                     A.

l '

=-

N,'

                                       -- { ! - k-- jR,                                                                                                 ?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          ,h
                                                                                                                )f                .                                                                        ,-                       e c ._f -

0 ,

                                                                  ;5            ..                        n ,                                                                                                 w              --
                                 -\                                         I 2-l-                       l\\--lh l '*-

il

                            -2                        -

1

                                                                                                         ;p ,!.     : * *-                                       ,

L.

                                                                                                                                                                                            .,                   ,, g,..        ',.-

jfp, _4 i :

                                                ;-i 3,        ,
                                                                                                                                                   .,4,,- ,           ,NG. -- "q <7 l                                ::.;s!---:-/

e l l

                                                                                                              ; w:

l l 14 i *

                                   - i:                                                                                                             ,

[

                           -6                     p                                                               3 i
                           -8                                                                                  !.                                         '

BG *

                                                                                                               !!                                                                                    s _ _I_ _

6

                                                                                                                                                                                                   'A              !
                          -10 l

OW_.j , _ l 1

                                     - mmm
                                     -           -m                         me  -m mm oemos          -um                mo         --ms -:r -emm                        -mm mmmeem      --m o--

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER BG - 80WLlNG GREEN UNIVERSITY B - BEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER WOOOS CW - OTTAWA WOODS Figure 0-16 Temperature range differences from the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976. l l

D-28 i EVAPORATI0ft DEPARTURES FROM STATI0tl T _ . - - . I7 _. . . .. - _t . . . -- I

                                           '                                                                                                                          7 2                                                                                                                                                              '                                         '

i I- _ i i _. L_. I 4 I. I t

                                                                                                         '                    I 4  i                                                                                 I, I
                                                                              ,I_                                            I 1

i .- ._ ._ . _ . _ 7

                                         ,                    .                  .L _ .._ _ L                                      _.                                        .. _ _ _                    . -            ..

l l l mm 0 .r .

                                                                                                                                                             'c     ,-                                        i

_ _ ._ _ I. __ l _ i ; , i .

                                ^
                                                                                             ~,
                                                                                                                                                                                          ..g .;_/-
                                                                                                    . _ _ L A .__ ti . _ -                                                                3 s .1 /<*_
           -=j                      i. .b --- -                                   l.!                                    i                                                         .k
                                                                                                                                                                      .i;f r~~ I .h./--

lllk*y ' .*!i~.b.-ft-)

     -1         .
                                    ,.a \                                                                                          ,g. ,y                                                                          !

(

                                                                       . e....e                 R.       -

l t% y eI Q ,f,I-I

                                                                              .{I!j . ".e",
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -~ -

g p ,.l , - ~ . _ - - f n i , . m, l ,g. 18 ,. s g / t I s' !g .z*l y f h ' s Af . } --- - ,

                                                                                                                                                       . j~                                             ~ r~~ ~~

_, ~~ \,T i l

                                               \ 1 Lp,,T~N-i a-l
                                                                            ,     li                                       l                             i,i
                                                                                                                                                          ' '                                               l g                          i
                                                                           ,           ir k,                                                i n                       .
                                                                                        '..s                               !                                                                                i t                                    I I                                             i t                    1               ',I _ <.                          l i                                     i                 J            . .d .                                                                         l.
                                                 .i r_                                                                                                   l

_3 , l' / BG 1/ y B__ _l_ _ _ __ 6_ I i i + i i I CW i i i l l

R"f~$# ZJUNES $ " * *- m" R*_"RR"SD%-*f"R APRll MAY JULY AUGUST SEPTEM8ER OCTOBER 1 i

SG - 30WLING GREEN UNIVERSITY B - SEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER WOODS OW - OTTAWA WOODS Figure 0-17 Evaporation differences from the meteorological tower base Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study ~ period June 11, 1976 through Deceniber 10, 1976 i

i D-29 AVERAGE RELATIVE HUMIDITY DEPARTURES FROM STATION T i i i sc i 14

                           .                               I t-            -----

i-:s_! !

                                                                                                             ;                                     !                                                      !                       8                i i                                                      p f
                                                   !g.__
                                                                                                                                                                                     ._ _-                                        A                            .--

12 i

                                                                                                        . i~i:7. _ __ _.__ [ - - f.. _ _ . _ _ _-- O W- - - -' - -
                                                   -- 'i  i ---                                                                                                                                            i - -- - -- -

i -- 1

                                                 ; __54 __                                              ._. _ j . _ . _. .___ __ ____ _ _ _ j._ _ .- . _ _ _!                                                                                                              j
                                                                                                   ;5                                              '                                                      '

b-10 .

                            .                 f,            ,I.                                    '. -I.

ij gt g _.__ __I_ i 8 ~\ .*; i r . : . i- . lM: \. rl 8 l . r:e,,.M. -:, r, - ~.: , x. , 1-> o:. ,.,i 1 6 . ii . . .; , - .;

1. \ . - :,-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               - :l \, - ,-

4 f$!./ -- ' - i; ilii\l -A ! -

                                                                                                                                                                                                   '. ,l li.t:g.

4 I i i:s'i s

                                                                                                                                                ;i                     -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,              =.                       l lI                                                                                                                 R --- !

2 I . 'b.

                                                                                                                                              .i                                                                                                        *t,                l
                                    'j ll'         s.0'
                                 ; is r

e. s,1 . .: -

l : . _ . . st i l \. - l, e i i : 6 i

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                !                  i i ia           --+

0 - i'a. *. 4 - _.-.,_*_.,).

                                                                             ! - \.4 )                                                                            ----In-                                 , - -- i w
                                       ..g                         .I                                             .                       :
                                                          %,9
                                                                                         ,                         g         g           g                        _. _ ._ p                               '

1 : * .i :. : . ; i -

        -2           --             -

, f,t l; - ; l'g- !-; ,-i----- 4 i ,! yt J

[te,;_

                                                                                               ,.; _i-                                                                                                                                 ._ m -
        -4               -             .-

1 t, V ;

                                                               .. i_

e -- - t . :1<,/; i ;.

                                                                                                                                                   ..                         -,r , s, 4

i i, i. ., i p :-if-e

                                                           ,!               i;                                         -

g. .i-g ii s

                                                                                                                          -                        ,-;                     ~i e                         .                                          l
        -6          -
                                                            -i                    - i;'   ,
                                                                                                                    ->                         / s ,.
                                                                                                                                                                                                 - ;v/- ,\,,

i. - - ~ ,' ; l, ,

i.

                                                                                                                                   - i n ',
                                                                                                                                                   ; g,                j                                                                          I
                           .                                       1, s.                 ':I                                '
                                                                                                                                        / . -q. j.
                                                                                                                                                                                       ,                  ;                   \          --!
        -8                                                                              ,' i r -- -                                                                                       - r-g                  i        e -                                            .;          i
                                                                                                                                                                                                          '                      -s-               i l                   \ . I !_
                                                                                                                                      !            t ,. .._ __ ,;_ _ _ l'~
                                                                                                                                                   ;                                 ,                                                                          a
       -10 I Y- !                                        i.' - --t                                        ,*-                       -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     'w--
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           /-

i-

                                                                                 ',i   f-                                     !!- -

g '. ,: - -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       - y  - -
       .;2                                ,          -                    - g . . V ---                                                        - r--                       ,                              .                                        l i            _

l i., ,i t _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ ____i_ l l _.,, . __ [ . ' _y4 - . _ _ _ -____.--

                           -u
                          --n e m me moe mor- mo <                                                                                             -r      -mm m m i.n m mem o
                                                                   -um                            -nn                                   --m                                                   -mm                           -- n                               -

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEM8ER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 3G - BOWLING GREEN UNIVERSITY B BEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER WOODS OW - 0TTAWA WOODS Figure 0-18 Average relative humidity differences from the meteorological tower base Station T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976.

            , . - .          p    , , - -                                                                                     - . - -                 .,,--.m                . - , -                                        -,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -,_-g,m                 ,

1 1 D-30 , 1 DEW POIflT DEPARTUP'" FROM STATI001 T 6

                          -------l--------         ,

1 I I f l i I I

                                                                                                                                  !                                              i                                                                                      ;

i r

                                                                                                                                                                     -- i                                                   i
                                                                                           ,                                                                           ,         i
           --                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            l 5                                          .                                                                                                                             .                                           -

I i l, L' . _ _ __ . _- y ! _ . . _ _ \

                 ,                                                                                                                ( . .. -l                                .
   ,    4       .{
                             -_ %            _ f _ _ _ _ _ __ __                                  .
                                                                                                                   .. _ _ p -- - __j_ _ i                                             __._._.,/                                     p

4 ,.

i !

                   .                                                        --                   t;-. -                                            .                                                 --,:\                          ,    .s .
                                                                                                                                                                                .1,_._ ,,z I
                                .      ._                                                       ,l t,                             l                                          _-                    .. 4 3

i

,s.

i 3

. j

_! _( I. l

                                                                                             ;_lg'; .                                                                                                                                         i
                                                                                                                                                                                                              - ; l ., ,k
                                        -4

i>' ;. , ! l .. y . ,

2 :,i ,

                                                                                                                                                                                      ,,                   .                     8:          s                          1 i

_ t, , _ _ . . _ 3 ,. ,!i . i., - l- ,. ., i, - , ;: . i

, i

                                                                                        . . . . . , .t '. .. - - -                          - -_ -___ A 4                                       s.                  _ i i .1 ,,r . -

1 d. . i. . 4 es* ,A5, i : sJ .*- . ti ! t i

                                                  *g l '8          i '. :
                                                                                                                                            -----l                                  - - - - -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               'f - -- -

- ls . - - :6 iti .

i/ 0 -i 8 i

                                                                                    . i .- r. i,t ---- -

e i: : i i(- F0 --ti e' - 'i :t -

                                                                                         ,9!-!! .'ti !

F -----l , & ---

       -1     _t j l                      _ 'g .       *     ,
                                                                             . L ,.

_ p__ _ . ..

            . _ _ _ti            8 ._' -i                   p-             .,:_l..._.__;.                                     .. ,t               _.. a                                      ..
       -2     - ,                               '.,       lfe'        o :,I-l- . iA - l  , .                                            ,
                                                                                                                                                    ;.., z.A-

_, ,,i , , I o* i ,

i. g :7 . i i ,

4 i g a

                                                                                           !                                                                                  i                                             !

_3 _ __ :(8 <.,T i a_%,i__', l__ t. 9.t-_.--r; _ . _ ; ' , _ -_ _ !. _ .'

                            .- -- p :--y l i.                        ,

(-; 'c-!.; j,.._, l 4 g ___; _ ;; _ i ___ L..._'g,! l y _;__.._-.

                                                ,g; __-i!_i,                                                                                                                     ,

p g__ i_l_.e - y; -

                                                                                                                                                                                           . . _ A ._
        >                                          (               i i

e il i - l s i

                                                                                                                                             / '. ;

i i.*,

                                                      -- i     i,'i ~l- .E-                                                  ,f 'I                                               !

_6 -- s .'-sie

                                                                               .                                 5 - r- :                                                                                       t-i --

BG j'. __i' I ._j'__i i

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ,i . _ . _

_7 B _____ ;/ A_- . . ij I ,i ';

       -8  OW_._.                                                                                                                 !                                                                                      ',!

I b

              -         m in n m so m o em osm os.                                                                                            - m i.n m mmm me m o
              -           -m                          - m m                            - mm                            --m                                       - m m                                 --m                                     -

JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER D EC EMB ER SG - SCWLING GREEN UNIVERSITY B - SEACH WOODS A - COOLING TOWER WOODS CW - 0TTAWA WOODS Figure D-19 Dew point differences from the meteorological tower base l Station "T" by weekly averages for the four network stations during the study period June 11, 1976 through December 10, 1976

D-31 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 1976 MONTHLY DEV! ATICN S FROM STATION T 4 s a 1 j; ,. F h 3- g . I sY s J. . 9 ? _

3, . ,- -1 2 - l 8 1 4 4 'I s -l -4

                                 .AW.A27                                                                       FE3RUART

WCW 5 5 7 a; 3 g ., 89 5 -

y se w 4 1-t c4 '-_ ., s. u, il ., 5 Y'

     '                9'                                                                   /T                          -

f *. 2 -

P i.

2 , ,,

                      ..-                                                               1  6 2                *E                                    g          2           -p                                                 =                                 3                .-                                      -

e ,A

     '                                                                                                                                                                                                                                ce Id                              a ef 7 z

2. a q 6*

 -2        d.                                                       -2       m                                                                                          n 4

s. A ^ l .) -2 , 4 4 3 A4

 *$                                                                 .$                                                                                               -4 4P8 t(                                                                            w                                                                                   Jt n(
                                            *e
                                                                                                                     -. , 2.                                           s a                                                                  ,                          52 1           11

m 3 7

              , r; y.,"'                  "

s, I er A 't s + '&( l- .

                                                          ,,          s            .,           .r.                                                                    3 e                                                                       .      -                                   ..                                             i                         .,

is

Y s 2 h fP ~

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -s a

i {

              +           y:

IK 4-':

                                                                                                 .e 2

g. ((

es ;w y i ",j w

              ,s          4 w                                                       a,             r                                                                          n 4, .
   '                                                                               "$-           fi                                                                                      i q*          ]                                                        N             **
                                                                                   <              )

T lx

  ,                                                                  .               ._            .                I.
                                                                              .                                                                                     ,4 l                                                                  ll                                                                                              5 Af                                                                           4 % 57                                                                              ; E8 *'*tt i

5 5 1 2 _- e 1

                                                                                                                    ,.-r nn- =r f3                         1                                           9' is i

a

                                                                                  ,                                                1-                                           r                                                  L
                                                                                                                                                                           -i                                                       !

X*?M t <*(5Es ; qgg m j jat{ $ ! 2

a I

I l

D-32 MAXIMUM TEM P E R ATUR E 1975 MONTHLY D EVI ATION S FROM STATION T i - . s a 5

    ?                                                              ?                                                   A Qd                                                         .,d

T.,

    .,  .W  ,
                                                                       ;-a h
                                                                                 ,n a    g      i W
                                                                                                                                              ~
   .i                                                                .   ,

46 2, 3 1 . Ja 4 4 3

   .,                                                           .s                                                    a
                                                                                                                      *i 6                                                         -6
                             .2 %L69

ttgausat .AQC4 4 * $

g er 6

                                                                                      'S                              S 4                                   .,                     1                                                     &                    ..

e , 1 , a p .. . , i .

                          ,                     t.              i                   .

2 _., ,

                                                                                                                                                 "2                22 2                     ".                 ,,

i i

   .I e                                                   -

gw m

                                                                                                                      .1
   .s                                                           .,                                                   .. <

u.:t . ;.st t 5 1 6 i 8 1 2 4

   '                                                            *                                                     '                                            i
                                             ,, 2
                                                      ,         i               hh A m m    -
                                                                                =                                                                        w
   ^

a' s I 5 i 5

j~j I, 2 i

   .)                                                                2 M                                                 3 a                                                                                                                      I a                                                                 2                                                .,      -
   .i                                                                4                                                   3 J JL t                                                          AwGwS?                                             ;gs.gq ga 4                                                             5                                                   6
   $                                                             4 5

4

                         ; 1                                     3                                                   a
   '                                                             2                                                   i 1                                                 ,
            =
                    '                               ~
                                                                                                                                                   ,                          3 M
                                                                .i     s<-e v v                                         -

s :s

   .*                                                                t                                                  g
   .)                                                           -4                                                   .)

4 ., ., l

   .i                                                           ..                                                   .,
                            .s

tin c<E9Ea :E:EMER

AIE 5*. i:15 #E I3l'iCI ;*4 ::11 1

j

D-33 MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 1974 MONTHLY DEVI ATIONS FROM STATION T

4 1 a 5 s 1 3 2 3 3,3 7.h m ' ."% d i 6 Si "w '" 2 t_ H4

5.

  -1                                                         -)                                                               -1 4                                                           4                                                             .4
  .%                                                         .i                                                               .i
                            ;&gg43ge                                                        5 3 4 'J 4 4 t '                                            '814 C e

j

  $                                                           6                                                                 5 4                                                         1 3                                                     3 3                                                          1

j l

y, 1 5 g ~ , ; ' t M ** ' W

 .i l
                    @                                       .[
                                                           .l W L M J {_l               t V

4 +

3

                                                                                                                              .;     E,
                                                                                                                             .s      6 4
 *5                                                            5                                                             ,g spe ti                                                           vae.                                                       ,;1re 1                                                                                                                             4 O                                         *t                j                                       "
                                         "                                                                                     $                      3        -     J*
                                                                                               -                                                                   -                    l
                                                                                    ',                                         a 3                                                            i                                _                                                            ,                            i 1 'e i c                                            .             1.__                                              3            4 -

NF .g tg 'F e El

,            2        2                                       ,                                                                ,

A .; -;;

                                                                                                             >.A l[

,,a 1 ce , ; __ l

9 ae i d s z s . .

        ..                                                                                                                             +

3 , .i ' p. 2 4

        '} e                                                  ,      -

T m .s -r . e y 2 .i

                                   .                                                        su                                                        ,v.g     g S                                                           5                                                                 i i,               s.
                                                                                                                     ~

A 1 e. , , s musu "

                       . F - -(-e                                                  $$
              ? ['uns.                                                          {                                                                                               -

R

       .]                                            T       .
                                                                                                                                    .J_L LP g

.4 a

                                *$3[I                                                       $4$ 9 f,I
              'Ml i* A*: 3.)                      :    >

2

                  '4.          re-                                               e       e"                                 -*e      6    aee-e                       a-p,e       _ em.

D-34 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 1976 MONTHLY DEVI ATIONS FROM STATION T s 4 1 a 1 1 2 ! l 2 c,. . p j 4

_.J.J . j c. -

                                                       \'                           s                                                                                                               et
  -l 4

l s .) 3 7 3 5 ~ 4 - 4 ..T 4 T. .$ 4 -5 4

 -4                                                                           4                                                                   .F J%A8f                                                                     tilagAaf                                                                = ARCH 1                                                                       S i

{ 4 3 i

                                                                             >                                                                      r w                                                                                                                                              ..'

t -

                                                                              ,                                                                      j                                 *%

5 Y 1 t-Y

8' 3

as.

                                                                                                                     ~                                                                    7 2                                                                       r                                                                    .i           -s
  .i 7                                G

_] .,

i .. T

                                                                          .i
                                                                                                   -                              s,                                                             -

4 ., " ., 4

                                                                          =I                                                                      ed
  -4                            Y                                         .4                                                                      .$
  *I                                                                       -1                             7                                       +4

{ i 4 .i AMIL #f JLNE 8 3 5 se b 1 - 2

    '                                                                                                                                                      A t                                                                     J 8                                                                  T I                                                                                                                                               5 1*

l]. 1 A

                                                                            .)          g
                                                                                             .-~.
                                                                                              .                      [i.

i ,-.

.i

{ .i 4 7 , % i 1 l 3 E r, rg ' a 1

                                                                                              .,                                                  .x a,;

a.

 .            , 4           TL                                                4
                                                                                                                                                                 . _?
                .                                                                             1.                                                    '

4, _ $ 3

d. y

 -4                                                                        .i                                                  -                  .}
                                                                                                                                                                    .L         y-
                ,                                                                                                                n
 =%                                                                                                                                                                 IJ 4                                                                    4
 -4 U                                                                                                                                                 -

_ .t _ 5 it is I -j 4 m aest st,.t a 3 6 g s? 1 4 3 g er

                                                                             ]      &                                                              }       g muun                                       3
                                                                                 ;e Y '                                                                 1-4            3
                ~

l 4 h ~ 3 M

                            -._          l                                  ,                t                                                                          '. .J
                                          "'T                               s
                                                                                             -o,                     -

U. - .m. _ m . T s T 4

                                                                                                                                                 .s
                                  ",                                                                                                               s                                 $

i 4 C*III8 1C W Eve E8 'EE"Sta O'J II$ $

A* )".$ 2{ f { 3{',[{ j'; ] ,3

D-35 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 1975 MONTHLY DEVI ATIONS FROM STATION T

 -                                                     i                                                                s 9

1 7 3 af A, h *l 2$h, ,,

                                                                    .              _Y h t

f h. _ 0

                                                                                                                        'l 1

l _>q 4 y 4 - 5

 .,                                                      5
 -4                                                      4
                           ,,asaa,                                              r 34;Aar                                                                   43Cd 1                                                                i 5

a , 4 M ,

2 3 3 3 5; I 7 Ti I \

   .i      M,                                              3                                                             .i           y-k
                                                                                                                                                                   -1_
                                                                                                                                                                                                            'A l j
  *[                                                    84                                           EI                  -f               g
   -3 3  at       7-    .s 3                                                                  _

4 P 4 4 s 7 T -i T

    .,                                                     4                                                                 4 4T                                                                         .s96                                                         l APGlL
                                                         ,                                                                s a

a 3 I j a

,2 >

M m : a u:p. s m 2 . e' 4 r/ .i 3 a is y

    .a                                                                                                                                      ,
    .>           3                         \                 t          ,                                                 -1                                                                                               j
     .s                                         n            3                      _

ca 3

     .i 4                  7*                                             A                        T7                                                                  l
        .                T7                              -i ,                                                              -i 4    l                                                           4 s                                               auGJ5?                                                                 ;[s *E 9 E 4 1                                                     5                                                               4 g

l

1 1 3

     -                                                    i z                     ,.                                                                        )

l

3? 1

                   .--n                                                    f,,                                              -                   F.*_.                                         U Tu '                     _a           T                       r                                                                L gs                        y3           a  1
                                                                                                                           ^

5 -

                                                                                                                            .)                                                    3 a
                                                                                                       #I                      4
                                                           .}
                                                              .                         _                                    .s                               __
                                                                                         ,                                                                       i                                                         )
                                                           .s                  _                                                4                      _                                                                   i

__ 7 4

                                -w                                                . . . , .                                                                z~.                                                             I O1     3$ $*I         '

i a 1

                         ~
                                                                                                                       ~ ~ - - - ~ - - -                                                             .._.                  l

D-36 MINIMUM TEMPERATURE 1974 MCNTHLY DEVIATIONS FROM STATION T 4 , 5 ; 1

J

                                                                                                                                     ,,                3
                                                    ., 2e      ,
                                                                                                                                                       -                      i '

3 9* f

                                                                         .m
                                                                                           ]'                                                        ...

i ce T LJ e4

                                                                                                                                                       .i                                               T                 "
          .g y                  2                                                                       .t                                         -

s 3 7 +3 7 1

          -4 4                                                                         4 5                                                                -5                                                                          5
                                      . age 4ar.                                                    FEla.aave                                                                           usat<a 5

9 4 a 5 5 7, j 4 a I' ? *

i -

9 rs ,,

y. se l

                                                      -                                                                                            , s

h. ^$

1 * '# 1 avg ~ - 4,4 .g

        -i                                    d 3

U, -i L.,,, , s3 .: t 'S

                                                                         .t                                                                            4 i
       'l 7
                                                                         -1                                                             Y              5 7

4 a 4 _ 6

        *5                                                               *i -
                                                                                                                                                     .f artIL *                                                          =a v e Jus (*

1 8 a 1 y 39

       }                                              *T                 2                                                                                                                                  ~

g *s- 2

                                              ~                                                                                                                g g          m                                                        \

t ti 7[ 14

                                                                                                                                                    ,       '[?         C                                              59
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                )

O Y-{ 9 in

      .f a  g
                                                                       -t            /-
                                                                                                                                                   .i
                                                                                                                                                   -?

d. f '

        .                                                 -            .j                                                                   sg     -1                                               l
     .]                                                                              hf                                                              4 7

4 5 7 7 -5 5 y -5

                                                                                                                                                  -4 6                                                                                                                                                                                m F
                                                                                                                                                  -f                                        I4
                                       .JL                                                        Aoksi SE P *t == ta 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            l g

3 E a 4 I a, 4 3 I 1 O "

      ,              v                      _J                        -        -l- %                                                     fI                                                                >-
   .i                                                                 .I
                                                                                                                                                   ;              A,     *:

3 .g

                                                                                                                                                                       ?
                                                                                             -                                                    2 x                                             5 4

7 7 -3 ' 1 '4 s

   ~$                                                                -4

3 4 _

   .S
                                                                     -1                                                                                                       __                                ra                              I 5                           ;T

( 4 4 l 0* 3Il le f"!!4 ".( *M( 4 1 its! s?2*:r.s l 'ETUN" ;*1?R. 5

                                                                                                                                                           , ,                     ,,                                                           l
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                \

r 1 -u V w

J-37 P R E C I PITATIO N 1976 MON THLY D E VI ATION S FROM STMION T I J Z ., *, re

                                                                                                                                                                                          '.n       er E

1 -

                                                                               ,       ,yp .

e J ? 3 t .g

e JARMY F(32LAAf %eCN
4 e a

3 ) ! = 2 3 2 3

                                                                                                                                                                                             ;r
                                                                                                                                                                                             -           re p                                   .- '                             ,

e_ *5 ==d A 8'Q . , h a <+ e d* ' a I -

7

        .                                                                     .      , , ,                                               .           n a

br 3 2 ., e, .i 7

     *1                                                                   .t                                                         *)

r

       *                                                                     .                                                       -4 APl!L                                                          ST                                                                  Jum(

b % k I 3 1 1 2 2

                                                                                              =4
       ,                .      *2 "n    ._ _

no % *5, 9'T - 3 ? W= '*t3' = l e 4 . =,

d. a s r 2 3 .g 7, t $2 -

1 J l 3

JUL F M ST "lD?!9(R e = l I I 2 N' ** *~k , ss s& 6 la Ss

                                                                                         ........*L-e***' ,

y . , 2 i .i 9

(?73i8

E9E1 :Iwe!4 a 115[ 17t*;;u

_ tr!?{ it *,*A*:=g s WH. l l

                                                     ., - _ - -                                                            y.

D-38 l P R E C I PITATIO N 1975 MO N TH LY D EVI ATION S FROM STA TIO N T e e- '

     '                                                           ]               -

6r 2 ,, s1 s : f: i ..IA l 2

1 [J[ts .' !

     ,       I N[ ~$.                                            ,     Yifl                            il                    . El! Wi I l s                                                         .a 9                                                        .]
   -j 4                                                        -)                                                          -1 F E 32;,AR Y                                     *AGC d JANUAR f
                                                                                                                               )

1 ,, 1 2 -r ., 2

e. r , .. .' -

       ,       _4                                                 .

1. s f.

                                                                                                                              . _e
    -e       .                                                     r     ,              ,
   -1                                                          .g                                                              1
    .)                                                          .}
                                                                                                                            -l l
       .                                                        -a way                                           ;g.,g
                                                                                                                                                                           )

Ape;L

       =                                                          $                                                           .

2 1 E

2 ' ee

                                                                   .                                          ni I

g 302 ~2

       ,       i 2                                                  ,

1

    .,       h           Y              k                          ,

Y YE W L LJ . w*

                                                                                                  't a s}-

I

                                                                           .             L                                  -}

4 -f i e JAf AJ1$T !!3'[HER I I I 2 2 ., e wam-i

                                             ..=                     .
                                                                                      -a= --a x                                                           m ==

cm p -

a

m. , .. =4I 9z 6

i *\ h .o

                      !'IE l' * :'.5       I   8 Eft 2E%'t .*t    ::ss

_, ., _* " * * - - = ,
_ _

D-39 1 PRECIPITATION 1974 MON THLY D EVI ATION S FROM STA TIO N T I J } 3 I g I 1 , 4 '- Ow ee d aa

                   ,-         y g mj -                                      .,
                                                                                                                       ~

9. .

g j

       *2                                              -]                                                           -l
       *)                                                 j
                                                                                                                    *1
       -=                                                .                                                            ,                                                              l
                             ...e                                             ,,,,o....                                                             .t..

4 . 4 I 1 I

                                                                            *9                                                                      re g
      ....              h=-                           ...                                                          ...

1

                                                                .g  s.

8 -l

      *1                                              -l                                                          *J e                                             ,s                                                             e
                             .ae st e                                            enve                                                            ;u.g.
                                                                                                .. r e .2
        !                                                 !                                                          1
                                                                           ~,,

4G

                                                                ,, <f l

3

      "                 " $"                             -                                                                      db aw** y                                  .i                                                            ,

a; w 8 1 2 l *) l

      .                                                  s                                                         6
                             . Lee                                             W 5T                                                           SI8't=9ER e                                                e                                                          .

I I I I E n 8 ;*

                                                                              *T ~I f                                         ,,'t        b h5            $!'S                                 62 b                           5                 ,                b ::11
                                                       .       9 e.. --                                           .        4. .J e 1                                                          *$

e 9 5 e

X*08Ea WiEMER t;;wett last 5't:51 #fFE8IVE S*A't M

                                                                                                                           ,.....................                                    j l

l , 1 I l w ++w---

 - ,                                  w     -                                     - - - - - - ,             ,--

EVAPORATION I

                                            .            _           .I -                                         .        -       _.                                                                                                                                                                           ..

l . _. . . -- ... .._ . __ . - l __ -. . _ _ - . . __ .. - . j g

                        .lg.-\--                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ' ~.\
                      }j; \ :.                             .     . - . _  . . - .     -         .             _ . .  .-          -            .._                  .                       .                _.          . _        -.   -

J

             ,f_,: .\

j .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              %, , ,yj\
                                              .y                 .-             .    .            ..         ._                  _ . .          . _ .               .                             -.                .

l ., 1 ll- .-\_-3 1--- .k. ,l l ,--- - _ %,!j$.- \,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  - \{,.\            *',J
                                                                                                                                                        ,f,,{ } \.

2 *

f_. _ ..

                                                                'g _      __
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   /             ,. . . e ~ " ?-                         .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      '. \

3 \. ._ J, _. . -.

                                                                                                                     -,                                   / 7                           -

l,' / ,.\

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           .               '. \
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              'j i
                                                                                                                                                                 /i . c. g.                                                                                      /

3 l l I. . e g Pg 0 i

                      '                                                  h                         '                           '"                       '~                         \                                          'U                 #   /[                             '.                       '

f.._______ , k __ . _ . . . I ~' . . . . ._ \, \ '*

?!

a %,.. _ - \. . ..

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . \ )i -

l . _. ___ ._ . .\ . __ . _ ._ _ ._ _. .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        '\ l \

1

                                                          '-                                        -[                                                                                                    \. M                                     BG y
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,                                            5     -
                                                                                                                                                                                                     .. s                                          A.         .-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .-..(~~ j -
                                                                                                                                                                                                            \                                      B                __-

110 (T ---' ~

\-

J J A S 0 M J J A S 0 M J J A S 0 1974 1975 1976 U Figure 0-29 Values are in 2 scores determined from the mean and standard deviation from each station k

i 1 CONNECTIVITY

 -                    ~ll;li                           l!

e l. . 20 7-l.!l: illil . ' . , ! ! ! I i

                                                              .!j                                                                                             !,
                               } ll!               l            !                 !           , .                                                                                      !  . .
                                                                                              '   l                                                              .
                            .. I     i                                   !                                                                                             ,

i. .1 i ' I N

i ' __4 _i l t i .. i 'I'. i i i 15 ffl- : l

                                                      .j-      !r                                     --

lll-it;'- i s t l jl ' i !

                                     ..                                                                                                                      ;   } ii                          i ll..l 4

j: Dsq . ll I i

                                          !       I                                                                                                                               i      i         !

i 10 A l1__1__' _i__ ;_,_ _ lil! i .

                                     ,j                il              i                                                                                              i           i i!    '!                li               '

l l:

                        !!           !!                I'              ,                                                                                                    i         :

I

                                   .I                  I!      '

i i '!.>

!i i j ,

i, : i I~- 5 ,~ i Y, ~~b ! i ., , e ~ f ---

                                                                                                                                                                                             - ..f-"-

I i ! l ' '! N , JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

 ;  Figure D-30 Dsq is a statistical value that indicates the total amount of interstation variability.                                                                                                                                                es Averages are detennined for the preoperational period up to December 1976                                                                                                                                                              L e

o

Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Creen. Ohio 43403 (419) 372-0207 WQ-SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE BIRD HAZARD MONITCRING CONTRACT JANUARY 1977 William B. Jackson, Manfred Temme, and William A. Peterman Environmental Studies Center i For the fifth consecutive fall migration season, bird mortality at the Davis-Besse site was monitored. This report presents a detailed sum-mary of the species observed in fall, 1976 and makes comparisons with the past migratory seasons. Necropsy examinations were continued and are summarized for the entire period. T'e relationship of meteorological conditions to bird strikes also is < 'sidered. Methods employed have been described in previous semi-annual reports. Mortality Observations Monitoring of bird mortalities on the site occurred on a nearly-daily

,           basis from September 1 through October 22.                   In November, weekly inspections were undertaken (November 6,13,19, and 28) to monitor mortalities of the few late migrant species, such as kinglets.

The routine observations were made, as described in earlier reports, at the base of the cooling tower, the perimeter of the unit 1 structures and their associated roofs, the area around the base of the original meteo-rological tower, and the area around the base of the new microwave /meteoro-logical station. At times of increased mortality occurrence, the survey also included the fenced switchyard and sections under transmission lines. All dead birds were collected, the identification to species confirmed, and fro:en for later examination.

                                                                           --                                       * * * =

2 Problems in collecting birds For the first time, the observers encountered one of the problems in collecting birds likely to arise in the future when the facility is opera-tional. In the third week of September the cooling tower underwent testing with water in the tower base being circulated by large pumps. Over 90 birds had fallen into the water during the test period and floated in the basin; several days passed until all the birds had drifted to the entrance ramp area where they could be scooped up with a long-handled dip-net. Sub-sequently, additional birds were seen in the water and were similarly retrieved (Table 7) . It was impossible to determine the exact day on which these birds had been killed, since most were badly decomposed; com-parisons with a special reference collection were necessary to identify some of the specimens.

This new situation may have had some implications for the number of birds recovered this year. The partial operation of the cooling tower with the presence of standing and sloshing water in the basin of the tower likely inhibited and prevented scavenger movements within the perimeter of the cooling tower base. Whether more predation pressure occurred on the birds falling outside the base is unknown. Within the cooling tower itself the bird kill may have been greater because of the presence of water. For example, early in September two blackpoll warblers and one magnolia warbler were found still alive, sitting on the concrete floor within the base of the tower; they apparently had survived the impact of a slight collision and were only da:ed. Each year an unknown number of birds may contact the tower but be able to continue flight after sitting drowsily for a time. With a semi-operational situa-tion, these birds would have died by drowning, and a greater proportion of bird strikes would be recovered.

                                                                                    ; 7- _- - -

3 i l Results During the 1976 fall season the throa month collection totalled 207 birds, 52 specimens more than in the 1975 fall season. Most (183 birds, 38%)were recovered from the cooling tower; 22 (11*6) from tha unit I ' structures, and 2 birds (1%), from the original meteorological tower

(Table 1). No dead birds were found at the new microwave /meieorological

                                                                     'k tower,   the switchyard, or under the transmission lines (Figares      1, 2, and 3) .                                                      .

2 Bird mortalities during the past two fall migration periods are sum-marized in Table 2. Of the 35 species recovered in 1976, which is the same number as in 1975, two were first time occurrences (eared grebe, eastern phoebe). However, ta*21 observed mortalities of the fall season were about 25% greaterht an those of 1975. As in the fall season 1975, warblers again comprised the greatest proportion. They were followed again by kinglets (26%) and finches (3%) . Overall, mortality distribu-tion patterns followed those of previous years (Table 3) . The number of mortalities in the four sectors of the Unit 1 building was the same last year, except for the NW sector in which this year five dead birds were found in contrast to none in 1975 (Figure 3). Since over 90 birds were seen floating in the water in the basin of the cooling tower, it was poss;ble to determine the exact mortality location of only 69 birds. But even this r* educed number showed exactly the same mortality proportions in the four sectors of the tower (Figure 1) as in the past year. The highest number of dead birds (46, 66.7%) was found in the SE-sector.

4 Necropsy examinations Necropsy examinations were continued to determine major causes of death and extent of injuries. The same procedures and criteria described in the December 1973 semi-annual report were used. The findings for birds available for the entire period (1973-76) are summari:ed in Table 4. Mc ce than 90 birds retrieved from the water were in a badly decomposed state and were not examined. Some birds from other periods also vere not examined. Weather and Mortality As is common in the Lake Erie region, the fall weather pattern for September and October 1970 was dominated by slow-moving, high pressure systems, most of which were either continental polar or maritime polar in origin. Weather analyses were carried out for 52 consecutive evenings, I beginning on September 1 (evening of the 30th, morning of the 1st) and ending on October 22. During this time 35 (67%) of the evenings were classified as high pressure events. Past observations have shown that bird mortalities during the fall are associated with the occurrence of high pressure; in the spring, with low pressure systems. This relates mortality with the migratory movements, since the fall migration follows a cold front passage and is associated with the northerly flow of air at the leading edge of a soutward-moving high pressure system. In the spring the reversa is the case, with migra-tion occurring on the trailing edge of highs in advance of an oncoming i cold front. Data for the fall of 1976 indicate that 79% of the observed mortali-i ties (days with five or more mortalitie:) occurred on only 17% of the days. Of the total observed morts.11 ties, 88 could not be identified as to the exact date, since these birds were found under the cooling tower. In all

   -.....,,,e-n..-  .-,m--, +__g-,g-p -- m---. . - _ .gv-wq,4g
                                                                                                                          ,-   4 ,-m
                                                                                                                                         -,mr.     ,,
                                                                                                                                                        ,, 4,4,

5 i three instances, however, when this occurred, high pressure had been dominant for the days prior to the actual observations; and it can be 1 j concluded that all of these mortalities were associated with high pressure

;                  systems.

! Based upon observation and an estimated date of mortality for birds found in the base of the tower, the heaviest mortality occurred on two dates, September 24th and 25th. A cold front had passed over Lake Erie or: the l 23rd, and by the 24th a large high was located north of the Lake. The influence of the high remained until late in the day on the 25th. From past experience this is a typical weather pattern for the occurrence of high mortality. Table 5 shows the distribution of mortalities by synoptic weather conditions for fall, 1976. (The birds found floating in water in the base of l ( cooling tower are not included in these data.) The titures, with some exception, conferm to past patterns. Category H-1, where the high is to the north or west of Lake Erie did not produce, as it has in the past, the bulk of the mortalities. Instead it appears that the mortalities were shared between categories H-1 and H-2. Category L-4 also shows a moderately high occurrence of mortality. This, however, should be expec-ted, since this category represents a transition from low to high pressure , conditions, during which weather conditions are usually poor. Table 6 contains the combined data for three spring migrations (1974-1976) and four fall nigrations (1973-1976) . In the spring only one cate-gory (L-2) stands out as indicative of high mortality. For the fall two categories (H-1 and H-2) are prominent. Of these 1064 observed cases of mortality, 718 (or two-thirds of all cases) fall into t ese h three categories. While it appears that certain conditions are perhaps necessary for a significant mortality event, they are certainly not sufficient. On many m ,-o

                                                                            -----n n

9 .grp- ,,, ; -g----w-- -

6 days (48%), no mortalities were observed. Furthermc e, there seems to be little consistency within the different synoptic categories. For the spring the likelihood of a mortality is highest (59*.) for category H-2, d which has a low average mortality. Category L-2 with the bulk of the mortality cases has the lowest percentage of days with one or more obser-l ved mortalities. Tall data are similar.

If we restrict the mortality analysis to only those cases where a i

             "significant" mortality event occurs, here arbitrarily defined as five or more mortalities, then a more consistent picture develops.                                                                       In the l,

spring the chance of a high mortality event is quite low for high pressure conditions and is highest for categories L-2 and L-4. in the fall cate-

;            gories H-1 and H-2 are the most likely for a high mortality event, although i

about one out of every four L-1 and L-3 conditions is also a high event. Thus we can only conclude after studying seven complete migration seasons that it is not yet possible to predict with accuracy the exact dates of a high mortality occurrence. However, it is possible to arrive at some important generali:ations and to thereby restrict somewhat the times in which concern over potential mortality should be shown. Spring: High mortality rarely occurs under conditions of high pres-sure, the most likely conditions being a cold front advancing from 'he t west or northwest of Lake Erie and passing over the Lake during the next 12 to 13 hours. Such cold fronts are quite frequently associated with the occurrence of thundershowers or thunderstorms and high gusting winds. A moderate amount of mortality has also been observed to accompany advancing warm fronts and in conditions of post-frontal lows. Both of these weather patterns usually are associated with overcast skies, low clouds, and pre-cipitation.

  . = - . -.-                          _      - _                    . - . - _ _ - -.      -- .    - -            _= .                          -     - -_ ._.                  =.      - _ - _ .                 .-__.

! l l l Fall: High mortality occurs almost exclusively under conditions of l advancing high pressure systems. This means that the first and second evenings following a cold front passage are the most likely days for high mortality. The weather under these conditions is usually clear but fre-quently winds are strong and gusty. Again northward advancing warm fronts, j i while infrequent, are possible causes of moderate mortalities. 1 - Summary of Bird Strike Problem 4 l y Any tower potentially is hazardous to birds. The adverse effect of such structures is heightened during periods of migrations and when 4 j normal navigation and avoidance behavior is compromised. l 1 Much of the initial concern was focused on various kinds of communi-cation towers where kills indeed had been massive. Characteristically, j these towers were tall and/or had guy wires, which apparently were signi-1 ( ficant correlates with mortality (Brewer and Ellis,1958; Crawford,1971, j 1974; Kemper, 1964; Ogden, 1960; Avery and Springer, 1973; Strnad, 1975; Stoddard and Norris, 1967; Taylor and Anderson, 1973, 1974.) The Cooling Tower (and the other structures) at the Davis-Besse site on the shore of Lake Erie constituted a potential obstruction to bird move-ments. Our initial observations were summari:ed (Jackson, et al.1974; Rybak, et al.,1973), and now we bring together the data for the total pre-operational period. Most site mortalities occurred at the cooling tower, especially after construction lights were removed from the other structures (Table 7). Fall migrations, probably because of larger numbers of migrating birds, produced more mortalities than spring. Characteristically, three quarters or more i of the mortalities occurred on the lee side (east) of the tower to prevail-( ing winds. Scavengers (e.g., skunk, raccoon) reduced the total number of recovered mortalities, perhaps as much as by 50%. r- ---*- gi.gww- g7y-- mw y- .v-ww,, , .---.v- - y w-, 7 e -m ,, ,m---=y,.

                                                                                                                                      -.-_q----%.g.g-     + -i--------  .mewp.y      eyp%--m 97     paag-.-yMywe"

S Data from comparable sites are largely lacking. The International Peace Monument on Put-in-Bay a few miles away now has negligible kills in contrast to past years when the tower had been flood-lighted. The tall stacks at Detroit Edison's Monroe, Michigan plant and the cooling tower at the nearby Fermi site have reported only occasional incidents. The Three Mile Island Nuclear Station on the Susquehanna River (four, 370-foot nar;ral draft cooling towers) reported 37 birds killed in one year of preoperational monitoring and 29 in the first operational year (1974-75) i (Mudge and Firth, 1975). They considered that no meteorologic correlates i existed. The Trojan nuclear plant, with a cooling tower similar to that at Davis-Besse, is situated in the Columbia River Valley but has reported no bird strikes (Fall 1976) . Various designs or warning devices have been considered to ameliorate this problem at towers. The new microwave / meteorological tower at the site was designed free-standing without guy wires, and no mortalities have been observed. Installation of predator silhouettes, which helped reduce bird collisions with windows (Banks, 1976; Palmer, 1976), was not deemed suita-ble, since most incidents occurred at night and/or during inclement waather. Larkin, et al. (1975) reported birds taking evasive maneuvers relative to search light teams and planes with landing lights on. Various light ' patterns have been suggested as possible repellents. Preliminary Canadian work indicated that red flashing lights work best to catch the attention of birds, but it has not yet been determined whether these findings can be adapt'ed to induce aversion (Belton, 1976; Solman, 1976). Our own obser-vations using the white strobe lights on the cooling tower at night during one migration period (normally only the red navigation lights were.used at night) indicated no deviation from previously experienced mortality patterns. I l l 7

       * -                y                    g f             P--7  4-              *t--           y ee gMy,     n-  -
                                                                                  ->            h.w---- %     e                ~                     +'e e ---twm7

9 i l The 650-foot stacks at Nanticoke Plant (Ontario Hydro Electric System)

!                 on the northern shore of Lake Erie appeared closely related to the more than five thousand mortalities recorded at the site over three fall seasons (1970-72). Species composition was similar to that observed at Davis-Besse.

Consultants suggested that diffuse lighting (rather than glaring ground i { flood lights) be used and that the stacks be lighted by red, orange, or i blue light (Gunn, 1972). Their observations suggested that with low-level

!                diffused lighting the birds would not be attracted and become disoriented i

but could find their way past the stacks and the plant site safely. Summary Most of the bird strikes at the site have involved song birds (passer- ) iforms); less than one percent have been other species or bats (Table 8) . Resident birds seldom are involved (sporadic observations during the sum-( mer fail to find mortalities), and we can identify meteorological conditions

;                conducive to strikes by migratory species.

i ! Initially (1972-73) recorded mortalities were relatively few, but i ) structures under construction had not reached full height. Ly 1974, both

the cooling tower and unit I structures were well along but were kept well-lighted to facilitate construction and mortalities were the highest recorded (Table 7) . After being lower in 1975, bird strikes increased somewhat in 1976, probably because water in the cooling tower basin restited in drowning of some birds. Removal of the old meteorological tower with its guy wires eliminated a minor instrument of mortality.

Relative to the total mass of migrating birds passing over this area, the several hundred birds killed each year is a minute fraction. By itself, such mortality will not have a measureable affect on populations of these species. No endangered species have been involved. i 1 i l l

  , - :- L   -

: *~~ T: .

T _~ ~ : T: 7 ' L ._~ :L ^ TT_ : ~ T: . :, .J. . ~l ' .---.:_-_._ '

1 10 f Further reduction of bird strikes is desirable. Earlier changes in lighting patterns lowered mortalities significantly. However, until the matter of birds' confused orientation and their difficulties of maneuvering in the eddies around the tower are better studied and understood, design-j ing further preventative devices or procedures will be difficult. l Literature Cited Avery, Michael and P.F. Springer. 1973. Investigations of bird migration j and bird mortality at OMEGA navigational station, Lamoure, North Dakota - summation of progress. Proceedings Sixth Bird Control Seminar:169-170. Banks, R.C. 1976. Reflective plate glass - a ha:ard to migrating birds. I Bioscience: 26(6):384-390. I Belton, P. 1976. Effects of interrupted light on birds. National Research i; (, Council Canada, Field Note 73:12 pp. Brewer, R. and J.A. Ellis. 1958. An analysis of migrating birds killed at a television tower in east-central Illinois, Sept. 1955-May 1957. Auk 75(4):400-415. Crawford, R.L. 1974. Bird casualties at a Leon County, Florida tv tower. Bull. Tall Timbers Research Station 18:1-27. Crawford, R.L. 1971. Predation on birds killed at tv tower. Oriole 36(4): 1 33-35, i ! Gunn, W.W.H. 1972. An examination of the bird impact problem at the Nan-ticoke plant of the Ontario Hydro Electric System, Phase II. Autumn l 1972. Environmental Research Associates, Toronto. 15 pp.

Jackson, W.3., E.J. Rybak, and S.H. Vessey. 1974 Vertical barriers to bird migration. Proc. of the Conference on the Biological Aspects 1 j of the Bird / Aircraft Collision Problem, Clemson Univ. , Clemson, SC: 279-237.

n _--a vT--em- ev^T *--~T- ^ " ' - #" - "'

                                                            ,                             11                l Kemper, C.A. 1964. A tower for TV: 30,000 dead birds. Audubon (March-April):86-90.

Larkin, R.P., J.R. Torre-Bueno, D.R. Griffin, and C. Walcott. 1975. Reactions of migrating birds to lights and aircraft. Proc. of the i National Academy of Sciences 72(6):1994-1996. Mudge, J.E. and R.W. Firth, Jr. 1975. Evaluation of cooling tower ecolo-gical effects - an approach and case history. American Nuclear Society, 21st Annual Meeting, June 12, New Orleans. Ogden, J. 1960. Observations at a tv tower during a bird fall. Migrant 31(4):65-67. Palmer, L. 1976. Through a glass darkly / early warning system for birds. Pacific Search (April):10. Rybak, E.J. , W.B. Jackson, and S.H. Vessey. 1973. Impact of cooling towers (. on bird migration. Proc. Sixth Bird Control Seminar, Bowling Green State University:187-194. Solman, V.E.F. 1976. Aircraft and birds. Proc. Seventh Bowling Green Bird Control Seminar: in press. Stoddard, H.L. Sr. and R.A. Norris. 1967. Bird casualties at a Leon, County, Florida tv tower: an eleven-year study. Ball of Tall Timbers Research Station 8:1-104. . Strnad, Forest V. 1975. More bird kills at KROC-TV tower, Ostrander, Min-nesota. Loon 47(1):16-21. Taylor, W.K. and B.H. Anderson. 1974. Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida tv tower, autumn 1972. Fla. Field Nat. 2(2) :40-43. Taylor, W.K. and B.H. Anderson. 1973. Nocturnal migrants killed at cen-tral Florida TV tower; autumns 1969-71. Wilson Bull. 35(1):42-51.

                                                                        --------,--           . --   ,--n m

TABLE I. Species recovered at Davis-Gesse Nuclear Power Station

site during ine fall migratory season, 1976. SPEC IES CT' ST MT TOTALS Enred Grebe 1 I Rock Dove i ! Yellow-bellied Sapsucker ! l Eastern Phoebe i I Eastern Wood Pewee ! I s. 2 Srown Creeper i i House Wren 7 7 Hermit Thrush l I Swainson's Thrush i I Golden-crowned Kinglet 15 l 16 Ruey-crowned Kinglet 35 I I 37 So l ita ry Vi reo I i Red-eyed Vireo 3 3 6 Philadelphia Vireo 2 1 3 Black and white Warbler 2 1 3 Tennessee Warbler 3 3 Nashville Warbler 12 12 Parula Warbler 4 4 Magnolla Warb!er 10 3 13 Cace May Warbler ! l Black-inroated Blue Warbler 2 2

 / Yel low-rumped Warbler                                  4          1                           5 Black-throated Green Warbler                           19                                    19 Blackburnian Warbler                                     l                                     l Chestnutesided Warbler                                  3                                      3 Say-breastad Waroler                                   le         2                          18 Slackpoll Warbler                                       2          1                           3 Ovenbird                                                3          1                           4 Yellowthroat                                           19         3                          22 Wilson's Warbler                                        2                                      2 American Redstart                                       3          1                           4 P9dwing Blackbird                                                                    l         1 5 .arp-tailed Sparrow                                   1                                      i Swamp Sparrow                                           2                                      2 Song Soarrow                                            3                                      3 Unicentified oires                                      2                                      2 TOTALS   133    22                      2      207 Hoary bat                                               I
            *CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit i Buildings MT = Meteorological Tower (old) i r

                                                                                                                                 *%                                                                                            g TABLE 2. Families recovered at Davis-Besse sito during the fall seasons 1975, 1976.

Figures in parentheses represent percent values. > 4 i Fall 1975 Fall 1976 FAMILY CT" ST Mr TOTAL CT ST MT TOTAL 1 Kinglets (Heguiidae) 31(25) 2(l3) 0 33(21) 50(27) 2(9) I(50) 53('.6 )

                                      '<wrblers (Parulidae)             75(60)                10(67)                      13(87)      98(63)                   106(59)            13(59)                              l19(57) i Fringillids (Fringillidae)         5(4)                  2(13)                         1(7)       8(5)                      6(3)                                                  6(3)

. Other 14(ll) 1(7) 1(7) 16(10) 19(10) 7(32) 1(50) 27(' i ii Pigeons (Columbidae) l l Woodpeckers (Picidae) l I l l Flycatchers (Tyranidae) 2 2 2 l 3 j Creepers (Certhlidae) l I I I Wrens (Troglodytidae) l l 7 7

!                                        Mimids (Mimidae)

Thrushes (Turdidae) 2 2 2 2 i i Vircos (Virconidae) 8 8 6 4 10 0 l Weaver finches (Ploceldau) l l Icterids (lcteridae) l I Unidentified 0 0 0 0 2(l) 0 2(1) TOTALS 125(80) 15(10) 15(10) 155 183(88) 22(i1) 2(l) 207(100) ) CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I structures MT = old meteorological tower _. _ _ _m.__ _ - - - r -- e

TABLE 3. Avian mortalities recovered at the Davis-Besse site during the last five migratory season *, '1972-76) summarized by family. Figures in parenthese, represent percent values. FAMILY SFRING FALL Kinglets (Regulidae) 14 (4.2) 218 (26.7) Warblers (Parulidae) 189 (56.9) 450 (54.6) Finches (Fringillidae) 40 (12.1) 25 (3.0) Mimids (Mimidael 16 (4.S) 1 (0.I) Other 70 (21.1) 99 (12.0) Unidsotified 3 (0.9) 31 (3.8) I TOTALS 332 824 5

TABLE 4. Sunsnary of necropsy examinat ions of Dovis-Desse si te avian mortali ties. Si to or type of injury FAMILY llEMAIOMA CRUSilED FRACTURES BILL tlECK f40 f40. BIROS Light floavy SKULL tibio- tarso- wing lilJURY BROKEN SIGt4S EXAMir4ED"* tarsus meta tarsus Ardeidae la l Hallidao 5(l") I i 2 2 1 6 Laridae l l Columbidae 2(3d) l I 5 Picidoo 2(la) l l 3 Tyranidae 7 I I I 2 ll Corvidae I i Sittidae 2 1 2 Certhildao 4 1 4 1roglodytidae 1 5 I I 7 Mimidae 5 2 I l l 8 Turdidae 8 5 I i i 14 Rogulidao 98 75 2 Il 11 54 1 12 185 Sturnidao l(l") l Virconidau 18 28 4 5 5 1 3 2 46 Perulldoo 275 116 21 31 1 24 85 5 11 402 Icteridae 4 1 1 2 1 8 Thraupidoe I I Fringillidao 20 13 1 5 2 4 I i 35 Ploccidae i I 2 TOTAL 461 249 29 58 1 47 152 13 30 745

                                                                                  " hematorno on breos t                "d a single bird may be cited in one or nore columns

i, i

  /                              TABLE 5.                 Bird Mortality Fall, 1976 as a function of synoptic weather conditions.

'i Synoptic Category

Individual Mortality Observations Average Daily Morta l i ty l

High Pressure Systems H-I 8, 3, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 1, 0, 0, 6 2.4 i J H-2 0,3,0,0,0,0,7, 10, 6, 4, 4, I, I, 3.1 ; i 4, 7 H-3 3, 0, 0, I , 2, 0, 0, t 0.8 i Low Pressure Systems l

L-1 0, I, 0 0.3 l l

L-2 0,0,2,7,0,0,0, i 1.2 L-3 1, 0 - 0.5 L-4 4,3,3,3 3.2 a i (

               *H-l - Leading edge of high pressure system over western Lake Erie (northerly flow)

H High center over Western Lake Erie (calm or variable flow) H-3-TrailingedgeofhighpressurbsystemoverWesternLakeErie(southerly flow) L-l - Low center near or over western Lake Erie L Warm sector with a cold front immediately to the west or northwest of Lake Erie L Warm f ront over or immediately to .the south of Lake Erie

L Post f rontal condition with a low to the east or northeast of western

'. Lake Erie 1 4 l - l s l l i l _ . . . ~ - , _ . . . . . . ... .. - - - - -

TABLE 6. Summary of mortality occasions and syncpric weather conditions. A Spring Season (1974-1976) Synoptic C3tegory No. Oays No. Morta l i t l es Avg. Percent Days Percent Days with I or more with 5 or more Morta1itv Ftr aIitles H-l 24 39 1.6 46 3 H-2 17 24 I.4 59 6 H-3 24 37 1.5 58 8 L-! 10 13 1.3 40 10 L-2 20 II4 5.7 40 20 L-3 14 35 2.5 57 14 L-4 10 24 2.4 40 20 ( Fall Season (1973-1976) H8 45 ~ 376 8.4 62 33 H-2 37 133 3.6 59 30 H-3 54 54 1.0 44 4 L-1 12 20 1.7 42 ~ 25 L-2 32 40 1.2 44 6 L-3 12 41 3.4 67 25 L-4 10 19 1.9 70 0

l e i

i TABLE 7. Number of dead birds recovered a? all Davis-Besse i site structures during the f alI migratory season { ! 1976. i i I Cate Number of birds Additional birds found ) recovered floating in cooling tower basin 4 l September i 3 2 8 3 5 3 6 3 15 2 17 4 21 7

!                                                                 22                           7
                                                             , 24                             10                                                                                                                     -

25 6 78 ! 28 1 29 4 10 l 30 4 October I I plus hoary bat k 2 2 4 I 6 I 8 3 I 9 3 , 10 I i 11 1 14 4 .' 15 1

!                                                                 17                           6                                                                                                                     .
!                                                                 18                           7                                                                              7 i                                                                 21                           3 l     ,

22 I November 6 3 13 2 l 19 I 112 95 Total dead birds found: 207 i No dead birds were found on tne foilowing days: Sept. 8, 10, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23, and 27 Oct. 3, 5, 7, 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, and Nov. 23. ( h i

                                                                                                                 ..     .            -                          -.              - - - - - ~ ~

' . . _ - _ _ , , - . . . - . _ . , _ - . . . . ~ _ . _ . . ..__,__._.,____.,__-....._,._--_,,,,_..s__,

       - - - . . .     , - - -                _                                    . . -                               , , , , . - , ._,..--. ,...., .,,, . - _m.                                  _ _ - - , - - . .

7 I I, 4 ii J! , l! TABLE 8. Summary of spring and fall bird trortalities at Davis-Besse site, 1972-1976. i,

1

!! Totals PROPORTION OF MOR. C00 LING T0WER t )i Bird Group 1973-76 UNIT I BLDG A110 OCCURRING AT COOLING ' 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Totals Frequency OLD MET. TOWER TOWER (73-76) (%) l F Sp F Sp F Sp F Sp F Sp F Sp F Sp F Sp F t t ,

    '      Warblers                   3     17 14                95 144             7 75   26 106   145 339      66           53     51                  93      74              78 i
! 4 lt         Kinglets                   1      0 31                   0 82            5 31    5 50     10 194       4           30      6                  25      62              88 l*          Other song birds           0     17     1             21 39             10 18   10 24     58 82       27           13     53                  33      52              71 l

Non-song birds c 0 0 0 0 l 1 0 2 1 3 2 1 -- 10 3 23 40 : >I . i ! Unidentitled 0 0 10 1 13 1 1 0 2 2 26 1 4 1 7 67 78 j

4 :

TOTALS 4 34 56 117 279 24 125 43 183 218 643 121 161 64 80 i

!l I,l -                                                                                                                                                                                              x.

4 i j I!

  )I l.

as as COOLING TO WER s, 3h o

as
o*,, gr ,, .

3; as h 19 ts

                                                                                     *40 o                      ((                            .

p * . u 1 1s o IV j ,_ , 4.*

                              *l n=2                                g,75 ou

_' x ~, '

                                                                                               ,4,        .      ,

tE " *0' n=46 e or

                                                                                                                       ~'          '

va Out~!ake

    .                           e                                                             ,,               ,.

lo o ,e e, e eg4e lll s9 J] f *f O is efe .Je,.

                                             *I                         e          e F1 9ure 1                                    ,**.

e *S*e
e 13 ,1* , , so 9 e.
Distribution of 69 mortalities recovered at the cooling tower Entrance p during the 1976 fall migration 50 meters period. Recovery locations e e indicated by e .

9 Figure 3 N a Distribution of 19 mortalities recovered on the roofs of Unit I buildings during the 1976 fall Parking -lo t migration period. Recovery location indicated by . . I ROAD N -- i , n i G %Mi b. y i 3 e e i ' b 4 _ G G4 , g

                                        .sr n=5          'n = 2                               ~

i

             '                               e                                                                                             .

e

III Il

    .                      n=1                     n=1                      e n=6           n=6                                   .

s .

                                          "G3                             e      .                       .                        .

Figure 2 ~ e*** Distribution of 2 i mortalities recovered 0' ' ' 50 at the original meteorological tower meter $ during the 1976 fall ' migration period. "G 4 Recovery locations 0 - 40 ---- 2 " ^ . i indicated by e . meleTS ' I l* t

,}}

ML19319C266: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 05:03, 16 March 2020

Contents

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

Navigation menu